BINDING BY HOAG & SONS BOOK BINDERY INC. LIBRARY BINDERS SPRIEDAI MICNIGAN 1 1 1 APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY VOL. V. PICKERING-SUMTER 1 1 * 1 Pro ploto Sarong Schlechte EN Horos D. APPLETON BC A P P L E T ON S' CYCLOPÆDIA OF AMERICAN POGRAPHY EDITED BY JAM ET GRANT WILSON AND JOHN FISKE As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. VOLUME V. PICKERING-SUMTER INTER D•A FRUCTUS FOLIA NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1, 3 AND 5 BOND STREET 1888 : 7 1 COPYRIGHT, 1888, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BEARBORN CAMPUS LIBRARY LIST OF PORTRAITS ON STEEL. ARTIST ENGRAVER PAGE SHERMAN, WILLIAM TECUMSEH Sarony Schlecht Frontispiece PIERCE, FRANKLIN Healy Hall Face 7 POLK, JAMES Knox Poole Reich 50 PORTER, DAVID DIXON Bell Girsch 75 SCOTT, WINFIELD Brady Hall 440 SEWARD, WILLIAM HENRY Bogardus Ritchie 470 SHERIDAN, Philip HENRY Bell Hall 497 Simms, WILLIAM GILMORE Unknown Gribayedoff 533 STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER Richmond Ritchie 713 SUMNER, CHARLES Warren Hall 744 1 : SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS TO APPLETONS CYCLOPÆDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 1 Adams, Charles Kendall President of Cornell University, Allibone, s. Austin, Author “ Dictionary of Authors," Amory, Thomas C., Author "Life of General Sullivan," etc. Baird, Henry Carey, Economist. Bancroft, George, Author “ History of the United States." Bayard, Thomas F., Secretary of State. Beehler, William H., Lieutenant U.S. Navy. Bigelow, John, Author * Life of Franklin," etc. Boker, George H., Poet, late Minister to Russia, Bradley, Joseph P., Justice United States Supreme Court. Brooks, Phillips, Author “Sermons in English Churches. Browne, Junius Henri, Journalist and Author. Buckley, James Monroe, Clergymar and Author. Carter, Franklin, President of Williams College. Chandler, William E., Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Conway, Moncure Daniel, Author “ Idols and Ideals." Cooke, John Esten, Author * Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee.” Cooper, Miss Susan Fenimore, Author “ Rural Hours," etc. Coppée, Henry, Professor in Lehigh University, Pa. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, P. E. Bishop of Western New York. Cullum, Gen. George W., U. S. A., Author “ Register of West Point Graduates," etc. Curtis, George Ticknor, Author "Life of James Buchanan,” etc. Curtis, George William, Author and Editor. Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B., Author " Tenting on the Plains." Davis, Jefferson, Ex-President Confederate States of America. Delafield, Maturin L., Miscellaneous Writer. De Lancey, Edward F., Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Didier, Eugene Lemoine, Author "Life of Edgar Allan Poe." Dix, Morgan, Rector of Trinity Church, New York, Doane, William C., P. E. Bishop of Albany. Draper, Lyman C., Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. Egle, William Henry, Author “ History of Pennsylvania." Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, President of William and Mary College. Fiske, John, Author and Professor. Frothingham, Octavius Brooks, Author - Life of George Ripley." Gallatin, Albert H., Author and Professor. Gayarré, Charies E. A., Author “History of Louisiana." Gerry, Elbridge T., Member of New York Bar, Gilman, Daniel C., President of Johns Hopkins University. Gilmore, James Roberts, Author "Rear-Guard of the Revolution." Gleig, George Robert, Ex-Chaplain-General British Army. Greely, Gen. Adolphus W., U. S. A., Chief Signal Officer. Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, U. S. A., Author “The Vicksburg Campaign." Griffis, William Elliot, Author * Life of Com. M. C. Perry." Hale, Edward Everett, Author “ Franklin in France." Hart, Charles Henry, Author “ Memoir of William H. Prescott," etc. Hay, John, Author "Life of Abraham Lincoln." Hayne, Paul H., Author and Poet. Headley, Joel Tyler, Author - Washington and his Generals." Henry, William Wirt, of the Virginia Historical Society. Higginson, Col. Thoras W., Author “ History of the United States," etc. Hills, George Morgan, Author “ History of the Church in Burlington, N. J." Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, Author and Poet. Huntington, William R., Rector of Grace Church, New York. Isaacs, Abram S., Journalist. Jay, John, Late Minister to Austria. 1 1 SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS. viji . Johnson, Bradley Tyler, Member of the Maryland Bar Johnson, Rossiter, Author and Editor. Johnston, William Preston, President of Tulane University. Jones, Horatio Gates, Vice-President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. Jones, William Alfred, Author “Charácter and Criticism," etc. Kendrick, James Ryland, Ex-President Vaesar College. Lathrop, George Parsons, Author “ A Study of Hawthorne," etc. Latrobe, John H. B., Member of the Maryland Bar. Leach, Josiah Granville, Member of the Philadelphia Bar. Lewis, William H., Clergyman and Author. Lincoln, Robert T., Ex-Secretary of War. Lodge, Henry Cabot, Author - Life of Hamilton." Mackay-Smith, Alexander, Archdeacon of New York. MacVeagh, Wayne, Ex-Attorney-General United States. Marble, Manton, Late Editor The World." Mathews, William, Author * Orators and Oratory," etc. McMaster, John Bach, Author - History of the People of the United States." Mitchell, Donald G., Author “ Reveries of a Bachelor," etc. Mombert, Dr. Jacob I., Miscellaneous Writer. Ochsenford, S. E., Clergyman and Author. O'Connor, Joseph, Editor Rochester, N. Y., “Post-Express." Parker, Cortlandt, Member of the New Jersey Bar. Parkman, Francis, Author * Frontenac," French in Canada," etc. Parton, James, Author "Life of Andrew Jackson," etc. Phelan, James, Editor Memphis, Tenn., "Avalanche.” Phelps, William Walter, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Pierrepont, Edwards, Ex-Attorney-General United States. Porter, David D., Admiral United States Navy. Porter, Gen. Horace, Formerly of Gen. Grant's Staff. Potter, Henry C., P. E. Bishop of New York. Preston, Mrs. Margaret J., Poet. Read, John Meredith, Late Minister to Greece. Ricord, Frederick W., of New Jersey Historical Society. Robinson, Ezekiel G., President of Brown University. Rodenbough, Gen. Theophilus F., Author Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor. Romero, Mattias, Mexican Minister to the United States. Scharf, John Thomas, Late of the Confederate Army. Schurz, Carl, Ex-Secretary of the Interior. Schweinitz, Edmund A. de, Late Moravian Bishop. Sherman, William T.,. Late General of the United States Army. Smith, Charles Emory, Editor Philadelphia “Press.” Spencer, Jesse Ames, Author and Professor. Stedman, Edmund C., Poet and Critic. Stillé, Charles Janeway, Author - History of the Sanitary Commission." Stewart, George, Jr., President Quebec Historical Society. Stoddard, Richard Henry, Author " Songs of Summer.' Stone, William L., Author “Life of Red Jacket," etc. Stowe, Charles Edward, Clergyman and Author. Strong, William, Ex-Justice United States Supreme Court. Stryker, William Scudder, Adjutant-General of New Jersey. Symington, Andrew James, Author “Life of William Cullen Bryant." Tanner, Benjamin T., Editor “ African Methodist Episcopal Review." Wadleigh, Bainbridge, Ex-United States Senator. Warner, Charles Dudley, Author and Journalist. Washburne, Elihu B., Late Minister to France. Welling, James C., President of Columbian University. Wilson, Gen. James Grant, Author “ Bryant and his Friends," etc. Wilson, Gen. James Harrison, Author Life of Ulysses S. Grant." Winter, William, Poet and Theatrical Critic. Winthrop, Robert C., Ex-United States Senator. Wright, Marcus Joseph, Late of the Confederate Ariny. Young, John Russell, Journalist and Author, 41 966 AR Among the Contributors to the fifth volume of this work are the following: Col. Benjamin Stoddert Ewell. STODDERT, BENJAMIN. Samuel Austin Allibone, LL. D. PRESCOTT, William Hickling. Thomas Coffin Amory. SULLIVAN, John. Henry Carey Baird. SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON. Lieut. William H. Beehler, U. S. N. ARTICLES ON OFFICERS OF THE U.S. NAVY, Prof. John Fiske. Putnam, ISRAEL, SUMTER, THOMAS. Robert Ludlow Fowler. PowNALL, THOMAS. Octavius Brooks Frothingham. RIPLEY, GEORGE. James Roberts Gilmore. STARK, John. Daniel Goodwin. THE PITTS FAMILY. PoolE, WILLIAM FREDERICK. Samuel S. Green. RUGGLES, TIMOTHY. Capt. Francis Vinton Greene. SCHOFIELD, JOHN MCALLISTER. > Marcus Benjamin, F. C. S. THE SCHUYLER FAMILY, SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN, AND Family. Arthur Elmore Bostwick, Ph. D. PoE, EDGAR ALLAN, SHAYS, DANIEL. James C. Brogan. ARTICLES on Roman CATHOLIC CLERGYMEN. Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D. RICHARDSON, HENRY Hobson. Junius Henri Browne. STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY. Roberdeau Buchanan. The ROBERDEAU FAMILY, SHIPPEN, WILLIAM. Rev. James M. Buckley, D. D., LL. D. ARTICLES ON METHODIST EPISCOPAL BISHOPS. Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. RALEGH, SIR WALTER, THE ROOSEVELT FAMILY. Henry W. Cleveland. STEPHENS, ALEXANDER HAMILTON. Moncure Daniel Conway. THE RANDOLPH FAMILY. Prof. Henry Coppée. SHERIDAN, Philip HENRY, SHERMAN, WILLIAM TECUMSEH. George William Curtis. SUMNER, CHARLES. Maturin L. Delafield. Ross, JAMES. Eugene Lemoine Didier. PINCKNEY, WILLIAM. Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D. POTTER, Horatio. William Henry Egle, M. D. Rupp, ISRAEL DANIEL, STEELE, John. Rev. William Elliot Griffis, D. D. SPENCE, ROBERT TRAILL. Jacob Henry Hager. POLK, JAMES Knox, РОРЕ, Јону. Charles Henry Hart. Pine, Robert Edge, St. MEMIN, CHARLES B. J. F. DE. Col. John Hay. REID, WHITELAW, STONE, AMASA. Miss Emma Polk Harris. SOWER, CHRISTOPHER, AND FAMILY, SUMNER, Edwin Vose. Rev. Horace E. Hayden. POLLOCK, OLIVER. Rev. Joel Tyler Headley. STEUBEN, BARON VON. Cecil H. C. Howard. SEWALL, SAMUEL, SHILLABER, BENJAMIN P. Rt. Rev. M. A. de Wolfe Howe. POTTER, ALONZO. Frank Huntington. THE RUTLEDGE FAMILY, SPARKS, JARED. Abram S. Isaacs, Ph. D. ARTICLES ON JEWISH CLERGYMEN. & CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIFTH VOLUME. Gen. Bradley Tyler Johnson. PICKETT, GEORGE EDWARD, SEDDON, JAMES ALEXANDER. Rossiter Johnson, Ph. D. REALF, RICHARD, SMITH, PETER AND GERRIT. Horatio Gates Jones. Pugu, Ellis. Gen. John Meredith Read. SPAIGHT, RICHARD DOBBS. Eugene Coleman Savidge. RAWLE, WILLIAM HENRY. Col. John Thomas Scharf. SEMMES, RAPHAEL. Rev. William Jones Seabury, D. D. THE SEABURY FAMILY. Miss Esther Singleton. Porter, David, STUYVESANT, PETER.. Dr. Charles Janeway Stillé, LL. D. PRINTZ, John. 7 John William Jordan. ARTICLES ON MORAVIAN CLERGYMEN. William Leete Stone. THE STONE FAMILY. Rev. James Ryland Kendrick, D. D. ARTICLES ON BAPTIST CLERGYMEN. Samuel Jordan Kirkwood. PRICE, HIRAM. Col. Josiah Granville Leach. ARTICLES ON NOTED PENNSYLVANIANS. Rev. William H. Lewis. ARTICLES ON PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL Bishops. Robert Todd Lincoln. STUART, JOHN T. Neil Macdonald. ARTICLES ON CANADIAN STATESMEN. Rev. Alexander Mackay-Smith. SMITH, NATHAN AND PERRY, STUART, ROBERT. Luther R. Marsh. STEWART, ALVAN. William Mathews, LL. D. PRENTISS, SERGEANT SMITH. STORY, JOSEPH. Charles A. Nelson. SIBLEY, JOAN LANGDON. Rev. S. E. Ochsenford. ARTICLES ON LUTHERAN CLERGYMEN. Rev. Charles Edward Stowe. STOWE, CALVIN ELLIS AND HARRIET BEECHER, Gen. William S. Stryker. STRYKER, John. Andrew James Symington. SELKIRK, ALEXANDER, STANLEY, HENRY MORTON. William Christian Tenner. ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT DE. Arthur Dudley Vinton. REDPATH, JAMES, RICE, ALLEN THORNDIKE. Bainbridge Wadleigh. PIERCE, FRANKLIN. Charles Dudley Warner. SMITH, John. John William Weidemeyer. PowHATAN AND POCAHONTAS, SIMPSON, EDMUND. Frank Weitenkampf. ARTICLES ON ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS. James Clark Welling, LL. D. SHIELDS, CHARLES WOODRUFF. Edward C. Wharton. SLIDELL, John, SOULÉ, PIERRE. Gen. James Grant Wilson. Scott, WINFIELD, STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY. Gen. James Harrison Wilson. RAWLINS, Joun AARON. Gen. Marcus Joseph Wright. Pillow, GIDEON J., Suite, EDMUND KIRBY. John Russell Young. SMALLEY, GEORGE WASHBURN. Joseph O'Connor. ROCHESTER, NATHANIEL. SEYMOUR, HORATIO. Edwards Pierrepont. STANTON, Edwin McMASTERS. Frederick Eugene Pond. PIKE, ALBERT. Gen. Horace Porter. PULLMAN, GEORGE MORTIMER. Mrs. Margaret J. Preston. Simms, WILLIAM GILMORE. John V. L. Pruyn. THE PRUYN FAMILY. Prof. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon. THE Pynchox FAMILY. . APPLETONS? CYCLOPÆDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. PICKERING PICKERING 6 * An Wichiring. PICKERING, Charles Whipple, naval officer, \ his election he witnessed and peacefully resisted b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 23 Dec., 1815; d. in St. Col. Leslie's expedition to Salem. On 19 April he Augustine, Fla., 29 Feb., 1888. He was appointed marched at the head of 300 men to cut off the re- midshipman on 22 May, 1822, became lieutenant treat of the British from Lexington, and at sunset on 8 Dec., 1838, and was attached to the Pacific had reached Winter Hill, in Somerville, a few min- squadron. In 1854 he served as executive officer utes after the British of the “ Cyane,” which conveyed Lieut. Isaac G. had passed on their Strain (q. 2.) and his exploring party to Darien, disorderly retreat to and afterward rescued them and brought them to Charlestown. In later New York. He was at the bombardment of Grey- years political ene- town, Nicaragua, in 1854, which was reduced to mies unfairly twitted ashes after four hours' siege. On 14 Sept., 1855, he him for failing to ef- became commander, and in 1859–61 he was inspec- fect the capture of the tor of a light-house district near Key West, Fla. whole British force on He was commissioned captain on 15 July, 1862, this occasion. In the commanded the “Kearsarge” in the Mediterranean course of that year he and in the West Indies, and was in charge of the published a small vol- “ Housatonic" when that vessel was destroyed by a ume, illustrated with submarine torpedo near Charleston on i7 Feb., copper-plate engrav- 1865. When he had recovered from his wounds he ings, entitled took command of the “ Vanderbilt,” and in 1865 Easy Plan of Disci- he was ordered to Portsmouth navy-yard. He was pline for a Militia." placed on the retired list on 1 Feb., 1867, and It was a useful book, made commodore on 8 Dec. of the same year. and showed consid- PICKERING, John, jurist, b. in Newington, erable knowledge of the military art. It was N. H., 22 Sept., 1737; d. in Portsmouth, N. ., 11 adopted by the state of Massachusetts, and was April, 1805. He was graduated at Harvard in 1761, generally used in the Continental army until su- studied law, was admitted to the bar. and was a perseded by the excellent manual prepared by member of the New Hampshire constitutional con- Baron Steuben. In September, 1775, Col. Pickering vention. In 1787 he was elected a member of the was commissioned justice of the peace, and two convention that framed the constitution of the months later judge of the maritime court for the United States, but he declined to serve. He was counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Middlesex. In May, judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire in 1776, he was elected representative to the general 1790- '5, and at one time chief justice, and subse-court. On 24 Dec. of that year he set out from quently judge of the U. S. district court for New Salem, at the head of the Essex regiment of 700 Hampshire; but his mind became impaired, and he men, to join the Continental army, and after stop- was removed from office in 1804. Dartmouth gave ping for some time, under Gen. Heath's orders, at him the degree of LL. D. in 1792. Tarrytown, reached Morristown, 20 Feb., where he PICKERING. Timothy; statesman, b. in Sa- made a very favorable impression upon Washington. lem, Mass., 17 July, 1745; d. there, 29 Jan., 1829. The office of adjutant-general falling vacant by the He was great-great-grandson of John Pickering, resignation of Col. Reed, Washington at once of- who came from England and settled in Salem in fered it to Col. Pickering, who at first declined the 1642. Timothy was graduated at Harvard in 1763. appointment because he did not consider himself He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in fit for it and because it would conflict with the 1768, but practised very little, and never attained discharge of his duty in the place that he already distinction as a lawyer. He served for some time as held. He afterward reconsidered the matter and register of deeds for Essex county, and at the same resigned all his civil offices, and his appointment time showed considerable interest in military stud- as adjutant-general was announced, 18 June, at ies. In 1766 he was commissioned by Gov. Ber- the headquarters of the army at Middlebrook. He nard lieutenant of militia, and in 1775 was elected then expressed an opinion that the war would not colonel, which office he held until after he had and ought not to last longer than a year, and on joined the Continental army. Twelve days after several occasions was inclined to criticise impa- VOL. v.--1 PICKERING PICKERING 2 tiently the superb self-restraint and caution of States and the Six Nations. Col. Pickering was Washington, but for which the war would doubt- appointed postmaster-general, 14 Aug., 1791, and less have ended that year in the overthrow of the held that office till 1795. In the mean time was American cause. Col. Pickering was present at waged the great war with the Indians of the North- the battles of the Brandywine and Germantown, western territory, and Col. Pickering was called and was elected, 7 Nov., a member of the newly upon several times to negotiate with the chiefs of created board of war. On 5 Aug., 1780, he was the Six Nations and keep up the alliance with them. appointed quartermaster-general of the army, in He knew how to make himself liked and respected place of Gen. Greene, who had just resigned. He by the red men, and in these delicate missions was joined the army at Peekskill, 27 June, 1781, took eminently successful. On the resignation of Knoi part in the march to Virginia, and was present at he was appointed secretary of war, 2 Jan., 1795. the surrender of Cornwallis, of which he gives an The department then included Indian affairs, since interesting account in his journal. The fact that transferred to the department of the interior. It there was no detention in the course of Washing- also included the administration of the navy. In ton's wonderful march from Hudson river to Chesa- these capacities Col. Pickering was instrumental in peake bay shows with what consummate skill the founding the military school at West Point, as quartermaster's department was managed. At well as in superintending the building of the three every point the different columns found the needed noble frigates “ Constitution," " United States," supplies and means of transportation in readiness. and “ Constellation,” that were by and by to win For such a triumph of logistics great credit is due imperishable renown. On the resignation of Ran- to Col. Pickering: He retained the office of quar- dolph in the autumn of 1795, Col. Pickering for a termaster-general until it was abolished, 28 July, while acted as secretary of state, and after three 1785. He made himself conspicuous, along with months was appointed to that office. He continued Alexander Hamilton and Patrick Henry, in oppos- as secretary of state, under the administration of ing the harsh and short-sighted vindictive meas- John Adams, until the difficulties with France, ures that drove so many Tories from the country, growing out of the X. Y. Z. papers, had reached a to settle in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada. crisis and led to a serious disagreement between On leaving the army in 1785, he went into business Mr. Adams and his cabinet. (See Adams, Joax.) in Philadelphia as a commission merchant in part- Then Col. Pickering was dismissed from office, 12 nership with Maj. Samuel Hodgdon, but he did May, 1800. not find this a congenial occupation. He was as- From the department of state to a log-cabin sured that if he were to return to Massachusetts on the frontier was a great change indeed. Col. he would be appointed associate justice of the su- Pickering spent the summer and autumn with preme court of that state, but he refused to enter- his son Henry and a few hired men in clearing a tain the suggestion, because he distrusted his fit- farm in what is now Susquehanna county, near the ness for that office. He preferred to remove with northeastern corner of Pennsylvania. He had al- his family, to some new settlement on the frontier, ways been poor, and was now embarrassed with and, with some such end in view, had already pur- debt. To relieve him of this burden, several citi- chased extensive tracts of unoccupied land in zens of Boston subscribed $25,000, and purchased western Pennsylvania and Virginia and in the val- from him some of his tracts of unoccupied land. ley of the Ohio. In 1787 he settled in Wyoming, After payment of his debts, the balance in cash was and there became involved in the disturbances at- $14,055.35, and being thus placed in comfortable tendant upon the arrest and imprisonment of John circumstances he was prevailed upon to return to Franklin, leader of the insurgent Connecticut set- Massachusetts, where he settled upon a modest tlers. Col. Pickering's house was attacked by farm, which he hired, in Danvers. In 1802 he was rioters, and he would have been seized as a hostage appointed chief justice of common pleas, and was a for Franklin had he not escaped into the woods candidate for congress for the Essex south district, and thereupon made his way to Philadelphia, where but Jacob Crowninshield was elected over him. he was chosen member of the convention for rati- The next year Col. Pickering was elected to the fying the new constitution of the United States. U. S. senate, to fill the vacancy left by Dwight Fos- After his return to Wyoming, toward the end of ter's resignation. In 1804 he was elected to the June, 1788, Col. Pickering was taken from his bed senate for six years, and became conspicuous at midnight by a gang of masked men and carried among the leaders of the extreme Federalists. He off into the forest. His captors kept him prisoner disapproved of the Louisiana purchase, and after- for three weeks, and tried to prevail upon him to ward made himself very unpopular in a large part write to the executive council of the state and have of the country by his energetic opposition to the Franklin set at liberty. When they found their embargo. In 1809 he was hanged in effigy by a threats unavailing, and learned that militia were mob in Philadelphia, and in the following year an pursuing them, they lost heart, and were glad to infamous attempt was made to charge him with compound with Col. Pickering and set him free embezzlement of public funds, but the charge was on condition that he would intercede for them. too absurd to gain credence. In 1811 he was for- This affair, the incidents of which are full of ro- mally censured hy the senate for a technical viola- mantic interest, marked the close of thirty years of tion of the rules in reading certain documents turbulence in the vale of Wyoming. By the end communicated by the president before the injunc- of 1788 complete order was maintained, largely tion of secrecy; but as this measure was too plainly through the firmness and energy of Col. Pickering, prompted by vindictiveness, it failed to injure him. In 1789 he was a inember of the convention that În 1812, having failed of a re-election to the sen- framed the new constitution of Pennsylvania. This ate, he retired to the farm he had purchased some body did not finish its work till 2 Sept. 1790, and time before in Wenham, Mass.; but he was to return the very next day President Washington sent Col. to Washington sooner than he expected. In the Pickering on a mission to the Seneca Indians, who November election he was chosen a member of had been incensed by the murder of two of their congress by an overwhelming majority. To this tribe by white men at Pine Creek, Pa. The mission oflice he was again elected in 1814, and would have ended in July, 1791, in the successful negotiation been elected a third time had he not declined a of a very important treaty between the United , renomination. During 1817 he was member of PICKERING 3 PICKERING . : + the executive council of Massachusetts, his last | With this great knowledge at his command, he public office. The last years of his life were spent early used it in the preparation of valuable articles in Salem, with frequent visits to the Wenham farm. in reviews, transactions of learned societies, and On Sunday, 4 Jan., 1829, sitting in an ill-warmed encyclopædias. Among these are “ On the Adop- church, he caught the cold which he died. The tion of a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Lan- section of the Federalist party to which Col. Pick-guages of North America" (1820); “ Remarks on ering belonged was led by a group of men known the Indian Languages of North America" (1836); as the “ Essex Junto,” comprising Parsons, Cabot, and “ Memoir on the Language and Inhabitants of Sedgwick, H. G. Otis, and the Lowells, of Massa- Lord North's Island” (1845); also, in book-form, chusetts, with Griswold and Reeve, of Connecticut. " A Vocabulary or Collection of Words and Phrases In 1804, and again in 1809, the question of a disso- which have been Supposed to be Peculiar to the lution of the Union and the formation of a sepa- United States of America (Boston, 1816), and rate Eastern confederacy was seriously discussed · A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Greek Lan- by these Federalist leaders, and in 1814 they were guage” (1826). The latter passed through numer- foremost in the proceedings that led to the Hart- ous editions at home and was reprinted abroad. In ford convention. Attempts to call such a conven- 1806 he was elected Hancock professor of Hebrew tion had been made in 1808 and 1812. The designs in Harvard, and later was invited to fill the chair of the convention were not clearly understood, but of Greek literature in that university, both of the suspicion of disunion tendencies that clung to which appointments he declined, as well as that of it sufliced to complete the ruin of the Federalist provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He party, which did not survive the election of 1816. was an active member of the board of overseers of În the work of the conventionists of 1814 Col. Harvard from 1818 till 1824, and received the de- Pickering took no direct part, and he was not pres- gree of LL. D. from Bowdoin in 1822, and from ent at Hartford. Col. Pickering married, 8 April, Harvard in 1835. Mr. Pickering was one of the 1776, Rebecca White, who was born in Bristol, founders of the American oriental society and its England, 18 July, 1754, and died in Salem, 14 president until his death, also president of the Aug., 1828. Their wedded life was extremely hap- American academy of arts and sciences, and a py. Col. Pickering's biography, with copious ex. member of various learned societies both at home tracts from his correspondence, was begun by his and abroad. Besides the works mentioned above, son, Octavius Pickering—" Life of Timothy Picker- he was the anthor of various gal articles, among ing" (vol. i., Boston, 1867)—and after the death of which are “ The Agrarian Laws," “ Egyptian Juris- the latter, was finished by Charles W. Upham prudence," Lecture on the Alleged Uncertainty (vols. ii.-iv., 1873). See also Adams's “ Documents of Law," and “Review of the International Mc- relating to New England Federalism” (Boston, Leod Question " (1825). See “ Life of John Pick- 1877) and Schouler's “ History of the United ering,” by his daughter, Mary Orne Pickering (Bos- States” (vols. i. and ii., Washington, 1882).— Timo- ton, 1887).— Timothy's third son, Henry, poet, b. thy's eldest son, John, philologist, b. in Salem, in Newburg, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1781 ; d. in New York Mass., 7 Feb., 1777; d. in Boston, Mass., 5 May, city, 8 May, 1831, was born in the historic Has- 1846, was graduated at Harvard in 1796, and then brouck house, better known as Washington's head- studied law with Edward Tilghman in Philadel- quarters, while his father was with Washington at phia. In 1797 he became secretary to William the siege of Yorktown. Ile accompanied the fam- Sinith, on the appointment of the latter as U.S. min- ily to Boston in 1801, and engaged in business in ister to Portugal, and two years later he became pri- Salem, acquiring in a few years a moderate for- vate secretary to Rufus King, then minister to Great tune, from which he contributed largely to the Britain. He returned to Salem in 1801, resumed support of his father's family and to the education his legal studies, and, after being admitted to the of its younger members. In consequence of losses, bar, practised in Salem until 1827. Mr. Pickering he removed to New York in 1825, and endeavored then removed to Boston, and was appointed city to retrieve his fortune, but without success. Ile solicitor, which office he held until shortly before then resided at Rondout and other places along his death. Notwithstanding his large practice. the Hudson, where he devoted his leisure to read- he also devoted his attention to politics. He was ing, and writing poetry. His writings appeared in three times in the lower house of the legislature, the “ Evening Post,” and include “Ruins of Pæs- twice a state senator from Essex county and once tum” (Salem, 1822); “ Athens, and other Poems” from Suffolk county, and a member of the execu- (1824); “ Poems” (1830); and “ The Buckwheat tive council. In 1833 be served on the commission Cake” (1831).- Another son of Timothy, Octa- for revising and arranging the statutes of Massa- vius, lawyer, h. in Wyoming, Pa., 2 Sept., 1791 ; chusetts, and the part that is entitled “Of the In- d. in Boston, Mass., 29 Oct., 1868, was graduated ternal Administration of Government” was pre- at Harvard in 1810, and then studied law with his pared by him. Mr. Piekering became celebrated brother, John Pickering. In March, 1816, he was by his philological studies, which gained for him admitted to the bar of Suffolk county, and opened the reputation of being the chief founder of Ameri- an office in Boston. He assisted in reporting the can comparative philology. These he began as a debates and proceedings of the Massachusetts con- young man, when he accompanied his father on stitutional convention of 1820. In 1822–40 he visits to the Six Nations of central New York, and was reporter of the supreme court of Massachu- as he grew older they increased by his study abroad setts. During these years he prepared the “Re- until, according to Charles Sumner, he was famil- ports of Cases in the Supreme Judicial Court of iar with the English, French, Portuguese, Italian, Massachusetts ” (24 vols., Boston, 1822-40). On Spanish, German, Romaic, Greek, and Latin lan retiring from office he visited Europe and spent guages; less familiar, but acquainted, with Dutch, seven years in England and on the continent. He Swedish, Danish, and Ilebrew, and had explored, took an active interest in natural history, was a with various degrees of care, Arabic, Turkish, fellow of the American academy of arts and sci- Syriac, Persian, Coptic, Sanscrit, Chinese, Cochin- ences, and one of the founders, in December, 1814, Chinese, Russian, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Malay of the New England society for the promotion of in several dialects, and particularly the Indian natural history, which subsequently became the languages of America and the Polynesian islands. | Linnæan society of New England, and out of which th 4 PICKETT PICKERING D 9 66 has grown the Boston society of natural history. I ment has been the determination of the relative His literary work included, besides various legal brightness of the stars, which is accomplished by papers, “ A Report of the Trial by Impeachment of means of a meridian photometer, an instrument James Prescott” with William H. Gardiner (Bos- which has been specially devised for this purpose. ton, 1821), and he prepared the first volume of and he has prepared a catalogue giving the bright- the Life of Timothy Pickering by his Son” (4 ness of over 4,000 stars. Since 1878 he has also vols., 1867–73), of which the remaining volumes made photometric measurements of Jupiter's satel- were issued by Charles W. Upham.— Timothy's lites while they are undergoing eclipse, and of the grandson, Charles, physician, b. in Susquehanna satellites of Mars and other very faint objects. On county, Pa., 10 Nov., 1805; d. in Boston, Mass., 17 the death of Henry Draper (q. 2.) his widow requested March, 1878, was graduated at Harvard in 1823, Prof. Pickering to continue important researches and at its, medical department in 1826, after which on the application of photography to astronomy, he settled in the practice of his profession in Phila- | as a Henry Draper memorial, and the study of the delphia. Meanwhile he developed interest in natu- spectra of the stars by photography has thus been ral history, and became a member of the Philadel- undertaken on a scale that was never before at- phia academy of natural sciences, to whose trans- tempted. A fund of $250,000; left by Uriah A. actions he contributed valuable papers . In 1838–42 Boyden (9. 2.) to the observatory, has been utilized he was naturalist to the U. S. exploring expedition for the special study of the advantages of very ele- under Capt. Charles Wilkes. On his return he vated observing stations. Prof. Pickering has also was a year in Washington, and then visited east- devoted attention to such subjects as mountain- ern Africa, travelling from Egypt to Zanzibar, and surveying, the height and velocity clouds, pa- studying the people of those parts of the world that chian club, of which he was president in 1877, and had not been visited by the expedition. Nearly again in 1882. He is an associate of the Royal two years were occupied in these researches, after astronomical society of London, from which in 1886 which he devoted himself to the preparation of he received its gold medal for photometric research- “The Races of Man and their Geographical Dis- es, and, besides membership in other scientific so- tribution” (Boston, 1848), which forms the ninth cieties in the United States and Europe, he was volume of the “Reports of the U. S. Exploring elected in 1873 to the National academy of sciences, Expedition,” and was republished in “ Bohn's Il- by which body he was further honored in 1887 with lustrated Library” (London, 1850). This he fol- the award of the Henry Draper medal for his work lowed with his “Geographical Distribution of Ani- on astronomical physics. In 1876 he was elected a mals and Man” (1854) and “ Geographical Dis- vice-president of the American association for the tribution of Plants” (1861). Dr. Pickering was a advancement of science, and presented his retiring member of the American oriental society, the address before the section of mathematics and American academy of arts and sciences, the Americ physics at the Nashville meeting. In addition to can philosophical society, and other learned bodies, his many papers, which number about 100, he pre- to whose proceedings he contributed. At the time pared annual Reports on the Department of of his death he left in manuscript “ Chronological Physics” for the Massachusetts institute of tech- History of Plants: Man's Record of his own Ex-nology, and the “Annual Reports of the Director istence illustrated through their Names, Uses, and of the Astronomical Observatory,” likewise editing Companionship" (Boston, 1879).-- Timothy's great- the “ Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of grandson, Edward Charles, astronomer, b. in Harvard College.” He has also edited, with notes, Boston, Mass., 19 July, 1846, was graduated in the “ The Theory of Color in its Relations to Art and civil engineering course at the Lawrence scientific Art Industry," by Dr. William von Bezold (Bos- school of Harvard in 1865. During the following ton, 1876), and he is the author of “ Elements of year he was called to the Massachusetts institute of Physical Manipulation" (2 parts, Boston, 1873–6). technology as assistant instructor of physics, of - Edward Charles's brother, William Henry, which branch he held the full professorship from astronomer, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 Feb., 1858, 1868 till 1877. Prof. Pickering devised plans for was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of the physical laboratory of the institute, and in- technology in 1879, and in 1880–7 was instructor troduced the experimental method of teaching of physics in that institution. In March, 1887, physics at a time when that mode of instruction he was called to the charge of the Boyden depart- had not been adopted elsewhere. His scientific ment of the Harvard observatory, which place he work during these years consisted largely of re- still fills. He founded in 1882, in connection with searches in physics, notably investigations on the the Institute of technology, the first regular labo- polarization of light and the laws of its reflection ratory where dry-plate photography was systemat- and dispersion. He also described a new form ically taught to numerous pupils. Mr. Pickering of spectrum telescope, and invented in 1870 a tele- observed the solar eclipse of 1878 from Colorado, phone-receiver, which he publicly exhibited. He and in 1886 conducted an expedition to the West observed the total eclipse of the sun on 7 Ang., Indies to observe the total eclipse of that year. In 1869, with the party that was sent out by the Nau- 1887 he led an expedition to Colorado to make as- tical almanac otlice, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, and tronomical observations for the purpose of select- was a member of the C. S. coast survey expedition ing the most suitable site for an astronomical ob- to Xeres, Spain, to observe that of 22 Dec., 1870, servatory. In addition to various articles on pho- having on that occasion charge of the polariscope. tography in technical periodicals, and the transac- In 1876 he was appointed professor of astronomy and tions of the American academy, he has published geodesy, and director of the observatory at Har- Walking Guide to the Mount Washington vard, and under his management this observatory Range” (Boston, 1882). has become one of the foremost in the United PICKETT, Albert James, historian, b. in An- States. More than twenty assistants now take part son county, N. C., 13 Aug., 1810; d. in Montgom- in investigations under his direction, and the in- ery, Ala., 28 Oct., 1858. lle removed with his vested funds of the observatory have increased from father to Autauga county, Ala., in 1818, and stud- $176,000 to $654.000 during his administration. ied law, but never practised his profession, devot- His principal work since he accepted this appoint- ing his life to literary pursuits and to the care of PICKETT 5 PICQUET ita GEPickett his plantation. He served in the Creek war in surprise and capture by Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. 1836. He was the author of a “ History of Ala- In the attack on Gen. Butler's forces along the line bama" (2 vols., Charleston, 1851), and at the time of the railroad between Richmond and Petersburg, of his death was preparing a comprehensive his- Pickett's division captured the works. Gen. Lee, tory of the southwest. See “ Brief Biographical in a letter of thanks and congratulation, dated 17 ! Sketch of Col. Albert J. Pickett,” by Crawford M. June, said : “ We tried very hard to stop Pickett's Jackson (Montgomery, 1859). men from capturing the breastworks of the ene- PICKETT, George Edward, soldier, b. in Rich- my, but could not do it.” At Five Forks his di- mond, Va., 25 Jan., 1825; d. in Norfolk, Va., 30 July, vision received the brunt of the National attack, 1875. Ilis father was a resident of Henrico county, and was entirely disorganized. After the war Gen. Va. The son was appointed to the l'. S. military Pickett returned to Richmond, where he spent the academy from Illinois, remainder of his life in the life-insurance business. and graduated in 1846. His biography by Edward A. Pollard is in Pol- He served in the war lard's - Life and Times of Robert E. Lee and his with Mexico, was made Companions in Arms":(New York, 1871). See also 2d lieutenant in the 2d " Pickett's Men,” by Walter Harrison (1870). infantry, 3 March, 1847, PICKETT, James C., commissioner of patents, was at the siege of Verab. in Fauquier county, Va., 6 Feb., 1793; d. in Cruz and was engaged / Washington, D. (., 10 July, 1872. He removed in all the battles that with his parents to Mason county, Ky., in 1796, preceded the assault and received a good education. He became 3d and capture of the city lieutenant of U. S. artillery in 1813, and was pro- of Mexico. He was moted 2d lieutenant in 1814, but left the service at transferred to the 7th the close of the war with England. He served again infantry, 13 July, 1847, as deputy quartermaster-general from 1818 till 1821, and to the 8th infantry, when he resigned, returned to Mason county, and 18 July, 1847, and bre- practised law. He edited the “ Maysville Eagle' vetted 1st lieutenant, 8 in 1815, was a member of the legislature in 1822, Sept., 1847, for gallant secretary of the state from 1825 till 1828, and secre- and meritorious con- tary of legation in Colombia from 1829 till 1833, duct at Contreras and Churubusco, an captain, acting part of the time as chargé d'affaires. He 13 Sept., for Chapultepec. He became captain in was commissioner of the U.S. patent-office in 1835, the 9th infantry, 3 March, 1855, after serving in fourth auditor of the treasury in 1835–8, minister garrisons in Texas from 1849, and in 1856 he was to Ecuador in 1838, and chargé d'affaires in Peru on frontier duty in the northwest territory at from 1838 till 1845. For a few years he edited Puget sound. Capt. Pickett was ordered, with " The Congressional Globe” in Washington, D. C. sixty men, to occupy San Juan island then, dur- PICKNELL, William Lamb, artist, b. in ing the dispute with Great Britain over the north- Hinesburg, Vt., 23 Oct., 1854. He studied under west boundary, and the British governor, Sir | George Inness, in Rome, in 1873–5, and with Gé- James Douglas, sent three vessels of war to eject | rôme, in Paris, in 1875–7. Then for four years Pickett from his position. He forbade the land- he lived and worked in Brittany, where he painted ing of troops from the vessels, under the threat under Robert Wylie, but in 1882 he returned to of firing upon them, and an actual collision was the United States. He received honorable mention prevented only by the timely arrival of the Brit- at the Paris salon in 1880, and medals in Boston in ish admiral, by whose order the issue of force 1881 and 1884. He was elected a member of the was postponed. For his conduct on this occasion Society of American artists in 1880, and of the So- Gen. Harney in his report commended Capt. Pickett ciety of British artists in 1884. Among his works “ for the cool judgment, ability, and gallantry he are • Route de Concarneau ” (1880); “ On the Bor- had displayed," and the legislature of Washington ders of the Marsh,” in the Academy of fine arts, territory passed resolutions thanking him for it. He Philadelphia (1880); “A Stormy Day” (1881); resigned from the army, 25 June, 1861, and after “Coast of Ipswich," in Boston art museum (1882); great difficulty and delays reached Virginia, where “Sunshine and Drifting Sand” (1883); “ A Sultry he was at once commissioned colonel in the state Day” (1884); “Wintry March ” (1885); “Bleak forces and assigned to duty on Rappahannock river. December” and “After the Storm” (1886); and In February, 1862, he was made brigadier-general November Solitude" (1887). in Gen. James Longstreet's division of the Confed- | PICQUET, François, French missionary, b. in erate army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, which Bourg en Bresse, 6 Dec., 1708; d. in Verjon, 15 was then called the Army of the Potomac, but af- July, 1781. He was the son of poor laborers, but terward became the Army of Northern Virginia. by his intelligence interested the vicar of his par- His brigade, in the retreat before McClellan up the ish, who sent him to school. He was employed in peninsula and in the seven days' battles around missionary work among peasants when he was Richmond, won such a reputation that it was eighteen years old, united with the Congregation known as “the game-cock brigade.” At the battle of St. Sulpice in 1729, and, after being ordained of Gaines's Mills, 27 June, 1862, Pickett was severe- priest, was sent at his request to Canada. He ar- ly wounded in the shoulder, and he did not rejoin rived in Montreal in December, 1735, and fixed his his command until after the first Maryland cam- residence in 1737 among the Indians near Lake paign. He was then made major-general, with a Temiscaming, founding there a mission, which division that was composed entirely of Virginians. prospered from the outset. He induced the Algon- At the battle of Fredericksburg tliis division held quins and Nipissings to swear allegiance to the the centre of Lee's line. For an account of Piek- 1 king of France, and, being much impressed with ett's charge at Gettysburg, 3 July, 1863, see the i the strategical position of Lake Deux Montagnes, articles LEE, ROBERT E., and MEADE, GEORGE G. , he induced these tribes to abandon their old quar- Pickett was afterward placed in command in lower ters in 1740, and established them in the fertile Virginia and eastern North Carolina. In May, regions around the lake, thus securing Montreal 1864, he defended Petersburg and saved it from from possible invasion from the north. He re- 66 PIDANSAT DE MAIROBERT PICTON 6 66 ceived 5,000 livres from Louis XV., and employed | two years, acquiring reputation as an operator. He it to build a limestone fortress, which was afterward served for many years as hoine surgeon in the New of great value to the colony during the struggle Orleans charity hospital, and was president of the with the English. He then induced the Indians to medical department of the University of Louisiana. cultivate the soil, kept np a correspondence with He was a founder of the New Orleans school of the northern and southern tribes, and was often medicine in 1856, in which he was professor of ob- chosen as arbitrator between the natives and the stetrics from 1856 till 1858.—His cousin, Thomas, colonial authorities. During the war of 1742 he journalist, b. in New York city, 9 May, 1822, en- armed and disciplined the Indians of his missions : tered Columbia, and subsequently the University and did good service. He obtained in 1749 from of New York, where he was graduated in 1810. Gov. La Galissonnière permission to begin a new After studying law he was admitted to the bar in settlement, and built La Présentation (now Kings- 1843. Several years later he visited Europe, and, ton). In 1753 he was summoned to Paris by the affer travelling over the continent, resided in the secretary of the navy to report on his mission, and environs of Paris, participating in the Revolution received from the king a present of 3,000 livres of 1848 as an officer of the ed legion of the Banlieu. and some books. Returning to Canada in the Upon his return to New York he began the publi- spring of 1754, he took an active part in the fol- cation of “ The Era” in 1850 in conjunction with lowing war, twice saved Quebec from invasion, de- Henry W. Herbert, and in 1851 he became one of stroyed the English forts and establishments upon the editors of “ The Sachem,” afterward entitled the southern shores of Lake Ontario, also partici- the “ True American,” a vigorous advocate of the pating in the defeat of Gen. Braddock. He Associated order of united Americans. A little fought under Montcalm, was slightly wounded at later hë edited the “ True National Democrat,” the Quebec in 1759, and after the surrender of that organ of the Free-soilers. On the reorganization place resolved to return to France, as the English of the “Sunday Mercury” he became one of its had put a price on his head. Assuming Indian editors, and contributed to the paper a series of dress, he escaped from the city during a stormy popular stories under the name of " Paul Preston." night, rejoined his Indians, and, crossing northern These were subsequently published in book-form, Canada and Michigan, went by way of Illinois and and had an extensive sale. At the beginning of Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, where he arrived the civil war he raised a battalion, which was in the spring of 1760. Being detained twenty-two consolidated with the 38th New York regiment, months in the latter city, he occupied his time in with which he went to the field. During the reign studying the natural resources of the country. In of Maximilian in Mexico, Mr. Picton was employed October, 1762, he landed in Bordeaux after à dan- in the service of the Liberals, and wrote a " Defence gerous journey, in which the vessel was twice of Liberal Mexico," which was printed for distri- chased by English cruisers. The assemblies of the bution among the statesmen of this country. Gen. clergy of France that met in 1765 and 1770 recom- Rosecrans remarked that this publication had mended him to the king and twice voted him a done more for the cause of Mexico than all other present of 1,200 livres for his labors in Canada. In external influences combined.” IIe has translated 1777 Pope Pius VI. summoned him to Rome, paid some of the best modern romances from the French, the expenses of his journey, gave him a public and several of his light dramas are popular. He audience, appointed him a chamberlain, and made is the author of “ Reminiscences of a Sporting him a present of 5,000 livres. Despite these high Journalist,” issued in serial form, and, besides the recommendations, Louis XV., who felt that the works mentioned, has edited Frank Forester's loss of Canada was owing to his neglect of the best Life and Writings" (New York, 1881). interests of France, disliked everything that might PIDANSAT DE MAIROBERT, Mathieu remind him of his former possession, and refused François, French author, b. in Chaource, Cham- to provide for Picquet, who died in great poverty pagne, 20 Feb., 1727; d. in Paris, 29 March, 1779. at the house of his sister, a peasant-woman of the He was brought up in the house of Madame Doub- little village of Verjon. The English, who had let de Persan, was afterward one of the members learned to fear and respect him, gave him the sur- of the literary society that held meetings there, name of the Great Jesuit of the West, but Picquet and contributed to the manuscript journal of the had never any connection with that company, of society, which was utilized afterward in the prepa- which he was even an opponent. The astronomer ration of the “ Mémoires secrets" (1770). Pidan- Lalande wrote an account of Picquet's life, which sat became in 1760 royal censor for new publica- was published in the “ Lettres édifiantes” (Paris, tions, and was elected an associate member of the 1786). Picquet published - Mémoire sur l'état de Academy of Caen, but, having been involved in the la colonie du lac des Deux Montagnes” (1754); noted trial of Marquis de Brunoy, he fell into mel- · Mémoire sur les Algonquins et Nipissings ancholy and shot himself. He published many (1754); “ Histoire du rôle joué par les Indiens lors works, which enjoyed a great reputation in their de l'invasion du Canada en 1756," which was writ- time. Those that relate to this country are the ten at the suggestion of Pope Pius VI. (1778); most curious, as the author had access to secret and “ Histoire des établissements de la foi fondés documents that were afterward lost during the par la congrégation de Saint Sulpice dans la Nou- French revolution. They include " Lettres sur les velle France du Nord ou Canada” (2 vols., 1780). véritables limites des possessions Anglaises et PICTON, John Moore White, physician, b. in Françaises dans l'Amérique” (Bale, 1755); “ Ré- Woodbury, N. J., 17 Nov., 1804; d. in New Orleans, ponse aux écrits des Anglais sur les limites de Li., 28 Oct., 1858. His father, Rev. Thomas Pic- ! l'Amérique Anglaise” (Paris, 1755); “ Mémoire ton, was chaplain and professor of geography, / sur l'état de la Compagnie des Indes Occidentales" history, and ethies in 1818-25 in the U. S. military (Bale, 1756); “ Principes sur la marine” (Paris academy, where the son was graduated in 1824. 1775); “ Discussions sommaires sur les anciennes He was assigned to the 24 artillery, but resigned i limites de l'Arcadie” (Bale, 1776); “ Anedoctes his commission in March, 1832, and in that year sur Madame la Comtesse de Barry” (London, 1776); was graduated at the medical department of the “L'Observateur Anglais" (4 vols., Amsterdam, University of Pennsylvania. He settled in New 1778-'9), which was continued after his death, and Orleans, where he practised his profession for thirty- | several times reprinted under the title “ L'Espion 66 łc - - PIEPER 7 PIERCE Anglais," and many memoirs on the administra- ' practice in his native town. Soon afterward he tion and commerce of the French colonies in both argued his first jury cause in the court-house at Americas. Amherst. This effort (as is often the case with emi- PIEPER, Franz August Otto, clergyman, b. 1 nent orators) was a failure. But he was not de- in Carrvitz, Pomerania, Germany, 27 June, 1852. i spondent. He replied to the sympathetic expres- He received his preliminary training at the Dom- sions of a friend: “I will try nine hundred and Gymnasium, at Colberg, Pomerania. After his i ninety-nine cases, if clients continue to trust me, settlement in this country he was graduated at and if I fail just as I have to-day, I will try the Northwestern university, Watertown, Wis., in 1872, thousandth. I shall live to argue cases in this and at Concordia Lutheran theological seminary, court-house in a manner that will mortify neither St. Louis, Mo., in 1875. In the same year he was myself nor my friends.". ordained to the ministry at Centreville, Wis., where With his popular qualities it was inevitable that he remained until 1878. In that year he became he should take a prominent part in the sharp politi- professor of theology in Concordia seminary, St. cal contests of his native state. He espoused the Louis, Mo. This post he held until June, 1887, cause of Gen. Jackson with ardor, and in 1829 was when he was elected president of the institution. elected to represent his native town in the legisla- He is a frequent contributor to denominational ture, where, by three subsequent elections, he served periodicals, and has published “ Das Grundbekennt- four years, the last two as speaker, for which office niss der ev.-Lutherischen Kirche, mit einer ge- he received three fourths of all the votes of the schichtlichen Einleitung und kurzen erklärenden house. In 1833 he was elected to represent his na- Anmerkungen versehen” (St. Louis, 1880). tive district in the lower house of congress, where PIERCE, Byron Root, soldier, b. in East he remained four years. He served on the judici- Bloomfield, Ontario co., N. Y., 20 Sept., 1829. He ary and other important committees, but did not received an academical education at Rochester, participate largely in the debates. That could not N. Y., and, removing to Michigan, early became in- be expected of so young a man in a body contain- terested in military matters. At the beginning of ing so many veteran politicians and statesmen who the civil war he enlisted in the 3d Michigan volun- had already acquired a national reputation. But teers, and was commissioned successively captain, in February, 1834, he made a vigorous and sensible major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of that regi- speech against the Revolutionary claims bill, con- ment, which served throughout the war with the demning it as opening the door to fraud. In De- Army of the Potomac. lle was made brigadier- cember, 1835, he spoke and voted against receiving general of volunteers, 7 June, 1864, brevetted major- petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District general, 6 April, 1865, and mustered out of the of Columbia. In June, 1836, he spoke against a service on 24 Aug. At present (1888) he is comman- bill making appropriations for the military academy dant of the Soldiers' home at Grand Rapids, Mich. at West Point. He contended that that institution PIERCE, Franklin, fourteenth president of was aristocratic in its tendencies, that a profes- the United States, b. in Hillsborough, N. H., 23 sional soldiery and standing armies are always Nov., 1804; d. in Concord, N. H., 8 Oct., 1869. dangerous to the liberties of the people, and that His father, Benjamin Pierce (b. in Chelmsford, in war the republic must rely upon her citizen Mass., 25 Dec., 1757; d. in Hillsborough, N. H., militia. Ilis experience in the Mexican war after- 1 April, 1839), on the day of the battle of Lexing- ward convinced him that such an institution is ton enlisted in the patriot army and served until necessary, and he frankly acknowledged his error. its disbandment in 1784, attaining the rank of cap. It is hardly necessary to add that while in congress tain and brevet major. He had intense political Mr. Pierce sustained President Jackson in opposing convictions, was a Republican of the school of the so-called internal improvement policy. In Jefferson, an ardent adinirer of Jackson, and the 1837 he was elected to the U. S. senate. He was leader of his party in New Hampshire, of which he the youngest member of that body, and had barely was elected governor in 1827 and 1829. He was a arrived at the legal age for that office when he took farmer, and trained his children in his own simple his seat. In January, 1840, he spoke upon the and laborious habits. Discerning signs of future | Indian war in Florida, defending the secretary of distinction in his son Franklin, he gave him an war from the attacks of his political opponents. In academical education in well-known institutions at December of the same year he advocated and carried Flancock, Francestown, and Exeter, and in 1820 through the senate a bill granting a pension to an sent him to Bowdoin college, Brunswick, Me. His aged woman whose husband, Isaac Davis, had been college-mates there were John P. Hale, his future among the first to fall at Concord bridge on 19 April, political rival, Prof. Calvin E. Stowe, Sergeant S. 1775. In July, 1841, he spoke against the fiscal Prentiss, the distinguished orator, Henry W. Long- bank bill, and in favor of an amendment prohibit- fellow, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, his future biog- ing members of congress from borrowing money of rapher and life-long personal friend. His ambition the bank. At the same session he made a strong was then of a martial cast, and as an officer in a speech against the removal of government officials company of college students he enthusiastically de- for their political opinions, in violation of the voted himself to the study of military tactics. pledges to the contrary which the Whig leaders This was one reason why he found himself at the had given to the country in the canvass of 1840. foot of his class at the end of two years in college. During the five years that he remained in the sen- Stung by a sense of disgrace, he devoted the two ate it numbered among its members Benton, Bu- remaining years to hard study, and when he was chanan, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Woodbury, and graduated in 1824 he was third in his class. While Silas Wright, an array of veteran statesmen and in- in college, like many other eminent Americans, he tellectual giants who had long been party leaders, taught in winter. After taking his degree he be- and who occupied the whole field of debate. Among gan the study of law at Portsmouth, in the office such men the young, modest, and comparatively of Levi Woodbury, where he remained about a obscure member from New Hampshire could not, year. He afterward spent two years in the law- with what his biographer calls “ his exquisite sense school at Northampton, Mass., and in the office of propriety;" force himself into a conspicuous of Judge Edmund Parker at Amherst, N. H. position. There is abundant proof, however, that In 1827 he was admitted to the bar and began | he won the friendship of his eminent associates. a 8 PIERCE PIERCE In 1842 he resigned his seat in the senate, with | was detained in that unhealthful locality, exposed the intention of permanently withdrawing from to the ravages of yellow fever, until 14 July, when public life. He again returned to the practice of it began its march to join the main army under law, settling in Concord, N. H., whither he had re- Gen. Winfield Scott at Puebla. The junction was moved his family in 1838, and where he ever after effected (after a toilsome march and several en- ward resided. In 1845 he was tendered by the counters with guerillas) on 6 Aug., and the next governor of New Hampshire, but declined, an ap- day Gen. Scott began his advance on the city of pointment to the U. S. senate to fill the vacancy Mexico. On 19 Aug. the battle of Contreras was occasioned by the appointment of Levi Woodbury fought. The Mexican General Valencia, with 7,000 to the U. S. supreme bench. He also declined the troops, occupied a strongly intrenched camp. Gen. nomination for governor tendered to him by the Scott's plan was to divert the attention of the Democratic state convention. He declined, too, an enemy by a feigned attack on his front, while his appointment to the office of U. S. attorney-general, flank could be turned and his retreat cut off. But offered to him in 1845 by President Polk, by a letter the flanking movement being much delayed, the in which he said that when he left the senate he did attack in front (in which Gen. Pierce led his brigade) so“ with the fixed purpose never again to be volun- became a desperate struggle, in which 4,000 raw tarily separated from his family for any considerable recruits, who could not use their artillery, fought time, except at the call of his country in time of 7,000 disciplined soldiers, strongly intrenched and war.” But while thus evincing his determination raining round shot and shells upon their assailants. to remain in private life, he did not lose his interest To reach the enemy, the Americans who attacked in political affairs. In the councils of his party in in front were obliged to cross the pedregal, or lava- New Hampshire he exercised a very great influence. bed, the crater of an extinct volcano, bristling with He zealously advocated the annexation of Texas, sharp, jagged, splintered rocks, which afforded declaring that, while he preferred it free, he would shelter to the Mexican skirmishers. Gen. Pierce's take it with slavery rather than not have it at all. horse stepped into a cleft between two rocks and When John P. Hale, in 1845, accepted a Democratic fell, breaking his own leg and throwing his rider, renomination to congress, in a letter denouncing whose knee was seriously injured. Though suffer- annexation, the Democratic leaders called another ing severely, and urged by the surgeon to withdraw, convention, which repudiated him and nominated Gen. Pierce refused to leave his troops. Mounting another candidate. Through the long struggle the horse of an officer who had just been mortally that followed, Pierce led the Democrats of his state wounded, he rode forward and remained in the with great skill and unfaltering courage, though saddle until eleven o'clock at night. The next morning Gen. Pierce was in the saddle at daylight, but the enemy's camp was stormed in the rear by the flanking party, and those of its defenders who escaped death or capture fled in confusion toward Churubusco, where Santa-Anna had concentrated his forces. Though Gen. Pierce's injuries were intensely painful, and though Gen. Scott advised him to leave the field, he insisted on remaining. His brigade and that of Gen. James Shields, in obeying an order to make a detour and attack the enemy in the rear, struck the Mexican reserves, by whom they were largely outnumbered, and a bloody and obstinate struggle followed. By this diversion Gens. Worth and Pillow were enabled to carry the head of the bridge at the front, and not always to success. He found in Hale a rival relieve Pierce and Shields from the pressure of worthy of his steel. A debate between the two overwhelming numbers. In the advance of Pierce's champions, in the old North church at Concord, brigade his horse was unable to cross a ditch or aroused the keenest interest throughout the state. ravine, and he was compelled to dismount and pro- Each party was satisfied with its own advocate; ceed on foot. Overcome by the pain of his injured but to contend against the rising anti-slavery senti- knee, he sank to the ground, unable to proceed, but ment of the north was a hopeless struggle. The refused to be taken from the field, and remained stars in their courses fought against slavery. Hale under fire until the enemy were routed. After was elected to the U. S. senate in 1846 by a coali- these defeats, Santa-Anna, to gain time, opened tion of Whigs and Free-soilers, and several advo- negotiations for peace, and Gen. Scott appointed cates of free-soil principles were elected to congress Gen. Pierce one of the commissioners to agree from New Hampshire before 1850. upon terms of armistice. The truce lasted a fort- In 1846 the war with Mexico began, and New night, when Gen. Scott, discovering Santa-Anna's Hampshire was called on for a battalion of troops. insincerity, again began hostilities. The sanguinary Pierce's military ardor was rekindled. He imme- battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec soon diately enrolled himself as a private in a volunteer followed, on 14 Sept., 1847, the city of Mexico ca- company that was organized at Concord, enthu- pitulated, and the war was virtually over. Though siastically began studying tactics and drilling in Gen. Pierce had little opportunity to distinguish the ranks, and was soon appointed colonel of the himself as a general in this brief war, he displayed 9th regiment of infantry. On 3 March, 1847, he ; a personal bravery and a regard for the welfare of received from President Polk the commission of his men that won him the highest credit. He also brigadier-general in the volunteer army. On 27 gained the ardent friendship of those with whom March, 1847, he embarked at Newport, R. I., in he came in contact, and that friendship did much the bark - Kepler," with Col. Ransom, three com- . for his future elevation. On the return of peace in panies of the 9th regiment of infantry, and the December, 1847, Gen. Pierce returned to his home officers of that detachment, arriving at Vera Cruz and to the practice of his profession. Soon after on 28 June. Much difficulty was experienced in this the New Hampshire legislature presented him, procuring mules for transportation, and the brigade in behalf of the state, with a fine sword. PIERCE 9 PIERCE In 1850 Gen. Pierce was elected to represent the In his inaugural address, 4 March, 1853, President city of Concord in a constitutional convention, and Pierce maintained the constitutionality of slavery when that body met he was chosen its president by and the fugitive-slave law, denounced slavery agi- a nearly unanimous vote. During its session he tation, and hoped that " no sectional or ambitious or made strenuous and successful efforts to procure | fanatical excitement might again threaten the the adoption of an amendment abolishing the relig. , durability of our institutions, or obscure the light ious test that made none but Protestants eligible of our prosperity.” On 7 March he announced as to office. But that amendment failed of adoption his cabinet Wiliam L. Marey, of New York, secre- by the people, though practically and by common tary of state; James Guthrie, of Kentucky, secretary consent the restriction was disregarded. From of the treasury; Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 1847 till 1852 Gen. Pierce was arduously engaged secretary of war; James C. Dobbin, of North Caro- in his profession. As an advocate he was never lina, secretary of the navy; Robert McClelland, of surpassed, if ever equalled, at the New Hampshire Michigan, secretary of the interior ; James Camp- bar. He had the external advantages of an orator, bell, of Pennsylvania, post master-general; and a handsome, expressive face, an elegant figure, Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, attorney-general. graceful and impressive gesticulation, and a clear, This cabinet was one of eminent ability, and is the musical voice, which kindled the blood of his only one in our history that remained unchanged hearers like the notes of a trumpet, or melted them for four years. In 1853 a boundary dispute arose to tears by its pathos. His manner had a courtesy between the United States and Mexico, which was that sprang from the kindness of his heart and settled by negotiation and resulted in the acquisi- contributed much to his political and professional tion of a part of the territory, which was organized success. Ilis perceptions were keen, and his mind under the name of Arizona in 1863. Proposed seized at once the vital points of a case, while his routes for a railroad to the Pacific were explored, ready command of language enabled him to present and voluminous reports thereon published under them to an audience so clearly that they could not the direction of the war department. A controversy be misunderstood. He had an intuitive knowledge with Great Britain respecting the fisheries was ad- of human nature, and the numerous illustrations justed by mutual concessions. The affair of Martin that he drew from the daily lives of his strong- Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, who was seized at minded auditors made his speeches doubly effective. Smyrna by an Austrian vessel and given up on the He was not a diligent student, nor a reader of demand of the captain of an American ship-of-war, many books, yet the keenness of his intellect and excited great interest in Europe and redounded to his natural capacity for reasoning often enabled the credit of our government. (See INGRAHAM, him, with but little preparation, to argue success- DUNCAN NATHANIEL.) In 1854 a treaty was negoti- fully intricate questions of law. ated at Washington between the United States and The masses of the Democratic party in the free Great Britain providing for commercial reciprocity states so strongly favored the exclusion of slavery for ten years between the former country and the from the territory ceded by Mexico that their leaders Canadian provinces. That treaty and one negoti- were compelled to yield, and from 1817 till 1850 their ated by Com. Perry with Japan, which opened the resolutions and platforms advocated free-soil prin- ports of that hitherto unknown country to com- ciples. This was especially the case in New Hamp: merce, were ratified at the same session of the shire, and even Gen. Pierce's great popularity could senate. In the spring of 1854, Greytown in Nicara- not stem the tide. But in 1850 the passage of gua was bombarded and mostly burned by the U.S. the so-called “compromise measures ” by congress, frigate "Cyane,” in retaliation for the refusal of the chief of which were the fugitive-slave law and the authorities to make reparation for the property the admission of California as a free state, raised of American citizens residing there, which had been new issue. Adherence to those measures became stolen. In the following year William Walker, to a great extent a test of party fidelity in both with a party of filibusters, invaded Nicaragua, and the Whig and Democratic parties. Gen. Pierce in the autumn of 1856 won an ephemeral success, zealously championed them in New Hampshire, which induced President Pierce to recognize the and at a dinner given to him and other personal ininister sent by him to Washington. In the win- friends by Daniel Webster at his farm-house in ter of 1854–5, and in the spring of the latter year, Franklin, N. H., Pierce, in an eloquent speech, by the sanction of Mr. Crampton, the British min- assured the great Whig statesman that if his own ister at Washington, recruits for the British army party rejected him for his 7th of March speech, the in the Crimea were secretly enlisted in this country Democracy would " lift him so high that his feet President Pierce demanded Mr. Crampton's recall, would not touch the stars.” Finally the masses of which being refused, the president dismissed not both the great parties gave to the compromise meas- only the minister, but also the British consuls at ures a sullen acquiescence, on the ground that they New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, for their were a final seitlement of the slavery question. complicity in such enlistments. The difficulty was The Democratic national convention met at Balti- finally adjusted by negotiation, and a new British more, 12 June, 1852. After thirty-five ballotings legation was sent to Washington. In 1855 Presi- for a canılidate for president, in which Gen. Pierce's dent Pierce signed bills to reorganize the diplo- name did not appear, the Virginia delegation matic and consular system of the United States, brought it forward, and on the 49th ballot he was to organize the court of claims, to provide a retired nominated by 282 votes to 11 for all others. James list for the navy, and to confer the title of lieu- Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, Lewis Cass, and tenant-general on Winfield Scott. President Pierce William L. Marcy were his chief rivals. Gen. Win-adhered to that strict construction of the constitu- field Scott, the Whig candidate, was unsatisfactory tion which Jefferson and Jackson had insisted on. both to the north and to the south. Webster and In 1854 he vetoed a bill making appropriations for his friends leaned toward Pierce, and in the elec- public works, and another granting 10,000,000 acres tion in November, Scott carried only Massachu- 1 of public lands to the states for relief of indigent setts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with 42 insane. In February, 1855, he vetoed a bill for votes, while Pierce carried all the other states with 'payment of the French spoliation claims, and in 254 votes. The Whig party had received its death- the following month another increasing the appro- stroke, and dissolved. priation for the Collins line of steamers. 10 PIERCE PIERCE PIERCE. The policy of Pierce's administration upon the next election in 1855 the Democracy lost control question of slavery evoked an extraordinary amount of the state. The repeal of the Missouri compro- of popular excitement, and led to tremendous mise was soon followed by organized efforts in the and lasting results. That policy was based on the free states to fill Kansas with anti-slavery settlers. theory that the institution of slavery was imbedded To such movements the south responded by armed in and guaranteed by the constitution of the invasions. On 30 March, 1855, a territorial legis- United States, and that therefore it was the duty lature was elected in Kansas by armed bands from of the National government to protect it. The two Missouri, who crossed the border to vote and then chief measures in support of such a policy, which returned to their homes. That initiative gave to originated with and were supported by Pierce's the pro-slavery men a tech- administration, were the conference of American nical advantage, which the diplomatists that promulgated the “ Ostend mani- Democratic leaders were festo," and the opening of the territories of Kansas swift to recognize. The pro- and Nebraska to slavery. Filibustering expeditions slavery legislature thus elect- from the United States to Cuba under Lopez, in ed met at Pawnee on 2 July, 1850 and 1851, aroused anxiety in Europe as to the 1855, and enacted an intol- attitude of our government toward such enterprises. erant and oppressive slave- In 1852 Great Britain and France proposed to the code, which was mainly a United States a tripartite treaty by which the three transcript of the laws of powers should disclaim all intention of acquiring Missouri. The free-state set- Cuba, and discountenance such an attempt by any tlers thereupon called a con- power. On 1 Dec., 1852, Edward Everett, who was stitutionalconvention, which then secretary of state, declined to act, declaring, met on 23 Oct., 1855, and however, that our government would never question framed a state constitution, Spain's title to the island. On 16 Aug., 1854, which was adopted by the President Pierce directed James Buchanan, John people by a vote of 1,731 to Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, the American ministers 46. A general assembly was to Great Britain, France, and Spain, to meet and then elected under such con- discuss the Cuban question. They met at Ostend, stitution, which, after passing some preliminary 9 Oct., and afterward at Aix la Chapelle, and sent acts, appointed a committee to frame a code of to their government that famous despatch known laws, and took measures to apply to congress for as the Ostend manifesto.” It declared that if the admission of Kansas into the Union as a state. Spain should obstinately refuse to sell Cuba, self- Andrew H. Reeder was elected by the free-state preservation would make it incumbent on the men their delegate to congress. A majority of the United States to wrest it from her and prevent it actual settlers of Kansas were in favor of her ad- from being Africanized into a second Santo Do- mission into the Union as a free state; but all their mingo. But the hostile attitude of the great efforts to that end were treated by their opponents European powers, and the Kansas and Nebraska in the territory, and by the Democratic national ad- excitement, shelved the Cuban question till 1858, ministration, as rebellion against lawful authority. when a feeble and abortive attempt was made in This conflict kept the territory in a state of con- congress to authorize its purchase for $30,000,000. fusion and bloodshed, and excited party feeling President Pierce, in his first message to congress, throughout the country to fever heat. It remained December, 1853, spoke of the repose that had fol- unsettled, to vex Buchanan's administration and lowed the compromises of 1850, and said: "That further develop the germs of disunion and civil war. this repose is to suffer no shock during my official On 2 June, 1856, the National Democratic con- term if I have power to prevent it, those who vention met at Cincinnati, to nominate a can- placed me here may be assured.” Doubtless such didate for president. On the first ballot James Bu- was then his hope and belief. In the following chanan had 135 votes, Pierce 122, Douglas 33, January, Mr. Douglas, chairman of the senate com- Cass 6, Pierce's vote gradually diminished, and mittee on the territories, introduced a bill to or- on the 17th ballot Buchanan was nominated unani- ganize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, mously. In August the house of representa- which permitted slavery north of the parallel of tives attached to the army appropriation bill a 36° 30' in a region from which it had been forever proviso that no part of the army should be em- excluded by the Missouri compromise of 1820. ployed to enforce the laws of the Kansas territorial That bill was Mr. Douglas's bid for the presidency. legislature until congress should have declared its Southern politicians could not reject it and retain validity. The senate refused to concur, and con- their influence at home. Northern politicians who gress adjourned without passing the bill. It was opposed it gave up all hope of national preferment, immediately convened by proclamation, and passed which then seemed to depend on southern support the bill without the proviso. The president's mes- The defeat of the bill seemed likely to sever and sage in December following was mainly devoted destroy the Democratic organization, a result to Kansas affairs, and was intensely hostile to the which many believed would lead to civil war and free-state party. His term ended on 4 March, 1857, the dissolution of the Union. Borne onward by and he returned to his home in Concord. Soon the aggressive spirit of slavery, by political ambi- afterward he visited Madeira, and extended his tion, by the force of party discipline, and the dread travels to Great Britain and the continent of Eu- of sectional discord, the bill was passed by con- rope. He remained abroad nearly three years, re- gress, and on 31 May received the signature of the turning to Concord early in 1860. In the presi- president. Slavery had won, but there never was dential election of that year he took no active part, à more costly victory. The remainder of Pierce's but his influence was cast against Douglas and in term was embittered by civil war in Kansas and favor of Breckinridge. the disasters of his party in the free states. In In a letter addressed to Jefferson Davis, under 1854, with a Democratic majority in both houses date of 6 Jan., 1860, he wrote; “Without discuss- of the New Hampshire legislature, the influence ing the question of right, of abstract power to se- of the national administration could not secure the cede, I have never believed that actual disruption election of a Democratic C. S. senator, and at the of the Union can occur without bloodshed; and PIERCE 11 PIERCE if, through the madness of northern Abolitionists, | ing and his chivalrous character might reasonably that dire calamity must come, the fighting will expect of him. But for slavery and the questions not be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It growing out of it, his administration would have will be within our own borders, in our own streets, passed into history as one of the most successful between the two classes of citizens to whom I have in our national life. To judge him justly, his po- referred. Those who defy law and scout constitu- litical training and the circumstances that envi- tional obligations will, if we ever reach the arbitra- roned him must be taken into account. Like his ment of arms, find occupation enough at home. .. honored father, he believed that the statesmen of I have tried to impress upon our own people,' es- the Revolution had agreed to maintain the legal pecially in New Hampshire and Connecticut, where rights of the slave-holders, and that without such the only elections are to take place during the agreement we should have had no Federal consti- coming spring, that, while our Union meetings are tution or Union. He believed that good faith re- all in the right direction and well enough for the quired that agreement to be performed. In that present, they will not be worth the paper upon belief all or nearly all the leaders of both the great which their resolutions are written unless we can parties concurred. However divided on other overthrow abolitionism at the polls and repeal the questions, on that the south was a unit. The price unconstitutional and obnoxious laws which in the of its political support was compliance with its de- cause of personal liberty' have been placed upon mands, and both the old parties (however reluct- our statute-books." antly) paid the price. Political leaders believed On 21 April, 1861, nine days after the disunion- that, unless it was paid, civil war and disunion ists had begun civil war by firing on Fort Sumter, would result, and their patriotism re-enforced their he addressed a Union mass-meeting at Concord, party spirit and personal ambition. Among them and urged the people to sustain the government all there were probably few whose conduct would against the southern Confederacy. From that time have been essentially different from that of Pierce until his death he lived in retirement at Concord. had they been in the same situation. He gave his To the last he retained his hold upon the hearts support to the repeal of the Missouri compromise of his personal friends, and the exquisite urbanity with great reluctance, and in the belief that the of his earlier days. His wife and his three chil- | measure would satisfy the south and thus avert dren had preceded him to the tomb. from the country the doom of civil war and disunion. Some years after Pierce's death the legislature See the lives by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Boston, of New Hampshire, in behalf of the state, placed 1852) and D. W. Bartlett (Auburn, 1852), and “Re- his portrait beside the speaker's desk in the hall of view of Pierce's Administration,” by A. E. Carroll the house of representatives at Concord. Time (Boston, 1856). The steel plate is from a portrait has softened the harsh judgment that his political by George P. A. Healey. The vignette on page 8 foes passed upon him in the heat of party strife is a view of President Pierce's birthplace, and and civil war. His generosity and kindness of that on page 10 represents his grave, which is in heart are gratefully remembered by those who the cemetery at Concord, N. H.-His wife, Jane knew him, and particularly by the younger mem- Means Appleton, b. in Hampton, N. H., 12 March, bers of his profession, whom he was always ready 1806 ; d. in Andover, Mass., 2 Dec., 1863, was a to aid and advise. It is remembered that in his daughter of the Rev. professional career he was ever willing, at what- Jesse Appleton, D. D. ever risk to his fortune or popularity, to shield the (q. v.), president of poor and obscure from oppression and injustice. Bowdoin college. She It is remembered, too, that he sought in public life was brought up in an no opportunities for personal gain. His integrity atmosphere of culti- was above suspicion. After nine years' service in vated and refined congress and in the senate of the United States, Christian influences, after a brilliant and successful professional career was thoroughly edu- and four years in the presidency, his estate hardly cated, and grew to amounted to $72,000. In his whole political ca- womanhood reer he always stood for a strict construction of rounded by most con- the constitution, for economy and frugality in pub- genial circumstances. lic affairs, and for a strict accountability of public She was married in officials to their constituents. No political or per- 1834. Public obser- sonal influence could induce him to shield those vation was extremely whom he believed to have defrauded the govern- painful to her, and ment. Pierce had ambition, but greed for public she always preferred office was foreign to his nature. Few, if any, in- the quiet of her New England home to the glare stances can be found in our history where a man and glitter of fashionable life in Washington. A of thirty-eight, in the full vigor of health, volun- friend said of her: “ How well she filled her station tarily gave up a seat in the U. S. senate, which he as wife, mother, daughter, sister, and friend, those was apparently sure to retain as long as he wished. only can tell who knew her in these private rela- His refusal at the age of forty-one to leave his law- tions. In this quiet sphere she found her joy, and practice for the place of attorney-general in Polk's here her gentle but powerful influence was deeply cabinet is almost without a parallel. Franklin and constantly felt, through wise counsels and Pierce, too, was a true patriot and a sincere lover delicate suggestions, the purest, finest tastes, and of his country. The Revolutionary services of a a devoted life." She was the mother of three father whom he revered were constantly in his children, all boys, but none survived her. Two thoughts. Two of his brothers, with that father's died in early youth, and the youngest, Benjamin, consent, took an honorable part in the war of 1812. was killed in an accident on the Boston and Maine His only sister was the wife of Gen. John H. Mc- railroad while travelling from Andover to Law- Neil, as gallant an officer as ever fought for his rence, Mass., on 6 Jan., 1853, only two months be- country. To decline a cabinet appointment and fore his father's inauguration as president. Mr. enlist as a private soldier in the army of his coun- and Mrs. Pierce were with him at the time, and the try were acts which one who knew his early train- i boy, a bright lad of thirteen years, had been amus- sur- nely Tame the Linco 12 PIERCE PIERCE . 6 ing them with his conversation just before the acci- | 1860. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted dent. The car was thrown from the track and as a private in the 3d Massachusetts regiment, and dashed agairst the rocks, and the lad met his served till July, 1861, when he was detailed to col- death instantly. Both parents were long deeply lect the negroes at Hampton and set them to work affected by the shock of the accident, and Mrs. on the intrenchments of that town. This was the Pierce never recovered from it. The sudden be- beginning of the employment of negroes on U. S. reavement shattered the small remnant of her military works. In December, 1861, the secretary remaining health, yet she performed her task of the treasury despatched Mr. Pierce to Port at the White House nobly, and sustained the dig- Royal to examine into the condition of the negroes nity of her husband's office. Mrs. Robert E. Lee on the sea islands. In February, 1862, he returned wrote in a private letter: "I have known many to Washington and reported to the government, of the ladies of the White House, none more truly and in March was given charge of the freedmen excellent than the afflicteil wife of President and plantations on those işlands. He took with Pierce. Her health was a bar to any great effort him nearly sixty teachers and superintendents, es- on her part to meet the expectations of the pub- tablished schools, and suggested the formation of lic in her high position, but she was a refined, freedmen's aid societies, by means of which great extremely religious, and well-educated lady.” She good was accomplished. In June, 1862, Mr. Pierce was buried by the side of her children, the made his second report to the government setting cemetery at Concord, N. H., where also the re- forth what he had done. These reports were after- mains of Gen. Pierce now rest. ward reprinted in the "Rebellion Record," and PIERCE, Frederick Clifton (purse), author, were favorably reviewed both in Europe and the b. in Worcester county, Mass., 30 July, 1856. He United States. The care of the negroes on the received an academic education, was connected islands having been transferred to the war depart- with the press in Massachusetts, and in 1880 re- ment, he was asked to continue in charge under its moved to Illinois. He has served in the Illinois authority, but declined. He was offered the mili- militia, and now (1888) holds the rank of colonel tary governorship of South Carolina, but was not on the staff of Gov. Richard J. Oglesby. Mr. Pierce confirmed. He was collector of internal revenue is a member of the principal historical societies in for the 3d Massachusetts district from October, this country, and is the author of “ Pierce History 1863, till May, 1866, district attorney in 1866–’9, and Genealogy (Boston, 1879); “The Harwood secretary of the board of state charities in 1869-'74, Genealogy”. (1879); " Ilistory of Barre, Mass.” and a member of the legislature in 1875–6. He (1880); History of Grafton, Mass.” (Worcester, was a member of the Republican national conven- 1880); “Peirce History and Genealogy” (1880); tions of 1876 and 1884, and in December, 1878, was History of Rockford, “Ill.” (Rockford, 1886); and appointed by President Hayes assistant treasurer “ Pearce and Pearse Genealogy” (1888). of the United States, but declined. In 1883 he PIERCE, George Edmond, educator, b. in gave to the white and colored people of St. Helena Southbury, Conn., ğ Sept., 1791; d. in Hudson, island, the scene of his former labors, a library of Ohio, 28 May, 1871. He was graduated at Yale in 800 volumes. He also originated the public library 1816 and at Andover theological seminary in 1821, of Milton, Mass., where he has resided, and has was principal of Fairfield academy in 1816-'18, and been a trustee since its organization. Ile has been ordained pastor of the Congregational church at a lecturer at the Boston law-school since its foun- Harwinton in 1822. He was president of Western dation. Mr. Pierce has visited Europe several Reserve college in 1834–55. Under his adminis- times. His second visit was for the inspection of tration were erected an observatory and three col- European prisons, reformatories and asylums, and lege buildings. In 1838 Middlebury college gave the result is given in his report for 1873 as secre- him the degree of D. D. tary of the board of state charities. He has been a PIERCE, Henry Lillie, member of congress, frequent contributor to newspapers and periodicals, b. in Stoughton, Mass., 23 Aug., 1825. Ile received and has published numerous articles and addresses, a good education, engaged in manufacturing, and and “ American Railroad Law” (New York, 1857); as early as 1848 took an active part in organizing · Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner" (2 vols., the “ F'ree-soil" party in Massachusetts. He was a Boston, 1877, unfinished), and “ The Law of Rail- member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1860–²6, roads" (Boston, 1881). He also edited Walter's and in 1860 was instrumental in getting a bill American Law” (1860), and compiled “Index of the passed by both branches of the legislature remov- Special Railroad Laws of Massachusetts” (1874). ing the statutory prohibition upon the formation PIERCE, Henry Niles, P. E. bishop, b. in Paw- of militia companies composed of colored men. He tucket, R. I., 19 Oct., 1820. He was graduated at was elected to congress as a Republican to fill the Brown in 1842, was ordained deacon in Christ vacancy caused by the death of William Whiting, church, Matagorda, Tex., 23 April, 1843, by Bishop was re-elected for the next congressional term, and Freeman, and priest, in the same church, 3 Jan., served from 1 Dec., 1873, till 3 March, 1877, when 1849, by the same bishop. He spent the early years he declined a renomination In the presidential of his ministry in missionary work in Washington election of 1884 he was prominent in organizing an county, Tex., held charges in New Orleans and in independent movement in support of Cleveland, Rahway, N. J., in 1854–7, and became rector of St. and has since taken a leading part in the effort to John's church, Mobile, Ala., in 1857. He reinoved revise the tariff legislation and reduce the taxes to Illinois in 1868 and accepted the rectorship of on imports. He was mayor of Boston in 1873, St. Paul's church, Springfield. He received the and again in 1878.-His brother, Edward Lillie, degree of 1. D. from the University of Alabama in author, b. in Stoughton, Mass., 29 March, 1829, 1862, and that of LL. D. from William and Mary was graduated at Brown in 1850, and at Harvard in 1869. He was elected missionary bishop of law-school in 1872, receiving the degree of LL. D. Arkansas and Indian territory, and was consecrated from Brown in 1882. After leaving the law- in Christ church, Mobile, 25 Jan., 1870. The next school, Mr. Pierce was for some time in the of- vear Arkansas was erected into a diocese, of which fice of Salmon P. Chuse at Cincinnati. Ile after- Bishop Pierce became diocesan, still retaining ward practiseal law in his native state, and was a charge of the Indian territory mission. Bishop delegate to the National Republican convention in Pierce has published numerous occasional sermons, . PIERCE 13 PIEROLA essays, and addresses, and is author of " The Ag- church in 1804. In 1809 he moved to Greene nostic, and other Poems" (New York, 1884). county, Ga., and during the war of 1812 he was a PIERCE, John, antiquary, b. in Dorchester chaplain in the army. Ile then studied medicine, (now part of Boston), Mass., 14 July, 1773; d. in was graduated at Philadelphia, and removing to Brookline, Mass., 24 Aug., 1849. He was a descend- Greensborough, practised and preached there for ant in the sixth generation from Robert and Anne several years. He was a delegate to the general (Greenway) Pierce, who were among the first settlers conferences of his church in 1836, 1840, and 1844, of Dorchester. He was graduated at Harvard in and after the organization of the southern church 1793. He taught two years at Leicester academy, in 1846 sat in its highest court. He took part in then studied theology with Rev. Thaddeus Mason the Louisville conference of 1874, where he had a Harris, of Dorchester, on 3 Dec., 1796, settled at son and a grandson, and, notwithstanding his great Brookline, Mass., and was ordained pastor there, 15 age, he preached occasionally until within a few March, 1797. In 1822 Harvard conferred on him the months of his death. In 1878 he published a series degree of D. D. He continued the sole pastor of the of theological essays.-His son, George Foster, church in Brookline for fifty years. On his semi- M. E. bishop, b. in Greene county, Ga., 3 Feb., centennial, 15 March, 1847, he preached a jubilee 1811; d. near Sparta, Ga., 3 Sept., 1884, was gradu- sermon in which he gave much historical and sta- ated at Franklin college, Athens, in 1829, and tistical information relating to the church and afterward studied law, but, abandoning it for the- town. In October, 1848, Rev. Frederick N. Knapp ology, was received in 1831 into the Georgia con- was settled as his colleague. Dr. Pierce was well ference of the Methodist Episcopal church. For known for his genealogical and historical researches, one year he was a member of the South Carolina and he was an authority on these subjects. He was conference. He soon attained great popularity as a member of various historical societies, for nine- a public speaker, and was appointed to Augusta, teen years secretary and twenty-one years president Savannah, and Charleston before he had been in of the Massachusetts Bible society, of which he was the ministry five years. In his fifth year he was one of the founders, and was an earnest worker in returned to Augusta, and in his sixth, seventh, and the cause of temperance and all other social re- eighth he was presiding elder of that district. He forms. He was devoted to the interests of Harvard, filled various important pastoral and collegiate of whose board of overseers he was secretary for posts, the last of which was the presidency of thirty-three years. He was present at sixty-three Emory college, Oxford, Ga. While he was there he commencements, and for fifty-four years led the was elected and ordained bishop at Columbus, Ga., singing of the tune of “St. Martin's " at the com- in 1854. Bishop Pierce was a man of great elo- mencement dinner. In the contest that divided quence, and had many friends in all parts of the the Congregational church of Massachusetts he country. Notwithstanding the alienation of the would willingly have avoided taking sides, and two branches of his church, he was frequently in- preferred being called simply a Christian, although vited to deliver addresses in the north. His con- his feelings and affiliations were with the Unita- versational powers were remarkable, and in wit he rians, with which body his church finally united. had few superiors. On one occasion a young man, His published works consist chiefly of sermons and trying on his hat, rather presumptuously said: addresses, but his memoirs, in eighteen quarto “Bishop, our heads are the same size.” * Yes," manuscript volumes, were bequeathed by him to said the bishop, “outside.” The degree of D. D. the Massachusetts historical society, and give a full was conferred upon him by Transylvania univer- and faithful account of the theological history of sity, and that of LL. D. by Randolph Macon college. his times, which, from his habits of research, exact. He was personally the most popular of the bishops ness, and absolute and unquestioned truthfulness, of his church; somewhat autocratic and self-com- may be relied upon as the best authority. They placent, but very kind and persuasive; an admirer can be consulted at the society's library, but restric of the south and devoted to the church. For sev- tions have been placed upon their publication. eral years he was in infirm health, but he often PIERCE, John Davis, clergyman, b. in Chester- made great oratorical efforts at a time when most field, N. H., 18 Feb., 1797; d. in Medford, Mass., 5 men would have considered themseves too ill to April, 1882. He was brought up in Massachusetts, venture abroad. He was the author of “ Incidents where he remained till 1817, and was graduated at of Western Travel” (Nashville, 1857). Brown in 1822. He then became principal of an PIERCE, William, statesman, b. in Georgia academy in New England, entered the theological about 1740; d. about 1806. He entered the army seminary at Princeton, and in 1824 became pastor at the beginning of the Revolution, was aide-de- of a Congre ional church in Oneida county, camp to Gen. Nathanael Greene, and was presented N. Y., where he remained till 1830. In that year with a sword by congress in recognition of his gal- he was principal of Goshen academy, Conn., and in lant services. He was a delegate from Georgia to 1831 he went to reside in Michigan. In 1847-'8 he the Continental congress in 1786–7, and to the was a member of the legislature, and of the State convention that framed the constitution of the constitutional convention in 1850. While in the United States, but, being opposed to the plan that legislature he secured the passage of the bill for was adopted, withdrew without signing the docu- the protection of women in their rights of prop- ment. He published his impressions of the mem- erty, the first of the kind that was passed in any bers of the convention in a Savannah newspaper state. He was superintendent of public instruction | long afterward, and they are now in the Force col- for two years, during that time edited and pub- lection in the library of congress. lished the - Journal of Education," and also edited PIEROLA, Nicolas de (pe-ay-ro'-lah), Peruvian at one time the “ Democratic Expounder " at Mar- naturalist, b. in Camana, department of Arequipa, shall. He is credited with being the author of the in 1798; d. in Lima, 24 Jan., 1857. Ile began the Michigan free-school system. study of law in the University of Lima, and went PIERCE, Lovick, clergyman, b. in Halifax in 1814 to Madrid, where he was admitted to the county, N. C., 17 Mareh, 1785; d. in Sparta, Ga., bar in 1817, and began the practice of his profes- 9 Nov., 1879. Early in life his parents moved to sion. Ile was elected deputy to the cortes for his Barn well county, N. C., where, after six months' native province in 1820, appointed professor of schooling, he entered the ministry of the Methodist jurisprudence in the Central university of Madrid, 66 14 PIERRE PIERPONT com- merce at and began the study of natural history. After the his return in 1809 he studied law at Litchfield, was independence of his country was established he admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised for a time resigned his post, returned to Peru, and was elected in Newburyport, Mass. The profession proving in 1827 deputy to the national congress. In 1828 injurious to his health, he relinquished it, and en- he was appointed director-general of mines, but he gaged in business as resigned in 1833 to become the founder of the sci- a merchant, first in entific weekly “El Telégrafo." He was elected Boston, and afterward director of the National museum of Lima in 1845, in Baltimore. In 1816 and founded in 1847 another scientific and literary he abandoned paper, “El Ateneo.” He was appointed a member for theology, of the committee on public instruction, and in 1852 which he studied, first called by President Castilla to his cabinet as secre- at Baltimore, and af- tary of the treasury; but in 1854 he resigned, and terward at Cambridge lived thenceforth entirely for science. He wrote, divinity - school. In in conjunction with his friend and colleague, Ma- April, 1819, he was or- riano Eduardo Rivera, who contributed the matter dained pastor of the on the mineral kingdom, “Memorial de ciencias Hollis street church, naturales” (Lima, 1856). His name has been given Boston. In 1835 he to a new species of violet found in the Amazon made a tour through valley, the Viola Pierolana.—His son, Nicolas, b. Europe and Asia Mi- in Camana, 5 Jan., 1839, was educated in the Col- nor, and on his return lege of Santo Toribio, in Lima, admitted to the bar he resumed his pas- in 1860, and founded a review, “El Progreso Cató- toral charge in Boston, lico.". In 1864 he became editor of “El Tiempo," where he continued till in which he defended the administration of Gen. 10 May. 1845. The freedom with which he ex- Juan A. Pezet. When Prado's revolution was suc- pressed his opinions, especially in regard to the cessful, he went to Europe, where he travelled ex- temperance cause, had given rise to some feel- tensively, but in January, 1869, he was appointed ing before his departure for Europe; and in 1838 by President Balta to the ministry of finance, and there sprung up between himself and a part of shared with his chief the credit of the great public his parish a controversy which lasted seven years, works that were executed by the latter, and the when, after triumphantly sustaining himself against discredit of the ruinous loans that were contracted the charges of his adversaries, he requested a dis- to perform them. After the death of Balta, Pie- missal. He then became for four years pastor of a rola was impeached under Pardo's administration Unitarian church in Troy, N. Y., on 1 Aug., 1849, for misappropriation of public funds, and, although was settled over the Congregational church in he was honorably acquitted of dishonest practice. Medford, and resigned, 6 April, 1856. He was a he came to the United States. In 1874 he prepared zealous reformer, powerfully advocated the temper- an expedition to Peru, but was defeated by Admi- ance and anti-slavery movements, was the candidate ral Lizardo Montero at Cuesta de los Angeles. He of the Liberty party for governor, and in 1850 of continued to conspire, and in 1877 invaded Peru the Free-soil party for congress. After the civil again, but was taken prisoner and banished to war began, though seventy-six years of age, he went Chili. At the beginning of the war between Peru into the field as chaplain of a Massachusetts regi- and Chili he offered his services to his country, ment, but, finding his strength unequal to the dis- and he was allowed by President Prado to return charge of his duties, he soon afterward resigned, to Lima in 1879. After the flight of Prado several and was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury battalions of the garrison revolted, and Pierola, at department at Washington, which he held till his the head of one of them, marched against the gov- death. Mr. Pierpont was a thorough scholar, a ernment palace, but was defeated by the minister graceful and facile speaker, and ranked deservedly of war, and took possession of Callao on 22 Dec. high as a poet. He published" Airs of Palestine The archbishop of Lima intervened, and on the (Baltimore, 1816); re-issued, with additions, under next day Pierola made his entry into the capital, the title “ Airs of Palestine, and other Poems” and was proclaimed by the masses supreme chief (Boston, 1840). One of his best-known poems is of the republic. He made strenuous efforts to Warren's Address at the Battle of Bunker Hill." hurry re-enforcements and arms to the front, and His long poem that he read at the Litchfield county when the Chilian army appeared before Lima he centennial in 1851 contains a description of the organized the defence, and, assuming the com- Yankee boy" and his ingenuity, which has often mand-in-chief, fought at Chorrillos and Miraflores been quoted. He also published several sermons in January, 1881. When all was lost, Pierola retired and addresses. See Wilson's “ Bryant and his to the town of Canta, in the mountains, sending Friends" (New York, 1886).-His cousin, John, Montero to organize the resistance in the northern jurist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 10 Sept., 1805; d. in departments. He afterward established his head-Vergennes, Vt., 6 Jan., 1882, received a common- quarters at Ayacucho, summoned a national assem- school education, studied law in Litchfield law- bly on 23 July, and was elected provisional presi- school, and was graduated in 1827. He began dent: but, as Chili refused to treat with him, he re practice at Pittsford, Vt., and in 1832 removed to signed on 28 Nov., 1881, and embarked for the Vergennes. Ile was representative of his town in United States, where he has since resided. Ile mar- the legislature in 1841, and state senator in 1855–7. ried a granddaughter of the Emperor Iturbide. In 1857 he was elected associate judge of the su- PIERPONT, John, poet, b. in Litchfield, Conn., preme court of the state. In 1865 he became chief 6 April, 1785; d. in Medford, Mass., 26 Aug., 1866. justice of Vermont, which office he held by con- Ile was a great-grandson of James, who is noticed tinnons elections till his death. below. He was graduated at Yale in 1804, and after PIERRE, surnamed le Picard (pe-air), French assisting for a short time in the academy at Beth- buccaneer, b. in Abbeville, France, about the year lehem, Conn., in the autumn of 1805 went to South | 1624; d. in Costa Rica, Central America, in 1679. Carolina, and passed nearly four years as a private He followed the sea for several years, but in 1652, tutor in the family of Col. William Allston. After ; his vessel stopping at the island of Tortuga, he was PIERREPONT 15 PIERREPONT induced to desert and to join the buccaneers. He | Beers (Pierrepont), merchant, b. in New Haven, attached himself to the fortune of Jaques Nau, Conn., in 1768; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1838, called L'Olonnais (9. 2'.), in 1662, became his most was educated for commercial pursuits by his un- trusted lieutenant, participated in the expeditions cle, Isaac Beers, spent several years in the New against the Spanish main, and commanded also a York custom-house, and then became agent for division of the fleet under Sir Henry Morgan that Messrs. Watson and Greenleaf, of Philadelphia, in pillaged the Isthmus of Panama. When L'Olon- the purchase of the National debt, realizing a for- nais proposed to attack Guatemala, Pierre refused tune thereby. In 1793 he established the commer- to accompany him, and, going to the coast of cial house of Leffingwell and Pierrepont, in New Costa Rica, ravaged the Spanish establishments on York city, and did a large business in shipping ('hagres river, took and burned the city of Veragua. provisions to France during the Revolution. The but in the interior he was defeated and compelled seizure of American vessels by England led him to to re-embark with little booty. In the following abandon the shipment of food. In 1802 he mar- year he attacked the coast of Campeche, and in ried Anna, daughter of William Constable, a mer- 1672 landed at Leogone, pillaging the surrounding chant of New York city, who had been associated country. In 1674, with Moyse Van Vin, he at- with Gen. Alexander Macomb in the purchase of tacked Maracaibo, but without success, and during over 1,000,000 acres of wild land in the northern the following years, either alone or in association part of New York from the state in 1787. Through with other chiefs, he pillaged the Bay of Honduras this marriage he came into possession of about and the coasts of Venezuela and Santo Domingo, 500,000 acres of these lands. In 1804 he bought and amassed enormous riches. He purposed to re- the Benson farm of sixty acres on Brooklyn Leights, turn to France, when in a last cruise he was ship- with the house that had been Washington's head- wrecked off the coast of Costa Rica and perished quarters during the campaign on Long Island. In with all his crew. 1819 he gave up all other business and thereafter PIERREPONT, or PIERPONT, James, cler- devoted himself wholly to the improvement of his gyman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., in 1659; d. in New vast estate. The city-hall, academy of music, Haven, Conn., 14 Nov., 1714. He was the grandson Brooklyn library, five churches, and many public of James Pierrepont, of London, who died in Massa- buildings and residences, now cover his old farm. chusetts while on a -Hezekiah's eldest son, William Constable, b. visit to his son John, in New York city, 3 Oct., 1803; d. in Pierrepont who came to this Manor, Jefferson co., N. Y., 20 Dec., 1885, was country before the educated in mathematics, surveying, and convey- Revolution and set- ancing, with a special view to taking the manage- tled in Roxbury,was ment of his father's property in the northern coun- , a representative to ties. In 1820 he was appointed superintendent and the general court in director of the agents that were employed in set- 1672, and died, 30 tling the lands, and opened an office in Jefferson Dec., 1690, leav- county on the site of the present Pierrepont Manor. ing James his son. On the death of his father he was given charge by James was gradu- will of the lands in Jefferson and Oswego counties, ated at Harvard in and to the day of his death was employed solely in 1681, and in July, their development. He was a profound mathema- 1685, became pas- tician, and numbered among his friends and corre- tor of the church spondents several of the most distinguished schol- at New Haven. In ars of Europe, including Prof. Piazzi Smyth, as- 1698 he was one of tronomer royal of Scotland, who acknowledged the three ministers that concerted the plan of founding high value of his calculations concerning the great a college, which took effect in the establishment of pyramid in Egypt. In 1840 Mr. Pierrepont was Yale in 1700. He was one of the original trustees elected a member of the legislature, but he declined of that institution, and it was principally through all other political offices. He was a liberal adher- his influence that Elihu Yale was induced to make ent of the Protestant Episcopal church, building the college the object of his liberal benefactions. He and endowing a church edifice near his residence, was a member of the synod at Saybrook in 1708, for endowing scholarships in the General theological the purpose of forming a system that would better seminary, New York city, and Hobart college, secure the ends of church discipline and the benefits Geneva, N. Y., building and endowing a church at of communion among the churches, and is reputed Canaseraga, N. Y., as a memorial to a son, and aid- to have drawn up the articles that were adopted as ing the interests of the church in Minnesota. He the result of the synod which constitute the "Say- received the degree of LL. D. from Hobart college in brook platform.” He was thrice married, and his 1871.- Another son, Henry Evelyn, b. in Brook- daughter by the third wife married Jonathan Ed- lyn, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1808; d. there, 28 March, 1888, wards. Among the clergymen whose names be- after receiving an academic education, spent several long to the early history of New England he was years in assisting in the management of the estates. the inost distinguished for nobility of character, the In 1833 he went to Europe. During his absence the parity of his aspirations, and the spirituality of his village of Brooklyn was incorporated as a city, and temper. Sereno Edwards Dwight, in his life of he was appointed one of the commissioners to pre- Jonathan Edwards, says that Mr. Pierrepont read pare plans for laying out public grounds and streets. iectures to the students in Yale college, as profes- He nade a thorough study of the topography of nr of moral philosophy; but this statement is all the large cities of Europe, and prepared plans boubted by other authorities. His only publica- that were in substance adopted by the legislative tion was a sermon that he preached at Boston, in commission in 1835. He also submitted plans for Cotton Mather's pulpit, in 1712, entitled “Sundry converting the Gowanus hills into a rural cemetery. False Hopes of Heaven Discovered and Decryed." On his return he employed Major David B. Doug- In 1887 his portrait, which is shown in the illustra- las to work out the details of his cemetery scheme, tion, was presented to Yale by his descendant, and in 1838 obtained a charter from the legislature Edwards Pierrepont.-His grandson, Hezekiah for the Greenwood cemetery company, with which James Pierpont a • 16 PIERRON PIERREPONT . Edwards Teropont Fesigned his sent on legation he has since been actively identified. By his gave him a wide reputation. During Gen. Grant's father's will he was charged with the care and de- visit to London, Judge Pierrepont urged upon the velopment of all the Brooklyn property and the queen's ministers the propriety of according the wild lands in Franklin, St. Lawrence, and Lewis same precedence to him as had been given to the counties. On the Brooklyn estate he excavated ex-ruler of France. This was done, and other gov- Furman street, built a retaining wall 775 feet in ernments followed the example of Great Britain. length to sustain the heights, and created five acres Judge Pierrepont devoted large attention to the of wharf property by erecting a new bulkhead on financial system of England. On his return in 1878 the water-front. Mr. Pierrepont was the first he engaged actively in his profession, but afterward president of the Brooklyn academy of music, and retired and has taken especial interest in the finan- for many years has been active in various Brooklyn cial policy of the country, writing several pam- societies and financial institutions, also in organiza- phlets upon the subject. In one, issued in 1887, he tions of the Protestant Episcopal church.—James's advocated an international treaty and claimed that great-grandson, Edwards (Pierrepont), jurist, b. in by convention the commercial value of the silver North Haven, Conn., 4 March, 1817, was graduated dollar might be restored. He has published various at Yale in 1837 and at the law-school in 1840, and orations, including one before the alumni of Yale, began practice at Columbus, Ohio. In 1845 he re- (1874). Judge Pierrepont received the honorary moved to New York degree of LL. D. from Columbian college, Wash- city, where he be- ington, D. C., in 1871. In 1873 the same degree was came eminent at the conferred upon him by Yale. While he was in bar. In 1857 he was England Oxford gave him that of D. C. L.—His elected a judge of son, Edward, b. in New York city, 30 June, 1860; the superior court of d. in Roine, Italy, 16 April, 1885, entered Christ the city of New York, church, Oxford, while his father was minister to in place of Chief-Jus- Great Britain, and was graduated in June, 1882. tice Thomas J. Oak- After spending a summer in travel upon the con- ley. A speech that tinent he returned to the United States and en- he made a year and tered Columbia law-school. In May, 1883, accom- a half before the fall panied by his father, he journeyed to the Pacific of Fort Sumter, in coast, and travelled far into Alaska, publishing which he predicted on his return “ From Fifth Avenue to Alaska the civil war, attract- ! (New York, 1884), for which he was made a fellow ed much attention. of the Royal geographical society of England. In In October, 1860, he the spring of 1884 he was appointed secretary of his seat on legation at Rome, and upon the resignation of the the bench and re- minister, William W. Astor, he was made chargé turned to the practice of law, and in 1862 he d'affaires, and died while holding this position. was appointed by President Lincoln, in conjunc- PIERRON, Jean, French missionary, b. in tion with Gen. John A. Dix, to try the prison- France; d. there toward the end of the 17th cen- ers of state that were confined in the various tury. He belonged to the Society of Jesus, and prisons and forts of the United States. In 1864 arriving in Canada on 27 June, 1667, devoted him- he was active in organizing the War Democrats self to the study of the Mohawk language, and was in favor of the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. soon able to preach in that dialect. He preached In April, 1867, he was elected a member of the constantly in the seven Mohawk towns, and his convention for forming a new constitution for the success, though temporary, was remarkable. He state of New York, and one of its judiciary com- was a skilful artist, and effected more conversions mittee. He was employed to conduct the prose- by exhibiting vivid pictures, symbolizing the deaths cution on the part of the government of John and destinies of a Christian and pagan Indian, H. Surratt, indicted for aiding in the murder of than by his sermons. In his efforts to gain con- President Lincoln. Judge Pierrepont has been en- verts he followed the Mohawks everywhere, even gaged in many celebrated causes, and he was much to battle. He drew pictures on cards symbolizing employed by railroads and other corporations. At the Christian life from the cradle to the grave, and the beginning of the civil war he was an active formed with them games which the Indians learned member of the Union defence committee, and one of by their camp fires. Once he was ordered from the three that were appointed to proceed to Wash- the council by a chief who wished to perform a ington to confer with the government when all coin- superstitious ceremony which he knew the mis- munication was cut off by way of Baltimore after sionary would not sanction; but Pierron turned the attack upon the Massachusetts troops. In the the insult to his advantage, and, by hints of what presidential contests of 1868 and 1872 he was an might happen if he left the Mohawk valley, excited ardent supporter of Gen. Grant, by whom he was the fears of the chiefs, who dreaded a rupture with appointed in 1869 U. S. attorney for the southern the French. On 26 March, 1670, they assembled district of New York, which office he resigned in in the chapel, promised to renounce their god, July, 1870. In the autumn of that year he was Aireskoi, and to abandon their worship of evil one of the most active members of the committee spirits and their superstitious dances. The medi- of seventy in opposition to the Tweed ring. In cine-men burned their turtle-shell rattles and the May, 1873, Judge Pierrepont was appointed U.S. other badges of their office. There were eighty- minister to Russia, but declined, and in April, four baptisms during the year. Christianity made 1875, he became attorney-general of the United rapid progress among the tribes. These results States, remaining in the cabinet of President Grant were not lasting, however, and when Pierron was until May, 1876, when he was sent as U.S. minister recalled to govern the mission of St. Francis Xavier to Great Britain. During his term of office as at- at La Prairie, most of the Mohawks relapsed into torney-general he was called upon by the secretary paganism. He continued his missionary labors up of state to give an opinion upon a question of inter- to 1679 and perhaps later. He returned to France, national law, in which were discussed the questions but nothing is known of his life afterward, or of of natural and acquired nationality. This opinion the time of his death. PIERSON 17 PIGOT PIERSON, Abraham, clergyman, b. in York- his time in studying the exact sciences and the shire, England, in 1608; d. in Newark, N. J., 9 theory of navigation. He embarked on the ad- Aug., 1678. He was graduated at Cambridge in miral's ship, and kept a diary of events and of his 1632, and ordained to the ministry of the estab- personal observations. He named the Pehnelche lished church, but, becoming a non-conformist, Indians, Patagonians, and is responsible for the emigrated to this country in 1639, and united with tory that they were a race of giants. On the re- the church in Boston. He accompanied a party of turn of the expedition in 1522 Pigafetta went inn- emigrants to Long Island, N. Y., a short time after-mediately to Valladolid, presented Charles V. with ward, and in 1640 became pastor of the church at a copy of his journal, and received tokens of the South Hampton. He removed with a small part of monarch's satisfaction. He passed afterward to his congregation to Branford, Conn., in 1647, or- Rome, where Pope Clement VII. appointed him ganized a church there, and was its pastor for an honorary otficer in his guard, and through twenty-three years. His ministry was eminently the pontiff's intercession the grand master of successful, especially in his efforts to evangelize Rhodes received Pigafetta into the order on 30 the Indians, to whom he preached in their own Oct., 1524. At requests of Clement VII. and the language, also preparing a catechism (1660). He grand master, Pigafetta wrote a circumstantial served as chaplain to the forces that were raised relation of Magellan's expedition, of which only against the Dutch in 1654. In the contentions three copies were made, one for the grand master, between the colonies of Connecticut and New one for the Lateran library, and one for Louisa of Haven in 1662–5 he opposed their union, and, Savoy, but this last found its way into the Milan when it took place, resolved to remove with his library, while the princes received only an abridged people out of the colony. He accordingly left copy. Pigafetta's narrative is the only account of Branford in June, 1667, and settled in Newark, Magellan's expedition, as the history that was N. J., carrying away the church records, and leav- written by D'Anghiera by order of Charles V. was ing the town with scarcely an inhabitant. Mr. destroyed during the storming of Rome by the Pierson exercised a commanding influence in the army of the Constable de Bourbon in 1527. Until colony: Gov. John Winthrop, who was his per- the beginning of the 19th century Pigafetta's re- sonal friend, pronounced him a “ godly man,” and lation was only known by the abridged copy of Cotton Mather said of him: “Wherever he came, Louisa of Savoy, which was published by Antoine he shone.” He published " Some Helps for the Fabre under the title “Le voyage et navigation Indians in New Haven Colony, to a Further Ac- faiets par les Espagnols ès iles Moluques, des iles count of the Progress of the Gospel in New Eng- qu'ils ont trouvé audiet voyage, des roys d'icelles, land” (1659).—His son, Abraham, educator, b. in de leur gouvernement et manière de vivre, avec Lynn, Mass., in 1641; d. in Killingworth, Conn., 7 plusieurs autres choses ” (Paris, about 1540). Ran- March, 1707, was graduated at Ilarvard in 1668, uesio translated it into Italian, and published it in ordained to the ministry the next year, and was his " Voyages” (1563). For nearly three centuries successively pastor in South Hampton, L. I., Bran- the opinion prevailed that the original manuscript ford, Conn., Newark, N. J., and Killingworth, was written in French, when, in 1798, Amaretti Conn. He was one of the ten principal clergymen discovered in Milan one of the three original copies who were elected to ** found, form, and govern a written in a mixture of French, Italian, and Span- college in Connecticut” in 1700, and the next year ish, which he translated into French as “ Relation was chosen its first president, under the title of du premier voyage autour du monde, fait par le " rector of Yale,” holding office until his death. Chevalier Pigafetta sur l'escadre de Magellan pen- Hle composed a system of natural philosophy, which dant les années 1519-1520, 1521, 1522 ” (Paris, was used as a manual in that college for years, and 1801). The work ends with a dictionary of the published an “ Election Sermon (New Haven, dialects of the nations that were visited by Piga- 1700). A bronze statue of him, by Launt Thomp- fetta, and in particular of the inhabitants of son, was erected in the grounds of Yale in 1874. - Philippine and Molucca islands. The remainder The first Abraham's descendant, Hamilton Wil. / of Pigafetta's life is unknown, but the date of his cox, clergyman, b. in Bergen, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1817, death is recorded in the archives of Vicenza. He was graduated at Union college in 1843, and at left also a treatise on navigation. Union theological seminary, New York city, in PIGGOT, Robert, engraver, b. in New York 1848, and became an agent of the American Bible city, 20 May, 1795; d. in Sykesville, Md., 23 July, society in the West Indies. He labored in Ken- 1887. An early inclination to drawing determined tucky in 1853–'8, then became president of Cum- him to study engraving, and with that object he berland college, Ky., and in 1862–5 taught freed- | went to Philadelphia and became a student under men and colored troops, and was a secretary of David Edwin, whose manner he closely followed. the Christian commission. Union college gave him Upon reaching his majority, he entered into a the degree of D. D. in 1860. He has published business arrangement with a fellow-student, Charles Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, or the Private Goodman, with whom he was associated for sev- Life of Thomas Jefferson ” (New York, 1862); “ In eral years, and all the plates he worked upon bear the Brush, or Old-time Social, Political, and Re- the firm-name of Goodman and Piggot. Although ligious Life in the Southwest ” (1881); edited the an engraver of no mean ability, and ardent in his * American Missionary Memorial” (1853); and con- love for his art, he soon abandoned it for holy tributed to the religious press. orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and PIGAFETTA, Francesco Antonio (pe-gah- was ordained by Bishop White, 30 Nov., 1823. He fet-tah), Italian navigator, b. in Vicenza in 1491; held several charges in Pennsylvania and Mary- d. there in 1535. After receiving a good education, land, and was called to Sykesville, in the latter he was about to enter diplomacy, when he read of state, in 1869, as rector of Holy Trinity parish, the expeditions to the New World that had been where he remained until his death, attending to made by the Spanish and Portuguese, and deter- his parochial duties until within four years of his mined to become their historian. In 1518 he went decease, and retaining all of his faculties unim- to Madrid and obtained leave to serve as volunteer paired. He received the degree of D. D. under Magellan (q. v.). While awaiting the arrival PIGOT, Sir Robert, bart., British soldier, b. in of the navigator in Seville, Pigafetta occupied | Stafford, England, in 1720; d. there, 1 Aug., 1796. VOL. V.-2 9 18 PIKE PIKE He was major of the 10th foot in 1758, and lieu- | fession in the supreme and district courts. He tenant-colonel in 1764. He commanded the left retired in 1880, and has since devoted his at- wing of the British force in the battle of Bunker tention to literature and Freemasonry. His works Hill, and much of their success in that action was include “Prose Sketches and Poems” (Boston, due to his bravery and activity. He was promoted 1834); “ Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of colonel of the 38th foot for that battle, became Arkansas" (5 vols., Little Rock, 1840–'5); “Nugæ,” major-general in 1777, had a command in Rhode a collection of poems, including the Hymns to Island in 1778, and was commissioned lieutenant- the Gods” (printed privately, Philadelphia, 1854), general the same year. He succeeded the and two other similar collections (1873 and 1882). baronetcy in 1783. He has held high office as a Freemason, and has PIKE, Albert, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 prepared for his order about twenty-five volumes Dec., 1809. He entered Harvard in 1826, and after of ritualistic and other works. a partial course became principal of Newburyport PIKE, Austin Franklin, senator, b. in He- grammar-school. bron, N. H., 14 Oct., 1819; d. in Franklin, N. H.. In March, 1831, 8 Oct., 1886. He was educated in the academies he set out for of Plymouth, N. H., and Newbury, Vt., studied the partially ex- law under George W. Nesmith in Franklin, was plored regions of admitted to the bar in 1848, and established a the west, travel- large practice. Five years afterward he began ling by stage to his political career by a successful candidacy for Cincinnati, by the legislature, was re-elected in 1851-2, served in steamer to Nash- the state senate in 1857–8, and as its presiding ville, thence on officer the latter year, and in 1865–’6 was speaker foot to Paducah, of the house. He was a delegate to the National then by keel-boat Republican conventions in 1856 and 1860, and down the Ohio, from the former year until his death was an active and by steamer member of that party, being chairman of the Re- up the Missis- publican state committee in 1858–60. He was sippi. In Au- elected to congress in 1872, served one term, and gust, 1831, he ac- was defeated as a candidate for the next canvass, Albert Pirce companied a car- as he alleged, by frauds. He subsequently devoted avan of ten wag- himself to his profession for many years, and took ons as one of a high rank at the state bar. In 1883 the contest party of forty men, under Capt. Charles Bent, for the U. S. senatorship in the New Hampshire from St. Louis to Santa Fé. He arrived at Taos legislature, which continued during more than a on 10 Nov., having walked five hundred miles month's balloting, ended in the election of Mr. from Cimarron river, where his horse ran off in Pike as a compromise candidate. Dartmouth a storm. After resting a few days, he went on gave him the degree of A. M. in 1858. foot from Taos to Santa Fé, and remained there PIKE, Frances West Atherton, author, b. in as clerk until September, 1832, then joining a Prospect, Me., 17 March, 1819. She was graduated party of forty-five, with which he went down the at Free street seminary in Portland, Me., in 1837, Pecos river and into the Staked plain, then to and married the Rev. Richard Pike in 1843. She the head-waters of the Brazos, part of the time has published “Step by Step" (Boston, 1857); without food or water. Finally Pike, with four " Here and Hereafter" (1858); “Katherine Mor- others, left the company, and reached Fort Smith, ris” (1864); “Sunset Stories (6 vols., 1863–’6); Ark., in December. The following spring he “Climbing and Sliding” (1866); and “Striving turned his attention to teaching, and in 1833 he and Gaining” (1868). became associate editor of the “ Arkansas Advo- PIKE, James Shepherd, journalist, b. in cate.” In 1834 he purchased entire control, but Calais, Me., 8 Sept., 1811; d. there, 24 Nov., 1882. disposed of the paper two years later to engage in He was educated in the schools of his native town, the practice of law, for which he had fitted himself entered mercantile life in his fifteenth year, and during his editorial career. In 1839 he contributed subsequently became a journalist. He was the to “ Blackwood's Magazine” the unique produc- Washington correspondent and associate editor of tions entitled “ FIymns to the Gods," which he had the New York “Tribune” in 1850-'60, and was written several years before while teaching in New an able and aggressive writer. He was several England, and which at once gave him an honored times a candidate for important offices in Maine, place among American poets. As a lawyer he at- and a potent influence in uniting the anti-slavery tained a high reputation in the southwest, though sentiment in that state. In 1861-'6 he was U. S. he still devoted part of his time to literary pur- minister to the Netherlands. He supported Hor- suits. During the Mexican war he commanded a ace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and about squadron in the regiment of Arkansas mounted that time visited South Carolina and collected volunteers in 1846–7, was at Buena Vista, and in materials for his principal work, A Prostrate 1847, rode with forty-one men from Saltillo to Chic State (New York, 1876). He also published huahua, receiving the surrender of the city of Ma- - The Restoration of the Currency” (1868); “The pimi on the way. At the beginning of the civil Financial Crisis, its Evils, and their Remedy” war he became Confederate commissioner, negotiat- (1869); " Horace Greeley in 1872” (1873); “ The ing treaties of amity and alliance with several New Puritan " (1878); and “The First Blows of Indian tribes. While thus engaged he was ap- the Civil War” (1879). — His brother, Frederick pointed brigadier-general, and organized bodies of Augustus, congressman, b. in Calais, 9 Dec., Indians, with which he took part in the battles of 1817; d. there, 2 Dec., 1886, spent two years at Pea Ridge and Elkhorn. In 1866 he engaged in Bowdoin, studied law, and was admitted to the bar the practice of law at Memphis. During 1867 he in 1840. He served eight terms in the Maine legis- became editor of the “ Memphis Appeal,” but in lature, was its speaker in 1860, and was elected 1868 he sold his interest in the paper and removed to congress as a Republican, retaining his seat in to Washington, D.C., where he practised his pro- | 1861–²9, and serving for six years as chairman of 99 PIKE 19 PILE a the naval committee. He was active in his efforts 15th infantry, 3 July. 1812, and brigadier-general, for emancipation and for necessary taxation, and 12 March, 1813. Early in 1813 he was assigned to the closing sentence of his speech in congress in the principal army as adjutant- and inspector-gen- 1861—“ Tax, fight, emancipate”—became a watch- eral, and selected to command an expedition against word of his party. He was in the legislature in York (now Toronto), Upper Canada. On 27 April 1870–’1, and was defeated as a candidate of the the fleet conveying the troops for the attack on Liberal Republican party in 1872. In 1875 he was York reached the harbor of that town, and measures a member of the Maine constitutional convention. were taken to land them at once. Gen. Pike landed He retired from the practice of law after his con- with the main body as soon as practicable, and, gressional service. Mr. Pike was an early and active the enemy's advanced parties falling back before Abolitionist, a friend of education, and for many him, he took one of the redoubts that had been years an eminent member of the bar.- Frederick's constructed for the main defence of the place. wife, Mary Hayden Green, b. in Eastport, Me., The column was then halted until arrangements 30 Nov., 1825, was graduated at Charlestown female were made for the attack on another redoubt. seminary in 1843, and married Mr. Pike in 1846. While Gen. Pike and many of his soldiers were She published her first book-“Ida May,” a novel, seated on the ground, the magazine of the fort dealing with slavery and southern life among the exploded, a mass of stone fell upon him, and he wealthier classes (Boston, 1854)—under the pen- was fatally injured, surviving but a few hours. name of " Mary Langdon,” and 60.000 copies of PILAT, Ignatz Anton, landscape-gardener, b. the book were sold in eighteen months. She must in St. Agatha, Austria, 27 June, 1820; d. in New not be confounded with the writer of a song enti- York city, 17 Sept., 1870. He received a collegiate tled “ Ida May,” published simultaneously with education at Vienna, and studied at the botanical the novel, who subsequently issued numerous gardens in that city and Schönbrunn. His first books as the “author of Ida May.” Mrs. Pike's work of magnitude was laying out Prince Metter- other works are “ Caste," under the pen-name of nich's grounds. He remained attached to the im- “Sidney A. Story, Jr.” (1856), and “ Agnes ” (1858). perial botanical gardens in Schönbrunn from 1843 PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, soldier, b. in till 1853, when he came to this country and became Lamberton, N. J., 5 Jan., 1779 ; d. in York (now chief gardener on Thomas Metcalf's estate near Toronto), Canada, 27 April, 1813. His father, Augusta, Ga. He held this post till 1856, when he Zebulon (b. in New Jersey in 1751 ; d. in Lawrence- returned to Vienna, and was made director of the burg, Ind., 27 July, 1834), was a captain in the botanical gardens; but after a short stay in his na- Revolutionary army, was in Gen. Arthur St. Clair's tive land he returned to New York, and in 1857 defeat in 1791, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel was appointed chief landscape-gardener in Central in the regular army, 10 July, 1812. While the son park. In addition to his personal superintendence was a child his father removed with his family to of the entire park, which continued till his death, Bucks county, Pa., and thence in a few years to he planned and superintended many improvements Easton, where the in the public squares of the city of New York. He boy was educat- wrote a work on botany (Vienna), and a small one ed. He was ap- on landscape-gardening (Linz, Austria). pointed an PILCHER, Elijah Homes, clergyman, b. in sign in his fa- Athens, Ohio, 2 June, 1810; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., ther's regiment, 7 April, 1887. He was educated at Ohio univer- 3 March, 1799, 1st sity, and, entering the ministry of the Methodist lieutenant in No- Episcopal church, held pastorates both in this vember, and cap- country and in Canada. He represented his de- tain in August, nomination in Michigan four times in the general 1806. While ad- conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, was vancing through for four years a member of its book committee, and the lower grades aided in establishing the Michigan “Christian Ad- of his profession vocate,” and in founding Albion college, in which he supplemented he was professor of history and belles-lettres. He the deficiencies was a regent of Michigan university five years, one of his education of the originators of the Agricultural college at by the study of Lansing, and was secretary of the Detroit confer- Latin, French, ence nine years. He was the author of “ History of and mathemat- Protestantism in Michigan ” (Detroit, 1878). ics. After the PILE, William A., soldier, b. near Indian- purchase of Louisiana from the French, Lieut. Pike apolis, Ind., 11 Feb., 1829; d. in Monrovia, Cal., was appointed to conduct an expedition to trace the July, 1889. He studied theology, and became a Mississippi to its source, and, leaving St. Louis, 9 clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church and Aug., 1805, he returned after nearly nine months'ex- a member of the Missouri conference. He joined ploration and constant exposure to hardship, having the National army as chaplain of a regiment of satisfactorily performed this service. In 1806–7 Missouri volunteers in 1861, and took command of he was engaged in geographical explorations in a light battery in 1862. He was subsequently Louisiana territory, the course of which he dis- placed at the head of a regiment of infantry, pro- covered “Pike's peak” in the Rocky mountains, moted brigadier-general of volunteers, 26 Dec., and reached Rio Grande river. Having been found 1863, and served till the close of the war, being on Spanish territory, he and his party were taken mustered out, 24 Aug., 1865. He was elected to to Santa Fé; but, after a long examination and the congress from Missouri, and served from 4 March, seizure of his papers, they were released. He ar- 1867, till 3 March, 1869, but was defeated as the rived at Natchitoches, 1 July, 1807, received the Republican candidate for the next congress. Mr. thanks of the government, and in 1810 published a Pile was appointed by President Grant governor of narrative of his two expeditions. He was made New Mexico, served in 1869–70, and was minister major in 1808, lieutenant-colonel in 1809, deputy resident at Venezuela from 23 May, 1871, till his quartermaster-general, 3 April, 1812, colonel of the resignation in 1874. en- " 20 PILMORE PILLING survey. can war. PILLING, James Constantine, philologist, b. | Connecticut at Wethersfield, and held the post for in Washington, D. C., 16 Nov., 1846. He was edu- many years. After leaving Wethersfield he was cated at Gonzaga college, in Washington, and in warden of prisons in other states for several years, 1872 became connected with the geological survey and for a short time superintendent of police in of the Rocky mountain region under Maj. John New York city. The new penitentiary at Albany W. Powell. In this relation he continued until was planned according to his suggestions, and he 1879, and was constantly among the Indian tribes became its superintendent, and continued there till of the west, engaged in tabulating the vocabularies his death. He was severe and rigorous in his rule, of their various dialects. He then became chief | but possessed great organizing ability, and caused clerk of the bureau of ethnology, and in 1881 was prisons and penitentiaries under his superintend- appointed to a similar office in the U. S. geological ence to become sources of revenue to the state. He Mr. Pilling is a member of numerous was considered a competent authority on questions scientific societies, and, in addition to memoirs on of moderate prison-reform, and in the summer of ethnological subjects, is the author of “ Bibliogra- | 1872 attended the prison congress in London and phy of the Languages of the North American In- took part in its discussions. dians” (Washington, 1885); “ Bibliography of the PILLSBURY, Parker, reformer, b. in Hamil- Eskimoan Languages” (1887); and · Bibliography ton, Mass., 22 Sept., 1809. He removed to Henniker, of the Siouan Languages" (1887), all of which have N. H., in 1814, and was employed in farm-work till been issued under the auspices of the government. 1835, when he entered Gilmanton theological semi- PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, b. in nary. He was graduated in 1838, studied a year at Williamson county, Tenn., 8 June, 1806; d. in Lee Andover, supplied the Congregational church at county, Ark., 6 Oct., 1878. He was graduated at New London, N. H., for one year, and then aban- the University of Nashville, Tenn., in 1827, prac- doned the ministry in order to engage in anti-sla- tised law at Columbia, Tenn., was a delegate to very work. He was a lecturing agent of the New the National Democratic convention in 1844, and Hampshire, Massachusetts, and American anti-sla- aided largely in the nomination of his neighbor, very societies from 1840 till the abolition of slavery, James K. Polk, as the candidate for president. and edited the “ IIerald of Freedom" at Concord, In July, 1846, he was appointed brigadier-general N. H., in 1840 and 1845–’6, and the National Anti- in command of Tennessee volunteers in the Mexi- Slavery Standard" in New York city in 1866. In He served for some time with Gen. 1868–70 he was the editor of the “ Revolution," a Zachary Taylor on the Mexican frontier, subse- woman suffrage paper in New York city. After- quently joined Gen. Scott at Vera Cruz, and took ward he was a preacher for Free religious societies an active part in the siege of that city, afterward in Salem and Toledo, Ohio, Battle Creek, Mich., and being one of the commissioners that received its other western towns. Besides pamphlets on reform surrender from the Mexican authorities. At the subjects, he has published " Acts of the Anti-Slavery battle of Cerro Gordo he commanded the right Apostles.” (Rochester, N. Y., 1883). –His brother, wing of the American army, and was severely oliver, b. in Henniker, N. H., 16 Feb., 1817; d. in wounded. He was promoted to major-general, 13 Concord, N. H., 22 Feb., 1888, was educated at Hen- April, 1847, was engaged in the battles of Churu- niker academy, taught in New Jersey in 1839–47, busco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec, where he occupying a prominent place among the educators was wounded. He differed with Gen. Scott in of the state, returned to New Hampshire with im- regard to the convention of Tacubaya, and the paired health, and was a farmer for the next seven- differences led to such results that Gen. Pillow teen years. He served three terms in the legislature, requested a court of inquiry to try him on charges was a state councillor in 1862 and 1863, displaying of insubordination that were made by Scott. The executive ability and energy in business connected court was ordered, and he was honorably acquitted. with the New Hampshire quota of troops, and in After the Mexican war he resumed the practice of 1869 was appointed the first insurance commissioner law in Tennessee, and was also largely engaged in of the state, holding the office till his death. planting. In the Nashville southern convention of PILMORE, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Tadmouth, 1850 Gen. Pillow took conservative ground, and Yorkshire, England, 31 Oct., 1739; d. in Philadel- opposed extreme measures. He received twenty- phia, Pa., 24 July, 1825. Ile obtained his education five votes for the nomination for the vice-presi- in John Wesley's school at Kingswood, and under- dency at the Democratic National convention in took the work of an itinerant or lay preacher under 1852. On 9 May, 1861, he was appointed by Gov. Wesley's direction. In 1769 he came to this country Isham G. Harris a major-general in the provisional on a mission to establish Methodism in Philadel- army of the state of Tennessee, and aided largely phia. He preached from the steps of the state-house in the organization of its forces. On 9 July, 1861, on Chestnut street, from stands in race-fields, and he was made a brigadier-general in the provisional role the circuits with his library in his saddle-bags, Confederate army. He commanded under Gent. holding the first Methodist meeting in Philadelphia Leonidas Polk at the battle of Belmont, Missouri, in a pot-house in Loxley's court, and establishing 7 Nov., 1861, and was second in command under the first church that was owned by the Methodists Gen. John B. Floyd at Fort Donelson in February, in Philadelphia. It is the present church of St. 1862. He declined to assume the chief command George, and was an unfinished building purchased and to surrender the forces at this fort, so, turning from the Germans, which the British seized, when the place over to Gen. Simon B. Buckner, he es- they were in possession of the city, and used as a caped. He was now relieved from command, but cavalry riding-school. After the war of the Revo- subsequently led a detachment of cavalry, and lution, Mr. Pilmore sought for orders in the Prot- served under Beauregard in the southwest. He was estant Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon, also chief of conscripts in the western department. 27 Nov., 1785, by Bishop Seabury, and priest two PILLSBURY, Amos, prison-reformer. b. in days later, by the same bishop, and became rector New Hampshire in 1805; d. in Albany, N. Y., 14 of three united parishes in the vicinity of Philadel- July, 1873. His father was a soldier in the war of phia. From 1789 till 1794 he served as assistant 1812, and was warden of state prisons in New to Rev. Dr. Samuel Magaw. He was then called to Hampshire and Connecticut for many years. The Christ church, New York city, where he remained son was appointed warden of the state prison of ten years. In 1804 he succeeded Dr. Magaw in the PIM 21 PINCHEIRA . rectorship of St. Paul's church, Philadelphia. He PIÑA, Ramón (peen'-yah), Cuban author; b. in received the degree of D. D. from the University of Havana in 1819; d. there in 1861. He studied in Pennsylvania in 1807. Dr. Pilmore bequeathed his native city, where he was admitted to the bar half his fortune to the Protestant Episcopal church, and practised his profession, at the same time cul- and half to the Society of St. George, an organiza- tivating literature. Ilis comedies. “ No quiero ser tion for the aid of English emigrants. Ile pub- conde,” “Las Equivocaciones,” and “ Dios los jun- lished “ Narrative of Labors in South Wales” | ta.” were performed in Havana with success. In (Philadelphia, 1825), and left in manuscript an ac- 1857 he went to Spain, where he published his count of his - Travels and Trials and Preaching" novel, “ Gerónimo el honrado” (Madrid, 1858), and in various American colonies. * Historia de un bribón dichoso" (1859), which were PIM, Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan, Brit- praised for the purity of their style. His “ Com- ish naval officer, b. in Bideford, Devon, 12 June, entarios á las leyes Atenienses" (1860) are consid- 1826; d. in London, 1 Oct., 1886. He was the only ered remarkable for learning. son of a captain in the British navy. He was edu- PINCHBACK, Pinckney Benton Stewart, cated at the Royal naval school, went to India in governor of Louisiana, b. in Macon, Ga., 10 May, the merchant service, and on his return in 1842 1837. He is of African descent. In 1846 he was was appointed a volunteer in the royal navy. He sent to school in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1848 his was employed for several years in the surveying father died, and he became a boatman. In 1862 service, made a voyage around the world in the he ran the Confederate blockade at Yazoo City and * Herald " in 1845–51, and was engaged in the en- reached New Orleans, then in possession of the tire search for Sir John Franklin through Bering National troops. He enlisted, and was soon de- strait and Baffin bay. He saved the crew of the tailed to assist in raising a regiment, but, owing to " Investigator," which had been frozen in for three his race, he was compelled to resign, 3 Sept., 1863. years, and was the first man to make his way from He was subsequently authorized by Gen. Nathaniel a ship on the eastern side of the northwest passage P. Banks to raise a company of colored cavalry, to one on the western side. He was in active ser- In 1867 he organized in New Orleans the 4th ward vice in the Russian war, and in China, where he was Republican club, became a member of the state wounded six times. He was made a commander, committee, and was made inspector of customs on 19 April, 1858, visited the Isthmus of Suez, and 22 May. He was a member of the Constitutional studied the question of an interoceanic canal in convention of 1867, state senator in 1868, and was 1859, was sent to the West Indies in command of sent to the National Republican convention of the the “Gorgon” in 1860, and employed on the coast last-named year. He was appointed by President of Central America to prevent filibustering at- Grant, in April, 1869, register of the land-office of tempts on the part of William Walker against New Orleans, and on 25 Dec., 1870, established the Nicaragua. He retired on half-pay in 1861, visited New Orleans “ Louisianian.” The same year he or- Nicaragua in 1862 in company with Dr. Berthold ganized a company for the purpose of establishing Seemann, and devoted himself for several years a line of steamers on Mississippi river. In March, to the project of interoceanic railway communi- 1871, he was appointed by the state board a school cation across that country and to the promotion of director for the city of New Orleans, and on 6 mining interests there. He was made a captain, Dec., 1871, he was elected president pro tempore of 16 April, 1868, and was retired in April, 1870. Ile the state senate, and lieutenant-governor to fill the afterward studied law, was called to the bar of the vacancy occasioned by the death of Oscar Dunn. Inner Temple, 27 Jan., 1873, elected to parliament He was acting governor during the impeachment as a Conservative in February, 1874, and retained of Gov. Warmoth from 9 Dec., 1872, to 13 Jan., his seat till 1880. At the time of his death he was 1873. He was nominated for governor in 1872, but the oldest arctic explorer. On the return of withdrew in the interest of party peace, and was Lieut. Adolphus W. Greely and his comrades from elected on the same ticket as congressman. He was the polar regions, he tendered them a banquet in chosen to the U. S. senate, 15 Jan., 1873, but after Montreal. He was a member of several scientific three years' debate he was disallowed his seat by a societies, proprietor of “The Navy," and author of vote of 32 to 29, although he was given the pay and “ The Gate of the Pacific" (London, 1863); “ Dot- mileage of a senator. On 24 April, 1873, he was ap- tings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, and pointed a commissioner to the Vienna exposition Mosquito,” in conjunction with Dr. Berthold See- from Louisiana, and in 1877 he was appointed a mann (1869); “The War Chronicle” (1873); “ Es- member of the state board of education by Gov. say on Feudal Tenure”; and various pamphlets Francis F. Nichols. On 8 Feb., 1879, he was and magazine articles. elected a delegate to the Constitutional conven- PIMENTEL, Manoel (pe-men-tel'), Portuguesetion of the state. Mr. Pinchback was appointed geographer, b. in Lisbon in 1650; d. there in 1719. surveyor of customs of New Orleans in 1882, and He received a fine education and succeeded his a trustee of Southern university by Gov. McEnery father as cosmographer, and became in 1718 pre- in 1883 and 1885. He was graduated at the law ceptor of the prince that reigned afterward under department of Straight university, New Orleans, the name of Joseph I. He went several times to and admitted to the bar in April, 1886. South America to collect materials and documents PINCHEIRA, José Antonio (pin-tchi'-e-rah), for his works, and was also appointed commissioner Chilian guerilla, b. in San Carlos about 1801; d. to determine the limits of the colony of Sacra- in Concepcion about 1850. He formed in early life mento on the river Plate, residing three years in with his two brothers and other adventurers a band the country and preparing a map. IIis principal of robbers, which for many years desolated the work is “Arte practica de navegar e roteiro das country south of Maule river. In November, 1825, viagensas costas maritimas do Brasil, Guinea, Pincheira joined a Spanish force of twenty-five Angola, Indias e ilhas orientaes e occidentaes? men under an officer named Senosain, and un- (Lisbon, 1699; revised ed., 1712). Navarrette in his furled the banner of the royalist cause, so that the * Disertacion sobre la historia de la Nautica” and government sent an army against him. Being hard Barbosa Machado in his “ Bibliotheca Lusitana pressed, he passsed the Andes and invaded the praise Pimentel as one of the ahlest writers of his province of Mendoza, the government of which time on the geography of South America. made a regular treaty of peace with him. In 1830 . 22 PINCKNEY PINCKNEY re- the Chilian government resolved to exterminate then returned to the practice of his profession, in the guerillas, and sent Col. Bulnes with an army which he won great reputation and large profits. against them. The latter penetrated into the He was a member of the convention that framed mountain regions and began a regular campaign the constitution of the United States in 1787, took against Pincheira, capturing part of his forces at an active part in its debates, and was the author of Roble Guacho, 11 Jan., 1832, and on the 14th de- the clause in the constitution that “no religious feating him near the lagoon of Palanquin, where test shall ever be required as a qualification to any Pincheira's brother, Pablo, was killed, and the lat- office or public trust under the authority of the ter escaped with only fifty-two men. At last, sur- United States." He also moved to strike out the rounded on all sides, he surrendered, on 11 March, clause that allowed compensation to senators, on under capitulation that insured him a pardon, the ground that that body should be composed of This was strictly kept by the government, and persons of wealth, and consequently above the Pincheira retired to Concepcion. temptations of poverty. He became an ardent PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, statesman, Federalist on the adoption of the constitution, and b. in Charleston, S. C., 25 Feb., 1746; d. there, 16 served in the convention that ratified it on the part Aug., 1825. His father, Charles, was chief justice of South Carolina, and in the State constitutional of South Carolina in 1752. The son was sent to convention of 1790. He declined the office of as- England to be educated at seven years of age, sociate justice of the U. S. supreme court in 1791, studied at West- the portfolio of war in 1784, and that of state in minster school, and 1795, and in 1796 accepted the office of U.S. minis- was graduated at ter to France, resigning his commission of major- Christ church, Ox- general of militia, which he had held for several ford, read law in years. The Directory refused to receive him, and the Middle Tem- he was reminded that the law forbade any foreigner ple, and passed to stay more than thirty days in France without nine months in permission. On his refusal to apply, he was re- the Royal military quested to quit the republic. He retired to Am- academy at Caen, sterdam, and subsequently returned to America. France. He While on this mission he made the famous reply turned tothiscoun- to an intimation that peace might be secured with try in 1769, settled money: “Millions for defence, but not a cent for as a barrister in tribute.” On his return, war being imminent with Charleston, and be- France, he was commissioned major-general by came attorney-gen- Washington, but second to Alexander Hamilton, eral of the prov- who had been his junior during the Revolution. ince. He was a When his attention was directed to that fact, he member of the 1st said: “Let us first dispose of our enemies; we shall Provincial then have leisure to settle the question of rank.” gress of South He was a Federalist candidate for the vice-presi- Carolina in 1775, was appointed by that body a cap- dency in 1800, and for the presidency in 1804 and tain of infantry, and in December of that year was 1808. In 1801 he was elected first president of the promoted major. He assisted to successfully de- board of trustees of the College of South Carolina, fend Fort Sullivan on 28 June, 1776, became colo- and for more than fifteen years before his death nel on 29 Oct., and left the Carolinas to join Wash- he was president of the Charleston Bible society. ington, to whom he was appointed aide-de-camp, Charles Chauncey said of him that “his love of participating in the battles of the Brandywine and honor was greater than his love of power, and Germantown. He returned to the south in the deeper than his love of self.” He was third presi- spring of 1778, and took part in the unsuccessful dent-general of the Cincinnati. He married the expedition to Florida. In January, 1779, he pre- sister of Arthur Middleton. Their daughter, Ma- sided over the senate of South Carolina. He dis- Ria, published a work in the defence of nullifica- played resolution and intrepidity in the rapid march tion.-Charles's brother, Thomas, diplomatist, b. in that saved Charleston from the attack of the British Charleston, S.C., under Gen. Augustine Prevost, and in the invasion 23 Oct., 1750; d. of Georgia his regiment formed the second column there, 2 Nov., in the assault on the lines at Savannah, and in the 1828, accompa- second attack on Charleston, in April, 1780, he com- nied his brother manded Fort Moultrie with a force of 300 men. to England in The fleet entered the harbor without engaging the 1753, and was ed- fort, and he then returned to the city, and aided in ucated at West- sustaining the siege. In the council of war that minster and Ox- was held in the latter part of the month he voted ford. He then " for the rejection of all terms of capitulation, and studied law in for continuing hostilities to the last extremity." the Temple, was He became a prisoner of war on the surrender of admitted to the the city in May, 1780, and for two years suffered a bar in 1770, rigorous confinement. But "nothing could shake and returning to the firmness of his soul.” He was ordered into Charleston in closer confinement from the death-bed of his son, 1772, practised but he wrote to the commanding British officer: in that city. “My heart is altogether American, and neither se- He joined the verity, nor favor, nor poverty, nor affluence can ever Continental ar- induce me to swerve from it.” He was exchanged my as a lieuten- in February, 1782, and was commissioned brigadier- ant in 1775, was general in 1783, but the war was virtually over, aide-de-camp to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and served and he had no opportunity for further service. He in a similar capacity under Count D'Estaing at the bl Ginekney con- A Thomas Pinckney PINCKNEY 23 PINE a He re- siege of Savannah. He participated in the battle published in the same year several papers in de- of Stono Ferry, and as aide to Gen. Horatio Gates nunciation of the alien and sedition laws that were was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden. He enacted during the administration of the elder saw no further service in the Revolution, and re- Adams. Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. turned to his profession. He declined the appoint- in 1787.-Charles's son, Henry Laurens, con- ment of U.S. district judge in 1789, became gover- gressman, b. in Charleston, S. C., 24 Sept., 1794 ; d. nor in that year, was a member of the legislature there, 3 Feb., 1863, was graduated at the College of in 1791, and drew up the act to establish the South South Carolina in 1812, studied law in the office Carolina court of equity. He was appointed by of his brother-in-law, Robert Y. Hayne, and was Washington U.S. minister to Great Britain in 1792, admitted to the bar, but never practised. He and on the expiration of his term in 1794 was sent served in the legislature in 1816–'32, and was chair- on a mission to Spain, where he arranged the treaty man of its committee of ways and means for eight of St. Ildefonso that secured to the United States the years. He was three times intendant, and three free navigation of Mississippi river. He returned times mayor of Charleston, and in 1833–7 was a to Charleston in 1796, was the Federalist candidate member of congress, having been elected as in that year for the vice-presidency, and served in Democrat. During the administration of Presi- congress in 1799–1801. At the beginning of the war dent Van Buren he was collector of the port of of 1812 he was appointed by President Madison Charleston. In 1845–63 he was tax-collector of the major-general, with the charge of the 6th military parishes of St. Philip and St. Michael. Mr. Pinck- district, and participated in the battle of Horseshoe ney was a constant and laborious writer and work- Bend, in which the Creek Indians were finally de- er during his public life. He founded the Charles- feated. He then retired to private life, and did ton“ Mercury," the organ of the State-rights much to encourage the development of the agricul- party, in 1819, was its sole editor for fifteen years, tural and mineral resources of the state. He suc- and published many orations and addresses. Ile ceeded his brother as 4th president-general of the also wrote memoirs of Jonathan Maxcy, Robert Y. Cincinnati.—Charles, statesman, b. in Charleston, Hayne, and Andrew Jackson.— Thomas's grandson, S. C., in 1758; d. there, 29 Oct., 1824, was the Charles Cotesworth, clergyman, b. in Charles- grandson of William, Charles Cotesworth's uncle. ton, S. C., 31 July, 1812, was graduated at the His father, Charles, was president of the South College of Charleston in 1831, studied at Alex- Carolina convention in 1775, of the senate in 1779, andria theological seminary, Va., and was ordained and of the council in 1782. The son was educated to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. for the bar, and before he was of age was chosen He has since held charges in South Carolina, is a to the provincial legislature. He was taken pris- popular divine. active in benevolent and educa- oner at the capture of Charleston, and remained tional enterprises, and president of the board of such until the close of the war, when he resumed trustees of the College of Charleston. his profession. He was elected to the Provincial ceived the degree of D. D. from the College of congress in 1785, and subsequently took an active Charleston, in 1870. part in preparing a plan of government for PINDAR, John Hothersall, English colonial ihe United States. In 1787 he was a delegate educator, b. in 1794; d. in West Malvern, Eng- to the convention that framed the constitution land, 16 April, 1868. He was graduated at Cam- of the United States, and offered a draft of a con- bridge in 1816, and was president of Codrington stitution, which was referred to the committee of college, Barbadoes, W. I., from 1830 till 1835. detail, submitted, and some of its provisions were Subsequently he was a canon of Wells cathedral, finally adopted. In 1788 he advocated the ratifica- and principal of Wells theological college, which tion of the constitution in the South Carolina latter office he resigned in 1865. He published convention. He was elected governor the next “The Candidate for the Ministry-Lectures on the year, presided over the state convention by which First Epistle to Timothy” (London, 1837); “ Ser- the constitution of South Carolina was adopted in mons on the Book of Common Prayer” (1837); 1790, was re-elected governor in 1791, and again in * Sermons on the Holy Days of the Church 1796, and in 1798 was chosen to the U. S. senate as (1850); and “ Meditations for Priests on the Ordi- a Republican. He was a frequent and able speaker nation Service" (1853). in that body, and one of the most active promoters PINDAR, Susan, author, b. near Tarrytown, of Thomas Jefferson's election to the presidency. N. Y., about 1820. Her father, Charles Pindar, a In 1802–3 he was U. S. minister to Spain, and Russian by birth, and for a time Russian consul during his residence in that country he negotiated to Florida, died in New Orleans. His estate, Pin- a release from the Spanish government of all right dar's Vale, adjoined Wolfert's Roost. She con- or title to the territory that was purchased by the tributed numerous poems to the “Knickerbocker United States from France. He became governor Magazine," and was the author of “ Fireside Fair- for the fourth time in 1806, and in 1812 strongly ies, or Christmas at Aunt Elsie's” (New York, 1849) advocated the war with England. He was a mem- and “ Midsummer Fays, or the Holidays at Wood- ber of congress in 1819–21, and opposed the Mis- leigh " (1850), which were republished together as souri compromise bill, earnestly warning the south “Susan Pindar's Story-Book” (1858), and “Le- of the effects of the measure. This was his last gends of the Flowers" (1851). public service. Mr. Pinckney was the founder of the PINE, Robert Edge, artist, b. in London, old Republican party of South Carolina. He pos- England, in 1730, or, according to some authorities, sessed liberal views on all subjects, advocated 'the in 1742; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1788. abolition of the primogeniture laws, was the prin- The earlier date of birth seems the more probable cipal agent in the removal of the civil and political | from the fact that in 1760 he gained the first prize disabilities that had been imposed on Jews in South of £100 from the Society for the encouragement Carolina, and was the first governor of the state of the arts for the best historical picture that was that advocated the establishment of free schools. offered, “ The Surrender of Calais," with figures He was an able political writer, and issued a series as large as life. He was the son of John Pine, of addresses to the people under the signature of the skilful artist who published (1733-'7) the beau- * Republican” (Charleston, 1800) that were in- tiful edition of Horace with the text engraved strumental in the election of Jefferson. He also i throughout by himself, and embellished with vig- . 6 24 PINELO PINEDA a nettes, and whose portrait by Hogarth, in the style | Ercilla (q. v.) in his famous poem. In the festivi- of Rembrandt, is familiar to students of that ties to celebrate the accession of King Philip II. artist's works. From whom the son gleaned his in 1558, Pineda had a quarrel with Ercilla, which art instruction is not known, but doubtless the ended in a battle between their followers in a rudiments were instilled by his father. In 1762 church. They were imprisoned and condemned to he again took a first prize for his picture of death by Mendoza, but, the whole army opposing “ Canute reproving his Courtiers.” Both of these the sentence, it was changed, and both were exiled prize pictures have been engraved. Between these to Callao. During the voyage Pineda resolved to two dates he had for a pupil John Hamilton Mor abandon the military career and enter the order timer (1741-'79), which would hardly have been of San Agustin, which he did after his arrival in the case had he been only between eighteen and Lima, 6 April, 1560. He dedicated himself to the twenty. Pine devoted himself to historical com- conversion of the Indians, and in 1571 went as position and portraiture, but succeeded best in vicar to Conchucos, where he worked for the relig- the latter branch of art. The most familiar por- ious instruction of the savages. He was president traits of John Wilkes, whose principles he es- of the provincial chapter in 1579, and died in the poused, and of David Garrick, whose friendship convent of Nasca in Peru. he possessed, are from his easel, and have been PINEL, Jacques (pe-nel'), French buccaneer, repeatedly engraved. He painted at least four b. in St. Malo in 1640; d. in Capesterre, Guade- different portraits of Garrick, one of which is in loupe, in 1693. He followed the sea in his youth, the National portrait gallery, London. In 1782 but afterward joined the buccaneers in Tortuga, he held an exhibition of a collection of Shake- and gained both fortune and reputation by daring spearian pictures that he had painted, some of expeditions. In 1675, having obtained a land grant which were engraved afterward, and found their in Guadeloupe, he built upon the seaside a fortified way into Boydell's Shakespeare. The next year, castle, and excavated the harbor of Capesterre, or the early part of the following one, Pine brought which he made the headquarters of his expeditions. his family to Philadelphia. His object in coming He was among the founders of the city of Capes- to this country was to paint portraits of the emi- terre, on his land, afforded aid and assistance to the nent men of the Revolution, with a view of repre- colonial authorities, and contributed much toward senting in several large paintings the principal developing the resources of the island. Every sum- events of the war, but he never carried out his mer he went on marauding expeditions in the Span- project. He brought letters to Francis Hopkin- ish possessions, and amassed great riches. In 1685 son, and the rst portrait he is said to have painted carried off from Santo Domingo a noble lady, after his arrival is the well-known one of that pa- and, having wed her, received letters of nobility triot. A letter from this gentleman to Washing- from Louis XIV. His estate was created a mar- ton, explaining Pine's design and asking him to quisate, and it was the only one that ever existed sit to the artist for his portrait, drew out the fa- in the French possessions in South America. His mous "In for a penny, in for a pound letter, descendants are among the wealthiest land-owners dated Mt. Vernon, 16 May, 1785. Pine's likeness of the West Indies, and, through alliance with his- of Washington was engraved for Irving's “Life of torical families, are connected with several royal Washington," but is a weak and unsatisfactory houses of Europe. · Rich as Pinel du Manoir " is picture, as are all of Pine's portraits that were still a saying in the French West Indies, and it is painted in this country. He was generously pat- said that he never knew the number of his slaves. ronized by well-known people, doubtless owing to PINELO, Antonio de Leon (pe-nay'-lo), Pe- his friendly disposition toward the land of his ruvian historian, b. in Cordova de Tucuman in adoption, and Robert Morris built a house for him 1589; d. in Seville about 1675. He was educated in Philadelphia which was adapted for the exhi- in the College of the Jesuits of Lima, and, going to bition of his pictures and the prosecution of his Spain about 1612, became attorney of the council of painting. Here he died suddenly of apoplexy. He the Indies, and afterward judge of the tribunal of is described as a “very small man, morbidly irri- La Contratacion in Seville, succeeding Gil Gon- table. His wife and daughters were also very di- zalez Davila (9. 2.) in 1637 in the post of histori- minutive-they were indeed a family of pigmies." ographer of the Indies, which he held till his death. After his death his wife petitioned the legislature As early as 1615 he became much impressed with of Pennsylvania to be allowed to dispose of her the necessity of collecting methodically all the de- husband's pictures by lottery, which request was crees and ordinances that had been issued either granted. À large number of them fell into the by the home government or by the viceroys of possession of Daniel Bowen, who removed them to the American possessions. He communicated his Boston, where they were destroyed in the burning of scheme to the council, and, receiving encourage- the Columbian museum. They served before their ment, began his grand work, of which he published destruction to give to Washington Allston his first the plan in 1623: Discurso de la importancia, de lessons in color-Pine's strong point as an artist. la forma, y de la disposición de la collección de las He painted portraits of several of the signers of leyes de Indias" (Seville, 1623). Ilaving obtained the Declaration of Independence, including the the king's approbation and authority to search the familiar ones of Robert Morris, George Read, and archives of Madrid and Simancas, and even a Thomas Stone. A beautiful portrait of Mrs. John special royal order for having copies made from all Jay, by Pine, is in the possession of her grandson, documents in the offices of the state secretaries of John Jay, of New York city. Mexico, Lima, and Quito, he was enabled to pro- PINEDA, Juan de (pe - nay'- dah), Spanish ceed more speedily with his work, and published an soldier, b. in Seville about 1520; d. in Nasca, abridged first part, “Sumario de la recopilación Peru, in 1606. He went to Peru at the time of the general" (Seville, 1634). By incessant labor Pinelo war between the younger Diego de Almagro and had completed the work in 1645, but its publication the royalists, and served under the orders of the was deferred till 1680, when Vicente Gonzaga pub- governors Cristobal Vaca de Castro and Pedro de lished it under the title " Recopilación general de la Gasca. He afterward went to Chili, and, under las leyes de las Indias" (4 vols., Madrid, 1680). Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza (9. 1.), participated in Pinelo's other works are “Epitome de la Biblioteca the heroic deeds that are celebrated by Alonso de oriental y occidental, náutica y geográfica” (Mad- a . PINEYRO 25 PINKERTON 66 9 rid, 1629), which, in a revised edition (3 vols., 1737), state. In 1809 he was sent as minister to Buenos has become the greatest bibliography of works, Ayres to organize a court of claims and settle the either manuscript or printed, regarding South | boundary between the Spanish and Portuguese America : “ Tratado de confirmaciones reales, que dominions, but he declined. He became afterward se requieren para las Indias Occidentales" (1630); a member of the privy council, and wrote several Cuestion moral : si el chocolate quebranta el memoirs, advocating the enfranchisement of the avuno ecclesiastico"(1636); " Tablas Cronológicas" slaves and a parliamentary government for Brazil (1645): "Aparato político de las Indias Occiden- and Portugal. In 1815 he opposed the return of tales" (1653); “Vida de Santo Toribio arzobispo João VI. to Lisbon, and after the revolution of de Lima” (1653); “El Paraiso en el Nuevo Mundo Perto in 1821 became secretary of foreign relations (1656); and “ Acuerdos del Concejo de Indias", and war, and proposed to the king a plan to quell (1658). Pinelo left also several manuscripts, some the rebellion. "In spite of his strenuous efforts, the of which have been published since his death. weak monarch determined to return to Lisbon, ap- These include “ Politica de las Indias" (Madrid, pointed Dom Pedro regent, and left Bahia in great (1829); “ Bulario Indico" is a code of the canonical haste. Pinheiro tried to change the king's reso- laws in force in South America (1829); “ Historia lution, but, all efforts proving unavailing, he ac- del Supremo Concejo de las Indias" ; “ Las ha- companied João to Lisbon in 1822, and was secre- zañas de Chile con su historia”; “ Fundación y tary of state till the suppression of the constitu- historia de la ciudad de Lima"; “Descubrimiento tional government in April, 1824, when he resigned y historia de Potosí”; and “Relación de la pro- and resided in Paris, living till 1834, occupied in vincia de Quiché y Lacandon.” literary labors. After the expulsion of Dom Mi- PIÑEYRO, Enrique (peen-yay'-ro), Cuban au- guel he returned to Lisbon, but continued to re- thor, b. in Havana in 1839. He studied in his na- main in private life till his death. Pinheiro's works tive city, and in 1863 was admitted to the bar. include - Memoria sobre os vicios da administra- After a tour on the European continent he returned ção Portugueza” (Bahia, 1811); “ Memoria sobre os to Havana, where he founded in 1865 the “ Revista meios de destruir a escravidão no Brazil ” (1812); del Pueblo," a literary and critical review, and prac- * Memoria sobre um governo representativo com- tised his profession. In 1869 he emigrated to the mum ao Portugal e ao Brazil” (1814); “Synopse de United States on account of the Cuban insurrection, codigo do processo civil” (Paris, 1825); “ Observa- and founded in New York a review under the title cões sobre a carta constitucional do reino de Por- of " El Mundo Nuevo.”. He has published " Bio- tugal, e la constitucão do imperio do Brazil” (3 grafía del General San Martin " (New York, 1870): vols., 1831); “ Principes de droit public, coustitu- * Morales Lemus y la Revolución Cubana" (1872); | tionel, administratif et des gens” (1834); “ Obser- “ Estudios y Conferencias” (1880); and “ Poetas vations sur la constitution du Brésil, et la charte famosos del siglo XIX.” (Paris, 1883). constitutionelle du Portugal” (1835); and “ Pro- PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver- jecto de codigo para la nação portugueza” (1839). mont, b. in Salisbury, N. H., 2 Aug., 1832. The PINILLOS, Claudio M. de (pe-neel'-yos), Count family name, formerly written Pengry, was changed of Villanueva, Cuban statesman, b. in Havana in by his father to Pingry, and by himself and his October, 1782; d. there in 1853. When very young brothers to Pingree. He was educated at Dart- he went to Spain, entered the army, and took part mouth, in the class of 1857, studied law, was ad- in the war against the French in 1808. He was mitted to the bar in 1859, and began practice at sent to ('uba in 1814, and in 1825 appointed general Hartford, Vt. At the beginning of the civil war superintendent of the finances of the island, filling he assisted in recruiting a company, and went to this office during twenty-five years. In 1825 the the field as 1st lieutenant. He was promoted cap- income of Cuba was only $2,000,000, but in 1837 it tain in August, 1861, was disabled by wounds that had risen to $37,000,000, which was due in great he received at Lee's Mills, and after returning to part to his wise measures. He built many public his regiment was commissioned as major, 27 Sept., schools, hospitals, and roads, and in 18:34 contrib- 1862. On 15 Jan., 1863, he was promoted lieu- uted to the construction of the first railroad in a tenant-colonel. He took part in the severest fight- Spanish-speaking country. To his efforts was due ing of the Army of the Potomac, and after the the creation of a nautical college, an extensive battle of the Wilderness, where all the field-officers chemical laboratory, an aqueduct, and many other of the 2d Vermont infantry were killed or wounded, public institutions, for the scientific, literary, and was placed in command of that regiment. He was industrial development of Cuba. He is considered mustered out on 27 July, 1864, and returned to the one of the greatest benefactors of the island. practice of law in Hartford. He was state attorney PINKERTON, Allan, detective, b. in Glasgow, for Windsor county in 1867–8, and a member of Scotland, 25 Aug., 1819; d. in Chicago, III., 1 July, the Republican national convention in 1868. In 1884. He became a Chartist in early manhood, 1882 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and in came to this country in 1842 to escape imprison- 1884 was chosen governor of the state. ment, and settled in Chicago, Ill. He was made PINHEIRO, Sylvestre Ferreira (peen-yi'-e- deputy sheriff of Kane county in 1846, was subse- ro), Marquis de Portuguese statesman, b. in Lis- quently deputy sheriff of Cook county, and in 1850 bon, 31 Dec., 1769; d. there in September, 1847. was appointed the first detective for Chicago. He He was destined for the church, and entered the also established Pinkerton's detective agency in Oratorians as a novice, but left the convent on ob- that year, and from that date till the emancipa- taining the chair of philosophy in the University tion was largely engaged in assisting the escape of Coimbra. Ilis liberal ideas soon excited the op- of slaves. He was the first special U.S. mail agent position of the clergy, and he fled in 1797 to Eng- for northern Illinois and Indiana and southern land, to escape imprisonment. Afterward he became Wisconsin, organized the U. S. secret service di- secretary of the Chevalier de Araujo, Portuguese vision of the National army in 1861, was its first 1 minister to Paris, and in 1802 was promoted chargé : chief, and subsequently organized and was at the d'affaires in Berlin, but was dismissed in 1807 on head of the Secret service department of the Gulf request of Napoleon. lle immediately rejoined the 'till the close of the civil war. lle added to his de- royal family in Brazil, and was appointed a mem- tective agency in Chicago in 1860 a corps of night- ber of the board of trade and assistant secretary of watchmen, called Pinkerton's preventive watch, 26 PINKNEY PINKHAM more. are established offices of both agencies in several other | sideration of many nice questions of admiralty law, cities, and was signally successful in the discovery gave employment to Pinkney's best powers. He and suppression of crime. While in the employ- remained in England until 1804, when he returned ment of the Wilmington and Baltimore railroad home and resumed the practice of the law in Balti- company in 1861, he discovered a plan to assassi- The next year he was appointed attorney- nate Abraham Lincoln on his way to his inaugura- general of the state of Maryland. In 1806 he was tion in Washington. Among the cases in which again sent to England as commissioner, jointly he successfully traced thieves and recovered money with James Monroe, to treat with the English gov- are the robbery of the Carbondale, Pa., bank of ernment respecting its continued aggression, in $40,000, and that of the Adams express company violation of the rights of neutrals. When Mr. of $700,000, on 6 Jan., 1866, from a train on the Monroe retired in 1807, Pinkney was left as resi- New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad, dent minister in London, in which post he remained and the taking of $300,000 from an express-car on until President Madison recalled him in 1811, at the Hudson River railroad. He also broke up his own earnest solicitation. On his return to gangs of thieves at Seymour, Ind., and the “Mollie Maryland he was elected a member of the state Maguires” in Pennsylvania. He published about senate, and at the close of the year President Madi- fifteen detective stories, the most popular of which son appointed him attorney-general of the United “The Molly Maguires and the Detectives States. He was an earnest advocate of the war of (New York, 1877); “Criminal Reminiscences 1812, and defended the policy of the government (1878); "The Spy of the Rebellion " (1883); and both by his pen and sword, being wounded at à Thirty Years a Detective" (1884). the battle of Bladensburg while leading a com- PINKHAM, William Cyprian, Canadian An- pany of riflemen. In 1814 he resigned his post glican bishop, b. in St. Johns, Newfoundland, 11 as attorney-general when the law was passed re- Nov., 1844. "He was graduated at St. Augustine's quiring that officer to reside at the seat of govern- college, Canterbury, England, in 1869, ordained ment. In 1815 he was elected to congress from priest in the established church in 1869, came to Baltimore, but he resigned the next year on being Canada, became chief superintendent of the Prot- appointed by President Monroe minister to Russia estant schools of Manitoba in 1871, which office and special envoy to Naples. He remained abroad he resigned in 1883, and was appointed archdea- two years, but, feeling the want of his legal income, con of Manitoba in 1882. In 1887 he was made he resigned in 1818, returned to Baltimore, and re- bishop of Saskatchewan, and in 1888 he became sumed the practice of his profession. He was en- bishop of Saskatchewan and Calgary, gaged in most of the chief cases in the supreme PINKNEY, William, statesman, b. in Annapo- court of the United States during the next four lis, Md., 17 March, 1764; d. in Washington, 25 years. In 1820 he was elected to the U. S. senate Feb., 1822. His father was an Englishman by birth and took an active part in the discussion on the and was a loyalist during the American Revolu- admission of Missouri into the Union. He con- tion. Young Pinkney tinued also his labors in the supreme court, and showed his independ- while engaged in his double duties at the bar and ent spirit as a boy by in the senate he was attacked by the illness that ter- joining the patriotic minated his life.-William's son, Edward Coate, side. Owing to the author, b. in London, England, 1 Oct., 1802; d. in troubled state of the Baltimore, 11 April, 1828, passed the first nine times, his early edu- years of his life in the British metropolis, at the cation was imperfect, end of which time he was brought by father to but he made up for the home of the family in Baltimore. Soon after his this deficiency by dili- arrival, young Pinkney entered college, but before gent application as he he had completed his studies he was taken away approached manhood. and placed in the U. S. navy. After remaining six He first chose medi- years he resigned on account of a quarrel with cine as a profession, Com. Ridgely, his superior officer, whom he chal- but becoming acquaint- lenged to fight a duel. The commodore treated ed with Judge Samuel the challenge as the freak of a boy, and declined to Chase, who offered to notice it. This roused the anger of the young take him as a pupil, he midshipman, and he posted Ridgely in the streets began the study of law of Baltimore. After leaving the navy, Pinkney at Baltimore in 1783, began the study of the law, and in 1824 was ad- and three years afterward was admitted to the bar. mitted a member of the Baltimore bar. But he He practised successfully in Harford county. Md., was known to be a poet, a character which the wis- for a few years, and was sent from that district in dom of the world has decided to be incompatible 1788 to the State convention that ratified the con- with those serious studies necessary for eminence stitution of the United States. In the same year at the bar. In 1825 he published his exquisite he was elected to the house of delegates, in which poems in a thin volume of about sixty pages. he continued to represent Harford county till his They were written between his twentieth and return to Annapolis in 1792. His speeches in the twenty-second year. Of these “ The Health” and legislature by his natural eloquence and his pure " The Picture Song” are still popular. Extracts and felicitous diction won for him more than a from them were circulated throughout the United local reputation. From 1792 till 1795 he was a States, and established his reputation. As an evi- member of the executive council of Maryland. In dence of the estimation in which he was held, it is 1796 President Washington appointed him a com- sufficient to mention that when it was determined missioner on the part of the United States, under to publish biographical sketches of the five greatest Jay's British treaty of 1794, to determine the claim poets of the country, with their portraits, Edward of American merchants to compensation for losses Pinkney was requested to sit for his miniature to and damages by acts of the English government. be used in the proposed volume. Tired of the law, This was the beginning of his diplomatic career which he found even less profitable than poetry, abroad. The particular service, involving the con- Pinkney in 1825 embarked for Mexico, with the Bintrey а PINKNEY 27 PINTARD 66 He was . intention of joining the patriots, who were fighting and Mary in 1873. Dr. Pinkney was elected assist- for the independence of their country. But the ant bishop of Maryland, and was consecrated in Mexican navy was full, and while waiting for a the Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D. C., 6 vacancy he became involved in a quarrel with a Oct., 1870. On the death of Bishop Whittingham native, whom he killed in a duel and was obliged ! in October, 1879, he became bishop of the diocese. to flee the country. He returned to Baltimore dis- He published a Life" of his uncle, William Pink- appointed, discouraged, and almost crushed by ney (New York, 1853), and a “ Memoir of John II. sickness and sorrow. The year after his return ! Alexander, LL, D.,” which he read before the Mary- from Mexico, Pinkney was appointed professor of land historical society (Baltimore, 1867). rhetoric and belles-lettres in the University of PINNEY, Norman, clergyman, b. in Simsbury, Maryland. There was no salary attached to the Conn., 21 Oct., 1800 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 1 post, but it was given to him in recognition of his Oct., 1862. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, and brilliant scholarship. In December, 1827, he was then studied for the ministry of the Protestant chosen editor of the “ Marylander,” a political Episcopal church under Bishop Thomas C. Brown- newspaper that had been established in the interest ell, by whom he was ordained. In 1824 he became of John Quincy Adams, at that time president of tutor at Washington (now Trinity) college, and in the United States. A few months after taking 1826 he was made professor of ancient languages, charge of the Marylander" Pinkney's health, which chair he then held for five years. which had been declining gradually, failed, and by called to the charge of a church in Mobile in 1831, 1 April, 1828, he was on his death-bed.- Another but, becoming a Unitarian, he resigned, and in son, Frederick, b. at sea, 14 Oct., 1804; d. 13 June, 1839 attempted to found a college in that city. 1873, was deputy attorney-general of Maryland, This project failed on account of his inability to and assistant editor of the ** Marylander,” and sub- secure a satisfactory faculty. In 1852 he was asso- sequently of the “ Baltimore Patriot.” During the ciated with Joseph Rindge in establishing a large civil war he published poems and songs that be boys' school, which was called the Collegiate insti- came popular. – William's brother, Ninian, au- tute of Mobile. Mr. Pinney was a scholar of no thor, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1776; d. there, 16 mean ability. He contributed poetry to periodi- Dec., 1825, entered the U. S. army as lieutenant of cals, and was the author of a series of text-books. infantry in 1799, became captain in 1807, was major including “ First Book in French " (New York); of the 5th infantry, and aide to Gen. James Wil. “ Key to the Same”; “ Progressive French Reader”; kinson in 1813, became lieutenant-colonel in 1814, and “ Practical French Reader.” and commanded the 5th regiment at Lyons' creek, PINTARD, Lewis, merchant, b. in New York for which service he was honorably mentioned in city, 12 Oct., 1732; d. in Princeton, N. J., 25 March, the report of the commanding officer. In 1820 1818. He was descended from a French Protestant he was promoted colonel. In 1807-8 he made a family that fled to this country on the revocation tour of the south of France, an account of which of the edict of Nantes. At the age of sixteen he he embodied in a book entitled - Travels in the succeeded his father in a large shipping and com- South of France and in the Interior of the Prov- mission business with the East Indies and London. inces of Provence and Languedoc by a Route never During the Revolutionary war he was agent for before performed ” (London, 1809). Leigh Hunt American prisoners, and administered the scanty said of this book: “It set all the idle world to funds that congress was able to supply toward going to France to live on the charming banks of mitigating the sufferings of the captives with the Loire.”-Ninian's son, Ninian, surgeon, b. in fidelity and economy, for which he received the Annapolis, Md., 7 June, 1811; d. near Easton, Md., thanks of Gen. Washington. After the war he was 15 Dec., 1877, was graduated at St. John's college, the chief importer of Madeira wine into the United Annapolis, Md., in 1829, and at Jefferson medical States, and exporter of flaxseed to Ireland, but, college in 1833. He entered the U. S. navy as as- owing to the failure of his consignee in Dublin, his sistant surgeon in 1834, became surgeon in 1841, cargoes were seized and bills drawn to the amount was fleet surgeon of the Mississippi squadron in of £20,000 were sent back protested. He then en- 1863–5, and became medical director with the rank gaged in the importation of sugar and molasses of commodore in 1871. He received the degree of from the West Indies, which he carried on with LL. D. from St. John's college in 1873. Dr. Pink much success until the interference with American ney delivered many addresses, including - Home vessels by British cruisers in 1812 led to his re- and Foreign Policy of the United States” before tirement. He withdrew to Princeton, N. J., where the house of delegates of Maryland (1855); one on he spent the latter part of his life. Mr. Pintard the presentation of the American flag that was ranked as one of the great merchants of his time, hoisted by Com. Matthew C. Perry in Japan (18.5.3); and was one of the incorporators of the Chamber and an address before the societies of St. John's of commerce, which was established by George III. college (1873).--William's nephew, William, P. E. in 1770 and by the New York legislature in 1784. bishop, h. in Annapolis, Md., 17 April, 1810; d. in He married Susannah Stockton, sister of Richard Cockeysville, Ma., 4 July, 1883, was graduated at Stockton, and was connected with many of the best St. John's college, Annapolis, in 1827, prepared for families in this country: -Ilis nephew, John, phi- the ministry, and was orilained deacon in Christ lanthropist, b. in New York city, 18 May, 1759 d. church, Cambridge, Ma., 12 April, 1835, by Bishop there, 21 June, 1814. On the arrival of the British Stone, and priest in All Saints' church, Frederick, troops in New York city he left Princeton college Mi., 27 May, 1836, by the same bishop. For a brief and joined the patriot forces, but returned in time period he was in charge of the parish in Somer- to receive his degree in 1776. Subsequently he set. From that place he removed to Bladensburg, served on several military expeditions and then be- where he became rector of St. Matthias's church. came deputy commissary of American prisoners in Several years later he accepted the rectorship of New York under his uncle, Louis. In this capacity the Church of the Ascension. Washington, D. C., it was his duty to examine and relieve the wants of which he held when he was called to the episcopate. the prisoners, and he continued so engaged until He received the degree of D. D. from St. John's 1781. After peace had been established he turned college in 1855, and that of LL. D. from Columbian his attention to the shipping business, having in- university, Washington, D. C., and from William herited a large fortune from his mother, which he 28 PINZON PINTARD subsequently lost by engaging with William Duer | in the “ New York Medical Repository," and a notice in Alexander Hamilton's scheme for funding the of “Philip Freneau" in the New York Mirror” national debt. In 1787 he was sent to the legisla- (1833), and translated the “ Book of Common ture, and for a time he was also translator of the Prayer" into French for the Huguenot church in French language for the government. He edited New York city, of which he was a vestryman for the New York * Daily Advertiser” in 1802, but he thirty-four years. His version is still used. soon relinquished it and visited New Orleans on PỈNTO, Bento Teixeira (peen'-to), Brazilian business. The knowl- poet, b. in Pernambuco in the first half of the 16th edge of the province of century; d. about 1610. He coinposed and pub- Louisiana that he ac- lished a poem in eight-line stanzas entitled " Pro- quired there led to his sopopéa,” dedicated to Jorge de Albuquerque Co- being called in 1803 by elho (Rio Janeiro, 1601). This work, which had Albert Gallatin, then become extremely rare, was reprinted in 1872 by secretary of the treas- the librarian of the Rio Janeiro national and pub- ury, to express his views lic library from the original copy, which was dis- as to the natural re- covered in the library, where it had lain neglected. sources of this colony, In 1601 he also published in Rio Janeiro a “ Dia- and he responded fa- | logo sobre as grandezas do Brazil” and a “ Narra- vorably. Indeed, his tivo de naufragio de Jorge Coelho em su viagem exact information con- de Pernambuco sobre ó navio Santo Antonio em cerning the value of 1565," republished in “ Historia das tragedias mari- the province was be- timas” (Rio Janeiro, 1852). yond doubt the most PINTO, Francisco Antonio, Chilian states- important considera- man, b. in Santiago about 1785 ; d. there in 1858. Juhn Purard tion submitted to the He acquired a good education, and when very authorities, and the one young was graduated as a lawyer in the University that led to its purchase. of San Felipe. Soon afterward the revolution of For many years after 1804 he was first city inspec- 1810 began, and he took part in the patriotic move- tor, and during the war of 1812, owing to scarcity ment. The following year he went to Buenos of change, he was authorized by the corporation to Ayres as a diplomatic agent, and in 1813 he was issue notes of fractional denominations. He was sent to London with a like commission. He served secretary of the Mutual assurance company from in 1817 in the Argentine Republic under the orders 1809 till 1829, and in 1819 he originated the first of Gen. Manuel Belgrano (q. 1.), but in 1821 he savings bank that was established in New York returned to Chili and went to Peru with the Chilian city, serving as its second president from 1823 till liberating army. On his return to Chili he was 1842. From 1819 till 1829 he was secretary of the elected vice-president of the republic: when Gen. New York chamber of commerce, and it was prin- Freire resigned the presidency in 1827 Pinto as- cipally through his interest that that body was re- sumed the executive. He accomplished many re- established after the war. Mr. Pintard was treas- forms, promoted public instruction, and enlarged urer of the Sailors' Snug Harbor in 1819-23, and the National library. He resigned on 14 July, 1829, he was instrumental in the purchase of property on and, although in the same year he was re-elected, Staten island, where the home is now located. In he resigned again in 1830. Afterward he lived in 1804 he was active in founding the New York retirement for several years, but later he occupied historical society, to which he presented many the offices of senator and councillor of state.- His valuable works on colonial history, and he was son, Anibal, president of Chili, b. in Santiago in likewise instrumental in establishing the Massa- 1824; d. in Valparaiso in 1884, studied in the Uni- chusetts historical society in 1791, winning the versity of Chili, in 1845 was appointed attaché of title of "father of historical societies” in this the Chilian legation in Rome, and in 1848 promoted country. Mr. Pintard was also active in the foun- secretary. On his return to Chili he was called to dation of the American Bible society, served as its the chair of philosophy and the humanities in the secretary and then as its vice-president, and was university. During the government of Jose Joaquin the first sagamore of the Tammany society. He Perez (q. 2.) in 1862 he was appointed intendant of was manager of lotteries in New York city when the province of Concepcion, and during his long such were fashionable, and it is believed that Co- administration he embellished the capital and im- lumbia college received the grant of the Botanic proved its hospitals and highways. He was elected gardens, containing twenty acres, by his interven- deputy to congress several times, and in 1869 was tion and the aid of De Witt Clinton and David offered the portfolio of the treasury, which he re- Hosack. On 19 Feb., 1805, with others, he began fused, not wishing to take part in politics. In 1870 the efforts that resulted in the present free-school he was appointed senator, and was one of the prin- system of New York city, and he was also active in cipal promoters of the railway that unites the port all the movements that resulted in the building of Talcahuano with the province of Ñuble. When and completion of the Erie canal. Mr. Pintard Federico Errazuriz (9.1) occupied the presidency projected the plan of streets and avenues that of Chili in 1871, he called Pinto to organize a cabi- is now in existence in the upper part of New York. net; but the latter declined, accepting only the From 1800 till near the close of his life there were portfolio of war and the navy, which he occupied few enterprises of public utility that he did not three years. In 1876 he was elected president of further by his pen and purse. Mr. Pintard was Chili. During his administration the war against one of the chief supporters of the General theo- Peru and Bolivia began in 1879, and by his energy logical seminary, devising ways and means for the means for its prompt prosecution were for- its removal from New Haven to New York city, warded to the front. On 8 Sept., 1881, he delivered and presenting it with many valuable works. In the executive to his successor, Domingo Santa 1885 Pintard Hall, one of the dormitories of the Maria, and retired into private life. seminary, was erected in his honor. The degree of PINZON, Martin Alonso (pin-thone'), Spanish LL. D. was conferred on him by Allegheny college navigator, b. in Palos de Moguer in 1441; d. there in 1822. He published an account of New Orleans in 1493. He was descended from a family of sea- PINZON 29 PINZON men, and became an able pilot, but retired from equinoctial line, lost sight of the north star, and active service and was the senior partner of the on 20 Jan., 1500, descried land, being thus the first firm of Pinzon Brothers, ship-builders at Palos de to discover Brazil, and naming the Cape Santa Moguer. According to Francis Parkman in his Maria de la Consolacion (now Cape St. Agustinho). " Pioneers of France in the New World,” Pinzon He landed with a notary and witnesses to take pos- sailed on board the vessel of one Cousin, a navi- session of the country for the king of Spain, but, gator of Dieppe, in 1488, and they were on the being attacked by warlike Indians, re-embarked, coast of Africa when their vessel was forced by and, coasting to the northwest, discovered the storms far to the southwest, where they descried an mouth of the Amazon, which he called Santa Maria unknown land and discovered the mouth of a de la Mar Dulce, and continued to explore the coast mighty river. On the return voyage Pinzon's con- to the Gulf of Paria. He arrived in Spain on 30 duct became so mutinous that Cousin made com- Sept. after a disastrous homeward voyage, in which plaint to the admiralty, and the offender was dis- he lost two ships and all his fortune. In 1506 he missed from the maritime service of the town, associated himself with Juan Diaz de Solis (9. 1'.) communicating on his return to Spain the discovery for the discovery of a passage from the Atlantic to to Columbus. The same fact is cited by Léon the Indian ocean, and after landing on the coast of Guérin in “ Navigateurs Français,” and by Charles Honduras, in the island of Guanaja, they entered Estancelin in “ Navigateurs Normands.” But other the Gulf of Mexico and discovered Yucatan and historians affirm that Pinzon had not navigated for the Bay of Campeachy, which they called Natividad. years when, being called to Rome on business, he On his return he was summoned to court to consult heard of the projects of Columbus, and made in- with Americo Vespucci upon new discoveries to be quiries at the holy office. There he learned of the made. Again, in association with Solis, he went dimes and tithes that had been paid to the holy in 1508 on a new expedition to South America, and see before the beginning of the 15th century by a coasted the shores of Brazil from Cape St. Agus- country named Vinland, and saw charts that had tinho to latitude 40° S. He quarrelled with Solis, been made by the Norman explorers, after which and on their return to Seville in 1509 they were he resolved to trust Columbus. On his return to not received with favor. Solis was imprisoned, and Spain he was consulted by Queen Isabella's advisers Pinzon escaped punishment only on account of his on Columbus's schemes, and gave a favorable long services. After that time he gave up naviga- answer, which greatly aided the Genoese navigator, tion and settled in Palos de Moguer. Pinzon's and when Columbus obtained permission to arm descendants exist in Ihuelva and Moguer, and they three ships, Pinzon provided an eighth of the ex- have always been navigators. He wrote a relation penses: He took command of the caravel “La of his explorations, which is preserved among the Pinta,” but from the first showed his desire to rival manuscripts in the archives of Simancas.-- Another Columbus, always sailing in advance of the other brother, Francisco Martin, b. in Palos de Moguer ships and refusing to obey the admiral. When about 1462; d. at sea in July, 1500, served as a land was seen, Pinzon pretended to have been the pilot under his brother, Martin Alonso, in the ex- first to discover it, and a Te Deum was sung on pedition of 1492, and was likewise hostile to Co- board his ship. On 21 Nov., 1492, he separated lumbus. After the death of his elder brother he from the expedition off Cuba for the purpose of became the managing partner of the business firm taking possession of the treasures that were to be in Moguer, and, having reconciled himself with his found in that island, according to the natives. brother, Vicente Yañez, he was attached as pilot to When he again met Columbus, on his return the expedition of 1499. During the homeward voyage in January. 1493, near Cape Monte Cristo, journey he commanded one of the two ships that he' attributed his parting company to stress of went down in a hurricane off Hispaniola, and was weather, and the admiral feigned to believe his lost with all his crew.– Their nephew, Arias Mar- excuses. On the homeward journey he separated tin, Spanish navigator, b. in Palos de Moguer in from Columbus again in a storm off the Azores, 1465; d. there in 1510, was the only son of an elder and made all possible sail for the purpose of ar- brother, and was already a pilot of repute at the riving before the admiral and claiming the dis- time of the expedition of Columbus. He embarked covery; but he was carried by a hurricane to as such on board “ La Niña,” was a stanch supporter Galicia, where he was detained several days, and of Columbus during the voyage, and often took asked by letter an audience from the king. Ile the admiral's part against Martin Alonso, his arrived in Palos on the evening of the same day uncle and former guardian. Arias accompanied with the admiral and set out immediately for | Columbus also in his second and third voyages to Madrid, but was met on his way by a messenger America, and in 1499 obtained, with his uncle, who forbade his appearance at court. Anger, envy, Vicente Yañez, permission to make new discoveries. and resentment shattered his health, and he died a Stress of weather separated him for some time from few weeks later in Palos de Moguer.-IIis brother, the latter, but they joined again, toward the close Vicente Yañez, Spanish navigator, b. in Palos de of January, 1500, off Cape St. Agustinho, and they Moguer about 1460; d. there about 1524, provided sailed in company to the mouth of the Amazon, also an eighth of the expenses for the expedition of when they parted again, Vicente steering for the Columbus, and was appointed commander of the Guiana coast, while Arias made sail to the south- caravel “ La Niña.” Unlike his brother, he was ward along the coast of Brazil. It is probable always faithful to the admiral, and when the flag- that he advanced as far as the present Bay of Rio ship - Santa Maria was wrecked, 24 Dec., 1492, off Janeiro. In the Gulf of Paria he fell in again with the coast of Hispaniola, he rescued Columbus, who Vicente Yañez. During the following years he embarked upon Pinzon's vessel. According to established a trade between Moguer and Cuba, llis- Gomara, he accompanied Columbus in his second | paniola, and the other American possessions, in and third voyages to the New World; but other his which he made a large fortune. In 1507 and 1509 he torians dispute this. In 1499, having obtained accompanied the expeditions of his uncle, Vicente, a concession for new discoveries, he armed four and Solis, which proved unfortunate. Several his- caruvels in partnership with his nephew, Arias torians assert that Arias Pinzon wrote a narrative Martin, and sailed from Palos de Moguer, 13 Nov., of his travels which is preserved among the manu- 1499. Steering to the southward, he crossed the scripts of the Escorial; but this has not been proved. 30 PISON PIPER 92 . 66 PIPER, Richard Upton, physician, b. in Stra- | lyn, which became the Roman Catholic church of tham, N. H., 3 April, 1818. He was graduated at St. Charles Borromeo, and he assumed the pastor- Dartmouth medical school in 1840, and now (1888) ate of it in 1849. His works are " Father Row- practises his profession in Chicago, Ill. Besides land," a tale in answer to “ Father Clement (Bal- contributing to various medical periodicals, he has timore, 1829); "Indian Cottage, a Unitarian Story” published a treatise on “Operative Surgery,” illus- (1829); “ History of the Church from its Establish- trated with about 2,000 drawings by the author ment to the Reformation” (5 vols., 1830); “ The (Boston, 1852), and “ The Trees of America ” (4 Pleasures of Religion, and other Poems ” (Phila- parts, 1857, incomplete). He also drew the illus- delphia, 1833); “ Horze Vagabundæ,” an account of trations for Maclise's “ Surgical Anatomy.” his travels in Ireland ; “ Alethia, or Letters on the PIRES, Francisco (pee-rays), Brazilian mis- Truth of the Catholic Doctrines” (New York, 1843); sionary, b. in Celorico, Portugal, about 1520; d. in The Acts of the Apostles," a poem (1845): “Zeno- Bahia, Brazil, in 1586. He became a Jesuit in 1548, sins, or the Pilgrim Convert" (1845); "Letters to afterward went to Brazil as a missionary, and was Ada”; “Lives of St. Ignatius and his First Com- for several years rector of the College of Bahia. panions" (1845); “ Notes on a Protestant Cate- He wrote “ Cartas Annuas aos Padres da Provincia chism”; “The Catholic Bride,” translated from de Portugal escriptas na Bahia a 17 de Setembro, the Italian (Baltimore, 1848); and “ Christianity 1552” (Italian translation, Venice, 1559) and and the Church" (1850). * Cartas escriptas da Capitania do Espirito Santo PISKARET, Simon, Algonquin chief, b, in Ot- ao P. Manoel de Nobrega em o anno de 1558," also tawa, Canada, in 1602; d. near Three Rivers in published in Italian (1562). March, 1646. He was champion of the Algonquins, PIRTLE, Henry, jurist, b. in Washington and his marvellous exploits are still recounted county, Ky., 5 Nov., 1798 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 28 among the northwestern Indians. At first he was March, 1880. His parents were among the early set- an enemy of the Jesuits, but he became a Christian tlers in Kentucky. The son received a good English in 1642, in the hope of gaining French favor, and education, working at intervals on his father's soon afterward was really a convert. His conver- farm, studied law, and after practising five years sion aided the French colonization of Canada, and in Harford, Ohio county, removed in 1825 to Louis- secured a momentary peace between the French ville. A few months later he was appointed a and the Indian allies and the Six Nations. This judge of the general court to fill a vacancy, which was brought about in the following manner, ac- post he resigned in 1832 and engaged in active cording to Parkman in his “ Jesuits in North practice. He was again appointed in 1842, but America”: In the spring of 1645 Piskaret, with again resigned in a few days, at the close of the six other converted Indians, set out on a war- pending term of court. In 1840 he was elected to party, and, after killing fourteen Iroquois, made the state senate, and while chairman of the com- two prisoners, whom, owing to the instructions of mittee on Federal relations he made a report that his Jesuit teacher, he treated with unexampled for- condemned certain state-rights resolutions of the bearance. He led them to Sillery, and presented South Carolina and Virginia legislatures. The them to Gov. Montmagny, and they were after- same construction of the constitution that was ward conveyed to Three Rivers, where Champleur, made in this report was laid down several days the commandant, after clothing and equipping later by the U. S. supreme court. Judge Pirtle them, sent them home. The Mohawks felt this was chancellor of the Louisville chancery court and kindness deeply, and on 5 July following they professor of constitutional law, equity, and commer- sent an embassy to Three Rivers, led by the chief cial law in the University of Louisville in 1846-'68. Kiotsatou. The result was that, on 17 Sept., a He published “ Digest of the Decisions of the Court grand council was held at Three Rivers by Gov. of Appeals of Kentucky” (2 vols., Louisville, 1832). Montmagny, the Jesuit superiors, and representa- PISE, Charles Constantine, clergyman, b. in tives of various tribes, at which a general peace was Annapolis, Md., in 1802; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 26 concluded, and, although it lasted scarcely a year, May, 1866. After graduation at Georgetown col- it had valuable results for the colonization of lege, D. C., he entered the College of the propa- Canada. Piskaret now followed agriculture in ganda, Rome, but was obliged to leave, owing to his domain near Three Rivers. He was killed by his father's death, and completed his theological surprise by a party of Mohawks toward the close course in Mount St. Mary's seminary, Emmetts- of March, 1646, when peace was partially broken. burg, at the same time teaching classes in rhetoric PISON, Willem (pe'-son), Dutch naturalist, b. and poetry. He was ordained there in 1825, and in Leyden in 1596; d. there in 1681. He studied appointed to a mission in Frederick, Md., but medicine and practised his profession successively was transferred soon afterward to the cathedral at in Leyden and Amsterdam. In 1637 he followed Baltimore. After doing missionary work for sev- Prince Maurice de Nassau-Siegen (9. 1.) to Brazil. eral years his health failed, and he went to Italy. With the help of two German students, one of He had already become recognized as the pioneer whom was George Marggraff (q. '.), he explored that of Roman Catholic literature in the United States, country, and, discovering the ipecacuanha-tree, pop- and at Rome received the degree of D. D., and was ularized its use in medicine. Returning to Leyden made a knight of the Holy Roman Empire. On in 1645 with a fine collection, which he presented his return he was attached to St. Patrick's church to the city, he showed his manuscript to Jean de in Washington. He was an intimate friend of Laet, who inserted in his " Historia naturalis Brasi- Henry Clay, and, partly through the influence of liæ" (Leyden, 1648) Pison's treatise “ De Medi- the latter, was appointed chaplain of the U. S. sen- cinæ Brasiliensi, Libri IV.” After the death of ate, being the only Roman Catholic priest that ever Prince Maurice, Pison entered the service of the held that office. The same statesman offered Dr. Elector of Brandenburg, but, returning later to Pise a chair in Transylvania university ; but he pre- Holland, he published a revised edition of his ferred active missionary work. He removed to 'former work with many additions, under the title New York on the invitation of Bishop Dubois, and of " De India utriusque re naturali et medicini, was connected with several churches in the city, Libri XIV" (Amsterdam, 1658). Plumier dedicated also attaining a reputation as a lecturer and to Pison a plant of the Nictaginei family, arbor preacher. He purchased Emmanuel church, Brook- spinis horrida Pisonia. à PITCAIRN 31 PITCHLYNN PITCAIRN, John, British soldier, b. in Fife- PITCHER, Thomas Gamble, soldier, b. in shire, Scotland, about 1740; d. in Boston, Mass., 17 Rockport, Spencer co., Ind., 23 Oct., 1824. He was June, 1775. He became captain of marines on 10 graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, Jan., 1765, and major in April , 1771, and was and assigned to the 5th infantry, with which he stationed for several years in Boston, where he is served in the military occupation of Texas. He said to have been the only British officer that dealt was transferred to the 8th infantry in 1846, and fairly with the people in their disputes with the during the war with Mexico took part in the en- soldiery. He took part in the expedition that was gagements at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San An- despatched by Gen. Gage to Lexington on the tonio, Contreras, and Churubusco, for which he morning of 19 April, 1775, and was sent in advance was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Molino del Rey, Cha- with six companies with orders to press on to Con- pultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico. cord and secure the two bridges there. At Lexing. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 26 June, 1849, ton he found the local militia drawn up and and was on duty at posts in Texas and Arkansas ordered them to disperse. The skirmish that fol- till the civil war, serving as depot-commissary at lowedl, which is known as the battle of Lexington, San Antonio in 1857-'9, and receiving his promo- was begun by the British, according to the received tion to a captaincy, 19 Oct., 1858. He served in account. The statement that Pitcairn began it by defence of Harper's Ferry in June, 1862, and in the giving the order to fire is adopted as the true one Virginia campaign of that year, being brevetted by George Bancroft in his “ History of the United major for services at Cedar Mountain, where he States,” but other accounts say that there was des- was severely wounded. He was commissioned ultory firing before the order. Pitcairn insisted brigadier-general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, till his death that the minute-men had fired first. but was disabled by his wound till 10 Jan., 1863. Later, in the retreat from Concord to Boston, Pit He was on duty as commissary and provost-mar- cairn was obliged to abandon his horse and pistols. shal during the rest of the war, attaining the rank It the battle of Bunker Hill he was the first to of major on 19 Sept., 1863, and receiving all the ascend the redoubt in the third and final assault, brevets up to and including brigadier-general in crying, as he did so, “ Now for the glory of the the regular army on 13 March, 1865. He was made marines," but he was shot by a negro soldier in the colonel of the 44th infantry, 28 July, 1866, served last volley that was fired by the provincials. He as superintendent of the U. S. military academy was carried by his son to a boat and conveyed to from 28 Aug. of that year till 1 Sept. , 1871, and Boston, where he died shortly afterward. His was governor of the Soldiers' home at Washington, widow was given a pension of £200 by the British D. C., in 1871-'7. He was then on special duty or government. Pitcairn left eleven children, of whom leave of absence till his retirement on 28 June, the eldest, David, became an eminent physician in 1878, “ for disability contracted in the line of duty." London, and died in 1809. From 1 March, 1880, till 15 Oct., 1887, he was PITCHER, Nathaniel, governor of New York, superintendent of the New York state soldiers' b. in Litchfield, Conn., in 1777; d. in Sandy Hill, and sailors' home. X. Y., 25 May, 1836. He removed early in life to PITCHLYNN, Peter P., Choctaw chief, b. in Sandy Hill, N. Y., and was a member of the legis- Hush-ook-wa (now part of Noxubee county, Miss.), lature of that state in 1806 and 1815-'17, and of the 30 Jan., 1806; d. in Washington, D. C., in January, State constitutional convention in 1821. He was 1881. His father was a white man, bearing Gen. elected to congress as a Democrat, holding his seat Washington's commission as an interpreter, and in 1819–23, was chosen lieutenant-governor of New his mother was a Choctaw. He was brought up York in 1826, and, by the death of Gov. De Witt like an Indian boy, but manifesting a desire to be Clinton, became governor in February, 1828, serv- educated, he was sent 200 miles to school in Ten- ing till January, 1829. He was afterward again in nessee, that being the nearest to his father's log- congress in 1831–3.— His brother, Zina, physician, cabin. At the end of the first quarter he returned b. in Sandy Hill, N. Y., 12 April, 1797; d. in De- home to find his people engaged in negotiating a troit, Mich., 5 April, 1872, received an academical treaty with the general government. As he con- education, and in 1822 was graduated in medicine sidered the terms of this instrument a frand upon at Middlebury college, Vt. He was appointed his tribe, he refused to shake hands with Gen. assistant surgeon in the U. S. army on 8 May of Andrew Jackson, who had the matter in charge on that year, and surgeon with rank of major on 13 | behalf of the Washington authorities. He after- July, 1832, but resigned on 31 Dec., 1836, after see- ward attended the Columbia, Tenn., academy, and ing service in the south, southeast, and southwest. was ultimately graduated at the University of In 1835 he was president of the army medical board, Nashville. Although he never changed his opinion and from 2 Feb. till 31 Aug., 1839, he served again regarding the treaty, he became a strong friend of as assistant surgeon. Meanwhile he had removed Gen. Jackson, who was a trustee of the latter in- to Detroit, where he practised till his death, attain- stitution. After graduation he returned to Missis- ing note in his profession. He was a regent of the sippi, became a farmer, and married, being the first ['niversity of Michigan in 1837–52, took an active Choctaw to depart from the practice of polygamy. part in organizing the medical department of that He also did good service in the cause of temper- institution, and was afterward given the honorary ance, in recognition of which he was made a mem- title of emeritus professor there. Dr. Pitcher was ber of the national council. His first proposition a member of many professional bodies, and at one in that body was to establish a school, and, that the time served as president of the American medical students might become familiar with the manners asviation. He was for several years an editor of ! and customs of white people, it was located near the - Peninsular Journal," and published various | Georgetown, Ky., rather than within the limits of aldresses, reports, and contributions to profes- | the Choctaw country. Here it fiourished for many sonal journals. While he was in the army, sta- years, supported by the funds of the nation. In tiunert on the northern frontier, he studied the 1828 he was appointed the leader of an Indian habits, diseases, and remedies of the Indians, and delegation sent by the l'. S. government into the be was the contributor of an article on practi- Osage country on a pence-making and exploring cal therapeutics among the Indians to Henry R. expedition, preparatory to the removal of the Choc- Schoolcraft's work on the aborigines. taws, Chickasaws, and Creeks beyond the Missis- 32 PITKIN PITKIN . 66 a sippi. Six months were occupied in the journey, the civil, political, and military affairs of the col- and the negotiations were every way successful, ony. He married Hannah, daughter of Ozias Pitchlynn displaying no little diplomatic skill and Goodwin, the progenitor of the Goodwin family of courage. He emigrated to the new reservation Connecticut, who came to this country with Dr. with his people and built a cabin on Arkansas Thomas Hooker.— Their son, William, jurist, b. river. He was an admirer of Henry Clay, whom he in Hartford, Conn., in 1664; d. there, 5 April, 1723, met for the first time in 1840. He was ascending was a member of the committee of war that was the Ohio in a steamboat when Mr. Clay came on appointed with plenary power to send troops into board at Maysville. The Indian went into the Massachusetts and the frontier towns of Connecti- cabin and found two farmers earnestly engaged in cut, and that ordered, on 1 Jan., 1704, 400 men to talking about their crops. After listening to them be in readiness for any sudden occurrence. He with great delight for more than an hour, he re- studied law with his father, and was judge of the turned to his travelling companion, to whom he county and probate courts and of the court of as- said: “If that old farmer with an ugly face had sistants from 1702 till 1711 when the superior only been educated for the law, he would have court was established in place of the court of as- made one of the greatest men in this country.” sistants, and of which he was chief justice in 1713. He soon learned that the “old farmer" was Henry This office was held by four successive generations Clay. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 of William Pitkins. He was said to have been apt Pitchlynn was in Washington attending to public repartee as well as argument, and once, when a business for his tribe, and assured Mr. Lincoln that lawyer named Eels, in summing up a case, said, he hoped to keep his people neutral ; but he could “ The court will perceive that the pipkin is cracked," not prevent three of his own children and many Mr. Pitkin's reply was: “Not so much cracked, others from joining the Confederates. He himself your honor, but he will find it will do to stew eels remained a Union man to the end of the war, not- in yet.” In 1697 he was elected one of the council withstanding the fact that the Confederates raided of the colony, serving until his death. IIe was one his plantation of 600 acres and captured all his of the commissioners to receive the Earl of Bello- cattle, while the emancipation proclamation freed mont on his arrival in New York, was a commis- his 100 slaves. He was a natural orator, as his ad- sioner of war in 1706–7, one of a committee to dress to the president at the White House in 1855, prepare the manuscript laws of the colony in 1709, his speeches before the congressional committees and again to revise the said laws. In 1718 he was in 1868, and one delivered before a delegation of appointed one of a committee of three to build the Quakers at Washington in 1869, abundantly prove. first state-house in Hartford, and one of a commit- According to Charles Dickens, who met him while tee to prepare a map of the course of the Connecti- on his first visit to this country, Pitchlynn was a cut river from the mouth of it to the north bounds handsome man, with black hair, aquiline nose, of the colony, to be inserted in the plan of the broad cheek-bones, sunburnt complexion, and colony now ordered to be drawn." In 1706 he bright, keen, dark, and piercing eyes. He was built two fulling-mills at Pitkin's falls, in connec- buried in the Congressional cemetery at Washing- tion with which he conducted a large business in ton with masonic honors, the poet, Albert Pike, clothing and woollens, which was continued by his delivering a eulogy over his remains. See Charles sons. The second William's son, William, gov- Dickens's American Notes” and Charles Lan- ernor of Connecticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., 30 man's “Recollections of Curious Characters ” (Edin- April, 1694; d. in East Hartford, Conn., 1 Oct., burgh, 1881). 1769, was chosen town-collector in 1715, served in PITKIN, William, lawyer, b. near London, the colonial assembly from 1728 till 1734, was made England, in 1635; d. in East Hartford, Conn., 16 captain of a “train band" in 1730, and rose to colo- Dec., 1694. He received an excellent English edu- nel in 1739. He was elected to the council in 1734, cation, studied law, and settled in Hartford about appointed chief justice of the supreme court in 1659, where he taught, bought a tract of land on 1741, holding this office until 1766. From 1754 the east side of Connecticut river, and engaged till 1766 he was lieutenant-governor of Connecti- largely in planting. On 9 Oct., 1662, he was ad- cut, and was the first to resist the stamp-act passed mitted a freeman, and in that year was also made in 1765. He was one of the delegates to the Colo- prosecutor for the colony, became attorney for the nial convention in Albany on 19 June, 1754, and colony by appointment of the king in 1664, was also one of a committee, of which Benjamin Frank- deputy in 1675 and treasurer in 1676–7, and in lin was chairman, to prepare the plan of union that 1676 he went with Maj. John Talcott to nego- was adopted. He was governor of Connecticut tiate peace with the Narragansett and other Indian from 1766 till 1769, being elected by so great a ma- tribes. From 1665 till 1690, with the exception of jority " that the votes were not counted.” His a brief period, he was a member of the general urbanity and courtesy of manner were long remem- court, and occasionally served as commissioner bered, and a “Satire on the Governors of Connecti- from this colony to the United Colonies. In 1690 cut,” published in 1769, mentions him as a bowing, he was elected a member of the colonial council, and scraping, and continual hand-shaking.”-His which office he held until his death. In 1693 he brother, Joseph, b. in 1696; d. in 1762, was justice was appointed with Samuel Chester and Capt. of the peace, represented the town in the general William Whiting to a commissioner to run the assembly for twenty years, and was judge of the division-line between Connecticut and the Massa- county court in 1735. Ile was captain in the 3d chusetts colonies, and in that year he was sent by militia company and became colonel of the 1st regi- the colony to Gov. Benjamin Fletcher, of New ment in 1757. Ile mustered the company raised for York, to negotiate terms respecting the militia until the expedition against Crown Point, which was led Gov. Winthrop's return from England, whither he there by his brother, John, b. in 1707; d. in 1790, had gone for the same purpose. He laid out with who also served in the legislature, and presented John Crow the first Main and other streets of Hart- with others a memorial to incorporate the town of ford on the east side of the river. He owned a full- East Hartford, which was effected in 1783.- The ing-mill near Burnside, which was burned in 1690, third William's son, William, jurist, b. in Ilart- and the locality became known as Pitkin's falls. ford in 1725; d. there, 12 Dec., 1789, was major of Many of his descendants held important places in the 1st regiment of the colonial forces that were PITKIN 33 PITOU a raised for the expedition against Canada under PITMAN, Benn, stenographer, b. in Trow- Gen. Abercrombie in 1758, and was a member of bridge, Wiltshire, England, 22 July, 1822. He was the council of safety during the greater part of the educated in his native town, and in 1837 assisted Revolutionary war. He was appointed colonel in his brother in perfecting the latter's system of pho- 1762 and was a member of the council from 1766 nography. From 1843 till 1852 he lectured on the till 1785. In 1784 he was elected to congress. He system throughout Great Britain, and had a large was chief justice of the state supreme court for share in compiling his brother's text-books. At nineteen years, and was a delegate to the conven- Isaac's request he came to the United States in tion for the ratification of the constitution of the January, 1853, to give instruction in phonography, United States in 1788. He was connected with and settled at Cincinnati, where he has since re- large manufacturing interests in East Hartford, sided. In 1855 he discovered the process of pro- and in 1775 began to manufacture gunpowder for ducing relief copper-plates of engraved work by the Revolutionary war in the same mills owned by the galvanic process known as electrotypes, for his grandfather. This was the first powder-mill in which he was awarded a silver medal by the Cin- the state. - Another son, George, b. in 1709; d. in cinnati mechanics' institute in 1856. The follow- 1806, was clerk of the superior and supreme courts ing year he succeeded, in connection with Dr. J. B. for many years, was cominissioned captain in 1768, Burns, in producing stereotype plates by the gela- lieutenant-colonel in 1774, colonel in 1775, and tine process in photo-engraving. From his arrival commanded the 4th regiment of minute-men, with in this country until 1873 Mr. Pitman was chiefly which he marched to Boston on hearing of the engaged in reporting. In 1865–7 he acted as the battles of Concord and Lexington.-George's broth- official stenographer during the trials of the assas- er, Timothy, clergyman, b. 13 Jan., 1727; d. 8 sin of President Lincoln, the “Sons of Liberty," July, 1812, was graduated at Yale in 1747, was tutor the “Ku-Klux Klan," and other similar government there in 1750–'1, and a fellow of the corporation prosecutions. He also edited and compiled the from 1777 till 1804. He studied theology and was printed reports of these trials. In 1873 he aban- installed pastor of the Congregational church in doned reporting and became connected with the Farmington, Conn., in 1752. At the one hun school of design, now the art academy, of the Uni- dredth anniversary of the church in Farmington, versity of Cincinnati. His object was to secure the Rev. Noah 'Porter said that, while pastor of that development of American decorative art and to church and afterward, Rev. Mr. Pitkin “walked open up a new profession for women. The display with dignity up the centre aisle in flowing coat and of wood-carving and painting on china sent to the venerable wig, with his three-cornered hat in hand, Philadelphia centennial exhibition was the first bowing to the people on either side.”—The third attempt to give the public an idea of what had William's grandson, Timothy, lawyer, b. in Farm- been accomplished. Over one hundred pieces were ington, Conn., 21 Jan., 1766 ; d. in New Haven, exhibited, including elaborately decorated cabinets, Conn., 18 Dec., 1847, was the son of Rev. Timothy base-boards, bedsteads, doors, casings, mantels, pic- Pitkin. He graduated at Yale in 1785, devoted ture-frames, and book-cases-all the work of girls much time to astronomy, calculating the eclipses and women. Mr. Pitman still (1888) lectures and of 1800, studied law, was admitted to the bar, served teaches in the same institution. Besides many ele- in the legislature for several years, and was speaker mentary books of instruction on phonography, he of the house during five successive sessions. He was has published " The Reporter's Companion” (Cin- elected to congress as a Federalist, serving from 2 cinnati, 1854); “ The Manual of Phonography," Dec., 1805, till 3 March, 1819, and during his term of which 250,000 copies have been issued (1855); was esteemed good authority on the political his- ** Trials for Treason at Indianapolis" and "The tory of the country. Yale gave him the degree of Assassination of President Lincoln, and the Trial LL. D. in 1829. He was the author of “Statisti- of the Conspirators” (1865); and, with Jerome B. cal View of Commerce of the United States of Howard, “ The Phonographic Dictionary” (1883). America” (Hartford, 1816; 3d ed., New Haven, PITMAN, Marie J., author, b. in Hartwick, 1835) and “A Political and Civil Ilistory of the Otsego co., N. Y., 17 March, 1850. She is the United States of America from the Year 1763 to daughter of Lucius D. Davis, now (1888) editor of the Close of Washington's Administration ” (2 vols., the Newport, R. I., “Daily News," was educated by New Haven, 1828). He left in manuscript a contin- private tutors, and in 1866 married Theophilus T. uation of this work to the close of his own political Pitman. Her pen-name is “ Margery Deane," and life.-The second William's descendant through his she has written many children's stories and sketches son Joseph, Frederick Walker, governor of Colo- of travel, is the Newport correspondent of the Bos- rado, b. in Manchester, Conn., 31 Aug., 1837; d. in ton · Transcript” and other journals, and is the au- Pueblo, Col., 18 Dec., 1886, was graduated at Wes- thor of "Wonder World.” translations (New York, leyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1858, and 1878), and “ European Breezes” (Boston, 1880). at Albany law-school in 1859. In 1860 he went to PITOU, Louis Ange, French author, b. in Cha- the west and began to practise in Milwaukee, Wis. teaudun, France, in 1769 ; d. in France about 1828. His health became impaired, and he went to Eu- He entered the priesthood, but after the beginning rope, whence in 1873 he was brought home in a of the French revolution he abandoned his profes- dying condition, but removed to Colorado and en- sion. He was a zealous royalist, was arrested six- gaged in rough labor in the mines, regaining suffi- teen times, and finally transported to Guiana under cient health to resume his practice. lle also entered the Directory. Shortly after his arrival at Cayenne politics, and in 1878 was elected governor of Colo- he escaped, and after many adventures among the rado, and re-elected to this office in 1880 as a Re- natives he returned to France. He engaged in publican. He was prompt and fearless during the new conspiracies under the consulate, and was a riots at Leadville, his energetic action preventing few years in prison. He published “ Relation de the loss of many lives and the destruction of much mon voyage à Cayenne et chez les anthropo- valuable property. He was urged to become a can- phages " (Paris, 1805). This work, although full of didate for U.S. senator in 1883, but declined. The inaccuracies, excited the public curiosity, and a town and county of Pitkin, Col., were named in his second enlarged edition was published (2 vols., honor. A genealogy of the Pitkin family was pub- 1808). After the return of the Bourbons, Pitou re- lished by Albert P. Pitkin (Hartford, 1887). ceived a small pension. VOL. 1.-3 . 34 PITTS PITT : NGH PITT, William, English statesman, b. in Coimbra university. On his return to Brazil he Hayes, Kent, 28 May, 1759 ; d. in Putney, Surrey, wrote in Castilian a romance in imitation of the 23 Jan., 1806. He was the second son of the Earl “Palmeirim de Inglaterra," and composed verses of Chatham (q. v.), and was educated at Cambridge. of some merit. He resolved to write the history of His entire training was directed toward making Brazil, and went to Lisbon to obtain further data, him a parliamentary orator. He studied law at where, in order to secure more material, he studied Lincoln's Inn, and in 1780 became a member of French, Italian, and Dutch. After devoting half parliament for the borough of Appleby. His first of his life to the work, he published his “ Historia speech, on 26 Feb., 1781, was in favor of Edmund da America Portugueza desde su descobrimento Burke's plan of economical reform, and made a até 1724" (Rio Janeiro, 1730). great impression. When explaining the principles PITTENGER, William, soldier, b. in Knox- and conduct of his father on American affairs, and ville, Jefferson co., Ohio, 31 Jan., 1840. He stud- referring to Lord Westcote, he said : “ A noble lord ied in the county schools until he had reached the has called the American war a holy war. I affirm age of sixteen, and enlisted as a private in the 2d that it is a most accursed war, wicked, barbarous, Ohio volunteer infantry on 17 April, 1861. He cruel, and unnatural; served in the battle of Bull Run, and took part in conceived in injustice, the noted Andrews railroad raid which began on it was brought forth 7 April, 1862. He escaped execution as a spy, was and nurtured in fol- imprisoned until 18 March, 1863, received a medal ly; its footsteps are of honor, was promoted lieutenant, and returned marked with slaugh- to the army, in which he served until impaired ter and devastation, health forced him to resign in August, 1863. In while it meditates de- 1864 he entered the Pittsburg conference of the struction to the mis- Methodist Episcopal church, and in 1870 was trans- erable people who are ferred to the New Jersey conference, in which he now the devoted objects (1888) labors. Since 1878 he has been a professor of the resentments in the National school of elocution and oratory in which produced it. Philadelphia. He is the author of Daring and Where is the English- Suffering, a History of the Great Railroad Adven- man who can refrain turers” (Philadelphia, 1863; enlarged ed., New from weepingon what. York, 1887); “Oratory, Sacred and Secular” (Phila- ever side victory may delphia, 1881); and · Extempore Speech ” (1882). be declared ?” The PITTS, Edmund Levi, lawyer, b. in Yates, voice was listened to Orleans co., N. Y., 23 May, 1839. After receiving as that of Chatham an education at Yates academy he was graduated at "again living in his son with all his virtues and the State and national law-school in Poughkeepsie, all his talents.” In the next session Pitt distin- N. Y., in 1860. He was a member of the assembly guished himself more brilliantly, and on the rise from 1864 till 1868, its speaker in 1867, and from of the Rockingham ministry he was offered the 1869 till 1873 was Ú. S. assessor of internal reve- office of vice-treasurer of Ireland, which he de- He was a state senator from 1880 till 1887, clined. At the age of twenty-three he was the serving as president pro tempore in 1886–7. only member of his party in the house of commons PITTS, John, merchant, b. in England in 1668. that had the courage and eloquence to confront His father, Baruth Pitts, was mayor of Lyme Burke, Fox, and the other great orators of the op- Regis, England. The son emigrated to Boston in position. He became chancellor of the exchequer, 1694, became a merchant, and held several offices and in 1783 prime minister. He secured the pas- under the city. Smibert painted portraits of him sage of important bills, and negotiated the treaty and his wife.- His son, James, b. in Boston in of peace with the United States, but enforced the 1712; d. in 1776, was graduated at Harvard in navigation acts of England against America with 1731, and succeeded to his father's business and much severity. Owing to current events, his min- fortune. He married Elizabeth Bowdoin, sister of istry became enfeebled, and yet, notwithstanding Gov. James Bow- his failure in foreign expeditions, Pitt's extraordi- doin, in 1732, and nary genius as a parliamentary leader gave him was a member of absolute control of the house of commons and over- the king's council came opposition. He resigned his office in March, from 1766 till 1775. 1801, and lived in retirement. In May, 1803, when On the death of the ambitious designs of Napoleon forced England Gov. Bowdoin, Mr. to break the peace of Amiens, he appeared in par- Pitts became his ex- liament to deliver a speech in favor of the war. In ecutor. He and his the next year he was recalled to the ministry. He wife and their six became ill with anxiety and grief at the success of sons took an active Napoleon, and the surrender of the Austrian army part in the Revolu- at Ulm gave him a shock from which he never re- tion. Ilis house, covered. He died soon after hearing of the battle which stood on the of Austerlitz, 2 Dec., 1805. Parliament gave him spot that is now oc- the honor of a public funeral, and buried him near cupied by the How. his father's remains in Westminster abbey. See ard athenæum, was “Life of William Pitt," by Lord Stanhope (4 vols., a resort of the London, 1861–2). Adamses and other PITTA, Sebastião da Rocha (pit'-tah), Bra- patriots. In 1770, zilian historian, b. in Bahia, 3 May, 1660; d. in with Royal Tyler Paraguassu, 2 Nov., 1738. He studied in the Jesuit and Samuel Dexter, he was instrumental in persuad- college of Bahia, and there took the degree of ing Gov. Hutchinson to comply with the popular master of arts. At the age of sixteen he went demand for the removal of the troops from Boston. to Portugal, and was graduated in theology at He was for many years treasurer of the Society for nue. Sumes Pite PITZER 35 PIZARRO Rreurs. propagating Christian knowledge among the In- first news of a rich empire to the south, and dians. Blackburn painted portraits of both James Pizarro conceived the project of conquering it. and his wife.-James's eldest son, John, b. in Bos- He formed a partnership with Diego de Almagro ton in 1738 ; d. in Tyngsboro in 1815, was gradu- and Fernando de Luque, and, by lending Pedrarias ated at Harvard in 1757, was selectman of Boston some money for his from 1773 till 1778, represented the city in several expedition to Nica- provincial congresses, was speaker of the house in ragua, the partners 1778, and afterward state senator.—Another son, obtained permis- Lendall, b. in Boston in 1737; d. in 1787, was a pa- sion to form an triot and principal leader of the Boston “tea party." expedition. In No- -James's grandson, Thomas, soldier, b. in Bos- vember, 1524, Pi- ton in 1779; d. in 1836, was commissioned lieuten- zarro left Panama ant of light artillery in 1808, and captain in 1809, with eighty adven- and served through the war of 1812. turers, and some PITZER, Alexander White, clergyman, b. in time afterward Salem, Roanoke co., Va., 14 Sept., 1834. He was Almagro followed graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1854, and at with sixty men. Danville theological seminary, Ky., in 1857, after Both continued which he was pastor of Presbyterian churches in along the coast to Leavenworth, Kan., Sparta, Ga., and Liberty, Va., the southward, but and in 1868 organized in Washington, D. C., the in their attempts to Central Presbyterian church, of which he is now penetrate to the in- (1888) pastor. Since 1875 he has been also professor terior they met with a determined resistance, lost of biblical history and literature in Howard uni- many men, and, after sustaining terrible hardships, versity in that city. He was a member of the returned to Panama with news of the riches of Peru. Prophetic convention in New York city in 1878, Pedrarias, after much difficulty, permitted them to and assisted in drafting and reported the doctrinal arrange for another expedition; but the mishaps of testimony adopted by the conference. He has the first voyage frightened many adventurers, and taken an active part in promoting the union of the they could enlist only 160 men. They sailed again northern and southern divisions of his church. He in March, 1526, and, entering San Juan river, cap- received the degree of D. D. from Arkansas college tured an Indian town with abundant provisions in 1876. In addition to numerous contributions and $15,000 in gold, with which Almagro returned to denominational literature, he is the author of to Panama, while Pizarro remained, and sent his ** Ecce Deus Homo,” published anonymously (Phila- pilot, Bartolome Ruiz, to explore the southern delphia, 1867); " Christ, Teacher of Men (1877); coast. Pedro de los Rios, who had succeeded Pe- and “The New Life not the Higher Life” (1878). drarias as governor, refused to permit any further PIZARRO, Francisco (pe-thar'-ro), Spanish enlistment, and sent a vessel to bring the expedi- soldier, b. in Trujillo, Estremadura, in 1476; d. in tion back. But Pizarro, who, with the small rem- Lima, Peru, 26 June, 1541. He was a natural son nant of his force, had retired before the warlike of Gonzalo Pizarro, a colonel of infantry, and, al- Indians to the island of El Gallo, refused to obey, though he was afterward recognized by his father, and, drawing a line in the sand with his sword, in- he received no education, and was unable to write vited those that wished to follow him to glory and his own name. According to Francisco Gomara, riches to pass the line. Only thirteen followed he was in his youth a swineherd, until he ran away him, and with these he remained till he was joined and joined some adventurers that were going to by a force under Bartolome Ruiz, which had been Hispaniola, while Garcilaso and Pizarro's descend- despatched by his associates under the pretext of ants, in a memorial to the king, aflirm that he obliging him to return to Panama. He now en- served with his father in Italy. Although it is tered upon an exploration of the coast farther said that in later years he learned to read imper- south, landed in Tumbez, Paita, and Sana, obtained fectly, he never was able to write, and was author- presents of gold, llamas, silver tankards, and other ized by a special imperial decree to sign his name samples of the productions of Peru, and hearing of with a stamp. In Hispaniola he joined in Novem- the death of Huaina Capac, and seeing the insuffi- ber, 1509, the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda (q. v.) ciency of his small forces to subdue this immense to Nueva Andalucia, and, when the latter went in empire, returned to Panama toward the end of the quest of re-enforcements and provisions, he left year 1527. As the governor still refused to permit Pizarro in command of the new colony of San Se- another expedition to set sail, the associates resolved bastian, promising to return in fifty days. At the to send Pizarro to Spain, and in 1528 he left Nom- expiration of that time Pizarro, forced by neces- bre de Dios, carrying some Indians that he had sity, killed the horses for provisions and abandoned brought from Peru, together with llamas, gold and the colony, but in Carthagena met the expedition silver plate, and other presents for the court. On of Martin Fernandez de Enciso (q. v.), with whom his arrival in Seville he was arrested for a debt on he returned to Darien, and took part in the foun- request of Enciso; but he was set at liberty by order dation of the colony of Santa Maria de la Antigua. of the emperor, and ordered to appear at court in He also accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in the city of Toledo, where he was well received. On the expedition on which they discovered the Pacific 26 July, 1529, he obtained from the queen-regent a ocean. Pedrarias-Davila sent him in 1515 with an commission that granted him the right of conquest expedition across the isthmus to explore the Pearl of Peru, with the title of governor and captain- islands, and in 1517 ordered him to arrest Balboa. general for life of all the country to be discovered, Later he accompanied the governor on his ex- and a salary of 725,000 maravedis on condition pedition to Veragua, and served creditably in the that he should raise a force of 250 men for the campaign against the cacique Urraca. In recom- conquest. Hernan Cortes, whom he met at court, pense he received a grant of land and Indians near gave him some aid, but without being able to raise the site of Panama, and settled on his possessions, the whole force that was named in his commission. which he cultivated with his Indian slaves. The Pizarro sailed in January, 1530, with a few adven- expedition of Pascual de Andagoya brought the turers and four of his brothers, for Nombre de 36 PIZARRO PIZARRO Dios. After a disagreement with Almagro, who | Pizarro was tall and of commanding presence, pos- thought himself neglected, Pizarro yielded him the sessing extreme courage and fortitude, but cruel, title of adelantado; but after nine months of un- cunning, and perfidious. He was grasping in the ceasing efforts he could gather only 180 men and acquisition of money, yet liberal in its use, and he 27 horses, with which he sailed in January, 1531, not only gave largely to his followers, but spent part for Tumbez, while Almagro remained to collect of the vast treasure, of which he robbed the incas, îurther forces. He was joined in Tumbez by 130 in public buildings and improvements.- His half- men, with whom came Hernando de Soto and brother, Gonzalo, b. in Trujillo in 1506; d. in Sebastian de Velalcazar (9. v.). In June, 1532, he Cuzco, Peru, 10 April, 1548, served in boyhood founded in the valley of Piura the town of San with his father in the Italian war in 1521-5, and, Miguel, and, after leaving a garrison, he continued although wholly uneducated, was thoroughly con- his march southward, on 24 Sept., with 110 infantry versant with the art of war. He went to Peru with and 60 cavalry, and on 15 Nov. they entered the his brother in 1531, and did good service in the beautiful valley of Cajamarca. Next day they met conquest, especially in the campaign of Charcas, in the emperor Atahualpa, whom they made a captive the siege of Cuzco by Manco Yupanqui, and in the by surprise, and the Peruvian army fled in dismay. defence of that city against Almagro, by whom he The inca offered as a ransom to fill with gold the was taken prisoner, but escaped a few days after apartment in which he was confined, and the orna- | the latter's march from Cuzco. In 1539 he was ments of the temples and palaces were brought and appointed governor of Quito, and he soon resolved melted so that, after separating one fifth for the to explore the eastern slope of the Andes, where emperor and two large amounts for the garrison the popular belief located the famous “El Dorado of San Miguel and for Almagro's followers, every and the country of the cinnamon-tree. Early in one of Pizarro's cavalrymen obtained for his share 1540 he left Quito with an army of 250 soldiers and 362 marks of silver and 8,800 weights of gold, and 4,000 auxiliary Indians, and, after innumerable every foot-soldier half that amount. The total hardships, reached Napo river, whence he de- was more than $17,000,000. Notwithstanding this, spatched Francisco de Orellana (9. r.) on an explora- Atahualpa was kept a prisoner, and, under pretext tion which resulted in the discovery of Amazon of having killed his brother Huascar, he was con- river. Having awaited in vain the return of Orel- demned to death and executed on 29 Aug., 1533. lana, he began the homeward journey, and after Pizarro now marched on Cuzco, the ancient capital terrible privations reached Quito in June, 1542, of the incas, and entered it on 15 Nov., proclaim- with only eighty half-starved Spaniards on foot ing Manco Yupanqui (9. 1.) inca. He determined and less than half of his Indians. There he re- to build the new capital of his possessions near the ceived the news of his brother's assassination, and sea, and selected the beautiful valley of the river Ri- retired to his commandery of Charcas, not taking mac, where, on 6 Jan., 1535, he founded Los Reyes, part in public life during the short administration now called Lima, probably a corruption of the of Vaca de Castro. But when, in 1544, the viceroy name of the river. Shortly afterward disputes be- Blasco Nuñez-Vela (q. 2.) appeared with the im- tween Pizarro and Almagro began over their re- perial decree that forbade the personal servitude spective powers; but they were amicably arranged, of the Indians, Gonzalo, fearing to lose the advan- and, to avoid further difficulties, Almagro set out tages of the conquest, went to Cuzco and was pro- on 3 July, 1535, for the conquest of Chili. During claimed by the Spanish colonists supreme justice the latter's absence the Indians rose and besieged and captain-general of Peru. At the head of the Cuzco for a long time, but on his return they army he marched against the viceroy, who aban- retired. Meanwhile a royal decree had arrived ap- doned Lima, and the city was occupied by Gon- pointing Almagro governor of the southern part zalo, 24 Oct., 1544. After various encounters he of the country under the name of Nueva Toledo, met the royalist troops at Añaquito, near Quito, and there were new differences between the two where Nuñez was defeated and slain, 18 Jan., 1546, conquerors about the possession of Cuzco, which and for a time Pizarro was undisputed master of both believed to be included in the limits of their Peru, until the new royal commissioner, Pedro de respective governments. Almagro was finally de- la Gasca (q. v.), appeared in June, 1547, when, by feated and captured by Hernando Pizarro, and suspension of the royal decree regarding the In- executed on 8 July, 1538, it is said with the secret dians and a general amnesty, Gasca succeeded in acquiescence of his former partner. When these causing the defection of many of Gonzalez's fol- occurrences were reported at court by two commis- lowers. When the two armies met at last in Xa- sioners, who had been sent by Almagro's partisans, quixagnana, 8 April, 1548, Garcilaso de la Vega, the the emperor decided in 1540 to send out Cristoval elder, and many others went over to the royalists, Vaca de Castro as a commissioner to investigate who gained an easy victory. Gonzalo was taken Pizarro's conduct; but before his arrival the feud prisoner, condemned to death, and beheaded in between Pizarro and Almagro's followers had cul- | Cuzco two days afterward.—Another brother, Her. minated. On a Sunday morning twenty-one of nando, the only legitimate son of Col. Pizarro and Almagro's partisans, who were called Chilenos in his wife, Isabel de Vargas, b. in Trujillo in 1474 ; Lima, penetrated into the governor's palace, and. d. there in 1578, received a fair education, and after a desperate affray, in which Pizarro killed served with his father in Italy under Gonzalo de three of their number, assassinated him and pro- Cordova in 1502-3, and in 1512 in Navarre under claimed Almagro's son governor. When the con- the Duke of Najera. In 1530 he came to Peru with spirators returned to drag Pizarro's body through his brother Francisco and took an important part the streets, it had already been removed and se- in the conquest; but from the first he showed great cretly buried by a friend, and later, by King Phil- hatred of Almagro, so that his brother sent him, in ip's orders, it was buried in the cathedral of Lima. 1533, to Spain with the royal share of the booty. He Pizarro was not married, but had two children by was well received, made a knight of Santiago, and the Indian princess Ines Huayllas Ñusta, Atahual- empowered to equip an expedition in Seville, with pa's sister, a son, who died in infancy, and a dangh- which he returned early in 1535 to Peru. There he ter, Beatriz, who married her uncle, Hernando, in was appointed governor of Cuzco, which he de- 1551, and whose descendants inherited her father's fended from March till August, 1536, against Man- riches and his title of marquis of the conquest. co Yupanqui and his warriors. When the city was PIZARRO 37 PLACIDE Henry Placide captured by Almagro, 8 April, 1537, Hernando was and returned overland to Montevideo, where he taken prisoner; but he was released a few months found his flag-ship, the “ Asia,” refitted, and sailed afterward on conditions which he broke as soon as in her for Europe in November, 1745. Part of the he was at liberty, and took the command of the crew consisted of Indians from the pampas, who one troops against Almagro, whom he defeated at Sa- night rose on the Spaniards, and, after killing the linas and ordered his execution. But he was ac- watch on deck, had gained possession of vessel, cused at court, and, in order to obtain his justifica- when Pizarro succeeded in killing the ringleader, tion, sailed in the beginning of 1539 with a large and in the confusion drove the mutineers into the quantity of gold as a gift for the crown to Spain. sea. On his arrival at Cadiz in January, 1746, he He was coldly received at court, and, although the was promoted vice-admiral, and in 1749 was ap- council of the Indies did not pronounce a final pointed viceroy of New Granada; but he resigned sentence regarding his accusation by Almagro's in 1753 and returned to Spain. executor, Diego de Alvarado, he was imprisoned in PLACIDE, Henry, actor, b. in Charleston, 1540 in the fortress of Medina del Campo, where S. C., 8 Sept., 1799; d. near Babylon, L. I., 23 Jan., he was kept till 1568, although not in rigid seclu- 1870. His father, Alexander, was a French va- sion, so that he married his niece in 1551. After riety performer, who appeared at Sadler's Wells his release he retired to his native city, where he theatre, London, died at the age of 104 years.- Another brother, and came to this Juan, a natural son of Col. Pizarro by the same country in 1792. mother as Gonzalo, b. in Trujillo about 1500; d. in For many years he Cuzco in July, 1536, came with his brothers to Peru was a professional in 1531, and even in Panama began to show enmity itinerant, but he to Almagro. When the army, after the death of became lessee of Atahualpa, penetrated into the interior, Juan com- the playhouse in manded the van-guard, and was the first to discover Charleston, S. C., the rich valley of Jauja. When Francisco Pizarro and in 1811 was one despatched Almagro against Alvarado in 1534, and of the managers of marched with re-enforcements toward the coast, he the Richmond, Va., left Juan as commander of the garrison in Cuzco, theatre,when it was where, by his oppression of Manco Yupanqui, for destroyed by fire, the purpose of obtaining gold from him, he gave with the loss of the first cause for the rebellion of that chieftain, many lives. Henry who fled to the mountains, but was captured again appeared as a child, by Juan and imprisoned. In 1535 he marched under his father's against the Indians of Condesuyos, who had assas- direction, at the sinated some Spaniards. While he was on this ex- Charleston theatre, pedition his brother Hernando returned, and was and in 1814 was appointed by Francisco vice-governor and chief seen at the Anthony street playhouse in New York justice of Cuzco, and Juan served under him. Her- city. Thereafter he became attached to various nando, against the advice of his brothers, set Man- travelling companies, playing occasionally in some co Yupanqui at liberty, and the inca soon rose in of the southern cities. On 2 Sept. , 1823, he appeared rebellion and besieged Cuzco. When the supreme at the New York Park theatre as Zekiel Homespun priest, Villac-Uma, had captured the citadel, whence in “ The Heir at Law," and for about twenty-five he seriously interfered with the safety of the Spar- years, with slight interruptions, he remained at- ish headquarters, Juan, whose dauntless courage tached to that establishment. He made a few was generally acknowledged, was ordered by Her- brief visits to other cities, and in 1838 played at nando to the assault of the fortress, and in the at- the Haymarket theatre in London. Being disap- tack he was mortally wounded by a stone. He was pointed by his reception, he soon returned, and buried in the Church of Santo Domingo, which after the destruction of the Park theatre by fire in had been principally endowed by him and built on 1848 played only occasionally at Burton's theatre the site of the Temple of the Sun, which was as- and the Winter garden. His final performances signed to him after the capture of Cuzco. were in 1865, after which he retired to his country PIZARRO, José Alfonso, Marquis of Villar, home. There was never a more conscientious Spanish naval officer, b. in Murcia in 1689; d. in American actor, nor one who filled a wider range Madrid in 1762. He entered, in his youth, the of characters. Besides being a comedian, Placide naval service of the knights of Malta, and after- I was also a good buffo singer; but his manner was ward served in the Spanish navy, attaining the somewhat hard, and his Shakespearian interpreta- rank of rear-admiral. When the government tions often lacked unction and raciness. He was heard of the expedition of the English admiral, an artist of remarkably good average performances George Anson, to the Pacific, a fleet of two ships and the greatest of New York favorites, but never of the line and four frigates, with a regiment of rose to distinction in any particular character. infantry for Chili, was despatched under Pizarro's The portrait of Placide represents him as Dromio command in October, 1740, and arrived, 5 Jan., in the “Comedy of Errors. His brother, Thomas, 1741, in the river Plate. Hearing that Anson was actor, b. in Charleston, S. C., in 1808; d. in Tom's refitting in Santa Catharina for entering the Pa- River, N. J., 20 July, 1877, was attached in his cific by the Strait of Lemaire, Pizarro sailed at once youth to several minor playhouses in subordinate to intercept him, but lost one ship and one frigate parts, but his real début was made at the Chatham in a storm, was obliged to put back for repairs, and garden theatre in New York city in 1828 as Andrew on the second attempt, with two vessels. was again Bang in “Love, Law, and Physic.” For several dismasted, and returned to Montevideo. Thence years he was connected with the Park theatre, and he despatched the frigate “ Esperanza” to the Pa- he afterward led a roving life. From 1850 until cific, and passed across the Andes to Peru, where 1854 he managed the Varieties theatre in New Or- for some time he exercised the functions of naval leans, La., and in 1855 he joined the company at commander-in-chief. After the peace with Eng. Wallack's theatre, New York city. A little later land, Pizarro left the frigate on the Pacific station he retired from the stage. Thomas Placide was a 38 PLATT PLAISTED 66 66 boisterous performer, who never rose to prominence. government” for the state of Maryland. From His best parts were servants and footmen. In voice, 1778 till 1781 he was a member of the Continental look, and action the brothers were much alike, but congress from Maryland, and he was president of as artists they were widely distinct. This was the Maryland convention that, on 28 April, 1788, strongly manifested when they appeared as the ratified the constitution of the United States. In two Dromios in the “Comedy of Errors." 1792 he was elected governor of Maryland. PLAISTED, Harris Merrill, soldier, b. in PLATT, Charles Adams, artist, b. in New York Jefferson, N. H., 2 Nov., 1828. He worked on a city, 16 Oct. , 1861. He studied at the Art league farm and taught during his early manhood, and and the National academy, New York, during was graduated at Waterville college (now Colby 1878–'80, and in 1884–5 under Boulanger and Le- university) in 1853, and at Albany law-school in febvre in Paris. He has given much attention to 1855. He was then admitted to the bar and began etching, in which branch of art he has been very practice in Bangor, Me., in 1856. He entered the successful. His works include “ Interior of Fish- National volunteer service in 1861 as lieutenant- houses," “ Fishing Boats," and“ Provincial Fishing colonel, was commissioned colonel in 1862, partici- Village" (1882); “Old Houses near Bruges ” (1883); pated in McClellan's peninsular campaign, com- “Deventer, Holland" (1885); “Quai des Orfèvres, manded a brigade before Charleston, and served Paris ” (1886); and “ Dieppe" (1887). He paints with Grant before Richmond. He received the also in oil and in water-color, and has exhibited at brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers in Feb- the Salon, the National academy, New York, and ruary, 1865, and that of major-general of volunteers the American water-color society. in March of the same year. He resumed his pro- PLATT, Franklin, geologist, b. in Philadel- fession after the peace, was a delegate to the Na- phia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1844. He was educated at the tional Republican convention in 1868, and attorney- University of Pennsylvania, but left in 1862, before general of Maine in 1873-5. He went to congress graduation, and in 1863 served in the 32d Pennsyl- as a Republican in 1874 to fill a vacancy, served one vania Gray reserve regiment. In 1864 he was ap- term, declined re-election, and was governor of pointed to the U. S. coast survey, and assigned to Maine in 1881-3. Since 1884 he has edited and surveying work with the North Atlantic squadron published “The New Age,” in Augusta, Me. during that year. He then was appointed on the PLASSMANN, Ernst, artist, b. in Sondern, staff of Gen. Orlando M. Poe, chief engineer of the Westphalia, 14 June, 1823; d. in New York city, military division of the Mississippi, and was en- 28 Nov., 1877. At the age of twenty he began gaged in this duty until the surrender of Gen. Joseph to study art under Münstermann, and he con- E. Johnston's army in April, 1865. Subsequently, tinued his studies at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, and in July, 1874, he was appointed assistant geologist Paris. In the last-named place he remained about of Pennsylvania, which post he held until May, four years, being employed most of the time in the 1881, after which he became president of the Roch- studio of Michel Liénard. In 1853 he went to New ester and Pittsburg coal and iron company. Mr. York, where, the following year, he opened “ Plass- Platt is a member of scientific societies, to whose mann's School of Art,” which he carried on until transactions he has contributed frequent papers on his death. The “Verein für Kunst und Wissen- geology and kindred subjects. He prepared nine schaft” was founded by him in 1858. His princi- volumes of the reports of the geological survey of pal works in sculpture, all in New York city, are Pennsylvania. Those that were his exclusive work the figure of Tammany on Tammany hall (1869); are “ On Clearfield and Jefferson Counties” (Har- the group on the freight-depot of the New York risburg, 1875); “ Coke Manufacture” (1876); “ On Central railroad (1870); the statue of Benjamin Blair County" (1880); and “The Causes, Kinds, and Franklin in Printing-House square (1870–'1); and Amount of Waste in Mining Anthracite" (1881). the figures of Franklin and Guttenberg on the PLATT,Orville Hitchcock, senator, b. in Wash- Staats-Zeitung" building, modelled about 1873. ington, Conn., 19 July, 1827. He was educated in the He executed also many models for statuettes and public schools, was admitted to the bar in 1849, and ornamental metal-work, and gained several medals began practice in Meriden, Conn. He was clerk of at the American institute for his work in wood- the state senate in 1855–6, secretary of state in carving and plaster models. He published" Mod. 1857, state senator in 1861-2, and a member of the ern Gothic Ornaments," with 33 plates (New York, legislature in 1864–9, serving as speaker in the lat- 1875), and “ Designs for Furniture ” (1877). Of the ter year. He was elected to the U.S. senate as a Re- latter, only three parts were published. publican in 1878, and was re-elected in 1884 for the PLATER, George, statesman, b. in St. Mary's term that will end in March, 1891. Mr. Platt has county, Md., in 1736 ; d. in Annapolis, Md., '10 been an earnest advocate of the abolition of secret Feb., 1792. He was graduated at William and executive sessions of the senate. Yale gave him Mary in 1753, studied law, and won reputation at the degree of LL. D. in 1887. the bar of Maryland. When the troubles with the PLATT, Thomas Collier, senator, b. in Owego, mother country began he took an early and active N. Y., 15 July, 1833. Ile left Yale in his sophomore part in resisting the encroachments of the British year in 1853 on account of failing health, but re- government upon the rights of the colonies. He ceived the honorary degree of M. A. in 1876 from was chosen a member of the Maryland convention that college. He entered mercantile life, became that assembled at Annapolis, 8 May, 1776, and one president of the Tioga, N. Y., National bank, and of whose first public acts was the election of a com- engaged in the lumber business in Michigan. He mittee, on 24 May, for the purpose of inviting was elected to congress as a Republican in 1872, re- Robert Eden, the royal governor, to vacate. On 26 , elected in 1874, and on 18 Jan., 1881, was chosen U.S. May Plater was appointedoneofthecouncil of safety, senator to succeed Francis Kernan, but resigned, a body created for the express purpose of preparing 16 May of the same year, with his colleague, Roscoe the state for the conflict that was every day grow- Conkling (9. V.), on account of a disagreement with ing more imininent. He represented St. Mary's the executive regarding New York appointments. county in the Maryland convention at Annapolis, He returned home, was a candidate for re-election, 14 Aug., 1776, and on the 17th of the same month' and after an exciting canvass was defeated. He be- was chosen one of the committee " to prepare a came secretary and a director of the United States declaration and charter of rights and a form of express company in 1879, and since 1880 has been 5 PLATT 39 PLEASONTON 66 6 its president. He was appointed commissioner of | 1828, when he found his way to Quito, and was quarantine of New York city in 1880, became well received by the bishop and Gen. Bolivar, who president of the board, and held office till 14 Jan., provided him with abundant means, and ordered 1888, when he was removed by proceedings insti- him to return to his missions. After an explora- tuted on account of his alleged non-residence in tion of the rivers of the interior by a Peruvian New York city. He was a member of the National commission, the government resolved to assist the Republican conventions in 1876, 1880, and 1884, efforts of Father Plaza, and the latter came to and for several years of the Republican national Lima in 1845. Congress, on 24 May, passed an act committee. He is now (1888) president of the that provided a yearly subvention for the missions, Southern Central railroad. and Plaza planned to return in 1846, but died be- PLATT, William Henry, clergyman, b. in fore he could make the journey, and his manu- Aienia, Dutchess co., N. Y., 16 April, 1821. He scripts were lost. received a good education, was admitted to the PLAZA, Nicanor (plah'-thah), Chilian sculptor, bar in 1840, and for four years practised in Ala- b. in Santiago in 1844. He entered the academy bama. He was ordained deacon in the Protestant of sculpture of the University of Chili in 1858, and Episcopal church in 1851, and priest in 1852, held in 1863 the government sent him to Europe rectorships in Selma, Ala., Petersburg, Va., Louis- to study. In 1866 he opened a studio in Paris, ville, Kv., and San Francisco, Cal., and became where he exhibited his “Susannah,” “ Hercules," rector of St. Paul's church, Rochester, N. Y., in and “ Caupolican” in 1867. In 1871 he was ap- 1882. William and Mary gave him the degree of pointed director of the Academy of sculpture of D. D. in 1878, and also that of LL. D. Dr. Platt's Santiago. In that city he executed many works publications include Art Culture” (New York, that relate to the history of his country, some of 1873); “Influence of Religion in the Development which are erected in the public places of Santiago. of Jurisprudence” (1877); “ After Death, what?" In 1872, at the exposition of Santiago, he received (San Francisco, 1878); “Unity of Law or Legal a gold medal. In 1874 he was sent to Europe on Morality" (1879); “God out, and Man in,” a reply an artistic mission, and during the first months of to Robert G. Ingersoll (Rochester, 1883); and “The his stay there he executed a statue of Andres Bello, Philosophy of the Supernatural.” which was erected in 1882 in Santiago, in the PLATT, Zephaniah, member of the Continental square of the national congress. He also made a congress, b. in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1740; d. statue of Domingo Eyzaguirre. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 12 Sept., 1807. He received a PLEASANTS, James, senator, b. in Gooch- classical education, studied law, and practised. He land county, Va., 24 Oct., 1769; d. at his residence, was a delegate from New York to the Continental “ Contention,” Goochland county, Va., 9 Nov., 1839. congress in 1784-6, and was judge of the circuit He was a first cousin of Thomas Jefferson. He court for many years. He was one of the origina- was educated by private tutors, studied law, was tors of the Erie canal, and founded the town of admitted to the bar of his native county, and en- Plattsburg.–His son, Jonas, jurist, b. in Pough- joyed an extensive practice, especially as an advo- keepsie, N. Y., 30 June, 1769; d. in Peru, Clinton cate. He was a member of the legislature in 1796, co., N. Y., 22 Feb., 1834, was educated in the public having been elected as a Republican, clerk of the schools, admitted to the bar in 1790, and the next house in 1803–'11, and from the latter date till year settled in Whitesboro, N. Y. He was a mem- 1819 was in congress. He then became U.S. sena- ber of the assembly in 1796, of congress in 1796- tor, served in 1819–22, when he resigned, and was 1801, and of the state senate in 1810–’13. He was governor of Virginia for the succeeding three years. an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1810, a During his term of office, in 1824, Lafayette visited member of the council in 1813, and in 1814-23 a Virginia. He was a delegate to the Virginia con- justice of the New York supreme court. He then stitutional convention in 1829–'30, and subse- engaged in practice in Utica, and subsequently in quently declined the appointment of judge of the New York city. - Another son. Zephaniah, jurist, circuit court and of the Virginia court of appeals. b. in Plattsburg, N. Y., in 1796; d. in Aiken, S. C., The county of Pleasants, now W. Va., is named in 20 April, 1871, removed to Michigan in early life, his honor. John Randolph of Roanoke said of studied and subsequently practised law, and was him: “ James Pleasants never made an enemy nor appointed by the U. S. government its attorney to lost a friend.”—His son, John Hampden, jour- settle its claims on the Pacific coast. He was state nalist, b. in Goochland county, Va., 4 Jan., 1797; attorney-general for several years, and took high d. in Richmond, Va., 27 Feb., 1846, was educated rank at the bar. He removed to South Carolina at at William and Mary college, and was admitted to the close of the civil war, and from 1868 until his the bar at an early age, but abandoned law for death was judge of the 20 circuit. journalism, and founded and became editor of the PLAZA, Manuel (plah'-thah), Peruvian mis- Lynchburg“ Virginian.” He subsequently re- sionary, b, in Riobamba, 1 Jan., 1772; d. in Lima moved to Richmond, Va., and in 1824 founded the about 1845. He entered the Franciscan convent of “Constitutional Whig and Public Advertiser," and Quito, was ordained priest at the age of twenty- was its chief editor for twenty-two years. He was three years, and immediately afterward set out as a killed in a duel with Thomas Ritchie, Jr., of the missionary for the river Napo. After a year he “Richmond Enquirer,” a Democratic organ. Mr. went to the missions of Ucayali and settled in Pleasants was a brilliant editor and paragraphist, Saravacu, where he soon gained the esteem of the and his journal was the principal exponent of the Indians and founded two new villages. There he Whig party in Virginia. His brother Whigs remained till 1814, when the viceroy, Jose de Abas- erected a monument to his memory, on which his cal, fearing the success of the revolution, appointed gallant and self-sacrificing patriotism is recorded. him to open another outlet to Europe by way of PLEASONTON, Augustus James, soldier, b. in Comas and Chanchamayo. He explored the coun- Washington, D. C., 18 Aug., 1808. He was gradu- try three months, and, after giving an account of ated at the U.S. military academy in 1826, and then his commission to the viceroy, returned to Sarayacu served on garrison duty at the Artillery school for and continued his missions till 1821, when the practice in Fortress Monroe, and on topographical Spanish missionaries fled to Brazil, and he was left duty until 30 June, 1830, when he resigned from alone among the suvages. He suffered greatly till the army. After studying law, he was admitted to 40 PLESSIS PLEASONTON 66 the bar, and he has since practised in Philadelphia. | cavalry to charge boldly into the woods in the face He has served in the Pennsylvania militia, holding of the advancing host (see KEENAN, PETER), he de- the rank of brigade-major in 1833, and becoming layed Jackson's progress a few minutes—just long co.onel in 1835, and he was wounded during the enough to throw into position all the artillery that conflict with armed rioters in Southwark, Pa., on was within reach. He ordered the guns loaded 7 July, 1844. During the political disturbances in with grape and canister, and depressed enough to Harrisburg, Pa., in 1838–9, he was assistant adju- make the shot strike the ground half way between tant-general and paymaster-general of the state. their line and the edge of the woods. When the On 16 May, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-gen- Confederate column emerged, it met such a storm eral of Pennsylvania militia, and charged with the of iron as no troops could pass through. About organization and subsequent command during the this time Jackson fell, and before any new maneu- civil war of a home-guard of 10,000 men, including vres could be undertaken darkness put an end to cavalry, artillery, and infantry, for the defence of the day's work. He received the brevet of lieu- Philadelphia. In 1839–40 he was president of the tenant-colonel for Antietam in 1862, was promoted Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mountjoy, and Lancaster major-general of volunteers in June, 1863, partici- railroad company. He has devoted his leisure to pated in the numerous actions that preceded the the cultivation of a farm near Philadelphia, where, battle of Gettysburg, was commander-in-chief of as early as 1861, he began to experiment on the cavalry in that action, and was brevetted colonel, action of different colored rays upon vegetable and 2 July, 1863. He was transferred to Missouri in animal life. He claimed to have demonstrated 1864, drove the forces under Gen. Sterling Price that the blue rays of the sun were especially stimu- from the state, and in March, 1865, was brevetted lating to vegetation. His experiments were subse- brigadier-general in the U. S. army for gallant and quently applied to animals, and afterward to in- meritorious conduct in that campaign, and major- valids, and wonderful cures were said to have been general for services throughout the civil war. He wrought. The public became interested in his ex- resigned in 1868, was U. S. collector of revenue for periments, and for a time a so-called - blue-glass several years, and subsequently president of the craze prevailed, culminating in 1877–8. Gen. Terre Haute and Cincinnati railroad. In May, Pleasonton published many papers in advocacy of 1888, he was placed on the retired list, with the his theories, and a book entitled Influence of the rank of colonel, U. S. A. Blue Ray of the Sunlight and of the Blue Color PLEE, Auguste, French botanist, b. in Pointe of the sky in Developing Animal and Vegetable à Pitre, Guadeloupe, in 1787; d. in Fort Royal, Life, in Arresting Disease” (Philadelphia, 1876). Martinique, 17 Aug. , 1825. He occupied a high - His brother, Alfred, soldier, b. in Washington, official post, but was devoted to natural history, D. C., 7 June, 1824, was graduated at the U. S. and embarked in 1819 for South America, charged military academy in 1844, served in the Mexican by the government with the mission of exploring war, and was bre- the continent as a botanist. After travelling ex- vetted 1st lieuten- tensively, and forming numerous collections of ant for “gallant plants, he fell sick and returned to Martinique. and meritorious His principal works are “Le jeune botaniste, ou conduct in the bat entretiens d'un père avec son fils sur la botanique tles of Palo Alto et la physiologie végétale, etc.” (2 vols., Paris, and Resaca de la 1812); and a “ Journal de voyage du botaniste Palma.” He sub- Auguste Plée, à travers les Antilles, les Guyanes et sequently was on le Brésil” (2 vols., Paris, 1828). The administra- frontier duty with tion of the Paris museum published in 1830 a his company, and catalogue of Plée's collection in 3 vols. was commissioned PLESSIS, Francis Xavier, Canadian clergy- 1st lieutenant in man, b. in Quebec, 15 Jan., 1694. He became a 1849, and captain member of the Society of Jesus, and was engaged in 1855. He was on the Indian missions. He wrote “ Avis et pra- acting assistant ad- tiques pour profiter de la mission et en conserver le jutant-general to fruit à l'usage des missions du Père du Plessis de la Harney during the Lettre au sujet des calomnies publiées par l'au- Sioux expedition, and his adjutant-general from teur des nouvelles ecclesiastiques” (1745). 1856 till 1860 in the campaign against the Seminoles PLESSIS, Joseph Octave, Canadian R. C. in Florida, and the operations in Kansas, Oregon, bishop, b. near Montreal, Canada, in 1763; in and Washington territory. IIe commanded his Quebec, 4 Dec., 1825. He studied classics in the regiment in its march from Utah to Washington College of Montreal, but refused to continue his in the autumn of 1861, was commissioned major of education, and his father, who was a blacksmith, the 2d cavalry in February, 1862, served through set him to work at the forge. After a short experi- the Virginia peninsular campaign, became briga- ence at manual labor, he consented to enter the dier-general of volunteers in July of that year, and Petit séminaire of Quebec in 1780. On finishing commanded the division of cavalry of the Army of his course he taught belles-lettres and rhetoric in the Potomac that followed Lee's invading army the College of Montreal, and, notwithstanding his into Maryland. He was engaged at Boonesborough, youth, became secretary to Bishop Briand. He was South Mountain, Antietam, and the subsequent ordained priest on 29 Nov., 1786. Shortly after his pursuit, engaged the enemy frequently at Freder- ordination he was made secretary to Bishop Hubert, icksburg, and stayed the further advance of the and he exercised so much influence over this prel- enemy at Chancellorsville. On 2 May, when Jack- ate that he really filled the functions of coadjutor- son's Confederate corps was coming down upon the bishop. In 1792 he was appointed curé of Quebec. right flank of Hooker's army, and had already Bishop Denault named him his grand vicar in 1797, routed Howard's corps, Gen. Pleasonton, by his and at the same time announced his intention of quick and skilful action, saved the army from a choosing him for coadjutor. The popularity of serious disaster. Ordering the 8th Pennsylvania Plessis with the French Canadians excited the hos- a PLESSYS 41 PLUMB tility of the English party, and Gen. Prescott, the on the others to agree to a treaty of peace, which governor of the province, opposed the appointment, he undertook to negotiate with Champlain. He but he finally yielded to the demands of public sailed with the latter for France the same year, but opinion. Plessis was consecrated bishop in the afterward returned to Canada. His body was dis- cathedral of Quebec on 25 Jan., 1801, in presence covered near the vault of Champlain in 1866. of the governor and officials of the province. The PLÉVILLE LE PELEY, Georges René (play- death of Bishop Denault raised him to the episcopal veel), French naval officer, b. in Granville, 26 June, see of Quebec in 1806. He began his administration 1726; d. in Paris, 2 Oct., 1805. He ran away from under difficult circumstances. Efforts were made school when he was twelve years old, and enlisted to appropriate the property of the Jesuits and of as a cabin-boy at Havre, under the name of Du the Seminary of Montreal to the uses of the state, Vivier, on a ship bound for the Newfoundland to organize an exclusively Protestant system of fisheries. At the beginning of the war of 1742 he public instruction, and to give a power of veto on joined a privateer as lieutenant, and did good ser- the nomination of priests and the erection of par- vice off the coast of Canada. In 1746 he was taken ishes to the English crown. An unsuccessful prisoner by the English near Louisburg, but he attempt was made to prevent him from taking was soon released and entered the royal navy as the oath of allegiance in his capacity of bishop sub-lieutenant under his uncle, Commander Tilly of Quebec. In 1810 Gov. Craig sent a messenger Le Peley. During the war of 1755 he was again to England to complain of the bishop's conduct; employed in Canadian waters, and, as commander but the authorities adopted a conciliatory policy, of the brig “Hirondelle," forced three ships to sur- Craig was recalled, and Sir George Prevost was render in 1759, after a desperate action. In 1770, sent to replace him. The new governor had being stationed in Marseilles, he saved an English several interviews with the bishop, who refused to frigate which had grounded on a sand-bank in a make any concessions, and finally all his demands hurricane. The English admiralty presented him in behall of the Roman Catholic church in Canada with a purse of $10,000, and when afterward, dur- were conceded. The part that he took during the ing the war of American independence, his two war of 1812 in exciting the loyalty and warlike sons were captured by the English, the admiralty spirit of the French Canadians gained him the issued orders to release them, In 1778 he became good-will of England. He received letters from the second captain of the "Languedoc," the flag-ship of government recognizing his title and jurisdiction Admiral d'Estaing, and during the gale that dis- as Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, and granting persed the French fleet off Newport he saved his him a pension of a thousand louis a year with a vessel. After serving creditably in the attack on seat in the legislative council. Bishop Plessis was St. Lucia, and participating in the capture of St. the first to introduce the gospel into the vast terri- Vincent and Grenada in the West Indies, he urged tory of Red river, and founded religious and edu- | D'Estaing, whose confidence he had gained, to cational institutions in Upper Canada and the utilize the momentary French superiority on the provinces along the Gulf of St. Lawrence. His sea in undertaking some great enterprise for the great work was the organization of his church in American cause, and was charged with convoying Canada. In 1818 he was nominated archbishop of captured English vessels to the United States. The Quebec, and the rest of British America was formed Baltimore merchants were so satisfied with their into four suffragan sees. In the legislative council dealings with him that, after the siege of Savan- he was an ardent defender of the religious and civil nah, when D'Estaing opened negotiations for a loan rights of his co-religionists, and in 1822, when the of $60,000 to repair his vessels, they consented to English government tried to force a union between advance the sum upon the personal security of Upper and Lower Canada, his energetic resistance Pléville le Peley. This conduct is the more mem- counted for much in the failure of the plan. The orable when it is remembered that Lafayette, the reformation and development of Canadian educa- acknowledged owner of a large fortune, was able tion formed the great end of his life. He resisted to raise only $10,000 in 1781 from those same mer- successfully efforts to weaken the force of French- chants. In the assault on Savannah, 9 Oct., 1779, Canadian nationality through the medium of a he commanded a company, and was conspicuous system of popular education. The colleges of in his efforts to reform the column when it lost Nicolet and St. Hyacinth were founded through its way in a swamp and became exposed to the his encouragement, and schools and academies were British batteries. În 1780 he served under De established in every direction. He spent his time and Guichen, and he fought also at Yorktown under income in searching out young men and educating De Grasse in October, 1781. After the defeat them at his own expense. Some of the most emi- of that admiral. 12 April, 1782, he rejoined Vau- nent men of Canada owed their training to him. dreuilles, and served under him till the conclusion The passage of the education law of 1824 was to a of the campaign. He was promoted commodore in great extent his work, and his correspondence with 1783, and employed in several cruises in North Lord Bathurst on this subject proves him a man of America. Adopting in 1789 the principles of the great diplomatic force. French revolution, he was appointed minister PLESSIS, or PLESSIS, Pacificus du, French plenipotentiary to Ancona in 1795, and afterward missionary, b. in France in the latter part of the given a like mission to Corfu. In 1797 he was pro- 16th century; d. in Quebec in the first part of the moted rear-admiral, and in March, 1798, vice- 17th. He was one of the four Recollet mission- admiral. He held also the naval portfolio from aries that accompanied Champlain to Canada in April till July, 1798, was created a senator in 1799, 1615, and was employed to instruct the children of and given the grand cross of the order of the Legion the French and Indians that had settled at Three of honor by Napoleon in 1804. Rivers. His influence over the Indians enabled PLUMB, Joseph, pioneer, b. in Paris, Oneida him to render a great service to the French colony. Co., N. Y., 27 June, 1791 ; d. in Cattaraugus, N. Y., In 1618 a conspiracy was formed to cut off all the 25 May, 1870. He settled in Fredonia, N. Y., in French, and 800 Indians assembled near Three 1816, and after removing to New York city, and Rivers to carry out the plot. Brother Pacificus subsequently to Ithaca and Geneva, he finally was warned by a friendly savage. He gained over established himself in Gowanda, Erie co., N. Y., on some of the chieſs, and with their help prevailed | the border of the Cattaraugus reservation of Seneca a 42 PLUMER PLUMB a Indians. He was active in benevolent and educa- | ing two of which he was speaker, and was president tional enterprises in behalf of this tribe, and of the state senate in 1810-'11. In 1792 he was a organized the first schools and church in that member of the New Hampshire constitutional con- community He was a founder of the Liberty vention, and was active in the revision of the stat- party in 1840, and its candidate for lieutenant- utes. He was elected U. S. senator in 1802 to fill governor in 1844. He owned the land upon which the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of James the town of Cattaraugus was built, and disposed of Sheafe, served till 1807, and was governor of New it on condition that no intoxicating liquors should Hampshire in 1812-'16, and again in 1817-'18. He be sold thereon. In one case the matter was carried was a presidential elector in 1820, casting the only to the court of appeals, and, after years of litigation, vote in opposition to the re-election of President was decided in 1869 in favor of Mr. Plumb, the Monroe, to whom he objected on account of his court sustaining the temperance restriction. He financial embarrassments. This was his last pub- was an early member of the anti-slavery party, lic service. For the remaining thirty years of his and declined a nomination to congress in 1852, and life he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and the office of circuit judge. See his Memorial” contributed regularly to the press under the signa- (printed privately, 1870). --His son, Edward Lee, ture of “Cincinnatus.”. He published" Appeal to diplomatist, b. in Gowanda, N. Y., 17 July, 1827, the Old Whigs.” (Washington, 1805) and " Address has been secretary of legation and chargé d'affaires to the Clergy” (1814), and left valuable historical in Mexico, consul-general at Havana and was the and biographical manuscripts. See his life, by his agent in procuring the charter of the International son, with a memoir of the latter, edited by Andrew railway of Mexico. P. Peabody (Boston, 1857).-His son, William, PLÜMB, Josiah Burr, Canadian statesman, b. congressman, b. in Epping, N. H., 9 Oct., 1789; d. in East Haven, Conn., 25 March, 1816; d. in Niag- there, 18 Sept., 1854, was graduated at Harvard in ara, Ont., 12 March, 1888. His father was rector 1809, studied law under his father, and was ad- of the Episcopal church at East Haven. The son mitted to the bar in 1812. He was V. S. commis- was for many years manager of the State bank at sioner of loans in 1816-'17, a member of the legis- Albany, N. Y., and a director in several banks in lature in 1818, and was elected to congress as a Buffalo and Oswego. He was one of a committee Democrat, serving by re-election from 1819 till that was appointed by the Democrats of New York 1825. He was an ardent Abolitionist, and delivered state to confer with the slave states on the north- several speeches in congress in opposition to the ern border, with a view to prevent the civil war. admission of Missouri into the Union as a slave He subsequently removed to Canada, and was state. He was in the New Hampshire senate in elected to the Dominion parliament for Niagara 1827–8, and declined a re-election in 1830, and the in 1874, being an active debater on the Conserva- appointment of district attorney. He subsequently tive side. He was unseated on petition the same devoted himself to literary pursuits, and his last year, and re-elected shortly afterward for the same public service was as a member of the State consti- constituency. Through the disqualification of his tutional convention in 1850. Mr. Plumer was an opponent, who received the majority of votes, he accomplished speaker and writer. He gave much was declared elected again in 1878. In 1877–18 time to historical and biographical research, and he accompanied Sir John Macdonald during his na- was an active member of the New England historic- tional polity campaign, rendering efficient service genealogical society. Two volumes of his poems to his party. He was an unsuccessful candidate for were printed privately (Boston, 1841 and 1843), and North Wellington in 1882, and was called to the he published" Lyrica Sacra” (1845) and Pas- senate, 6 Feb., 1883. He presided over the senate toral on the Story of Ruth" (1847), and, in part, during most of the session of 1886, owing to the edited the life of his father, mentioned above. illness of Sir Alexander Campbell, and was ap- PLUMER, William Swan, clergyman, b. in pointed speaker of that body in April, 1887, which Griersburg (now Darlington), Beaver co., Pa., 25 office he held at the time of his death. July, 1802; d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 Oct., 1880. PLUMB, Preston B., senator, b. in Delaware He was graduated at Washington college, Va., in county, Ohio, 12 Oct., 1837. After receiving a 1825, studied at Princeton theological seminary in common-school education he became a printer, and 1826, was ordained the next year, and organized in 1856 removed to Kansas. He studied law, was the first Presbyterian church in Danville, Va., in admitted to the bar in 1861, was a member of the 1827. He then removed to Warrenton, N. C., legislature in 1862, subsequently reporter of the where he also organized a church, and afterward Kansas supreme court, and in the latter part of preached in Raleigh, Washington, and New Berne, that year entered the National army as a lieuten- N. C., and in Prince Edward and Charlotte coun- ant. He served throughout the civil war, and at- ties, Va. He was pastor of a church in Petersburg, tained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Va., in 1831-'4, and in Richmond in 1835–46. He again in the legislature in 1867–8, was its speaker founded the “ Watchman of the South,” a religious the latter year, and in 1876 was elected U. S. sena- | weekly, in 1837, and for eight years was its sole tor as a Republican. He was re-elected for the editor. In 1838 he was instrumental in establish- term that will end in 1889. Mr. Plumb has edited ing the Deaf, dumb, and blind institution in and adapted a work entitled “ Practice before Jus- Staunton, Va. He was pastor of churches in Bal- tice Courts in Kansas" (New York, 1875). timore, Md., in 1847–54, and in Alleghany, Pa., in PLUMER, William (plum-mer), senator, b. in 1855–62, at the same time serving as professor of Newburyport, Mass.. 25 June, 1759 ; d. in Epping, didactic and pastoral theology in Western theologi- N. H., 22 June, 1850. His ancestor, Francis, emi- cal seminary there. He resided in Philadelphia for grated from England in 16:34, and was one of the | the next three years, was in charge of a Presbyte- original grantees of Newbury. William removed irian church in Pottsville, Pa., in 1865–6, and at to Epping. N. H., at eight years of age, received an that date became professor of didactic and polemic academical education, was admitted to the bar in 'theology in the Theological seminary in Columbia, 1787, and soon established a reputation as an ad-S. C. Ile was transferred to the chair of historic, vocate. He also took an active part in state poli- casuistic, and pastoral theology in 1875, and held ties, was solicitor for Rockingham county for many that office until a few months previous to his years, served in the legislature for eight terms, dur- death. He was moderator of the general assembly 66 He was PLUMIER 43 PLUMSTED a : of the Presbyterian church in 1838, and of the gave the first correct accounts of the origin of southern branch of that body in 1871. He received cochineal. The name Plumeria was given by the degree of D. D. from Princeton, Lafayette, and Tournefort to a class of trees in the West Indies. Washington colleges in 1838, and that of LL. D. PLUMLEY, Benjamin Rush, author, b. in from the University of Mississippi in 1857. Dr. Newton, Bucks co., Pa., 10 March, 1816; d. in Gal- Plumer was an interesting figure in the history of veston, Tex., 9 Dec., 1887. He was early associated the Presbyterian church. He was not an orator, with William Lloyd Garrison in abolition move- but he exercised a strong personal influence over ments, subsequently engaged in literary pursuits, his audiences, and possessed a gift for teaching and contributed prose and poetical sketches to the His writings were practical, didactic, and of the magazines. During the civil war he served on the extreme Calvinistic school. They include “Sub- staff of Gen. John C. Frémont, and subsequently stance of an Argument against the Indiscriminate he was on that of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. He Incorporation of Churches and Religious Societies” afterward settled in Galveston, Tex. His works in (New York, 1847); “ The Bible True, and Infidelity manuscript, to be issued in book - form, include Wicked” (1848); “ Plain Thoughts for Children " Kathaleen McKinley, the Kerry Girl," Rachel (Philadelphia, 1849); “Short Sermons to Little Lockwood,”. “ Lays of the Quakers,” which ap- Children (1850); “Thoughts Worth Remember- peared in the “ Knickerbocker ”; and Oriental ing” (New York, 1850); " 'The Saint and the Sin- Ballads,” in the “ Atlantic Monthly." ner” (Philadelphia, 1851); “ The Grace of Christ” PLUMMER, Joseph B, soldier, b. in Barre, (1853); “ Rome against the Bible, and the Bible Mass., 10 Aug., 1820; d. near Corinth, Miss., 9 against Rome” (1854); " Christ our Theme and Aug., 1862. lle was graduated at the U. S. mili- Glory” (1855); “ The Church and her Enemies” | tary academy in 1841, served in Florida, on the (1856); “ The Law of God as contained in the Ten western frontier, and in the Mexican war, became Commandments" (1864); Vital Godliness” (New lieutenant in 1848, and captain in 1852. He ren- York, 1865); “ Jehovah Jireh” (Philadelphia, 1866); dered important service to Gen. Nathaniel Lyon “Studies in the Book of Psalms” (1866); « The in the capture of Camp Jackson, Mo., and was Rock of Our Salvation " (1867); “ Words of Truth severely wounded at Wilson's Creek in August, and Love” (1868); “ Commentaries on the Epistle 1861. He became colonel of the 11th Missouri vol- to the Romans" (1870); “Commentaries on the unteers in September of that year, defeated the Epistle to the Hebrews” (1870); more than fifty | Confederates at Fredericktown, Mo., on 12 Oct., traets that were published by religious societies; and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and many occasional sermons. the next day. He subsequently participated in the PLUMIER, Charles, French botanist, b. in battles of New Madrid and Island No. 10. He be- Marseilles, France, in 1646; d. in Santa Maria, near came major of infantry in April, 1862, served in Cadiz, Spain, in 1704. He entered the order of the Mississippi campaign, at the siege and battle Minimes in 1662, and devoted himself to the phys- of Corinth, and in pursuit of the enemy to Boon- ical sciences, mathematics, and painting. He at ville from 1 till 11 June. His death was the re- tended botanical lectures in Rome, and was sult of exposure in camp. selected by the government in 1689 to accompany PLUMSTED, Clement, mayor of Philadelphia, Surian to the French possessions in the Antilles. b. in 1680; d. in Philadelphia, 26 May, 1745. He The two botanists quarrelled at the end of eighteen is believed to have been a native of Norfolk, Eng- months, and Plumier published his results sepa- land, and this belief is supported by the fact that rately on his return to France. Owing to the inter- his son William had marked on his silver the crest est that was excited among scientists, the king sent that was granted to Nathaniel Plumsted, of that him on a second mission to the same colonies. Its county, in the 15th year of Queen Elizabeth. He success induced him to make a third voyage, on was no doubt a kinsman, perhaps a son, of Clement which he visited Guadeloupe and Santo Domingo, Plumsted, citizen and draper of London, who was as well as Martinique. He also went to the neigh- among the proprietors of East Jersey, associated boring coast of the main-land, where he made many with William Penn. He came to Philadelphia valuable collections. He sailed for Santa Maria, about the time he attained his majority, became a intending to embark at that port for Peru, but was merchant, and was nearly all his life one of the attacked by pleurisy shortly after landing. Plumier wealthiest citizens. Ile was made a rendered great services to the natural sciences, and councilman in 1712, afterward became an alder- particularly to botany. His works are “ Descrip- man, and in 1723 succeeded James Logan as mayor, tion des plantes de l'Amérique” (Paris, 1693) ; to which office he was again chosen in 1736 and in "Nova plantarum Americanarum genera” (1703); 1741. IIe was commissioned in 1717 one of the and “ Traité des fougères de l'Amériques” (1705) .justices of the court of common pleas, quarter Plumier also published some other works, and left sessions, and orphans' court, and was continued by an immense collection of manuscripts, which are in subsequent appointments until his death. From the library of Paris and in that of the Jardin des 1727 till his death he was an active member of the Plantes. Among them are “ Botanographia Ameri- provincial council, and in 1730 became a master in cana," “ Descriptiones plantarum ex America,” | chancery. In company with David French and " De naturalibus Antillarum,” “Solum, salum two gentlemen from Maryland, he was commis- Americanum, seu plantarum, piscium, volucrum- sioned by the English court of chancery in 1740 to que insulis Antillis et San-Dominicana naturalium examine witnesses in Pennsylvania and the Lower icones et descriptiones," Poissons de l'Amé- counties in the case of Penn a's. Lord Baltimore. rique.” and “Ornithographia Americana, quadru- He was the intimate friend of Andrew Hamilton, peilia et volatilia continens." There are altogether and was concerned with him in extensive and prof- more than 4,300 designs of plants and more than | itable land speculations, and, no doubt, through 1.200 of other objects in natural history, drawn by Hamilton's influence, Plumsted, although a Quak- Plunier, probably a larger number than were exe- er, came to show little sympathy with the “ Norris cuted by any other artist. Several dissertations by party,” as the stricter Friends came to be called, in Plumier were published in scientific periodicals. I the bitter contests between this party and the In the “ Journal des savants” of 1694, and in the governor. In 1727 he was one of those that pur- "Mémoires de Trévoux” of September, 1703, he chased the Durham tract in Bucks county, Pa., common 44 POE PLYMPTON 9 9 formed a stock-company for the manufacture of subways of Brooklyn, and has been very prompt iron, and built the Durham furnace, where the in placing the wires underground. He received manufacture has since been continued. The prop- the honorary degree of A. M. in 1854 from Hamil- erty was purchased in 1864 by Edward Cooper and ton college, and in 1877 that of M. D. from the Abram S. Hewitt. By his will he left £50 to be Long Island college hospital. He is a member of divided between ten poor housekeepers, five of the American society of civil engineers, and of them to be Friends and five of other denomina- other scientific associations. From 1870 till 1886 tions. He also gave five shillings to every poor per- he edited“ Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine," son in the almshouse. His son, William, mayor and he has published " The Blowpipe, a Guide to of Philadelphia, b. in Philadelphia, 7 Nov., 1708: its Use in the Determination of Salts and Minerals” d. there, 10 Aug., 1765, became his father's partner (Cincinnati, 1858); “ The Star Finder, or Plani- in business, and continued in trade after the lat- sphere with a Movable Horizon " (New York, 1878); ter's death. In 1739 he was chosen to the city “The Aneroid, and how to use it ” (1880); and a council. In 1741, on his return from a voyage to translation of Jannettaz's “ Guide to the Determi- England, it being suggested that he should be nation of Rocks” (1877). called to the provincial council, Gov. Thomas PLYMPTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Sudbury, wrote to William Penn: "Will Plumsted is a very Mass., 24 March, 1787; d. on Staten island, N. Y., worthy young man, but as his father is in the coun- 5 June, 1860. He was appointed lieutenant in the cil he will be always looked upon as under his in- 4th infantry at the beginning of the war with fluence, and so can give no reputation to the board. Great Britain in 1812, and served on the northern Besides, it is both your brother's opinion and mine frontier until 1815. He became captain in 1821, that he would not accept of it.”, “On the death of major in 1840, and in 1842 commanded during an at- Peter Evans, a lawyer of the Inner Temple, in tack on the Senſinole Indians near Dunn's lake, Fla. 1745, the office of register-general for the province He became lieutenant-colonel in 1846, led his regi: became vacant, and, at Clement Plumsted's solici- ment through the campaign under Gen. Winfield tation, it was given to William, who held the of- Scott in Mexico, received the brevet of colonel for fice until his death. He was also many years a gallant service at the battle of Cerro Gordo, and county judge. When about middle age he re- was mentioned in the official report for bravery at nounced Quakerism. In 1748 he was a subscriber that of Contreras. In 1853 he was promoted colo- to the Dancing assembly, the first that was held in nel of the 1st U. S. infantry. Philadelphia. Subsequently he became one of the POE, Edgar Allan, author, b. in Boston, Mass., founders of St. Peter's church, and in 1761, when 19 Jan., 1809; d. in Baltimore, Md., 7 Oct., 1849. its house for worship was finished, he was elected His great-grandfather, John, who came from the a vestryman, and became the first accounting north of Ireland to Pennsylvania about 1745, was warden. He was one of the original trustees of the a descendant of one of Cromwell's officers. John's college that has since grown to be the University of son, David, was an ar- Pennsylvania. He was three times chosen mayor dent patriot, served in of Philadelphia-in 1750, 1754, and 1755—and at the Revolution and the the end of the first term gave to the city £75 in- war of 1812, and was stead of giving the entertainment that was expected commonly given the from a retiring mayor. In 1757, although he re- title of general. His sided at that time in the city of Philadelphia, he son, of the same name, was chosen a member of the assembly from North- was educated for the ampton county. His daughter, Elizabeth, a lady of law, but went upon the noted beauty, became the wife of Andrew Elliott, stage, and in 1805 mar- and his granddaughter, Elizabeth, daughter of ried Elizabeth Arnold, Andrew and Elizabeth (Plumsted) Elliott, became an actress. Edgar was lady of the bed-chamber to the queen of England, born while his parents and wife of William Schaw Cathcart, who was cre- were regular members ated Earl Cathcart in 1814. of the company at the PLYMPTON, George Washington, civil en- Federal street theatre, gineer, b. in Waltham, Mass., 18 Nov., 1827. He Boston. He was left learned the machinist's trade, and then was gradu- an orphan in early ated with the degree of C. E. at Rensselaer childhood, and adopt- polytechnic institute in 1847. For a time he re-ed by John Allan, a mained at the institute as instructor in mathemat- wealthy tobacco merchant in Richmond, Va., whose ics, but in 1850 he turned his attention to profes- young childless wife had taken a fancy to the sional work in New York state, and later in Cleve- boy. In Mr. Allan's house he was brought up in land, Ohio, and in 1852 he held the chair of luxury. He was precocious, and could read, draw, engineering and architecture in Cleveland univer- dance, and declaim poetry at six years of age. In sity. In 1853–5 he taught mathematics in the 1815 he accompanied the Allans to England, and State normal school in Albany, N. Y., and in was placed at a school in Stoke Newington, which 1857–9 he had charge of physics and engineering he afterward described in his tale of “ William in the Normal school in Trenton, N. J. He was Wilson." Here he remained five years. On his called in 1863 to the chair of physical science in return to Richmond he attended a private school the Brooklyn polytechnic institute, and in 1869 in that city, where he was a bright student and was appointed to that of physics and engineering active in out-door sports, one of his feats being a at Cooper Union, New York city, from which he swim of six miles against the tide and in a hot was advanced in 1879 to the post of director of the June sun. But he had few companions, and kept Cooper Union night-school. In 1844–5 he was much to himself. In his fifteenth year he became professor of chemistry and toxicology in the Long warmly attached to the mother of one of his school- Island college hospital, and in 1867–8 he was chief mates. She was his confidant and friend, and engineer of the water board of Bergen, N. J., hav- when she died a few months later the boy visited ing charge of the drainage of that place. Prof. her grave nightly for a long time. To this inci- Plympton was appointed commissioner of electrical | dent Poe was wont to ascribe much influence over Edgar Amore POE 45 POE his mind. On 14 Feb., 1826, he was matriculated obtained from the boarders that Mrs. Clemm, Poe's at the University of Virginia, where, though a fair mother-in-law, received. Among these was Will- student, he spent much time at the gaming-table, iam Gowans, the bibliophile, who has testified to but he was not expelled by the faculty, as has been Poe's uniformly sober and courteous demeanor. said, nor was he even admonished by them. He In the summer of 1838 he went to Philadelphia had incurred heavy gambling debts, which his fos- and compiled the “Conchologist's First Book ter-father refused to pay, and taking the boy from (Philadelphia, 1839), which has raised against him college at the end of the first year, he placed him many charges of plagiarism. It was said during in his own counting-room; but shortly afterward his lifetime that the text-book was a simple reprint Poe left Richmond to seek his fortune. He first of Capt. Thomas Brown's “ Conchology," an Eng- went to Boston, where, about midsummer of 1827, / lish work; but this is untrue. It has recently be- he made his first literary venture, the publication come known that it was condensed and otherwise of - Tamerlane and other Poems," which he said in ! altered from Thomas Wyatt's “ Manual of Con- the preface had been written in 1821–2. But his chology," at the desire of the author, whose pub- means were soon exhausted, and on 26 May, 1828, lishers declined to issue a smaller edition of his he enlisted as a private in the U. S. army, under work. In July, 1839, he became associate editor the name of Edgar A. Perry. He won the good- of William E. Burton's “ Gentleman's Magazine " will of his superiors, and on 1 Jan., 1829, was pro- in Philadelphia, and shortly afterward he issued a moted sergeant-major for merit, but a little later collection of his prose stories, entitled “ Tales of he made his whereabouts known to Mr. Allan, who, the Grotesque and the Arabesque” (2 vols., Boston, with others, procured his discharge and appoint- 1839). Though these contain some of his finest ment to a cadetship at the U. S. military academy: work, he received nothing from them but the copy- Before the latter had been obtained Poe published right and twenty copies for private distribution, a new edition of his poems with some additions, and the sale was small. His connection with the entitled “ Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems” “Gentleman's Magazine” lasted until the follow- (Baltimore, 1829), which, like the first, possessed ing year, when he quarrelled with Burton. Poe little merit, and met with no favor. On 1 July, had previously issued the prospectus of a new 1830, he entered on his cadetship at West Point, periodical, “ 'The Penn Magazine,” but it was at and at the end of the first half-year stood third in first postponed temporarily by his illness, and French and seventeenth in mathematics in a class then indefinitely by his engagement as editor-in- of eighty-seven, but he became dissatisfied, and, as chief of “Graham's Magazine,” which had been his foster-father refused to sanction his resigna- | formed by the purchase of the “Gentleman's” by tion, he purposely neglected his duties and was | George R. Graham and its consolidation with cashiered' early in 1831. Before this he had ob- Graham's “ Casket.” About this time he began to tained the subscriptions of his fellow-students to a take an interest in unravelling difficult problems. third collection of Poems” (New York, 1831), He had asserted in an article on “ Cryptography which met with nothing but ridicule. that human ingenuity could construct no crypto- He now sought literary employment in Baltimore, graph that could not be solved. The result was but with little success till in 1833 he was awarded that compositions of this kind were sent to him a prize of $100, which had been offered by the Bal- from all parts of the country, and he solved all timore “ Saturday Visitor,” for his tale “ A Manu- that he received, to the number of more than 100. script found in a Bottle," the judges being Dr. Not long afterward he wrote his tale “ The Gold- James H. Miller, John H. B. Latrobe, and John P. Bug," which was founded on the solution of a Kennedy. A prize of $50 for the best poem was cryptograph, and for which he obtained a prize of also won by his “ Coliseum," but it was ruled out $100 that had been offered by the “Dollar Maga- as being by the author of the successful tale. Poezine.” In May, 1841, he published a prediction of had been in destitution, but he was relieved by the plot of “ Barnaby Rudge” from the introduc- Mr. Kennedy, who also procured him literary work, tory chapters, which is said to have caused Dickens and on Kennedy's recommendation he was engaged to ask Poe if he was the devil. In April he had as editor of the “Southern Literary Messenger" at published his “ Murders in the Rue Morgue,” the Richmond. Here he wrote some of his best tales, i model of many subsequent detective stories. The developing the gloomy and mystical vein for which tale was afterward stolen by two rival French he afterward became noted, but he gained more journals, and a libel suit followed, in the course of attention by his trenchant criticisms, which made which the true author was discovered. This was him unpopular, especially in New York. While the beginning of Poe's popularity in France, which here he also became engaged to his cousin, Virginia became wide and lasting. Meanwhile he continued Clemm, then a girl of thirteen years, and on 22 his critical articles, which, if not always correct, Sept., 1835, he obtained a marriage license in Bal- and often apparently spiteful and colored by Poe's timore, but the ceremony was not performed pub- peculiar ideas concerning the literary art, were licly till the following year. His prospects were certainly independent. now excellent, but in January, 1837, he resigned During his stay in Philadelphia, Poe's wife, who his post and went to New York. This, as well as had been always delicate, ruptured a blood-vessel the sudden termination of Poe's other editorial in singing, and she never fully recovered. To his engagements, has been the subject of much con- anxiety for her Poe attributed his failure to with- troversy, some authorities saying that his dissipated stand his appetite for stimulants. However this habits were the cause, and others ascribing it to may be, his habits grew more and more irregular, feeble health or to an invitation that he received and in the spring of 1842 he lost the editorship of from Dr. Francis L. Hawks to become a contribu- | - Graham's." He had not abandoned the scheme tor to the newly established - New York Review.” | of issuing a magazine of his own, and early in 1843 He furnished only one article for this, a review of appeared the prospectus of “ The Stylus," in which a book of travels, and then worked on his "Narra- ! Poe was to be associated with Thomas C. Clarke. tive of Arthur Gordon Pym," a tale of adventure. This was subsequently abandoned, and, after doing in antarctic regions, which had been partially pub- some desultory literary work, delivering a few lec- lished in the " Messenger" (New York, 1838). At tures, and suffering much from poverty, Poe re- this time the principal income of the family was turned with his wife and her mother to New York 46 POE POE 66 in April, 1844. His first publication here was his , and in this state was found by politicians, who “ Balloon-Hoax," a circumstantial account of a drugged him and made him vote at several places. balloon-voyage over the Atlantic, which appeared Poe's personal appearance was striking. He was in the news columns of the “Sun.” He soon be- erect, with a pale face, and an expression of melan- came connected with the “ Evening Mirror," in choly. His conversation is said to have been fas- which, on 29 Jan., 1845, first appeared his poem of cinating. His tales and poems, though the ability * The Raven,” from the advance sheets of the and power that they display are universally ac- • Whig Review” for February. The popularity of knowledged, have been very differently estimated. this was immediate and wide-spread. "In April, The former have been praised for their artistic becoming dissatisfied with work on a daily paper, construction, their subtle analysis, and their vivid he withdrew, and soon afterward was associated descriptions, and condemned for their morbid sub- with Charles F. Briggs in the management of the jects and absence of moral feeling. The poems are " Broadway Journal,” a newly established weekly. admired for melody and for ingenious versification, His connection with this was marked by a series and objected to because they appeal to the imagina- of harsh criticisms of the poet Longfellow, whom tion and not to the intellect. The author's theory he accused of gross plagiarism. Poe afterward be- of poetry, which he finally formulated in his lec- came sole editor of the ** Journal,” and was endeav- ture on “The Poetic Principle," was peculiar, inas- oring to get it entirely under his control when much as he contended that beauty was its sole financial troubles caused its suspension in Decem- object. He asserted that a “long poem is a con- ber, 1845. In October of that year he was invited tradiction in terms.” Says his latest biographer: to deliver an original poem before the Boston “ In his prose tales he declares repeatedly that he lyceum, and in response read “Al Aaraaf," one of meant not to tell a story, but to produce an effect. his earliest efforts. There was much dissatisfaction, In poetry he aimed not to convey an idea, but to and Poe on his return to New York asserted in his make an impression. He was not a philosopher nor “Journal” that his action had been intentional, a lover; he never served truth nor knew passion; and that he had thought that the poem “would he was a dreamer, and his life was, warp and woof, answer sufficiently well for an audience of tran- mood and sentiment, instead of act and thought.' scendentalists." The incident was the cause of The first collection of Poe's works was that by much unfavorable comment. At the close of this Rufus W. Griswold, preceded by a memoir (3 vols., year Poe issued a new collection of his poems, New York, 1850; 4 vols., 1856). There are also * The Raven and other Poems" (New York, 1845). several British editions, of which two of the latest Early in 1846 he removed to a cottage in Fordham, are those with memoirs by Richard Henry Stod- now a part of New York city. His chief work at dard (London, 1873) and John H. Ingram (4 vols., this time was a series of papers in "Godey's Lady's Edinburgh, 1874). There is a later American edi- Book” on The Literati of New York.” One of tion with the sketch by Ingram (4 vols., New York, these, on Dr. Thomas Dunn English, provoked a 1876); a “Diamond” edition in one volume, with reply of such a nature that Poe sued the “ Mirror,” a sketch by William Fearing Gill (Boston, 1874); in which it appeared, and recovered $225 and costs. and a limited edition with the memoir by Stoddard For several weeks before this he had been ill. His (8 vols., New York, 1884). Several volumes of his constitution had been shattered by overwork, dis- tales have been translated into French by Charles appointment, and the use of stimulants, and before Baudelaire and William Hughes. There have ap- the end of the year the family was reduced to such peared also collections of his poems, with memoirs, poverty that a public appeal was made in its be- respectively, by James Hannay (London, 1852); Ed- half. On 30 Jan., 1847, Mrs. Poe died, but, after mund F. Blanchard (1857); and Charles F. Briggs his life had been endangered, Poe partially re- (New York, 1858); and many illustrated editions covered before the following summer. He tried to of single poems, notably of “The Raven.” The revive his plan of a new magazine, this time to be memoir by Griswold contains errors of fact, and is called “ Literary America,” and to aid it lectured, written in a hostile spirit. Its accusations have on 3 Feb., 1848, in the New York society library been replied to by Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman in on the “Cosmogony of the Universe," a subject on “ Edgar A. Poe and his Critics” (New York, 1859) which he had speculated during his recovery. The and by William Fearing Gill in his “Life of Edgar lecture was elaborated into Eureka, a Prose Allan Poe" (1877). There is also a life by Eugene Poem” (New York, 1848), which he considered his L. Didier (1876), and various magazine articles, in- greatest work, but this judgment was not that of cluding one in “Scribner's Monthly” for October, the public nor of his critics. Its physical and 1875, by Francis G. Fairfield, in which he attempts metaphysical speculations have little value, and its to show that Poe's peculiarities were due to epilepsy. theology is a mixture of materialism and pantheism. The latest and most impartial biography is that by Shortly after this Poe entered into a conditional George E. Woodberry in the “ American Men of engagement of marriage with Mrs. Sarah Helen Letters” series (Boston, 1885). Whitman, of Providence, R. I., but it was broken On 17 Nov., 1875, a monument, erected by the off. His health was still feeble, but he now pre-school-teachers of Baltimore, was publicly dedicated pared for a southern trip, during which he lectured to Poe's memory in that city. It is of Italian mar- several times and canvassed for his proposed maga- ble in the form of a pedestal eight feet in height, zine. While he was in Richmond he offered mar- and bears a medallion of the poet. A memorial riage to a widow of whom he had been enamored in volume containing an account of the dedication youth, and was accepted. Shortly afterward, prob- ceremonies was issued by Sarah S. Rice and Will- åbly on 30 Sept., 1819, he set out for the north to iam Hand Browne (Baltimore, 1877). In May, make arrangements for the wedding. Of his move- 1885, the actors of the United States erected in the ments after this nothing is known with certainty. Metropolitan museum, New York city, a memorial On 3 Oct., the day of a municipal election, he was to Poe, at whose dedication an address was made found unconscious in Baltimore in a liquor-saloon by Edwin Booth, and William Winter read a poem. that had been used as a polling-place, and was There has recently been discovered a large amount removed to a hospital, where he died of delirium of manuscript material relating to Poe, including tremens. It has been reported that he had dined a life by Dr. Thomas Holley Chivers, which may be with some old military friends, became intoxicated, published at some future time. 9 9 POE 47 POEY 66 Bilipe Sney POE, Orlando Metcalfe, soldier, b. in Navarre, study of mollusks, insects, and fishes. In 1825 he Stark co., Ohio, 7 March, 1832. He was graduated sailed for Cuba, and thence, with a collection of at the U.S. military academy in 1856, and assigned specimens, for Paris. There he aided in found- to the topographical engineers. He became ist ing, in 1827, the “Société entomologique,” and lieutenant in 1860, and was on lake survey duty contributed notes and drawings to the “Histoire till the beginning of the civil war, when he en- naturelle des poissons." gaged in the organization of Ohio volunteers. He In 1833 he returned to was chief topographical engineer of the Depart- Havana and devoted him- ment of the Ohio from 13 May till 15 June, 1861, self to the study of natu- being engaged in reconnoissances in northern Ken- ral history, making draw- tucky and western Virginia, participated in the ings of specimens with battle of Rich Mountain, on the staff of Gen. his associate, Juan Gund- George B. McClellan. He became colonel of the lach (9. 1'.), and discover- 2d Michigan volunteers in September, 1861, was in ing many new species command of his regiment in the defences of Wash- which are included in ington, and took part in the principal battles of the Pfeiffer's Monographia Virginia peninsular campaign. He was appointed Heliceorum Viventium." brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, was In 1842 Poey was appoint- engaged at Fredericksbu commanded a divis- ed essor of compara- ion of the 9th army corps from February to tive anatomy and zoology March, 1863, and became captain of U. S. engi- in the University of Ha- neers in that month, and subsequently chief engi- vana, and from 1851 till neer of the 230 corps of the Army of the Ohio. 1860 he published at in- He occupied a similar post in thě army of Gen. tervals his “ Historia Na- William T. Sherman in the invasion of Georgia, tural de la Isla de Cuba" the march to the sea, and through the Carolinas, (2 vols., 1860). In 1863 he was appointed to the until the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. chair of botany, mineralogy, and geology, and from He received the brevet of major for gallant service 1868 till 1875 he published in the “Repertorio at the siege of Knoxville on 6 July, 1864, that of Físico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba.” and reprinted in lieutenant-colonel for the capture of Atlanta on the “ Anales de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de 1 Sept., 1864, and that of colonel for Savannah on Madrid,” his great work under the title “Synopsis 21 Dec., 1864. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Piscicum Cubensium,” or “Catálogo razonado de brigadier-general for “ gallant and meritorious ser- los Peces Cubanos,” an atlas of 10 volumes with vice in the campaign terminating in the surrender more than 1,000 illustrations drawn by himself, and of the insurgent army under Gen. Joseph E. John the description of about 800 tropical American ston." He was engineer secretary of the U. S. fishes. This work was purchased by the Spanish light-house board in 1865–'70, commissioned major government, placed in the “ Biblioteca de Ciencias in the latter year, constructed the light-house on Naturales” at Madrid, and exhibited by the gov- Spectacle reef, Lake Huron, in 1870–3, and be- ernment in the exposition of Amsterdam in 1883, came a member of the light-house board in 1874. receiving a gold medal and honorable mention. In He was aide-de-camp to Gen. William T. Sherman 1873 Poey was appointed professor of philosophy in 1873–'84, and at the same time was in charge of and belles-lettres, and he has held all his chairs in the river and harbor works from Lake Erie to the university till the present time (1888), notwith- Lake Superior. In 1882 he was commissioned lieu- standing his advanced age. He is a member of tenant-colonel of engineers. almost every scientific society in Europe and POEPPIG, Eduard (pup-pig), German natu- America, and many of his new specimens in life- ralist, b. in Plauen, Saxony, 16 July, 1797; d. in size drawings are to be found in the U. S. national Leipsic, 4 Sept., 1868. He received his education museum, the U.S. museum of comparative zoology, in Leipsic, and, after obtaining a medical degree, and the Spanish museum of Madrid. His other was given by the rector of the university a botani- works, besides the two mentioned above, are cal mission to North and South America. He re- " Centurie des Lépidoptères de l'île de Cuba ” (Paris, turned to Germany toward the close of 1832 with 1832); “Geografía Universal” (Havana, 1836): valuable collections in zoology and botany, and " Corona Poeyana” (1844); " Geografia de Cuba" was appointed in the following year professor of (19 editions); “ Cartilla de Geografía” (1855); zoology in the University of Leipsic, which post he and "Cartilla de Mineralogía” (1878). He has held till his death. He also contributed to the es- contributed for more than sixty years many tablishment of a scientific museum in the latter papers on natural history to the French, Spanish, city, and bequeathed to it his collections. He pub- and Cuban scientific press, and some of his papers lished Reise nach Chili, Peru, und auf dem occur in the proceedings of the Academy of natu- Amazonen-Flusse” (2 vols., Leipsic, 1835); “ Nova ral science of Philadelphia, the annals of the New genera ac Species plantarum quas in regno, Chi- York lyceum, and other American scientific publi- liensi, Peruviano, ac Terra Amazonica, anni 1827- cations. He also wrote poems, of which “El Ar- 1832 lectarum " (3 vols., 1835–45); “Reise nach den royo” and “ A Silvia" are best known.—His son, Vereinigten Staaten (1837): and “ Landschaft- Andrés, meteorologist, b. in Havana in 1826, was liche Ansichten und erläuternde Darstellungen” educated in his native city and in Paris. In 1848 (1839). Poeppig also wrote most of the American he began to contribute to scientific publications, articles for the “* Allgemeine Encyclopaedie,” edited especially on meteorology and natural philosophy. by Ersch and Grüber. To his efforts was due the creation of a meteoro- POEY, Felipe (po'-ay), Cuban naturalist, b. in logical observatory at Havana, and during the Havana, 26 May, 1799. He is of French and Span- reign of Maximilian he was director of an estab- ish parentage. He made his preparatory studies in lishment of the same kind in Mexico. He has his dative city, and concluded them in the Univer- written much in Spanish, French, and English on sity of Madrid, where he was graduated in law. scientific subjects. Among his writings are - Tra- Having a taste for natural history, he gradually tado de Meteorología,” " Memoria sobre los hura- abandoned his practice as a lawyer, and began the canes de las Antillas,” and “ Memoria sobre las 9 48 POINSETT POHL See a 66 granizadas en Cuba " (Havana, 1860–2); “Cuban that Jackson was not censured by congress. At Antiquities,” read before the American ethnological the end of his term he was elected governor of society; " Tableau chronologique des tremblements Mississippi, notwithstanding attempts to show that de terre,” « Travaux sur la météorologie et la phi- he had been guilty of gross cowardice at New sique du globe," “ Mémoires sur les tempêtes elec- Orleans. While he held this office the legislature triques,” and “Le positivisme” (Paris, 1876). The authorized him to revise and amend the statutes, last is an exposition of the principles of Auguste and the result was the code that was completed in Comte's philosophical system, of which the author 1822 and published as Revised Code of the Laws is an ardent follower. of Mississippi” (Natchez, 1824). In 1821 he re- POHL, Johann Emanuel, Austrian botanist, sumed his practice at the bar, which he continued b. in Vienna, Austria, in 1784; d. there, 22 May, till his appointment to the U. S. senate in Novem- 1834. He was educated as a physician, and then ber, 1830, in place of Robert H. Adams, deceased. devoted his attention to botany. In 1817 he ac- He was subsequently elected to fill out the term, companied the Archduchess Leopoldine to Brazil on and served till 1835. Here he gradually became the occasion of her marriage to Dom Pedro I., and estranged from Jackson, occupying, as he con- then spent four years in exploring that country tended, a middle ground between Henry Clay and under orders from his government. On his return John C. Calhoun, but his views were practically to Vienna he was appointed curator of the Brazil- those of the latter. He especially resisted the ap- ian museum. His works include “ Tentamen flora pointment of the president's personal friends to Bohemice" (2 vols., Prague, 1814); " Expositio office in Mississippi, and he also voted for Clay's anatomica organi auditus per classes animalium resolution of censure. The breach widened, and (Vienna, 1819); " Plantarum Brasiliæ icones et Jackson finally suspected Poindexter of complicity descriptiones” (2 vols., 1827–31); “ Beiträge zur in the attempt that was made on his life at the Gebirgskunde Brasiliens ” (1832); “ Brasiliens vor- capitol. In 1835 he removed to Louisville, Ky., züglichste Insekten” (1832); and “ Reise ins innere but was disappointed in his hopes of political pro- Brasilien” (1832). motion there, and, after being commissioned by POINDEXTER, George, senator, b. in Louisa President Tyler to investigate frauds in the New county, Va., in 1779; d. in Jackson, Miss., 5 Sept., York custom-house, returned to Mississippi, where 1853. He was of Huguenot ancestry. He was left he affiliated with his old political friends. Poin- an orphan early in life, and became a lawyer in dexter had more than ordinary ability, but his Milton, Va., but in 1802 removed to Mississippi career was marred by violent personal controver- territory, where he soon attained note, both at the sies and by dissipation, and he was embittered by bar and as a leader of the Jeffersonian party. In domestic troubles and by the unpopularity that his 1803 he was appointed attorney-general of the ter- opposition to Jackson aroused against him in Mis- ritory, and in this capacity he conducted the prose- sissippi. · Biographical Sketch” of him cution of Aaron Burr when the latter was arrested (Washington, 1835). by the authorities in his first descent to New Orleans. POINSETT, Joel Roberts, statesman, b, in His violent denunciations of Federalists resulted in Charleston, S. C., 2 March, 1779; d. in Statesburg, a challenge from Abijah Hunt, one of the largest S. C., 12 Dec., 1851. He was of Huguenot de- merchants in the south west, whom Poindexter scent, and the last of his family. He was educated killed in the duel that followed. Poindexter was at Timothy Dwight's school in Greenfield, Conn., accused by his enemies of firing before the word and in England, and was given, and bitter and prolonged controversies then studied medicine followed, but the charge was never substantiated. at Edinburgh uni- He became a member of the territorial legislature versity, and military in 1805, and in 1807 was chosen delegate to con- science at Woolwich gress, where he won reputation as an orator. Here academy. His father he remained till 1813, when, notwithstanding the induced him to aban- remonstrance of the majority of the territorial bar, don his intention of he was appointed U. S. judge for the district of entering the army and Mississippi. This office, contrary to general expec- become a student of tation, he administered firmly and impartially, do- law, but feeble health ing much to settle the controversies that had arisen obliged him to go from conflicting land grants, and to repress the abroad again, and he criminal classes. He had assisted to prepare the travelled widely in people of the territory for the war of 1812, and Europe and Asia. when the British invaded Louisiana he joined While he was in St. Jackson and served as a volunteer aide at the bat. Petersburg the czar tle of New Orleans. During this service a soldier offered him a commis- brought to him a piece of paper bearing the British sion in the Russian countersign - Beauty and Booty," which he had army. On his return to the United States in 1809 found on the field. Poindexter took it to Jackson, he asked President Madison for military employ- and it was the cause of much excitement through ment, and the latter was about to make him quar- the country. The Federalists subsequently claimed termaster-general of the army, but the secretary of that the paper had been forged by Poindexter. He war objected, and Mr. Poinsett was sent by the was active in the Mississippi constitutional conven-government to South America to inquire into the tion of 1817, being chairman of the committee that condition of the inhabitants of that continent and was appointed to draft a constitution for the new their prospects of success in their struggle with state, and, on its admission to the Union in that Spain for independence. While he was in Chili the year, was elected its first representative in congress, Spanish authorities of Peru, hearing that war had serving one term. Here, in 1819, he made his best- begun between Spain and the United States, seized known speech, defending Gen. Jackson's conduct several American merchant vessels, and then, in- in the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, and vading Chilian territory, captured others at Tal- in the occupation of the Spanish ports in Florida cahuano. Poinsett put himself at the head of a con- (see Jackson), and it was largely due to his efforts siderable force that was placed at his disposal by the IR. Voinsett POINTIS 49 POLAND > 66 Republican government of Chili, and, attacking the Santo Domingo by Ducasse, the governor of Tor- Spaniards, retook the ships. He was at Valparaiso | tuga, at the head of 600 buccaneers. He arrived during the fight between the Essex" and the off Carthagena on 12 April, and, landing three Phæbe" and "Cherub” (see Porter, David), and miles from the city, summoned it to surrender; but wished to return home at once to enter the army, I the Spaniards refused, and the French were driven but the British naval authorities refused to let him back in several attacks. But, after the storming of go by sea, and, after crossing the Andes in April the fort of Boca Chica and several other important and meeting with various delays, he reached the points of defence, the city capitulated on condition United States after the declaration of peace. On that the buccaneers should not enter. Booty his return he was elected to the South Carolina amounting to $15,000,000 was secured by Pointis, legislature, where he interested himself in projects who also imposed upon the city a ransom of $600,- of internal improvement, and secured the construc- 000. Ducasse, being appouted governor, left the tion of a road over the Saluda mountain. He was buccaneers in garrison at Boca Chica; but they afterward chosen to congress as a Federalist, and learned that Pointis tried to keep them out of served two terms in 1821–5, advocating the cause their share of the plunder, and, although Ducasse of the South American republies and that of restrained them for some time, they finally entered Greek independence. In 1822 he discharged an Carthagena, and pillaged and burned for three important special mission to Mexico during the days, committing all kinds of atrocities. After de- reign of Iturbide, and in 1825 he returned to that stroying the fortifications of the place, the French country as U. S. minister. During his term of re-embarked on 1 June, and, defeating two English office, which lasted till 1829, he negotiated a treaty fleets, anchored in Brest, 29 Aug., 1697. A medal of commerce, and maintained his independence was struck in commemoration of the expedition. with spirit and courage in the midst of many revo- Pointis afterward commanded a fleet, and besieged lutionary outbreaks. He was accused by the Church Gibraltar in 1704–5, but retired from active service party of interfering against them, but justified his toward the close of the latter year. He published course in a pamphlet after his return. At the • Relation de l'expédition de Carthagène faite par request of Freemasons in Mexico he sent for char- les François en 1697” (Amsterdam, 1698). The ters for their lodges to the Grand lodge of New historian of the filibusters, Charlevoix, speaks with York, and he was consequently accused of intro- praise of Pointis as a humane and just commander, ducing Masonry into the country. On his return but he deplores his severity with the buccaneers, as to his native state he became the leader of the it caused the latter to distrust France, which had Union party there in the struggle against nullifi- often checked their tendency to commit useless cation, opposing it by his speeches and in the pub- cruelties, but was thenceforth unable to do so. lic press, and has been credited with the military POIRIER, Pascal, Canadian senator, b. in organization of the supporters of the National gov- Shediac, New Brunswick, 14 Feb., 1852. He is of ernment in Charleston. He was authorized by Acadian descent. He completed his course of President Jackson to obtain arms and ammunition studies at St. Joseph's college, Memramcook, from the government supplies in the harbor, and it studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Que- was said by some that he had been secretly com- bec in 1876. In 1872 Mr. Poirier was appointed missioned a colonel. During Van Buren's admin- postmaster of the Dominion parliament, which istration he held the portfolio of war in the cabi- post he held till his appointment to the senate, 9 net. In this office he improved the field-artillery March, 1885. At an early age he contributed to of the army, and in 1840 strongly recommended the press, both French and English, and he has pub- that congress should aid the states in reorganiz- lished "L'Origine des Acadiens” (Montreal, 1874). ing their militia. This was his last public office, and POISSON, Modest Jules Adolphe, Canadian he afterward lived in retirement. He was an ear- author, b. in Gentilly, province of Quebec, 14 March, nest opponent of the Mexican war. Poinsett was the 1849. He was educated at the Seminary of Quebec, author of various essays and orations on manufac- studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. turing and agricultural topics, and of a discourse Since that year he has been registrar of Arthabasca on the “ Promotion of Science” (in 1841) at the county. He is the author of * Chants Canadiens” first anniversary of the National institution, to (Quebec, 1880), and has frequently contributed to which he gave a valuable museum. He took much French Canadian periodicals. interest in botany, and the “ Poinsettia Pulcher- POLAND, John Scroggs, soldier, b. in Prince- rina," a Mexican flower, which he introduced into ton, Ind., 14 Oct., 1836. He was graduated at the this country, was named for him. He was also the U. S. military academy in 1861, and appointed 1st founder of an academy of fine arts at Charleston, lieutenant of the 2d infantry on 6 July, 1861. Sub- which existed for several years, and published sequently he served with the Army of the Poto- * Notes on Mexico, made in 1822, with an Histori- mac, engaging in the battle of Bull Run, and with ral Sketch of the Revolution” (Philadelphia, 1824). that army in the following campaigns, until after He left a mass of correspondence and other papers, the battle of Gettysburg, when he was on duty in which remain unpublished. Columbia gave him the defences of Washington. Meanwhile he had the degree of LL. D. in 1825. A portrait of Poin- been promoted captain, and had received the bre- sett, by John Wesley Jarvis, was presented to the vets of major and lieutenant-colonel. In 1865 he city of Charleston by William Courtenay in 1887. was assigned to the U. S. military academy, where POINTIS. Jean Bernard Louis Desjean he remained for four years as assistant professor of (pwan-tee), Baron de, French naval officer, b. in geography, history, ethics, and drawing. During Brittany in 1645; d. in Champigny, near Paris, 24 the ten years that followed he served principally April, 1707. He entered the navy when he was on frontier duty, becoming, on 15 Dec., 1880, major sixteen years old, and was promoted chef d'escadre of the 18th infantry, and in 1881-6, he was chief in 1693. In 1696 he presented a memoir to Louis of the department of law at the U. S. infantry and XIV., in which he proposed an attack on Cartha- cavalry school in Leavenworth, Kansas, where he gena, and was authorized to form a company which was also in charge in 1881–'3 of the department of should provide for the expenses of the expedition military drawing. On 1 March, 1886, he was pro- in consideration of receiving half the profits. He moted lieutenant-colonel of the 21st infantry. Col. sailed from Brest, 9 Jan., 1697, and was joined in Poland has published “ Digest of the Military Laws VOL. V.-4 50 POLK POLAND of the United States from 1861 to 1868" (Boston, “ Address before the Alumni of Rutgers College" 1868) and “The Conventions of Geneva of 1864 (1852). A “Memorial,” containing twelve of his and (1868, and St. Petersburg International Com- sermons, the address at his installation in Newark, mission " (Leavenworth, 1886). by Dr. David H. Riddle, and his funeral discourse, POLAND, Luke Potter, jurist, b. in Westford, by Dr. John Forsyth, chaplain, U. S. A., was print- Vt., 1 Nov., 1815; d. in Waterville, Vt., 2 July, ed after his death. 1887. He attended the common schools, was em- POLIGNAC, Camille Armand Jules Marie ployed in a country store and on a farm, taught (po-leen-yak), Count de, soldier, b. in France, 6 Feb., at Morristown, Vt., studied law, and was admitted 1832. He is a descendant of the Duchess of Poli- to the bar in 1836. He was a member of the State gnac, a favorite of Marie Antoinette. At the begin- constitutional convention in 1843, and prosecuting ning of the civil war he came to this country, offered attorney for the county in 1844–5. In 1848 he was his services to the Confederate government, and the Free-soil candidate for lieutenant-governor, was made brigadier-general on 10 Jan., 1862, and and in the same year he was elected a judge of the attached to the Army of Tennessee. Subsequently Vermont supreme court. He was re-elected each he was given command of a division and commis- successive year, becoming chief justice in 1860, un- sioned major-general on 13 June, 1864. During the til he was appointed in November, 1865, on the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-'1 he served with his death of Jacob Collamer, to serve out his unexpired countrymen, and he has since been engaged in term in the U. S. senate. On its conclusion he en- journalism and in civil engineering. On several tered the house of representatives, and served from occasions he has been sent to Algiers in charge of 1867 till 1875. While in the senate he secured surveying expeditions by the French government, the passage of the bankrupt law, besides originat- and his work has received special recognition. ing a bill for the revision and consolidation of the POLK, James Knox, eleventh president of the statutes of the United States. As chairman of the United States, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C., 2 committee on revision in the house, he superin- Nov., 1795; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 15 June, 1849. tended the execution of his scheme of codification. He was a son of Samuel Polk, whose father, Eze- He was chairman of the committee to investigate kiel, was a brother of Col. Thomas (q. v.), grandson the outrages of the Ku-Klux Klan, and of the in- of Robert Polk, or Pollock, who was born in Ire- vestigation committee on the Crédit mobilier trans- land and emigrated to the United States. His actions; also of one on the reconstruction of the mother was Jane, daughter of James Knox, a resi- Arkansas state government. Several times, while dent of Iredell county, N. C., and a captain in the serving on the committee on elections, he came into war of the Revolution. His father, Samuel, a conflict with other Republicans on questions re- farmer, removed in the autumn of 1806 to the rich garding the admission of Democratic members valley of Duck river, a tributary of the Tennessee, from the south. He was chairman of the Vermont and made a new home in a section that was erected delegation to the Republican national convention the following year into the county of Maury. Be- of 1876, and presented the name of William A. sides cultivating the tract of land he had pur- Wheeler for the vice-presidency, for which office he chased, Samuel at intervals followed the occupa- himself had been brought forward as a candidate. tion of a surveyor, acquired a fortune equal to his Mr. Poland was a representative in the state legis- wants, and lived until 1827. His son James was lature in 1878. He was elected to congress again brought up on the farm, and not only assisted in in 1882, and served from 1883 till 3 March, 1885. its management, but frequently accompanied his POLETTE, Antoine, Canadian jurist, b. in father in his surveying expeditions, during which Pointe-aux-Trembles, Quebec, 25 Aug., 1807; d. in they were often absent for weeks. He was in- Three Rivers, 6 Jan., 1887. He studied law, be- clined to study, often busied himself with his fa- came an advocate in 1828, entered parliament in ther's mathematical calculations, and was fond of 1848, and was appointed queen's counsel in 1854. reading. He was sent to school, and had succeeded He was made a commissioner for consolidating the in mastering the English branches when ill health laws in 1856, and in 1860 puisne judge of the su- compelled his removal. He was then placed with a preme court of Quebec, which post he held till he merchant, but having a strong dislike to commer- retired in 1880. He was a royal commissioner in cial pursuits, he obtained permission to return home the Canadian Pacific railway inquiry of 1873. after a few weeks' trial, and in July, 1813, was given POLHEMUS, Abraham, clergyman, b. in As- in charge of a private tutor. In 1815 he entered toria, Long Island, the sophomore class at the University of North N. Y., in 1812; d. in Carolina, of which institution his cousin, William Newburg, N. Y., in (q. v.), was a trustee. As a student young Polk was October, 1857. His an- correct, punctual, and industrious. At his gradua- cestor, Rev. Johannes tion in 1818 he was officially acknowledged to be T. Polhemus, a native the best scholar in both the classics and mathemat- of Holland, came to ics, and delivered the Latin salutatory. In 1847 this country in 1654. the university conferred upon him the degree of Abraham was gradu- LL. D. In 1819 he entered the law-office of Felix ated at Rutgers in Grundy, who was then at the head of the Tennessee 1831, and at New bar. While pursuing his legal studies he attracted Brunswick theologi- the attention of Andrew Jackson, who soon after- cal seminary in 1835, ward was appointed governor of the territory of and was pastor in Florida. An intimacy was thus begun between the Hopewell, N. Y., till two men that in after-years greatly influenced the 1857, and in Newark, course of at least one of them. In 1820 Mr. Polk N. J., from May of was admitted to the bar, and established himself at that year till his Columbia, the county-seat of Maury county. Here death. 'Mr. Polhemus he attained such immediate success as fails to the was very popular in lot of few, his career at the bar only ending with the community in which he lived, and was clear his election to the governorship in 1839. At times and logical as a pulpit orator. Ile published an he practised alone, while at others he was associated 2 Apotheus دی اور دونو سره هم مرز بڑے . POLK 51 POLK successively with several of the leading practition- for distribution a surplus beyond the wants of the ers of the state. Among the latter may be men- government, and maintaining that the revenue tioned Aaron V. Brown and Gideon J. Pillow, should be reduced to the requirements of the pub- Brought up as a Jeffersonian, and early taking lic service. Early in 1833, as a member of the an interest in politics, Mr. Polk was frequently ways and means committee, he made a minority re- heard in public as an exponent of the views of his port unfavorable to the Bank of the United States, party. So popular was his style of oratory that his which aroused a storm of opposition, a meeting of services soon came to be in great demand, and he the friends of the bank being held at Nashville. was not long in earning the title of the “ Napoleon During the entire contest between the bank and of the Stump.” He was, however, an argumenta- President Jackson, caused by the removal of the tive rather than a rhetorical speaker, and convinced deposits in October, 1833, Mr. Polk, now chairman his hearers by plainness of statement and aptness of the committee, supported the executive. His of illustration, ignoring the ad-captandum effects speech in opening the debate summarized the usually resorted to in political harangues. His material facts and arguments on the Democratic first public employment was that of chief clerk to side of the question. George McDuffie, leader of the Tennessee house of representatives, and in 1823 the opposition, bore testimony in his concluding he canvassed the district to secure his own election remarks to the boldness and manliness with which to that body. During his two years in the legisla- Mr. Polk had assumed the only position that could ture he was regarded as one of its most promising be judiciously taken. Mr. Polk was elected speaker members. His ability and shrewdness in debate, of the house of representatives in December, 1835, his business tact, combined with his firmness and and held that office till 1839. He gave to the ad- industry, secured for him a high reputation. While ministration of Martin Van Buren the same un- a member of the general assembly he obtained the hesitating support he had accorded to that of passage of a law to prevent the then common prac- President Jackson, and, though taking no part in tice of duelling, and, although he resided in a com- the discussions, he approved of the leading meas- munity where that mode of settling disputes was ures recommended by the former, including the generally approved, he was never concerned in an cession of the public lands to the states, the pre- ** affair of honor," either as principal or as second. emption law, and the proposal to establish an in- In August, 1825, he was elected to congress from dependent treasury, and exerted his influence to the Duck river district, in which he resided, by a secure their adoption. He was the speaker during flattering majority, and re-elected at every succeed- five sessions, and it was his fortune to preside over ing election until 1839, when he withdrew from the the house at a period when party feelings were contest to become a candidate for governor. On excited to an unusual degree. Notwithstanding taking his seat as a member of the 19th congress, the fact that during the first session more appeals he found himself, with one or two exceptions, the were taken from his decisions than were ever known youngest member of that body. The same habits before, he was uniformly sustained by the house, of laborious application that had previously charac- and frequently by leading members of the Whig terized him were now displayed on the floor of the party. Although he was opposed to the doctrines house and in the committee-room. He was promi- of the anti-slavery reformers, we have the testimony nently connected with every leading question, and of their leader in the house, John Quincy Adams, upon all he struck what proved to be the key- to the effect that Speaker Polk uniformly extended note for the action of his party. During the whole to him “every kindness and courtesy imaginable.” period of President Jackson's administration he On leaving congress. Mr. Polk became the candidate was one of its leading supporters, and at times, on of the Democrats of Tennessee for governor. They certain issues of paramount importance, its chief had become disheartened by a series of disasters reliance. His maiden speech was made in defence and defeats caused primarily by the defection of of the proposed amendment to the constitution, John Bell and Judge Hugh L. White. Under giving the choice of president and vice-president these circumstances it was evident that no one but directly to the people. It was distinguished by the strongest man in the party could enter the clearness and force, copiousness of research, wealth canvass with the slightest prospect of success, and of illustration, and cogency of argument, and at it was doubtful whether even he could carry off once placed its author in the front rank of con- the prize. On being asked, Mr. Polk at once cheer- gressional debaters. During the same session Mr. fully consented to allow his name to be used. He Polk attracted attention by his vigorous opposi- was nominated in the autumn of 1838, but, owing tion to the appropriation for the Panama mission. to his congressional duties, was unable fairly to President Adams had appointed commissioners to enter upon the canvass until the spring of 1839. attend a congress proposed to be held at Panama His opponent was Newton Cannon, also a Demo- by delegates appointed by different Spanish-Ameri- crat, who then held the office. The contest was can states, which, although they had virtually spirited, and Mr. Polk was elected by over 2,500 achieved their independence, were still at war with majority. On 14 Oct. he took the oath of office. the mother-country. Mr. Polk, and those who In his inaugural address he touched upon the rela- thought with him, contended that such action on tions of the state and Federal governments, de- the part of this government would tend to involve clared that the latter had no constitutional power us in a war with Spain, and establish an unfor- | to incorporate a national bank, took strong ground tunate precedent for the future. In December, against the creation of a surplus Federal revenue 1827, he was placed on the committee on foreign by taxation, asserted that “the agitation of the affairs, and some time afterward was also ap- Abolitionists can by no possibility produce good to pointed chairman of the select committee to which any portion of the Union, but must, if persisted in, was referred that portion of the message of Presi- lead to incalculable mischief," and discussed at dent Adams calling the attention of congress to length other topics, especially bearing upon the the probable accumulation of a surplus in the internal policy of Tennessee. In 1841 Mr. Polk treasury after the anticipated extinguishment of was again a candidate for the governorship, al- the national debt. As the head of the latter com- though his defeat was a foregone conclusion in mittee, he made a report denying the constitu- | view of the political whirlwind that had swept over tional power of congress to collect from the people the country in 1840 and resulted in the election of 9 52 POLK POLK William Henry Harrison to the presidency. In dency. When the Baltimore convention met on Tennessee the Harrison electoral' ticket had re- 27 May, it was found that, while Mr. Van Buren ceived more than 12,000 majority. Although to could not secure the necessary two-third vote, his overcome this was impossible, Mr. Polk entered friends numbered more than one third of the dele- upon the canvass with his usual energy and ear- gates present, and were thus in a position to dictate nestness. He could not secure the defeat of James the name of the successful candidate. As it was C. Jones, the opposing Whig candidate, one of the also found that they were inflexibly opposed to most popular members of his party in the state, Messrs. Cass, Johnson, Buchanan, and the others but he did succeed in cutting down the opposition whose names had been presented, Mr. Polk was in- majority to about 3,000. In 1843 Mr. Polk was troduced as the candidate of conciliation, and once more a candidate; but this time Gov. Jones's nominated with alacrity and unanimity. George majority was nearly 4,000. M. Dallas was nominated for vice-president. In In 1839 Mr. Polk had been nominated by the his letter of acceptance, Mr. Polk declared that, if legislature of Tennessee as its candidate for vice- elected, he should enter upon the discharge of president on the ticket with Martin Van Buren, the high and solemn duties of the office with the and other states had followed the example: but settled purpose of not being a candidate for re- Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, seemed to be election.” After an exciting canvass, Mr. Polk was the choice of the great body of the Democratic elected over his distinguished opponent, Henry party, and he was accordingly nominated. From Clay, by about 40,000 majority, on the popular the date of Van Buren's defeat in 1840 until within vote, exclusive of that of South Carolina, whose a few weeks of the meeting of the National Demo- electors were chosen by the legislature of the state; cratic convention at Baltimore in 1844, public while in the electoral college he received 175 votes opinion in the party undoubtedly pointed to his to 105 that were cast for Mr. Clay. renomination, but when in April of the latter year On 4 March, 1845, Mr. Polk was inaugurated. President Tyler concluded a treaty between the In his inaugural address, after recounting the government of the United States and the republic blessings conferred upon the nation by the Federal of Texas, providing for the annexation of the lat- Union, he said: “To perpetuate them, it is our ter to the Union, a new issue was introduced into sacred duty to preserve it. Who shall assign limits American politics that was destined to change to the achievements of free minds and free hands not only the platforms of parties, but the future under the protection of this glorious Union ? No history and topography of the country itself. On treason to mankind, since the organization of so- the question whether Texas should be admitted, ciety, would be equal in atrocity to that of him the greatest divergence of opinion among public who would lift his hand to destroy it. He would men prevailed. The Whig party at the north op- overthrow the noblest structure of human wisdom posed annexation, on the grounds that it would which protects himself and his fellow-man. He be an act of bad faith to Mexico, that it would in- would stop the progress of free government and volve the necessity of assuming the debt of the involve his country either in anarchy or in despo- young republic, amounting to ten or twelve mil- tism.” In selecting his cabinet, the new president lions of dollars, and that it would further increase was singularly fortunate. It comprised several of the area of slave territory. At the south the the most distinguished members of the Democratic Whigs were divided, one section advocating the party, and all sections of the Union were repre- new policy, while the other concurred with their sented. James Buchanan, fresh from his long ex- party friends at the north on the first two grounds perience in the senate, was named secretary of state; of objection. The Democrats generally favored Robert J. Walker, also an ex-senator and one of the annexation, but a portion of the party at the north, best authorities on the national finances, was secre- and a few of its members residing in the slave- tary of the treasury; to William L. Marcy, ex- states, opposed it. Mr. Van Buren and Mr. Clay governor of New York, was confided the war port- agreed very nearly in their opinions, being in favor folio; literature was honored in the appointment of annexation if the American people desired it, of George Bancroft as secretary of the navy ; Cave provided that the consent of Mexico could be ob- Johnson, an honored son of Tennessee, was made tained, or at least that efforts should be made to post master-general; and John Y. Mason, who had obtain it. In this crisis Mr. Polk declared his been a member of President Tyler's cabinet, was views in no uncertain tones. It being understood first attorney-general and afterward secretary of that he would be a candidate for vice-president, a the navy. When congress met in the following letter was addressed to him by a committee of the December there was a Democratie majority in both citizens of Cincinnati, asking for an expression of branches. In his message the president condemned his sentiments on the subject. In his reply, dated all anti-slavery agitation, recommended a sub- 22 April, 1844, he said: “I have no hesitation in treasury and a tariff for revenue, and declared that declaring that I am in favor of the immediate re- the annexation of Texas was a matter that con- annexation of Texas to the government and terri- cerned only the latter and the United States, no tory of the United States. The proof is fair and foreign country having any right to interfere. satisfactory to my own mind that Texas once con- Congress was also informed that the American stituted a part of the territory of the United army under Gen. Zachary Taylor had been ordered States, the title to which I regard to have been as to occupy, and had occupied, the western bank of indisputable as that to any portion of our territory.” Nueces river, beyond which Texas had never He also added that “the country west of the Sabine, hitherto exercised jurisdiction. On 29 Dec., Texas and now called Texas, was [in 1819] most unwisely was admitted into the Union, and two days later ceded away"; that the people and government of an act was passed extending the United States the republic were most anxious for annexation, and revenue system over the doubtful territory beyond that, if their prayer was rejected, there was danger the Nueces. Even these measures did not elicit a that she might become a dependency if not a declaration of war from the Mexican authorities, colony of Great Britain.” This letter, strongly in who still declared their willingness to negotiate contrast with the hesitating phrases contained in concerning the disputed territory between the that of ex-President Van Buren of 20 April on the Nueces and the Rio Grande. These negotiations, same subject, elevated its author to the presi- | however, came to nothing, and the president, in POLK 53 POLK accordance with Gen. Taylor's suggestion, ordered | ern boundary. As the president had subscribed to a forward movement, in obedience to which that the platform of the Baltimore convention, he threw officer advanced from his camp at Corpus Christi upon the senate the responsibility of deciding toward the Rio Grande, and occupied the district whether the claim of the United States to the in debate. Thus brought face to face with Mexican whole of Oregon should be insisted upon, or the troops, he was attacked early in May with 6,000 compromise proposed by her majesty's government men by Gen. Arista, who was badly beaten at Palo accepted. The senate, by a vote of 41 to 14, de- Alto with less than half that number. The next cided in favor of the latter alternative, and on 15 day Taylor attacked Arista at Resaca de la Palma, June, 1846, the treaty was signed. and drove him across the Rio Grande. Two other important questions were acted upon On receipt of the news of these events in Washing- at the first session of the 39th congress, the tariff ton, President Polk sent a message to congress, in and internal improvements. The former had been which he declared that Mexican troops had at last a leading issue in the presidential contest of 1844. shed the blood of American citizens on American The act of 1842 had violated the principles of soil, and asked for a formal declaration of war. A the compromise bill of 1833, and the opinions of bill was accordingly introduced and passed by the two candidates for the presidency, on this both houses, recognizing the fact that hostilities issue, were supposed to be well defined previous to had been begun, and appropriating $10,000,000 for the termination of their congressional career. Mr. its prosecution. Its preamble read as follows: Polk was committed to the policy of a tariff for * Whereas, by the act of the republic of Mexico, a state of war exists between that government and the United States.” The Whigs protested against this statement as untrue, alleging that the president had provoked retaliatory action by ordering the army into Mexican territory, and Abraham Lincoln introduced in the house of representatives what be- came known as the “ spot resolutions,” calling upon the president to designate the spot of American territory whereon the outrage had been committed. Nevertheless, the Whigs voted for the bill and gen- erally supported the war until its conclusion. On 8 Aug. a second message was received from the president, asking for money with which to pur- chase territory from Mexico, that the dispute might be settled by negotiation. A bill appropriating revenue, and Mr. Clay, when the compromise act $2,000,000 for this purpose at once brought up the was under discussion, had pledged the party favor- question of slavery extension into new territory, able to protection to a reduction of the imports and David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, in behalf of to a revenue standard. Previous to his nomina- many northern Democrats, offered an amendment tion, Mr. Clay made a speech at Raleigh, N. C., in applying to any newly acquired territory the pro- which he advocated discriminating duties for the vision of the ordinance of 1781, to the effect that protection of domestic industry. This was fol- “ neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall lowed by his letter in September, 1844, in which ever exist in any part of said territory except for he gave in his adhesion to the tariff of 1842. crime, whereof the party shall first be duly con- Probably alarmed at the prospect of losing votes vieted." The Whigs and northern Democrats at the south through his opposition to the annexa- united secured its passage, but it was sent to the tion of Texas, and seeing defeat certain unless he senate too late to be acted upon. could rally to his support the people of the north, During the same session war with England re- Mr. Clay made one concession after another, until garding the Oregon question seemed imminent. he had virtually abandoned the ground he occu- By the treaties of 1803 with France, and of 1819 pied in 1833, and made himself amenable to his with Spain, the United States had acquired the own rebuke uttered at that tiine: “What man," rights of those powers on the Pacific coast north he had then asked, “who is entitled to deserve the of California. T'he northern boundary of the ceded character of an American statesman, would stand territory was unsettled. The United States claimed up in his place in either house of congress and that the line of 54° 40' north latitude was such disturb the treaty of peace and amity?” Mr. boundary, while Great Britain maintained that it Polk, on the other hand, had courted criticism by followed the Columbia river. By the convention his Kane letter, dated 19 June, 1844, which was of 1827 the disputed territory had been held joint- so ambiguously worded as to give ground for the ly by both countries, the arrangement being ter- charge that his position was identical with that minable by either country on twelve months' no- held by Henry Clay. In his first annual message, tice. The Democratic convention of 1844 had de- however, he explained his views with precision and inanded the reoccupation of the whole of Oregon ability. The principles that would govern his ad- up to 54°40', “ with or without war with Eng- ministration were proclaimed with great boldness, land," a demand popularly summarized in the and the objectionable features of the tariff of 1842 campaign rallying-cry of “ Fifty-four- forty or were investigated and exposed, while congress was fight!" The annexation of Texas having been ac- urged to substitute ad valorem for specific and complished, the Whigs now began to urge the minimum duties. * The terms protection to Democrats to carry out their promise regarding American industry,'” he went on to say, “are of Oregon, and, against the votes of the extreme popular import, but they should apply under a southern Democrats, the president was directed to just system to all the various branches of industry give the requisite twelve months' notice. Further in our country. The farmer, or planter, who toils negotiations ensued, which resulted in the offer by yearly in his fields, is engaged in domestic indus- Great Britain to yield her claim to the unoccupied try,' and is as much entitled to have his labor territory between the 49th parallel and Columbia protected as the manufacturer, the man of com- river, and acknowledge that parallel as the north- merce, the navigator, or the mechanic, who are 54 POLK POLK 6 a a course, engaged also in domestic industry' in their dif- | vote, north against south, 81 to 104. A treaty ferent pursuits. The joint labors of all these of peace having been signed with Mexico, 2 Feb., classes constitute the aggregate of the domestic 1848, after a series of victories, a bill was passed industry of the nation, and they are equally en- by the senate during the first session of the 30th titled to the nation's 'protection. No one of them congress, establishing territorial governments in can justly claim to be the exclusive recipients of Oregon, New Mexico, and California, with a pro- • protection,' which can only be afforded by increas: vision that all questions concerning slavery in those ing burdens on the domestic industry' of others." territories should be referred to the U. S. supreme In accordance with the president's views, a bill court for decision. It received the votes of the providing for a purely revenue tariff, and based on members from the slave-states, but was lost in à plan prepared by Sec. Walker, was introduced in the house. A bill was finally passed organizing the house of representatives on 15 June. After an the territory of Oregon without slavery. During unusually able discussion, a vote was reached on 3 the second session a bill to organize the territories July, when the measure was adopted by 114 ayes to of New Mexico and California with the Wilmot 95 nays. But it was nearly defeated in the senate, proviso was passed by the house, but the senate where the vote was tied, and only the decision of refused to consider it. Late in the session the Vice-President Dallas in its favor saved the bill. latter body attached a bill permitting such organi- The occasion was memorable, party spirit ran high, zation with slavery to the general appropriation and a crowded senate-chamber hung on the lips of bill as a “rider," but, as the house objected, was that official as he announced the reasons for his compelled to strike it off. In his message to con- In conclusion he said : “ If by thus acting gress approving the Oregon territorial bill Mr. it be my misfortune to offend any portion of those Polk said: “I have an abiding confidence that the who honored me with their suffrages, I have only sober reflection and sound patriotism of all the to say to them, and to my whole country, that I states will bring them to the conclusion that the prefer the deepest obscurity of private life, with an dictate of wisdom is to follow the example of those unwounded conscience, to the glare of official emi- who have gone before us, and settle this dangerous nence spotted by a sense of moral delinquency!” question on the Missouri compromise or some other Regarding the question of internal improve equitable compromise which would respect the ments, Mr. Polk's administration was signalized by rights of all, and prove satisfactory to the different the struggle between the advocates of that policy portions of the Union.” President Polk was not and the executive. A large majority in both a slavery propagandist, and consequently had no houses of congress, including members of both pro-slavery policy. On the contrary, in the settle- parties, were in favor of a lavish expenditure of ment of the Oregon question, he did all in his the public money. On 24 July, 1846, the senate power to secure the exclusion of slavery from that passed the bill known as the river-and-harbor im- territory, and, although the final vote was not provement bill precisely as it had passed the house taken until within a few days after his retirement, the previous March, but it was vetoed by the presi- the battle was fought and the decision virtually dent in a message of unusual power. The au- reached during his administration. thority of the general government to make internal Mr. Polk, in a letter dated 19 May, 1848, reiterated improvements within the states was thoroughly his decision not to become a candidate again for examined, and reference was made to the corrup- the presidency, and retired at the close of his term tions of the system that expended money in par- of office to his home in Nashville with the inten- ticular sections, leaving other parts of the country tion not to re-enter public life. His health, never without government assistance. Undaunted by the robust, had been seriously impaired by the un- opposition of the executive, the house of representa- avoidable cares of office and his habit of devoting tives, on 20 Feb., 1847, passed, by a vote of 89 to too much time and strength to the execution of 72, a second bill making appropriations amounting details. Within a few weeks after his permanent to $600,000 for the same purpose. It was carried return to Tennessee he fell a prey to a disease that through the senate on the last day of the second would probably have only slightly affected a man session. Although the president could have de- in ordinary health, and a few hours sufficed to feated the objectionable measure by a “ pocket veto," bring the attack to a fatal termination. Thus in spite of the denunciations with which he was ended the life of one of whose public career it may assailed by the politicians and the press, he again still be too soon to judge with entire impartiality. boldly met the question, and sent in a message Some of the questions on which he was called that, for thoroughness of investigation, breadth of upon to act are still, nearly forty years after his thought, clearness and cogency of argument, far death, party issues. Mr. Polk evidently believed excels any of the state papers to which he has put with Mr. Clay that a Union all slave or all free his name. was an impossible Utopia, and that there was no The conflict between the friends and opponents good reason why the north and the south should of slavery was also a prominent feature of Presi- not continue to live for many years to come as they dent Polk's administration, and was being con- had lived since the adoption of the constitution. stantly waged on the floor of congress. During He deprecated agitation of the slavery question by the second session of the 39th congress the house the Abolitionists, and believed that the safety of attached the Wilmot proviso to a bill appropriat- the commonwealth lay in respecting the compro- ing $3,000,000 for the purchase of territory from mises that had hitherto furnished a modus vivendi Mexico, as it had been appended to one appro- | between the slave and the free states. As to the priating $2,000,000 for the same purpose at the annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico, his previous session. The senate passed the bill with policy was undoubtedly the result of conviction, out the amendment, and the house was compelled sincerity, and good faith. He believed, with John to concur. A bill to organize the territory of Ore- Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, that Texas gon, with the proviso attached, passed by the latter had been unwisely ceded to Spain in 1819, and that body was not acted upon by the senate. A motion it was desirable, from a geographical point of view, made in the house of representatives by a southern that it should be re-annexed, seeing that it formed member to extend the Missouri compromise-line a most valuable part of the valley of the Missis- of 36° 30' to the Pacific was lost by a sectional sippi. He was also of opinion that in a military a POLK 55 POLK point of view its acquisition was desirable for the results, was perhaps the greatest in our national protection of New Orleans, the great commercial history, certainly one of the greatest. He succeeded mart of the southwestern section of the Union, because he insisted on being its centre, and in over- which in time of war would be endangered by the ruling and guiding all his secretaries to act so as close proximity of a hostile power having control to produce unity and harmony. Those who study of the upper waters of Red river. Holding these his administration will acknowledge how sincere views and having been elevated to the presidency and successful were his efforts, as did those who on a platform that expressly demanded that they were contemporary with him." should be embodied in action, and Texas again Mr. Polk, who was a patient student and a clear made a part of the national domain, he would have thinker, steadfast to opinions once formed, and not indeed been recreant to his trust had he attempted easily moved by popular opinion, labored faithfully, to carry out as president any policy antagonistic from his entrance into public life until the day when to that he had advocated when a candidate for that he left the White House, to disseminate the political office. The war in which he became involved in opinions in which he had been educated, and which carrying out these views was a detail that the commended themselves to his judgment. His pri- nation was compelled to leave largely to his judg- vate life was upright and blameless. Simple in his ment. The president believed that the representa- habits to abstemiousness, he found his greatest tions and promises of the Mexican authorities happiness in the pleasures of the home circle rather could not be trusted, and that the only argument than in the gay round of public amusements. A to which they would pay attention was that of frank and sincere friend, courteous and affable in force. Regarding his famous order to Gen. Taylor his demeanor with strangers, generous and benevo- to march toward the Rio Grande, it was suggested lent, the esteem in which he was held as a man and by that officer himself, and for his gallant action a citizen was quite as high as his official reputation. in the war the latter was elected the successor of In the words of his friend and associate in office, President Polk. The settlement of the Oregon Vice-President Dallas, he was a temperate but not boundary-line was made equally obligatory upon unsocial, industrious but accessible, punctual but the new president on taking office. He offered patient, moral without austerity, and devotional Great Britain the line that was finally accepted; though not bigoted.” See“ Eulogy on the Life and but when the British minister hastily rejected the Character of the Late James K. Polk,” by George offer, the entire country applauded his suggestion M. Dallas (Philadelphia, 1849); “ Eulogy on the Life to that power of what the boundary might pos- and Character of James Knox Polk," by A. 0. P. sibly be in case of war. Nicholson (Nashville, 1849); “James Knox Polk," But whatever the motives of the executive as to by John S. Jenkins (Buffalo, 1850); and “ History Texas and Oregon, the results of the administra- of the Administration of James K. Polk," by Lu- tion of James K. Polk were brilliant in the extreme. cien B. Chase (New York, 1850).—His wife, Sarah He was loyally upheld by the votes of all parties in Childress, b. near Murfreesboro, Rutherford co., congress, abundantly supplied with the sinews of Tenn., 4 Sept., 1803, is the daughter of Joel and war, and seconded by gallant and competent offi- Elizabeth Childress. Her father, a farmer in easy cers in the field. For $15,000,000, in addition to circumstances, sent the direct war expenses, the southwestern boundary her to the Moravian of the country was carried to the Rio Grande, while institute at Salem, the provinces of New Mexico and Upper California N. C., where she were added to the national domain. What that was educated. On cession meant in increased wealth it is perhaps returning home she even yet too soon to compute. Among the less married Mr. Polk, dazzling but still solid advantages conferred upon who was then the nation during Mr. Polk's term of office was the member of the legis- adoption by congress, on his recommendation, of lature of Tennessee. the public warehousing system that has since The following year proved so valuable an aid to the commerce of the he was elected to country; the negotiation of the 35th article of the congress, and dur- treaty with Grenada, ratified 10 June, 1848, which ing his fourteen ses- secured for our citizens the right of way across the sions in Washing- Isthmus of Panama; the postal treaty of 15 Dec., ton Mrs. Polk's 1848, with Great Britain, and the negotiation of courteous manners, with judgment, relations were established and growing markets ments gave her a reached upon favorable terms. high place in society. On her return as the wife Mr. Bancroft, the only surviving member of of the president, having no children, Mrs. Polk Polk's cabinet, who has revised this article, in a devoted herself entirely to her duties as mistress communication to the senior editor of the “Cyclo- of the White House. She held weekly receptions, pædia,” dated Washington, 8 March, 1888, says: and abolished the custom of giving refreshments - One of the special qualities of Mr. Polk's mind to the guests. She also forbade dancing, as out of was his clear perception of the character and doc- keeping with the character of these entertain- trines of the two great parties that then divided ments. In spite of her reforms, Mrs. Polk was the country. Of all our public men-I say, dis- extremely popular. “Madam," said a prominent tinctly, of all— Polk was the most thoroughly con- South Carolinian, at one of her receptions, there sistent representative of his party. He had no is a woe pronounced against you in the Bible.” On equal. Time and again his enemies sought for her inquiring his meaning, he added : “ The Bible grounds on which to convict him of inconsistency, says, • Woe unto you when all men shall speak well but so consistent had been his public career that of you.?” An English lady visiting Washington the charge was never even made. Never fanciful thus described the president's wife: “Mrs. Polk or extreme, he was ever solid, firm, and consistent. is a very handsome woman. Her hair is very His administration, viewed from the standpoint of black, and her dark eyes and complexion remind а the Germanie confederation by which reciprocal and many attain: Sarah Polle 56 POLK POLK one of the Spanish donnas. She is well read, has to Salisbury to answer for his conduct. Polk of- much talent for conversation, and is highly popu- fered his resignation, but it was not at first accepted. lar. Her excellent taste in dress preserves the Afterward he became district commissary. After subdued though elegant costume that characterizes the action at Cowan's Ford, Gen. Greene offered the the lady.” Mrs. Polk became a communicant of command of the militia of Salisbury district to Col. the Presbyterian church in 1834, and has main- Polk, with the commission of brigadier-general, tained her connection with that denomination un- but, in spite of a personal request by Gen. Greene, til the present time (1888). Since the death of her the latter was not confirmed by the governor and husband she has resided at Nashville, in the house council, and Col. Polk was superseded in May, seen in the illustration and known as “ Polk Place.” 1781. After the Revolution he engaged in the In the foreground is seen the tomb of her husband. purchase, from the disbanded soldiers, of land -President Polk's brother, William Hawkins, warrants that had been issued to them by the state lawyer, b. in Maury county, Tenn., 24 May, 1815; for their services, and died possessed of" princely d. in Nashville, Tenn., 16 Dec., 1862, was gradu- estates," which his sons inherited but did not im- ated at the University of Tennessee, admitted to prove.—His son, William, patriot, b. in Mecklen- the bar in 1839, and began to practise at Colum- burg county, N. C., 9 July, 1758; d. in Raleigh, N.C., bia, Maury co., Tenn. He was elected to the legis- 4 Jan., 1834, entered Queen's college, Charlotte, lature in 1841 and again in 1843. In 1845 he N. C., where he remained until the beginning of was appointed minister to Naples, holding the the Revolutionary war. In April, 1775, while he office from 13 March of that year till 31 Aug., was yet a student, he was appointed a 2d lieuten- 1847, when he was commissioned major of the 3d ant and assigned to the 3d South Carolina regi- dragoons, and saw service in Mexico. He resigned, ment. His company and another were at once or- 20 July, 1848. He was a delegate to the Nashville dered to South Carolina to keep the Tories in convention of 1850, and was chosen a member of check, and Polk afterward commanded several ex- the 32d congress as a Democrat, serving from 1 peditions. During one of these he made Col. Dec., 1851, till 3 March, 1853. Maj. Polk was a Thomas Fletcher, a noted Tory leader, a prisoner, strong opponent of secession in 1861. and subsequently, in attempting to capture a party POLK, Thomas, patriot, b. about 1732; d. in of loyalists in December, 1775, he was severely Charlotte, N. C., in 1793. He was the great-grand- wounded. On 26 Nov., 1776, he was elected major son of Robert Polk, or Pollock, who emigrated to of the 9th regiment of North Carolina troops, with this country from Ireland and settled in Maryland. which he joined the army under Washington. Thomas's father, William, removed from Maryland Maj. Polk was in the battles of the Brandywine to Pennsylvania, while the former, in 1753, left his and Germantown. Near the close of the latter ac- parents, and, travelling through Maryland and Vir- tion, October, 1777, he was again wounded. The ginia, made his home in Mecklenburg county, N.C. following March, through the consolidation of the By enterprise and industry he acquired a large nine North Carolina regiments into four, Polk lost tract of land, which enabled him to keep his family his command. Returning to the south, he was in comfort. Personal qualities made Polk a leader given a position on the staff of Gen. Richard in the Scotch-Irish settlement in which he lived, Caswell, and was present at the battle of Camden. and in 1769 he was chosen a member of the pro- He next fought under Gen. William Davidson, and vincial assembly, where he procured the passage of was sent as an envoy to Gov. Thomas Jefferson, of an act to establish Queen's college in the town of Virginia. On his return he joined Gen. Andrew Charlotte. In 1771 he was again a member of the Pickens, was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the assembly, and thenceforward he took an active 4th South Carolina cavalry, attached to the com- part in the movements that resulted in the Revolu- mand of Gen. Thomas Sumter, and saw much tion. At the date of the Mecklenburg convention active service, notably at the battle of Eutaw in May, 1775, he was delegated to issue a call for Springs. He remained on duty in that section the convention whenever, in his opinion, such ac- until the end of the war. In 1783 Col. Polk was tion was necessary. After the resolutions had been appointed by the legislature surveyor-general of adopted, Polk read them from the steps of the the “middle district,” now a part of Tennessee, and court-house to the people. He was subsequently a took пр his residence at French Lick fort, which member of the committee that on 24 Aug., 1775, occupied the site of the city of Nashville. He re- prepared a plan for securing the internal peace and mained there until 1786, and was twice chosen a safety of the provinces. A few months later he member of the house of commons from Davidson was appointed colonel of the second of two bat- county. During this period all field operations by talions of minute-men in the Salisbury district. the surveyors were rendered impracticable by the Soon afterward the South Carolina Tories attacked hostile attitude of the Indians. The following Gen. Andrew Williamson and drove him into a year he was elected to the general assembly from stockade fort at Ninety-Six, but were defeated, his native county, which he continued to represent with the assistance of 700 militia from North Caro- until he became supervisor for the district of North lina under Col. Polk and Col. Griffith-Rutherford. Carolina. This office he retained for seventeen By the Provincial congress held at Halifax, N. C., years, until the internal revenue laws were repealed. 4 April , 1776, Polk was made colonel of the 4th From 1811 till 1819 he served first as director and regiment, which formed part of a force that under subsequently as president of the State bank of Brig.-Gen. Nash joined the army under Washing- North Carolina, and then resigned in order to de- ton. In November, 1779, the North Carolina vote more of his time and personal attention to his troops were sent to re-enforce the southern army lands in Tennessee, which comprised an area of under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston. Af- 100,000 acres. On 25 March, *1812, he was ap- ter the fall of the latter city Gen. Horatio Gates pointed by President Madison, with the consent of offered Polk the double office of commissary-general the senate, a brigadier-general in the regular army. for North Carolina and commissary of purchase This commission he declined on personal and politi- for the army, which he accepted. His duties as cal grounds, being a Federalist and not approving commissary brought him into antagonism with the policy of the administration. When Lafayette Gates, on a question of supplying the militia with returned to the United States in 1824, Polk was rations. Gen. Gates suggested that he be ordered named one of the commissioners to receive him in POLK 57 POLK behalf of his native state. Referring to William aided to identify him with the project of establish- Polk's influence on the rising fortunes of the state ing a southern confederacy. His familiarity with of Tennessee, it has been said that as “the personal the valley of the Mississippi prompted him to urge friend and associate of Andrew Jackson he greatly upon Jefferson Davis and the Confederate authori- advanced the interests and enhanced the wealth ties the importance of fortifying and holding its of the hero of New Orleans by furnishing him strategical points, and amid the excitement of the information, taken from his field notes as a sur- time the influence of his old military training be- veyor, that enabled Jackson to secure valuable came uppermost in his mind. Under these cir- tracts of land in the state of Tennessee; that cumstances the offer of a major-generalship by to Samuel Polk, father of the president, he gave Davis was regarded not unfavorably. He applied the agency for renting and selling portions of his for advice to Bishop William Meade, of Virginia, (William's) estate; and that, as first president of who replied that, his being an exceptional case, he the Bank of North Carolina, he made Jacob John- could not advise against its acceptance. His first son, the father of President Andrew Johnson, its command extended from the mouth of Red river, first porter: so that of the three native North Caro- on both sides of the Mississippi, to Paducah on the linians who entered the White House through the Ohio, his headquarters being at Memphis. Under gate of Tennessee, all were indebted for benefac- his general direction the extensive works at New tions and promotion to the same individual.”. At Madrid and Fort Pillow, Columbus, Ky., Island No. his death Col. Polk was the last surviving field- 10, Memphis, and other points, were constructed. officer of the North Carolina line.— William's son, On 4 Sept., Gen. Polk transferred his headquarters Leonidas, P. E. bishop, b. in Raleigh, N. C., 10 to Columbus, where the Confederates had massed April, 1806 ; d. on Pine mountain, Ga., 14 June, a large force of infantry, six field-batteries, a siege- 1864, was educated at the University of North Caro- battery, three battalions of cavalry, and three lina, and at the steam boats. Opposite this place, at Belmont, Mo., U. S. military on 7 Nov., 1861, the battle of Belmont was fought, academy, where Gen. Polk being in command of the Confederate he was gradu- and Gen. Grant of the National troops. The Con- ated in 1827, and federates claimed a victory. Gen. Polk remained at once brevet at Columbus until March, 1862, when he was or- ted 2d lieuten- dered to join Johnston's and Beauregard's army at ant of artillery. Corinth, Miss. As commander of the 1st corps, he Having, in the took part in the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., and in the mean time, been subsequent operations that ended with the evacua- induced by Rev. tion of Corinth. In September and October he (afterward Bish. commanded the Army of Mississippi, and fought op) Charles P. at the battle of Perryville, during the Confederate McIlvaine, then invasion of Kentucky. In the latter part of Octo- chaplain at the ber and November he was in command of the academy, to armies of Kentucky and Mississippi and conducted study for the the Confederate retreat from the former state. In ministry, he re- October he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant- signed his com- general, and commanded the right wing of the mission the fol- Army of Tennessee at the battle of Stone river. lowing Decem- In the Chickamauga campaign, he also led the right ber, was made wing. According to the official report of Gen. deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1830, Braxton Bragg, it was only through Polk's disobe- and ordained priest in 1831." He served in the Mon- dience of orders at Chickamauga that the National umental church, Richmond, Va., as assistant for a army was saved from annihilation. He was ac- year, when, his health failing, he went to Europe cordingly relieved from his command, and ordered to recuperate. Soon after his return he removed to Atlanta. Subsequently Jefferson Davis, with to Tennessee, and became rector of St. Peter's Gen. Bragg's approval, offered to reinstate him, church, Columbia, in 1833. In 1834 he was clerical but he declined. He was then appointed to take deputy to the general convention of the Episcopal charge of the camp of Confederate prisoners that church, and in 1835 a member of the standing had been paroled at Vicksburg and Port Hudson. committee of the diocese. In 1838 he received the In December, 1863, he was assigned to the Depart- degree of S. T. D. from Columbia, and the same ment of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, year he was elected and consecrated missionary in place of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who was as- bishop of Arkansas and the Indian territory south signed to the Army of Tennessee. By skilful dis- of 36 30', with provisional charge of the dioceses positions of his troops he prevented the junction of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and the of the National cavalry column under Gen. William missions in the republic of Texas. These charges Sooy Smith with Gen. Sherman's army in southern he held until 1841, when he resigned all of them Mississippi. Gen. Polk's prestige being restored, with the exception of the diocese of Louisiana, of he was ordered to unite his command (the Army which he remained bishop until his death, intend- of Mississippi) with the army of Gen. Joseph E. ing to resume his duties after he had been released Johnston, who opposed the march of Sherman to from service in the field. In 1856 he initiated the Atlanta. After taking part in the principal en- movement to establish the University of the South, gagements that occurred previous to the middle of and until 1860 was engaged with Bishop Stephen June, he was killed by a cannon-shot while recon- Elliott, and other southern bishops, in perfecting noitring on Pine mountain, near Marietta, Ga. plans that resulted in the opening of that institu- His biography is in course of preparation (1888) tion at Sewanee, Tenn. At the beginning of the by his son, Dr. William M. Polk, of New York. civil war he was a strong sympathizer with the - Leonidas's son, William Mecklenburg, physi- doctrine of secession. His birth, education, and cian, b. in Ashwood, Maury co., Tenn., 15 Aug., associations were alike southern, and his property, 1814, was graduated at Virginia military institute, which was very considerable in land and slaves, Lexington, Va., 4 July, 1864, and at the New York L. folk 58 POLLARD POLK college of physicians and surgeons in 1869. He responsibility within its jurisdiction. In 1864 he entered the Confederate army in April, 1861, as a was taken prisoner, and after his exchange held cadet of the military institute, was commissioned the office of military judge of the Department of 1st lieutenant in Scott's battery of artillery in 1862, Mississippi. At the close of the war he returned and in 1863 was promoted assistant chief of artil- to St. Louis, and there devoted himself to the prac- lery in his father's corps, Army of the Tennessee. tice of his profession until his death. In March, 1865, he was made captain and adjutant POLLARD, Edward Albert, journalist, b. in in the inspector-general's department. After his Nelson county, Va., 27 Feb., 1828; a. in Lynch- graduation as a physician he practised in New York burg, Va., 12 Dec., 1872. He was graduated at the city, and from 1875 till 1879 he was professor of University of Virginia in 1849, and studied law at therapeutics and clinical medicine in Bellevue col- William and Mary, but finished his course in Balti- lege. He then accepted the chair of obstetrics and more. Mr. Pollard then emigrated to California the diseases of women in the medical department and took part in the wild life of that country as a of the University of the city of New York, which journalist until 1855, after which he spent some time he still (1888) holds. He is also surgeon in the in northern Mexico and Nicaragua, and then re- department of obstetrics in Bellevue hospital. Dr. turned to the eastern states. Subsequently he Polk has contributed to medical literature - Origi- went to Europe, and also travelled in China and nal Observations upon the Anatomy of the Female Japan. During President Buchanan's adminis- Pelvic Organs,” “On the Gravid and Non-Gravid tration he became clerk of the judiciary commit- Uterus," and "Original Observations upon the tee in the house of representatives, and he was Causes and Pathology of the Pelvic Inflammations an open advocate of secession in 1860. At the be- of Women.”—Leonidas's brother, Thomas Gil. ginning of the civil war he was without political christ, lawyer, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C., employment, and was studying for the Protestant 22 Feb., 1790; d. in Holly Springs, Miss., in 1869, Episcopal ministry, having been admitted a candi- was graduated at the University of North Caro- date for holy orders by Bishop William Meade. lina in 1810, and at the law-school at Litchfield, From 1861 till 1867 he was principal editor of the Conn., in 1813. He soon after began to practise “ Richmond Examiner,” and, while an earnest ad- his profession, and for several years was a mem- vocate of the Confederate cause during the war, he ber of the lower branch of the North Carolina was nevertheless .a merciless critic of Jefferson legislature. He was also at one time in command Davis. Toward the close of the war he went to of the militia. In 1839 he removed to Tennessee, England in order to further the sale of his works, where he purchased a large plantation. Being a and was then captured, but, after a confinement of stanch Whig in politics, he took an active part in eight months at Fort Warren and Fortress Monroe, the presidential campaign of 1844 in support of was released on parole. In 1867 he began the pub- Henry Clay, and against his relative, James K. Polk. lication in Richmond of “Southern Opinion," - William's grandson, Lucius Eugene, soldier, b. which he continued for two years, and also in 1868 in Salisbury, N. C., 10 July, 1833, was the son of established “The Political Pamphlet,” which ran William J. Polk. He was graduated at the Uni- for a short time during the presidential canvass of versity of Virginia in 1852. At the beginning of that year. Mr. Pollard then made his residence in the civil war he entered the Confederate army as a New York and Brooklyn for several years, often private under Gen. Patriek R. Cleburne, but was contributing to current literature. His books in- soon commissioned 1st lieutenant, and as such clude “ Black Diamonds Gathered in the Darkey fought at Shiloh, where he was wounded. He was Homes of the South” (New York, 1859); “ Letters rapidly promoted until he was made brigadier- of the Southern Spy in Washington and Else- general in December, 1862, and joined his brigade where ” (Baltimore, 1861); “Southern History of in time to take part in the battle of Murfreesboro, the War” (3 vols., Richmond, 1862–4; 4th vol., where his command made a charge, for which he New York, 1866); “ Observations in the North: was complimented by Gen. Braxton Bragg in his Eight Months in Prison and on Parole" (Rich- report of the engagement. Gen. Polk was also mond, 1865); “ The Lost Cause: A New Southern present at Ringgold gap, Ga., in 1863, and at History of the War of the Confederates” (New many other actions. At Kenesaw mountain, Ga., York, 1866; written also in French for Louisiana, in the summer of 1864, he was severely wounded 1867); “ Lee and his Lieutenants” (1867); “ The by a cannon-ball and disabled for further service. Lost Cause Regained ” (1868); “Life of Jefferson He then retired to a plantation in Maury county, Davis, with the Secret History of the Southern Tenn., where he has since resided. In 1884 he was Confederacy” (1869); and “The Virginia Tourist a delegate to the National Democratic convention (Philadelphia, 1870).- His wife, Marie Antoinette at Chicago, and he is at present (1888) a member of Nathalie Granier. Dowell, b. in Norfolk, Va., mar- the senate of the state of Tennessee, having been ried James R. Dowell, from whom she separated elected on 1 Jan., 1887. during the civil war on account of political differ- POLK, Trusten, senator, b. in Sussex county, She then made her way, with great diffi- Del., 29 May, 1811, d. in St. Louis, Mo., 16 April , culty, through the lines of the armies, to her broth- 1876. He was graduated at Yale in 1831, and then er's residence in New Orleans, and later returned began the study of law in the oflice of the attorney- to Richmond, where she met Mr. Pollard, whom she general of Delaware, but completed his course at married after the war. Subsequent to the death of Yale law-school. In 1835 he removed to St. Louis, Mr. Pollard, she became a public speaker, and in Mo., and, establishing himself there in the practice this capacity she canvassed California for the Demo- of his profession, soon rose to a high place at the cratic presidential ticket in 1876. She has also bar. Ile was a member of the State constitutional lectured on the Irish and Chinese questions, advo- convention in 1845, and in 1848 a presidential cating greater liberty to these people, and has been elector. Ile was elected governor of Missouri as a active in the temperance movement, holding the Democrat in 1856, and soon after his accession to office of deputy grand worthy patriarch of the office was chosen U. S. senator, serving from 4 states of New York and New Jersey. Besides con- 1 March, 1857, until his expulsion for disloyalty on tributions to the newspapers, she has published oc- 10 Jan., 1862. Meanwhile he had joined the Con-casional poems.-His brother, Henry Rives, edi- federate government and filled various offices of tor, b. in Nelson county, Va., 29 Aug., 1833; d. in ences. POLLARD 59 POLVEREL Richmond, Va., 24 Nov., 1868, was educated at 1869 he was reinstated as director of the mint, Virginia military institute, and at the University which place he then filled for many years. In 1880 of Virginia. Later he published a new paper in he was appointed naval officer of Philadelphia, but Leavenworth, Kansas, during the troubles in that resigned in 1884, and resumed the practice of his territory, and thence went to Washington, where profession. Gov. Pollock was very active in vari- he was employed in the post-office department. ous movements tending to promote educational At the beginning of the civil war he was news edi- and religious reforms. He received the honorary tor of the “ Baltimore Sun,” but removed to Rich- degree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1855, and from mond, where he became one of the editors of the Jefferson college, Pa., in 1857. “Richmond Examiner.” After the war he was asso- POLLOCK, Oliver, merchant, b. in Ireland in ciated in the founding of " The Richmond Times,” | 1737; d. in Mississippi, 17 Dec., 1823. He came to and for a time was one of its staff. In 1866 he re- this country with his father, and settled in Cum- vived the “ Richmond Examiner,” and controlled berland county, Pa. He engaged in business in its editorial columns until 1867, when he disposed 1762 at Havana, Cuba, where he became intimate of his interest. He then established, with his with Gov.-Gen. O'Reilly, and, when the latter was brother, “ Southern Opinion,” of which he contin- made governor of Louisiana by the king of Spain, ued until his death one of the editors and proprie- | Pollock moved to New Orleans. By a wise and tors. Mr. Pollard was shot at and killed from an generous action, during the scarcity of provisions upper window on the opposite side of the street by in that city, he gained a reputation that made him James Grant, who felt himself aggrieved by an ar- able to be of great use to the Americans in New ticle that was published in Pollard's paper. Orleans. When the Revolutionary war opened, POLLARD, Josephine, author, b. in New York Pollock was in possession of large wealth and much city about 1840. She was educated in her native political influence. In 1777 the secret committee city, early devoted herself to literature, and ac- of the United States appointed him “commercial quired reputation as a hymn-writer, her best-known agent of the United States at New Orleans,” which production being “ Outside the Gate.” Her prose post he held until the close of the war with great writings include sketches that have been published credit to himself and greater good to the United in Harper's Magazine" and other periodicals. States. He became to the west what Robert Mor- Miss Pollard has written “The Gipsy Books” (6 ris was to the east. His fortune was pledged to vols., New York, 1873–4) and “ A Piece of Silver” | his country. To his financial aid the United States (1876). She has contributed the text to “De ora- owes the success of Gen. George Rogers Clarke in tive Sisters" (New York, 1981); “Elfin Land the Illinois campaign of 1778. During that year (1882); “ Boston Teaparty” (1882); “Songs of Bird he borrowed from the royal treasury, through Gov. Life" (1885); “ Vagrant Verses” (1886); and, with Galvey, $70,000, which he spent for Clarke's expe- John H. Vincent, “ The Home Book” (1887). dition and the defence of the frontier. But the POLLOCK, James, b. in Milton, Pa., 11 Sept., poverty of the United States involved him, as it 1810; d. in Lock Haven, Pa., 19 April, 1890. He did Morris, in severe losses. In 1783 he was ap- was graduated at Princeton, and, after studying pointed U. S. agent at Havana, where he was im- law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and opened prisoned in 1784 for the debts of the United States, an office in Milton. In 1835 he was chosen district amounting to $150,000. Being released on parole, attorney for his county, after which he held vari- he returned to this country in 1785. In 1791 con- ous minor offices. He was elected to congress as a gress discharged this debt, but failed to remunerate Whig, and served from 23 April, 1844, to 3 March, Pollock for his services. He retired to Cumberland 1819, during which time he was an active member county, Pa., in 1791, impoverished. In 1797, 1804, of several committees. On 23 June, 1848, he in- and 1806 he was nominated for congress; but, al- troduced a resolution calling for the appointment though he received the popular vote of his county, of a special committee to inquire into the neces- he was not elected. In 1800 he was an inmate of sity and practicability of building a railroad to the debtors' prison in Philadelphia, but within a the Pacific coast. As chairman of that committee few years he accumulated property again, and in he made a report in favor of the construction of 1815 he moved to Mississippi, where he died. He such a road. This was the first favorable official was a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick act on this subject on the part of congress. In and the Hibernian society of Philadelphia. See a 1850 he was appointed president-judge of the 8th sketch of him by Rev. Horace E. Hayden (1883). judicial district of Pennsylvania, and in 1854 he POLVEREL, Étienne, French revolutionist, b. was elected governor of Pennsylvania as a Union- in Bearn, France in 1742; d. in Paris, 6 April, 1795. Republican. During his administration the whole Hewas a lawyer,and was sent as deputy to the states- line of the public works between Philadelphia and general in 1789. He belonged to the extreme party Pittsburg was transferred to the Pennsylvania in the revolution, and was appointed public prose- railroad company. By this and other means he cutor in 1791. In 1792 he was sent, with two other reduced the state debt by nearly $10,000,000, and commissioners, to Santo Domingo to reorganize this soon led to the removal of state taxation. He the colony. The three commissioners were invested convened the legislature in extraordinary session with arbitrary power, and soon adopted measures during the financial crisis of 1857, and, acting on that led to a war of extermination between the whites his wise suggestions, laws were enacted whereby and negroes. The French colonists that escaped public confidence was restored and the community from the island accused the commissioners of cruel was saved from bankruptcy. On the expiration of and arbitrary acts, while they in turn accused the his term of office he resumed his law-practice in whites of conspiring to deliver Santo Domingo to Milton. He was a delegate from his state to the the English. The acquittal by the revolutionary Peace convention in Washington in 1961, and after tribunal of Gen. d'Esparbés, whom they had sent the inauguration of President Lincoln he was ap- to France as a criminal, created more enemies, who pointed director of the l'. S. mint in Philadelphia, accused them of being friends of the Girondists. which place he then held until October, 1866. By An order for the arrest of Polverel was sent out his efforts, with the approval of Salmon P. Chase, in 1793, but, owing to the distance of the island then secretary of the treasury, the motto “ In God and the difficulty of communications, he was not we trust " was placed on the National coins. In, brought to Paris until after the fall of Robespierre. 60 POMEROY POMBO 6 Although he was set ‘at liberty, the opposition of tinued the practice of law until 1878, when he was the colonists prevented him from obtaining a bill called to the professorship of law in the University of indemnity for his actions in Santo Domingo. of California, which chair he held until his death. POMBO, Manuel de (pom'-bo), Colombian In 1865 he received the degree of LL. D. from patriot, b. in Popayan in 1769; d. there in 1829. Hamilton. Prof. Pomeroy was a frequent con- He studied in the College of Rosario, in Bogota, tributor to “The Nation," the “ North American and was graduated there in law in 1790. In the Review," and the “ American Law Review” on next year he went to Spain to practise, and in 1799 topics connected with international law, general he returned to Colombia as judge of the tribunal jurisprudence, and social science, and in 1884-5 he of commerce of Carthagena. In 1807 he was ap- edited the “ West Coast Reporter.” He prepared pointed superintendent of the mint of Bogota, and editions, with notes, of "Sedgwick's Statutory when the revolution began in 1810 he was elected and Constitutional Law” (New York, 1874) and by the people on 20 June a member of the munici- “ Archbold's Criminal Law" (1876), and was the pal corporation. He was an ardent patriot, de- author of “ An Introduction to Municipal Law” fended his ideas in the press, and published in 1812 (1865); “ An Introduction to the Constitutional his “ Carta á José Maria Blanco, satisfaciendo á los Law of the United States,” which is used as a text- principios sobre que impugna la independencia ab- book at the U. S. military academy and other col- soluta de Venezuela,” which became famous. After leges (Boston, 1868); “Remedies and Remedial the arrival of Gen. Pablo Morillo (q. v.) in 1815. Rights according to the Reformed American Pro- Pombo was imprisoned, and, on account of his cedure” (Boston, 1876); “A Treatise on the Spe- revolutionary writings, condemned to death by the cific Performance of Contract” (New York, 1879); military tribunal. The influence of his wife, who “A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence” (San Fran- belonged to a powerful family of Spain, saved his cisco, 1883); and “A Îreatise on Riparian Rights life, and he was sent as a prisoner to the peninsula. (St. Paul, 1884). The constitutional revolution in 1820 liberated him, POMEROY, Marcus Mills, journalist, b. in and in 1822 he returned to Colombia and was ap- Elmira, N. Y., 25 Dec., 1833. He early determined pointed inspector of the mint in Popayan, in which to be a printer, and subsequently turned his atten- employ he died. Pombo was an excellent linguist tion to journalism, founding his first paper in Corn- and geographer. He wrote “Gramática Latina” ing, N. Y., in 1854. From 1857 till 1864 he resided (Bogota, 1826): “Compendio de Geografía” (1827); in Wisconsin, and there published the “ La Crosse and an exhaustive “ Historia de los paises, que for Democrat." He removed to New York in 1868, maron el antiguo vireynato de Nueva Granada,” and founded “ Brick Pomeroy's Democrat,” which the manuscript of which disappeared shortly after gained a large circulation by its sensational char- his death, and has not yet been recovered. acter. In 1875 he settled in Chicago, but later re- POMEROY, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Suf- turned to New York, where, in 1887, he merged the field, Conn., 19 Nov., 1704; d. in Hebron, Conn., Democrat” into “ Pomeroy's Advance Thought," 22 Dec., 1784. He was graduated at the head of which he now (1888) edits. He has published his class at Yale in 1733, and he and his classmate, “Sense" (New York, 1868); “ Nonsense” (1868); Eleazer Wheelock, who became his brother-in-law, “Gold Dust” (1872); Brick Dust" (1872); “Our were the first to remain there after graduation Saturday Night” (1873) ; Home Harmonies as recipients of the scholarships that had been (1874): and “ Perpetual Money” (1878). founded by Bishop Berkeley for superior attain- POMEROY, Samuel Clarke, senator, b. in ments in the classics. In the mean time he studied Southampton, Mass., 3 Jan., 1816. He was edu- theology, and in 1734 began to preach in Hebron, cated at Amherst, and then spent some time in where he was ordained pastor on 16 Dec., 1735. He New York. Subsequently he returned to South- identified himself with the great revival of 1740, ampton, and, besides holding various local offices, and labored earnestly to promote it. In June, was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1742, he was accused before the general assembly | 1852–3. He was active in organizing the New of disorderly conduct, and with James Davenport England emigrant aid company, of which he was (9. 1.) was tried in Hartford; but he was dismissed financial agent. In 1854 he conducted a colony to as “ comparatively blameless." He was again called Kansas, and located in Lawrence, making the first to answer charges of violating the law that had been settlement for that territory. Afterward he re- passed to correct disorders in preaching, was found moved to Atchison, where he was mayor in 1859. guilty, and compelled to bear the costs of the prose- He was conspicuous in the organization of the ter- cution. About this time he preached in the parish ritorial government, and participated in the Free- of Colchester without the permission of the resi- state convention that met in Lawrence in 1859. dent minister, and was in consequence deprived of During the famine in Kansas in 1860-'1 he was his salary for seven years. During the French president of the relief committee. Mr. Pomeroy and Indian war he was chaplain to the American was a delegate to the National Republican conven- army, and he filled a like office during the Revo- tions of 1856 and 1860. He was elected as a Re- lutionary war. He was active in the movement publican to the U. S. senate in 1861, and re-elected that led to the founding of Dartmouth college, in 1867. He was candidate for a third term in becoming one of its first trustees, and in 1774 he 1873, but charges of bribery were suddenly pre- received the degree of D. D. from that college. sented before the Kansas legislature, and in conse- POMEROY, John Norton, lawyer, b. in quence he failed of election. A committee chosen Rochester, N. Y., 12 April, 1828; d. in San Fran- by the legislature reported the matter to the U.S. cisco, Cal., 15 Feb., 1885. He was graduated at senate, which investigated the case, and a majority Hamilton college in 1847, and, after studying law, report found the charges not sustained. The mat- was admitted in 1851 to the bar. For several year ter then came before the courts of Kansas, and thereafter he followed his profession in Rochester, after some months' delay the district attorney en- but in 1864 he came to New York city and accepted tered a nolle prosequi, stating to the court that he the chair of law in the University of the city of had no evidence upon which he could secure con- New York, becoming dean of the legal faculty, and viction. Mr. Pomeroy then made Washington his also for a time delivering lectures on political sci- place of residence. He is the author of numerous In 1869 he returned to Rochester and con- speeches and political pamphlets. 66 POMEROY 61 PONCE DE LEON a POMEROY, Seth, soldier, b. in Northampton, | said to her at that time: “Tell your grandchildren Mass., 20 May, 1706; d. in Peekskill, N. Y., 19 how indebted the nation was to you in holding up Feb., 1777. He was an ingenious and skilful me- my hands in time of trouble.” Mrs. Pomroy re- chanic, and followed the trade of a gunsmith. turned to the hospital and continued in her work, Early in life he entered the military service of the gaining a high reputation. In 1864, when the colony, and in 1744 he held the rank of captain. president's life was threatened and Mrs. Lincoln At the capture of Louisburg in 1745 he was a was suffering from injuries that she had received major, and had charge of more than twenty in a fall from her carriage, Mrs. Pomroy again went smiths, who were engaged in drilling captured to the White House. Later in the year she spent cannon. In 1755 he was lieutenant-colonel in some time at the West hospital in Baltimore, but Ephraim Williams's regiment. On the latter's ultimately returned to the hospital at Columbian death he succeeded to the command of the force university. Refusing advantageous offers to go that defeated the French and Indians under Baron elsewhere, she remained at her post until the close Dieskau, and his regiment was the one that suf- of the war, and then, stricken with typhoid fever, fered most in gaining the victory of Lake George. was an invalid for several years. She became ma- Col. Pomeroy was an ardent patriot, and in 1774-5 tron in 1867 of a reformatory home for girls at served as a delegate to the Provincial congress, by Newton Centre, Mass., and then of the Newton which he was elected a general officer in October, home for orphans and destitute girls, which, since 1774, and brigadier-general in February, 1775. At her death, has become the Rebecca Pomroy home. the beginning of the Revolutionary war he pre- See " Echoes from Hospital and White House," by sented himself as a volunteer in the camp of Gen. Anna L. Boyden (Boston, 1884). Artemas Ward at Cambridge, Mass., from whom he PONCE DE LEON, Juan (pon'-thay-day-lay'- borrowed a horse, on hearing the artillery at Bun- one), Spanish officer, b. in San Servas, province of ker Hill, and, taking a musket, set off at full Campos, in 1460; d. in Cuba in July, 1521. He was speed for Charlestown. Reaching the Neck, and descended from an ancient family of Aragon, was in finding it enfiladed by a heavy fire from the “Glas- his youth page of the infante, afterward Ferdinand gow” ship-of-war, he began to be alarmed, not for VII., and served with credit against the Moors of his own safety, but for that of Gen. Ward's horse. Granada. According to some authorities, he accom- Too honest to expose the borrowed steed to the panied Columbus in his second voyage to Hispani- "pelting of this pitiless storm," and too bold to ola in 1493, but shrink from it, he delivered the horse to a sentry, Washington Ir- shouldered his gun, and marched on foot across the ving and other Neck. On reaching the hill, he took a station at modern histo- the rail-fence in the hottest of the battle. He was rians say that soon recognized by the soldiers, and his name rang he only sailed with shouts along the line. A few days later he in 1502 with received the appointment of senior brigadier-gen- Nicolas de eral among the eight that were named by congress, Ovando (q. v.), but as this action caused some difficulty in the ad- who ap- justment of rank, he declined it, and soon after-pointed govern- ward retired to his farm. During 1776, when New or of that isl- Jersey was overrun by the British, he headed aand. He took force of militia from his neighborhood, and marched an active part to the rescue of Washington. He reached the in the pacifica- Hudson river, but never returned. tion of the POMEROY, Theodore Medad, lawyer, b. in country, and Cayuga, N. Y., 31 Dec., 1824. He was graduated became govern- at Hamilton in 1842, and then studied law. Set- or of the east- tling in Auburn, he practised his profession in that ern part, or pro- city, and was in 1850–'6 district attorney for Ca- vince of Hi- yuga county. In 1857 he was elected a member of guey, where the the lower branch of the New York legislature. He natives had fre- was then sent to congress as a Republican, and quent inter- served, with re-elections, from 4 March, 1861, till with 3 March, 1869. On the resignation of Schuyler those of the isl- Colfax from the speakership Mr. Pomeroy was and of Borin- elected on 3 March, 1869, to fill the vacancy. Sub- quen (Porto Rico). From them he acquired infor- sequently he resumed the practice of his profession mation about that island, and hearing that it con- in Auburn, and engaged in banking business. tained abundance of gold, he obtained permission to POMROY, Rebecca Rossignol, nurse, b. in conquer it. In 1508 he sailed with eighty Spanish Boston, Mass., 16 July, 1817; d. in Newton, Mass., adventurers and some auxiliary Indians, and in a 24 Jan., 1884. She was the daughter of Samuel few days he landed in Borinquen, where he was well Holliday, and on 12 Sept., 1836, married Daniel F. received by the natives. The principal cacique, Pomroy. Sickness in her own family for nearly Aguainaba (q. v.), accompanied him to all parts of twenty years made her an accomplished nurse, and the island, and Ponce collected many samples of when her only surviving son enlisted in the National gold, and was astonished at the fertility of the soil. army she offered her services to Dorothea L. Dix În 1509 he returned to Hispaniola to report, and in (q. v.). She was at once called to Washington, and quest of re-enforcements, but the new governor, in September, 1861, assigned to duty in George- Diego Columbus, gave the command of the expedi- town hospital, but was soon transferred to the hos- tion to Diego Ceron, and sent Ponce as his lieuten- pital at Columbian university. Early in 1862 she ant. The latter, through his protector, Ovando, in was called to the White House at the time of the the court of Spain, claimed the appointment of death of Willie Lincoln, and nursed - Tad,” the governor of Borinquen, and in 1510 he obtained it. youngest son, then very ill, and Mrs. Lincoln, un- lle sent Ceron to Hispaniola, began the construc- til both were restored to health. President Lincoln tion of the first city, calling it Caparra, and sent his was W ore bello course 6 62 POND POND 66 66 " > 66 lieutenant, Cristoval de Sotomayor, to found an- tures" (1824); a “ Memoir of President Samuel other city in the southwest near the Bay of Guanica. Davies ” (1829); “ Memoir of Susanna Anthony" Soon he began to distribute the Indians among his (1830); Murray's Grammar Improved” (Wor- officers, as had been done in Hispaniola, and Agu- cester, 1832); Memoir of Count Zinzendorf" ainabo's brother and successor, of the same name, (1839); “Wickliffe and his Times” (Philadelphia, began a war of extermination against the invaders. 1841); Morning of the Reformation " (1842); He was defeated in successive encounters, and the “No Fellowship with Romanism” and “ Review of natives called the Caribs of the lesser Antilles to Second Advent Publications” (1843); “ The Mather their help, but Ponce conquered the whole island. Family” 1844); " Young Pastor's Guide" (Port- In the beginning of 1512 Ponce was deprived of land, 1844); “The World's Salvation (1845); his governinent, and, broken in health by wounds, Pope and Pagan” (1846); “ Probation ”; “Sweden- resolved to go in search of the fountain of eternal borgianism Reviewed " (1846; new ed., entitled youth, which, according to the reports of the na- “Swedenborgianism Examined,” New York, 1861); tives, existed in an island called Bimini. He gath- “ Plato, His Life, Works, Opinions, and Influence” ered many of his former followers and other adven- (1846); Life of Increase Mather and Sir William turers, sailed on 3 March, 1512, with three caravels Phipps” (1847); The Church” (1848; 2d ed., from the port of San German, and visited several 1860); Review of Bushnell's "God in Christ of the Bahama islands, but was told that the land (1849); “ The Ancient Church" (1851); " Memoir in question lay farther west. On 27 March he of John Knox " (1856); “ The Wreck and the Res- landed in latitude 30° N., a little to the north of cue, a Memoir of Rev. Harrison Fairfield" (1858); the present city of St. Augustine, on a coast which, “Prize Essay on Congregationalism ” (1867); and on account of the abundant vegetation, he called “Sketches of the Theological History of New Eng- Florida island. He sailed along the coast to a land” (1880). His college lectures have been print- cape, which he called Corrientes, but, disappointed ed under the titles “ Pastoral Theology”(Andover, in his search for the fountain of youth, returned to 1866); “Christian Theology” (Boston, 1868); and Porto Rico on 5 Oct, and sailed for Spain, where History of God's Church" (1871). He edited John he obtained for himself and his successors the title Norton's “Life of John Cotton (Boston, 1832). of adelantado of Bimini and Florida. In 1515 he POND, Frederick Eugene, author, b. in Pack- returned with three caravels from Seville and waukee, Marquette co., Wis., 8 April, 1856. He touched at Porto Rico, where, finding that the received a common-school education, and early Caribs had nearly overpowered the Spanish garri- turned his attention to sporting matters. He was son, he remained to expel them, and founded in the among the first to urge the organization of a Na- south of the island the city of Ponce. In March, tional sportsman's association, and in 1874 was the 1521, he made a second attempt to conquer Florida, prime mover in forming the Wisconsin sportsman's and, sailing, with two ships from San German, association for the protection of fish and game reached a point about fifty miles to the south of his From 1881 till 1886 he was field-editor of the New former landing-place. He began to explore the in- York “ Turf, Field, and Farm,” with the exception terior, but found a warlike people, and, after many of six months in 1883, when he was associate editor encounters with the natives, was obliged to re-em- of the “ American Field," of Chicago, I., and he bark, with the loss of nearly all his followers. Not is now (1888) editor of “ Wildwood's Magazine" in desiring to return after his defeat to Porto Rico, he the latter city. On 31 Jan., 1882, he nearly lost his retired to the island of Cuba, where he died shortly life in the fire that destroyed the “World” build- afterward, in consequence of a wound from a poi- ing in New York city. Under the pen-name of soned arrow. His remains were subsequently trans- Will Wildwood " he has published “ Handbook ported to the city of San Juan de Porto Rico, and for Young Sportsmen” (Milwaukee, 1876); “Me- rest in the church of San Jose. A monument has moirs of Eminent Sportsmen” (New York, 1878); been erected to his memory recently in that city. and “The Gun Trial and Field Trial Records of His autograph, which it is believed has never be- | America ” (1885). He has edited Frank Forester's fore appeared in America, was obtained from Spain Fugitive Sporting Sketches” (Milwaukee, 1879); through the courtesy of Gen. Meredith Read. the same author's “Sporting Scenes and Charac- POND, Enoch, clergyman, b. in Wrentham, ters” (Philadelphia, 1880); and Isaac McLellan's Norfolk co., Mass., 29 July, 1791; d. in Bangor, Poems of the Rod and Gun" (New York, 1886). Me., 21 Jan., 1882. He was graduated at Brown in He has also written an introduction to Frank 1813, studied theology with Dr. Nathaniel Emmons, Forester's Poems,” edited by Morgan Herbert (1887). was licensed to preach in June, 1814, and ordained POND, George Edward, journalist, b. in Bos- pastor of the Congregational church in Ward (now ton, Mass., 11 March, 1837. He was graduated at Auburn), Mass., 1 March, 1815. There he remained Harvard in 1858, and served in the National army until 1828, when he was dismissed at his own re- in 1862–3. From early in 1864 till 1868, and sub- quest, to become the editor of “ The Spirit of the sequently, he was associate editor of the New York Pilgrims,” a monthly publication that had just "Army and Navy Journal.” He was afterward an been established at Boston in the interest of ortho-editorial writer on the New York Times," and dox Congregationalism. After editing five volumes, edited the Philadelphia “ Record” from 1870 till he became, in September, 1832, professor of syste- 1877. Since the latter date he has been engaged matic theology in the seminary at Bangor. Me. In in writing for the press. For nearly ten years he 1856 he resigned to become president, professor of wrote the “ Driftwood” essays, which were pube ecclesiastical history, and lecturer on pastoral lished in the “ Galaxy" magazine under the signa- duties in the same institution. In 1870 he was ture of “ Philip Quilibet." They were begun in made emeritus professor, retaining the presideney. May, 1868. He contributed the account of the en- In 1835 he received the degree of D. D). from Dart- gagement between the “Monitor” and the “ Merri- mouth college. Dr. Pond's first publication was a to William Swinton's “ Twelve Decisive review of a sermon against " Conference Meetings,” | Battles,” and also wrote " The Shenandoah Valley issued by Dr. Aaron Bancroft, of Worcester, Mass. in 1864” (New York, 1883) in the series of “ Cam- (1813), which led to a reply and rejoinder. The paigns of the Civil War." same year he reviewed “ Judson on Baptism." He PONT), Samuel William, missionary, b. in published a volume of " Monthly Concert Lec- Washington, Litchfield co., Conn., 10 April, 1808. 66 mac" POND 63 PONTGRAVÉ 9 He received a common-school education, and in followed by another prohibiting religious congre- 1831 became a professing Christian. In May, 1834, gations from holding lands in mort main, and in in advance of all other organized effort on the part 1744 by a letter from the minister, Maurepas, en- of the churches, and having no connection with joining him to suppress a portion of the holidays any society, he and his brother, Gideon HOLLISTER observed by the Canadian people; but he paid no (b. in June, 1810; d. in January, 1878), entered the attention to either. After the capture of Quebec by Dakota country, now the state of Minnesota, and the English in 1759, he regulated the affairs of his began to labor as missionaries to the Indians of church as far as possible, appointed a vicar-general, that tribe and the garrison at Fort Snelling. Re- recommended his clergy to submit to the new order turning to Connecticut, Samuel was ordained a of things and observe the terms of the capitulation, minister of the Congregational church, 7 March, and then retired to Montreal. He was not able to 1837, and the following October became connected survive the grief which the capture of Quebec with the American board. He was subsequently caused him, and died after a few days' illness. stationed in Minnesota at Lake Harriet, Fort Snell- PONTEVÈS-GIEN, Henry Jean Baptiste ing, Oak Grove, and Prarieville, being released from (pont-vay), Viscount de, commonly known as the service of the board in September, 1854. He CounT DE PontevÈS, French naval officer, b. in has since held pastorates in various parts of the Aix, Provence, in 1740; d. in Fort Royal, Martin- same state, where he still (1888) resides. The Pond ique, 23 July, 1790. He entered the navy as a mid- brothers were the first to reduce the Dakota lan- shipman in 1755, and served in Canada during the guage to writing. They also collated the majority war of 1756–²63. He was attached afterward to of the words contained in the Dakota dictionary the station of Martinique, and in 1776 employed to by Rev. Stephen R. Riggs (q. V.). They had pre- make soundings along the Newfoundland banks viously studied Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and and the coast of St. Pierre and Miquelon islands, German. He has published, in connection with his preparing charts of those regions. When France brother, " The History of Joseph in the Language took part in the war for American independence of the Dakota, or Sioux, Indians, from Genesis he was on duty at Brest, but, requesting to be em- (Cincinnati, 1839); " Wowapi Inonpa, the Second ployed in more active service, he was appointed to Dakota Reading Book” (Boston, 1842); and other the command of a division, with which he de- translations into the same language. He is also the stroyed the English establishments and forts on author of “ Indian Warfare in Minnesota” in the the coast of Guinea between the river Gainbia and “ Collections” of the historical society of that state. Sierra Leone. Upon his return he was promoted POND, William Adams, music-publisher, b. in “chef d'escadre," and charged with escorting a Albany, N. Y., 6 Oct., 1824; d. in New York city, convoy of eighty sail to the United States. After- 12 Aug., 1885. He was educated in private schools ward he participated in the engagements with Lord in New York city, and at an early age entered his Byron, assisted Bouillé at the capture of Tobago, father's music business. He became well known as was with De Grasse at Yorktown in October, 1781, a publisher, and at the time of his death was presi- and served under De Vaudreuilles till the con- dent of the United States music publishers' asso- clusion of the campaign. He commanded the sta- ciation. Col. Pond performed some military ser- tion of the Leeward islands in 1784-'90, became in vice as an officer during the civil war, and was January, 1790. governor pro tempore of Martin- for many years colonel of the veteran corps of the ique, and during his short administration not only 7th New York regiment. promoted the best interests of the colony, but ap- PONS, François Raymond Joseph de, French peased all the troubles that had been provoked by traveller, b. in Souston, Santo Domingo, in 1751; the French revolution, leaving Martinique at his d. in Paris about 1812. He studied in Paris, be- death in a state of perfect tranquillity, while all the came a lawyer, and was elected member of the other French possessions in the West Indies were Academic society of sciences. He went to Caracas, in insurrection. By public subscription his statue in South America, where he acted as agent of the was erected in one of the squares of Fort Royal. French government till the revolution, and then to PONTGRAVÉ, Sieur de (pong-grah-vay), French England, where he spent several years in preparing sailor, b. in St. Malo, France, in the latter half of his works for publication. He appears to have the 16th century; d. there probably in the first half paid a second visit to America during this time of the 17th. Ile was one of the most enterprising He returned to France in 1804, and, although he merchants in St. Malo, and a skilful navigator. was not employed by the imperial government, his He had made several voyages to Tadousac, Cana- advice was constantly sought in matters relating da, and believed that the development of the fur- to the colonial possessions of France. He wrote trade would lead to great wealth, especially if it “Les colonies françaises”; “ Observations sur la were under the control of a single person. With situation politique de St. Domingue" (1792); “ Vov- this object he proposed to Chauvin, a sea-captain, age à la partie orientale de la terre ferme, dans to obtain exclusive privileges from the court in con- T'Amérique méridionale, fait pendant les années nection with this branch of commerce, and, on the 1801, 1803, 1804 " (1806); and “ Perspective des rap- latter's success, Pontgravé equipped several vessels ports politiques et commerciaux de la France dans and sailed with him for Canada in 1599. He wished les deux Indes, sous la dynastie régnante" (1807). to form a settlement at Three Rivers, but, Chauvin PONTBRIAND, Henry Mary Du Breil de objecting, he returned to France in 1600. In 1603 (pom-bre-ong), Canadian bishop, b. in Vannes, the king granted him letters-patent to continue his France, in 1709; d. in Montreal, Canada, in 1760. discoveries in Canada and establish colonies, and He was consecrated bishop of Quebec in Paris in the merchants of Rouen fitted out an expedition 1741, and arrived in Canada the same year, with under his direction. He sailed on 15 March, Sam- several priests. After entering Quebec, he found uel Champlain being on board one of his ships, himself engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of and he accompanied Champlain in his voyage up the general hospital, who claimed the episcopal St. Lawrence river. He sailed again to Canada the palace as part of the legacy that Saint-Valier, sec- same year, commanding a ship under De Monts, ond bishop of Quebec, had left them. He ob- and later was appointed to transfer the latter colo- tained a royal decree confirming the possession of ny to Port Roval in Acadia. Pontgravé devoted the palace to the bishops of Quebec, which was himself to the welfare of the new settlement, and 64 POOK PONTIAC did much to render it successful, though he was birch-bark and signed with the figure of an otter, displaced in his office. He returned to France, but all of which it is said were subsequently redeemed. was sent out in 1608 to establish a trading-post at Supplies and re-enforcements were sent to Detroit Tadousac in conjunction with Champlain. He by way of Lake Erie, in schooners; but these were returned with the latter in September, 1609, and captured by the Indians, who compelled the pris- two vessels were fitted out, one of which was con- oners to row them to Detroit in hope of taking the fided to Pontgravé, who reached Canada in April. garrison by stratagem, but the Indians, concealed He was again in France early in 1613, and com- in the bottom of the boat, were discovered before a manded the vessel in which Champlain sailed from landing could be effected. Subsequently another France in March. After reaching Montreal he schooner, filled with supplies and ammunition, separated from the latter, and descended to Quebec. succeeded in reaching the fort, and this vessel the He is said by Charlevoix to have returned to Indians repeatedly tried to destroy by means of France in the following year, but this is doubtful. fire-rafts. The English now believed themselves He had charge of the interests of the Sieur de Caen sufficiently strong to make an attack upon the In- for some time in Quebec, but ill health obliged him dian camp, and 250 men, on the night of 31 July, to go to France in 1623. “This was a real loss to set out for that purpose; but Pontiac had been ad- New France,” says Charlevoix, “which owes much vised of this intention by the Canadians, and, wait- to him.” He was in Quebec in 1628 in the interesting until the English had advanced sufficiently, of De Monts and his society, and counselled resist- opened fire on them from all sides. In this fight, ance to the English. which is known as that of Bloody Bridge, 59 of the PONTIAC, chief of the Ottawas, b. on Ottawa English were killed or wounded. Å desultory river about 1720; d. in Cahokia, Ill., in 1769. He warfare continued until 12 Oct., when the siege was the son of an Ojibway woman, and, as the Ot- was raised and Pontiac retired into the country tawas were in alliance with the Ojibways and Pot- that borders Maumee river, where he vainly en- tawattamies, he became the principal chief of the deavored to organize another movement. Although three tribes. In 1746, with his warriors, he de- Pontiac failed in the most important action of the fended the French at Detroit against an attack by conspiracy, still Fort Sandusky, Fort St. Joseph, some of the northern tribes, and in 1755 he is be- Fort' Miami, Fort Quatanon, Mackinaw, Presque lieved to have led the Ottawas at Braddock's de- Isle, Fort Le Bæuf, and Fort Venango were taken feat. After the surrender of Quebec, Maj. Robert and their garrisons were massacred, while unsuc- Rogers, of New Hampshire, was sent to take pos- cessful attacks were made elsewhere. The English session of the western forts, under the treaty of soon sent troops against the Indians, and succeeded Paris, but in November, 1760, while encamped at in pacifying most of the tribes, so that, during the the place where the city of Cleveland now stands, summer of 1766, a meeting of Indian chiefs, includ- he was visited by Pontiac, who objected to his fur- ing Pontiac, was held in Oswego, where a treaty ther invasion of the territory. Finding, however, was concluded with Sir William Johnson. Al- that the French had been driven from Canada, he though Pontiac's conspiracy failed in its grand ob- acquiesced in the surrender of Detroit, and per- ject, still it had resulted in the capture and de- suaded 400 Detroit Indians, who were lying in am- struction of eight out of the twelve fortified posts bush, to relinquish their design of cutting off the that were attacked, generally by the massacre of English. While this action was doubtless in good their garrisons, it had destroyed several costly faith, still he hated the English and soon began to English expeditions, and had carried terror and plan their extermination. In 1762 he sent messen- desolation into some of the most fertile valleys on gers with a red-stained tomahawk and a wampum the frontiers of civilization. In 1769 a Kaskaskia war-belt, who visited every tribe between the Otta- | Indian, being bribed with a barrel of liquor and wa and the lower Mississippi, all of whom joined promise of additional reward, followed Pontiac in the conspiracy The end of May was deter- | into the forest and there murdered him. See Fran- mined upon as the time when each tribe was to cis Parkman's * History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac dispose of the garrison of the nearest fort, and and the War of the North American Tribes against then all were to attack the settlements. A great the English Colonies after the Conquest of Can- council was held near Detroit on 27 April, 1763, ada” (Boston, 1851), also Franklin B. Hough's when Pontiac delivered an oration, in which the “Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with wrongs and indignities that the Indians had suf- Pontiac" (Albany, 1860). fered at the hands of the English were recounted, POOK, Samuel Moore, naval constructor, b. in and their own extermination was prophesied. He Boston, Mass., 15 Aug., 1804; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., also told them of a tradition, which he could hard-2 Dec., 1878. He was educated in the Boston pub- ly have invented, that a Delaware Indian had been lic schools, and from 1841 till his retirement, 15 admitted into the presence of the Great Spirit, who Aug., 1866, was naval constructor in the U.S. navy. told him his race must return to the customs and Among other vessels, he built the sloops-of-war weapons of their ancestors, throw away the imple- * Preble” and “Saratoga,” the frigates “ Congress? ments they had acquired from the white man, ab- and " Franklin,” and the steamers “Merrimack” stain from whiskey, and take up the hatchet and “ Princeton.” He was also active in fitting against the English, “these dogs dressed in red, out the fleet of Admiral Dupont and others during who have come to rob you of your hunting-grounds the civil war. Mr. Pook was the inventor of nu- and drive away the game.” The taking of Detroit merous devices connected with his profession, and was to be his special task, and the 7th of May was wrote "A Method of comparing the Lines, and appointed for the attack; but the plot was disclosed Draughting Vessels propelled by Sail or Steam," to the commander of the post by an Indian girl, with diagrams (New York, 1866). — His son, Samuel and in consequence Pontiac found the garrison Hartt, naval constructor, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 17 prepared. Foiled in his original intention, on 12 Jan., 1827, was graduated at Portsmouth academy, May he surrounded Detroit with his Indians; but N. II., in 1842, became a naval architect, and on 17 he was unable to keep a close siege, and the garri- May, 1866, was appointed constructor in the U. S. son received food from the Canadian settlers. The navy. He has built many merchant ships, includ- latter likewise supplied the Indians, in return for ing the well-known clipper “ Red Jacket.' When which they received promissory notes drawn on the introduction of iron-clad vessels into the navy 66 66 9 a POOL 65 POOR 2 66 was proposed he was one of the party that called on torical association, and a member of many other Sec. Gideon Welles to advocate them, and he was similar societies. He was president from 1885 till made superintendent of the first that was built. 1887 of the American library association, and vice- POOL, John, senator b. in Pasquotank county, president of the international conference of libra- N. C., 16 June, 1826; d. in Washington, D. C., 18 rians in London in 1877. He has published many Aug., 1884. He was graduated at the University papers on library and historical topics, including of North Carolina in 1847, and admitted to the the construction of buildings and the organization bar in the same year. He was chosen to the state and management of public libraries. These in- senate in 1856 and 1858, and in 1860 was the Whig clude “Cotton Mather and Salemn Witchcraft,” the candidate for governor of the state. After being chapter on " Witchcraft” in the Memorial History returned to the state senate in 1864 as a peace can- of Boston,” “The Popham Colony," “ The Ordi- didate, and again in 1865, he was a member of the nance of 1787," and " Anti-Slavery Opinions be- State constitutional convention of the latter year, fore 1800.” He edited “ The Owl," a literary month- and was chosen to the U. S. senate, but not ad- ly, in 1874-'5 in Chicago, and since 1880 has been mitted. In 1868 he was re-elected, and he then a constant contributor to “The Dial." served till the expiration of his term in 1873. POOLEY, James Henry, physician, b. in Cha- POOLE, Fitch, journalist, b. in Danvers, Mass., teris, Cambridgeshire, England, 17 Nov., 1839. He 13 June, 1803; d. in Peabody, Mass., 19 Aug., was brought to this country in early childhood, 1873. He received a common-school education, and graduated at the New York college of phy- was connected with the press for many years, and sicians and surgeons in 1860. After service as an edited the Danvers “ Wizard” from its establish- assistant surgeon in the regular army in 1861-'3 he ment in 1859 till 1868. Mr. Poole was the founder practised in Yonkers, N. Y., till 1875, when he re- of the Mechanics' institute library, which afterward moved to Columbus, Ohio. He is a member of became the Peabody, institute, and he was its li- many professional societies, was a delegate to the brarian from 1856 till his death. He was in the International medical congress of 1876, and pro- legislature in 1841–2, and held several local offices. fessor of surgery in Starling medical college, Ohio, He was the author of numerous satirical ballads from 1875 till 1880. Since 1883 he has held the that attained popularity, the best known of which chair of surgery in Toledo medical college. He was " Giles Corey's Dream." has edited the Ohio Medical and Surgical Jour- POOLE, William Frederick, librarian, b. in nal” since 1876, and has been a voluminous con- Salem, Mass., 24 Dec., 1821. He is descended in tributor to surgical literature. Several of his arti- the eighth generation from John Poole, who came cles have been reprinted in pamphlet-form, includ- from Reading, England, was in Cambridge, Mass., ing “Three Cases of Imperforate Anus” (1870); in 1632, and became “ Remarks on the Surgery of Childhood” (1872); the chief proprietor and “Gastrotomy and Gastrostomy” (1875). of Reading, Mass., in POOR, Charles Henry, naval officer, b. in Cam- 1635. He was gradu- bridge, Mass., 11 June, 1808; d. in Washington, ated at Yale in 1849, D. Č., 5 Nov., 1882. He entered the navy as a and while in college midshipman, 1 March, 1825, and was promoted was librarian of the lieutenant, 22 Dec., 1835, commander, 14 Sept., “ Brothers in Unity” 1855, captain, 16 July, 1862, and commodore, 2 literary society, and Jan., 1863. After serving with different squadrons, prepared an index to and in the Washington and Norfolk navy-yards, periodical literature he was given command of the “St. Louis," of the containing 154 pages, home squadron, in 1860–'1, and in the latter year which was published had charge of an expedition that was sent to re- in 1848. During his enforce Fort Pickens. During 1861-2 he was in senior year he pre- command of the frigate “ Roanoke,” of the North pared a new edition of Atlantic blockading squadron. He was ordered to 521 pages, which was use the steamer Illinois” as a ram against the published in 1853, and “Merrimac,” but did not have an opportunity to followed in 1882 by test its strength. He subsequently passed the a third edition of 1,469 pages, prepared with the Confederate batteries under fire in the Roanoke,” co-operation of the American library association while proceeding from Ilampton Roads toward New- and the Library association of the United King- port News, to assist the “Congress” and “ Cumber- dom. He was assistant librarian of the Boston land.” From 1863 till 1865 he was in command of athenæum in 1851, and in 1852 became librarian of the sloop-of-war “Saranac,” of the Pacific squadron, the Boston mercantile library, where he remained and compelled the authorities at Aspinwall to re- four years, and printed a dictionary catalogue of the lease a 0. S. mail-steamer that had been detained library on the title-a-line” principle, which has there until she should pay certain illegal dues. He since been followed widely. From 1856 till 1869 also obliged the authorities at Rio Facha, New he was librarian of the Boston athenæum. He or- Granada, to hoist and salute the American flag ganized the Bronson library, Waterbury, Conn., in after it had been insulted. In 1866–’8 he was in 1869, the Athenæum library at St. Johnsbury, Vt., charge of the naval station at Mound City, Ill., and and did similar work at Newton and East Hamp- he was made rear-admiral, 20 Sept., 1868. After ton, Mass., and in the library of the U. S. naval serving as commandant of the Washington navy- academy at Annapolis. He began, in October, 1869, yard in 1869, and commanding the North Atlantic as librarian, the organization of the public library squadron in 1869-'70, he was retired on 9 June, of Cincinnati , and in January, 1874, the organization 1870. In 1871-2 he was a member of the retiring of the Chicago public library. He resigned this board. Admiral Poor saw twenty-three years and position in August, 1887, and is now (1888) en- six months of sea-service, and was employed four- gaged in the organization of the library in Chi- teen years and five months in shore duty. cago founded by Walter L. Newberry. Mr. Poole POOR, Daniel, missionary, b. in Danvers, Essex has devoted much attention to the study of Ameri- co., Mass., 27 June, 1789; d. in Manepy, Ceylon, 3 can history, and is president of the American his- Feb., 1855. He was graduated at Dartmouth in VOL. 1.-5 More 66 66 POORE POOR 1811, and at Andover theological seminary in 1814. field-officers, headed by Poor, John Stark, and He was ordained in the Presbyterian church at William Maxwell, sent in a written remonstrance. Newburyport, Mass., in June, 1815, and in the fol- Gen. Washington, on being appealed to, while re- lowing October sailed with his wife and four other fusing to overrule Gen. Schuyler's action, concurred missionaries for Ceylon, where he arrived in March, distinctly in the views of the remonstrants as to 1816, and organized a mission-school. He went the impolicy of the measure. On 21 Feb.. 1777, to Matura, southern India, in 1836, organized thirty- Poor was commissioned brigadier-general, and he seven schools, which he visited in succession, and held a command in the campaign against Bur- frequently addressed from horse-back crowds of goyne. In the hard-fought but indecisive engage- adult natives. Impaired health compelled his re- ment at Stillwater, Gen. Poor's brigade sustained turn to the United States in 1849, where he spent more than two thirds of the whole American loss two years in addressing meetings on missionary in killed, wounded, and missing. At the battle of work. Returning to Ceylon in 1851, he settled at Saratoga, Poor led the attack. The vigor and gal- Manepy, and labored incessantly until an epidemic lantry of the charge, supported by an adroit and of cholera terminated his labors. Dr. Poor took furious onslaught from Col. Daniel Morgan, could high rank as a scholar, and he was peculiarly quali- not be resisted, and the British line was broken. fied to labor among the religious sects of India and After the surrender of Burgoyne, Poor joined Ceylon. He was given the degree of D. D. by Washington in Pennsylvania, and subsequently Dartmouth in 1835. He published numerous re- shared in the hardships and sufferings of the army ligious, temperance, and other tracts in the Tamil at Valley Forge. During the dreary winter that and English languages, and was a contributor to was spent by the Revolutionary army in that en- the “ Bibliotheca Sacra.”—His son, Daniel War: campment, no officer exerted himself with greater ren, clergyman, b. in Tillipally, Ceylon, 21 Aug., earnestness to obtain relief. He wrote urgently 1818, was graduated at Amherst in 1837, and at to the legislature of New Hampshire: “I am erery Andover theological seminary in 1842. He was day,” he said, referring to his men,“ beholding pastor of Presbyterian churches at Fairhaven, their sufferings, and am every morning awakened Mass., in 1843–8, Newark, N. J., in 1849-'69, and by the lamentable tale of their distresses. . . . If Oakland, Cal., in 1869-'72. In 1871 he was ap- they desert, how can I punish them, when they pointed professor of ecclesiastical history and church plead in justification that the contract on your government in San Francisco theological seminary, part is broken?” Gen. Poor was among the first to and he held the chair until 1876, when he became set out with his brigade in pursuit of the British corresponding secretary of the Presbyterian board across New Jersey in the summer of 1778, and of education at Philadelphia. Dr. Poor organized fought gallantly under Lafayette at the battle of the church of which he was pastor in Newark, Monmouth. In 1779 he commanded the second and was also instrumental in building up three or New Hampshire brigade, in the expedition of German churches within the bounds of his presby- Gen. John Sullivan against the Indians of the Six tery, and in organizing one in Philadelphia. He Nations. When, in August, 1780, a corps of light was also active in founding the German theologi- infantry was formed composed of two brigades, the cal school at Bloomfield, Ñ. J. He received the command of one of them was given, at the request degree of D. D. from Princeton in 1857. Besides of Lafayette, to Gen. Poor; but he survived his ap- occasional sermons and pamphlets, he has published pointment only a few weeks, being stricken down “ Select Discourses from the French and German,” by fever. In announcing his death, Gen. Washing- with Rev. Henry C. Fish (New York, 1858), and, ton declared him to be " an officer of distinguished with Rev. Conway P. Wing, “ The Epistles to the merit, who, as a citizen and soldier, had every Corinthians," from the German of Lange (1868). claim to the esteem of his country.” In 1824, when POOR, Enoch, soldier, b. in Andover, Mass., 21 Lafayette visited New Hampshire, at a banquet in June, 1736; d. near Hackensack, N. J., 8 Sept., his bonor, he was called upon by a gray-haired 1780. He was educated in his native place, and veteran for a sentiment. Lifting his glass to his removing to Exeter, N. H., engaged in business lips, and after a few explanatory words, he gave: there until the bat- •Light-infantry Poor and Yorktown Scammel." tle of Lexington, He had seen the latter mortally wounded at the when the New battle of Yorktown. Both men were New Eng- Hampshire assem- landers. Gen. Poor was buried in Hackensack, bly resolved to where a fine monument marks his grave. raise 2,000 men. POOR, John Alfred, journalist, b. in Andover, Three regiments Oxford co.. Me., 8 Jan., 1808; d. in Portland, Me., were formed, and 5 Sept., 1871. He studied law, was admitted to the command of the bar, and practised at Bangor, but afterward re- one of them was moved to Portland. In the latter city he was for given to Poor. Af- several years editor of the “State of Maine," a ter the evacuation daily paper, and he subsequently served in the of Boston he was legislature. He was the first active promoter of sent to New York, the present railroad system of his native state, and was afterward originated the European and North American line, ordered to join the and was president of the proposed Portland, Rut- disastrous Cana- | land and Oswego road. He was an active member Enoch poose dian expedition of the Maine historical society, under whose au- with his regiment. spices he published “ A Vindication of the Claims Ontheretreat from of Sir Ferdinando Gorges as the Founder of English Canada the Americans concentrated near Crown Colonization in America ” (New York, 1862). He Point, and Col. Poor was actively occupied in also delivered the address at the commemoration, strengthening the defences of that post until a on 15 Aug., 1853, of the founding of the Popham council of general officers advised its evacuation, colony at the mouth of the Kennebec (1863). which was accordingly ordered by Gen. Philip POORE, Benjamin Perley, journalist, b. near Schuyler. Against this step twenty-one of the Newburyport, Mass., 2 Nov., 1820 ; d. in Washing- 66 POPE 67 POPE . 66 ton, D. C., 30 May, 1887. He was descended from earn his own living. In 1862 he was commissioned John Poore, an English yeoman, who came to this 2d lieutenant in the 35th Massachusetts regiment, country and, in 1650, purchased "Indian Hill with which he continued until the close of the war. Farm," the homestead, which still remains in the when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of family. When Perley was eleven years of age he lieutenant-colonel. Soon afterward he became head was taken by his father to England, and there saw of a shoe-finding business. In 1877 he began to Sir Walter Scott, Lafayette, and other notable peo- take an interest in bicycles, and during that year ple. Leaving school after his return, he served an ordered eight from Manchester, England. Subse- apprenticeship in a printing-office at Worcester, quently he became actively engaged in their manu- Mass., and had edited the Athens, Ga., “Southern facture, and it is chiefly due to his enterprise that Whig,” which his father purchased for him, for two most of the improvements of the bicycle in this years before he was twenty. In 1841 he visited country have been brought about. Col. Pope was Europe again as attaché of the American legation instrumental in founding “ Outing,” a journal that at Brussels, remaining abroad until 1848. During for several years was published by him.--His twin this period he acted in 1844–8 as the historical sisters, Emily Frances and Caroline Augusta, agent of Massachusetts in France, in which capacity physicians, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Feb., 1846, were he filled ten folio volumes with copies of important graduated at the Brookline high-school, and at the documents, bearing date 1492–1780, illustrating New England medical college in 1870. Subse- them by engraved maps and water-color sketches. quently they devoted some time to hospital study He was also the foreign correspondent of the Bos- in London and Paris, and on their return became ton “ Atlas" during his entire stay abroad. After attached to the New England hospital for women editing the Boston “ Bee" and "Sunday Sentinel," and children. In 1873 they established themselves Mr. Poore finally entered in 1854 upon his life in general practice, in which they have been suc- work, that of Washington correspondent. His let- cessful. Both are members of the New England ters to the Boston “Journal” over the signature of hospital medical society, and of the Massachusetts “ Perley," and to other papers, gained him a medical society, and, with Emily L. Call, they pre- national reputation by their trustworthy character. pared "The Practice of Medicine in the United For several years he also served as clerk of the States” (Boston, 1881). committee of the U. S. senate on printing records. POPE, Charles Alexander, surgeon, b. in He was interested in military matters, had studied Huntsville, Ala., 15 March, 1818; d. in Paris, Mon- tactics, and during his editorial career in Boston roe co., Mo., 6 July, 1870. He was educated at the held sereral staff appointments. About the same University of Alabama, and studied medicine at time he organized a battalion of riflemen at New- Cincinnati medical college and at the University bury that formed the nucleus of a company in the of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1839. 8th Massachusetts volunteers, of which organiza- He spent the next two years in study in France tion Mr. Poore served as major for a short time and Germany, and on his return began to practise during the civil war. Ile was also in 1874 com- in St. Louis, Mo., where he soon took high rank. mander of the Ancient and honorable artillery He became professor of anatomy, and afterward of company of Boston, and had made a collection of surgery, in St. Louis university, aided in organiz- materials for its projected history. Maj. Poore's ing St. Louis medical college, and was president of vacations were spent at Indian Hill , where the the American medical association in 1853. He also farm-house contained sixty rooms filled with his- took an active part in promoting the cause of edu- torical material, of which its owner was an indus- cation generally. Soon after the close of the civil trious collector. During thirty years of Washing- war he gave up practice and retired to Paris, Mo., ton life he made the acquaintance of many emi- where he resided until his death. nent men, and his fund of reminiscences was large POPE, Franklin Leonard, electrical engineer, and entertaining. He told good stories, spoke well b. in Great Barrington, Mass., 2 Dec., 1840. He after dinner, and was much admired in society. was educated in his native town, became a tele- Among his publications were “ Campaign Life of graph operator in 1857, in 1862 was made as- Gen. Zachary Taylor,” of which 800.000 copies sistant engineer of the American telegraph com- were circulated, and “Rise and Fall of Louis pany, and in 1864 filled a similar oflice in the Philippe ” (Boston, 1848); " Early Life of Napoleon Russo-American telegraph company. In associa- Bonaparte” (1851); “ Agricultural History of Es- tion with George Blenkinsop, of Victoria, British sex County, Mass.”; “ Îhe Conspiracy Trial for Columbia, he made, while in that service in 1866, the Murder of Abraham Lincoln” (1865); “ Fed- the first exploration of the extensive region be- eral and State Charters” (2 ols., 1877); “ The tween British Columbia and Alaska, about the Political Register and Congressional Directory" sources of. Skeena, Stickeen, and Yukon rivers. (1878); “Life of Burnside” (1882); and “ Perley's Subsequently he settled in New York city, where Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Vie- he has since been engaged chiefly as an electrical tropolis” (Philadelphia, 1886). As secretary of engineer and expert. With Thomas A. Edison he the U. S. agricultural society, he became the editor invented in 1870 the one-wire printing telegraph, of its “ Journal” in 1857. He began to edit the known as the “ ticker,” which is employed in large Congressional directory in 1867, supervised the cities for telegraphing exchange quotations. He also indices to the “Congressional Record,” and brought invented in 1872 the rail-circuit for automatically out the annual abridgment of the public docu- controlling electric block signals, now used on the ments of the United States for many years. By principal railroads of the United States, and he order of congress he compiled “A Descriptive has patented other improvements relating to rail- Catalogue of the Government Publications of the way and telegraphic service. In 1885 he was United States, 1774-1881" (Washington, 1885), elected president of the American institute of and also made a compilation of the various treaties electrical engineers. Mr. Pope has since 1884 been negotiated by the United States government with the editor of - The Electrical Engineer," and, be- different countries. sides articles in the technical, historical, and popu- POPE, Albert Augustus, manufacturer, b. in lar periodicals, is the author of " Modern Practice Boston, Mass., 20 May, 1813. He was educated at of the Electric Telegraph” (New York, 1871) and public schools, but even as a boy was compelled to * Life and Work of Joseph Henry” (1879). 68 POPE POPE POPE, James Colledge, Canadian statesman, minister of agriculture from October, 1871, till b. in Bedeque, Prince Edward island, 11 June, November, 1873, when he retired with the govern- 1826; d. in Summerside, Prince Edward island, 18 ment on the Pacific railway question. He was re- May, 1885. He was educated in his native place appointed minister of agriculture in 1878, and and in England, engaged in business in early man- minister of railways and canals in September, hood, and became successful as a merchant, ship- 1885. During the summer of 1880 he visited Eng- builder, and ship-owner. In 1857 Mr. Pope became land in company with Sir John A. Macdonald and a member of the Prince Edward island assembly, Sir Charles Tupper, and took an active part in the and, except during a few months in 1873, when he negotiations that resulted in the Pacific railway sat in the Dominion parliament, held his seat un- contract, which was afterward ratified by the Cana- til August, 1876, when he was defeated. He became dian parliament. Mr. Pope was president of the a member of the executive council of Prince Ed- International railway of Maine and of the Comp- ward island in 1857, and was premier of that ton colonization society. province in 1865–7, 1870–'1, and from April till POPE, John Hunter, physician, b. in Wash- September, 1873. The construction of the Prince ington, Wilkes co., Ga., 12 Feb., 1845. He received Edward island railway, and the negotiations that his medical education at the universities of Lou- resulted in securing better terms to the colony on isiana and Virginia, and was graduated at the lat- its entering the Dominion, were achievements of ter institution in 1868. He began to practise at his administration. was elected to the Cana- | Milford, Ellis co., Tex., in 1869, but in 1870 re- dian parliament in November, 1876, re-elected in moved to Marshall, in the same state, where he 1878, and became minister of marine and fisheries has since resided. Previous to studying medicine in October of the latter year. He held this port- he was a private soldier in the Confederate army folio till May, 1882, when he resigned in conse- from 1862 till 1865. From 1874 till 1875 he was quence of failing health. secretary of the Harrison county medical associa- POPE, John, senator, b. in Prince William tion, and in 1876–7 he was first vice-president of the county, Va., in 1770; d. in Springfield, Washing- Texas state medical association. In 1877 he was ton co., Ky., 12 July, 1845. He was brought to appointed a member of the State board of medical Kentucky in boyhood, and, having lost his arm examiners for the 2d judicial district. He has pub- through an accident, was compelled to abandon lished a “ History of Epidemic of Yellow Fever at farm work, and after studying law was admitted to Marshall, Texas" (1873) ; Report on Climatology the bar. He first settled in Shelby county, but and Epidemics of Texas" (1874); and “ Report on afterward removed to Lexington, Ky. He was for the Science and Progress of Medicine" (1875). several years a member of the state house of repre- POPE, Nathaniel, jurist, b. in Louisville, Ky., sentatives, and in 1801 was a presidential elector on 5 Jan., 1784; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 23 Jan., 1850. He the Jefferson ticket. He was elected to the U. S. was graduated at Transylvania college. Ky., in senate as a Democrat, and served from 26 Oct., 1807, 1806, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and be. till 3 March, 1813, acting as president pro tempore gan to practise at St. Genevieve, Mo. He removed in 1811. From 1829 till 1835 he was territorial to Vandalia, and afterward to Springfield, I. He governor of Arkansas. On his return to Ken- was made secretary of the territory, 23 Feb., 1809, tucky he practised his profession at Springfield and subsequently he was chosen delegate to the until he was elected to congress, and twice re-elect- 14th congress, taking his seat, 2 Dec., 1816. He was od, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843. re-elected, and served until 4 Dec., 1818. He was He was an independent candidate for a seat in the register of the land-office at Edwardsville, Ill., in succeeding congress, but was defeated. 1818, and the same was appointed U. S. judge POPE, John, naval officer, b. in Sandwich, for the district of Illinois, which office he held un- Mass., 17 Dec., 1798; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 14 til his death. It was due to the action of Judge Jan., 1876. He was appointed from Maine to the Pope in congress that the northern boundary of navy as midshipman, 30 May, 1816, and was pro- Illinois was moved from the southern extremity of moted lieutenant, 28 April, 1826, commander, 15 Lake Michigan to 42° 30', thus adding the terri- Feb., 1843, and captain, 14 Sept., 1855. As lieuten- tory now included in the thirteen northern coun- ant he saw service in the frigate “ Constitution," ties, and giving the new state its greatestlake of the Mediterranean squadron, and subsequently port and the site of its most populous city. Pope in the West India and Brazil squadrons. Ile com- county was named after him.--His son, John, manded the brig “ Dolphin” on the coast of Africa soldier, b. in Louisville, Ky., 16 March, 1822, in 1846-'7, and the “ Vandalia" in the East Indies was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1853–6. He had charge of the Boston navy- in 1842, and made brevet 2d lieutenant of en- yard in 1850, and of the Portsmouth navy-yard in gineers. He served in Florida in 1842–4, and 1858–60. In 1861 he commanded the steam-sloop assisted in the survey of the northeast boundary- “Richmond," of the Gulf squadron... He was a line between the United States and the British prize-commissioner in Boston in 1864–5, and light- provinces. He was made 20 lieutenant, 9 May, house inspector in 1866–9. On 21 Dec., 1861, he 1846, and took part in the Mexican war, being was placed on the retired list, and he was promoted brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Monte- commodore, 16 July, 1862. Com. Pope passed rey, and captain for his services in the battle of twenty-one years at sea, and was for seventeen Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted the Minnesota years and eleven months engaged in shore duty. exploring expedition, which demonstrated the POPE, John Henry, Canadian statesman, b. in practicability of the navigation of the Red river the Eastern Townships, Quebec, in 1824; d. in Ot- of the north by steamers, and in 1851–3 he was tawa, Canada, 1 April, 1889. He was educated in engaged in topographical engineering service in Compton, and then engaged in farming. He repre- New Mexico. The six years following he had sented Compton in the Canada assembly from 1857 charge of the survey of the route for the Pacific till the union, and was elected in 1867, 1872, 1874, railroad, near the 32d parallel, and in making ex- and 1878 for that constituency, by acclamation, periments to procure water on the Llano Estacado, to the Dominion parliament. Ile was re-elected or “Staked Plain,” stretching between Texas and in 1882 and in February, 1887. Mr. Pope became New Mexico, by means of artesian wells. On 1 member of the privy council of Canada, and was July, 1856, he was commissioned captain for four- ed POPE 69 POPKIN nopope teen years' continuous service. In the political | mand until 30 Jan., 1865, when he was given campaign of 1860 Capt. Pope sympathized with charge of the military division of the Missouri, the Republicans, and in an address on the subject which, in June following, was made the Department of “Fortifications," read before a literary society of the Missouri, including all the northwestern at Cincinnati, he criticised the policy of President states and territories. From this he was relieved Buchanan in unsparing terms. For this he was 6 Jan., 1866. He has since had command suc- court-martialed, but, cessively of the 3d military district, comprising upon the recommen- Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, under the first dation of Postmaster. Reconstruction act, 1867-'8; the Department of General Joseph Holt, the Lakes, 1868–70; the Department of the Mis- further proceedings souri, headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, were dropped. He 1870-'84; and the Military Department of the Pa- was still a captain of cific from 1884 until he was retired, 16 March, 1886. engineers when Sum- In Washington, in December, 1862, he testified be- ter was fired upon, fore a court-martial, called for the trial of Gen. and he was one of the Fitz-John Porter (q. v.), who had been accused by officers detailed by him of misconduct before the enemy at the second the war department battle of Manassas or Bull Run. Gen. Pope was bre- to escort Abraham vetted major-general, 13 March, 1865, " for gallant Lincoln to Washing- and meritorious services” in the capture of Island ton. He was made No. 10, and advanced to the full rank, 26 Oct., brigadier - general of 1882. The fullest account of his northern Virginia volunteers, 17 May, campaign is to be found in the report of the con- 1861, and placed in gressional committee on the conduct of the war command first of the (Supplement, part xi., 1865). Gen. Pope is the au- district of northern, and afterward of southwestern thor of " Explorations from the Red River to the and central, Missouri. Gen. Pope's operations in Rio Grande,” in “ Pacific Railroad Reports," vol. that state in protecting railway communication and iii., and the “Campaign of Virginia, of July and driving out guerillas were highly successful. His August, 1862” (Washington, 1865). most important engagement was that of the Black- POPE, Richard, Canadian author, b. in Toronto, water, 18 Dec., 1861, where he captured 1,300 pris- 19 Oct., 1827. He was called to the bar of Lower oners, 1,000 stand of arms, 1,000 horses, 65 wagons, Canada in 1855, and was assistant editor of the two tons of gunpowder, and a large quantity of Lower Canada “Law Reports” in 1855-'60. After tents, baggage, and supplies. This victory forced serving as commissioner for the Chaudière gold- Gen. Sterling Price to retreat below the Osage inining association from 1866 till 1871 he was clerk river, which he never again crossed. He was next in the department of public works, and private intrusted by Gen. Henry W. Halleck with the com- secretary to the minister from 1872 till 1873, when mand of the land forces that co-operated with Ad- he was appointed clerk of the crown in chancery. miral Andrew H. Foote's flotilla in the expedi- He is a major in the Canadian militia, and organ- tion against New Madrid and Island No. 10. He ized the Quebec volunteer rifle association. Mr. succeeded in occupying the former place, 14 March, Pope won the first prize medal of the Literary and 1862, while the latter surrendered on the 8th of historical society of Quebec for the best “ Essay on the following month, when 6,500 prisoners, 125 Canada” (Quebec, 1853), and is also the author of cannon, and 7,000 small arms, fell into his hands. Canadian Minerals and Mining Interest ” (1857); He was rewarded for the capture of New Madrid * Gold Fields of Canada” (1858); and “ Notes on by a commission as major-general of volunteers. Emigration and Mining and Agricultural Labor As commander of the Army of the Mississippi, he in Canada" (1859). advanced from Pittsburg landing upon Corinth, POPHAM, George, colonist, b. in Somerset- the operations against that place occupying the shire, England, about 1550 ; d. in Maine, 5 Feb., period from 22 April till 30 May. After its evacu- 1608. He became associated with Sir Ferdinando ation he pursued the enemy to Baldwin, Lee co., Gorges (q. v.) as one of the patentees of an exten- Miss. At the end of June he was summoned to sive territory in what is now the state of Maine, Washington, and assigned to the command of the and sailed from Plymouth, 31 May, 1607, with two Army of Virginia, comprised of Frémont's (after- ships and one hundred men. Popham was in com- ward Sigel's), Banks's, and McDowell's corps. On mand of one ship, and Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew 14 July he was commissioned brigadier-general of Sir Walter Raleigh, of the other. On 15 Aug., the regular army. On 9 Aug. a division of his 1607, they landed at the mouth of the Sagadahoc army, under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, had a severe or Kennebec river. After listening to a sermon, engagement with the Confederates, commanded by and the patent laws, the company proceeded to Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, at Cedar mountain. For build a storehouse, with a fort, which they called the next fifteen days Gen. Pope, who had been re- Fort George. This was the first English settlement enforced by a portion of the Army of the Potomac, in New England. The ships sailed on the home fought continuously a greatly superior force of the voyage on 5 Dec., leaving a colony of forty-five enemy under Gen. Robert E. Lee, on the line of the persons, Popham being president and Gilbert ad- Rappahannock, at Bristow station, at Groveton, at miral. After Popham's death the colonists, having Manassas junction, at Gainesville, and at German- become discouraged, returned to England.—His town, near Chantilly. Gen. Pope then withdrew brother, Sir John, b. in Somersetshire in 1531 ; d. his force behind Difficult creek, between Flint hill 10 June, 1607, became lord chief justice about 1592, and the Warrenton turnpike, whence he fell back and was active in colonization schemes.—Sir Fran. within the fortifications of Washington, and on 3 cis, supposed to be a son of Sir John, and named Sept. was, at his own request, relieved of the com- as a patentee of New England, was a member of mand of the Army of Virginia, and was assigned parliament in 1620. to that of the Department of the Northwest, where POPKIN, John Snelling, clergyman, b. in in a short time he completely checked the outrages Boston, Mass., 19 June, 1771 ; d. in Cambridge, of the Minnesota Indians. He retained this com- | Mass., 2 March, 1852. His ancestors, of Welsh 70 PORTALES PORCALLO DE FIGUEROA descent, came to this country from Ireland, and published by order of the surgeon-general of the his father, John, was a lieutenant-colonel in the Confederate states (Richmond, 1863 ; new and re- Revolutionary army. He was graduated in 1792, vised ed., Charleston, 1869). with the first honors, at Harvard, where he was PORET DE BLOSSEVILLE, Jules Alphonse tutor in Greek in 1795–8, after teaching in Woburn René (po-ray), Baron, French navigator, b. in and Cambridge. He had also studied theology, Rouen, 29 July, 1802; d. in the Arctic ocean about was licensed to preach in 1798, and on 16 July, February, 1834. He entered the navy as a volun- 1799, was ordained pastor of the Federal street teer in 1818, served in the West Indies and South church in Boston, where he remained till 1802. He America, and in 1833 was appointed commander was pastor at Newbury in 1804-'15, then professor of the brig “ La Liloise" and sent to the Arctic of Greek at Harvard on the college foundation till ocean. Sailing from Brest in May, 1833, he visited 1826, and Eliot professor of Greek literature, to Iceland and Greenland, where he made astronomi- succeed Edward Everett, till 1833. From the latter cal observations, and prepared a valuable chart of date till his death he lived in retirement in Cam- the western coast of the latter country. He had bridge. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in reached latitude 83° N. when he was imprisoned by 1815, and he was a member of the American acade- the ice-fields, and sent news to France by a whaler. my of arts and sciences. Dr. Popkin left the Uni- This was the last that was heard of him, and several tarian faith for the orthodox Congregational, and French and English expeditions failed to find traces finally became an Episcopalian. He was a profound of him. The expedition of “ La Recherche et l'Aven- Greek scholar. He edited the fourth American ture” ascertained through Esquimaux that Poret edition of Andrew Dalzel's “ Collectanea Graeca advanced farther than latitude 84° N., and it is Majora (2 vols., Cambridge, 1824), and was the supposed that his death was similar' to that of Sir author of various occasional sermons, a Greek gram- John Franklin. His works include “ Histoire des mar (1828), and " Three Lectures on Liberal Edu- découvertes faites à diverses époques par les navi- cation (1836). These last, with selections from gateurs ” (Paris, 1826), and “ Histoire des explora- other lectures, extracts from his sermons, and tions de l'Amérique du Sud” (1832).-His brother, a memoir by Cornelius C. Felton, appeared after Viscount Bénique Ernest, b. in Rouen, 19 Jan., his death (1852). 1799 ; d. in 1882; was the author or translator of PORCALLO DE FIGUEROA, Vasco (por-cal'- several American novels, including " John Tanner, yo), Spanish soldier, b. in Caceres, Spain, in 1494 ; ou 30 années dans les déserts de l'Amérique du d. in Puerto Principe, Cuba, in 1550. He went to Nord” (Paris, 1839). Cuba when very young and served under Diego PORREZ, Martin de, clergyman, b. in Lima Velasquez, the conqueror and first governor of the in 1579; d. there in 1639.' He was an illegitimate island. He was the founder of several cities, among son, his father being a nobleman and his mother a others Remedios and Puerto Principe. Velasquez negress. His youth was neglected, but he gave selected him to command the expedition that he evidence of so many virtues that his father deter- intended to send against Cortes, but Porcallo de- mined to recognize him. He was then educated, and, clined. In 1539 he accompanied Fernando de Soto as his tastes lay in the direction of surgery, was in his expedition to Florida, but he soon returned enabled to study that profession. He was noted to Cuba, and afterward resided in Puerto Principe. for his care of the poor, whom he attended without PORCHER, Francis Peyre, physician, b. in fee; but the respect that this gained him in Lima St. John's, Berkeley, S. C., 14 Dec., 1825. He was alarmed his humility, and he determined to retire graduated at South Carolina college in 1844 and at from the world. He joined the Dominicans in the Medical college of the state of South Carolina 1602, taking the lowest rank in the order—that of in 1847, where he now holds the chair of materia oblate brother. He was charged with the care of medica and therapeutics. On graduating he settled the sick after his reception, and when a plague in Charleston, where he has since continued in the broke out in Lima he was constant in his attend- active practice of his profession, also holding the ance on its victims. The ravages of this epidemic appointments of surgeon and physician to the ma- in one of the suburbs obliged his superiors to rine and city hospitals. During the civil war he was send him thither, and he set out at once. Some surgeon in charge of Confederate hospitals at Nor- of the cures he performed were considered miracu- folk and Petersburg, Va. Dr. Porcher was president lous, and he was summoned back to Lima. The of the South Carolina medical association in 1872, rest of his life was spent in caring for the sick. and, besides holding memberships in other societies, It was believed in Peru that he had restored is an associate fellow of the Philadelphia college of many to life by supernatural agencies. After his physicians. He was one of the editors of the death, the chapter, university, and religious com- * Charleston Medical Journal and Review," having munities of Lima demanded that he should be charge of the publication of five volumes of the honored on the altars of the church, and, after an first series (1850–5), and more recently of four vol- examination that lasted during the reign of Cle- umes of the second series (1873–6). Dr. Porcher ment X., he was beatified under Gregory XVI. was an enthusiastic botanist and has devoted con- PORRO, Francis, clergyman, d. about 1802. He siderable attention to that subject. Besides numer- was a member of the order of Franciscans, and be- ous fugitive contributions to the medical journals, longed to the convent of the Holy Apostles in Rome. and articles in medical works, he has published " A Bishop Portier, when he was at Rome in 1829, saw Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the Plants and Ferns a portrait of Porro as bishop of New Orleans. It of St. John's, Berkeley, South Carolina" (Charleston, was supposed that he was consecrated in 1802, and 1847); A Sketch of the Medical Botany of South died on the eve of his departure for Louisiana. It Carolina ” (Philadelphia, 1849); “ The Medicinal, is now believed that he was never consecrated, as it Poisonous, and Dietetic Properties of the Crypto- was known at Rome that the Spanish government gamic Plants of the United States” (New York, was not likely to retain possession of Louisiana, in 1854); “Illustrations of Disease with the Micro- which case it was doubtful whether the diocese scope, and Clinical Investigations aided by the could support a bishop. See Archbishop Spalding's Microscope and by Chemical Reagents" (Charleston, ** Life of Bishop Flaget.” 1861); and “ Resources of the Southern Fields and PORTALES, Diego José Victor (por-tah'-les), Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural,” | Chilian soldier, b. in Santiago in June, 1793; d. in 9 PORTER 71 PORTER Valparaiso, 6 June, 1837. He acquired his educa- 1 of jurisprudence. He was elected a U. S. senator tion in the College of San Carlos, and in 1817 ob- as a Whig, in place of Joseph S. Johnston, deceased, tained the place of assayer of the mint, but went to serving from 6 Jan., 1834, till 5 Jan., 1837, and Peru in 1823 and entered commerce. He returned during his term voted to censure President Jack- to Chili in 1824, and, being discontented on account son for the removal of the deposits from the U. S. of heavy losses in a contract with the Chilian gov- bank, and favored John C. Calhoun's motion to ernment, from whom he had obtained the monopoly reject petitions for the abolition of slavery in the of tobacco, joined the opposition, attacking the District of Columbia. In March, 1836, he made government in the paper “ El Hambriento" in an elaborate reply to a speech of Thomas H. Ben- 1827. In April, 1830, he was appointed by the ton upon the introduction of his expunging general junta minister of the interior, foreign résolutions.” He also opposed Benton's bill for affairs, war, and the navy; but, on account of politi- compelling payments for public lands to be inade cal disturbances, he resigned his charges in 1831, in specie, and advocated the division of surplus and retired to Valparaiso, where he engaged again revenue among the states, and the recognition of in business. On 17 Aug., 1832, he was elected vice- the independence of Texas. He was again elected president of the republic, and at the end of the to the senate in 1843, and served till his death. same year he was appointed governor of Valparaiso, For many years before his death he resided on his where he organized the civic militia. In September, estate, “ Oak Lawn," of 5,000 acres, on Bayou Têche, 1835, President Prieto appointed him again min- and the large mansion, where Henry Clay was a ister of war. When in 1836 the Peru-Bolivian con- frequent visitor, is still (1888) standing in the cen- federation was established, Portales strongly op- tre of an 'extensive park. posed it. Owing to his efforts, in October of that PORTER, Andrew, soldier, b. in Worcester, year a Chilian fleet left Valparaiso for Callao under Montgomery co., Pa., 24 Sept., 1743; d. in Harris- Admiral Blanco Encalada (q. v.), to protest against burg, Pa., 16 Nov., 1813. His father, Robert, emi- the confederation, and, not receiving a satisfactory grated to this country from Londonderry, Ireland, answer, the Chilian government declared war on in 1720, settled 11 Nov., 1836. Meanwhile, Portales was organizing in Londonderry, an expeditionary force in Quillota, giving the com- N. H., and af- mand of one of the best regiments to Col. Jose terward bought Antonio Vidaurre, who was his special favorite. land in Mont- Soon afterward a mutiny, led by Vidaurre and gomery county, other officers, was organized, while Portales was at Pa. In early Valparaiso, and when the latter returned to Quillota years the son and was reviewing his troops, he was made a pris- manifested a tal- oner by Vidaurre. The mutineers marched on ent for mathe- Valparaiso, but they encountered a determined matics, and un- resistance from the civic militia. Portales was left der the advice of under custody of a lieutenant, who, seeing the de- Dr. David Rit- feat of his party, ordered him to be shot. In Sep- tenhouseopened, tember, 1861, a statue of Portales was erected in in 1767, an Eng- front of the mint in Santiago. lish and mathe- PORTER, Albert G, governor of Indiana, b. matical school in in Lawrenceburg, Ind., 20 April, 1824. He was Philadelphia, in graduated at Asbury university, Ind., in 1843, which he taught studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and until 19 June, began to practise in Indianapolis, where he was 1776, when he councilman and corporation attorney. In 1853 he was appointed by congress a captain of marines was appointed reporter of the supreme court of and ordered to the frigate “ Effingham.” He was Indiana. He was elected to congress as a Republi- soon transferred to the artillery, in which he can, holding his seabfrom 5 Dec., 1859, till 3 March, served with efficiency. He was captain until 13 1863, and serving on the judiciary committee and March, 1782, and then became major, lieutenant- on that on manufactures. He was a nominee for colonel, and colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania artil- presidential elector on the Hayes ticket in 1876. lery, which post he held at the disbanding of the On 5 March, 1878, he was appointed first comp- army. He participated in the battles of Newton, troller of the U. S. treasury, but he resigned to Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown, where become governor of Indiana, which office he held nearly all his company were killed or taken prison- from 1881 till 1884 He has published “ Decisions ers, and where he received on the field personal of the Supreme ('ourt of Indiana” (5 vols, Indian- commendation from Gen. Washington for his con- apolis, 1853–6), and has now (1888) in preparation duct in the action, and at his request he was sent a history of Indiana. to Philadelphia to prepare material for the siege PORTER, Alexander jurist, b. near Armagh, of Yorktown. In April, 1779, he was detached County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1796; d. in Attakapas, with his company to join Gen. John Sullivan's La., 13 Jan., 1844. His father, an Irish Presbyte- expedition against the Indians, and suggested to rian clergyman and chemist, while lecturing in Gen. James Clinton the idea of damming the out- Ireland during the insurrection of 1798, fell under let of Otsego lake, by which means the water was suspicion of being an insurgent spy, and was seized raised sufficiently to convey the troops by boats to and executed. His son came to this country in Tioga point. In 1783 he retired to the cultivation 1801 with his uncle, and settled in Nashville, Tenn., of his farm, and declined the chair of mathematics where, after serving as clerk, he studied law, and in the University of Pennsylvania, saying that “as was admitted to the bar in 1807. By the advice long as he commanded men he would not return of Gen. Andrew Jackson, he removed to St. Mar- to flogging boys." In 1784-'7 he was engaged as tinsville, La., and was elected to the State consti- commissioner to run the boundary-lines of Penn- tutional convention of 1811. In 1821-33 he was sylvania, and he was also interested in the com- judge of the state supreme court, and rendered pletion of the western termination of the Mason service by establishing with others a new system and Dixon line, although he was not a commis- a Andrew Mer 72 PORTER PORTER sioner. He was made brigadier-general of Penn- | He was chief of artillery, and had charge of the sylvania militia in 1801, was subsequently major- batteries at the capture of Fort Pulaski, and par- general, and in 1809 appointed surveyor-general, ticipated in the assault on Secessionville, where he and held this post until his death. Owing to the received a slight wound in the first attempt to infirmities of age he declined the offices of briga- take Charleston. He was on the staff of Gen. Mc- dier- general in the U. S. army and secretary of Clellan in July, 1862, and served with the Army of war in President Monroe's cabinet, which were the Potomac until after the engagement at Antie- offered him in 1812-'13.-His son, David Ritten tam. In the beginning of the next year he was house, governor of Pennsylvania, b, near Norris-chief of ordnance on Gen. Rosecrans's staff, and town, Montgomery co., Pa., 31 Oct., 1788; d. in went through the Chickamauga campaign with Harrisburg, Pa., 6 Aug., 1867, was educated at the Army of the Cumberland. When Grant had Norristown academy, and, when his father was ap- taken command in the east, Porter became aide- pointed surveyor-general, became the latter's sec- de-camp on his staff, with the rank of lieutenant- retary. He studied law, but abandoned it, owing colonel, and later as colonel. He accompanied him to impaired health, and removed to IIuntingdon through the Wilderness campaign and the siege of county, where he engaged in the manufacture of Richmond and Petersburg, and was present at the iron, was interested in agriculture, and introduced surrender at Appomattox. Afterward he inade a a fine stock of cattle and horses into the country. series of tours of inspection, by Grant's direction, He served in the legislature in 1819, was made in the south and on the Pacific coast. He was prothonotary in 1821, state senator in 1836, and brevetted captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel governor of Pennsylvania in 1838, under the new for gallant and meritorious services at the siege organization that went into effect in that year, of Fort Pulaski, the Wilderness, and Newmarket and held this office until 1845. During his term Heights respectively, and colonel and brigadier- the first great discussion upon the introduction of general, U. S. army, .for gallant and meritorious railroads took place in the state. He was active services during the war. He was assistant secre- in suppressing riots in Philadelphia in 1844, and tary of war while Grant was secretary ad interim, received a resolution of thanks from the city. served as secretary to Grant during his first presi- Afterward he engaged in the manufacture of iron, dential term, and continued to be his intimate and erected in Harrisburg the first anthracite fur- friend till the latter's death. He resigned from nace in that part of the state. Another son, the army in 1873, and has since been interested in George Bryan, governor of Michigan, b. in Nor- railroad affairs, acting as manager of the Pullman ristown, Pa., 9 Feb., 1791 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 palace-car company and as president and director July, 1834, was graduated at the Litchfield law- of several corporations. He was largely interested school, Conn, practised law in Lancaster, Pa., in building the West Shore railroad, of which he served in the legislature, and was appointed in was the first president. Gen. Porter is the inventor 1832 governor of Michigan territory, which office of a water-gauge for steam-boilers and of the he held until his death. — Another son, James ticket-cancelling boxes that are used on the ele- Madison, jurist, b. in Selma, Pa., 6 Jan., 1793; d. vated railways in New York city. He has de- in Easton, Pa., 11 Nov., 1862, served as a volunteer livered numerous lectures and addresses, made a in the war of 1812, studied law, was admitted to wide reputation as an after-dinner speaker, has the bar in 1813, and settled in Easton, where he contributed frequently to magazines, and is the practised with success. He was a member of the author of a book on “ West Point Life" (New Constitutional convention of Pennsylvania in 1838, York, 1866).-George Bryan's son, Andrew, sol- and took an active part in its proceedings. He dier, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 10 July, 1820; d. in was appointed secretary of war in 1843, but was Paris, France, 3 Jan., 1872, entered the U. S. mili- rejected by the senate, and returned to the practice tary academy in 1836, but left in the following of law in Easton. Mr. Porter was a founder of year. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of mounted Lafayette college, Easton, in 1826, president of its rifles on 27 May, 1846, and served in the Mexican board of trustees for twenty-five years, and lectured war, becoming captain on 15 May, 1847, and re- there on jurisprudence and political economy. He ceiving the brevet of major far gallant and meri- served as president judge of the judicial districts torious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and in his county.-David Rittenhouse's son, William that of lieutenant - colonel for Chapultepec, 13 Augustus, jurist, b. in Huntingdon county, Pa., Sept., 1847. Afterward he served in Texas and in 24 May, 1821 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 June, the southwest, and in 1860 was in command of 1886, was graduated at Lafayette college in 1839, Fort Craig. Va. At the opening of the civil war studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and he was ordered to Washington, and promoted to became district attorney of Philadelphia. He was command the 16th infantry. He had charge of a sheriff of that city in 1843, and solicitor in 1856. In brigade at Bull Run, and, when Col. David Hun- 1858 he was appointed judge of the supreme court ter was wounded, succeeded him in the command of Pennsylvania, and in 1874 he became a judge of of the 2d division. On 17 May, 1861, he was ap- the court of Alabama claims in Washington, D. C. pointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Subse- Jefferson college gave him the degree of LL. D. in quently he was provost-marshal-general for the 1871. He was a contributor to the “ American Army of the Potomac, but after Gen. George B. Law Magazine " and " Law Journal,” and published McClellan's retreat from the Chickahominy to Essay on the Law pertaining to the Sheriff's James river he was relieved from duty with this Oflice" (1849); and the Life of Chief-Justice John army. In the autumn of 1862 he was ordered to B. Gibson ” (Philadelphia, 1855).- Another son of Harrisburg, Pa., to assist in organizing and for- David Rittenhouse, Horace, soldier b. in Hunting- warding troops, and in November of that year he don, Pa., 15 April, 1837, was educated in his native was assigned to command in Pennsylvania, and state, and afterward entered the Lawrence scien- charged with the duties of provost-marshal-gen- tific school of Harvard, and while there was ap- eral of Washington, where he was active in restor- pointed to the U. S. military academy, and gradu- ing order in the city and surrounding district. He ated in 1860. He was several months instructor of was mustered out on 4 April, 1864, and, owing to artillery at West Point, and was ordered to duty | impaired health, resigned his commission on 20 in the south at the beginning of the civil war. April, after which he travelled in Europe. . an PORTER 73 PORTER 66 66 PORTER, Benjamin Curtis, artist, b. in Mel- | fitted out in Maryland, and was active against the rose, Mass., 27 Aug. 1843. He has had no regular enemy, and in 1780 commanded the “ Aurora," of 10 art instruction. For some years he gave much guns, equipped in Massachusetts, but was captured attention to figure-painting, accomplishing some by the British and confined in the " Jersey," prison- notable work in that line, but subsequently he ship, where he suffered many hardships. "Escaping, devoted himself entirely to portraiture. In 1867 he he fought throughout the Revolutionary war, after first exhibited at the Academy of design, New York, which he resided in Boston until he was appointed and he was elected an associate in 1878 and acade- by Gen. Washington a sailing-master in the navy, mician in 1880. He has made several trips to having charge of the signal-station on Federal Europe, visiting and studying in England, Hol- Hill, Baltimore, Md. One of his two sons, John, land, France, and Italy. Besides his studio in entered the naval service in 1806, and died in 1831, Boston, he has had another for several years in having attained the rank of commander. His other New York during the winter. His works include son, David, made voyages to the West Indies, and “ Henry V. and the Princess Kate” (1868); “ The was twice impressed by British ships-of-war, but Mandolin-Player" and " Cupid with Butterflies” escaped and worked his passage home. On 16 (1874); " The Hour-Glass” (1876); “Portrait of April, 1798, he was appointed midshipman in the Lady, with Dog,” in the Corcoran gallery, Wash- V. S. frigate “Constellation," and participated in ington (1876): " Portrait of Boy with Dog" (1884); her action with the French frigate Insurgente," and numerous other portraits. on 9 Feb., 1799, receiving a prize for his service. PORTER, Benjamin Fickling, lawyer, b. in He became lieutenant on 8 Oct., 1799, and served Charleston, S. C., in 1808. He was self-educated, on the West India station. In January, 1800, his and was admitted to the bar of Charleston at an schooner, the “ Experiment,” while becalmed off early age, but afterward studied medicine, and the coast of Santo Domingo, with several merchant- practised in Alabama, where he removed in 1830. men under her protection, was attacked by ten pic- He returned to the law, was chosen to the legisla- aroon barges, but after a conflict of seven hours, ture in 1832, and became reporter of the state in in which Lieut. Porter was wounded, they with- 1835. In 1840 he was elected to the bench, but drew. Subsequently this vessel had several suc- doubted the constitutionality of his election and cessful affairs with privateers and captured the declined the office. He was frequently an orator French_schooner“ Diane," of 14 guns and 60 on public occasions, contributed to periodicals, men. In August, 1801, the schooner “Enter- translated the “ Elements of the Institutes ” of prise," of 12 guns, to which Porter was attached, Heineccius, and published “Reports of Supreme fell in, off Malta, with a Tripolitan cruiser of 14 Court of Alabama" (9 vols., Tuscaloosa, 1835–²40); guns, which surrendered after an engagement of “Office of Executors and Administrators " (1842); three hours. While attached to the frigate “ New and a collection of poems (Charleston). York he commanded a boat expedition which PORTER, David, clergyman, b. in Hebron, destroyed several feluccas in the harbor of Tripoli, Conn., 27 May, 1761 ; d. in Catskill, N. Y., ? Jan., and was again wounded. In October, 1803, he was 1851. He served ten months in the Revolutionary captured in the frigate “ Philadelphia” and im- army, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1784, and prisoned in Tripoli until peace was proclaimed. taught in Portsmouth, N. H., where he studied On 20 April, 1806, he became master-commandant, theology, and was licensed to preach. From and he was made captain on 2 July, 1812. At the 1787 till 1803 he was pastor of a Congrega- beginning of the war of 1812 he sailed from New tional church in Spencertown, N. Y., and from York in command of the frigate “Essex," of 32 1803 till 1831 he had charge of the 1st Presby- guns, carrying a flag with the words “ Free- terian church in Catskill, N. Y. Williams gave Trade and Sailors' Rights," and in a short cruise him the degree of D.D. in 1811. Dr. Porter pub- captured several British merchantmen and a lished nine sermons (1801-'28), and “ A Dissertation transport that was bearing troops to Halifax. On on Christian Baptism” (1809). 13 Aug., 1812, he was attacked by the British PORTER, David, naval officer, b. in Boston, armed ship “ Alert," which, after an action of eight Mass., 1 Feb., 1780; d. in Pera, near Constan- minutes, surrendered in a sinking condition. This tinople, Turkey, 3 was the first British war-vessel that was captured March, 1843. Five in the conflict. On 11 Dec, he also took, near the generations of this equator, the British government packet “ Nocton," family have served with $50,000 in specie on board. He cruised in His the South Atlantic and upon the coast of Brazil grandfather, Alex- until January, 1813, when he determined to destroy ander, commanded the English whale-fishery in the Pacific, and sailed a Boston merchant- for Valparaiso, where he learned that Chili had be- ship, giving his aid come an independent state, and that the viceroy to the colonies, and of Peru had sent out cruisers against those of the his father, Capt. Da- Americans. After refitting he went to sea, and on vid, with his brother 25 March captured the Peruvian privateer “ Nerey- Samuel, command- da," of 19 guns, which had taken two American ed vessels commis- whale-ships and had their crews on board as pris- sioned by Gen.Wash- oners. The latter were transferred to the “ Essex," ington in the Conti- and the armament and ammunition of the “ Nerey- nental navy for the da ” were thrown overboard, when she was released. capture of ships car- One of her prizes was recaptured shortly afterward rying stores to the and restored to her commander. After this Capt. British army, which Porter cruised about ten months in the Pacific, was a perilous ser- capturing a large number of British whaling-ships. vice, the patriots The British loss was about $2,500,000, with 400 often fighting their prisoners, and for the time the British whale-fish- way to escape from the foe. In 1778 Capt. David eries in the Pacific were destroyed. The captured Porter commanded the sloop “Delight," of 6 guns, “Georgiana" was converted into a vessel of war a in the navy. । Sosua 74 PORTER PORTER called the “Essex Jr.," and cruised with the “Es- boats, if sent in pursuit of him; and that he must sex,” under the command of Lieut. John Downes. be met, if met at all, by an enemy.” With much Having heard that the British government had difficulty he reached Babylon, L. I., and on arriv- sent out vessels under Capt. James Hillyar, with ing in New York was received with distinction, and orders to take the “ Essex," Capt. Porter sailed to was given the thanks of congress and of several the Marquesas islands to refit, and on his way cap- state legislatures. The “ Essex Jr.” was condemned tured other English vessels. He anchored in the and sold on her arrival in New York. From April, Bay of Nukahivah, where the “ Essex” was the 1815, till December, 1823, Capt. Porter was a mem- first to carry the American flag, and named it ber of the board of navy commissioners, which post Massachusetts bay. He assisted in subduing the he resigned to command the expedition called the hostile natives, and on 19 Nov., 1813, took posses- Mosquito fleet that was fitted out against pirates in sion of the island in the name of the United States. the West Indies. A depot was established at Thomp- On 3 Feb., 1814, the “ Essex” and the “ Essex Jr." son island, near Key West, and a system of cruising arrived at Valparaiso. On 8 Feb. the British frig- was arranged. In October, 1824, upon evidence ate “ Phæbe," commanded by Capt. James Hillyar, that valuable goods had been stored by pirates at a personal friend of Capt. Porter, and her consort Foxardo, Porto Rico, Com. Porter despatched the the “Cherub,” also arrived and anchored near the “ Beagle” to investigate the matter; but the com- “Essex," and, after obtaining supplies, cruised off manding officer, on landing, was arrested and Valparaiso for six weeks. Porter determnined to es- thrown into prison on the charge of being a pirate. cape, and made sail for the open sea; but a heavy Com. Porter then sailed for the island, landed à force squall disabled the “ Essex,” which was forced to of 200 men, and demanded an apology, which was return to harbor. The enemy, disregarding the promptly given. The government, deeming that neutrality of the harbor, followed, took position he had exceeded his powers, brought him before a under her stern, and opened fire on 28 March, 1814. court-martial, and he was sentenced to suspension The " Essex was of 860 tons, mounting 32 guns, for six months. He resigned his commission on 18 with a crew of 255, while the “Phæbe" was of 960 Aug., 1826, and entered the service of Mexico as com- tons, mounting 53 guns, and had a crew of 320, and mander-in-chief of the naval forces of that country. her consort, the “Cherub,” which attacked the He remained in this service until 1829, when he re- “Essex" on her starboard bow, carried 28 guns, turned to the United States, having been treated 18 thirty-two-pound carronades, and 2 long nines treacherously by the Mexican officials. He was on the quarter-deck and forecastle, and a crew of afterward appointed consul-general to the Barbary 180. Both ships had picked crews and were sent states, from which post he was transferred to Con- to the Pacific to destroy the “ Essex.” Their flags stantinople as chargé d'affaires, and was made min- bore the motto “God and country, British sailors' ister resident there in 1831, which office he held un- best rights; traitors offend both.” In reply Capt. til his death. He was buried in the grounds of the Porter wrote at his mizzen, “God, our country, and naval asylum in Philadelphia. It is a singular fact liberty; tyrants offend them.” The “Essex Jr.” that the two most distinguished officers of the U.S. took no part in the action, her armament being navy fought their first battles under his command too light to be of service. The engagement, which —his son, David D., and David G. Farragut (q. v.), was one of the most desperate and remarkable in the latter of whom he adopted in 1809. Com. Por- naval history, lasted two hours and thirty minutes, ter was the author of “ Journal of a Cruise made to and, except the few minutes they were repairing the Pacifick Ocean in the U. S. Frigate · Essex' in damages, the firing was incessant. The “ Essex 1812-'13-'14," illustrated with his own drawings ran out three long guns at the stern ports, which (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1815; 2d ed., New York, 1822), in half an hour forced her antagonist to retire for and “ Constantinople and its Environs,” by an repairs. The “ Phæbe was armed with guns of American long resident (2 vols., 1835). See “Trial long range, while those of the “ Essex ” were mostly of Commodore David Porter before a Court-Mar- carronades. Capt. Hillyar therefore drew off to a tial ” (Washington, 1825). His life was written by distance where he was beyond the fire of the “Es- his son (Albany, 1875).—His son, William David, sex," and then kept his guns steadily at work till the b. in New Orleans, La., 10 March, 1809; d. in New • Essex ” became a helpless wreck and surrendered, York city, 1 May, 1864, was educated in Phila- having suffered a heavy loss of men. Capt. Porter delphia, and appointed to the U. S. navy from and Lieut. Stephen Decatur MacKnight were the Massachusetts as midshipman on 1 Jan., 1823. He only commissioned officers that remained unhurt. became lieutenant on 31 Dec., 1833, served on the The latter, who was exchanged with others for a “Franklin,” “ Brandywine," "Natchez," " Experi- part of the “Sir Andrew Hammond's” crew, sailed ment,” “ United States,” and “ Mississippi,” and in in a Swedish brig, bound for England, and was lost 1843 was assigned to the home squadron. He com- at sea. Porter wrote to the secretary of the navy: manded the store-ship. Erie in 1849, and, in “ We have been unfortunate, but not disgraced.” 1851, the “Waterwitch.” On 13 Sept., 1855, he was From the “ Tagus," which arrived a few days after placed on the reserved list, but he was restored to Porter's capture, he learned that other ships were active duty as commander on 14 Sept., 1859. At cruising in search of the “ Essex,” to possess which the beginning of the civil war he was serving on cost the British government nearly $2,000,000. the U.S. sloop “St. Mary's,” in the Pacific. He was The “Essex Jr.” brought the survivors to the ordered to the Mississippi to assist in fitting out United States. At Sandy Hook they fell in with the gun-boat flotilla with which he accompanied the British ship-of-war “ l'he Saturn," under Capt. Com. Andrew H. Foote up Tennessee river, and Nash, who at first treated the crew with civility, commanded the “ Essex,” which he had named for but afterward examined their passport and de- his father's ship, in the attack on Fort llenry, 6 tained the Essex Jr.,” declaring Capt. Porter Feb., 1862, during which engagement he was scalded a prisoner and no longer under parole to Capt. and temporarily blinded by steam from a bojler Milyar. Early on the following day Capt. Por- that had been pierced by shot. He also commanded ter escaped, leaving a message that most Brit- the Essex" in the battle of Fort Donelson, 14 ish officers were not only destitute of honor, but Feb., 1862, and fought in the same vessel past the regardless of the honor of each other: that he was batteries on the Mississippi to join the fleet at armed, and prepared to defend himself against his Vicksburg. Ile attacked the Confederate ram " . > 1 SMAS (Daniel D Pru pleton PORTID PORTrn 1111!1, 1 It it wir de 1411 lei IL > I 1.1. in 1: Dinin 11 prise pour le roi !!!!!!! wiki' when it's lopi ir: 1 Triin ihnen intas tlr 11 balt it 01'! Hirs91. Pul10 1 7","indias 1171141 litlat ، إن ؟ * 1 ! 1 ! ir liknande Pin i vitit . 21 it nie lin- ja] lu !! hii itt! il- Thantils de nuests, "L. bin ithers'! 'fil.itt for play i alunyt let Hoesjeopard per i Vitime to ich Heel "':'indir 1 petit is on I will turn fiti Fill Inroe Il tu) 1 A uit. 8. pr«:8,"?] [11] [1 m/?}}) Diliman... } '1.'{ vai 11..',!}, iiibt limon Sidi S41.14.4.2011, at 161111 1,1171' " .. in Filent, in' repous iilit Hillinen! ܃ ܃ ܃ ܃ ܃ ܂ L In":p!!! jest po l'll vitin לדיי יוזין 11 'י ???ין ?! ◄ ) Il point wiih (1) he! Har a", Clipei I!! !!), lexim!!! 1 Pilipin ܓ -,;f :. ;rܝ، ܢ ܢ܆ ܀܃ ܃ **!!! 1 ,: 1 :4 *، ܐ | ܝ ? 7 } 11 Dede *4 !!", un 10.) tofa 1:12 In 1 y me at the :יז. { } { }'ין הי יוייין : 11 . ויוי . } ין: * • 1 111 1.1. 1 Intaininin 1?}. { 1 limone pºpitik Tuwin! Initih ܆ ܇ ܀ ܐܢ | ܀ °، ܀ 11 IL ! 1 1. 'ott's Lilit 1 * - "!! Ini ht, "11 . The title 0-13tos in in 1 hi II .?! 1 T 1 In 1??, istinti *41 irale in 1 ta 'Edat For Timer ringit 13 Vorst? } toon. 1 Dr. 4 1 1 8 *** 11') O'Til !!! ! י יווני imple 1 i 111) Tiina - lithuatl Prier. - 1.1. Intii 1 0 Inst?'1's : : į litil fir 11: * 重 ​T! ! NaprI? 1:n mo? !!, mollwilli wo 1.1 יי .ייי!!!*י 11, 14 1.1.1.1.1 ? 111: til **!! Lufthreiden Ilir Datin Hiring or it that it wil, luwe rin at I! 1,10m to stand it, Tinplis, 19' the boot 1 op icon wimpronto separate 1.1%, lots, the main 1,144 בין יין. "י י • !• ini, in 1 for all ist of the transpu!!uit ir jor!!ths Jiltra repolosan ?, Gen. Datin F. Puthi", WIE (94097,1122 meid tij..11:ry force, tentot *I 1 I'm fiery Winsubstantinomija 14 and De then bigamist, and poliprį Mih 1) Ilalli 11 kmin, i *try of it store Grill, trend l Terry ','11 Fort l'intits 33 l n., 13 fm 1 l **, pluristbil, boring 1 !?! 1 1 -:l' ܙ ; ' } '! : ; : 1 ܝܐ ܂ܐ1 1 1 1 In den I !!! TIP?W?!?LIDA!!? ili plit L., 1 * fi (1) Unit - ;"). Il om te į muita 1 Ti!.lt TW W ", "T. 1 1 Iorce attempted to sink or capture the transports, | Rear-Admiral Porter received a vote of thanks 2 Perla PORTER 75 PORTER “ Arkansas" above Baton Rouge, 15 July, 1862, \ they never succeeded, but were defeated by the gun- and disabled her, and her magazine shortly after- boats with severe loss on all occasions." While ward exploded. He was made commodore on 16 the Confederates were making efforts to repair the July, 1862, and then bombarded Natchez, and at- Indianola,” which they had captured, Com. Porter tacked the Vicksburg batteries and Port Hudson. fitted an old scow to look like one of his “turtle” Subsequently he served but little, owing to impaired gun-boats, with two canoes for quarter-boats, a health. He had two sons in the Confederate ser- smoke-stack of pork-barrels, and mud furnaces in vice.- Another son, David Dixon, naval officer, b. which fire was kindled. This was called the “Tur- in Chester, Delaware co., Pa., 8 June, 1813, studied reted Monster” and set adrift with no one on in Columbian college, Washington, D), C., in 1824, board. A tremendous cannonade from the Con- accompanied his father in the "John Adams” to federate batteries failed to stop her, and the au- suppress piracy in the West Indies, was appointed thorities at Vicksburg hastily destroyed the “In- midshipman in the Mexican navy, and served un- dianola,” while the supposed monitor drifted for an der his cousin, Capt. David H. Porter, in the hour amid a rain of shot before the enemy discov- “Guerrero,” which sailed from Vera Cruz in 1827, ered the trick. In July, Commander Porter was and had a rough experience with a Spanish frigate, ordered with his mortar flotilla to Fort Monroe, "La Lealtad,” Capt. Porter being killed in the ac- where he resigned charge of it, and was ordered to tion. David D. entered the U. S. navy as midship- command the Mississippi squadron, as acting rear- man on 2 Feb., 1829, cruised in the Mediterranean, admiral, in September, 1862. He improvised a and then served on the coast survey until he was navy-yard at Mound City, increased the number of promoted to lieutenant, 27 Feb., 1841. He was in his squadron, which consisted of 125 vessels, and, in the Mediterranean and Brazilian waters until 1845, co-operation with Gen. Sherman's army, captured when he was appointed to the naval observatory in Arkansas Post in January, 1863. For his services at Washington, and in 1846 he was sent by the gov- Vicksburg Porter received the thanks of congress ernment on a secret mission to Hayti, and reported and the commission of rear-admiral, dated 4 July, on the condition of affairs there. He served dur- 1863. Soon afterward he ran past the batteries ing the entire Mexican war, had charge of the na- of Vicksburg and captured the Confederate forts val rendezvous in New Orleans, and was engaged at Grand Gulf, which put him into communication in every action on the coast, first as lieutenant and with Gen. Grant, who, on 18 May, by means of the afterward as commanding officer of the “Spitfire." fleet, placed himself in the rear of Vicksburg, and Subsequently he returned to the coast survey, and, from that time the energies of the army and navy on the discovery of gold in California, obtained a were united to capture that stronghold, which was furlough and commanded the California mail- | accomplished on 4 July, 1863. On 1 Aug., 1863, he steamers “ Panama” and “ Georgia” between New arrived in New Orleans in his flag-ship“ Black York and the Isthmus of Panama. At the begin- Hawk,” accompanied by the gun-boat “Tuscum- ning of the civil war he was ordered to command bia,” and during the remainder of 1863 his squad- the steam frigate “ Powhatan,” which was de- ron was employed to keep the Mississippi river spatched to join the Gulf blockading squadron at open. In the spring of 1864 he co-operated with Pensacola, and to aid in re-enforcing Fort Pickens. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in the unsuccessful Red On 22 April, 1861, he was appointed commander, river expedition, and through the skill of Lieut.- and subsequently he was placed in command of the Col. Joseph Bailey (q. v.) the fleet was saved. In mortar fleet, consisting of 21 schooners, each car- October, 1864, he was transferred to the North At- rying a 13-inch mortar, and, with 5 steamers as lantic squadron, which embraced within its limits convoys, joined Farragut's fleet in March, 1862, the Cape Fear river and the port of Wilmington, and bombarded Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, N. C. He appeared at Fort Fisher on 24 Dec., below New Orleans, from 18 till 24 April, 1862, dur- 1864, with 35 regular cruisers, 5 iron-clads, and a ing which engagement 20,000 bombs were exploded reserve of 19 vessels, and began to bombard the in the Confederate works. Farragut, having de- forts at the mouth of Cape Fear river. “In one stroyed the enemy's fleet of fifteen vessels, left the hour and fifteen minutes after the first shot was reduction of these forts to Porter, and they sur- fired," says Admiral Porter. “not a shot came from rendered on 28 April, 1862. He assisted Farragut the fort. Two magazines had been blown up by in all the latter's operations between New Orleans our shells, and the fort set on fire in several places, and Vicksburg, where he effectively bombarded the and such a torrent of missiles was falling into and forts and enabled the fleet to pass in safety. In- bursting over it that it was impossible for any forming the secretary of the navy of the surrender human being to stand it. Finding that the bat- of Vicksburg, Admiral Porter writes: “The navy teries were silenced completely, I directed the ships has necessarily performed a less conspicuous part to keep up a moderate fire, in hope of attracting in the capture of Vicksburg than the army; still it the attention of the transports and bringing them has been employed in a manner highly creditable in." After a reconnoissance, Gen. Benjamin F. to all concerned. The gun-boats have been con- Butler, who commanded the military force, decided stantly below Vicksburg in shelling the works, and that Fort Fisher was substantially uninjured and with success co-operating heartily with the left could not be taken by assault, and returned with wing of the army. The mortar-boats have been his command to Hampton Roads, Va. Admiral at work for forty-two days without intermission, Porter requested that the enterprise should not be throwing shells into all parts of the city, even abandoned, and a second military force of about reaching the works in the rear of Vicksburg and in 1 8,500 men, commanded by Gen. Alfred H. Terry front of our troops, a distance of three miles. (9. r.), arrived off Fort Fisher on 13 Jan., 1865. I stationed the smaller class of gun-boats to keep This fleet was increased during the bombardment the banks of the Mississippi clear of guerillas, who by additional land and naval forces, and, after seven were assembling in force and with a large number hours of desperate fighting, the works were cap- of cannon to block up the river and cut off the tured on 15 Jan., 1865, by a combined body of sol- transports bringing down supplies, re-enforcements, diers, sailors, and marines. According to Gen. and ammunition for the army. Though the rebels Grant, “ this was the most formidable armada ever on several occasions built batteries, and with a large collected for concentration upon one given point.” force attempted to sink or capture the transports, Rear-Admiral Porter received a vote of thanks 76 PORTER PORTER & Porter from congress, which was the fourth that he re- for services at Molino del Rey, and that of major ceived during the war, including the general one for Chapultepec. During the assault on the city of for the capture of New Orleans. He was promoted Mexico he was wounded at Belen gate. Afterward vice-admiral on 25 July, 1866, and served as super- he was on garrison duty until 9 July, 1849, when intendent of the U. S. naval academy till 1869, he was appointed assistant instructor of artillery at when he was detailed for duty in the navy depart- West Point. He became adjutant there in 1853–²4, ment in Washington. On 15 Aug., 1870, he was and was instructor of appointed admiral of the navy, which rank he now artillery and cavalry (1888) holds. He is the author of a "Life of Com- from 1 May, 1854, till modore David Porter" (Albany, 1875); a romance 11 Sept., 1855. In 1856 entitled “ Allan Dare and Robert le Diable” (New he was appointed as- York, 1885), which has been dramatized, and was sistant adjutant-gen- produced in New York in 1887; “Incidents and eral with the rank of Anecdotes of the Civil War" (1885); “ Harry Mar- captain, and he served line" (1886); and “ History of the Navy in the War under Gen. Albert Sid- of the Rebellion ” (New York, 1887).- Another son, ney Johnston in the Theodoric Henry, soldier, b. in Washington, D.C., Utah expedition of 10 Aug., 1817; d. in Texas in March, 1846, was ap- 1857-'60. In 1860 he pointed a cadet at West Point, resigning after two became assistant in- years. He was appointed by President Jackson 2d spector - general, with lieutenant in the 4th infantry, served under Gen. headquarters in New Zachary Taylor at the beginning of the war with York city, and super- Mexico, and was the first American officer killed in intended the protec- the conflict, having been sent with twelve men on tion of the railroad be- a scouting expedition near Fort Brown on the Rio tween Baltimore and Grande, where he was surrounded by a large force Harrisburg during the of Mexican cavalry. The commanding officer called Baltimore riots. When upon Lieut. Porter to surrender, which be refused, communication was in- and was cut to pieces, only one of his escort escap- terrupted with Washington at the breaking out of ing.- Another son, Henry Ogden, naval officer, b. the civil war, he assumed the responsibility of reply- in Washington, D. C., in 1823; d. in Baltimore, Md., ing in the affirmative to telegrams from Missouri in 1872, was appointed midshipman in 1840, resign- asking permission to muster troops for the protec- ing in 1847. He served in one of Walker's expedi- tion of that state. His act was approved by the war tions to Central America, where he fought bravely, department. During this period he also organized and was wounded several times. Afterward he was volunteers in Pennsylvania. On 14 May, 1861, he appointed lieutenant in the U. S. revenue marine, became colonel of the 15th infantry, a new regiment, and during the civil war was made acting master in and on 17 May, 1861, he was made brigadier-general the navy, 24 April, 1862, serving as executive officer of volunteers, and assigned to duty in Washington. on the Hatteras” when that vessel was sunk by the In 1862 he participated in the Virginia peninsular Confederate steamer“ Alabama.” He died from the campaign, served during the siege of Yorktown effect of his wounds.-Com. David's nephew, David from 5 April till 4 May, 1862, and upon its evacua- H., naval officer, b. in New Castle, Del., in 1804; d. tion was governor of that place for a short time. near Havana, Cuba, in March, 1828, entered the U.S. He was given command of the 5th corps, which navy as midshipman on 4 Aug., 1814, became lieu- formed the right wing of the army and fought the tenant on 13 Jan., 1825, and resigned on 26 July, battles of Mechanicsville, 26 June, 1862, and Gaines's 1826. He joined his uncle while commander-in- Mills, 27 June, 1862. At Malvern Hill, 1 July, chief of the Mexican navy, and in 1827 sailed in 1862, he commanded the left flank, which mainly command of the brig "Guerrero,” built by Henry resisted the assaults of that day. He received the Eckford, of New York, taking this vessel to Vera brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army Cruz. He fell in with a fleet of 50 merchant ves- for gallant and meritorious conduct at the bat- sels, fifteen miles below Havana, sailing under con- tle of Chickahominy, Va., 27 June, 1862. He was voy of two Spanish war-vessels, carrying together made major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, and 29 guns. Driving them into the port of Little temporarily attached to Gen. John Pope's Army of Mariel, after a conflict of two hours he silenced the Virginia. His corps, although ordered to advance, fire of the two brigs, cutting them severely, and was unable to move forward at the second bat- sunk a number of the convoy. A twenty-four- tle of Bull Run, 29 Aug., 1862, but in the afternoon pound shot from a battery on shore cut the cable of the 30th it was actively engaged, and to its of the “Guerrero," and the vessel drifted on shore, obstinate resistance it is mainly due that the de- and went afterward to sea to repair damages. In feat was not a total rout. Charges were brought the mean time she was attacked by the “ Lealtad," against him for his inaction on the first day, and of 64 guns, and after a very severe engagement, he was deprived of his command, but was restored, lasting two hours and a quarter, in which Capt. to duty at the request of Gen. George B. McClellan. Porter was killed, eighty of his officers and men and took part in the Maryland campaign. On 27 being either killed or wounded, the masts and sails Nov., 1862, Gen. Porter was arraigned before a of the “Guerrero " all shot away and the hull rid-court-martial in Washington, charged with dis- dled, the “Guerrero” was surrendered and taken obeying orders at the second battle of Bull Run, into Havana.-David Dixon's cousin, Fitz-John, and on 21 Jan., 1863, he was cashiered, “and for- soldier, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 13 June, 1822, is the ever disqualified from holding any office of trust son of Commander John Porter, of the U. S. navy. or profit under the government of the United He studied at Phillips Exeter academy, was gradu- States, for violation of the 9th and 52d articles of ated at the l'. S. military academy in 1845, and as- war.” The justice of this verdict has been the sub- signed to the 4th artillery, in which he became 20 ject of much controversy. Gen. Porter made sev- lieutenant, 18 June, 1846. He served in the Mexi- eral appeals for a reversal of the decision of the can war, was commissioned 1st lieutenant on 29 May, court-martial, and numerous petitions to open the and received the brevet of captain on 8 Sept., 1847, case were addressed to the president during the 9 PORTER 77 PORTER succeeding eighteen years, as well as memorials / was elected one of the book agents in New York from various legislatures, and on 28 Dec., 1882, a city, having in charge the Methodist book concern, bill for his relief was presented in the senate, under which office he held for twelve years. From 1868 the action of an advisory board appointed by Presi- till 1882 he was secretary of the National temper- dent Haves, consisting of Gen. John M. Schofield, ance society, and he was also one of the earlier Gen. Alfred H. Ter and Gen. George W. Getty. members of the New England anti-slavery society. On 4 May, 1882, the president remitted so much of He was closely connected with the abolition move- the sentence of the court-martial as forever dis- ment, and was at one time in danger from the mob qualified Gen. Porter from holding any office of while delivering a speech in Boston upon the sub- trust or profit under the government; but the bill ject. He was a preacher of the old school, collo- for his relief failed in its passage. A technical ob- quial in manner, but of commanding presence. jection caused President Arthur to veto a similar In 1856 he received the degreee of D.D. from bill that was passed by the 48th congress, but McKendrick college, Illinois. Besides contributing another was passed subsequently which was signed frequently to various periodicals, Dr. Porter pub- by President Cleveland, and he was restored to the lished " Camp Meetings Considered” (New York, Ư. S. army as colonel on 7 Aug., 1886. Gen. Grant, 1849); “ Chart of Life" (1855); “ True Evangelist after his term of service as president had ended, (1860); “ The Winning Worker; or the Possibili- though he had refused many petitions to open the ties, Duty, and Methods of Doing Good to Men case, studied it more thoroughly, and published his (1874); Compendium of Methodisı” (1875); conclusions in December, 1882, in an article en- · History of Methodism” (1876); “Revival of Re- titled " An Undeserved Stigma,” in which he said ligion” (1877); “ Hints to Self-educated Ministers, that he was convinced of Gen. Porter's innocence. etc.” (1879); “ Christianity Demonstrated by Ex- After leaving the army, Gen. Porter engaged in perience, etc.” (1882); “Self-Reliance Encouraged, business in New York city, was subsequently etc.” (1887); and “ Commonplace Book.” superintendent of the New Jersey asylum for the PORTER, James Davis, governor of Tennes- insane, and in February, 1875, was made commis- see, b. in Paris, Henry co., Tenn., 7 Dec., 1828. He sioner of public works. In 1884 he became police was graduated at the University of Nashville in commissioner, which office he held until 1888. In 1846, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1851, 1869 the khedive of Egypt offered him the post of and practised his profession. He was elected to the commander of his army, with the rank of major- legislature in 1859, and served through the civil general, which he declined. war in the Confederate army as adjutant on the PORTER, Eliphalet, clergyman, b. in North staff of Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, after which he Bridgewater, Mass., 11 June, 1758; d. in Roxbury, resumed the practice of law, was a delegate to the Mass., 7 Dec., 1833. His father, John (1715-1802), Constitutional convention of Tennessee in 1870, and was graduated at Harvard in 1736, was pastor of in that year was elected circuit judge for the 12th the 1st Congregational church of North Bridge- judicial circuit of the state, which post he resigned water from 1740 till his death, and published sev- in 1874. From 1874 till 1879 he was governor of eral controversial pamphlets in defence of Calvin- Tennessee. In 1880 he was chairman of the Tennes- ism. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1777, see delegation to the Democratic national conven- studied theology with his father, and was ordained tion, and from that year till 1884 he was president of over the Congregational society of Roxbury on 2 the Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis railroad Oct., 1782, where he continued until his death. In company. In 1885–7 he was assistant secretary of 1830 Rev. George Putnam was associated with him state. Gov. Porter is vice-president of the Tennes- in his pastorate. He was a member of the Academy see historical society for west Tennessee, a trustee of arts and sciences, an overseer of Ilarvard and å of the Peabody fund, and is president of the board member of its corporation, an original trustee of of trustees of the University of Nashville, from the Massachusetts Bible society, and a founder of which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1879. the State temperance society. Harvard gave him PORTER, John Addison, chemist, b. in Cats- the degree of D. D. in 1807. fle published several kill, N. Y., 15 March, 1822 ; d. in New Haven, sermons, and a “ Eulogy on Washington” (1800). Conn., 25 Aug., 1866. He was graduated at Yale PORTER, George W., soldier, b. about 1806; in 1842, and after further study in Philadelphia d. in Memphis, Tenn., 7 Nov., 1856. He was a became in 1844 tutor and then professor of rhetoric lieutenant in the 38th U. S. infantry from May, at Delaware college in Newark, Del. In 1847 he 1814, till June, 1815, and made many valuable in- went abroad and studied agricultural chemistry for ventions, including the Porter rifle. three years under Liebig, at the University of PORTER, James, clergyman, b. in Middle- Giessen. On his return to the United States he borough, Mass., 21 March, 1808: d. in Brooklyn, was assistant at the Lawrence scientific school of N. Y., 16 April, 1888. At the age of sixteen 'he Harvard for a few months, but in 1850 he was ap- entered a cotton-factory in his native town with pointed professor of chemistry applied to the arts the intention of learning the business of a manu- at Brown, and in 1852 he was called to succeed facturer, but three years later he determined to Prof. John P. Norton in the chair of agricultural study for the ministry. Ile attended the Kent's chemistry in Yale (now Sheffield) scientific school. Hill seminary at Readfield, Me., and at the age of In 1856 he was given charge of the department of twenty-two was admitted a member of the New organic chemistry, and so continued until 1864, England conference of the Methodist Episcopal when failing health led to his resignation. Prof. church. During the early period of his ministry Porter was particularly interested in the welfare of Dr. Porter held many pastorates in and near Bos- the scientific school, and did much to ensure its ton. For several years he was a presiding elder success. He married a daughter of Joseph E. of the conference, and from 1844 till 1872 he was Sheffield (9. 1'.), and his influence and efforts were a delegate to the general conference. From 1852 potent toward securing the generous donation from till 1855 he was a member of the board of over- the latter that resulted in placing the school on a seers of Harvard, being the first Methodist clergy- firm financial basis. The present great interest in man to hold that office. From 1855 till 1871 he obtaining a knowledge of scientific agriculture is was trustee of Weslevan university, which con- largely the outcome of his work. Prof. Porter was ferred upon him the degree of A. M. In 1856 he a member of scientific societies, and contributed va- 78 PORTER PORTER 66 a rious papers to the “ American Journal of Science.” pewa, and led the volunteers in the successful en- He also established the “ Connecticut War Record," gagement at Lundy's Lane, 25 July, 1814, where a monthly periodical, devoted to the publication of Gen. Scott was in command. At the siege of Fort news from the Connecticut regiments at the front Erie he led a brilliant sortie. For his military during the civil war. Prof. Porter published services he received a gold medal from congress, Principles of Chemistry (New York, 1856); and a sword from the legislature of New York. In “ First Book of Chemistry and Allied Sciences" 1815 President Madison appointed him commander- (1857); and “Selections from the Kalevala, the in-chief of the army; but he declined, and he Great Finnish Epic" (1868). In 1871 the Scroll served again in congress from December, 1815, till and key society of Yale, of which he was a founder his resignation in the following year. He was one in 1842, established in his memory the John A. of the earliest projectors of the Erie canal, and was Porter university prize of $250, which is awarded appointed, with Gouverneur Morris and De Witt annually for the best essay on a given subject, and Clinton, on the commission to explore the route. is the only prize open to all the members of Yale In 1816 he was appointed a commissioner for de- university:–His son, John Addison, journalist, termining the northwestern boundary, and in 1828 b. in New Haven, Conn., 17 April, 1856, was gradu- he was made secretary of war by President Adams. ated at Yale in 1878, and has been connected with – Peter Buel's grandson, Peter Augustus, soldier, various journals. He has contributed to periodi- b. in Black Rock, N. Y., in 1827; killed in the bat- cals, and published monographs on " The Corpora- tle of Cold Harbor, Va., 3 June, 1864, was gradu- tion of Yale College” (Washington, 1885), and ated at Harvard in 1845, and subsequently studied “Administration of City of Washington” (1885); in the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. He and a volume of “Sketches of Yale Life” (1886). was a member of the New York legislature in 1862, PORTER, Joshua, physician, b. in Lebanon, and in that year he raised a regiment, afterward Conn., in 1730; d. in Salisbury, Conn., 12 Sept., consolidated with the 8th New York artillery, was 1825. He was graduated at Yale in 1754, studied placed in command, and served on garrison duty. medicine, and practised in Salisbury. He served When he was offered the nomination for secretary in the state assembly before the Revolution, and of state of New York on the Republican ticket in was one of the committee of the pay table, and 1863, he declined to leave the army. He was or- colonel of state militia. He was agent to super- dered to the field in May, 1864, participated in the intend the manufacture of the first home-made battles of Spottsylvania and Totopotomoy, and cannon-balls that were used during the war. At fell while storming a breastwork at Cold Harbor.– the battle of Saratoga, owing to the scarcity of offi- Peter Buel's nephew, Augustus Steele, senator, b. cers, he led a regiment as a volunteer, and he at- in Canandaigua, N. Y., 18 Jan., 1798; d. in Niag- tended the wounded after the fight. For more ara Falls, N. Y., 18 Sept., 1872, was graduated at than fifty years he held local offices of trust in Union college in 1818, studied law in Canandaigua, Connecticut.-His son, Peter Buel, soldier, b. in and settled in Black Rock, N. Y., and afterward in Salisbury, Conn., 4 Aug., 1773; d. in Niagara Falls, Detroit, Mich. He became mayor of that city in N. Y., 20 March, 1844, was graduated at Yale in 1836, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Whig in 1791, and, after studying at Litchfield law-school, 1838, served one term, and in 1848 removed to began practice at Čanandaigua, N. Y., in 1795, Niagara Falls, N. Y. He was a delegate to the and afterward removed to Black Rock, Niagara Union convention in 1866. county. He was elected to congress in 1808 as a PORTER, Lydia Ann Emerson, author, b. in Democrat, and as chairman of the committee on Newburyport, Mass., 14 Oct., 1816. She is a second foreign relations prepared and introduced the cele- cousin of Ralph W. Emerson, and was educated at brated report in 181i that recommended war with the Ipswich female academy from 1829 till 1832, Great Britain. Upon the opening of hostilities he then taught in Royalton, Vt., and in 1834 estab- resigned his seat in congress, and became an active lished a school in Springfield, Vt. In 1836 she be- participant in the contest. He declined a general's came principal of Putnam female seminary, in commission, and subsequently accepted the com- Zanesville, Ohio, and she subsequently took charge mand of a body of volunteer troops from Penn- of the female department of Delaware academy, sylvania and New York, in connection with In- Newark, Ohio. In 1841 she married Charles Ė. dian warriors from the Six Nations. His operations Porter, of Springfield, Vt., and she has since re- were chiefly in west-sided in that town. Mrs. Porter is the author of ern New York and - Uncle Jerry's Letters to Young Mothers ” (Bos- on the Canada side of ton, 1854) and “ The Lost Will ” (1860), and several the Niagara. When Sunday-school books. Black Rock, after- POŘTER, Moses, soldier, b. in Danvers, Mass., ward part of Buffalo, in 1755; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 14 April, 1822. fell into the hands of He entered the Revolutionary army as a lieuten- the British in 1813, ant in Capt. Samuel R. Trevett's artillery, 19 May, Gen. Porter's house 1775, served at Bunker Hill and through the war, becamethe headquar- and was one of the few old officers that were se- ters of the enemy, lected for the peace establishment in 1794. He be- and he rallied a force came lieutenant of artillery, 29 Sept., 1789, and and expelled them, captain in November, 1791, and served under Gen. mortally wounding Anthony Wayne in the expedition against the Col. Bishop, the com- northwestern Indians in 1794. He was appointed mander. He was en- major of the 1st artillery on 26 May, 1800, colonel gaged in Gen. Alex- of light artillery 12 March, 1812, accompanied Gen. ander Smyth's at- James Wilkinson's army to Canada, commanded P.B. Porter. tempt to invade Can- the artillery, and served with credit at the capture ada, and his remarks of Fort George, 27 May, 1813. He was brevetted on its conduct led to brigadier-general on 10 Sept., 1813, and ordered to a duel between him and Smyth. He exhibited the defence of Norfolk, Va., in 1814. He became great personal gallantry" at the battle of Chip- colonel of the 1st artillery in May, 1821. a " PORTER 79 PORTER PORTER, Noah, clergyman, b. in Farmington, | teacher should not attach to it. He received the Conn., in December, 1781 ; d. there, 24 Sept., 1866. degree of D. D. from the University of the city of His ancestors, Robert and Thomas Porter, settled New York in 1858, and that of LL. D. from Edin- in Farmington in 1640. He was graduated at burgh in 1886, and also from Western Reserve col- Yale with the highest honor in 1803, and was lege, Ohio, in 1870, and from Trinity in 1871. He is ordained pastor of the Congregational church in the author of an “ Historical Discourse at Farming- his native town, which charge he held until his ton, Nov. 4, 1840," commemorating the 200th an- death. For many years he was a member of the niversary of its settlement (Hartford, 1841); “ The corporation of Yale. Dartmouth gave him the de- Educational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits gree of S. T. D. in 1828. He published occasion. Compared," a prize essay (New York, 1851); "The al sermons in the “ National Preacher,” a “ Half- Human Intellect,” which is used as a text-book of Century Discourse," in the fiftieth year of his metaphysics at Yale and elsewhere (1868; many ministry, and contributed to the “ Christian Spec- new editions); “ Books and Reading (1870); tator.” His " Memoir” was written by his son, American Colleges and the American Public" Noah. — His son, Samuel, educator of the deaf (New Haven, 1871); “Sciences of Nature versus and dumb, b. in Farmington, Conn., 12 Jan., the Science of Man,” a review of the philosophy of 1810, was graduated at Yale in 1829. He was in- Herbert Spencer (1871); “ Evangeline; the Place, structor of the deaf and dumb in the Hartford in the Story, and the Poem " (1882); "Science and stitution from 1832 till 1836, and again from 1846 Sentiment" (1882); “ The Elements of Moral till 1860, also holding the same office in the New Science, Theoretical and Practical ” (1885); “Life York institution in 1843–6. From 1866 till 1884 he of Bishop Berkeley” (1885); and “ Kant's Ethics, was professor of mental science and English phi- a Critical Exposition" (Chicago, 1886). Dr. Por- lology in the National deaf-mute college in Wash- ter is one of the most scholarly metaphysicians in ington, D. C., and is now (1888) professor emeri- this country. He was the principal editor of the tus. He has made a revised editions of Noah Webster's “ Unabridged special study of pho- Dictionary” (Springfield, Mass., 1864 and 51880).- netics, was editor of The first Noah's daughter, Sarah, educator, b. in the " American An- Farmington, Conn., 17 Aug., 1813, opened a small nals of the Deaf and day-school for girls in Farmington, which is now Dumb" from 1854 till (1888) a large seminary, and attracts students from 1860, and has pub- all parts of the United States. In 1885 a fine lished “The Vowel building was erected and presented to Miss Porter Elements in Speech, a by some of her former pupils for an art studio. Phonological and Phi- PORTER, Rufus, inventor, b. in West Box- lological Essay" (New ford, Mass., 1 May, 1792 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., York, 1867), and nu- 13 Aug., 1884. He early showed mechanical genius. merous articles, includ. In 1807 his parents apprenticed him to a shoe- ing “ Is Thought pos- maker, but he soon gave up this trade, and occu- sible · without Lan- pied himself by playing the fife for military com- guage,” in the “Prince- panies, and the violin for dancing parties.' Three ton Review” (1881). — years later he was apprenticed to a house-painter. Another son, Noah, During the war of 1812 he was occupied in paint- educator, b. in Far- ing gun-boats, and as fifer to the Portland light mington, Conn., 14 infantry. In 1813 he painted sleighs at Denmark, Dec., 1811, was gradu- Me., beat the drum for the soldiers, taught others ated at Yale in 1831, became master of Hopkins to do the same, and wrote a book on the art of grammar-school in New Haven, and was tutor at drumming, and he then enlisted in the militia for Yale in 1833–'5, during which time he studied the several months. Subsequently he was a teacher, ology. He was pastor of Congregational churches but was unable to remain in one place, and so led in New Milford, Conn., from 1836 till 1843, and in a wandering life. In 1820 he made a camera-ob- Springfield, Mass., from 1843 till 1846. Mr. Porter scura with a lens and a mirror so arranged that was then appointed professor of moral philosophy with its aid he could draw a satisfactory portrait and metaphysics at Yale, which chair he still (1888) in fifteen minutes. With this apparatus he trav- holds. In 1871 he succeeded Theodore D. Woolsey elled through the country until he invented a re- as president of Yale, which post he held till his volving almanac, when he at once stopped his resignation in 1886. During President Porter's ad- painting in order to introduce his latest device. ministration the progress of the college was marked. His next project was a twin boat to be propelled Some of its finest buildings were erected in this by horse-power, but it proved unsuccessful, and he period, including the art-school, the Peabody mu- turned to portrait-painting again. In 1824 he seum, the new theological halls, the Sloane physi- began landscape-painting, but relinquished it to cal laboratory, the Battell chapel, and one of the build a horse flat-boat. He invented a success- largest dormitories. The curriculum was also con- ful cord-making machine in 1825, and thereafter siderably enlarged, especially by the introduction produced a clock, a steam carriage, a portable of new elective studies, although Dr. Porter has horse-power, corn-sheller, churn, a washing-ma- been an earnest champion of a required course, chine, signal telegraph, fire-alarm, and numer- as opposed to the elective system as it has been ous other articles. In 1840 he became editor of recently elaborated at Harvard. He has also ably the “ New York Mechanic," which prospered, and maintained the claims of the classics to a chief in the following year he moved it to Boston, where place in a liberal course of education. As an he called it the " American Mechanic.” The new istructor, and in his personal relations with the art of electrotyping there attracted his attention, idents, he was one of the most popular presidents and he gave up editorial work in order to occupy Vale. He is probably the last to hold the presi- himself with the new invention. He devised at v and a professor's chair at the same time, as this period a revolving rifle, which he sold to Col. lccessor, Timothy Dwight, expressly stipu- Samuel Colt for $100. In 1845 he returned to New 'n accepting the office that the duties of a York and engaged in electrotyping, and about this " 1 Noah Porter. 80 PORTER PORTER time he founded the “Scientific American," the first classis of Lebanon. In 1849 he resigned to be- issue of which bears the date 28 Aug., 1845. At come professor of natural sciences in Marshall the end of six months he was glad to dispose of college, Mercersburg, Pa., held the same chair his interest in the paper, and then occupied him- when the institution was removed to Lancaster self with his inventions. These included a fly- and consolidated with Franklin college in 1853, ing-ship, trip-hammer, fog-whistle, engine-lathe, and was secretary of the board of trustees until balanced valve, rotary plough, reaction wind-wheel, 1866, when he resigned to become professor of portable house, thermo-engine, rotary engine, and botany and zoology in Lafayette, which office he scores of others. now (1888) holds. In 1877 he became pastor of the PORTER, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Ireland, Third street Reformed church of that town, which 11 June, 1760; d. in Congruity, Pa., 23 Sept., 1825. charge he resigned in 1884. Rutgers gave him the He learned the trade of a weaver, and came to degree of D. D. in 1865, and Franklin and Mar- this country in 1783, settling in Pennsylvania. He shall that of LL. D. in 1880. He is a member of studied theology, was licensed to preach by the various scientific societies, and was a founder and presbytery of Redstone in 1790, and held charge first president of the Linnæan society of Lan- of the united congregations of Poke Run and caster county, Pa. His extensive herbarium is in Congruity, Pa., from 1790 till 1798, and then of the possession of Lafayette college. His reports in Congruity alone until his death. He published connection with Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden's col- several sermons, and two dialogues between “ Death lections in the Rocky mountains in 1870-'4 were and the Believer ” and “Death and the Hypocrite,” | published by the government, and one of these, which were republished, with a biography of the * A Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado," prepared author, by Rev. David Elliott, D. D. in 1853. with Prof. John M. Coulter, has been issued in PORTER, Thomas, jurist, b. in Farmington, a separate volume (Washington, 1874). He also Conn., in May, 1734; d. in Granville, N. Y., in furnished a summary of the flora of the state to August, 1833. His ancestor, Thomas, emigrated “Gray's Topographical Atlas of Pennsylvania" from England in 1640, and was an original proprie- (Philadelphia, 1872), and to “ Gray's Topographical tor of Farmington. He served in the British army Atlas of the United States” (1873). In addition at Lake George in 1755, and was captain of a com- to contributions to the “ Mercersburg Review," he pany of minute-men. About 1757 he removed to has published a prose version of Goethe's Her- Cornwall, Conn., and in 1779 he went to Tin- mann und Dorothea” (New York, 1854); trans- mouth, Vt., in both of which towns he held local | lated The Life and Labors of St. Augustine," offices. For ten years he was judge of the su- from the German of Dr. Philip Schaff (New York, preme and county courts of Vermont, and he was a 1854-5), and " The Life and Times of Ulric Zwing- member of the legislatures of Connecticut and li," from the German of Hottinger (Ilarrisburg, Vermont for thirty-five years. His son, Eben- 1857); and contributed several hymns from the ezer, educator, b. in Cornwall. Conn., 5 Oct., 1772; | German and Latin to Dr. Philip Schaff's “ Christ d. in Andover, Mass., 8 April, 1834, was gradu- | in Song" (New York, 1868). fle was an active ated at Dartmouth in 1792, studied theology member of the committee that framed in 1867 the in Bethlehem, Conn., was pastor of a Congre- order of worship that is now (1888) used in the gational church in Washington, Conn., from 1796 German Reformed church in the United States. until 1812, and from that year until 1832 was PORTER, William Trotter, journalist, b. in professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover theological Newbury, Vt., 24 Dec., 1809 ; d. in New York city, seminary, of which he was president from 1827 20 July, 1858. He was educated at Dartmouth, but till his death. Yale gave him the degree of A. M. was not graduated. In 1829 he became connected in 1795, and Dartmouth that of D. D. in 1814. He with the “ Farmer's Herald” at St. Johnsbury, contributed to the “ Quarterly Register," and pub- Vt., and the following year he became associate lished sixteen sermons, two fast sermons (1831), editor of " The Enquirer" at Norwich. His am- and abridgments of Owen on “Spiritual Minded- bition for a wider field of action led him to New ness” and on the “ 130th Psalm ” (1833); and was York city, where he first found employment as the author of “ The Young Preacher's Manual” foreman in a printing-office. He engaged as a (Boston, 1819); “ Lecture on the Analysis of Vocal compositor Horace Greeley, who had recently ar- Inflections" (Andover, 1824); “ An Analysis of rived in the city, and a life-long friendship ensued. the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery" (1827); Mr. Porter's cherished project was put into effect “Syllabus of Lectures” (1829); · Rhetorical on 10 Dec., 1831, when he issued the initial num- Reader" (18331, enlarged by James N. MacElligott, ber of the “Spirit of the Times,” the first sport- New York, 1855); " Lectures on the Revivals of ing journal in the United States. It was a novel Religion " (Andover, 1832); Lectures on the undertaking, and was not at first successful. In a Cultivation of Spiritual Habits and Progress in few months it was merged with “ The Traveller,” Study” (1833): “Lectures on Homiletics, Preach- with Mr. Porter in charge of the sporting depart- ing, and Public Prayer, with Sermons and Let ment. The following year he resigned and took ters” (Andover and New York, 1834; 2d ed., with charge of " The New Yorker" for a short time, and notes and appendix by the Rev. J. Jones, of Liver- then of "The Constellation.” As these journals pool, London, 1835): and Lectures on Eloquence gave only a subordinate place to sporting topies, and Style,” revised by Rev. Lyman Matthews (An- he purchased "The Traveller, and Spirit of the dover, 1836). See - Memoir of Ebenezer Porter," Times” from C. J. B. Fisher, who had united the D. D., by Rev. Lyman Matthews (Boston, 1837). two, and on 3 Jan., 1835, the paper was issued PORTER, Thomas Conrad, botanist, b. in again under its original name. At this period Alexandria, Huntingdon co., Pa., 22 Jan., 1822. the sports of the turf and field were held in dis- He was graduated at Lafayette college, Easton, repute, especially in the New England states, and Pa., in 1840, and at Princeton theological semi- the task of correcting deep-rooted prejudices called nary in 1843, and was licensed to preach in 1844. into play all the perseverance, tact, and talent of In 1846 he was pastor of a Presbyterian church the editor, who was thoroughly imbued with love in Monticello, Ga., and in 1848 he took charge of the work. The paper was progressive, and was of the newly organized 2d German Reformed soon supported by a host of wealthy patrons and church in Reading, Pa., and was ordained by the versatile contributors. Among the latter were Al- 66 PORTERFIELD 81 PORTIER 99 bert Pike, Thomas B. Thorpe, “ Frank Forester," was then taken in a cart twelve miles to Camden George Wilkins Kendall, Charles G. Leland, and where the required amputation was performed. Thomas Picton. The popularity of Mr. Porter was While a prisoner in Camden he was treated with great. Nearly all his correspondents, and the ma- great kindness and attention by both Lord Corn- jority of his subscribers, were personal friends. Wallis and Lord Rawdon, who supplied all his His sobriquet of “ York's Tall Son" was bestowed | wants. He was paroled, but died from the effects not less in recognition of his social qualities than of his wound.- flis brother, Robert, soldier, b. in of his lofty stature-six feet and four inches. A Frederick county, Va., 22 Feb., 1752; d. in Au- writer says of him : " His mind was comprehensive, gusta county, Va., 13 Feb., 1843, was appointed a his perception keen, his deductions clear and con- lieutenant in Capt. Peter B. Bruin's company of cise, whilst his judgment and decisions in all sport. Continental troops in Winchester, Va., in 1776, ing matters were more reliable and more respected served in Col. Daniel Morgan's regiment through than any other man's in this country. He was the the campaigns of 1777-9, the last year was aide to father of a school of American sporting literature, Gen. William Woodford, and was in the battles of which is no less a credit to his name than it is an the Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. honor to the land that gave him birth. Many of He accompanied Gen. Woodford to the south in his decisions and sporting reports will be quoted December, 1779, and participated in the siege of as authority for generations to come. He possessed Charleston, S. C., where he was surrendered a pris- a fund of sporting statistics unequalled by any oner of war in May, 1780. He was appointed a other man in America.” In February, 1839, he brigadier-general of Virginia militia during the purchased the “ American Turf Register and war of 1812, and commanded at Camp Holly, Va. Sporting Magazine” from John S. Skinner, of Gen. Porterfield was a county magistrate for more Baltimore, and the periodical was thenceforth pub- than fifty years, and was twice high-sheriff. lished in New York until it was finally suspended PORTIER, Michel, R. C. bishop, b. in Mont- in 1844. After conducting the old “Spirit”-as brison, France, 7 Sept., 1795 ; d. in Mobile, Ala., 14 it was familiarly termed-for nearly twenty-five May, 1859. He entered the Seminary of Lyons, years, he withdrew from the editorial manage but before completing his theological studies he ment, and with George Wilkes established “ Por- met with Bishop Dubourg, of Louisiana, who had ter's Spirit of the Times” in September, 1856. come to France in search of missionaries for his Failing health prevented close application to the diocese. Young Portier consented to follow the new field of labor. He edited three collections of prelate to the United States, and reached Annapo- tales that had appeared in his journal, entitled lis, 4 Sept., 1817. After a visit of several months “ The Big Bear of Arkansaw, and Other Tales to the home of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, he (Philadelphia, 1835); “ A Quarter Race in Ken- finished his studies in St. Mary's seminary, Balti- tucky, and Other Sketches” (1846); and “ Major more, and was ordained priest in St. Louis by T. B. Thorpe's Scenes in Arkansaw, and Other Bishop Dubourg in 1818. Shortly afterward there Sketches” (1859); and also issued an American was an epidemic of yellow fever in the country, edition, with additions, of Col. Peter Hawker's “In- during which he was unceasing in his attendance structions to Young Sportsmen ” (1846). At the on the sick and dying. He was finally attacked by time of his death he was engaged in preparing a the disease, and on his recovery was summoned to biography of Henry William Herbert (* Frank For. New Orleans, where he established a school on the ester"). See“ Life of William T. Porter," by Fran- Lancasterian system. He was shortly afterward cis Brinley (New York, 1860). appointed vicar-general of the diocese. The rapid PORTÉRFIELD, Charles, soldier, b. in Fred increase in the number of Roman Catholics ren- erick county, Va., in 1750 ; d. on Santee river, S. dered a division of the see of Louisiana necessary, C., in October, 1780. He became a member of the and in 1825 Alabama, Florida, and Arkansas were first company that was raised in Frederick county created a vicariate. Dr. Portier was nominated in 1775 for service in the Revolutionary war, of vicar-apostolic the same year. He was consecrated which Daniel Morgan was elected captain, marched bishop of Olena in partibus by Bishop Rosati in St. to Cambridge, near Boston, and soon afterward | Louis on 5 Nov., 1826. There were only two churches joined in the expedition against Quebec, and was in his vicariate-one in Pensacola and the other in made prisoner in the attempt on that fortress. The St. Augustine—and the three priests, who were the assailing column, to which he belonged, was under sole missionaries in this extensive territory, belonged the command of Col. Arnold. When that officer to other dioceses, to which they were recalled shortly was wounded and carried from the ground, Porter- after his consecration. His poverty was so great field, with Morgan, rushing forward, passed the that he was unable to purchase the insignia appro- first and second barriers. After being exchanged priate to his rank. He remained in Mobile until he re-entered the service as captain in the rifle- the summer of 1827, when he began his episcopal corps of Col. Morgan and participated in all the visitation, travelling on horseback to Pensacola, batiles in which it was engaged during the cam- Tallahassee, and St. Augustine. Owing to the heat paigns of 1777–8. In 1779 he was appointed by that prevailed during his journey, he was attacked Gov. Jefferson lieutenant-colonel of a Virginia by a fever at the latter town and narrowly escaped regiment that had been equipped mainly at his own death. When he had partially recovered he re- expense, with which, in the spring of 1780, he sumed his labors in St. Augustine and its neigh- marched to the relief of Charleston, S. C. He re- borhood. The absence of priests for some years mained in South Carolina and joined the army of had resulted in a total neglect of religious obliga- Gen. Gates a few days before the battle of Camden. tions among the Spanish population, and he found His command formed part of the advanced guard it necessary to instruct even the adults in the rudi- of Gates's army, and unexpectedly met that of the ments of Christian doctrine. He remained until enemy about one o'clock A. M. on 16 Aug., a moon- the end of September, constantly preaching and in- light night. While making a gallant resistance structing in Spanish and English, except when and holding the enemy in check, he received a , stricken by fever, and wrought an extraordinary mortal wound, his left leg being shattered just be change in the habits of the people. His English low the knee. He was carried from the field, re- sermons were attended by the members of all de. mained ten days without surgical attention, and nominations, and he received substantial aid also VOL. v.--6 82 PORTUONDO PORTILLO 9 from those who differed with him in belief during PORTLOCK, Nathaniel, English navigator, his stay in St. Augustine. In 1829 he prevailed on lived in the 18th century. He served with Capt. Bishop England to station a priest of his diocese in Cook in his last voyage to the Pacific ocean, and East Florida. He then sailed for Europe, and, was given command in 1785 of the “ King George," after spending several months in France, where he which was sent out from London by the King obtained money, besides the services of two priests, George's Sound company, a corporation that had four sub-deacons, and two ecclesiastical students, been formed for trading in furs from the west coast he returned the same year.. While he was in Eu- of North America to China. After various expe- rope the bishopric of Mobile had been formed out riences in the Pacific, Capt. Portlock brought his of his vicariate, and he was installed bishop of the vessel back to England 'in 1788 after making a new see after his arrival. He began at once to or- voyage around the world. Subsequently he wrote ganize parishes, and built churches at Tuscaloosa, Voyage Around the World; but More Particu- Montgomery, Florence, Huntsville, and Moulton. larly to the Northwest Coast of America ” (London, He next founded Spring Hill college, near Mobile, 1789; abridged ed., 1789). His convoy on this ex- and also built the ecclesiastical seminary that was pedition was commanded by George Dixon (9. v.). attached to it. The funds he had obtained from PORTOCARRERO LASO DE LA VEGA, abroad enabled him to employ teachers. He intro- Melchor de (por-to-car-ray'-ro), Count of Mon- duced the Nuns of the Visitation order into his dio- clova, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in Madrid, cese in 1832, and in the following year built a con- Spain, 4 June, 1636; d. in Lima, Peru, 22 Sept., vent and academy for them in Summerville. He 1705. During his youth he was page of Queen began the erection of the cathedral of the Im- Elizabeth of Bourbon, and he served in the armies maculate Conception in 1835, a fine structure, of Flanders, Sici- which he completed in 1850. Nearly all the great ly, Catalonia, and charities of the diocese owed their origin to Bishop Portugal, from Portier. A large number of children having been 1653 till 1662. rendered orphans by the cholera epidemic of 1839, He lost an arm he introduced a colony of Sisters of Charity and a in the battle of body of Brothers of Christian Instruction from the Downs of France, who took charge of the asylums that he Dunkirk, and founded. To these institutions he attached labor used a silver one and free schools. He organized a girls' school in till his death. In St. Augustine, introduced the Jesuits, and added 1665 he took part largely to the number of churches and missions. in the siege and He paid a second visit to Europe in 1849. After battle of Villavi- his return he took part in the different councils of ciosa, where he his church in this country and was active in their was taken pris- deliberations. His last great work was the erection oner, and on his of Providence infirmary in Mobile, to which he re- liberation he was tired when he felt his end approaching. Bishop promoted lieu- Portier may be said to have created the Roman tenant - general. Catholic church in his vicariate, which, before He was appoint- his death, was divided into three extensive dio- ed viceroy of He left twenty-seven priests, a splendid Mexico in 1685, cathedral, fourteen churches, a college and ecclesias- and arrived there tical seminary, fourteen schools, three academies 30 Nov., 1686. During his administration there for boys and three for girls, two orphan asylums, was a destructive eruption of the volcano of Ori- an infirmary, and many free schools. He was for zaba (1687), the Indians of Coahuila were con- some time before his death the senior bishop of the quered, the city of Monclova was founded, and the American hierarchy. aqueduct from Chapultepec to the Salto de Agua PORTILLO, Jacinto de (por-tee'-yo), later was constructed at his private expense. In 1688 known as FRAY CINto, Spanish soldier, b. in Spain he was appointed viceroy of Peru, and he entered about 1490; d. in Nombre de Dios, Mexico, 20 Lima, 15 Aug., 1689. He introduced many re- Sept., 1566. He went to Cuba as a soldier with forms and rebuilt the city of Lima, which he found Diego de Velazquez, and took part in the explora- almost entirely destroyed by the earthquake of tion of the coast of Mexico under Juan de Grijalva 20 Oct., 1687. He also reconstructed the church in 1519. He also participated in the conquest of of Copacabana and the hospital of the Bethlemi- Mexico, afterward went with eight of his comrades tas. Another important work was the reconstruc- to explore the northwest coast, and, having suffered tion of the dock of Callao, which he began in 1694, great hardships, reached the South sea, taking pos- and the repairing of the cathedral of Lima. Dur- session of it in the name of the emperor, as he re- ing his government several destructive earthquakes lates in a letter to Philip II., dated Mexico, 20 July, occurred ; in 1698 the cities of Tacunga and Ambato 1561. As a reward for his services, the emperor were destroyed, and in 1701 a great food inundated gave him the Indian commanderies of Huitzitlapan Trujillo. He ordered the construction of three and Tlatanquitepec, where he acquired a great for- ships, and appointed the admiral, Antonio Beas, tune. About 1563 he abandoned his adventurous to explore the islands of Juan Fernandez. In 1698 life for a life of penitence, distributed his riches a Scottish colony occupied the Isthmus of Darien among the poor, and as a priest devoted himself (see Paterson, WILLIAM), and the king ordered to the conversion of the natives in the province of the viceroy to attack them; but the Scotch soon Zacatecas. Fray Cinto displayed much zeal in his abandoned the isthmus, and, although they re- new vocation and met with great success. With turned next year, before the viceroy could leave Friar Pedro de Espinadera he founded the town of Lima with an expedition, he received advice from Nombre de Dios, and many Christian congrega- Gen. Pimienta, the governor of Carthagena, that he tions. He died, after a residence in New Spain of had expelled them. nearly half a century, in the convent of the town PORTUONDO, Bernardo (por-twon'-do), Cuban that he had founded. Alphen ble Moncluea ceses. a PORY 83 POST neers. to Spain when very young, was educated in Madrid, ' POSEY, Thomas, soldier, b. in Virginia, on the entered the army as a military engineer, and took banks of Potomac river, 9 July, 1750 ; d. in Shaw- part in the war against Morocco. In 1862 he was neetown, M., 19 March, 1818. He received a com- appointed professor in the College of military engi-mon-school education, and in 1769 removed to In 1864 the government sent him to Den- western Virginia. In 1774 he became quarter- mark to report on the war between that country master of Andrew Lewis's division of Lord Dun- and Germany and Austria. In 1865 he returned more's army, and took part in the battle with the to Cuba, where he superintended the construction Indians at Point Pleasant on 10 Oct. of that year. of several important public works. He went back A year later he was one of the committee of cor- to Spain in 1874, in 1879 he was elected to repre- respondence, and was commissioned captain in the sent his native city in the Spanish cortes, and he 7th Virginia Continental regiment. In this capaci- has since been an active member of the Cuban ty he was present at the engagement at Gwynn's Liberal home-rule party in that body. He also island on 8 July, 1776, where Lord Dunmore (q. v.) assisted to bring about the abolition of slavery in was defeated. He joined the Continental army at the Spanish West Indies. lle has published Middlebrook, N. J., early in 1777, and was trans- “ Tratado de Arquitectura”; Estudios de Or- ferred, with his company, to Daniel Morgan's cele- ganizaciones militares extranjeras"; " Descripción brated rifle-corps, with which he took part in the de varias plazas de guerra ; and“ Empleo del action with the British light troops at Piscataway, hierro en las fortificaciones.” N. J. Capt. Posey was then sent to Gen. Horatio PORY, John, pioneer, b. in England about Gates, and rendered efficient service in the two 1570; d. in Virginia before 1635. He was educated battles of Bemis Heights and in that of Stillwater. at Cambridge, and in 1612 was a resident of Paris. In 1778 he was commissioned major, and led the During 1619-21 he was secretary of the Virginia expedition against the Indians in Wyoming valley colony, and he was elected speaker of the first in October of that year. He was given the 11th representative assembly that was ever held in this Virginia regiment early in 1779, but soon was country, which convened in Jamestown on 30 July, transferred io the command of a battalion in Col. 1619. He visited Plymouth, Mass., shortly after Christian Febiger's regiment under Gen. Anthony its settlement by the Pilgrims from Leyden, but in Wayne; and, at the assault of Stony Point, he was 1623 returned to Virginia as one of the commis- one of the first to enter the enemy's works. Sub- sioners of the privy council, and died in Virginia. sequently he served in South Carolina, and was He assisted Hakluyt in his geographical work, present at the surrender of Yorktown. He then and was considered a man of great learning. IIis organized a new regiment, of which he took com- account of excursions among the Indians is given mand with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in Smith's “Generall Historie," and he translated served under Gen. Wayne in Georgia until the sur- and published " A Geographical Historie of Africa render of Savannah. When he was surprised by by John Leo, a More, borne in Granada and brought the Indians under Gueristersigo on the night of 23 up in Barbarie” (London, 1600). June, 1782, he rallied his men and led them to the POSADAS, Gervasio Antonio, Argentine charge with great bravery and skill, defeating the statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres, 19 June, 1757; d. enemy with loss. At the close of the war he settled there, 2 July, 1832. He studied law, and for several in Spottsylvania county, Va., and in 1785 he was years was employed in the Spanish administration. made colonel of the county militia, becoming also but when independence was proclaimed, 25 May, county lieutenant and magistrate in 1786. These 1810, he took an active part in the patriotic move- offices he held until 1793, when, on 14 Feb., he ment. Soon he became the chief of the Centraliza- was commissioned brigadier-general, and served tion party in opposition to the Federal, and when in under Gen. Wayne in his campaigns against the 1813 the constituent assembly abolished the execu- Indians in the northwest, resigning on 28 Feb., tive junta, he was appointed, 26 Jan., 1814, supreme 1794. He then settled in Kentucky, where he was director of the Argentine Republic. He created the elected a member of the state senate, and chosen provinces of Entrerios, Tucuman, and Salta, and speaker in 1805–’6, becoming thereby ex-officio lieu- was active in forwarding re-enforcements to the tenant-governor of the state. In 1809, when war army in the Banda Oriental, and, on 22 June, Monte- was threatening between France and England and video was captured by Gen. Alvear. His conserva- the United States, Gen. Posey was commissioned tive ideas caused him to send, in December of that major-general and given charge of the organization year, a secret mission to Europe, for the purpose of and equipment of the Kentucky forces. Soon after- obtaining a protectorate or a monarch from Eng- ward he removed to Louisiana, and during the land or some other European nation, as he did not second war with England he raised a company of think his country ripe for a republic. His inten- infantry in Baton Rouge, and was for some time tions became known, and there were several insur- its captain. He was appointed U. S. senator from rections. Posadas, not feeling himself strong Louisiana, and served from 7 Dec., 1812, till 5 Feb., enough to resist, resigned, 9 Jan., 1815, and after | 1813. On the completion of his term he was ap- the accession of Rosas and the adoption of the Fed- pointed governor of Indiana territory, and con- eral system he was often persecuted. tinued as such until its admission into the Union, POSEY, Carnot, soldier, b. in Wilkinson coun- when he became a candidate for the governorship, ty, Miss., 5 Aug., 1818; d. in Charlottesville, Va., but was defeated. His last office was that of In- 13 Nov., 1863. Ile served in the Mexican war as a dian agent, which he held at the time of his death. lieutenant of rifles under Jefferson Davis, and was POST, Christian Frederick, missionary, b. in wounded at Buena Vista. He became colonel of Polish Prussia in 1710; d. in Germantown, Pa., 29 the 16th Mississippi regiment on 4 June, 1861, and April, 1785. He came to Pennsylvania in 1742, was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate and between 1743 and 1749 was a missionary to army, i Nov., 1862. His brigade was composed of the Moravian Indians in New York and Connecti- four Mississippi regiments of infantry, and formed cut. Ile returned to Europe in 1751, and thence part of Anderson's division of Ambrose P. Hill's was sent to Labrador, but afterward he came again corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. Gen. to Pennsylvania, and was again employed in the Posey received wounds at Bristoe Station, Va., 14 | Indian missions. In 1758 he undertook an embas- Oct., 1863, from the effects of which he died. sy in behalf of the province to the Delawares and 84 POST POST Shawnees in Ohio. He established an independent army corps from its formation to its dissolution. mission in Ohio in 1761, where he was joined in He began the battle of Stone River, drove back the 1762 by John Heckewelder; but the Pontiac war enemy several miles, and captured Leetown. Dur- forced them to abandon the project. In January, ing the Atlanta campaign he was transferred to 1764, he sailed for the Mosquito coast, where he Wood's division of the 4th army corps, and when labored two years, and he made a second visit there that general was wounded at Lovejoy's station, in 1767. He afterward united with the Protestant Post took charge of the division, and with it op- Episcopal church. posed the progress of the Confederates toward the POST, Isaac, philanthropist, b. in Westbury, north. On 16 Nov., 1864, in a charge on Overton Queens co., N. Y., 26 Feb., 1798; d. in Rochester, Hill, a grape-shot crushed through his hip, making Ñ. Y., 9 May, 1872. Being the son of Quaker what was for some days thought to be a mortal parents, he was educated at the Westbury Friends' wound. On 16 Dec., 1864, he was brevetted briga- school. He engaged in the drug business, and re- dier-general of volunteers. After the surrender at moved to Scipio, N. Y., in 1823, and to Rochester, Appomattox he was appointed to the command of N. Y., in 1836, where he spent the remainder of his the western district of Texas, where there was then life. He was a warm adherent of William Lloyd a concentration of troops on the Mexican border. Garrison, and one of the earliest laborers in the He remained there until 1866, when the with- anti-slavery cause. His door was ever open to drawal of the French from Mexico removed all those who had escaped from bondage, and his hos- danger of military complications. He was then tility to the fugitive-slave law was bitter and un- earnestly recommended by Gen. George H. Thomas compromising. He was a member of the Hicksite and others, under whom he had served, for the ap- branch of the Quakers, but left that body because, pointment of colonel in the regular army; but he in his opinion, it showed itself subservient to the did not wish to remain in the army. In 1866 he was slave power. Mr. Post resided in Rochester when appointed U. S. consul at Vienna, and in 1874 he be- public attention was first attracted to the mani- came consul-general. His official reports have been festations by the Fox sisters, and became one of quoted as authority. In 1878 he tendered his resigna- the earliest converts to Spiritualism. He was the tion, which, however, was not accepted till the year author of “ Voices from the Spirit World, being following. He then resided at Galesburg, Ill., and Communications from Many Spirits, by the Hand in 1886 he was elected to congress as a Republican. of Isaac Post, Medium” (Rochester, "1852).-His POST, Truman Marcellus, clergyman, b. in brother, Joseph, b. in Westbury, L. I., 30 Nov., Middlebury, Vt., 3 June, 1810; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 1803 ; d. there, 17 Jan., 1888, resembled Isaac in his 31 Dec., 1886. He was graduated at Middlebury col- profession of abolition principles. He was at one lege in 1829, and then was principal of an academy time proscribed and persecuted within his own sect, at Castleton, Vt., for a year. In 1830 he returned to but lived long enough to witness a complete revolu- Middlebury as tutor, and remained for two years, tion of sentiment, and to be the recipient of many also studying law. He spent the winter of 1832–'3 expressions of confidence and esteem from his co- at Washington, D. C., listening to debates in con- religionists. When Isaac T. Hopper, Charles Mar-gress and at the supreme court. After spending a riot, and James S. Gibbons were disowned by the So- short time in St. Louis, Mo., he settled in Jackson- ciety of Friends, on account of their outspoken oppo- ville, III., and was admitted to the bar. In 1833 he sition to slavery, they received encouragement and became professor of languages in Illinois college, support from Joseph Post. Mr. Post passed his life and later he took the chair of history. He studied in the same house in which he was born and died. theology, and was ordained minister of the Con- POST, Minturn, physician, b. in New York city, gregational church in Jacksonville in 1840. He 28 June, 1808; d. there, 26 April, 1869. He was was called in 1847 to the 3d Presbyterian church in graduated at Columbia in 1827, and, after studying St. Louis, and in 1851 to the newly organized 1st medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott, received his Congregational church in that city, serving until degree at the medical department of the Univer- his death. Dr. Post held the place of university sity of Virginia in 1832. Subsequently he studied professor of ancient and modern history at Wash- in Paris, and, settling in New York city on his ington university, and in 1873–'5 was Southworth return, he acquired a large practice, and became lecturer on Congregationalism at Andover theo- recognized as an authority on diseases of the chest. logical seminary, and was professor of ecclesiasti- In 1843 he was called to be medical examiner of cal history in Northwestern theological seminary the New York life insurance company. He trans- in Chicago. In 1855 he received the degree of D. D. lated and added notes to Raciborski's “ Ausculta- from Middlebury college. He contributed to the tion and Percussion” (New York. 1839). “ Biblical Repository” and other religious periodi- POST, Philip Sidney, soldier, b. in Florida, cals, and, besides various pamphlets, addresses, and Orange co., N. Y., 19 March, 1833. He was graduated sermons, was the author of “ The Skeptical Era in at Union college in 1855, studied law, and was ad- Modern History” (New York, 1856). mitted to the bar. He then travelled through the POST, Wright, surgeon, b. in North Hemp- northwest, his parents having meanwhile removed stead, N. Y., 19 Feb., 1766; d. in Throg's Neck, to Illinois, and took up his abode in Kansas, where N. Y., 14 June, 1828. Ile studied medicine under he practised his profession, and also established Dr. Richard Bayley, and then for two years under and edited a newspaper. At the opening of the Dr. John Sheldon in London. On his return in civil war he was chosen 20 lieutenant in the 59th 1786 he began to practise in New York, and in 1787 Illinois infantry, and in 1862 he became its colo- delivered lectures on anatomy at the New York nel. Ile was severely wounded at the battle of Pea hospital. These efforts were interrupted by the Ridge, and made his way with much suffering, and doctor's mob,” which broke into the building and under many difficulties, to St. Louis. Before fully destroyed the valuable anatomical specimens that recovering, he joined his regiment in front of Cor- had been collected. In 1792 he was appointed inth, Miss., and was assigned to the command of professor of surgery in the medical department of a brigade. From May, 1862, till the close of the Columbia college, and he then visited the great war he was constantly at the front. In the Army schools of Europe, collecting a splendid anatomical of the Cumberland, as first organized, he com- cabinet, and returning to New York in 1793, after manded the 1st brigade, 1st division, of the 20th | which he held the chair of anatomy until 1813. POST 85 POTANOU was 9 on Might Posts Dr. Post took rank as one of the ablest of operative | 1840 devised a new method of performing bilateral surgeons, and his skill gained for him celebrity lithotomy. He also showed mechanical ingenuity both at home and abroad. He was the first in the in devising instruments and appliances, and in the United States to perform an operation for a case latter part of his life labored much in plastic sur- of false aneurism gery, making important reports of operations in of the femoral ar- that line. He was a member of medical societies tery. Subsequent- both at home and abroad, and was president of the ly he operated in New York academy of medicine in 1867–8. In two cases for caro- 1872 he received the degree of LL. D. from the tid aneurism, and University of the city of New York. Dr. Post was in all three cases also active in various religious and charitable or- successful. ganizations, and at the time of his death was presi- One of his great- dent of the New York medical mission, and one of est feats was the the directors of Union theological seminary. His successful opera- literary contributions consisted entirely of techni- tion of tying the cal papers in professional journals, with the single subclavian artery exception of his Strabismus and Stammering” above the clavicle (New York, 1840). the scapular POSTELL, Benjamin, soldier, b. in 1760; d. side of the scalene in Charleston, S. C., in January, 1801. He was a muscles for brach- resident of St. Bartholomew's parish, S. C. In 1775 ial aneurism situ- he became a lieutenant in the 1st regiment of his ated so high in the state, and on the capture of Charleston in 1780 he axilla as to make was sent as a prisoner to St. Augustine, where he it inexpedient to remained eleven months, suffering many hardships. tie this artery. The accomplishment of this oper- Subsequently he was a member of the legislature, ation was especially noteworthy from the fact that and colonel of the Colleton county regiment. He Dr. John Abernethy, Sir Astley Cooper, and other did good service in the Revolution under Gen. English surgeons had been unsuccessful in its per- Francis Marion. His brothers, Maj. John and Col. formance. In 1813, on the union of the medical JAMES, also won reputation in the partisan warfare faculty of Columbia and that of the College of under Marion. The former captured forty British physicians and surgeons, Dr. Post was appointed regulars near Monk's Corner on 29 Jan., 1781. professor of anatomy and physiology in the new POTANOU, Indian chief, b. in Florida about faculty, of which he was president in 1821-²6. In 1525; d. there about 1570. He was the king of the 1814 he received the honorary degree of M. D. most potent of the three great Indian confederacies from the regents of the University of the state of that existed in lower Florida at the time of the New York, and in 1816 he was chosen a trustee landing of Jean Ribaut (q. v.) in 1562, and his do- of Columbia college. Dr. Post was a member of mains extended seventy miles westward and north- various medical societies both at home and abroad. westward of St. John's river. The Florida Indians For more than thirty - five years he was one of were more advanced in civilization than the more the surgeons and consulting surgeons of the New northern tribes, and were chiefly an agricultural York hospital. His publications include papers people. Potanou was a legislator, and endeavored in medical journals and lectures. — His nephew, to promote civilization among his subjects. The Alfred Charles, surgeon, b. in New York city, 13 villages under his rule had wooden buildings that Jan., 1806; d. there, 7 Feb., 1886, was the son of were constructed according to his plans, and aston- Joel Post, a merchant of New York, whose place of ished both the early French and Spanish adven- business was on Hanover square, and who owned turers. But he failed in his attempts to unite the as his country-seat the property known as Clare- Indians of lower Florida in a single great confed- mont, which is now included in Riverside park and eracy, of which it was his ambition to be the chief, embraces the site of Gen. Grant's tomb. Young and at the time of Ribaut's landing in 1562 there Post was graduated at Columbia in 1822, and after was a war among the three kings, Satouriona, studying medicine under his uncle, Wright Post, Outina (q. V.), and Potanou, in which the last seemed received his degree at the College of physicians and to have the advantage. He was also the first to surgeons in 1827. After passing two years at the open intercourse with Ribaut, and received from medical schools of Europe, he established himself him a present of a robe of blue cloth, worked with in 1829 in New York city, and devoted his atten- the regal fleur-de-lis. The difficulties that the tion chiefly to surgery. During 1831–5 he was French under René de Laudonnière (q. v.) met in demonstrator of anatomy at the College of phy- their attempts to colonize Florida were due chiefly sicians and surgeons, and in the latter year he to the rivalry among the three kings, who asked moved to Brooklyn, but two years later he returned Laudonnière's aidagainst their neighbors, and, being to New York, where he remained until his death. refused, became his enemies. They afforded assist- He was chosen professor of ophthalmic surgery at ance to the Spaniards under Menendez de Aviles Castleton medical college, Vt., in 1843, and a year (q. v.), especially Potanou, who complained of a later was appointed to the chair of surgery. From raid that had been made on his villages by Outina, 1851 till 1875 he was professor of surgery in the aided by a party of French under Arlac, a lieuten- medical department of the University of the city ant of Laudonnière. But the haughtiness and of New York, serving also as president of the medi- cruelties of the Spaniards soon occasioned hostilities cal faculty from 1873 until his death. Dr. Post with the Indians, and a war began against the in- held consulting relations to various institutions, truders. Menendez de Aviles endeavored in vain notably to the New York hospital from 1836, to to conciliate Potanou, but the prudent king could St. Luke's hospital from its beginning, and to the not be decoyed, and ordered that all missionaries Presbyterian hospital. His great fame was achieved and Spaniards trespassing on his domains should in surgery, and his operations were marked with be put to death. This enmity, which lasted till precision and dexterity. He was the first in the Potanou's death, proved a severe check to the United States to operate for stammering, and in Spanish colonization of Florida. 86 POTTER POTTER 2 Olimpo Potter 66 POTTER, Alonzo, P. E. bishop, b. in Beekman were found ready to co-operate and to contribute (now La Grange), Dutchess co., N. Y., 6 July, 1800; for their realization. In his time the Episcopal d. in San Francisco, Cal., 4 July, 1865. His father hospital was founded, built, and endowed with was Joseph Potter, a farmer, of the Society of nearly half a million dollars; the Episcopal acade- Friends, an emigrant from Cranston, R. I., in which my, which for half a century had had no sign of state other branches of the family are still living. its existence but its charter, was revived, its com- Alonzo first attended the district - school of his modious building was reared and filled with pupils, native place, which and its reputation for thorough instruction was was then taught by made equal to that of any preparatory school in a Mr. Thompson, to the city; the Philadelphia divinity-school was es- whose influence in tablished, a valuable property for its occupancy arousing and di- was bought and fitted, and an endowment of sev- recting the activi- eral hundred thousand dollars was secured for its ties of his mind he support. These institutions, still developing for never forgot that the benefit of the present and future generations, he was greatly in- owe their inception to Bishop Potter. In the debted. At twelve twenty years of his episcopate thirty-five new years of age he was churches were built in the city of Philadelphia. sent to an academy The growth of the diocese was such that in the in Poughkeepsie, year of his death it became necessary to divide it. and he was gradu- His vigorous constitution succumbed under the ated at Union col- pressure of care and labor that he took upon him- lege in 1818 with self. In 1859 he was partially relieved by an assist- the highest honors. ant, but it was too late. He died in the harbor of Soon after his grad- San Francisco, where he had just arrived after a uation he went to voyage around Cape Horn in search of health. He Philadelphia, was attracted to the Episcopal church, had received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in and entered its communion His thoughts were 1846, and that of LL. D. from Union in the same soon turned to the ministry, and he was directed in year. Bishop Potter was the auther of treatises his theological studies by the Rev. Dr. Samuel H. on logarithms and descriptive geometry, which Turner. He was presently recalled to Union college were printed for the use of his classes in Union as a tutor, and at twenty-one he was made professor college (1822–’6); “Political Economy, its Objects, of mathematics and natural philosophy. Meantime Uses, and Principles" (New York, 1840); - The he pursued his studies, and was admitted deacon by Principles of Science applied to the Domestic and Bishop Hobart, and in 1824 advanced to the priest- Mechanic Arts, and to Manufactures and Agricul- hood by Bishop Brownell. In the same year he mar- ture" (Boston, 1841 ; revised ed., New York, 1850); ried the only daughter of President Nott, of Union - The School and the Schoolmaster," with George college. In 1826 Prof. Potter was called to the B. Emerson (1842); “ Hand-Book for Readers and rectorship of St. Paul's church, Boston. After Students" (1843); " Discourses, Charges, Addresses, five years of earnest and successful labor he felt Pastoral Letters, etc.” (1858); and “ Religious constrained, despite the protestations of his peo- Philosophy” (1870). He edited seven volumes of ple, to resign his rectorship. In 1832 he was re- “ Harpers' Family Library," with introductory called to Union college to fill the chair of moral and essays; Rev. Samuel Wilks's “ Christian Essays" intellectual philosophy and political economy. His (Boston, 1829); Maria James's “ Poems (New official position and his personal relationship natu- York, 1839); and “Lectures on the Evidences of rally made him the friend and counsellor of the Christianity, delivered in Philadelphia by Clergy; president in the administration of the college. In men of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1853–'4" 1838 he was formally elected its vice-president, and (Philadelphia, 1855). See “ Memoirs of the Life continued to be practically its controlling head and Services of Rt. Rev. A. Potter, D. D., LL. D.," until he resigned to become bishop of Pennsyl- by Bishop M. A. De Wolfe Howe (Philadelphia, vania, 23 Sept., 1845. From his boyhood, owing 1870). — His son, Clarkson Nott, legislator, b. in perhaps in part to his Quaker origin, he cherished Schenectady, N. Y., 25 April, 1825; d. in New York a deep sympathy for the oppressed, and through city, 23 Jan., 1882, was graduated at Union college life, in every office, he befriended the negro race. in 1842, studied civil engineering at Rensselaer He took great interest in the organization of young polytechnic institute, and in 1843 went to Milwau- men's institutes throughout the state of New kee, Wis. After being employed as an engineer, York, and immediately on his settlement in Phila- he studied law, and in 1848 returned to New York, delphia, invoking the help of energetic laymen, where he began to practise. In 1868 he was elected established four such fraternities in that city, and to congress, from the 12th district of that state, gave his personal services as a lecturer before them. as a Democrat, and he was twice re-elected, sitting When he was called to the episcopate he was al- in that body from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, ready under engagement to deliver in five consecu- 1875. He declined a nomination to the 44th con- tive years before the Lowell institute in Boston gress, but was again chosen for the two succeeding courses of lectures on Natural Theology and terms, and served from 15 Oct., 1877, till 4 March, Christian Evidences,” beginning in 1845 and end- 1881. During his congressional career Mr. Potter ing in 1849. They were given on an open plat- was a member of important committees, and took form, without even a brief before him, and the an active part in the discussion of the disputed largest public hall in Boston was filled throughout electoral votes of Louisiana and Florida in the the entire series. This was the intellectual triumph presidential election of 1876. In 1879 he received of his life. As a bishop he was most distinguished the Democratic nomination for lieutenant-governor for his executive ability. He had a genius for ad- of New York, but was defeated. Mr. Potter served ministration. He devised large plans of benefi- as president of the American bar association, and cence, which it was costly to consummate, but they received the degree of LL. D. Another son, were so well considered before he communicated Robert B., soldier, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 16 them to others that men of business and wealth July, 1829; d. in Newport, R. I., 19 Feb., 1887, spent 92 POTTER 87 POTTER some time at Union college, but was not graduated. | Tuckerman, architect, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and at 25 Sept., 1831, was graduated at Union in 1853, the beginning of the civil war was in successful studied architecture under Richard M. Upjohn, and practice in New York city. He was commissioned has practised in New York, giving attention prin- major of the 51st New York volunteers, led the cipally to collegiate and ecclesiastical architecture. assault at Roanoke island, was wounded at New | His work (as illustrated in the Church of the Berne, commanded his regiment at Cedar Moun- Heavenly Rest, New York; the Church of the tain, Manassas, and Chantilly, and carried the stone Good Shepherd [Colt Memorial]. Hart ford; and bridge at Antietam, where he was again wounded. Memorial Hall, Schenectady) is distinguished by He was also engaged in the battle of Fredericks- marked freshness and originality of conception, burg in December, 1862, and was made brigadier- felicity of ornamentation, and delicacy of feeling. general of volunteers, 13 March, 1863. He had pre- He has resided largely abroad, and is known as a viously been commissioned lieutenant-colonel and musical composer of much merit.—Another son, colonel . He led a division at Vicksburg, and took Eliphalet Nott, clergyman. b. in Schenectady, part in the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. He was bre- N. Y., 20 Sept., 1836, was graduated at Union in vetted major-general of volunteers in June, 1864. 1861, and at Berkeley divinity-school in 1862. He In the Wilderness campaign, his division was con- took orders as an Episcopalian clergyman, and was stantly under fire, and in the final assault on Pe- rector of the Church of the Nativity in South Beth- tersburg, 2 April, 1865, he was severely injured. lehem, Pa., from 1862 till 1869. From 1866 till 1871 After the war he was assigned to the command of he was secretary and professor of ethics at Lehigh the Connecticut and Rhode Island district of the university, and from 1869 till 1871 he was associate Department of the East, and on his wedding-day his rector of St. Paul's, Troy, N. Y. At Bethlehem wife was presented by Sec. Stanton with his com- Dr. Potter was instrumental in building three mission as full major-general of volunteers, dated churches, and in Troy two chapels. In 1871 he 29 Sept., 1865. He was mustered out of the army in was elected president of Union college, and he was January, 1866, and acted for three years as receiver chosen to the same office when the college became of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad. After a university in 1873. In 1872 he was elected spending some time in England for his health, he trustee. Resigning from the presidency in 1884, returned to Newport, R. I., where he resided until he was chosen bishop of Nebraska, but declined, his death. Gen. Grant refers to Gen. Potter in and accepted instead a prior call to become presi- flattering terms in his " Memoirs,” and Gen. Win- dent of Hobart college. He received the degree field S. Hancock said of him that he was one of of D. D. from Union in 1869.—Alonzo's brother, the twelve best officers, including both the regular Horatio, P. E. bishop, b. in Beekman, Dutchess and volunteer services, in the army.- Another son, co., N. Y., 9 Feb., 1802; d. in New York city, 2 Henry Codman, P. E. bishop, b. in Schenectady, Jan., 1887. He was graduated at Union college in N. Y., 25 May, 1835, after being educated chiefly 1826, ordained deacon in July, 1827, and became at the Episcopal academy in Philadelphia, was priest the following year. His first charge was at graduated at the Theological seminary of Virginia Saco, Me. In 1828 he was elected professor of in 1857, received deacon's orders the same year, mathematics and natural philosophy in Washing- and was ordained, 15 Oct., 1858. From July, 1857, ton (now Trinity) college, and took an active part till May, 1859, he was rector of Christ church, in plans for the enlargement of the college. In Greensburgh, Pa., and for the next seven years he 1833 he became rector of St. Peter's church, Al- had charge of St. John's, Troy, N. Y. He then be bany, N. Y., and held that post till 1854, when he came assistant minister of Trinity church, Boston, was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of where he remained two years. From May, 1868, New York, and consecrated in Trinity church on till January, 1884, he was rector of Grace church, 22 Nov, of that year. On the death of Bishop On- New York city. In 1863 he was chosen president derdonk in 1861, he became bishop of the diocese. of Kenyon college, Ohio, and in 1875 he was elected The 25th anniversary of his consecration was cele- bishop of Iowa, but he declined both offices. In brated on Saturday, 22 Nov., 1879, by services in 1883 Bishop Horatio Potter, of New York, having Trinity church, and asked for an assistant, the convention of that year on the following unanimously elected his nephew, Dr. Henry C. Tuesday by a recep- Potter, assistant bishop. He was consecrated on tion in the Academy 20 Oct., in the presence of forty-three bishops and of music, at which 300 of the clergy, the General convention being deputations from then in session in Philadelphia. By formal instru- the other dioceses in ments, that were executed soon afterward, the aged the state of New bishop resigned the entire charge and responsibility York were present, of the work of the diocese into the hands of his and addresses were assistant. These duties the latter continued to dis- made by William M. charge until the death of Bishop Horatio Potter, Evarts and John on 2 Jan., 1887, made him his successor. Dr. Pot- Jay. The bishop's ter was secretary of the House of bishops from 1866 last public service till 1883, and for many years he was a manager of was held, 3 May, the Board of missions. He received from Union 1883, at the end of the degrees of A. M., D. D., and LL. D. in 1863, a long and fatigu- 1865, and 1877, respectively, and that of D. D. from ing visitation, after Trinity in 1884. Bishop' Potter has published which he was prosta Hnatu Btter “Sisterhoods and Deaconesses at Home and trated by an attack Abroad: A History of their Rise and Growth in of pneumonia from the Protestant Episcopal Church, together with which he never rallied. He died at his residence, Rules for their Organization and Government after being confined to his room three years and (New York, 1872); " The Gates of the East : A eight months. When Bishop Potter came to his Winter in Egypt and Syria ” (1876); and Ser- diocese it was in a state of great depression and mons of the City" (1877). - Another son, Edward disquiet, owing to the controversies that resulted 88 POTTER POTTER cese. from the trial and suspension of his predecessor. | in 1832-'8, except during 1834-'5, when he was a (See ONDERDONK, BENJAMIN T.) His administration member of the legislature. Mr. Potter then studied resulted in the restoration of order, quietness, and law in Concord, and began to practise in East Con- peace, and in great development and prosperity. cord, but in 1844 removed to Manchester, and for Among the notable events in his episcopate was four years edited and published the Manchester the subdivision in 1868, when the dioceses of Long Democrat." He edited the “ Farmer's Month- Island and Albany were set off. He was among ly Visitor" in 1852–²4, “ The Granite Farmer and the chief members of the house of bishops, and Monthly Visitor" in 1854–5, and was co-editor of took an active part in the Lambeth conferences in the “ Weekly Mirror” and the Mirror and Farm- September, 1867, and July, 1878. He entered zeal- er” in 1864'5. He was colonel of the Amoskeag ously into the measures that had for their object veterans of Manchester until his decease, and had the reunion of the dioceses that had been separated command of the regiment at the time of its visit temporarily from each other during the civil war, to Baltimore and Washington during the admin- and was among the prominent figures in the gen- istration of Franklin Pierce. He was active in the eral convention at Philadelphia in 1865, at which New Hampshire historical society, and its president the southern bishops, appearing in the persons of in 1855–7. Col. Potter was well known as an agri- two representatives, were received with general and cultural, historical, and general newspaper writer, enthusiastic rejoicings, and without conditions or and also devoted much of his time to the study of questions, or allusion to the past. Bishop Potter Indian languages, in which he was more competent was a man of remarkable good sense and tact, calm, than any other scholar in New Hampshire. He wise, and patient, an able administrator, one whose edited and compiled all that part of the adjutant- judgment was rarely if ever at fault, always temper- general's report of New Hampshire that included ate and conciliatory; and to these qualities were the military history of the state from the beginning due the good order, peace, and prosperity of his dio- of the Revolution down to the civil war (1866–8). He was a man of unusual literary culture. | His other publications include a “ History of Man- Among his personal friends and correspondents chester, N. H.” (Manchester, 1856), and articles on outside of his own country were such men as Bish- the Penobscot and other eastern Indians in Henry ops Wilberforce, Selwyn, Jackson, of London, Ham- R. Schoolcraft's “ History of the Indians," and he ilton and Moberly, of Salisbury, and Medley, of partially prepared for the press a new edition of Fredericton, Stanhope, Archdeacon Sinclair, and Belknap's - History of New Hampshire, with Notes the Rt. Hon. Sir J. T. Coleridge. The growth of and a Continuation to 1860.” the diocese of New York under his administra- POTTER, Edward Eells, naval officer, b. in tion may be inferred from the statistics taken from Medina, N. Y., 9 May, 1833. He entered the U. S. the convention journals, though they are imper- navy as a midshipman on 5 Feb., 1850, and after fect. In 1854 the diocese reported 290 clergy, 2,700 service in the Home and African squadrons during confirmations, 4,482 baptisms, 19,730 communicants, 1850–5, spent a year at the U. S. naval academy. and $207,341.35 in contributions. In 1868 there On 9 July, 1858, he was commissioned lieutenant, were reported 446 clergy, 3,930 confirmations, 6,314 in 1861 he was attached to the “ Niagara," of the baptisms, 33,000 communicants, and $1,005,138.21 Western Gulf squadron, and in 1861–2 he was execu- in contributions. Bishop Potter took a lively in- tive officer of the Wissahickon," of that squadron, terest in city mission work among the laboring during the bombardment and passage of Fort Jack- classes and the poor, and devoted to that subject a son and Fort St. Philip and the capture of New great part of his annual addresses to the conven- Orleans. He also passed the Vicksburg batteries tion. His publications are limited to pastoral let- twice and participated in the engagement with the ters, addresses to the clergy and laity of the dio- ram “ Arkansas." On 16 July, 1862, he was promot- cese, and occasional sermons. In person Bishop Pot- ed lieutenant-commander and attached to the “ De ter was tall and of a dignified and noble presence; Soto," of the Eastern Gulf squadron, then passed he belonged to the old high-church school, of which to the “Wabash,” of the North Atlantic squadron, Keble, Pusey, and Isaac Williams were among the and in 1864-5 he had command of the iron-clad best illustrations, yet his sympathies went out free- • Mahopac." He was given the “Chippewa," of the ly toward all Christian people. He was buried in North Atlantic squadron, in 1865, and took part in the cemetery at Poughkeepsie, where an appropri- the engagement at Fort Fisher and in the bom- ate monumental stone marks the place of his rest. bardment of Fort Anderson, after which he was -Horatio's son, William Bleecker, mining engi- executive officer of the -- Rhode Island” in 1865–7, neer, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 23 March, 1846, was and was executive officer of the “Franklin," Ad- graduated at Columbia in 1866, and then, entering miral Farragut's flagship, in 1867-8, on the ad- the school of mines of that college, received the miral's last cruise. Subsequently he was on shore degree of E. M. in 1869. He continued for two duty until 1871, having in the meanwhile been years as assistant in geology at the school, and also promoted commander on 3 June, 1869. He then served under Dr. John S. Newberry (9. v.) on the had the “Shawmut," of the North Atlantic squad- geological survey of Ohio. In 1871 he was called ron, during 1871-2. and then until 1879 was on to the chair of mining and metallurgy at Wash- shore duty. In 1880 he commanded the “Constel- ington university, St. Louis, Mo., which place he lation," on her voyage to Ireland, carrying supplies has since held. During these years he has built up to the sufferers, and he was commissioned captain an extensive professional practice in the line of on 11 July, 1880. He then served at the Brooklyn examining mineral deposits and mining processes, navy-yard in 1881–3, and commanded the “Län- with reports on the saine. Prof. Potter is a mem- caster," of the European station, until September, ber of scientific societies, and in 1888 he was elected 1886. Capt. Potter was made commandant of the president of the American institute of mining en- navy-vard at League island, Pa., in December, gineers. His scientific papers have been confined 1886, and now (1888) fills that place. to proceedings of societies to which he belongs. POTTER, Edward Elmer, soldier, b. in New POTTER, Chandler Eastman, author, b. in York city, 20 June, 1823; d. there, 1 June, 1889. Concord, N. H., 7 March, 1807; d. in Flint, Mich., Ile was graduated at Columbia in 1842, studied law, 3 Aug., 1868. He was grailuated at Dartmouth in went to California, but he returned to New York 1831, and was principal of Portsmouth high-school | and turned his attention to farming. Early during 66 POTTER 89 POTTER success. the civil war he was appointed captain and com- dominal cavity five times, in three cases success- missary of subsistence from New York, which com- fully. He extirpated by ovariotomy twenty-two mission he held from February to October, 1862. ovarian tumors, fourteen of them successfully, and Subsequently he recruited a regiment of North in one of the successful cases both ovaries were re- Carolina troops, of which he was made colonel, and moved at the same time. In another case, also was engaged chiefly in the operations in North and successful, the operation was repeated upon the South Carolina and east Tennessee, receiving the same patient twice with an interval of seventeen promotion of brigadier-general of volunteers on months. Dr. Potter served as regimental surgeon 29 Nov., 1862. He resigned on 24 July, 1865, and of the 50th New York engineers in 1862. was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 POTTER, Henry, jurist, b. in Granville county, March. 1865. After the war Gen. Potter resided N. C., in 1765; d. in Fayetteville, N. Y., 20 Dec., in Madison, N. J., and New York city. 1857. He was educated as a lawyer, and was ap- POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, lawyer, b. in pointed in 1801 U. S. judge of the fifth circuit. In South Kingston, R. I., 5 Nov., 1764; d. there, 26 1802 he became U. S. judge of the district of North Sept., 1835. He began life as a blacksmith's ap- Carolina, and he was on the bench for more than prentice, and was also a soldier, but subsequently half a century. He was a trustee of the University he studied law, and practised with considerable of North Carolina from 1799 till his death. Judge From 1793 till his death he was a member Potter published " Duties of a Justice of the Peace of the Rhode Island assembly, except during the (Raleigh, 1816), and was associated with John L. years of his congressional service, and he was for Taylor and Bartlett Yancey in the compilation of five years its speaker. In 1796 he was elected as a a revision of the “ Law of the State of North Caro- Federalist to congress and served from 19 Dec., | lina" (2 vols., 1821). 1796, until his resignation in 1797. He was again POTTER, Israel Ralph, patriot, b. in Crans- sent to congress and served from 22 May, 1809, till ton, R. I., 1 Aug., 1744; d. there about 1826. He 2 March, 1815, actir.g on important committees. early left home and became a farmer in New Hamp- In 1818 he was a candidate for governor. It is said shire, after which he was associated with a party of of him that “ few political men in Rhode Island surveyors as assistant chain-bearer. He next be- ever acquired or maintained a more commanding came a sailor on a ship that was burned at sea, but influence."—His son, Elisha Reynolds, lawyer, b. he was rescued by a Dutch vessel and continued in South Kingston, R. I., 20 June, 1811 ; d. there, his roving career for nearly two years. In 1774 he 10 April, 1882, was graduated at Harvard in 1830, returned home, and after working on a farm for and, after studying law, became a member of the several months enlisted in a regiment that was Rhode Island legislature. In 1835–7 he was adju- raised by Col. John Patterson. The battle of Lex- tant-general of the state. He was elected to con- ington found him ploughing, and, after deliberately gress as a Whig, serving from 4 Dec., 1843, till 3 finishing the work, he joined his regiment at March, 1845, and was state commissioner of public Charlestown. He fought with bravery at the battle schools from May, 1849, till October, 1854. Subse- of Bunker Hill, and, when his ammunition was ex- quently he devoted himself to the practice of his hausted, seized a sword from a wounded officer and profession, was chosen a judge of the supreme continued the contest until the close, when, having court of the state. Judge Potter was an active received two musket-ball wounds, he found his way member of the Rhode Island historical society, and to the hospital. On his recovery he volunteered published in its collections • A Brief Account of the as a seaman on the “ Washington," one of the Emissions of Paper Money made by the Colony of blockading fleet in front of Boston. Soon after- Rhode Island” (1837), also various addresses. In ward his vessel was captured, and he was sent to addition to his “Report on the Condition and Im- England. On the voyage he formed a scheme to provement of the Public Schools of Rhode Island” take the frigate, but was betrayed and put in irons. (1852), “ The Bible and Prayer in Public Schools" | When he arrived in England he was conveyed to (1854), and other “Reports and Documents upon Spithead and put on board of a hulk, but he escaped, Public Schools and Education in the State of and, in the garb of a beggar, found his way to Lon- Rhode Island," he was the author of “ Early His- don, where he engaged in gardening and at one tory of Narragansett, with an Appendix of Original time was employed in Kew gardens, where the Documents" (Providence, 1835). king held a conversation with him. After various POTTER, Hazard Arnold, surgeon, b. in Pot- experiences he was sent on a mission by friends of ter township, Ontario (now Yates) co., N. Y., 21 the colonies to Paris, where he met Benjamin Dec., 1810; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 2 Dec., 1869. He Franklin, by whom he was sent back with replies. was graduated at the medical department of Bow- On reaching England he sought employment in doin in 1835, and began the practice of his profes- London, where he was married and gained a bare sion in Rhode Island, but soon returned to his livelihood until 1823, when, through the influence native town. In 1835 he settled in Geneva, where of the American consul, he was able to return to he performed successfully many critical surgical Boston. He visited his former home, but the mem- operations, and in 1837 he called attention to the ory of his name had long since faded away. His presence of arterial blood in the veins of parts that application for a pension was refused, owing to his had been paralyzed in consequence of injury to the absence from the country when the pension law spinal cord. Ile trephined the spine for depressed was passed; and so, after dictating an account of fracture of the arches of the fifth and sixth verte- his experiences, he passed away. His memoirs, bræ in 1844. and subsequently he performed the published in Providence, in 1824, were sold by ped- same operation four times, twice successfully. Later lers, and finally were entirely lost until a tattered he performed ligature of the carotid artery five copy fell into the hands of Herman Melville and times, four times successfully, and removed the was made the basis of his “ Israel Potter: Ilis Fifty upper jaw six times and the lower five times. Dr. Years of Exile" (New York, 1855). Potter was early convinced of the safety of opera- POTTER, James, Revolutionary soldier, b. in tions within the abdominal cavity, and in 1843 per- Tyrone, Ireland, in 1729 ; d. in Centre county, Pa., in formed gastrotomy for the relief of intussusception November. 1789. He came to this country with his of the bowels with perfect success. He removed father, John Potter, in 1741, and the family settled fibrous tumors of the uterus from within the ab- | in Cumberland county, Pa., of which the father a 90 POTTER POTTER 66 became high sheriff in 1750. At the age of twenty- the theatres, and soon joined the Boothenian dra- five the son was a lieutenant in the border militia, matic club. He made his first appearance at the and in 1755 he was a captain under Gen. Armstrong Washington circus in 1827, and then went to Pitts- in the victorious Kittanning campaign, after which burg, where he played under the name of John Armstrong and Potter were attached friends. In Sharp. For several years he acted in various parts 1763–14 he served in the militia as major and lieu- throughout the United States, but ultimately he tenant-colonel. He sympathized ardently with the became a manager, in which vocation he continued colonies in their contest with the mother country, until his death. Mr. Potter built the first theatre in 1775 was made a colonel, and in the following in Natchez, Miss., and also those in Fort Gibson year was a member of the Provincial convention, of in 1836; in Grand Gulf in 1836; in Natchitoches which Benjamin Franklin was president. In April, in 1837; in Jackson, Miss., in 1837; in Dubuque, 1777, he was made a brigadier-general of Pennsyl- Iowa, in 1839; in Chicago, Ill., in 1841; in Roches- vania troops, and he remained in almost continuous ter, N. Y., in 1846 ; and in Cleveland, O., in 1848. service until the close of the war. In 1777, with | He sailed for California in 1855, and remained on the troops under his command in the counties of the Pacific coast until 1865, building theatres in Philadelphia, Chester, and Delaware, he obtained California, Oregon, and Vancouver's island. important information for Washington, and pre- POTTER, Joseph Haydn, soldier, b. in Con- vented supplies reaching the enemy. On 11 Dec., cord, N. H., 12 Oct., 1822. He was graduated at while the army under Washington was on its way the U. S. military academy in 1843, standing next to Valley Forge, after part of it had crossed the below Gen. Grant in class rank. In 1843–5 he Schuylkill at Matson's ford, it was found that the was engaged in garrison duty, and he then par- enemy under Cornwallis were in force on the other ticipated in the military occupation of Texas and side. They were met," writes Washington, by the war with Mexico. He was engaged in the de- Gen. Potter, with part of the Pennsylvania militia, fence of Fort Brown, and was wounded in the who behaved with great bravery, and gave them battle of Monterey. Subsequently he was employed every possible opposition until he was obliged to on recruiting service, was promoted 1st lieutenant retreat from their superior numbers.” In the spring in the 7th infantry on 30 Oct., 1847, and served of 1778 Washington wrote from Valley Forge: “If on garrison duty until 1856, becoming captain on the state of Gen. Potter's affairs will admit of his 9 Jan, of that year. He accompanied the Utah returning to the army, I shall be exceedingly glad expedition in 1858–'60, and at the beginning of the to see him, as his activity and vigilance have been civil war was on duty in Texas, where he was cap- much wanted during the winter.' He was chosen tured by the Confederates at St. Augustine Springs a member of the supreme executive council of on 27 July, 1861, but was exchanged on 2 Aug., Pennsylvania in 1780, in 1781 became its vice-pres- 1862. The command of the 12th New Hampshire ident, and in 1782 was a candidate for the presi- volunteers was given him, and he took part in the dency against John Dickinson, receiving thirty-two Maryland and Rappahannock campaigns with the votes to Dickinson's forty-one. He became a mem- Army of the Potomac, receiving his promotion of ber of the council of censors in 1784, and in 1785 major in the regular army on 4 July, 1863. He one of the commissioners of rivers and streams. took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, and at He was a farmer, and he left at his death large and Chancellorsville was wounded and captured. His valuable landed estates. services in these two battles gained for him the POTTER, John Fox, lawyer, b. in Augusta, brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel respect- Me., 11 May, 1817. He was educated at Phillips ively. He was exchanged in October, 1863, and Exeter academy, and, after studying law, was ad- was assistant provost-marshal-general of Ohio un- mitted to the bar in 1837. Settling in East Troy, til September, 1864, when he was assigned a brigade Wis., in 1838, he began the practice of his profes- in the 18th corps of the Army of the James, with sion, and during 1842-6 he was judge of Walworth command of the Bermuda Hundred front during county. In 1856 he was a member of the legisla- the attack on Fort Harrison. He afterward was ture of Wisconsin, and he was then elected as a assigned to command of brigade in the 24th corps Republican to congress, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, and continued at the front as chief of staff of the till 4 March, 1863. In 1860, after Owen Lovejoy's 24th corps from January, 1865, until the surrender of speech in congress, concerning the assassination of Gen. Lee, receiving the brevet of brigadier-general his brother, Elijah P. Lovejoy (q. v.), Mr. Potter, in the U. S. army on 13 March, 1865, and promo- at the close of an angry discussion with Roger A. tion to brigadier-general of volunteers on 1 May, Pryor, was challenged to a duel by the latter. Mr. | 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer ser- Potter chose bowie-knives as the weapons, which vice on 15 Jan., 1866, and appointed lieutenant-colo- were promptly objected to by the other side, and nel of the 30th infantry, 28 July same year. After in consequence the matter was dropped. Consid. holding various posts in the west he received his erable newspaper discussion followed. It is said promotion as colonel on 11 Dec., 1873, and then that at the roll-call of congress at the time of the continued with his regiment, with the exception of proposed meeting, when Potter's name was reached, four years, from 1 July, 1877, to 1 July, 1881, when the response came: “ He is keeping a Pryor en- he was governor of the soldiers' home, Washington, gagement.” When Pryor's name was called, the D. C., until 1 April, 1886, when he was made briga- answer was: “ He has gone to be made into Pot-dier-general in the regular army. He then had ter's clay.” In 1861 Mr. Potter was a delegate to command of the Department of Missouri until his the Peace congress, and on his defeat for re-election retirement on 12 Oct., 1886. to congress he was tendered the governorship of POTTER, Nathaniel, physician, b. in Carolina Dakota. This offer he declined, and he received county, Md., in 1770; d. in Baltimore, Md., 2 Jan., in 1863 the appointment of consul-general to Brit- 1843. He was graduated at the medical depart- ish North America at Montreal, which he held ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1796, until 1866. He has since resided in Wisconsin. and settled in Baltimore, where he practised until POTTER, John S., actor, b. in Philadelphia, his death. In 1807 he was associated with Dr. Pa., in 1809; d. in Morris, nl., 21 Feb., 1869. He John B. Davidge and others in founding the College was early apprenticed as a printer in the office of of medicine of Maryland, which in 1812 became the Philadelphia “Gazette," but began to frequent the medical department of the University of Mary- POTTER 91 POTTS land, and he was its professor of the theory and May, 1799. He was again elected in May, 1800, and practice of medicine until his death, and its dean served for three years. Gov. Potter was also a in 1814. Dr. Potter was physician to the Balti- presidential elector in 1792 and 1796, and in 1803 more general dispensary in 1803, and secretary of he was chosen to the U.S. senate, serving from 3 the medical and chirurgical faculty in 1802–9. He Oct., 1803, until his death. was a collaborator of the “American Journal of POTTER, Thomas J., railroad-manager, b. in the Medical Sciences," in 1811 edited the “ Bal- Burlington, Iowa, 16 Aug., 1810; d. in Washing- timore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum,” a ton, D. C., 9 March, 1888. He received a liberal quarterly periodical, and in 1839-'43 was co-editor education, and in 1862 entered the service of the of the "Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal.“ Burlington and Missouri railroad as a lineman of Besides numerous medical papers, he issued “ Medi- the engineer corps. In 1866 he was appointed cal Properties and Deleterious Qualities of Ar- agent of the same corporation at Burlington, Iowa. senic” (Baltimore, 1805); “ A Memoir on Conta- In 1873 the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy com- gion, more especially as it respects the Yellow pany secured his services. He was first agent, then Fever" (1818); and “On the Locusta Septentrio- assistant superintendent, afterward general mana- nalis” (1839); and he edited, with notes, critical ger, and finally general manager and vice-presi- and explanatory, John Armstrong's “ Practical dent. He was chosen vice-president of the St. Illustrations of the Typhus Fever” (Baltimore, Louis and Keokuk, of the Chicago, Burlington, and 1821), also, with Samuel Calhoun, two editions of Kansas City, of the Chicago and Iowa, of the Ilan- George Gregory's “ Elements of Theory and Prac- nibal and St. Joseph, and of the Burlington, and tice of Medicine" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1826–9). Missouri River roads, respectively: Great efforts POTTER, Platt, jurist, b. in Galway, N. Y., 6 were constantly made to induce him to leave the April, 1800. He was graduated at Schenectady Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy and accept tempt- academy in 1820, and, after studying law under ing salaries on rival roads, but it was not until Alonzo C. Paige, was admitted in 1824 to the bar. May, 1887, that he decided to accede to the request Settling in Minorville, he followed his profession of its president, Charles Francis Adams, and be- there until 1833, when he removed to Schenectady come general manager and vice-president of the and entered into partnership with his former pre- Union Pacific road. In this capacity he labored ceptor. Meanwhile he had been elected to the until he was compelled to stop from illness caused assembly in 1830, and attracted attention by his by overwork. On hearing of his early death, an speech in favor of the bill to abolish imprisonment official of the road said: “Mr. Potter was the for debt. From 1839 till 1847 he was district at- leader of practical railroad-managers. His judg- torney for Schenectady county, and at the same ment was remarkable for its accuracy, and his will time master and examiner in chancery, having been was indomitable." appointed to those offices in 1828, and continuing POTTS, George, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, to exercise their functions till the abolishment of Pa., 15 March, 1802; d. in New York city, 15 Sept., the court in chancery about 1847. He was elected 1864. He was graduated at the University of justice of the supreme court in 1857, and re-elected Pennsylvania in 1819, and at Princeton theological in 1865 without opposition, also serving as judge seminary in 1822. Ile was pastor of the Presby- of the court of appeals. His judicial services dur- terian church in Natchez, Miss., in 1823–'35, of the ing the civil war were of the utmost value to the Duane street church, New York city, in 1836–44, government, and his written opinions and judg- and of the University place church from its com- ments bear testimony to his abundant legal knowl- pletion in the latter year until his death. He en- edge. In 1870 he caused the arrest of Henry Ray, gaged in a once celebrated controversy with Bishop a member of the assembly, for refusing to answer Wainwright, of the Protestant Episcopal church, in a subpæna, and for this action Judge Potter was 1844, on the subject of episcopal ordination, which brought before that body on an accusation of “high was published under the title of “No Church breach of privilege"; but he completely vindicated without a Bishop" (New York, 1845). He also his course, and was discharged. His argument was published pamphlets and sermons.- His daughter, issued by the bar in pamphlet-form (Albany, 1870), Mary Engles, b. in Natchez, Miss., in 1827; d. in and he received numerous voluntary letters of con- New York city in 1858, translated from the Swedish gratulation from eminent jurists throughout the of Lewis F. Bungener “The Preacher and the United States. During the same year he was King" (Boston, 1853) and “ Priest and Iluguenot' chosen president of the State judicial convention (1854). See her " Memorial” (New York, 1860). in Rochester. At present (1888) he is president POTTS, James Henry, clergyman, b. in Wood- of the Mohawk national bank of Schenectady; In house, Norfolk co., Ontario, Canada, 12 June, 1848. 1865 he was elected a trustee of Union college. He was educated in the public schools of Canada which office he filled for twenty years, and in 1867 and Michigan, and graduated at Mayhew's com- the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by that mercial college in 1866. He afterward studied institution. Judge Potter has published a general theology, and was a pastor in the Methodist Epis- treatise on the construction of statutes, entitled copal church in 1869–77. He was associate editor “ Potter's Dwarris” (Albany, 1871): “ Equity Juris- of the “ Michigan Christian Advocate” in 1877-'84, prudence," compiled and enlarged from the work of and has been editor-in-chief since the latter year. John Willard (1875); and “ Potter on Corporations” Mr. Potts received the degree of M. A. from North- (2 vols., 1879). In 1886 he presented to the New western university in 1882, and that of D. D. York historical society six volumes of the “State from Albion college in 1885. lle is the author of Trials of England," published in 1742, that origi- “ Methodism in the Field, or Pastor and People" nally belonged to Sir William Johnson, bart. The (New York. 1869); “Golden Dawn, or Light on books, when they were issued, were valued at £600. the Great Future" (Philadelphia, 1880): “Spirit- POTTER, Samuel John, senator, b. in Kings- ual Life, its Nature and Excellence" (New York, ton, R. I., 29 June, 1739; d. in Washington, D. C., 1884); “ Our Thorns and Crowns” (Philadelphia, 26 Sept. 1804. He was elected deputy governor of 1884);. " Perrine's Principles of Church Govern- Rhode Island in May, 1790, serving until February, ment, with additions (New York, 1887); and 1799, when the title of the oflice was changed to • Faith made Easy, or what to Believe and Why lieutenant-governor, and as such he remained until (Cincinnati, 1888). 97 92 POULSON POTTS C/ POTTS, John, Canadian clergyman, b. in Ma- | house of delegates in 1779-'80 and 1787–8. He guire's Bridge, County Fermanagh, Ireland, in was a delegate to the Continental congress in 1781, 1838. He emigrated to Canada at an early age, became state attorney for Frederick, Montgomery, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Kingston and Washington counties, Md., in 1784, was a mem- and Hamilton, but after a course in Victoria col- ber of the Maryland convention of 1788 that rati- lege he was ordained as a Methodist minister in fied the constitution of the United States, and in 1861. After being stationed at London and York- 1789 was commissioned by Gen. Washington U. S. ville he was chosen, in 1866, as the first pastor of attorney for Maryland. He became chief justice a church that had been erected in Hamilton to of the county courts of the 5th judicial district commemorate the centenary of American Method- in 1791, and was U. S. senator in *1793–6. From ism. Hle afterward was pastor of churches at 1801 till 1804 he was associate justice of the Mary- Montreal and Toronto. He is an eloquent preacher, land court of appeals. Princeton gave him the and one of the best-known clergymen of his de- degree of LL. D. in 1805. nomination in Canada. He is a member of the POTTS, Stacy Gardner, jurist, born in Harris- board and senate of Victoria university and the burg, Pa., 9 Nov., 1799 ; d. in Trenton, N. J., 9 Montreal theological college. In 1878 the Wesleyan April, 1865. He became editor of the “ Empo- university of Ohio gave him the degree of D. D. rium," a weekly newspaper, in Trenton, N. J., in POTTS, Jonathan, surgeon, b. in Popodickon, 1821, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and was in Berks co., Pa., 1 April , 1745 ; d. in Reading, Pa., the legislature in 1828–9. He became clerk of the in October, 1781. He was a son of John Potts, New Jersey chancery court in 1821, held office ten the founder of Pottstown, Pa. After receiving a years, and then retired on account of delicate classical education, he went with Dr. Benjamin health. He was a commissioner to revise the laws Rush to Edinburgh, Scotland, for medical study, of New Jersey in 1845, became judge of the court and after his return he was graduated, in 1768, a of appeals in 1852, and retired in 1859. Princeton bachelor of physic at the College of Philadelphia, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1844. He was at the first granting of medical degrees in this active in the affairs of the Presbyterian church, country, and in 1771 received the degree of M. D. and in 1851, was chairman of the finance com- His Latin thesis on the latter occasion, “ De Febri- mittee of that body. After leaving the bench he bus Intermittentibus potentissimum Tertianis.” was devoted himself to literary pursuits. His publica- published (Philadelphia, 1771). From 1768 till his tions include“ Village Tales”. (Philadelphia, 1827) death he was a member of the American philo- and “Precedents and Notes of Practice in the New sophical society. He began the practice of medi- Jersey Chancery Court" (1841), and he left in manu- cine at Reading. Dr. Potts early identified him- script a work entitled “ The Christ of Revelation." self with the struggle for independence, and was --His brother, William Stephens, clergyman, b. secretary of the Berks county committee of safety, in Northumberland county, Pa., 13 Oct., 1802; d. in and a member of the Provincial convention at St. Louis, Mo., 27 March, 1852, learned the printer's Philadelphia, 23 Jan., 1775. In 1776 he was ap- trade, subsequently studied under Rev. Ezra S. Ely pointed surgeon for Canada and Lake George, in Philadelphia, and was a student at Princeton and returned with Gen. Gates to Pennsylvania. theological seminary in 1825–7. He was pastor of In general orders, dated 12 Dec., 1776, Gen. Put- the 1st Presbyterian church of St. Louis, Mo., in nam directed that all officers that were in charge 1828–35, president of Marion college for the sub- of any sick soldiers should “make return to Dr. sequent four years, founded the 20 Presbyterian Jonathan Potts, at Mr. John Biddle's , in Market church of St. Louis in 1838, and was its pastor till street.” Soon after this order was issued Dr. his death. Marion gave him the degree of D. D. Potts was in service at the battle of Princeton. in 1845. He published several sermons. Dr. Potts was appointed in April, 1777, medical POUCHOT, M. (poo-sho), soldier, b. in Greno- director-general of the northern department, and ble, France, in 1712; d. in Corsica, 8 May, 1769. as such joined the army at Albany, N. Y. In He entered the engineer corps of the French army November, 1777, he returned to Reading, having in 1733, and subsequently served in Corsica, Flan- been furloughed, and while there was appointed ders, and Germany. He accompanied the Marquis by congress director-general of the hospitals of de Montcalm to Canada, and assisted in the defence the middle department. He was subsequently of Forts Niagara and Levis. He is the author of surgeon of the first city troop of Philadelphia.- • Memoirs of the War of 1755—'60 in North His brother, THOMAS, was one of the original | America ” (Paris, 3 vols., 1781), which has been members of the American philosophical society, translated into English, and edited by Franklin and in 1776 was commissioned colonel of one of B. Hough (2 vols., New York, 1866). In this work the Pennsylvania battalions. - - Another brother, he speaks of observing oil-springs in northwestern John, studied law at the Temple, London, became Pennsylvania, probably the first mention of that a judge in the city of Philadelphia, and, sympa- petroleum field on record. thizing with the mother country, went to Halifax, POULSON, Zachariah, publisher, b. in Phila- Nova Scotia, but returned after the war.—Another delphia, Pa., 5 Sept., 1761; d. there, 31 July, 1844. brother, Isaac, is said to have been the person that His father, of the same name, was brought from discovered Washington at prayer in the woods at Denmark to Philadelphia in infancy, and became Valley Forge; and the country-seat of David, an- a printer. The son was a pupil of Christopher other brother, was Washington's headquarters at Sower, in whose printing establishment at German- the latter place. See " Potts Memorial,” by Mrs. | town, Pa., was printed, in German, the first edition Thomas Potts James. of the Bible published in the United States. For POTTS, Richard, member of the Continental many years he was printer to the senate of Penn- congress, b. in Upper Marlborough, Prince George sylvania. On 1 Oct., 1800, he began the publica- co., Md., in July, 1753; d. in Frederick county, i tion of the “ American Daily Advertiser," the Md., 26 Nov., 1808. He studied law at Annapolis, first daily in the United States, which he had and afterward removed to Frederick county, where purchased from David C. Claypoole, and he con- he practised till his death. He was clerk of the tinued as its editor and proprietor till its discon- county committee of observation in 1776, clerk tinuance, 28 Dec., 18:39. He issued " · Poulson's of the county court in 1777, and member of the Town and Country Almanac” (1789-1801), and POUNDMAKER 93 POUTRINCOURT was the publisher of Robert Proud's “ History of was in connection with marine zoology, and the Pennsylvania" (1797–8), the mystical works of large collections that he made were deposited in William Gerar de Bram, and other valuable books. the Museum of comparative zoology in Cambridge. He was a founder and president of the Philadel. Their examination has resulted in special reports phia society for alleviating the miseries of public upon echinoderms, corals, crinoids, foraminifera, prisons, and a member and benefactor of various sponges, annelids, hydroids, bryozoa, mollusks, other benevolent associations. He was also for and crustacea, by the most eminent investigators twenty-one years librarian of the Library company of America and Europe, which were published of Philadelphia, six years its treasurer, and thirty- principally in the bulletins of the museum. Pour- two years a director, and his portrait, by Thomas tales became assistant in zoology at the museum in Sully, hangs in its hall in that city. 1873, and on the death of Louis Agassiz became POUNDMAKER, Indian chief, b. near Battle- its keeper. His name has been given to the genus ford, Northwest territory, British America, in Pourtalesia, a variety of sea-urchins. He was a 1826; d. at Gleichen, near Calgary, 4 July, 1886. member of various scientific societies, and had As chief of the Cree nation, he first came into been elected to membership in the National acad- public notice in connection with the tour of the emy of sciences. His writings are largely con- Marquis of Lorne, governor - general of Canada, tained in the reports of the coast survey, but, in and his party through the northwest in 1881, when | addition to valuable scientific papers in the “Pro- he acted as their guide from Battleford to Calgary. ceedings of the American Association for the Ad- Believing that the Canadian government was false vancement of Science" and the “ American Jour- to its promise of relief to the Indians, he was in- nal of Science,” he published, under the direction duced by Louis Riel (9. v.) to take the field with of the Museum of comparative zoology, “ Contribu- the warriors of his nation. At the battle of Cut tions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at Great Knife Creek, thirty-five miles from Battleford, Depths” (part i., 1867; part ii., 1868); “ List of with 350 Indian warriors, he displayed great bra- the Crinoids obtained on the Coasts of Florida very in holding the regular troops under Lieut.-Col. and Cuba in 1867–9" (1869); “ List of Holothu- Otter at bay for more than four hours. Though ridæ from the Deep-Sea Dredgings of the U. S. the fight was indecisive and the losses about equal, Coast Survey” (1869); “ Deep-Sea Corals” (1871); Lieut.-Col. Otter thought it expedient to retire “ The Zoölogical Results of the Hassler Expe- to Battleford. On another occasion Poundmaker dition,” with Alexander Agassiz (1874); “ Reports surprised and captured a supply-train that was on the Dredging Operations of the U. S. Coast- carrying provisions to the troops. After the battle Survey Steamer · Blake'"; “ Corals and Crinoids" of Batache and the capture of Riel, Poundmaker, (1878); and - Report on the Corals and Antipa- after giving up the prisoners that he held, surren- tharia" (1880). dered himself to Gen. Middleton. He was subse- POUSSIN, Guillaume Tell Lavallée (poos- quently sent to Regina, tried for the part he took sang), French soldier, b. in France about 1795; d. in the rebellion, and sentenced on 18 Aug., 1885, after 1850. He accompanied Gen. Simon Bernard to three years' imprisonment in the Stony Moun- to the United States after the fall of Napoleon, and tain penitentiary. In reply to a question by the on 6 March, 1817, became assistant topographical judge, Poundmaker said: "I am a man, do as you engineer in the U. S. army, with rank of captain, like. I am in your power. I gave myself up; you and aide to Gen. Bernard. He was promoted topo- could not catch me." After sentence was pro- graphical engineer, with rank of major, 15 Jan., nounced, he asked to be hanged at once, as he pre- 1829, but resigned, 31 July, 1832. He had become ferred death to imprisonment. He was released a naturalized citizen of this country, but returned after a year's confinement, and died while on a to France, where he took an active part in the estab- visit to Crowfoot, chief of the Blackfoot Indians, lishment of the republic of 1848, and in 1848–’9 he his relative by marriage. He was of genial dispo- was its minister to the United States. Among other sition, possessed considerable intellectual force works he published " Travaux d'améliorations in- and keenness of perception, and was devotedly at- térieures projetés ou exécutés par le gouvernement tached to his race and people. général des États-Unis d'Amérique de 1824 à 1831 ” POURTALES, Louis François de (poor-tah- (Paris, 1834); “Considérations sur le principe démo- lays), naturalist, b. in Neuchatel, Switzerland, 4 cratique qui régit l'Union Américaine, et de la pos- March, 1824; d. in Beverly Farms, Mass., 19 July, sibilité de son application à d'autres États" (1841); 1880. He was educated as an engineer, but an early and “ De la puissance Américaine: origine, institu- predilection for natural science led to his becoming tions, esprit, politique, ressources des États-Unis" a favorite pupil of Louis Agassiz, whom he accompa- (2 vols., 1843; English translation by E. L. Du nied in 1840 on his glacial explorations among the Barry, M. D., Philadelphia, 1851). Alps. In 1847 he came with Agassiz to the United POUTRINCOURT, Jean de Biencourt (poo- States and made his home in East Boston, and then trang-koor), Sieur de, French soldier, b. in France in Cambridge, Mass. Pourtales entered the U. S. in 1557; d. in Mery-sur-Seine in 1615. He followed coast survey in 1848, and continued attached to that De Monts to Canada in 1603, and was subsequently service until 1873. In 1851 he served in the tri-made lieutenant by the latter. He obtained a grant angulation of the Florida reef, and at that time of Port Royal in 1604, but gave his principal atten- collected numerous gephyreans and holothurians, tion to trading with the Indians, and neglected the which led to his special study of the bed of the colony that he had established there. He returned Olean. He was the pioneer of deep-sea dredging to France in the following year, and, in pursuance in this country, and he lived to see that he had of an agreement with De Monts, equipped a vessel paved the way for similar researches both here and with supplies for the settlers, and sailed from La abroad. On the Hassler expedition from Massa- Rochelle on 13 May, 1606. After fortifying Port chusetts bay through the Straits of Magellan to Royal, he accompanied Champlain on an exploring California he had entire charge of the dredging expedition as far as Port Fortune (Chatham), which operations. In 1854 he was placed in special was not productive of many useful results. He charge of the field and office work of the tidal returned to France, his grant of Port Royal was division of the coast survey, where he remained confirmed by the king in 1607, and he was de- until his resignation. His most valuable work sired at the same time to work for the conver- 94 POWELL POVEDA 99 sion of the Indians, and to receive the Jesuits as his memoirs, he was “the handsomest man ever missionaries. He felt a strong dislike for that seen.” He returned in December, 1811, served as order, and, on the ground that Port Royal was in brigade-major of volunteers under Gen. Thomas no condition to receive the missionaries, begged Cadwalader, and from December, 1814, till June, them to postpone their departure, and then sailed 1815, was inspector-general with the rank of colonel for Acadia in 1608. He afterward wrote letters in the regular army. He subsequently, at the de- to the pope and the French court describing whole- sire of his family, refused a brigadier-general's sale conversions that had been made by himself, commission in the Colombian service, and passed and deprecating the necessity of sending out Jesu- the remainder of his life in efforts to develop agri- its. In 1610 Madame de Guercheville formed a culture and improve the breed of domestic ani- partnership with him, according to the terms of mals in the United States. He was one of the which Jesuit missionaries that she should send out founders of the Pennsylvania agricultural society were to be supported from the proceeds of the in 1823, and its secretary till 1824, corresponded fishery and fur-trade. They were badly received actively with English agriculturists, and imported on their arrival, and the suspicions that Poutrin- many valuable animals. Col. Powel was a good court entertained of their designs considerably speaker and debater, and a patron of the fine arts. hampered them. He returned to France in 1612, He was a member of the Pennsylvania senate in had a serious quarrel with Madame de Guercheville 1827–'30, and a delegate to the Free-trade conven- on this subject, and appears to have been im- tion of 1832. He published many papers in the prisoned for some time about this period. Pou- “Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural So- trincourt sailed for Acadia after the English aban- ciety”; “ Hints for American Husbandmen doned it in 1614, but made no effort to rebuild Port (Philadelphia, 1827); pamphlets entitled “ Reply Royal, returned home, and entered the French to Pickering's Attack upon a Pennsylvania Farm- service. — Ilisson, BIENCOURT, afterward called er" (1825), and “Remarks on the Proper Termina- Poutrincourt, remained in Acadia, and died there tion of the Columbia Railroad” (1830); and many in 1623 or 1624. essays in agricultural periodicals. POVEDA, Francisco (po-vay'-dah), Cuban poet, POWELL, Aaron Macy, reformer, b. in Clinton, b. in Havana in October, 1796 ; d. in Sagua in 1881. Dutchess co., N. Y., 26 March, 1832. He was edu- When very young he went to Sagua la Grande, a cated in public schools and in the state normal small inland town, where he spent his life, becoming school, but left before graduation to take part in successively a shepherd, a ploughman, an actor, and the anti-slavery movement. He was lecturing- a teacher. He has published several collections agent for the American anti-slavery society from of poems, including “Guirnalda Habanera, .” “ Ra- 1852 till 1865, editor of the “ National Anti-Slavery millete Poético," and “ El tiple campesino," which Standard from that time till 1870, and then of are known by heart throughout the island by the “ National Standard” till 1872, and since that the country people; " Las Rosas de Amor" (1831); year has been secretary of the National temper- “Leyendas Cubanas” (1846); a complete collec- ance society and editor of the “ National Temper- tion of his songs and poems (1863; 2d ed., 1879); ance Advocate.” In 1886 he also took charge of and " El peon de Bayamo," a drama, which was the “ Philanthropist." Mr. Powell was a delegate performed in 1879. Poveda was known under the to the International prison congress in London in name of the Trovador Cubano," or the Cuban 1872, and to those for the abolition of state regula- troubadour, on account of his popularity and the tion of vice, in Geneva in 1877, the Hague in nature of his poems. 1883, and London in 1886. He is the author of POWEL, Samuel, mayor of Philadelphia, b. in “State Regulation of Vice” (New York, 1878). Philadelphia in 1739; d. there, 29 Sept., 1793. POWELL, Henry Watson, British soldier, b. He was graduated in 1759 at the College of Phila- in England in 1733; d. in Lyme, England, 14 delphia (now University of Pennsylvania), served July, 1814. He became a captain in the 64th foot several years in the city council, was a justice of in 1756, served in the West Indies in 1759, and was the cominon pleas and quarter sessions courts, and stationed in this country in 1768. He became in 1775 was chosen mayor, being the last under the lieutenant-colonel in 1771, participated in Gen. charter of 1701. He continued in office until the John Burgoyne's expedition in 1777, with the military authorities took municipal matters into rank of brigadier-general, and in July of the latter their own hands, and after the Revolution, under year, after the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, the new charter, he was, in 1789, again chosen was placed in command of that post, and success- mayor. In 1780 he subscribed £5,000 for the pro- fully defended it against New Hampshire and Con- visioning of the army. He was the speaker of the necticut militia. In 1801 he became a general. Pennsylvania senate in 1792, one of the early mem- POWELL, John Wesley, geologist, b. in Mount bers of the American philosophical society, from Morris, N. Y., 24 March, 1834. He is the son of a 1773 till his death a trustee of the University of Methodist clergyman, and passed his early life in Pennsylvania, one of the founders, and, in 1785, first various places in Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois. president of the Philadelphia society for promoting For a time he studied in Illinois college, and he agriculture, and a manager of the Pennsylvania hos- subsequently entered Wheaton college, but in 1854 pital.-Ilis wife, Elizabeth Willing, was a sister he followed a special course at Oberlin, also teach- of Thomas Willing, the partner of Robert Morris. ing at intervals in public schools. His first incli- Her nephew, John Hare, agriculturist, b. in nations were toward the natural sciences, particu- Philadelphia, 22 April, 1786; d. in Newport, R. I., larly natural history and geology, and he spent 14 June, 1856, was originally named John Powel much of his time in making collections, which he Flare, and he was own brother to Dr. Robert Hare placed in various institutions of learning in Illinois. (9. 1.), but he was adopted by his aunt. Mrs. Powel, The Illinois state natural history society elected and at his majority assumed her name by act of him its secretary and extended to him facilities for legislature. He was educated at the College of prosecuting his researches. At the beginning of Philadelphia, became a successful merchant, and, the civil war he enlisted as a private in the 20th going abroad for pleasure, became secretary of the Illinois volunteers, and he rose to be lieutenant- T. S. legation in London, under William Pinck-colonel of the 2d Illinois artillery. He lost his ney. While there, according to Charles Greville in right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but soon after- POWELL 95 POWELL Monell ward he returned to his regiment and continued | University of Heidelberg in 1886, and also during in active service until the close of the war. In the same year that of LL. D. from Harvard, and he 1865 he became professor of geology and curator is a member of many scientific societies. In 1880 of the museum in Illinois Wesleyan university, he was elected to the National academy of sciences, Bloomington, but he resigned to accept a similar and he was president of the Anthropological soci- post in Illinois nor- ety of Washington from its organization in 1879 maluniversity. Dur- till 1888. He became a fellow of the American ing the summer of association for the advancement of science in 1875, 1867 he visited the vice-president in 1879, when he delivered his retir- mountains of Colo- | ing address on “ Mythologic Philosophy,” and in rado with his class 1887 was elected to the presidency. His publica- for the purpose of i tions include many scientific papers and addresses, studying geology, and numerous government volumes that bear his and so began a prac- name, including the reports of the various surveys, tice that has been the bureau of ethnology, and the U. S. geological continued by emi- survey. The special volumes that bear his own nent teachers else- name are " Exploration of the Colorado River of where. On this ex- the West and its Tributaries explored in 1869-'72 ” pedition he formed (Washington, 1875); “Report on the Geology of the idea of explor- the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and ing the cañon of the a Region of Country Adjacent Thereto” (1876): Colorado, and a year “Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the later he organized a United States” (1879); and Introduction to the party for that pur- Study of Indian Languages, with Words, Phrases, pose. The journey and Sentences to be collected” (1880). lasted more than POWELL, Lazarus Whitehead, senator, b. three months and in Henderson county, Ky., 6 Oct., 1812; d. there, 3 they passed through numerous perilous experi- July, 1867. He was graduated at St. Joseph's col- ences, living for part of the time on half rations. lege, Bardstown, Ky., in 1833, attended law lec- Maj. Powell's success in this undertaking resulted tures at Transylvania university, and was admitted in the establishment by congress in 1870 of a topo- to the bar in 1835. He then practised his profes- graphical and geological survey of the Colorado sion, and at the same time engaged in planting. river of the West and its tributaries, which was Mr. Powell served one term in the legislature in placed under his direction. During the following 1836, was a presidential elector in 1844, on the Polk years a systematic survey was conducted, until the and Dallas ticket, and was governor of Kentucky physical features of the Colorado valley, embracing in 1851-5. He was appointed by President Polk an area of nearly 100,000 square miles, had been one of the peace commissioners to Utah in 1857, thoroughly explored. This expedition, at first con- and issued the proclamation that offered pardon to ducted under the auspices of the Smithsonian insti- all Mormons that would submit to the U.S. gov- tution, was transferred to the department of the in- ernment. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a terior, and given the title of the Geographical and Democrat in 1858, served till 1865, and was a presi- geological survey of the Rocky mountain region. dential elector in 1864. Mr. Powell was a clear and In 1874 four separate surveys were in the field, and forcible debater and an excellent working mem- in 1879, after much agitation, the National academy ber of the senate. of sciences recommended the establishment under POWELL, Levin, soldier, b. in Loudoun the department of the interior of an independent county, Va., in 1738; d. in Bedford, Pa., 6 Aug., organization to be known as the U.S. geological | 1810. He served throughout the Revolution as an survey. Action to this effect was at once taken by officer of the Virginia line, rising to the rank of congress, and Clarence King (q. v.) was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He was a member of the Vir- director. From the beginning of the controversy ginia convention of 1788 that ratified the U.S. Maj. Powell was the leading advocate of consoli- constitution, and in 1798 was elected to congress dation. Meanwhile he had devoted more attention as a Federalist, declining re-election for a second to American ethnology in the prosecution of his term. It is recorded in the newspapers of that work than the other surveys had done. He had date that “Gen. Washington, on the day of elec- collected material on this subject which he had tion, mounted his old iron-gray charger and rode deposited with the Smithsonian institution, and ten miles to the county court-house to vote had already issued three volumes as “ Contribu- for his brave fellow-soldier, Lieut.-Col. Powell, tions to North American Ethnology;". In order who is happily elected.”—His son, Levin Myne, to prevent the discontinuance of this work, a naval officer, b. in Loudoun county, Va., in 1800 ; bureau of ethnology, which has become the recog- d. in Washington, D. C., 15 Jan., 1885, was ap- nized centre of ethnographic operations in the Unit- pointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1817, be- ed States, was established under the direction of came lieutenant in 1826, was in several engage- the Smithsonian institution. Maj. Powell was given ments against the Seminole Indians in 1836–7, charge of the work, and has since continued at its was wounded on Jupiter river in January of the head, issuing annual reports and bulletins. In latter year, and received the thanks of congress 1881 Mr. King resigned the office of director of the for his services during that campaign. He became U. S. geological survey, and Maj. Powell was ap- commander in 1843, was on ordnance duty till pointed his successor. Since that time he has 1849, and was executive officer of the Washington ably administered the work of this great enter- navy-yard in 1851-'4. He became captain in 1855, prise, which includes, besides special investigations was retired in 1861, commissioned commodore in in geology, the general study of economic geology, 1862, and rear-admiral in 1869. paleontology, and geography. In connection with POWELL, Thomas, editor, b. in London, Eng- the survey there is also a chemical division, where land, 3 Sept., 1809; d. in Newark, N. J., 13 Jan., the necessary analytical work is conducted. Maj. | 1887. He was a successful playwright, and en- Powell received the degree of Ph. I), from the gaged in various literary pursuits in London for 96 POWER POWELL many years, aiding Leigh Hunt, William Words. 1 in 1854. His historical paintings include “ De Soto worth, and Richard H. Horne in their “ Moderniza- discovering the Mississippi,” at the capitol, Wash- tion of Chaucer," and Horne in his new “ Spirit of ington (1848–53); “ Perry's Victory on Lake Erie,” the Age” (London, 1844). He came to this coun- painted for the state of Ohio (1863; and again on try in 1849, and from that date till his death was an enlarged scale for the capitol, completed in connected with Frank Leslie's publications. He 1873); Siege of Vera Cruz”; “ Battle of Buena was the first editor of “ Frank Leslie's Weekly," Vista”; “ Landing of the Pilgrims”; “Scott's which he established in 1855, and of “ Frank Entry into the City of Mexico"; " Washington at Leslie's Ladies' Magazine ” in 1857. He was sub- Valley Forge”; and “ Christopher Columbus be- sequently connected also with various short-lived fore the Court of Salamanca.” He also executed journals in New York city, and wrote several plays numerous portraits, among them those of Albert that were successfully produced in New York and Gallatin (1843) and Erastus C. Benedict (1855); Pe- London. His publications in this country include ter Cooper (1855); Washington Irving, Maj. Rob- * The Living Authors in Great Britain” (New ert Anderson, and Gen. George B. McClellan, in the York, 1849); “Living Authors in America' city-hall, N. Y.; Lamartine, Eugène Sue (1853); (1850); and “ Pictures of the Living Authors of Abd el Kader, Gen. Robert Schenck, Peter Stuyve- Great Britain " (1851). sant, Edward Delafield, and Emma Abbott. Many POWELL, Walker, Canadian legislator, b. in of his paintings have been engraved. Norfolk county, Ont., 20 May, 1828. His paternal POWELL, William Henry, soldier, b. in Pon- grandfather, a loyalist, was born in the province typool, South Wales, 10 May, 1825. He came to of New York in 1763 and died in Norfolk in 1849, this country in 1830, received a common-school and his father (1801-P52) was a warden of Norfolk education in Nashville, Tenn., and from 1856 till county, a lieutenant-colonel of militia, and repre- 1861 was general manager of a manufacturing sented Norfolk county in the legislative assembly company at Ironton, Ohio. In August, 1861, he of Canada from 1840 till 1847. Walker Powell became captain in the 2d West Virginia volunteer was educated at Victoria college, and afterward | cavalry, and he was promoted to major and lieu- engaged in commercial enterprises. In 1856 he tenant-colonel in 1862, and to colonel, 18 May, was warden of Norfolk county, and its representa- 1863. He was wounded in leading a charge at tive in the Canada assembly from 1857 till 1861. Wytheville, Va., on 18 July, and left on the field, After a long previous connection with the Cana- whence he was taken to Libby prison and confined dian militia Mr. Powell was appointed deputy for six months. After his exchange he led a car- adjutant-general of Upper Canada, 19 Aug., 1862 ; alry division in the Army of the Shenandoah, be- deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion at head- ing made brigadier-general of volunteers in Octo- quarters, i Oct., 1868; acting adjutant-general, 22 ber, 1864. After the war he settled in West Vir- Aug., 1873 ; and adjutant-general, 21 April, 1875. ginia, declined a nomination for congress in 1865, which appointment he now (1888) holds. and was a Republican presidential elector in 1868. POWELL, William Byrd, physician, b. in Gen. Powell is now (1888) president of a manufac- Bourbon county, Ky., 8 Jan., 1799'; d. in Hender- | turing company in Belleville, Ill. son, Ky., 3 July, 1867. He was graduated at POWER, Frederick Belding, chemist, b. in Transylvania university in 1820, and at the medi- Hudson, N. Y., 4 March, 1853. He was graduated cal department there in 1823, devoted himself to at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1874, the study of the physiology of the brain, and prose- and then studied at Strasburg, receiving the de- cuted his investigations among the Indian tribes, gree of Ph. D. in 1880, and serving in 1879–80 as professing to read the temperament from an ex- assistant to the professor of materia medica. In amination of the cranium alone. He became pro- 1881-3 he was professor of analytical chemistry fessor of chemistry in the Medical college of Louisi- at Philadelphia college of pharmacy, and he then ana in 1835, and in 1849 organized the Memphis was called to the chair of pharmacy and materia medical institute, taking the chair of cerebral physi- medica in the University of Wisconsin, with charge ology. He was professor of a similar branch in of the newly established department of pharmacy. the Cincinnati eclectic medical institute in 1856–9, Dr. Power is a fellow of the American association and lectured there two or three years. In 1865 he for the advancement of science, and a member of was chosen professor emeritus of cerebral physiol- the chemical society of Berlin, and other scientific ogy in the New York eclectic medical college, but associations. Besides writing chemical papers in he did not lecture in that institution. His collec- professional journals, he was associated in the au- tion of skulls numbered 500, and was probably the thorship of “ Manual of Chemical Analysis” (Phila- next in value and variety to that of Dr. Samuel G. delphia, 1883); translated and edited Flückiger's Morton (9. v.). Dr. Powell professed to have dis- Cinchona Barks” (1884), and an American edi- covered a measurement that indicated infallibly tion of Flückiger's and Tschich's “ Principles of the vital force, and the signs of vital tenacity. He Pharmacognosy” (New York, 1887); and has now was a member of numerous domestic and foreign (1888) in preparation an American edition of scientific societies, and a frequent contributor to | Flückiger's “ Pharmaceutical Chemistry.” professional literature. He published “Natural POWER, Lawrence Geoffrey, Canadian sena History of the Human Temperament” (Cincinnati, tor, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in August, 1841 Ohio, 1856); and, with Dr. Robert S. Newton, " The His father, Patrick Power, represented Halifax Eclectic Practice of Medicine" (1857); and an “ Ec- county in the Dominion parliament in 1867–72 lectic Treatise on the Diseases of Children” (1857). and in 1874–8. The son was educated at St. Mary's POWELL, William Henry, artist, b. in New college, Halifax, Carlow college, and the Catholic York city, 14 Feb., 1823; d. there, 6 Oct., 1879. university, Ireland, and at Harvard law-school, He began the study of art at the age of nineteen where he was graduated in 1866. He was for ten under llenry Imman, in New York, and after- years a member of the board of school commission- ward studied in Paris and Florence. He exhibited ers of Halifax, and is a member of the senate of first at the Academy of design, N. Y., in 1838, and the University of Halifax, and an examiner in law was elected an associate in 1839. His name was in that institution. lle is a Reformer in polities, erased from the list in 1845 " for non-compliance and was called to the Dominion senate, 2 Feb., 1877. with the terms of election,” but he was re-elected | Mr. Power was actively engaged in preparing" The POWER 97 POWERS 2 Tyrone Pomer Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, Fourth Series” POWERS, Eliza Howard, philanthropist, b. (1874), and “ Laws and Ordinances relating to the in 1802; d. in Washington, D. O., 25 Aug., 1887. City of Halifax” (1876). During the civil war she was distinguished for POWER, Michael, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in deeds of charity, and for her unselfish devotion to Halifax, 17 Oct., 1804; d. in Toronto in 1848. He the sick and wounded. From November, 1862, till was curé of La Prairie till 1841, when he accom- August, 1864, she was associate manager of the panied Bishop Bourget to Europe. In the same U. S. sanitary commission of New Jersey, and act- year the diocese of Kingston was divided, and Dr. ing president of the Florence Nightingale relief Power was nominated bishop of the western part on association of Paterson, N.J. She collected $8,000, 17 May. He was permitted to designate the limits and 20,000 articles for the soldiers' hospitals, and of his see, and to take his episcopal title from the contributed $2,500 of her own money to the same city in which he judged it most advantageous to purpose, without receiving any compensation. The reside. He was consecrated on 8 May, 1842, and 48th congress voted her a pension. The commit- took the title of bishop of Toronto. He restored to tee favoring her claims said in their report that the Jesuits the missions they had formerly held in from 28 April, 1861, till 14 Aug., 1864, she devoted Upper Canada, and, owing to his constant support, her whole time, energy, and means to the service they established many others. of the soldiers of the National army and for the POWER, Tyrone, actor, b. in Kilmacthomas, success of the Union cause. Ireland, 2 Nov., 1797; d. at sea in March, 1841. POWERS, Grant, clergyman, b. in Hollis, N. H., He made his first ap- 31 May, 1784; d. in Goshen, Conn., 10 April, pearance on the stage 1841. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1810, at Newport, Isle of studied theology, and was minister at Haverhill, Wight, in 1815, as N. H., in 1815–29, and at Goshen, Conn., from 27 Alonzo, in Kotzebue's Aug., 1829, till his death. He published" Essay play of “Pizarro." In on False Hope in Religion " (Andover, 1828): “Cen- 1817 Power married tennial Address ” (Dunstable, 1830); and “Histori- a lady of means, cal Sketches of the Settlement of the Coos Country, and after playing for 1784–5 ” (Haverhill, 1841). about a year in Edin- POWERS, Hiram, sculptor, b. in Woodstock, burgh, Dublin, and Windsor co., Vt., 29 July, 1805; d. in Florence, the provinces, he re- Italy, 27 June, 1873. He passed his youth on his tired from the stage. father's farm, and in 1819 emigrated to Ohio with Two years later he the family. On his father's death he settled in joined an African ex- Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was in turn a clerk, a ploring expedition commercial traveller, and a clockmaker's appren- that set out from the tice. Having acquired from a German sculptor a Pomer Cape of Good Hope knowledge of the art of modelling in clay, he exe- toward the equator, cuted several busts and medallions of some merit. and sacrificed all his means in this unsuccessful en- Later he took charge of the wax-work department terprise. Eventually he returned home to resume in the Western museum at Cincinnati, which post his connection with the theatre, and for several years he held for seven years. In 1835 he went to Wash- filled subordinate parts at different London play- | ington, where, for some time, he was employed in houses. At this time he proffered his services to modelling busts of well-known men. Owing part- several American managers as a leading performer i ly to the assistance of Gen. John Preston, he was in juvenile tragedy. Some years afterward, while enabled to go abroad in 1837, and he established playing with the Covent garden company, he was himself in Florence, where he thereafter resided. given the Irish character of O'Shaughnessy in the For some time he devoted himself chiefly to model- farce of " The £100 Note,” and rendered it with ling busts, but within a year produced his statue such perfection that it marked out his true line of "Eve Tempted,” which was pronounced a master- characters. During his last engagement at the piece by Thorwaldsen. Another statue with the Haymarket theatre, Power's salary was advanced same title was ese- to £150 per week. He visited the United States cuted in 1850. In on two occasions, from 1833 until 1835, and from 1843 he produced 1839 until 1841, and met with extraordinary suc- the “ Greek Slave," cess. He made his American début at the Park the most widely theatre in New York city on 28 Aug., 1833, in the known of all his plays of " The Irish Ambassador” and “ Teddy the works. Of this stat- Tiler.” His last appearance was at the same house ue six duplicates in on 9 March, 1841. Among the dramas in which marble have been he performed were “ The Nervous Man and Man made, besides innu- of Nerve," " Paddy Carey,” “St. Patrick's Eve,” merable casts and “ The Irish Tutor," “ The White Horse of the Pep- reduced copies in pers,” • Rory O'More,” and “ O'Flannigan and the Parian. It was ex- Fairies.” Some of these were written for him ; hibited in England others were dramatized by himself. He left New in 1845, and again York for Liverpool on the steamer - President" on at the Crystal pal- 21 March, 1841. Three days later the vessel was ace in 1851, and also met on the ocean, but it was never heard of after- in this country. was Hisotherstatues in Irish brogue. He was the intimate friend of Fitz- Boy” (1846), which Greene Halleck and other well-known literary men. was three times repeated in marble; “ America” Ilis publications include " Impressions of Amer- (1854), designed for the top of the capitol at Wash- ica"(2 vo.s., London, 1835); " The King's Secret”; ington, and destroyed by fire in 1866; " Il Pense- and "T} Lost Heir." roso ” (1856); “ California” (1858); and “ The Last VOL. V.-7 66 . wit and humor, set off by vocal ability and a rich clude "The Fisher: Hiram Powers " AN 98 POWHATAN POWERS 66 66 > 9 of the Tribe,” also known as “ The Indian Girl" | Wahunsonacook. The name Powhatan is derived (1872). Of his ideal busts the best known are from his early home at the falls of James river, ·Ginevra" (1840; 1865); Proserpine" (1845): near the site of Richmond. By his prowess and * Psyche ” (1849); “ Diana” (1852);“ Christ” (1866); ability he rose from an ordinary chief to the com- " Faith" (1867); Clytie” (1868); “ Hope” (1869); mand of thirty tribes, that numbered 8,000 per- and "Charity" (1871). The greater part of his work sons, and occupied the lands between James and consists of busts of distinguished men, including York rivers. The site of his principal village is John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Daniel Web- now occupied by the town of Shelby, on the north ster, John C. Calhoun, John Marshall, and Martin side of York river, about fifteen miles from James- Van Buren (1835); Edward Everett and John Pres- town, in the county of Gloucester. He had a ton (1845); and Henry W. Longfellow and Philip guard of forty warriors, and was always attended H. Sheridan (1865). "He executed also statues of by a sentinel at night. In 1609, when Capt. New- Washington for Louisiana, of Daniel Webster for port and Capt. John Smith, with thirty of the colo- Massachusetts, of John C. Calhoun for South Caro- nists, visited him, to treat for a supply of food, lina (1850), and of Benjamin Franklin (1862) and he received them with hospitality. He was then Thomas Jefferson (1863). Powers had much me- stalwart, gray-haired, and seemingly about sixty chanical skill, and was the author of several useful years old, with several wives, and a family of twen- inventions, among which is a process of modelling ty sons and ten daughters. In the intercourse be- in plaster which greatly expedites the labors of tween the whites and Indians, both parties endeav- the sculptor by doing away with the necessity of ored to overreach each other. One of Smith's making a clay model.-His son, Preston, b. in trades was the exchange of two pounds of blue Florence, Italy, 3 April, 1843, studied modelling glass beads for 300 bushels of Indian corn. When under his father in 1867–73. His first important Capt. Newport returned to Virginia from England, work was the statue of Jacob Collamer (1875), which he brought with him a gilded crown for the great was originally ordered of his father. It was placed sachem, and at the ceremony of coronation Powha- in the old hall of representatives in Washington. tan was declared “Emperor of the Indies.” As an He executed also, in 1881, a statue of Reuben acknowledgment of the honor conferred, Newport Springer for Music Hall, Cincinnati. Like his fa- was decked with a worn mantle, and received a ther, he works principally in portraiture, and has pair of cast-off moccasins. About a year later made numerous busts, including those of Louis Capt. Smith made an attempt to capture the wary Agassiz, in the museum at Cambridge; John G. emperor, in order to obtain a fresh supply of In- Whittier, in the Public library, Haverhill, and a dian corn. In retaliation, Powhatan prepared to replica in the Boston public library; Emanuel Swe- destroy the English settlement; but his purpose denborg, four times repeated; Charles Sumner, was frustrated by the timely warning that was owned by Bowdoin college; Ulysses S. Grant, in given the colonists, by his daughter Pocahontas. the war department, Washington; and Langdon He never trusted the white settlers, never visited Cheves. Of his ideal works the figure “ Maud Mul- Jamestown, and on the occasion of the marriage of ler” and the busts “ Evangeline” and “Peasant- his daughter sent his consent by an Indian repre- Girl" are best known. His professional life has sentative. — His daughter, Pocahontas, Indian been spent in Florence and in the United States. princess, b. about 1595 ; d. in Gravesend, Eng- POWERS, Horatio Nelson, author, b. in Ame- land, 21 March, 1617, was partial to the white peo- nia, Dutchess co., N. Y., 30 April, 1826. He was ple, and, it is be- graduated at Union college in 1850, afterward lieved, in 1607, attended the General theological seminary of the when she Protestant Episcopal church, New York city, and twelve years of was ordained a deacon in Trinity church, New age, saved the life York. He was assistant at Lancaster, Pa., till of Capt. John April, 1857; rector of St. Luke's church, Daven- Smith. He had port, Iowa, in 1857–62; of St. John's church, been taken pris- Chicago, in 1868–’74; of Christ church, Bridge- oner by some of port, Conn., in 1875–’84; and became rector of the tribe under Christ church, Piermont, N. Y., in 1886. He was Opechancanough, president of Griswold college in 1864–7, and presi- who sent him to dent of the Foundlings' home, Chicago, in 1872-'4. his brother, Pow- He received the degree of D. D. from Union college hatan. On the in 1867. Dr. Powers has published “ Through the trial of Smith, Year” (Boston, 1875); “ Poems, Early and Late” Powhatan (Chicago, 1876); and “ Ten Years of Song " (Bos- seated in an ar- ton, 1887); and is one of the authors of Homes bor of boughs, and Haunts of our Elder Poets” (New York, 1881). with a daughter --His brother, Edward, civil engineer, b. in Ame- on each side of nia, Dutchess co., N. Y., 1 Sept., 1830, was edu- him. There were cated in the public schools. He served as a civilian present about 200 clerk in the quartermaster's department during the warriors and many women. When he was about civil war, afterward taught for a time, and then to be executed, Pocahontas threw herself over became a civil engineer. In 1872 and 1874 he un- Smith's prost rate body, to shield him from de- successfully petitioned congress that an experiment struction, and her subsequent intercession with might be performed with the powder and cannon Powhatan saved his life. This event is said to of the United States to determine the influence of have taken place at Shelby, in Gloucester county. explosions on rainfall, with a view to the preven- Smith's account, given in his “General Hlistory of tion of droughts. He has published “ War and the Virginia," is discredited by Charles Deane, LL.D., Weather, or the Artificial Production of Rain" in his edition of Smith's True Relation," and by (Chicago, 1871). the Rev. Edward D. Neill, in his “ Ilišory of the POWHATAN, Indian sachem, b. about 1550 ; Virginia Company of London," on the ground that d. in Virginia in April, 1618. Ilis true name was the incident is not mentioned in Smith's earlier > was was a POWHATAN 99 POWNALL narrative, but only in his “ New England Trials her erroneously as the “ wife of Thomas Rolfe.” (1622), after the prominence Pocahontas had at- She had never learned to write. Among the many tained in England. On the other hand, Mr. Will- memorials of Pocahontas is a stained-glass window iam Wirt Henry, in an address before the Virginia placed by her descendants in St. Luke's Episcopal historical society, 24 Feb., 1882, points out that church, Smithfield, part of Smith's original narrative was suppressed, Va., represented in the preface, signed “ J. H.,” saying: Somewhat the accompanying more was by him written, which being (as I thought) illustration. It is fit to be private, I would not adventure to make the oldest Protest- it publicke.” Other parts of the preface show that ant edifice on this the design of the publication was to encourage continent, having emigration to Virginia, which might have been been built of im- prevented by report of the hostile action by Pow- ported brick in hatan. Mr. Henry has shown that the grammati- 1632. Since the cal confusion of the original narrative at the point destruction of the where the incident, if true, should have appeared, cathedral at St. adds probability that it was suppressed. That Po- Augustine, Fla., it cahontas saved Smith and the colony from peril is, with the excep- is attested by the so-called “Oxford Tract" ("The tion of the adobe Proceedings of the English Colonie”)printed in cathedral at Santa 1612, four years before her prominence in England. Fé, the most an- “Very oft," it says, “she came to our fort with cient Christian what she could get for Capt. Smith, that ever loved monument in this and used all the country well, but her especially he country. John much respected, and she so well requited it that Rolfe, her husband, had been advanced to the office when her father intended to have surprised him, of secretary and recorder-general of Virginia, and she, by stealth in the dark night, came through the as such returned to the colony. Pocahontas had wild woods and told him of it. If he would, he one son, Thomas, born in England, who was edu- might have married her.” This was in 1609, after cated by his uncle, Henry, a London merchant. Smith's release, when he returned to Jamestown, and On attaining manhood, he followed his father to sent presents to Pocahontas and her father. The Virginia, as a tobacco-planter, and became opulent Indians had been for some weeks friendlier, and the and distinguished. He left an only daughter, child Pocahontas was often seen dancing and caper- from whom sprang the Virginian families of Bol- ing, much to the amusement of the colonists, among ling, Fleming, Murray, Guy, Robertson, Whittle, whom she was a general favorite. In 1612 Poca- and Elbridge, and the branch of Randolphs from hontas dwelt away from her father, with one of his which John Randolph, of Roanoke, was descended. tributary bands, when Capt. Samuel Argall bribed John Randolph was proud of his direct descent their leader, for a copper kettle, to betray her into from the Indian princess , and some of his traits are his hands, that he might treat advantageously with ascribed to this origin. Among Rolfe's descend- Powhatan for her release. But nothing came of ants is the present bishop of Virginia, Dr. Francis this nefarious transaction. During Pocahontas's M. Whittle, who lately confirmed a class of Indian captivity in Jamestown an attachinent arose be- youth at Hampton (formerly Kecongtau), where tween her and a young widower, John Rolfe. She Pochino, brother of Pocahontas, was commander. was baptized in the small village chapel, on 5 April, See a critical judgment in the introduction to 1613, and not long afterward, in 1614, they were “ Captain John Smith's Works," edited by Edward married by the Rev. Alexander Whittaker. The Archer (Birmingham, 1884); and “ Pocahontas and ceremony was witnessed by the colonists, her broth- her Descendants,” by Wyndham Robertson (Rich- ers, and other Indians, and Powhatan sent his con- mond, Va., 1887). sent. Pocahontas wore a tunic of white muslin, POWNALL, Thomas, statesman, b. in Lincoln, over which hung a handsome robe, embroidered by England, in 1720; d. in Bath, 25 Feb., 1805. His herself, her forehead was decked with a glittering father had been connected with the English civil band, her hair with feathers, and she wore the service in India, and white bridal veil. This event produced a peace of his brother John was many years' duration. Pocahontas's Indian name long the secretary to was Matoaka ; at her baptism she was christened the lords of trade and Rebecca: In 1616, at the end of April, Mr. and Mrs. plantations. Thomas John Rolfe bade farewell to the colony, and, under first came to this coun- the care of the governor, Sir Thomas Dale, in com- try in October, 1753, as pany with several Indian men and women, sailed private secretary to Sir for England. On their arrival, on 12 June, the Danvers Osborne, royal Lady Rebecca," as she was called, was entertained governor of New York. by the bishop of London, visited by Sir Walter Ra- In 1754 he attended leigh, and presented by Lady De la Warr, as an the Albany congress, in Indian princess, at the court of King James. She what capacity is not was graciously received and royally entertained ; understood, but it is but his majesty found great fault with his subject, presumed that he was Rolfe, for venturing to marry " the daughter of an private agent of the emperor " before obtaining the royal consent. The colonial authorities in “ Lady Rebecca ” appeared at the London theatres London. While in Al- and other public places, and was an object of much bany he first perceived, interest with the people. La Belle Sauvage” be- as if by inspiration, the came a favorite name for taverns. On the eve of drift of American political tendencies. He next her return to this country she was suddenly at- advocated the delimitation of the French and tacked by smeil-pox, and died. Her remains were English possessions in America, and a neutral In- buried in Gravesend. The church register describes i dian territory between them. In 1755 he was ap- Goal 100 PRADO POWNALL 9 9 .6 pointed commissioner for Massachusetts, in nego- | tions, it works out in detail the first comprehen- tiations with the colonial authorities in New York, sive argument for the equal political status of Eng- concerning military operations against the French, lish freemen in America. In one aspect this book and in the same year he was made lieutenant-gov- and its views entitle Pownall to be regarded as al- ernor of New Jersey. He was present at the meet- most the first American statesman. Certainly he ing of the colonial governor with Gen. Edward merits renown for being the first Englishman of Braddock at Alexandria. In 1756 Pownall was education and influence that devoted his entire made governor of Massachusetts, to succeed Shir- life to the amelioration of American political con- ley. The accompanying engraving represents the ditions. Pownall was a member of the Society of old Province house, his residence in Boston. While antiquaries, and a fellow of the Royal Society. conducting the government of that province, he By some he was thought to be “ Junius.” Pow- built the fort that was named after him, on Penob- nall's political history is yet to be written. When scot river, and was active in the military campaign it is written, if just to him, it will magnify the against the French. In 1760 he was appointed gov- place that is commonly accorded to him by those ernor of South Carolina, but he never assumed the historians that have treated the entire epoch in government of that colony, as he returned to Eng- which he lived. He was the author of many works, land and was almost immediately elected to parlia- including “ Principles of Polity" (1752); “The Ad- ment. He was next made“ director-general of con- ministration of the Colonies ” (1764); " Description trol,” and joined the English force in Germany. of the Middle States of America” (1776); “ A Me- After the peace of Paris he was again returned to morial to the Sovereigns of Europe on the State of parliament, where he sat almost continuously till | Affairs between the Old and the New World ” 1781. He was the firm and consistent friend of the (1780); “ Memorial to the Sovereigns of America” American idea. In 1767 he opposed parliamentary (1783); “ Notices and Descriptions of the Antiqui- taxation of the colonies. In 1777, six years before ties of the Provincia Romana of Gaul” (1788); the peace, he was the first to announce that Eng- Intellectual Physics" (1795); “Letters advocat- land's " sovereignty over America was gone for- ing Free-Trade” (1795); an antiquarian romance; ever," and he then advocated a commercial treaty and a treatise on “Old Age." in order to frustrate French influence. He was POYAS, Catharine Gendron, author, b. in the first member of parliament to bring in a bill Charleston, S. C., 27 April, 1813; d. there, 7 Feb., for peace with the colonies. Soon after the Al- 1882. Her mother, Elizabeth Anne, published, bany congress Pownall formulated a plan for an under the title of “The Ancient Lady," several English-speaking small books and pamphlets relating to the homes empire whose seat and genealogies of families in Carolina. Her of authority was daughter was educated in Charleston, wrote verses ultimately to be at an early age, and is the author of " Huguenot in this country. Daughters, and other Poems” (Charleston, 1849) He believed that and “ Year of Grief” (1870). the Americans had POYDRAS, Julien, philanthropist, b. in Louisi- equal constitu- ana; d. in Point Coupée, La., 25 June, 1824. He tional rights with was first delegate to congress from the territory of the English in Orleans, from 31 May, 1809, till 3 March, 1811. He England, and his gave $100,000 for the founding of the Female or- wonderful saga- phan asylum at New Orleans, and left $200,000 for city, penetrating a college at Point Coupée. the future so clear- PRADO, Juan de, Spanish soldier, b. in Leon, ly as to make him Spain, in 1716 ; d. about 1770. He entered the somewhat army, took part in some of the wars of Spain in visionary to con- Africa, and was appointed governor-general of temporary “practical politicians," made him an- Cuba in 1760, but did not take possession of his ticipate the political preponderance of the English office until February, 1761. On 6 July, 1762, an race in America. Because he was wedded neither English force under Lord Albemarle began the to the American plan for independence of England siege of Havana, which was finally taken on 13 nor to the English plan for colonial subordination Aug. On Prado's return to Spain, the Madrid to the political emporium in London, he failed to government caused him to be tried by a court-mar- exert on his contemporaries all the influence that tial. He was convicted of incompetency and lack his singular ability warranted. Yet he always was of energy in the defence of Havana, and was sen- considered in parliament the chief authority on all tenced to death, but the sentence was commuted exact questions of American affairs, whether relat- to ten years' imprisonment. He died in prison. ing to South or North America. He was the first PRADO, Mariano Ignacio (prah'-do), presi- Englishman of note that made politics in America dent of Peru, b. in Huanuco in 1826. He entered a profound study. When the United States be- the army early and served in the provinces of the came independent he proclaimed that he regarded south, but was in Lima on leave of absence when the future political supremacy of England as doubt- Gen. Castilla’s revolution against Echenique's gov- ful, and admitted that the aim of his life—a con- ernment began in 1854, in which he participated. solidated English-speaking empire—was frustrated. He was taken prisoner and banished to Chili, but As a scientist, Pownall was much esteemed by Ben- soon returned, joined Castilla in the mountains, jamin Franklin, whose close friend he was, even and marched with him against the capital as chief during the trying ordeal of the Revolutionary war. of the “ Columna sagrada.” He was political gov- As an antiquary, scientist, and man of letters, Pow- ernor of Tacna when Admiral Pinzon occupied nall stood high in England. He wrote extensively the Chinchas islands, 14 April, 1864, issued on Roman antiquities and published many papers proclamation for the defence of the country, and in the “Gentleman's Magazine” on widely differ- became prefect of Arequipa. But when the vi- ent subjects. But his great literary effort was one vanco-Pareja treaty was signed, Prado, on 28 Feb., on the Colonial Constitutions” (London, 1764). 1865, marched against Lima, and entered the capi- Though somewhat deformed by classical quota- tal on 6 Nov. at the head of a victorious army, and seem 2 PRAT 101 PRATT on the 26th declared himself dictator. He signed to surrender, and killed the signal officer on deck, at once a treaty of alliance with Chili, and when he was shot down from the turret. Grau, who had after the bombardment of Valparaiso, the Spanish highly esteemed Prat for his courage, collected his fleet appeared before Callao, Prado directed the de- personal effects and sent them to the widow with a fence of 2 May, 1866. At the beginning of 1867 he letter of regret. Prat's country has honored his assembled congress, which elected him constitution- memory by erecting a granite pyramid with his al president, but his rule was not approved by the bust at Atacama in October, 1879, and bronze stat- country. Castilla rose in arms shortly afterward ues at his native town of Quirihue in 1880, and in in Tarapaca, but died on the march to Lima, and Valparaiso, 21 May, 1886. on 27 Sept., 1867, the vice-president, Canseco, put PRATT, Benjamin, jurist, b. in Cohasset, himself at the head of a rising in Arequipa, and Mass., 13 March, 1710; d. 5 Jan., 1763. The loss Col. Jose Balta (q. 2.) pronounced against Prado at of a limb in early life led him to study. He was Chiclayo. Prado attempted to take Arequipa by graduated at Harvard in 1737. studied law, and assault on 7 Jan., 1868, but was repelled, and re- soon became known for his learning and eloquence. tired to Chili. Under Pardo's government he He was a representative of Boston in 1737-150, and returned, and was elected president, 2 Aug., 1876. was a zealous lover of freedom. The friendship of He made several ineffectual attempts to come to Gov. Thomas Pownall procured him the appoint- an arrangement with foreign bond-holders, and ment of chief justice of New York. He was a man when the quarrel between Bolivia and Chili began, of great research and learning, wrote some fugi- according to the secret defensive treaty with the tive verses, and had made extensive collections former republic, he espoused its cause, and war was with the intention of writing a history of New declared by Chili, 5 April, 1879. Prado took active England, but his death prevented the execution of measures to prepare for defence, and on 16 May his design. His wife was the daughter of Judge left Callao to take command of the army then Robert Auchmuty. assembling at Tacna. He proceeded at once to PRATT, Calvin Edward, soldier, b. in Prince- inspect the allied army at Tarapaca, where he was ton, Worcester co., Mass., 23 Jan., 1828. He joined by the Bolivian president, Hilarion Daza | studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852, and (q. v.). After the battles of Jermania, San Fran- practised for several years in Worcester. He was cisco, and Tarapaca, Prado seemed to despair of a member of the Cincinnati convention which success, and on 26 Nov. left for Lima, ostensibly nominated James Buchanan for president. In to prepare and hurry forward new re-enforcements, 1859 he removed to New Yo city and practised but on 18 Dec. left the vice-president, La Puerta, till 1861, when he raised the 31st regiment of New in charge of the executive, and embarked secretly York volunteers, and commanded it at the first on a British mail-steamer, according to a manifesto battle of Bull Bun. With his regiment he after- that was published the day after his departure, to ward took part in the battles on the peninsula, the obtain help in money and material froin Europe second battle of Bull Run, and the battle of Anti- or the United States. He has not returned. etam. On 10 Sept., 1862, he was appointed briga- PRAT, Agustin Arturo, Chilian naval of- dier - general of volunteers, and he resigned, 25 ficer, b. near Quirihue, Itata, 3 April, 1848; d. at April, 1863. After the war he held the post of sea, 21 May, 1879. He received his education in collector of internal revenue in the Brooklyn dis- the College of Santiago, and in August, 1858, en- trict, which he resigned to resume his law-practice. tered the naval academy of Valparaiso. In Janu- In the autumn of 1869 he was elected a judge of ary. 1860, he shipped as apprentice on board the the supreme court of the state of New York, and Esmeralda," passing his examination as midship- he was re-elected in 1877 for fourteen years. man, 15 June, 1862, and he served on the same ves- PRATT, Charles, philanthropist, b. in Water- sel as sub - lieutenant during the capture of the town, Mass., 2 Oct., 1830. He was educated at the Spanish gun-boat “ Covadonga.” 26 Nov., 1865, and Wilbraham academy, and in 1850 came to New the engagement of Abtao in February, 1866. After York city, where he engaged in the oil and paint serving in Valdivia, the Chiloe sound, and the business. In 1867 he established the firm of Charles Strait of Magellan. he studied law, and in 1878 Pratt and Co., which has since been merged into was admitted to the bar of the supreme court. the Standard oil company, of which he is an officer. Soon afterward he was sent by the government on Mr. Pratt has taken great interest in educational a mission to Uruguay and the Argentine Republic, matters, and has founded in Brooklyn the Pratt but, on hearing of the war against Peru and Bo- industrial institute. This receives its support from livia, returned to his country, and during April, the Astral flats, which were built by him, and con- 1879, in command of the “Covadonga,” assisted in veyed to the institute. the blockade of Iquique. When Admiral Juan PRATT, Daniel, vagrant, b. in Pratt ville, Williams Rebolledo (q. 1'.) left with the fleet for Chelsea, Mass., about 1809; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 Callao on 16 May, Prat was promoted to the com- June, 1887. He was a carpenter, but did little mand of the “ Esmeralda," and with the “ Cova- work, and, his mind becoming affected, he spent his donda," also under his orders, left to sustain the time in wandering about the country, living on blockade of Iquique. On this cruise he was at- charity. He was widely known as the “great tacked early on 21 May by the Peruvian iron-clads American traveller," which was the name by which ** II uascar" and " Independencia” under Admiral he called himself. For many years he made the Miguel Grau (9. 2.). During the engagement one tour of the New England colleges annually, until of his boilers burst, and he fell an easy prey to the his visits came to be regarded almost as a regular • Płuascar,” the “Independencia," in chase of the feature of college life. His addresses, which were “Covadonga,” having struck on a reef. The turret- sometimes delivered to hundreds of students, and ship, to bring matters to an issue, rainmed the received with great applause, were remarkable for · Esmeralda," and as the latter was struck behind their long words, bombastic phrases, and curious the mizzen-mast, Capt. Prat, with sword and re- figures of speech; and the same was true of his volver in hand, jumped on board the - Iluascar," i "proclamations" and other contributions that oc- calling on his men to follow him, but the two ves-casionally found their way into print. One of his sels immediately separated, leaving all but one man delusions was that he had been elected president behind. As Prat refused to obey Grau's summons of the United States but defrauded of the oflice. 66 66 102 PRATT PRATT PRATT, Daniel Darwin, senator, b. in Paler- / for the deaf and dumb at Frederick, which he es- mo, Me., 26 Oct., 1813; d. in Logansport, Ind., 17 tablished. In 1877 he was elected by the city June, 1877. When he was a child his parents re- councils of Baltimore as finance commissioner. In moved to New York. He was graduated at Hamil- 1867 Mr. Pratt had endowed an academy in North ton college in 1831, and in 1832 engaged in teach- Middleborough, his native city, in the sum of $30,- ing in Indiana. In 1834 he went to Indianapolis 000. On 21 Jan., 1882, Mr. Pratt gave notice to the and was employed in the office of the secretary of government of the city of Baltimore of his purpose state, studied law, and in 1836 settled in Logans- to establish a free circulating library, to be called port, where he began the practice of his profession. the Enoch Pratt free library of the city of Balti- În 1851 and 1853 he was elected to the legislature, more, on certain conditions of co-operation on the and he was a delegate to the Chicago National Re- part of the city, which were promptly accepted. publican convention of 1860, also acting as its He proceeded immediately to erect fire-proof build- principal secretary. He was elected to congress ings for the library (see illustration) and four from Indiana in 1868, but before taking his seat branches, which were completed and conveyed to was chosen U. S. senator from that state to suc- the city, 2 July, 1883. Mr. Pratt intended to spend ceed Thomas A. Hendricks, and served from 4 $1,000,000, but the amount had reached $1,145,- March, 1869, till 3 Mareh, 1875. In 1875 he was 833.33 at the completion of the buildings. The appointed commissioner of internal revenue, which library was formally opened on 4 Jan., 1886. office he resigned in July, 1876. PRATT, Matthew, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 23 PRATT, Daniel Johnson, educator, b. in Sept., 1734; d. there, 9 Jan., 1805. He received a Westmoreland, Oneida co., N. Y., 8 March, 1827; common-school education, and at the age of fifteen d. in Albany, N. Y., 12 Sept., 1884. He was gradu- was apprenticed to his uncle, James Claypoole, ated at Hamilton college in 1851, and was for ten from whom he learned “all the different branches years principal of Fredonia academy. He after of the painting business, particularly portrait- ward became assistant secretary of the regents of painting.' He remained in Philadelphia until the University of the state of New York. He was 1757, when he embarked for Jamaica on some mer- one of the originators of the annual convocation of cantile enterprise. The following year he returned the professors in the colleges and academies of New home, and began to pursue regularly the profes- York. In addition to many reports upon educa- sion of a portrait-painter. About 1764 he went tional subjects, he published “Biographical No- to England and became the pupil of Benjamin tice of Peter Wraxall” (Albany, 1870), and “ An-West. Four years were spent there in study and nals of Public Education in the State of New the practice of his profession, after which he re- York, 1626–1746" (Albany, 1882), and was the au- turned to Philadelphia. He made another trip thor of the greater part of the “ History of the abroad in 1770, visiting Ireland and England, and Boundaries of the State of New York” (2 vols.), after that did not leave his native city again. His presented to the legislature as a report by the re- portraits, in the execution of which he proved him- gents of the university, self an artist of undoubted talent, include those of PRATT, Enoch, clergyman, b. in Middlebor- Rev. Archdeacon Mann, of Dublin, the Duke of ough, Mass., in 1781 ; d. in Brewster, Mass., 2 Feb., Portland, the Duchess of Manchester, Gov. Andrew 1860. He was graduated at Brown university in Hamilton, and Gov. Cadwalader Colden, of New 1803, and ordained, 28 Oct., 1807, as pastor of the York (1772). He painted also “ The London School church at Barnstable, Mass., where he remained till of Artists,” which Thomas Sully pronounced well his resignation in 1837. He was author of a “ His- executed. Pratt, probably finding portrait-painting tory of Eastham, Wellfleet, and Orleans, Mass., not sufficiently remunerative, occupied himself at 1644-1844" (Yarmouth, 1844). intervals with the painting of signs. Many of his PRATT, Enoch, philanthropist, b. in North contemporaries have attested the fine execution of Middleborough, Mass., 10 Sept., 1808. He was these sign-boards. graduated at Bridgewater academy at the age of PRATT, Parley Parker, Mormon apostle, b. fifteen, and soon afterward secured a place in a in Burlington, N. Y., 12 April, 1807; d. near Van commercial house in Boston. In 1831 Mr. Pratt re- Buren, Ark., 13 May, 1857. He joined the Mormon moved to Bal-church in 1830, and was a member, in 1835, of the timore and es- first quorum of the twelve apostles. Mr. Pratt was tablished him- one of the earliest Mormon missionaries that tray- self as a com- elled from the Atlantic seaboard to the western mission frontiers of Missouri, and among his converts was chant. He af- John Taylor. In 1840 he was sent on a mission to terward found England, and again in 1846. He was one of the ed the whole- pioneers to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and sale iron house in 1847 explored Utah lake and valley; also Cedar of Pratt and and Tooede valleys, and Parley's Cañon and Par- Keith, and la- ley's Peak, east of Salt Lake valley, were named that of after him, as he explored them in 1849 and worked Enoch Pratt a road up the cañon. He visited the Pacific coast and Brother, in 1851 and 1854 on missions, and set out on a but gave much similar expedition to the eastern states in Sep- of his time to tember, 1856, but was assassinated while passing financial enter through Arkansas. Some of Mr. Pratt's writings prises of a pub- were pronounced by Joseph Smith to be standard fic nature. He works of the church. He established the “Mil- has been direc- lennial Star” in Manchester, England, and was tor and president of various corporations, presi- its editor during 1840. It is still published. Mr. dent of the House of reformation and instruc- Pratt was the author of numerous pamphlets, lion for colored children at Cheltenham, which he among which are " An Appeal to the State of New founded, and to which he gave 730 acres of his | York." - Immortality of the Body,” “ Fountain of farm as a site, and president of the Maryland school Knowledge," " Intelligence and Affection,” “The mer- ter PRATT 103 PRATT Angel of the Prairies,” and was the author of ure of the colony, he fled from the place in Febru- “ Voice of Warning and Instruction to all People, ary, 1623, and made his way alone through the or an Introduction to the Faith and Doctrine of forest, pursued by Indians, to Plymouth, thirty the Latter-Day Saints” (New York, 1837); “ His- miles distant. He subsequently resided many tory of the Persecutions in Missouri” (Detroit, years in Plymouth colony, and then removed to 1839); and “ Key to the Science of Theology” (Liv- Charlestown, Mass. He wrote a Declaration of erpool, 1854). His marked Hebraic character and the Affairs of the English People that First inhab- tone led to his being called the Isaiah of his peo- ited New England,” published in the “ Massachu- ple.- His brother, Orson, Mormon apostle, b. in setts Historical Collections " (Boston, 1858). Hartford, N. Y., 19 Sept., 1811; d. in Salt Lake City, PRATT, Robert M., artist, b. in Binghamton, 3 Oct., 1881. He was educated in common schools N. Y., in 1811; d. in New York_city, 31 Aug., in Columbia county, and acquired an extensive 1880. He studied under Samuel F. B. Morse and knowledge of Hebrew and the higher mathematics. Charles C. Ingham, and became well known as a In September, 1830, he joined the Mormon church, figure- and flower-painter. Among his numerous which he followed in its travels to Missouri, and portraits are those of Aaron D. Shattuck (1859) became an elder in 1831, a high-priest in 1832, and and George H. Smillie (1865), both in the posses- one of the twelve apostles in 1835. Soon after his sion of the Academy of design. He was elected an connection with the church he was sent on numer- associate of the National academy in 1849, and an ous preaching missions, extending from the New academician in 1851. England and other eastern states and Canada to PRATT, Samuel Wheeler, clergyman, b. in western Missouri. He and Erastus Snow were the Livonia, Livingston co., N. Y., 9 Sept., 1838. He first Mormons to enter the valley of the Great Salt was graduated at Williams in 1860, and at Auburn Lake, and he was the first to stand upon the site theological seminary in 1863. He was ordained a where Salt Lake City was afterward" built. Mr. minister of the Presbyterian church in July, 1863, Pratt went on successful missions to Great Britain and preached at Brasher Falls, N. Y., in 1863–7; in 1840, 1848, 1850, 1853, 1856, 1864, 1877, and 1878, at Hammonton, N. J., in 1867–71; at Pratts- and was twice president of the British and Euro- burg, N. Y., in 1872–"7; and at Campbell, N. Y., pean missions, and in 1865 he went on a mission in 1877-'83. He is now (1888) stationed at Monroe, to Austria. In 1852 he went on a mission to Wash- Mich. He has written much for the periodical ington, D.C., where he edited and published " The press, published historical discourses, and is author Seer," eighteen monthly numbers, at the same time of “ A Summer at Peace Cottage, or Talks on presiding over the churches on the Atlantic slope Home Life” (New York, 1880), and “The Gospel and in Canada. He was a member of the legisla- of the Holy Spirit" (1888). tive assembly of Utah during the first session, and PRATT, Thomas George, governor of Mary- also of every other session when he was in the ter- land, b. in Georgetown, D. Č., 18 Feb., 1804; d. in ritory, and was seven times its speaker. For some Baltimore, Md., 9 Nov., 1869. He was educated in time he had the professorship of mathematics in his native place, studied law, and in 1823 removed Deseret university and in 1874 was appointed church to Upper Marlborough, Md., where he engaged in historian and general church recorder. Mr. Pratt practice. He was in the legislature in 1832–'5, and entered into theological controversies in England, in 1837 was chosen president of the last executive and in 1870 discussed polygamy with Dr. John P. council that was held under the state constitution Newman before nearly 15,000 people in the great of 1776. In 1838–42 he was in the state senate, tabernacle in Salt Lake City. These discussions and in 1844 he was the Whig candidate for gover- were published in pamphlet-form and in many nor on a platform that opposed the repudiation of papers in the United States. His mathematic the state debt. He was successful after one of the knowledge was applied in his discovery of the Law fiercest political contests that was ever waged in of Planetary Rotation,” showing that the cubic Maryland, and during his term the finances of the roots of the densities of the planets are as the state were placed on a solid basis. On the expira- square roots of their periods of rotation, which he tion of his service he practised his profession in announced in November, 1854. In 1845 he wrote Annapolis till 1849, when he was elected to the and published "The Prophetic Almanac,” which U. S. senate in place of Reverdy Johnson, who had he calculated for the latitude and meridian of resigned on being appointed attorney-general. lle Nauvoo and the principal cities of the United was re-elected, and held his seat froin 14 Jan., 1850, States. His publications include “ Divine Authen- till 3 March, 1857. During his term he became an ticity of the Book of Mormon " (6 parts); “Series intimate friend of Daniel Webster, and he often of Pamphlets on Mormonism, with Two Discus- entertained Webster and Henry Clay at his home sions” (Liverpool, 1851); Patriarchal Order, or in Annapolis. Subsequently he removed to Balti- Plurality of Wives” (1853); “ Cubic and Biquad- more. At the beginning of the civil war Gov. ratic Equations” (London, 1866): “ Key to the Pratt was a strong advocate of secession, and was Universe” (Liverpool, 1879); - The Great First confined for a few weeks in Fort Monroe, Va. He Cause”; “The Absurdities of Immaterialism"; was a delegate to the National Democratic conven- and several volumes of sermons. Mr. Pratt left, tion at Chicago in 1864, and to the Philadelphia in manuscript “ Lectures on Astronomy” and a Union convention of 1866. treatise on “Differential Calculus." PRATT, Zadock, manufacturer, b. in Stephens- PRATT, Peter, lawyer, d. in New London, town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 30 Oct., 1790; d. in Conn., in November, 1730. He was eminent as a Bergen, N. J., 6 April, 1871. His father, of the lawyer and published “ The Prey taken from the same name, had served in the Revolutionary army, Strong, or an Historical Account of the Recovery and was a tanner and shoemaker. The son was of One from the Dangerous Errors of Quakerism” employed in his father's tan-yard, and, while he (New London, 1725). was a boy, invented an improved pump for raising PRATT, Phinehas, pioneer, b. in England in liquid from the vats, which is still in use. He was 1590 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 19 April, 1680. apprenticed to a saddler in 1810, began business on He came to Massachusetts with Capt. Thomas Wes- his own account a year later, and in 1815 formed a ton's colony in June, 1622, and settled at Wessa- | partnership with his brothers in the tanning busi- gusset, afterward called Weymouth. On the fail- ness, in which he was very successful. In 1824 he 66 104 PREBLE PRAY built what he intended to be the largest tannery in in 1827-'8, and served in the legislature in 1833 and the world, around which grew the present town of 1840. Mr. Pray retired from business in 1838, and Prattsville, N. Y. He was also interested in eleven removed to Roxbury in 1853. He was connected similar establishments. In 1837 he received from with the principal charitable, religious, and tem- the New York institute the first silver medal that perance societies in Boston and Roxbury, and pub- was ever awarded for hemlock sole-leather. He lished " Boston Sunday-School Hymn-Book" (Bos- was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1836 and ton, 1833); “ The Child's First Book of Thought in 1842, serving one term each time. During his (1839); “History of Sunday-Schools and of Relig- congressional career he was active in his efforts for ious Education from the Earliest Times.” (1847); the reduction of postage, established the National " The Sylphid's School and Other Pieces in Verse bureau of statistics, and as one of the committee on (1862); and “Historical Sketch of the Twelfth public buildings advocated the use of granite or Congregational Society in Boston ” (1863). marble in their construction, instead of sandstone. PRAY, Publius Rutilius Rufus, jurist, b. in The post-office buildings in Washington were Maine in 1795 ; d. in Pearlington, Miss., 11 Jan., erected according to his plans. He was also one of 1840. He removed to the south, practised law in the earliest advocates of a Pacific railroad, and in Hancock county, Miss., served in the legislature in 1845 offered a resolution for the distribution of en- 1828, and was president of the convention that gravings of patent devices through the country for adopted the revised constitution of 1832. In 1833 the benefit of mechanics and the stimulation of in- he was appointed by the legislature to revise the vention. In 1836 and 1852 he was a presidential laws of the state, which work he completed after elector. He founded a bank in Prattsville, and great labor. From November, 1837, till his death contributed largely toward the growth of that town. he was judge of the high court of errors and ap- He was a colonel of militia in 1823, and was gen- peals. He published " Revised Statutes of the erally known by his title.—His son, George Wat. State of Mississippi” (Jackson, 1836). son, soldier, b. in Prattsville, N. Y., 18 April, 1830; PREBLE, Jedediah, soldier, b. in Wells, Me., d. near Manassas, Va., 21 July, 1861, was educated in 1707; d. in Portland, Me., 11 March, 1784. He in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and in Europe, receiving began life as a sailor, and in 1746 became captain the degree of Ph. D. at the University of Erlangen, in a provincial regiment, settling in Portland about Bavaria. He engaged in business, took an active 1748. He was a lieutenant-colonel under Gen. John interest in politics, and served in the state senate. Winslow in Acadia in 1755, became colonel, 13 At the beginning of the civil war he became colo- March, 1758, and brigadier-general, 12 March, 1759. nel of the 20th New York regiment, and at the He was for twelve years à representative in the time of his death, at the battle of Bull Run, he was general court, and became a councillor in 1773. On acting brigadier-general. Col. Pratt was the au- 27 Oct., 1774, he was commissioned brigadier-gen- thor of an elaborate review of Gen. George B. eral by the Provincial congress of Massachusetts, McClellan's report on the Crimean war. and he was afterward made major-general, but re- PRAY, Isaac Clark, journalist, b. in Boston, fused on account of age. Gen. Preble was judge Mass., 15 May, 1813 ; d. in New York city, 28 Nov., of the court of common pleas in 1778, and a mem- 1869. He was the son of a Boston merchant, and ber of the state senate in 1780.-His son, Edward, was educated at Harvard and Amherst, where he naval officer, b. in Portland, Me., 15 Aug., 1761; d. was graduated in 1833. He edited the Boston there, 25 Aug., 1807. When he was seventeen years “ Pearl " in 1834, and the Boston “ Daily Herald” old he ran away in 1835–’7, and was also connected with the “Jour- and shipped in nal of Commerce" in New York. In 1836 he be a privateer, and came manager of the National theatre in the latter on his return city, where he produced his original tragedy of was appointed "Giulietta Gordoni” (1836), and he also produced midshipman in at the Park theatre a farce entitled “The Old the Massachu- Clock, or Here She Goes and There She Goes," setts state ma- dramatized from his story written for the “Sunday rine, participat- Morning News,” of which he was the editor. He ing in the “Pro- was also editor of the “ Dramatic Guardian” and tector” in a gal. the “ Ladies' Companion.” He was in England in lant_attack on 1846–7 and acted the parts of Hamlet, Othello, Sir the British pri- Giles Overreach, and other characters, at the Queen's vateer “Admi- theatre, London, and at the Royal theatres in Liver- ral Duff," which pool and Cork. In 1850 he was engaged on the took fire and editorial staff of the New York Herald” as In musical and dramatic critic, and subsequently he 1779 he became a theatrical manager, and translated and captured in wrote several plays, including “ Paetus Coecinna the * Protec- (1847) and “ The Hermit of Malta " (1856). He tor" and sent was the author of “ Prose and Verse ” (Boston, to the “ Jersey” prison-ship in New York. After 1835); “ Poems” (1837): “ Book of the Drama his release he served in the state cruiser: “ Win- (New York, 1851); Memoirs of James Gordon throp," and took a British armed brig. After the Bennett” (1857); and numerous contributions to peace of 1783 he cruised around the world in the magazines and reviews. merchant marine. Upon the organization of the PRAY, Lewis Glover, philanthropist, b. in navy he was one of the first five that were commis- Quiney, Mass., 15 Aug., 1793 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., sioned as lieutenants, 9 Feb., 1798, served as acting 7 Oct., 1882. He received a common-school educa- captain of the brig “Pickering,” and was commis- tion and went to Boston in 1807, where he became sioned captain, 15 May, 1799, commanding the a shoe-dealer in 1815. He was a member of the “ Essex" on a cruise to China, whence he convoyed a primary-school committee in 1823, its secretary in fleet of fourteen merchantmen, valued at many mill- 1834-5, and organized a model school, but resigned ions. He married Mary Deering in 1801. In May, in 1812. He was a member of the common council 1803, he commanded the “ ('onstitution." and the blew up: was Edward Deble PREBLE 105 PREBLE squadron to operate against the Barbary states, He surveyed the harbors of Keelung. Formosa, with the Philadelphia," Capt. Bainbridge: the Jeddo, and Hakodadi, Japan, and prepared sailing “ Argus," under Lieut. Hull; the “Siren," Lieut. directions for Singapore, which were published ex- Stewart; the “ Enterprise," Lieut. Decatur; the tensively. In 1856–17 he was light-house inspector, Nautilus," Lieut. Somers; and the " Vixen,” Lieut. in 1857-9 he served at the navy-yard at Charles- Smith. On 6 Oct., 1803, the fleet arrived off Tan- town, Mass., and in 1859–61 he was executive of giers, where, by display of force and firm demands, the steamer “ Narragansett" in the Pacific. In he compelled ihe sultan of Morocco to renew the January, 1862, he took command of the steamer treaty of 1786. The “ Philadelphia” was sent to “ Katahdin,” in which he participated under Farra- blockade Tripoli, and, while chasing Tripolitan gun gut in the capture of New Orleans, and subsequent boats, ran on a reef and was captured, after the guns operations in the Mississippi and Grand gulf. He had been thrown overboard in vain efforts to float was commissioned commander, 16 July, 1862. For the ship. Subsequently the Tripolitans removed failure to capture the Confederate cruiser“ Florida" her to the inner harbor Preble arrived off 'Tripoli, on the blockade he was summarily dismissed the 17 Dec., 1803, reconnoitred the harbor, received navy, but the captain of the “ Florida” testified letters from Bainbridge in prison, and matured a that his superior speed alone saved him, and the plan for the destruction of the Philadelphia " that dismissal was revoked, he was restored to his rank, had been suggested by Bainbridge. He sailed to and given command of the “St. Louis,” which he Syracuse, where he detailed Decatur with volun- joined at Lisbon, cruising after Confederate rovers. teers in the captured Tripolitan ketch re-named The Florida" again escaped him at Madeira while “ Intrepid,” to destroy the * Philadelphia.” Deca- he was becalmed. He next commanded the fleet tur (q. 2.) accomplished the feat and rejoined Preble brigade from 24 Nov., 1864, till April, 1865, and at Syracuse, 19° Feb., 1804. Preble cruised along .co-operated with Gen. William T. Sherman. With the Barbary coast, blockaded Tripoli, and collected the steamer “State of Georgia,” in 1865, he rescued a force of small vessels, until 25 July, 1804, when six hundred passengers from the wrecked steamer he arrived off Tripoli with a frigate, three brigs, “Golden Rule,” near Aspinwall. He became cap- three schooners, two bomb-vessels, and six gun- tain on 16 March, 1867, was at the Boston navy- boats. The town was defended by forts with 45,- yard in 1865–8, and served as chief of staff and in 000 Arabs, besides two schooners, a brig, and nine command of the flag-ship “ Pensacola” in 1868–'70 teen gun-boats. Preble conducted six spirited in the Pacific. After being commissioned commo- attacks, in which three Tripolitan vessels were cap- dore, 2 Nov., 1871, he was commandant of the navy- tured and three were sunk. The pacha sued for yard at Philadelphia in 1873–5, was promoted to peace, offering to waive all claim for future tribute, rear-admiral, 30 Sept., 1876, and on 25 Feb., 1878, and reduce the ransom of American prisoners from was retired by law, being sixty-two years old. Ad- $1,000 to $500 each. Preble insisted on equal ex- miral Preble constantly contributed to the profes- change, and continued operations. The relief sional periodical press, and was a member of vari- squadron arrived on 10 Sept., 1804, under Com. ous historical societies. A collection of navy Barron, Preble's senior, and the latter, being re- registers, naval tracts, and other works from his lieved, sailed home after settling negotiations with library constitute the rarest sets of U. S. naval Italian authorities for the vessels and supplies that publications in existence. They are now in the had been furnished. Preble's strict discipline, pru- navy department, serving in many cases to supply dent and energetic measures, and perseverance are information for the biographies of naval officers demonstrated by the details of this series of the that is not otherwise obtainable. His writings, most gallant attacks that are recorded in naval many of which were printed privately and in small history. No gun was fired against Tripoli after he editions, include Chase of the Rebel Steamer of left. His operations resulted in the peace signed War Oreto?" (Cambridge, 1862): - The Preble 3 June, 1800, by which the tribute that European Family in America ” (Boston, 1868); “ First Cruise nations had paid for centuries, and the slavery of of the U. S. Frigate • Essex?” (Salem, 1870); “ His- Christian captives, were abolished. His officers tory of the American Flag" (Albany, 1872); and wrote a letter expressing their esteem and affection, • Ilistory of Steam Navigation” (Philadelphia, - he was given an enthusiastic welcome on his return, 1883).-Jedidiah's granddaughter, Harriet, trans- and congress gave him a vote of thanks and an lator, b. in Lewes, England, in 1795; d. in West emblematical gold medal. He was the first officer Manchester, near Pittsburg, Pa., 4 Feb., 1854, was to receive a vote of thanks after the adoption of the daughter of Henry Preble, who became a mer- the constitution. In 1806 Jefferson offered him a chant in Paris, France. She was educated at the seat in the cabinet as the head of the navy depart- school of Madame Campan in St. Germain-en-Laye, ment, but feeble health prevented his acceptance : came to the Cnited States with her mother in 1830, be returned to Portland, where he died of consump- and in 1832 established a school in Pittsburg, which tion.- Edward's nephew, George Henry, naval | feeble health compelled her to abandon in 1836. officer, b. in Portland, Me.. 25 Feb., 1816; d. in She published translations into French prose of Boston, Mass., 1 March, 1885, entered the navy as Bulwer's poem “ The Rebel," with an historical in- midshipman, 10 Oct., 1835, cruised in the Mediter- troduction (Paris, 1827), and of James Fenimore ranean in the frigate - United States” in 1836-'8, Cooper's “ Notions of the Americans " (4 vols., 1828), became passed midshipman 22. June, 1841, served and left several works in manuscript. See " Me- in the Florida war in 1841-2, and circumnavigated moir of Harriet Preble, containing Portions of her the world in the “St. Louis " in 1843-'5, when he correspondence, Journal, and other Writings,” by took ashore the first American force that landed Prof. Richard H. Lee (New York, 1856). in China. In the Mexican war, in 1846–7, he par- PREBLE, William Pitt, jurist, b. in York, ticipated in the capture of Alvarado, Vera Cruz, Me., 27 Nov., 1783 ; d. in Portland, Me., 11 Oct., and Tuxpan. He became a master, 15 July, 1847, 1857. Ile was graduated at Harvard in 1806, and and lieutenant, 5 Feb., 1848, served in the frigate was tutor in mathematics there in 1809-'11. In * St. Lawrence” in 1853–6, took goods to the Lon- 1813 he was appointed L. S. district attorney and don exhibition, joined Com. Matthew C. Perry's became a leader of the Democratic party. In 1818 expedition to China, and fought Chinese pirates, for he removed to Portland, which he represented in which the English authorities gave him their thanks. I the State constitutional convention of 1819, and . 106 PRENTISS PRÉFONTAINE 6 99 92 was one of its most influential members. On the porter of President Lincoln's administration. He inauguration of the new state government of 1820 resigned his office, but contributed to this journal he was appointed a judge of the supreme court. until its consolidation with the “ Courier” under In 1829 he was made U. Š. minister to the Nether- the name of the “ Courier Journal.” He also fur- lands, and he subsequently held other public offices. nished a column of wit and humor to the “New He was the first president of the Atlantic and St. York Ledger” for several years. He wrote numer- Lawrence railroad company in 1847, and published ous poems, which have been collected in book-form pamphlets relating to this corporation (1845–’7). and published, with a biography, by John James Bowdoin gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1829. Piatt" (Cincinnati, 1875). Mr. Prentice was the PRÉFONTAINE, Aymery, Chevalier de (pray- author of a "Life of Henry Clay" (Hartford, 1831). fon-tane), French soldier, b. in Coutances in 1720 ; A selection of his writings was published under d. in Cayenne in 1767. He entered the army very the title of “Prenticeana; or, Wit and Humor early, and served all his life in the French posses- (New York, 1859 ; 2d ed., with biographical sions of South America, holding the post of police sketch by Gilderoy W. Griffin, Philadelphia, 1870). lieutenant of Cayenne from 1759 till his death. He See also a “ Memorial Address” by his successor, contributed much to the improvement of the col- Henry Watterson (Cincinnati, 1870). ony, promoted emigration, and presented several PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, b. papers to the king's councils in advocation of the in Belleville, Wood co., Va., 23 Nov. 1819. He scheme of “ France équinoxiale.” He published removed with his parents to Missouri in 1835, and several works, including, “ Maison rustique à in 1841 settled in Quincy, III., where he learned l'usage des habitants de la partie de la France rope-making, and subsequently engaged in the équinoxiale connue sous le nom de Cayenne" commission business. In 1844-5 he was ist lieu- (Paris, 1763), to which is prefixed a dictionary of tenant of a company that was sent against the the Galibi dialect and a grammatical essay, which Mormons in Hancock, Ill. He served in the Mexi- was afterward reprinted by Lesueur, and is yet con- can war as captain of volunteers, and on his re- sidered as one of the best treatises on the language turn was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for of the Guiana Indians. congress in 1860. At the beginning of the civil PRENCE, or PRINCE, Thomas, governor of war he reorganized his old company, was ap: Plymouth colony, b. in England in 1601; d. in pointed colonel of the 7th Illinois regiment, and Plymouth, Mass., 29 March, 1673. He sailed for became brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 May, this country on the “ Mayflower,” and was a signer 1861 He was placed in command of Cairo, after- of the first compact that was drawn up by the pas- ward served in southern Missouri, routed a large sengers of the vessel before their landing, under body of Confederates at Mount Zion on 28 Dec., date of 11 Nov., 1620. He was one of the first 1861, and joined Gen. Grant three days before the settlers of Nansett, or Eastham, was chosen gover- battle of Shiloh, on the first day of which he was nor of Plymouth colony in 1634, serving until 1638, taken prisoner with most of his command. He and again from 1657 till 1673, and was an assistant was released in October, 1862, and appointed ma- in 1635–7 and 1639-²57. He was an impartial jor-general of volunteers on 29 Nov. He was a magistrate, was distinguished for his religious member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitz- zeal, and opposed those that he believed to be John Porter (9.v.). He commanded at the post of heretics, particularly the Quakers. In opposition Helena, Ark., and on 3 July, 1863, defeated Gen. to the clamors of the ignorant he procured revenue Theophilus H. Holmes and Gen. Sterling Price, for the support of grammar-schools in the colony. who attacked him there. Gen. Prentiss resigned Gov. Prence gave to Wamsutta and Pometacom, his commission on 28 Oct., 1863. the sons of Massasoit, the names of Alexander and PRENTISS, Charles, editor, b. in Reading, Philip as a compliment to their warlike character. Mass., 8 Oct., 1774; d. in Brimfield, Mass., 20 Oct., PRENTICE, George Denison, journalist, b. 1820. His father, Caleb, was pastor of a church in in Preston, Conn., 18 Dec., 1802 ; d. in Louisville, Reading. The son was graduated at Harvard in Ky., 22 Jan., 1870. Before the age of fifteen he 1795, and in that year became editor of the was principal of a public school. He was gradu- “ Rural Repository," a short-lived weekly journal, ated at Brown in 1823, studied law, and was ad- at Leominster, Mass. Subsequently he edited - The mitted to the bar | Political Focus," which was afterward called the in 1829, but never Washington Federalist,” in Georgetown, D. C., practised his pro- the “ Anti-Democrat," and a literary paper called fession. In 1825 The Child of Pallas " in Baltimore. In 1804 he he was the editor visited England, in 1809 he published “The of the “ Connecti- Thistle," a theatrical paper of brief duration, and cut Mirror,” and after 1810 he reported the congressional proceed- in 1828 he took ings in Washington, where he edited “ The Inde- chargeofthe“ New pendent American.” He was the author of “A England Weekly Collection of Fugitive Essays in Prose and Verse ” Review," which he (Leominster, 1797); “Life of Robert Treat Paine conducted for two (Boston, 1812); “Life of Gen. William Eaton," years, and then re- printed anonymously (Brookfield, 1813); “ Poems” moved to Louis- (1813); a “ History of the United States”; and the ville, Ky. In 1831 ** Trial of Calvin and Hopkins” (1819). he became editor PRENTISS, George Aldrich, naval officer, b. of the Louisville in Keene, N. H., in 1809; d. near Charleston, S. C., " Journal," a daily 8 April, 1868. His father, John (1777–1873), served paper, which he in the New Hampshire legislature, established the made the principal advocate of the Whig party " New Hampshire Sentinel,” which he conducted in that region, and won a reputation for political for forty-nine years, and at his death was the oldest ability, wit, and satire. In 1860 he sustained the editor in New England. The son entered the U.S. Union party, but although maintaining its cause navy as midshipman on 1 March, 1825, was on duty during the civil war he was not a zealous sup- I at the Portsmouth navy-yard, served in the sloop- 66 66 29 > : kerbrenities PRENTISS 107 PRENTISS 02. Prenáj of-war “ Lexington” in 1827, and, after a three- | tive power. In 1837 he was elected to the lower years' cruise, returned to this country. He was house of congress, and, finding his seat preoccu- on the sloop-of-war “ Boston” in the Mediterranean, pied by Col. Claiborne, the Democratic candidate was promoted lieutenant on 9 Feb., 1837, and was at the election, he vindicated his claim in a speech attached to the receiving-ship“ Ohio” at Boston, nearly three days long, which established his repu- Mass., in 1843. On 14 Sept., 1845, he became com- tation as one of the mander, and on 16 July, 1860, he was made com- ablest parliamentary modore on the retired list. orators in the coun- PRENTISS, Samuel, physician, b. in Stoning- try. His claim hav- ton, Conn., in 1759 ; d. in Northfield, Mass., in ing been rejected by 1818. He was the son of Col. Samuel Prentiss, the casting vote of who served in the Revolutionary war. After re- the speaker, James ceiving a good education, he studied medicine, and K. Polk, he went entered the Revolutionary army as assistant sur- back to Mississippi, geon. After the war he went to Worcester, Mass., and after a vigorous and afterward to Northfield, where he gained a canvass of the state large practice, and for many years was the princi- was again elected pal operator in the vicinity. He was made a fel- by a large majority. low of the Massachusetts medical society in 1810. His principal speech –His son, Samuel, jurist, b. in Stonington, Conn., at this session was 31 March, 1782; d. in Montpelier, Vt., 15 Jan., made against the 1857, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1802, sub-treasury bill. In and began to practise in Montpelier in 1803, soon 1838 he visited his acquiring a reputation for eloquence and integrity. nativecity,and while He served in the legislature in 1824–5, and in 1829 there accepted an invitation to attend the public was elected chief justice of the supreme court of dinner to be given in July to Daniel Webster in Vermont. He was then chosen to the U. S. senate Faneuil hall. His speech on this occasion was de- as a Whig, serving from 5 Dec., 1831, till 11 April, clared many years afterward by Edward Everett 1842, when he resigned. During his term he ef- to have been the most wonderful specimen of a fected the passage of a bill against duelling in the sententious fluency which I have ever witnessed." District of Columbia. In 1842 he was appointed Mr. Webster, when asked by Mr. Everett if he had judge of the U.S. district court of Vermont, which ever heard anything like it, replied, “Never, ex- office he held until his death.- Another son, John cept from Mr. Prentiss himself.” In 1839, on his Holmes, journalist, b. in Worcester, Mass., 17 way home from Washington, he stayed a week in April, 1784; d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 26 June, Kentucky, and defended his friend, Judge Wilkin- 1861, learned the printer's trade, and, settling in son, who had been charged with murder, in a speech Cooperstown, N. Y., established there, in 1808, that was a masterpiece of forensic eloquence. In “The Freeman's Journal,” which he conducted 1840 he canvassed the state of Mississippi as can- until 1849. He was elected a representative to didate for presidential elector, making a series of congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 Sept., speeches that severely taxed his physical strength. 1837, till 3 March, 1841.—The second Samuel's son, During the next four years he delivered many Theodore, lawyer, b. in Montpelier, Vt., 10 Sept., speeches, marked by extraordinary energy and ele- 1815, entered the University of Vermont in 1838, vation of tone, against the repudiation by that but, owing to impaired health, left in the same state of its bonded debt. In 1845, regarding the year, and travelled in the south. He studied law state as “disgraced and degraded” by that act, he under his father, was admitted to the bar in 1844, began the study of the civil law, and removed to and in 1845 removed to Watertown, Wis. He was New Orleans, La., where, in 1850, a fatal disease a member of the convention of 1846, acting as closed his brilliant and brief career. As an orator chairman of the committee on the acts of congress Mr. Prentiss had a gift akin to that of the Italian for the admission of the state, and reported the improvisatore. When addressing a large assem- article upon that subject, which, after a single blage of men, he experienced an electrical excite- amendment that he suggested, was adopted. He ment, at times “ almost maddening,” and he seemed was also a member of the State constitutional con- to himself to be rather spoken from than speak- vention of 1847–8. Mr. Prentiss served in the ing. New thoughts came rushing into his mind Wisconsin legislature, and was three times elected unbidden, which surprised himself as much as his mayor of Watertown. hearers, and which, he said, “ he could no more re- PRENTISS, Sergeant Smith, orator, b. in produce when the excitement was over than he Portland, Me., 30 Sept., 1808 ; d. at Longwood, could make a world.” The printed reports of his near Natchez, Miss., 1 July, 1850. In his boyhood speeches are hardly more than skeletons, giving lit- he was remarkable for his mental sprightliness, tie idea of his eloquence. His manner of speaking and for the keen appetite with which he devoured was at once natural and dramatic, and he combined all the books on which he could lay his hand. He in a remarkable degree logical power with intense was a cripple all his life, and could walk until his passion, keen wit, pathos, and a vivid imagination. ninth year only with crutches; but afterward he At the bar his chief characteristics were his mas- required but a cane. At the age of fifteen he en- tery of his subject, his readiness, adroitness, fer- tered the junior class of Bowdoin, where he was tility of resources, and absolute command of all his graduated'in 1826. In 1827 he went to Natchez, mental stores. In a jury trial, to give him the Miss., in the vicinity of which he taught in a pri- concluding address was nearly equivalent to giving vate family, and read law. In 1829 he was ad- him the verdict. With all his readiness he was mitted to the bar, and removed to Vicksburg; indefatigable in his legal studies, and spared no where he rose to the front rank in reputation and labor on his cases. A legal acquaintance who knew the extent of his practice. In 1835 Mr. Prentiss him well said that his forte was best seen in the was elected as a representative to the legislature of analysis of a point of law, or the discussion of a Mississippi, in which he made several speeches that constitutional question. “His style then became were remarkable for wit, sarcasm, and argumenta-terse, simple, severe, exhibiting a mental discipline a 108 PRESCOTT PRESCOTT 66 and a faculty of concentration in striking contrast the chemical laboratory of the University of Michi- with the natural exuberance of his fancy.” Mr. gan, and his various chemical investigations, chiefly Prentiss had fine social qualities, and his conversa- in analytical organic chemistry. Prof. Prescott has tion sparkled with the shrewd sense, wit, and bril- published “ Qualitative Chemical Analysis," with liant fancy that characterized his speeches. See a Silas H. Douglas (Ann Arbor, 1874; 4th ed., with memoir by his brother, Rev. George L. Prentiss Otis C. Johnson, New York, 1888); “ Outlines of (2 vols., New York, 1855, new ed., 1870).—His broth- Proximate Organic Analysis” (New York, 1875); er, George Lewis, clergyman, b. in Gorham, Me., Chemical Examination of Alcoholic Liquors 12 May, 1816, after graduation at Bowdoin in 1835, (1875); “ First Book in Qualitative Chemistry was assistant in Gorham academy in 1836–7, and (1879); and “ Organic Analysis; a Manual of the studied theology at Halle and Berlin universities Descriptive and Analytical Chemistry of Certain from 1839 till 1841. He became pastor of the Carbon Compounds in Common Use" (1887). South Trinitarian church, New Bedford, Mass., in PRESCOTT, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Con- April, 1845, and in 1851 was made pastor of the cord, Mass., 16 Sept., 1687; d. in Danvers, Mass., Mercer street Presbyterian church in New York 28 May, 1777. He was the son of Capt. Jonathan city, but owing to impaired health he resigned and Prescott, of Concord, was graduated at Harvard in travelled in Europe. On his return he established 1709, and ordained minister of Danvers, 23 Sept., the “ Church of the Covenant," New York city, of 1713. He resigned his charge, 16 Nov., 1756. Mr. which he was pastor from 1862 till 1873, when he | Prescott was the author of " Examination of Cer- resigned to become professor of pastoral theology, tain Remarks” (Boston, 1735); Letter to Joshua church polity, and missionary work in Union theo- Gee” (1743); "Letter to Rev. George Whitefield" logical seminary. Bowdoin gave him the degree (1745); and “ A Free and a Calm Consideration of of D. D. in 1854. In addition to sermons, address the Unhappy Misunderstandings and Debates be- es, and contributions to periodicals, he has pub- tween Great Britain and the American Colonies” lished, besides the memoir of his brother men- (Salem, 1768). tioned above, “ Discourse in Memory of Thomas PRESCOTT, George Bartlett, electrician, b. in Harvey Skinner, D. D.. LL. D.” (1871), and “ Life Kingston, N. H., 16 Sept., 1830. He was educated and Letters of Elizabeth Prentiss" (1882 ; new ed., at private schools in Portland, Me., and from 1847 1887).—George Lewis's wife, Elizabeth Payson, till 1858 was manager of telegraph offices. He be- author, b. in Portland, Me., 26 Oct., 1818; d. in came in 1858 superintendent of the American and Dorset, Vt., 13 Aug., 1878, was a daughter of the in 1866 of the Western union telegraph companies' Rev. Edward Payson (q. v.). She was educated in lines, and in 1869 electrician of the Western union Portland and Ipswich, and taught in Portland and telegraph company. Mr. Prescott was also electri- Richmond in 1840–'3. In 1845 she married Mr. cian of the International ocean telegraph company Prentiss, and after the loss of her two children de- from 1873 till 1880. In 1873 he visited Europe in voted herself to writing. She was the author of the interest of the Western union telegraph com- numerous books, which include the “ Little Susy pany for the purpose of investigating the various Series" (New York, 1853–’6); “ The Flower of the systems of telegraphy in operation there, with a view Family” (1854); “Only a Dandelion, and Other of incorporating any improvement that he might Stories” (1854); “ Fred, Maria, and Me" (1868); discover into the system in the United States. He “ The Percys” (1870); " The Home at Greylock found many important objects of recommendation, (1876); “ Pemaquid ; a Story of Old Times in New and among others that were adopted was the sys- England” (1871); and “ Avis Benson, with Other tem of transmitting messages in cities by pneu- Sketches” (1879). Her chief work, “Stepping matic tubes, which he introduced in New York in Heavenward,” which was first published in the 1876. Mr. Prescott also introduced the duplex and “ Chicago Advance” (1869), has been translated quadruplex telegraphs in 1870 and 1874. He was into various languages, and it is estimated that vice-president, director, and member of the execu- 100,000 copies have been sold. tive and finance committee of the Gold and stock PRESCOTT, Albert Benjamin, chemist, b. in telegraph company in 1873–'81, and president of Hastings, N. Y., 12 Dec., 1832. He was graduated the American speaking telephone company in at the medical department of the University of 1879–82, also director and member of the execu- Michigan in 1864, and at once entered the U. S. tive committee of the Metropolitan telephone and volunteer service as assistant surgeon, with charge telegraph company, and of the Bell telephone com- successively of hospitals in Louisville, Ky., and in pany of Philadelphia. His inventions include an Jeffersonville, Ind., also serving as a member of improvement in telegraph insulators (1872) and the medical examining board in Louisville, Ky. In an improvement in quadruplex telegraphs (1876). 1865 he returned to the University of Michigan as which he patented in the United States and Great assistant professor of chemistry, and lecturer on Britain. Mr. Prescott has contributed many ar- organic chemistry, and in 1870 was made professor ticles to periodicals, and has published “ History, of organic and applied chemistry and of pharmacy. | Theory, and Practice of the Electric Telegraph He was a member of the committee of revision of (Boston, 1860): “ The Proposed Union of the Tele- the U.S. Pharmacopeia" in 1880. Since 1876 he graph and Postal Systems” (New York, 1869); has served as dean of the school of pharmacy, and The Government and the Telegraph” (1872); since 1884 as director of the chemical laboratory in Electricity and the Electric Telegraph " (1877); the same university Prof. Prescott is a member of The Speaking Telephone, Talking Phonograph, many scientific societies, and was elected in 1876 a and other Novelties" (1878): "The Speaking Tele- fellow of the London chemical society, in 1886 presi- | phone, Electric Light, and other Recent Electrical dent of the American chemical society, and in the inventions " (1879);“ Dynamo-Electricity; its Gen- same year vice-president of the American assoc eration, Application, Transmission, Stórage, and tion for the advancement of science, delivering, in Measurement" (1884); and “ Bell's Electric Speak- 1887, a retiring address on “The Chemistry of Nitro- ing Telephone: its Invention, Construction, Ap- gen as disclosed in the Constitution of the Alka- i plication, Modification, and History" (1884). loids.” He has been a contributor to the periodical PRESCOTT, Mary Newmarch, author, b. in literature of chemistry from 1869, his work includ- Calais, Me., 2 Áng., 1849. She afterward removed ing reports of scientific work under his direction in i with her parents to Newburyport, Mass., where she PRESCOTT 109 PRESCOTT 66 was educated, partly under the direction of her the proffered governorship of St. Lucia. Finding it sister, Harriet Prescott, afterward Mrs. Spofford. impossible to effect much at Guadaloupe, he with- She began to write prose and verse soon after leav- drew the British troops there, and sent some to ing school . Her first story, printed in “ Harper's Antigua and Dominica, and the rest to Martinique, Monthly," was written for a school exercise. She where he returned. His health failing, he applied has written much for children, and many of her for leave to return to England, where he arrived, mature stories and poems have been widely copied. 10 Feb., 1795. On 12 July, 1796, he succeeded Her first book for children was Matt's Follies" Lord Dorchester as governor of Canada, and on (Boston, 1873). She has never made a collection of his arrival in Quebec he began strengthening the her miscellaneous writings. She spent 1885 and fortifications of that city. In 1797 he was also part of 1886 in Europe, but her home is still in appointed governor of Nova Scotia, and he remained Newbury port. at the head of the government of that colony, and PRESCOTT, Richard, British officer. b. in of Canada and New Brunswick, till 1799, when he England in 1725 ; d. there in October, 1788. He was recalled and succeeded by Sir Robert Shore was appointed a major of the 33d foot, 20 Dec., Milnes. The principal event of his administration, 1756, and in May, 1762, became lieutenant-colonel during which he was made full general, was the at- of the 50th foot, with which regiment he served in tempt of David McLean to excite the people to in- Germany during the seven years' war. He was surrection, and to capture the city of Quebec, in afterward brevetted colonel of the 7th foot, with which attempt McLean lost his life. Gen. Pres- which he came to Canada in 1773. On the reduc- cott returned to England, and settled at Rose tion of Montreal by the Americans in 1775, Col. Green, near Battle, where he died. Prescott, who had the local rank of brigadier-gen- PRESCOTT, William, soldier, b. in Groton, eral, attempted to descend to Quebec with the Mass., 20 Feb., 1726; d. in Pepperell, Mass., 13 British troops and the military stores, but was Oct., 1795. His father, Judge Benjamin Prescott, obliged to surrender to the Americans on 17 Nov. was the grandson of John, of Lincolnshire, Eng- In September, 1776, he was exchanged for Gen. land, an early settler of Lancaster, Mass. The son John Sullivan, in November he became colonel of inherited a large estate and resided at Pepperell. his regiment, and in December he was third in In 1755 he served successively as lieutenant and command of the expedition against Rhode Island, captain in the provincial army under Gen. John where he remained in command of the British Winslow during the expedition against Nova Sco- forces until he was made prisoner, 10 July, 1777, by tia. His conduct in that campaign attracted the Lieut.-Col. William Barton (q. 2.). He was final- attention of the British general, who offered him a ly exchanged for Gen. Charles Lee, and resumed commission in the regular army, which he declined, his command at Rhode Island, but was almost im- and after the war he retired to his estate at Pep- mediately superseded by Sir Robert Pigott. He beperell. In 1774 he was appointed to command a came a major-general, 29 Aug., 1777, and lieutenant- regiment of minute-men, with which he marched, general, 26 Nov., 1782. His treatment of American on 19 April, 1775, to Lexington, to oppose the ex- prisoners was harsh and cruel. See “ The Capture pedition that was sent out by Gen. Thomas Gage. of Prescott by Lieut.-Col. William Barton," an ad- Before Prescott arrived the British had retreated, dress at the centennial celebration of the exploit, and he then proceeded to Cambridge, where he en- by Jeremiah Lewis Diman (Providence, 1877). tered the provincial army, the majority of his PRESCOTT, Robert, British soldier, b. in Lan- officers and men cashire, England, in 1725; d. near Battle. Sussex, volunteering to 21 Dec., 1816. He became captain of the 15th foot, with him 22 Jan., 1755, and served in the expeditions against during his first Rochefort in 1757, and Louisburg in 1758. He campaign. On acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Amherst in 1759, 16 June, 1775, he and afterward joined the army under Gen. James was ordered to Wolfe. On 22 March, 1761, he was appointed ma- Charlestown with jor of the 95th foot, which formed part of the force 1,000 men, and di- that was sent under Gen. Robert Monckton to re- rected to throw duce Martinico. He became lieutenant-colonel of up works the 28th regiment, 8 Sept., 1775, and was present at Bunker Hill. On the battle of Long Island, the several engagements arriving at the in Westchester county, and the storming of Fort ground, it was per- Washington in November, 1775. He was attached ceived that the to the expedition against Philadelphia in 1777, ap- neighboring ele- pointed colonel by brevet on 29 Aug., and engaged vation, called in the battle of the Brandywine. In 1778 he was Breed's Hill, was appointed first brigadier-general in the expedition a more suitable under Gen. James Grant against the French West station, and on it Indies. He became colonel, 13 Oct., 1780; major- the defences, con- general, 19 Oct., 1781; was appointed colonel of sisting of a the 28th regiment, 6 July, 1789; and lieutenant- doubt and breast- general, 12 Oct., 1793. In October, 1793, he was or- work, were erect- dered to Barbadoes to take command there, and in ed during the February, 1794, he sailed with the troops to Marti- night. The following day a large British force nique, where he landed without opposition. Ile commanded by Gen. William Howe attacked the effected the complete reduction of the island and Americans, and, after the latter had repelled two forts, which capitulated on 22 March, and was after- assaults, and had exhausted their ammunition, suc- ward appointed civil governor of the island. His ceeded in dislodging them. In this battle, which wise and judicious management of affairs prevented owes its importance to the fact that it demon- an uprising of the natives. From Martinique he was strated the ability of the provincials successfully sent to Guadaloupe, where he pursued the same firm to oppose British regulars, Bancroft says that and conciliatory policy, and at this time he refused " no one appeared to have any command but Col. serve on re- ICOLOREL WTOREPRESCOTT UREDAVZS 110 PRESCOTT PRESCOTT . For H. Prescott 4 Prescott," and that “his bravery could never be | In 1808 he removed to Boston, and was for several enough acknowledged and applauded." He was years a member of the governor's council. He one of the last to leave the intrenchments when was a delegate to the Hartford convention in 1814, he found it necessary to order a retreat, and im- in 1818 was appointed a judge of the court of mediately offered to retake the position if the common pleas for Suffolk, which post he soon re- commander-in-chief would give him three regi- signed, and in 1820 was a delegate to the State ments. Before the attack Gage, reconnoitring the constitutional convention. He was a member of works, saw Prescott walking on the parapet, and the American academy of arts and sciences. asked Counsellor Willard who he was, and if he The second William's son, William Hickling, would fight? The latter replied, “That is Col. historian, b. in Salem, Mass., 4 May, 1796; d. in Prescott-he is an old soldier, and will fight as Boston, Mass., 28 Jan., 1859, was graduated at long as a drop of blood remains in his veins.” Harvard in 1814, and would have devoted him- Early in 1777 he resigned and returned home, but self to the law but for the results of an act of in autumn of that year he joined the northern folly on the part of an undergraduate, who threw army under Gen. Horatio Gates as a volunteer, and at random a large, was present at Saratoga. After this battle he re- hard piece of bread, turned home and sat in the legislature of Massa- which struck one chusetts for several years. He wrote “A Letter of Prescott's eyes from a Veteran to the Officers of the Army en- and practically de- camped at Boston ” (Boston, 1774). See Samuel stroyed it. His Swett's “ History of Bunker Hill Battles" (Boston, other eye was soon 1827; new ed., with notes, 1835). The illustration on sympathetically af- page 109 represents the statue by Story erected on fected, and the Bunker Hill in 1881, on which occasion an oration youthful student was delivered by Robert C. Winthrop.—His broth- was now obliged to er, Oliver, soldier, b. in Groton, Mass., 27 April, turn his back upon 1731 ; d. there, 17 Nov., 1804, was graduated at the sun, and at a Harvard in 1750, and practised medicine in his na- later period for tive town. Before the Revolution he was succes- many months to re- sively major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel in the main in a darkened militia, early in 1776 he was appointed a brigadier- room. “In all that general of militia for the county of Middlesex, and trying season,” said became a member of the board of war. In 1777 he his mother, “I nev- was elected a member of the supreme executive er groped my way council of the state, in 1778 he was appointed third across the apartment to take my place by his side major-general of militia in the commonwealth, and that he did not greet me with some hearty expres- in 1781 he became second major-general, but soon sion of good cheer, as if we were the patients and afterward he resigned. In this year he was com- it was his place to comfort us." His literary as- missioned by the government to cause the arrest pirations were not subdued by the sad results of and committal of any person whose liberty he con- this misfortune. "I had early conceived,” he sidered dangerous to the commonwealth. From wrote to the Rev. George E. Ellis, “a strong 1779 till his death he was judge of probate for passion for historical writing, to which perhaps Middlesex county. He was very influential in the reading of Gibbon's autobiography contrib- suppressing Shays's rebellion. In 1780 he became uted not a little. I proposed to make myself a a fellow of the Academy of arts and sciences, and historian in the best sense of the term, and hoped he was a trustee, patron, and benefactor of Groton to produce something which posterity would not academy.—Oliver's son, Oliver, physician, b. in willingly let die. In a memorandum-book, as far Groton, Mass., 4 April, 1762; d. in Newburyport, back as the year 1819, I find the desire intimated; 26 Sept., 1827, was graduated at Harvard in 1783, and I proposed to devote ten years of my life to studied medicine with his father, and was surgeon the study of ancient and modern literatures, chiefly of the forces that suppressed the Shays insurrec- the latter, and to give ten years more to some his- tion in 1787. Leaving a large practice in Groton, torical work. I have had the good fortune to he removed to Newburyport in 1811, practising accomplish this design pretty nearly within the successfully there till his death. He was often a limits assigned. In the Christmas of 1837 my first representative in the legislature, and was a founder, work, the History of Ferdinand and Isabella,' was trustee, and treasurer of Groton academy. He given to the world. I obtained the services of a contributed valuable articles to the New England reader who knew no language but his own. I Journal of Medicine and Surgery,” but is best taught him to pronounce the Castilian in a manner known by the annual discourse before the Massa- suited, I suspect, much more to my ear than to chusetts medical society in 1813, entitled a “ Dis- that of a Spaniard, and we began our wearisome sertation on the Natural History and Medicinal journey through Mariana's noble history. I cannot Effects of Secale Cornutum, or Ergot," which was even now call to mind without a smile the tedious republished in London, and translated into French hours in which, seated under some old trees in my and German.-William's son, William, jurist, b. country residence, we pursued our slow and melan- in Pepperell, Mass., 19 Aug., 1762; d. in Boston, 8 choly way over pages which afforded no glimmer- Dec., 1844, was graduated at Harvard in 1783, and ing of light to him, and from which the light came taught first at Brooklyn, Conn., and afterward at dimly struggling to me through a half-intelligible Beverly, Mass., where he studied law with Nathan vocabulary. But in a few weeks the light became Dane, and practised successfully from 1787 till stronger, and I was cheered by the consciousness of 1789. In the latter year he removed to Salem, and my own improvement, and when we had toiled our after representing that town for several years in way through seven quartos, I found I could under- the legislature, he was elected a state senator by stand the book when read about two thirds as fast the Federal party for Essex county, first in 1806, as ordinary English. My reader's office required and again in 1813. He twice declined a seat on the more patience; he had not even this result to the bench of the supreme court of Massachusetts. cheer him in his labor. I now felt that the great PRESCOTT 111 PRESCOTT difficulty could be overcome, and I obtained the tions of the “Conquest of Mexico” was garbled by services of a reader whose acquaintance with mod- the translator to suit the political and religious at- ern and ancient tongues supplied, as far as it could mosphere of the country. The Madrid edition is be supplied, the deficiency of eyesight on my part. complete. To the French translation, by M. Amé- But, though in this way I could examine various dée Pichot, a reference by Mr. Prescott will be authorities, it was not easy to arrange in my mind found in the preface to the “Conquest of Peru." the results of my reading, drawn from different Mr. Prescott wrote memoirs of John Pickering and and often contradictory accounts. To do this, I Abbott Lawrence, and in 1845 published, under dictated copious notes as I went along, and when I the title of “ Biographical and Critical Miscella- had read enough for a chapter (from thirty to forty, nies," a selection of twelve papers from his articles and sometimes fifty, pages in length), I had a mass contributed to the “North American Review” be- of memoranda in my own language, which would tween 1821 and 1843, and a “ Memoir of Charles easily bring before me at one view the fruit of my Brockden Brown," originally published in Sparks's researches. These notes were carefully read to me, * American Biography" in 1834. In the edition of and while my recent studies were fresh in my rec- the “ Miscellanies" issued since 1851 will be found ollection I ran over the whole of my intended a valuable paper entitled “Spanish Literature," a chapter in my mind. This process I repeated at criticism published in the “ North American Re- least half a dozen times, so that when I finally put view" for January, 1850, of George Ticknor's ad- my pen to paper it ran off pretty glibly, for it was mirable “ History of Spanish Literature.” In the an effort of memory rather than composition. This suinmer of 1850 Mr. Prescott visited England, and method had the advantage of saving me from the in the autumn spent a short time in Scotland and perplexity of frequently referring to the scattered on the continent. In 1855 he published the first pages in the originals, and it enabled me to make two volumes, and in December, 1858, the third, of the corrections in my own mind which are usually what would have proved, had it been completed, made in the manuscript, and which with my mode his greatest work, * The History of the Reign of of writing, as I shall explain, would have much Philip II., King of Spain." A translation of the embarrassed me. Yet I must admit that this first two volumes appeared in Russia in 1858. In method of composition, when the chapter was very 1857 Mr. Prescott added to a new edition of Rob- long, was somewhat too heavy a burden on the ertson's “ History of the Reign of Charles V.” memory to be altogether recommended. Writing (3 vols., Boston) a supplement (vol. iii.) entitled presented me a difficulty even greater than read- The Life of Charles V. after his Abdication.” ing. Thjerry, the famous blind historian of the Early in 1858 he experienced a slight stroke of Norman conquest, advised me to cultivate dicta- paralysis, from the effects of which he never en- tion; but I have usually preferred a substitute tirely recovered, although he was soon able to that I found in a writing-case made for the blind, resume his usual walks, and to devote some hours which I procured in London forty years since. It daily to his books and papers. On 28 Jan., 1859, is a simple apparatus, often described by me for he received a second stroke, which terminated the benefit of persons whose vision is imperfect. his life about two o'clock in the afternoon. Mr. It consists of a frame of the size of a sheet of pa- Prescott left a widow, two sons, and a daughter. per, traversed by brass wires as many as lines are It is not to be denied that the portion of history wanted on the page, and with a sheet of carbon- selected by Prescott for illustration in his “ Reign ated paper, such as is used for getting duplicates, of Ferdinand and Isabella” had been neglected by pasted on the reverse side. With an ivory or agate the scholars of Germany, France, and England, stylus the writer traces his characters between the and only superficially touched by Italian writers; wires on the carbonated sheet, making indelible it is equally certain that at an earlier date no faith- marks, which he cannot see, on the white page ful narration of the events of this reign could have below. This treadmill operation has its defects; been given to the world. Prescott had the advan- and I have repeatedly supposed I had accomplished tage of the tragic annals of Llorente, the political a good page, and was proceeding in ail the glow of disquisitions of Mariana, Sempere, and Capmany, composition to go ahead, when I found I had for- the literal version of the Spanish-Arab chronicles gotten to insert a sheet of writing-paper below, by Condé, the invaluable illustration of Isabella's that my labor had all been thrown away, and that reign by Mr. Secretary Clemencin, many rare works the leaf looked as blank as myself. Notwithstand and curious manuscripts purchased by his friend ing these and other whimsical distresses of the George Ticknor, in Spain, for his own library, and, kind, I have found my writing-case my best friend unpublished documents of priceless value, collected in my lonely hours, and with it have written nearly from all available quarters, under the directions of all that I have sent into the worid the last forty the historian by the zealous agency of Alexander years." H. Everett, Arthur Middleton, and the learned The success of the history of the “Reign of Fer- bibliophile, Obadiah Rich. Ilis “ History of the dinand and Isabella the Catholic" (3 vols., Boston, Conquest of Mexico " is founded upon about eight 1838) was great and immediate. It was published thousand folio pages of unpublished duplicate of in France, Germany, and Spain in the languages manuscripts in the collections of Don Martin Fer- of those countries, appeared in an Italian version nandez de Navaretta, other original authorities, at Florence (3 vols., 1847–8), and early in 1858 a and such printed works on the subjects discussed translation was announced in Russia. Thus en- as had previously been given to the world. couraged, Mr. Prescott again resumed his labors, In the preparation of his “ History of the Con- and in 1843 published a " Iristory of the Conquest quest of Peru ” Prescott used a portion of the of Mexico," and in 1847 a - History of the Con- manuscript collections that were used for the " Con- quest of Peru." These works, the fruits of the quest of Mexico," a part of the unpublished docu- most painstaking investigation into manuscript ments formerly in the possession of Lord Kings- authorities, procured from Spain, proved that the borough, and other original materials collected at critics had not been too hasty in assigning a high great expense in England and on the continent. place to Mr. Prescott from the day of the publica- In the preparation of the “ History of the Reign tion of the “ History of the Reign of Ferdinand of Philip II.” he is said to have employed six and Isabella.” At least one of the Mexican edi-'l years. Å letter written by him from Brussels in . . 112 PRESTON PRESCOTT 66 a the summer of 1850 shows the enthusiasm with PRESCOTT, William, physician, b. in Gil- which he entered into the spirit of the age of manton, N. H., 29 Dec., 1788; d. there, 18 Oct., Charles V., and will probably remind the reader of 1875. He was indentured to a farmer at sixteen the “ musings” of the historian of the Decline years of age, received few educational advantages, and Fall of the Roman Empire amidst the Ruins taught, studied medicine, and in 1815 was gradu- of the Capitol, while the Barefooted Friars were ated at Dartmouth medical college. He practised singing Vespers in the Temple of Jupiter.” Vol- in Gilmanton and Lynn, and served in both umes i. and ii. bring down the story to the execu- branches of the legislature. Dr. Prescott was an tion of Counts Egmont and Hoorn in 1568, and to enthusiastic collector of minerals and shells, and was a member of many literary and scientific so- cieties. He wrote the “ Prescott Memorial ” (Bos- ton, 1870). PRESSTMAN, Stephen Wilson, clergyman, b. in Charleston, S. C., 1 Oct., 1794; d. in New- castle, Del., in 1843. He obtained a good educa- tion in Baltimore, Md. When the war of 1812 was declared he applied for and received a commission in the U. S. Army, becoming ensign in the 5th infantry on 14 April, 1812, and 2d lieutenant in July. He was in active service on the Canada frontier, gained credit on several occasions in bat- tle, especially at Lyon's Creek, and was wounded in the attack on La Cole mill, 30 March, 1814. He engaged in business for several years, but, hav- the imprisonment and death of Don Carlos. In ing a desire to enter the ministry of the Episcopal the collection of materials for this history Mr. church, he studied for orders under a clergyman Prescott spared neither time, cost, personal ſabor, in Baltimore. He was ordained deacon, 11 July, nor the services of willing friends. Public and 1822, by Bishop Richard C. Moore, and priest, 15 private collections were freely opened to his use, June, 1823, by the same bishop. While a deacon and the long-closed doors of the ancient archives he served the church in Dumfries, Va., and in 1823 of Simancas and of other secret depositories flew he was called to the rectorship of Immanuel church, open at the name of the magician whose genius Newcastle, Del. This post he held during the re- had reanimated the glories of the Old World, and mainder of his life. Mr. Presst man, though pub- depicted with a vivid pencil the sorrows and deso- lishing no contributions to theological or general lation of the New. The reign of Charles V. is the literature, was very active and useful in various intermediate link between the reigns of Ferdinand departments of church work. He was for many and Isabella and Philip II., and completes an un- years president of the standing committee of the broken period of 150 years of the Spanish annals. diocese of Delaware, and was uniformly elected a To the life of the emperor subsequent to his ab- clerical deputy to the triennial general convention dication six or seven pages only are devoted by of the Protestant Episcopal church. Dr. Robertson, and these contain many errors. PRESTON, Ann, physician, b. in West Grove, Robertson was unable to obtain the information Pa., 1 Dec., 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 April, then locked up in the archives of Simancas. Of 1872. She was the daughter of Amos Preston, this information and of the labors of his predeces- a Quaker, and, owing to the delicate condition of sors, Stirling, Pichot, Gachard, and Mignet, Mr. her mother's health, the family was early placed Prescott freely availed himself. under her care. Meanwhile she received her edu- Prosper Merimée says of Prescott: “Of a just cation in the local school, and evinced more than a and upright spirit, he had a horror of paradox. He usual fondness for her books. In 1850 the Wom- never allowed himself to be drawn away by it, and an's medical college of Philadelphia was founded, often condemned himself to long investigation to and she studied there until her graduation in 1852. refute even the most audacious assertions. His Settling in Philadelphia, she began the practice criticism, full at once of good sense and acuteness, of her profession, in which she achieved deserved was never deceived in the choice of documents, and In 1854 she was elected professor of his discernment is as remarkable as his good faith. physiology and hygiene in the college where she was If he may be reproached with often hesitating, graduated, and in 1866 to the office of dean, which even after a long investigation, to pronounce a defi- places she held until her death. Her lectures and nite judgment, we must at least acknowledge that addresses were filled with striking thoughts and he omitted nothing to prepare the way for it, and practical knowledge. Dr. Preston was active in that the author, too timid perhaps to decide, al- the establishment of the Woman's hospital of ways leaves his reader sufficiently instructed to Philadelphia, and was from its beginning one of need no other guide.” Prof. Cornelius C. Felton the managers, its corresponding secretary, and its wrote: “ It is a saying that the style is the man; consulting physician. The Philadelphia county and of no great author in the literature of the medical society in 1867 made public objections to world is that saying more true than of him whose the practice of medicine by women, and Dr. Pres- loss we mourn. For in the transparent simplicity ton at once defended the claims of her sex so ably and undimmed beauty and candor of his style were that much of the adverse criticism was disarmed'; read the endearing qualities of his soul, so that his indeed her influence in removing prejudices against personal friends are found wherever literature is female physicians was very extended. She pub- known, and the love for him is co-extensive with lished various essays on the medical education of the world of letters, not limited to those who speak women, and was the author of a book of poems en- our Anglo-Saxon mother language, to the litera- titled “ Cousin Ann's Stories for Children” (Phila- ture of which he has contributed such splendid delphia, 1848). works, but co-extensive with the civilized lan- PRESTON. Charles Finney, missionary, b. in guages of the human race." The illustration on Antwerp. N. Y., 26 July, 1829; d. in Hong Kong, this page represents Prescott's birthplace. China, 17 July, 1877. He was graduated at l'nion success. 66 PRESTON 113 PRESTON in 1850, and at Princeton theological seminary in graduated from the former about 1785. On his 1853. In June of that year he was licensed to return he settled in Wilmington, Del., afterward preach by the Presbytery of Albany, and he was removed for a time to Georgia, but returning to ordained by the same presbytery on 14 Nov. He Chester, Pa., succeeded in establishing an exten- was then commissioned missionary to China by the sive practice, particularly in obstetrics, in which Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and reached he was celebrated. At the period of the whiskey Hong Kong in May, 1854. Proceeding to Canton insurrection he volunteered his medical aid, and he spent two years in that city studying the lan- i served with the troops. He was for many years a guage, and during the Chinese war was in Macao. member of the legislature, serving in both the as- In November, 1858, he returned to Canton, and sembly and the senate. About 1812 he removed soon built a chapel from funds raised chiefly by to Philadelphia, where he took an active interest his own efforts, where he preached until his last in several benevolent and other institutions, such illness. He was also the stated supply of the 20 as the Pennsylvania hospital, Friend's asylum, native Presbyterian church in Canton from 1872. Penn bank, and Schuylkill navigation company. and likewise preached regularly in the chapel of His extensive observation in the practice of his the Medical missionary society. Mr. Preston de profession led him to form the opinion, expressed voted much time to the translation of the New in his will, " that there ought to be a lying-in hos- Testament into the Canton vernacular; he pre- pital in the city of Philadelphia for indigent mar- pared a hymn-book in Chinese, and wrote many ried women of good character,” and he bequeathed valuable articles and treatises, besides giving theo- about $400,000 for the founding of such an insti- logical instruction to native evangelists. tution. Within a few months after his death the PRESTON, David, banker, b. in Harmony, legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act incorpo- N. Y., 20 Sept. , 1826; d. in Detroit, Mich., 24 rating - The Preston Retreat." The corner-stone April, 1887. Ile was educated at common schools, of the hospital building was laid, 17 July, 1837, and and at the academy in Westfield, N. Y., meanwhile the institution is one of the noted charities in teaching during the winters. In 1848 he moved to Philadelphia. Detroit, where he became clerk in a banking-house. PRESTON, Margaret Junkin, poet, b. in Four years later he established himself as a banker Philadelphia, Pa., about 1825. She is a daughter in Detroit and Chicago. Mr. Preston gave about of Rev. George Junkin, and the wife of Prof. John $200,000 to charities, and pledged himself to raise T. L. Preston, of the Virginia military institute. from the people of Michigan $60,000, giving him- Her first contributions to the press appeared in self nearly one half this sum, for Albion college, “ Sartain's Magazine” in 1849–50, and she subse- of which he was a trustee from 1862 till his death. quently published a novel entitled “Silverwood ” During the civil war he was active in the Christian (New York, 1856), but she has since devoted herself commission, and he was president of the Young to poetical composition. She was an ardent sympa- men's Christian association of Detroit in 1869-'70. thizer with the south, and her most sustained vol- He was the candidate of the Prohibition party for ume of verse, " Beechenbrook," a poem of the civil governor in 1884. Besides being a delegate to the war, enjoyed a wide popularity, and contains the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal familiar lines on “Stonewall Jackson's Grave" and church in 1876, and delegate to the Centenary the lyric “Slain in Battle" (New York, 1866). Her conference of Methodism in Baltimore in 1884, he other works include many fugitive poems, “ Old was active in other matters pertaining to his de- Songs and New," the dedication of which has nomination, and was regarded at the time of his been much admired (1870), and “ For Love's Sake” death as the foremost member of the Methodist (1887). Her writings are vigorous, suggestive, church in the state of Michigan. and full of religious feeling. Her translation of PRESTON, Harriet Waters, author, b. in the “ Dies Ira," which appeared in 1855, has been Dan vers, Mass., about 1843. She was educated highly praised. chiefly at home, and began her literary labors PRESTON, Samuel, b. in Patuxent, Md., in about 1865 as a translator from the French, her 1665; d. in Philadelphia, 10 Sept., 1743. He was first work being “ The Life of Mme. Swetchine." brought up as a Quaker. Removing from Mary- Then followed “The Writings of Mme. Swetch- land to Sussex county on the Delaware, he was sent ine"; a selection from Sainte Beuve, “ Portraits de to the legislature from the latter place in 1693, femmes" (first series), under the title of “Cele- and again in 1701, and was chosen sheriff in 1695. brated Women”; “Mme. Desbordes - Valmore," About 1703 he took up his residence in Philadel- froin the same author; and the “ Life of Alfred phia, where he became a merchant, and stood de Musset," by his brother. Paul de Musset. She among the most influential of the Quakers of his has also published " Aspendale” (Boston, 1872): a day. In 1708 he was unanimously elected alder- translation of Mistral's “ Mireio” (Boston, 1873); man. During the same year James Logan, desir- ** Love in the Nineteenth Century” (Boston, 1874); ing Penn to consider whom to add to the property “ Troubadours and Trouvères" (Boston, 1876); “Is commission, wrote to him, saying: "Samuel Pres- That All?" in the" No Name ” series (Boston, 1876); ton is also a very good man, and now makes a figure, a translation of the “Georgies of Virgil" (Boston, and, indeed, Rachel's husband ought particularly 1891); and * A Year in Eden " (1886). She has con- to be taken notice of, for it has too long been neg- tributed frequent critical papers to the “* Atlantic lected, even for thy own interest.”. (Ilis wife was Monthly.” Viss Preston has resided abroad for daughter of Thomas Lloyd, president of Penn's some time, mostly in France and Great Britain. council.) Almost immediately afterward Preston PRESTON, Jonas, philanthropist, b. in Chester was called to the council, and he continued a mem- county, Pa., 2.5 Jan., 1764; d. in Philadelphia, 4 ber until he died. He was chosen mayor of Phila- Jan., 18:36. His father, of the same name, was a delphia in 1711, and in 1714 became the treasurer physician. His grandfather, William Preston, a of the province, retaining the office until his death. Quaker, in 1718 emigrated from Huddersfield, In 1726 he became a justice of the peace and of England, and settled in Pennsylvania. Jonas en- the court of common pleas, and in 1728 one of the tered on the study of medicine under Dr. Thomas commissioners of property, which office he held Bond, of Philadelphia, and concluded his studies in many years. He was also one of the trustees under the medical schools of Edinburgh and Paris, being Williain Penn's will. a ! VOL. V. -8 114 PRESTON PRESTON 65 . PRESTON, Thomas Scott, clergyman, b. in ment of colonel of volunteers, and marched with Hartford, Conn., 23 July, 1824. He was gradu- his regiment to Norfolk, and subsequently he was ated at Trinity in 1843, and at the general theo- appointed brigadier-general and major-general of logical seminary of the Protestant Episcopal militia. He was frequently a member of the Vir- church in 1846, after which he was assistant rec- ginia house of delegates and of the state senate, tor of the Church of the Annunciation, and subse- where his ability in debate and graceful elocution quently of St. Luke's, in New York city, until gave him high rank. He was the personal friend 1849. Accepting the Roman Catholic faith, he of Madison, Jefferson, Monroe, and Chief-Justice then went to St. Joseph's theological seminary in Marshall. He married in 1792 Sarah, the daugh- Fordham, and was ordained to the priesthood in ter of William Campbell, the hero of King's Moun- 1850. After serving as an assistant in the cathe- tain.— Their son, William Campbell, senator, b. dral in New York city, and as pastor of St. Mary's in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Dec., 1794; d. in Columbia, church in Yonkers, N. Y., he was in 1853 appoint. S. C., 22 May, 1860, began his education at Wash- ed chancellor of the archdiocese of New York, and ington college, Va., but was sent to the south on in 1873 became vicar-general in connection with account of his delicate lungs, and was graduated the duties of the chancellorship. Since 1861 he at the College of South Carolina in 1812. On his has been pastor of St. Ann's church, and in 1881 return to Virginia he studied law under William he was appointed a domestic prelate of the pope's Wirt, and was admitted to the bar, but failing household, with the title of monsignor. The de- health again compelled him to seek a change of gree of S. T. D. was conferred on him by Seton climate, and, after an extensive tour of the west on Hall college, N. J., in 1880. He has published horseback, he went abroad, where on his arrival " Ark of the Covenant, or Life of the Blessed Vir- he formed the beginning of a life-long intimacy gin Mary” (New York, 1860); Life of St. Mary with Washington Irving. Through Mr. Irving he Magdalene" (1860); Sermons for the Principal was placed on terms of intimacy at Abbotsford, Seasons of the Sacred Year” (1864); "Life of St. and in the intervals of his law studies at the Uni- Vincent de Paul and its Lessons ” (1866); “Lec-versity of Edinburgh, where Hugh S. Legaré was tures on Christian Unity, Advent, 1866” (1867); his fellow-student, he made several pedestrian “ The Purgatorian Manual, or a Selection of Pray- tours with Irving through Scotland, northern ers and Devotions” (1867); “ Lectures on Reason England, and Wales. Together they witnessed and Revelation ” (1868); The Vicar of Christ' many of the scenes of the “Sketch-Book.” He re- (1871); “The Divine Sanctuary: Series of Medi- turned to Virginia in 1820, and settled in South tations upon the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus” Carolina in 1822, where he at once won a brilliant (1878); “ Divine Paraclete” (1880); “Protestantism reputation as an advocate and orator. He was and the Bible” (1880); “Protestantism and the in the legislature in Church" (1882); “God and Reason” (1884); and 1828–'32, was an ar- “Watch on Calvary” (1885). dent advocate of free- PRESTON, William, soldier, b. in County trade and state rights, Donegal, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1729 ; d. in Montgomery became a leader of the county, Va., 28 July, 1783. His father, John, emi- nullification party, grated to this country in 1735, and settled in Au- and in 1836 was elect- gusta county. William received a classical educa- ed to the U.S. senate tion, and in early life acquired a taste for litera- as a Calhoun Demo- ture. He became deputy sheriff of Augusta coun- crat. Among the most ty in 1750, was elected to the house of burgesses a carefully prepared short time afterward, and accompanied Gen. Wash- and eloquent of his ington on several exploring expeditions in the speeches in the senate west. This led to a correspondence and a friend wasthaton the French ship between them, which continued till Preston's spoliation claims, death. He was appointed one of two commission- which was praised by ers to make a treaty with the Shawnee and Dela- Henry Clay, Daniel ware Indians in 1757, and, by negotiations with Webster, and states- Cornstalk, secured peace along the western fron- men tiers for several years. The privations that the Differing with his col- party suffered on their return journey compelled league, John C. Cal- them to eat the “ tugs” or straps of rawhide with houn, and also with his constituents, in regard to which their packs were fastened, and Preston, in the support of President Van Buren's policy, he memory of the event, called that branch of the resigned his seat and resumed his law-practice in Big Sandy river “Tug Fork,” which name it still 1842. He was president of the College of South retains. He became surveyor of the new county Carolina from 1845 till his retirement in 1851. of Montgomery in 1771, was early engaged in the When he accepted the office the institution had lost organization of troops for the Revolutionary war, many members, but under his guidance it rose to a became colonel in 1775, and led his regiment at prosperity that it had never before enjoyed, and Guilford Court-House, S. C., where he received in- became the most popular educational institution in juries that caused his death in the following July. the south. He also established the Columbia lyce- -His son, Francis, congressman, b. at his resi- um, and gave it a large and valuable library. Ľar- dence in Greenfield, near Amsterdam, Botetourt vard gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1846. As co., Va., 2 Aug., 1765; d. in Columbia, S. C., 25 a popular orator Mr. Preston was the peer of his May, 1835, was graduated at William and Mary in maternal uncle, Patrick Henry, in many instances 1783, studied law under George Wythe, practised arousing his audiences to enthusiasm and the next with success in Montgomery, Washington, and moment moving them to tears. His style has been other counties, and in 1792 was elected to congress, described as florid, but his vocabulary was large, serving two terms. He then declined re-election and the illustrations and classical allusions that and removed to Abingdon, Va., where he subse- ornamented his speeches were as naturally em- quently resided. At the beginning of the second war ployed in his familiar conversation. He was a with Great Britain he enlisted with the appoint- | profound classical scholar, and it was universally a of all parties uz Berton а PRESTON 115 PRESTON was con- Pabalbutheran admitted that he was the most finished orator the tled as a planter in Montgomery county, Va. He south has ever produced. His distress at the seces- became lieutenant-colonel of the 12th U.S. infant- sion of the southern Democratic party in 1860 has- ry in 1812, colonel, 5 Aug., 1813, and received at tened his end. When he was dying, his friend, Chrystler’s field a wound that crippled him for James L. Petigru, said to him: “I envy you, Pres- life. He was governor of Virginia in 1816–'19, and ton; you are leaving it, and I shall have to stay subsequently served frequently in the state senate. and see it all.” Preston signified, with a sigh of He married Ann, daughter of Gen. Robert Taylor, relief, that the words were true. He left no chil- of Norfolk, Va.—Their son, William Ballard, dren.—Another son of Francis, John Smith, secretary of war, b. in Smithfield, Montgomery co., soldier, b. at the Salt Works, near Abingdon, Va., Va., 25 Nov., 1805; d. there, 16 Nov., 1862, was 20 April, 1809 ; d. in Columbia, S. C., 1 May, 1881, educated at the University of Virginia, adopted was graduated at Hampden Sidney college in 1824, law as a profes- attended lectures at the University of Virginia in sion, and achieved 1825–6, and read law at Harvard. He married signal success in Caroline, daughter of Gen. Wade Hampton, in its practice. He 1830, and settled first in Abingdon. Va., and sub- served several sequently in Columbia, S. C. He engaged for sev- times in the Vir- eral years in sugar-planting in Louisiana, but also ginia house of devoted much time to literary pursuits and to the delegates and sen- collection of paintings and sculptures. He aided ate, and was nev- struggling artists liberally, notably Hiram Powers, er throughout his whose genius had been recognized by his brother career defeated in William. Mr. Powers, as a token of his apprecia- any popular elec tion, gave him the first replica of the "Greektion. He Slave,' He also became widely known as an ora- chosen to tor, delivering, among other addresses, the speech gress as a Whig of welcome to the Palmetto regiment on its re- in 1846, and on turn from the Mexican war in 1848, which gained the accession of him a national reputation. This was increased by Gen. Zachary Tay- his orations before the “Seventy-sixth associa- lor to the presi- tion of Charleston” and the literary societies of dency he held the South Carolina college, and those at the 75th anni- portfolio of the navy until Gen. Taylor's death, versary of the battle of King's Mountain and at when he retired to private life, but was several the laying of the corner-stone of the University of times presidential elector on the Whig ticket. He the south at Sewanee, Tenn. He was an ardent was sent by the government on a mission to secessionist, and in May, 1860, was chairman of France in 1858–9, the object of which was to es- the South Carolina delegation to the Democratic tablish a line of steamers between that country convention that met at Charleston, S. C. After and Virginia, and a more extended commercial the election of President Lincoln he was chosen a relation between the two countries. The scheme commissioner to Virginia, and in February, 1861, failed on account of the approaching civil war. made an elaborate plea in favor of the withdrawal He was a member of the Virginia secession con- of that state from the Union, which was regarded vention in 1861, and resisted all efforts toward as his greatest effort. He was on the staff of Gen. the dissolution of the Union till he was satisfied Beauregard in 1861–2, participated in the first that war was inevitable. In 1861–2 he was a battle of Bull Run, and was subsequently trans- member of the Confederate senate, in which he ferred to the conscript department with the rank served until his death.-Francis's nephew, Will. of brigadier-general. He went to England shortly iam, lawyer, b. near Louisville, Ky., 16 Oct., 1806; after the close of the war, and remained abroad d. in Lexington, Ky., 21 Sept. , 1887. His edu- several years. After his return he delivered an cation was under the direction of the Jesuits at address at a commencement of the University of Bardstown, Ky. He afterward studied at Yale, and Virginia, which, as a fervent assertion of the right then attended the law-school at Harvard, where he of secession, incurred the criticism of the conserva- was graduated in 1838. He then began the prac- tive press throughout the country. His last pub- tice of law, also taking an active part in politics. lic appearance was at the unveiling of the Confed. He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel erate monument at Columbia, S. C., when he was of the 4th Kentucky volunteers. In 1851 he was the orator of the occasion. Gen. Preston was more elected to the Kentucky house of representatives as than six feet in height, and of a powerful and a Whig, and in the following year he was chosen to symmetrical frame. Another son of Francis, congress to fill the vacancy caused by Gen. Hum- Thomas Lewis, planter, b. in Botetourt county, phrey Marshall's resignation, serving from 6 Dec., Va., 28 Nov., 1812, was educated at the University 1852, till 3 March, 1855. He was again a candidate of Virginia, studied law, but never practised, and in 1854, but was defeated by his predecessor, Gen. for many years engaged in Washington and Sinith Marshall, the Know-Nothing candidate, after a counties, Va., in the manufacture of salt, in which violent campaign. He then became a Democrat, he made material improvements. He was twice a and was a delegate to the Cincinnati convention of member of the legislature, for many years a visitor 1856, which nominated Buchanan and Breckin- of the University of Virginia, and twice its rector. ridge. He was appointed C. S. minister to Spain He was on the staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston under the Buchanan administration, at the close during the first year of the civil war, and his aide- of which he returned to Kentucky and warmly es- de-camp at the first battle of Bull Run. He has poused the cause of the south. He joined Gen. published “Life of Elizabeth Russell, Wife of Gen. Simon B. Buckner at Bowling Green in 1861, and William Campbell of King's Mountain ” (Univer- was made colonel on the staff of his brother-in-law, sity of Virginia, 1880).-Francis's brother, James Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, when that officer as- Patton, statesman, b. Montgomery county, Va., sumed command. He served through the Ken- in 1774, d. in Smithfield, Va., 4 May, 1843, was tucky campaign, was at the fall of Fort Donelson, graduated at William and Mary in 1790, and set- | the battle of Shiloh, where Gen. Johnston died in - 116 PRÉVOST-PARADOL PRÉVALAYE his arms, and the siege of Corinth. He was also Burr.- His son, Sir George, bart., British soldier, in many hard-fought battles, especially at Mur- b. in New York, 19 May, 1767: d. in London, Eng- freesboro. At the close of the war he returned to land, 5 Jan., 1816, entered the army in his youth, his home in Lexington, Ky., in 1867 he was eleet- served with credit at St. Vincent, where he was ed to the legislature, and in 1880 he was a dele- severely wounded, and was also at Dominica and gate to the convention that nominated Gen. Ilan- St. Lucia. He was created a baronet, 6 Dec., 1805, cock for the presidency.--William Ballard's cousin, and appointed major-general in January of the Isaac Trimble, jurist, b. in Rockbridge county, same year, and lieutenant-general in June, 1811. Va., in 1793; d. on Lake Pontchartrain, La., 5 July, Soon after his return from the West Indies he was 1852, was graduated at Yale in 1812, and studied at appointed lieutenant-governor of Portsmouth, with Litchfield law-school, but resigned his profession the command of the troops in that district. In in 1813 to serve as captain of a volunteer company 1808 he became lieutenant - governor of Nova in the war with Great Britain. He resumed his Scotia, and in the autumn of that year he pro- legal studies under William Wirt in 1816, was ad- ceeded with a division of troops from Halifax to mitted to the bar, and removed to New Orleans, the West Indies, and was second in command at where he practised with success. At the time of the capture of Martinique. He afterward re- his death he was a judge of the supreme court of turned to his government in Nova Scotia, and in Louisiana. His death was the result of a steam- June, 1811, he succeeded Sir James Craig as gor- boat disaster. ernor-in-chief and commander of the forces in all PRÉVALAYE, Pierre Dimas (pray-vah-lay), British North America. During the war of 1813 Marquis de, French naval officer, b. in the castle of he rendered important services in the defence of Prévalaye, near Brest, in 1745 ; d. there, 28 July, Canada against the armies of the United States. 1816. He was descended from a family that was dis- His attempt to penetrate into the state of New tinguished in the annals of the French navy. His York was rendered abortive by his engagement father, Pierre Bernardin (1714-'86.) served in Canada with the Americans under Gen. Macomb at Platts- in 1742 and 1755, became “chef d'escadre," com- burg, 11 Sept., 1814, which forced him to retreat manded the station of the Antilles, and as gover- into Canada. He soon afterward returned to Eng- nor of Brest in 1778 was charged to superintend land, and demanded an investigation of charges the armament of the fleet that was sent to the suc- that had been made against him for the disaster at cor of the American patriots. The son became a Plattsburg. He died before this was completed, midshipman in 1760, and took part as lieutenant, but the result vindicated his character. and afterward as commander, in the war for PREVOST, Charles Mallet, soldier, b. in Bal- American independence. He served under d'Es- timore, Md., 19 Sept., 1818; d. in Philadelphia, 5 taing at Newport in 1778, participated in the Nov., 1887. His father, Gen. Andrew M. Prevost, operations against St. Lucia and Grenada, directed who commanded the first regiment of Pennsylvania the batteries at the siege of Savannah, in October, artillery in the war of 1812, was born in Geneva, 1779, was attached to the fleet of De Guichen in Switzerland, of Huguenot ancestry, and his grand- 1780, and served under De Grasse at Yorktown, in father, Paul Henry Mallet Prevost, a Geneva October, 1781, and under De Verdun, De Borda, banker, came to the United States in 1794 and and Vaudreuilles in the West Indies. In 1783 he purchased an estate at Alexandria (since called was sent to carry to congress the treaty of peace Frenchtown). Hunterdon co., N. J. Charles M. that acknowledged the independence of the United Prevost studied law and was admitted to the bar, States, and was promoted commodore. He was and shortly afterward was appointed U.S. marshal afterward appointed a member of the board of ad- for the territory of Wisconsin, and he was subse- miralty, emigrated in 1790, served in the army of quently deputy collector of the port of Philadel- Condé, and, returning to France in 1801, lived phia. He was an active member of the militia, quietly in his ancestral castle, which the neighbor- and at the beginning of the civil war had com- ing peasants, being much attached to his family, mand of a company. Soon afterward he was ap- had preserved from destruction, Refusing the pointed assistant adjutant-general on the staff of offers of Napoleon of a commission in the navy, Gen. Frank Patterson. He was engaged in the he devoted his last years to science, founded an peninsular campaign, later was appointed colonel astronomical observatory in Brest, and became a of the 118th (Corn exchange) regiment of Pennsyl- member of the Academy of marine of that city. vania volunteers, and commanded it at Antietam. Louis XVIII. made him a rear-ndiniral in 1815. The severity of the attack compelled his regiment Ile published “ Mémoire sur la campagne de Bos- to fall back, and Col. Prevost seized the colors and ton en 1778" (Brest, 1784); "Mémoire sur les opé- ran to the front to rally his men. While encour- rations navales de l'armée du Comte d'Estaing pen- aging them, he was struck in the shoulder by a dant la guerre d'Amérique" (Paris, 1778); " Me- Minié ball, and also by a fragment of shell, and moire sur une machine propre à faire connoitre à so severely wounded that he never recovered. The tout moment le tirant d'eau des navires" (Brest, brevet of brigadier-general of volunteer was con- 1807); and several treatises on naval architecture. ferred on him on 13 March, 1865, for his bravery PREVOST, Augustine, British soldier, b. in in this action. After his partial recovery he re- Geneva, Switzerland, about 1725; d. in Bernett, turned to the command of his regiment, and took England, 5 May, 1786. His father was an officer part in the battle of Chancellorsville with his in the English army. The son also entered the arm strapped to his body. After this engagement army, became a lieutenant colonel in March, 1761, he was ordered to take charge of a camp at Harris- colonel, 29 Aug., 1777, and major-general, 27 Feb., burg for the organization of the Veteran reserve 1779. lle served as captain of the 60th regiment corps, and, finding that his health would not per- or Royal Americans under Wolfe at Quebec, cap- mit him to engage in active service, he entered tured the fort at Sunbury, Ga., in December, 1778, that corps, as colonel of the 16th regiment, and and defeated Gen. John Ashe at Brier creek in served in it through the war. On his return home March, 1779, but was foiled in an attempt to cap- he was appointed major-general of the 1st division ture Charleston in May, 1779. In October, 1779, of the Pennsylvania national guard. he successfully defended Savannah against the PRÉVOST - PARADOL, Lucien Anatole, Americans. Gen. Prevost's widow married laron French author, b. in Paris, 8 July, 1829; d. in PRICE 117 PRICE Washington, D.C., 11 Aug., 1870. He was the only I coutimi and Saguenay until he was elected to the son of the actress Lucinde Prévost-Paradol, and legislative council in 1864 for the Laurentides early showed literary talent. Ile received his edu- division, and held his seat till he was called to the cation in Paris, became in 1854 editor of “La Revue senate in May, 1867. He is colonel of the 20 bat- d'histoire universelle," was graduated in the follow- talion of Chicoutimi militia, and vice-consul at ing year as LL. D., and appointed professor of litera- Saguenay for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the ture in the University of Aix in Provence. In 1856 Argentine, Chilian, and Peruvian republics, and he became chief editor of the Paris “ Journal des consular agent for the United States. Débats," and from that time till his death he was PRICE, Eli Kirk, lawyer, b. in Bradford, one of the most brilliant journalists of his time. Chester co., Pa., 20 July, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, He was a formidable adversary to Napoleon III., i Pa., 14 Nov., 1884. His ancestor, Philip, a Welsh and his witty criticisms were particularly ob- Quaker, came to this country with William Penn, noxious to that monarch, who tried in vain to con- and settled on a tract of 1,000 acres in Montgomery ciliate him. In 1860, after a short service as editor county, Pa. Eli was educated in his native coun- of “ La Presse," he returned to“ Les Débats," where ty, and entered the shipping-house of Thomas P. he opposed the French intervention in Mexico in a Coke in 1815, but abandoned merchandise for law, series of articles which, by arousing public indig- and became a student in the office of John Ser- nation, caused the emperor first to reduce the pro- geant. He was admitted to the bar in 1822, and posed invading army, and ultimately to recall his soon established a reputation as a chancery and troops in 1866. Three times, at Paris in 1863 and real-estate lawyer. It is said that no other mem- 1865, and at Nantes in 1869, Prévost-Paradol was ber of the Philadelphia bar was ever intrusted a candidate for the corps législatif, but failed, with so large a number of valuable estates. He owing to the opposition of the administration. was in active practice for sixty years, and had lit- After the promulgation of the liberal amend- tle to do with politics, except as a member of the ment to the constitution in 1869, and the accession state senate in 1854–7. During this service he of the Émile Ollivier cabinet, he became reconciled was the author of several acts for the better secu- to the empire, and accepted the appointment of rity of real-estate titles and the rights of married minister to the United States, 12 June, 1870. He women, and originated and secured the passage of arrived in Washington toward the middle of July, the “ Consolidation Act,” by which the towns that but was coldly received in society, owing to the are included in the present city of Philadelphia Franco-German war, which public opinion dis- were united in one municipal government. The approved. He complained bitterly of this, espe- year before his election to the senate he framed cially of the attitude of President Grant. In the and succeeded in making a law that is known as night of 11 Aug., 1870, he rose, and, after putting the “ Price Act,” relating to the sale and convey- his papers in order, took position before a mirror ance of real estate. He was an originator of Fair- and deliberately shot himself through the breast. mount park, and a commissioner from its founda- Prévost-Paradol was a remarkable writer, and bis tion in 1867, and as chairman of its committee on editorials are yet considered models for journalists. the purchase of real estate examined all the titles His works include " Essais de politique et de litté- of lands that were inclosed within its borders rature” (Paris, 1859); • Du gouvernement parle- and acquired by the city of Philadelphia. He was mentaire" (1860); and “ Nouveaux essais de poli- an active member of the American philosophical tique et de littérature” (1865). society and a constant contributor to its “ 'Trans- PRICE, Bruce, architect, b. in Cumberland, actions," a member of several foreign scientific and Md., 12 Dec., 1845. He studied his profession literary societies, president of the University hos- with James Crawford and with John Rudolph pital, of the Preston retreat, of the Pennsylvania Niernsee in Baltimore, after which he spent a year colonization society, and of the Numismatic and abroad. In 1869 he settled in Baltimore and be antiquarian society, a vice-president of the Ameri- gan his professional career. Soon afterward he can philosophical society, and a trustee of the Uni- moved to Wilkesbarre, Pa., where he remained versity of Pennsylvania. He published “ Law of five years, and in 1877 he established himself in Limitations and Liens against Real Estate" (Phila- New York. His work has included designs for delphia, 1851); several treatises that were contrib- the cathedral in Savannah, Ga., the Methodist uted to the American philosophical society; and church in Wilkesbarre. Pa., and the Lee Memorial the memorial volumes - Philip and Rachel Price church in Lexington, Va., which are considered ex- (printed privately, 1852); Rebecca ” (1862); and cellent examples of modern American ecclesiasti- the “ Centennial Meeting of the Descendants of cal architecture. He designed the cottages and Philip and Rachel ce" (1864). See a “ Memoir" club-house at Tuxedo Park, N. J., the West End by James T. Rothrock (Philadelphia, 1886), and hotel at Bar Harbor, Me., and the Long Beach “Address on the late Eli K. Price," delivered by hotel. N. Y. The hotel at Long Beach was built Benjamin H. Brewster before the Bar association by him in sixty days. Mr. Price invented, pat- of Philadelphia (1886). ented, and built the parlor bay-window cars for PRICE, Hiram, congressman, b. in Washing- the Pennsylvania, and Boston and Albany rail. ton county, Pa., 10 Jan., 1814. He received a com- roads. He is the author of A Large Country mon-school education, was for a few years a farmer, House" (New York, 1886). and then a merchant. He removed to Davenport, PRICE, David Edward, Canadian senator, b. Iowa, in 1844, was school-fund commissioner of in Quebec in 1826 ; d. there, 22 Aug., 1883. He Scott county for eight years, and as such had the was the son of William Price, a native of England, school lands allotted and appraised. He was col- and a merchant of the city of Quebec. He re- lector, treasurer, and recorder of the county dur- ceived a classical education, and became senior ing seven years of the time when he was school- member of a firm of lumber merchants in Quebec. fund commissioner, and was president of the State He was a candidate for Chicoutimi and Tadousae | bank of Iowa during its existence, except for the first in 1854, but withdrew in favor of the commis- When the civil war began, the state of Iowa sioner of crown land, and represented those con- had no available funds, and he furnished from his stituencies in the Canada assembly from 1855 till individual means quarters and subsistence for sev- 1857. From the latter date he represented Chi- l eral months for about 5,000 men, infantry and 66 66 66 year. 118 PRICE PRICE a cavalry. With Ezekiel Clark he advanced about greatly improved. In 1861 he was a delegate to $25,000 to pay to the 1st, 2d, and 3d Iowa regi- the Peace congress. ments their “ state pay,” and carried the same to PRICE, Roger, clergyman, b. in England them, at much personal risk from the bush about 1696; d. in Leigh, Essex, 8 Dec., 1762. He whackers" in northern Missouri. Mr. Price was was educated at Oxford, and admitted to orders elected to congress as a Republican, serving in in the Church of England in 1720. From 1725 1863–9. He declined to be a candidate again, and onward he held several livings in England. On spent some time abroad. He was again elected in the death of the Rev. Samuel Myles, in 1728, Mr. 1876 and 1878, and then again declined re-election. Price was sent, the year following, by the bishop He was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs of London, to succeed Mr. Myles in the rector- in 1881, and served in that office until shortly ship of King's chapel, Boston, Mass. The next after the inauguration of Fresident Cleveland. year he was appointed the bishop's commissary. PRICE, John, soldier, b. in England; d. in | In April, 1734, he laid the corner-stone of Trinity Maryland in 1661. He emigrated to Maryland, church, Boston, and in August, 1735, he delivered and represented St. Michael's hundred in the the first sermon in it. Although an able preacher, general assembly of 1639. He served with credit he appears to have had various difficulties and dis- as a soldier, received the public thanks of Lord putes with his parishioners, and became quite Baltimore, and was appointed muster-master- dissatisfied with the state of affairs in general. general in 1648. He was made a privy councillor About 1744 he purchased a tract of land in Hop- the same year, and was an ardent supporter of kinton, Mass., did missionary duty for two or the toleration act of 1649. He took an active three years, built a church at his own expense, part in the rebellions of 1645, and commanded St. and devised it, with a glebe of 180 acres of land, to Inigo's fort at a critical moment, and it was in a the Society for propagating the gospel, in trust great measure owing to his exertions that Gov. for supporting a minister of the Church of Eng- Leonard Calvert recovered his authority. land. In 1753 he went to England, where he spent PRICE, Richard, clergyman, b. in Tynton, the rest of his life as “incumbent of the parish of Glamorganshire, Wales, 23 Feb., 1723 ; d. in Lon- Leigh, in the deanery of Broughing, and archdea- don, England, 19 March, 1791. He was the son of conry of St. Albans.” Mr. Price published two a dissenting Calvinistic minister, was educated at a sermons, delivered on special occasions in Boston, dissenting academy, and held several appointments one on the death of John Jekyll, Esq., collector in and about London. Of his “ Observations on of customs (1733), the other, on the death of the Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War queen, wife of George II. (1738). with America ” (London and Boston, 1776) 60,000 PRICE, Samuel, senator, b. in Fanquier county, copies were soon distributed. For this work he re-Va., 18 Aug., 1805; d. in Leesburg, W. Va., 25 Feb., ceived the thanks of the corporation of London 1884. He removed to Preston county, Va. (now and the freedom of the city, besides being invited, W. Va.), at twelve years of age, received a common- in 1778, by the congress of the United States, to school education, and settled in the practice of law become a citizen of this country. This request he in Nicholas county. After serving two terms in declined, but referred to the infant republic as “the the legislature he removed to Wheeling, and sub- hope and the future refuge of mankind.” His other sequently to Lewisburg, and represented Green- works refer to religion, ethics, politics, and finance. brier county for many years in the legislature. He He received the degree of D. D. from the Univer- was a leader in all schemes for internal improve- sity of Aberdeen in 1769, and that of LL. D. from ment west of the Blue Ridge, and an originator Yale in 1781. His biography was written by his of the proposition to establish a railroad from nephew, William Morgan, D.D. (London, 1815). | Tidewater, 'Va., to Ohio river. He was a member PRICE, Rodman McCamley, governor of New of the State constitutional convention in 1851, and Jersey, b. in Sussex county, N. J., 5 May, 1816. At of the Secession convention in 1861, and earnest- an early age he became a student at Princeton, but ly opposed disunion in the latter body, but, on before completing the course was obliged to leave the passage of the ordinance of secession, sup- on account of his health. He afterward pursued for ported the measures that followed. He was elected some time the study of the law, and finally, in lieutenant-governor in 1863, and served as presi- 1840, was appointed purser in the U. S. navy. For dent of the state senate till the close of the war. ten years he was connected with this branch of the He was appointed a circuit judge in 1865, but de- service, and in 1848 clined to take the test oath and did not serve. he was made navy He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U. S. agent for the Pacific senate in 1876, was president of the West Virginia coast. When the constitution convention in 1872, and in 1876 was American flag was appointed by the governor to fill out the un- raised in this re- expired term of Allen T. Caperton, deceased, in gion, he was the the U. S. senate, serving four months. first to exercise judi- PRICE, Sterling, soldier, b. in Prince Ed- cial functions under ward county, Va., 11 Sept., 1809; d. in St. Louis, it as alcalde. On Mo., 29 Sept., 1867. He was a student at Hamp- returning to his den Sidney college, read law, moved to Chariton home in 1850, he county, Mo., in 1831, and was speaker of the Mis- was elected a mem- souri house of representatives in 1840-'4. He was ber of congress, and elected to congress in the latter year as a Demo- served from 1851 crat, but resigned in 1846, and raised the 2d Mis- till 1853. On 8 Nov. souri cavalry regiment for the Mexican war, be- o druan M. Price he was elected govs that of Col. Doniphan, both under command of of the latter year coming its colonel. He moved his regiment with ernor of New Jer- Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, from Fort Leaven- sey, which office he filled for three years. Through worth to Santa Fé, more than 1,000 miles, the his instrumentality mainly the normal school of march occupying more than fifty days, and the that state was established, and the militia system | army subsisting mainly on the country. Col. Price, 1 PRICE 119 PRIDEAUX with about 2,000 men, was left in charge of New | 1853 at Pennsylvania medical college, and set- Mexico, Gen. Kearny moving with the remainder tled in practice at Tuckerton, N. J. In 1863 he of the command to California. An insurrection served as a volunteer surgeon in the army. Since occurred in Santa Fé, to which Gov. Brent and 1879 he has been acting assistant surgeon in the several of his officers fell victims during their ab- U.S. marine hospital service, the first and only ap- sence from the town. Col. Price now attacked the pointment of the kind in New Jersey, the govern- Mexicans, completed the conquest of the province ment medical service on the entire New Jersey in several brilliant actions, and after promotion coast being under his charge. He is one of the pro- to brigadier-general of volunteers, 20 July, 1847, jectors of the Tuckerton railroad, and since 1871 marched to Chihuahua, of which he was made has been the secretary. He has served in the New military governor. He defeated the Mexicans Jersey legislature, is one of the trustees of the at Santa Cruz de Rosales, 16 March, 1848. Gen. New Jersey reform school for boys, and of the Price was governor of Missouri from 1853 till South Jersey institute, and a member of the State 1857. bank commissioner of the state from 1857 medical and historical societies. He has contributed till 1861, and president of the State convention to medical journals, and both in prose and poetry on 4 March, 1861. He was appointed major-gen- to various periodicals. Many of his war songs have eral of the Missouri state guard on 18 May, and become widely known. He is the author of the after he had been entire historical and descriptive part of the “ His- joined by Gen. Ben torical and Biographical Atlas of the New Jersey McCulloch and Gen. Coast” (Philadelphia, 1877). Pearce with Confed- PRICE, Thomas Lawson, contractor, b. near erate troops and Ar- Danville, Va., 19 Jan., 1809; d. in Jefferson City, kansas militia, they Mo., 16 July, 1870. His father was a wealthy to- defeated Gen. Na- bacco-planter. In 1831 the son settled in Jefferson thaniel Lyon at Wil- City, Mo. He first engaged in mercantile pursuits, son's creek, in south- and afterward bought and sold real estate. In western Missouri, 10 | 1838 he obtained the contract for carrying the Aug., 1861. Price mail between St. Louis and Jefferson City, and es- then advanced north- tablished the first stage-line connecting those ward and invested places. Ultimately he gained control of all the Lexington, on Mis- stage-routes in the state, and became lessee of the souri river, 12 Sept., State penitentiary. He was chosen the first mayor 1861. He captured of Jefferson City in 1838, and was re-elected. In the place, with 3,500 1847 he was appointed brevet major-general of the men, on 21 Sept., but 6th division of Missouri militia, and in 1849 he fell back southward was elected lieutenant-governor on the Democratic before Gen. John C. ticket. In 1856 Gen. Price headed a Benton dele- Frémont, and went gation to the Democratic national convention that into winter-quarters near Springfield, whence he was nominated James Buchanan, but was not admitted. driven by Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, 12 Feb., 1862, and In 1860 he was elected to the state legislature, and retreated toward Fort Smith, Ark. Gen. Earl Van on 21 Sept., 1861, was appointed by Gen. John C. Dorn assumed command of Price's and McCulloch's Frémont brigadier-general of volunteers. The ap- armies, attacked Curtis at Pea Ridge, 7 March, 1862, pointment expired by limitation, 17 July, 1862. He and was defeated. Van Dorn was now ordered to was elected to congress in place of John W. Reid, Tennessee. Price participated in the engagements expelled, and served from 21 Jan., 1862, till 3 March, around Corinth, retreated under Beauregard to 1863. In 1864 he was nominated by the Union Tupelo, was assigned the command of the Army men for governor, although there was no hope of of the West in March, 1862, and then to the district his election. About this time his health began to of Tennessee. He moved toward Nashville, and fail, and his only subsequent appearance in public met and fought with Gen. William S. Rosecrans, in life was as delegate to the Democratic national command of Grant's right, at luka, 19 Sept., 1862, convention in 1868, where he acted as vice-presi- but was ordered to report to Van Dorn, and by his dent when Horatio Seymour was nominated. “Dur- direction abandoned luka and joined him nearing the greater part of his career Gen. Price was Baldwyn. He participated in Van Dorn's dis- connected with railroads, both as contractor and astrous attack upon Corinth in October, 1862, and officer. When a member of the legislature he was in the operations under Gen. John C. Pemberton largely instrumental in inducing the state to lend in northern Mississippi during the winter of its aid to the construction of the Iron Mountain 1862–3. He was then ordered to the Trans-Mis- and Hannibal and St. Joseph roads. He was also sissippi department, took part in the unsuccessful identified with the construction of the Missouri attack upon Helena, 21 July, 1863, and was as- Pacific and the Kansas Pacific. Of the former he signed to the command of the district of Arkansas. was one of the first and largest contractors. Be- He was driven from Little Rock by Gen. Frederic sides building the greater part of the Kansas Pa- Steele, but successfully resisted Steele's advance cific, he was also a fund commissioner and director toward Red river in March, 1864, and forced him of that road, and united with other capitalists in to retreat. He made a raid into Missouri in Sep- extending the line from Denver to Cheyenne. tember, 1864, had many engagements with the PRIDEAUX, John, British soldier, b. in Dev- National forces, and reached Missouri river, but onshire, England, in 1718; d. near Fort Niagara, was driven out of the state and into southwest- 19 July, 1759. He was the second son of Sir ern Arkansas. After the surrender of the Con- John Prideaux, bart., and early entered the army, federate armies he went to Mexico, but he re- serving in the battle of Dellingen in 1743. He be- turned to Missouri in 1866. came captain in the 3d foot-guards, 24 Feb., 1745, PRICE, Theophilus Townsend, physician, b. colonel of the 55th foot, 28 Oct. , 1758, and brigadier- in Cape May county, N. J., 21 May, 1828. He re- general, 5 May, 1759. In 1759 he was intrusted by ceived an academical education, taught school for William Pitt with the command of one of the four a time, then studied medicine, was graduated in divisions of the army that was to conquer Canada, Stirling Price а 120 PRIESTLEY PRIEST 9 the others being given to Wolfe, Amherst, and to the Royal society in 1766. In 1767 he removed Stanwix. He opened his campaign by a move- to Leeds, where he was given charge of the Mill ment on Fort Niagara, which was then one of the Hill chapel. He devoted himself closely to the most formidable French posts. A landing was study of theology, and began his investigations on effected on 7 July, notwithstanding a harassing gases, also publishing a fragmentary work on the fire, and after a summons to surrender had been History and Present State of Discoveries relating refused by Pouchot, the French commander, who to Vision, Light, and Colors” (2 vols., London, had sent secretly for re-enforcements, Prideaux 1772). In 1769 he came into conflict with Sir Will- opened fire with his artillery. He repelled a sortie iam Blackstone, author of the “Commentaries," on 11 July, and on the 18th prevented a French pointing out inaccurate statements of historical schooner from landing re-enforcements that had facts in his work. Blackstone promised to cancel been sent by Frontenac. On the evening of the same the offensive paragraphs in the future editions of day, while he was busy in the trenches, he was killed his work, and the controversy came to an amicable by the bursting of a coehorn, owing to the careless- conclusion. From 1773 till 1780 he was librarian ness of an artilleryman. He was succeeded in the or literary companion to the Earl of Shelburne. command by Sir William Johnson. As the elder with whom he travelled on the continent, and brother had been killed at Carthagena in 1741, spent some time in Paris; on his return he had Prideaux was his father's heir, and his son, John much leisure for scientific research, and was active Wilmot, succeeded to the baronetcy in 1766. in prosecuting his experiments. During these PRIEST, Josiah, author, b. about 1790; d. in years he made his great discoveries in chemistry, western New York about 1850. He was unedu- and renewed his investigations on gases. Priestley cated, and was a harness-maker by trade, but pub- was unacquainted with chemistry; he had no appa- lished several books, including "Wonders of Na- ratus, and knew nothing of chemical experiment- ture” (Albany, 1826); “ View of the Millennium" ing, but these adverse conditions may have been (1828); “Stories of the Revolution " (1836); “ Amer serviceable as he entered upon a new field where ican Antiquities” (1838); and “Slavery in the apparatus had to be invented, and the arrange- Light of History and Scripture” (1843). ments that he devised for the manipulation of PRIESTLEY, Joseph, scientist, þ. in Field- gases are unsurpassed in simplicity and have been head, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, 24 March, used ever since. The first of these discoveries was 1733; d. in Northumberland, Pa., 6 Feb., 1804. that of nitric oxide in 1772, the properties of which He was the eldest son of a cloth-dresser, and his he ascertained and applied to the analysis of air. mother dying when the boy was six years old, he In 1774, by heating the red oxide of mercury, he was adopted by his made his discovery of oxygen, to which he gave aunt, Mrs. Keigh- the name of dephlogiscated air. He also showed ley. The youth was its power of supporting combustion better, and sent to a free gram- animal life longer, than the same volume of com- mar-school, and at mon air. By means of mercury which he used the age of sixteen with the pneumatic trough to collect gases that had made consider- are soluble in water, he further made known hy- able progress in the drochloric acid and ammonia in 1774, and sulphur ancient languages. dioxide and silicon tetrafluoride in 1775, and in- He had determined troduced easy methods for their preparation, de- to become a clergy. scribing with exactness the most remarkable prop- man, and in 1752-5 ties of each. He likewise pointed out the exist- he was at the dis- ence of carburetted hydrogen gas. Priestley dis- senting academy at covered nitrous oxide in 1776, and, after he came Daventry, in North- to the United States, carbon monoxide in 1779. amptonshire, where To him we owe the knowledge of the fact that an he wrote some of acid is formed when electric sparks are made to his earliest tracts. pass for some time through a given bulk of com- On attempting to mon air, which afterward led to Cavendish's dis- enter the ministry covery of the composition of nitric acid. These he was rejected on facts are described in his “Experiments and Ob- account of his views on original sin, the atone- servation Relating to Natural Philosophy, with a ment, and eternal damnation, which he main- Continuation of the Observations on Air” (3 vols., tained openly. In 1755 he became an assistant in London, 1779='86). Meanwhile he wrote numerous an obscure meeting-house at Needham market in theological works, and it has been said of Priestley Suffolk, but he failed to become popular. Three that he was fond of controversy, yet he never years later he went to Nantwich, in Cheshire. sought it, and if he participated in it, it was gen- where he taught twelve hours a day. At this time erally because it was thrust upon him, and he he wrote his first book, “Rudiments of English became the defendant rather than the assailant.” Grammar” (London, 1761), and his “Course of In 1780 he took up his residence in Birmingham, Lectures on the Theory of Language and Univer- where he had charge of an independent congrega- sal Grammar” (Warrington, 1762). In 1761 he tion. His collection of apparatus had increased, removed to Warrington, in Lancashire, where the and his income was now so good that he could dissenters had established an academy, and for six prosecute his researches with freedom. In 1790 he years he was tutor there in the languages and enraged the people by his "Familiar Letters to the belles-lettres. Ile preached continually during his Inhabitants of Birmingham” (Biriningham, 1790), residence in that place, and was ordained there. and these were soon followed by “ Letters to Rt. During one of his visits to London he met Benja- Hon. E. Burke, occasioned by his Reflections on min Franklin, and through his assistance under the Revolution in France" (1791). He now be- took the preparation of his “ History and Present came the recognized champion of liberal thought, State of Electricity, with Original Experiments" which made him the subject of severe condemna- (London, 1767). He received the degree of LL. D. tion at home. This feeling culminated on 14 July, from the University of Edinburgh, and was elected | 1791, the anniversary of the French revolution, in Hristler " PRIESTLEY 121 PRIME a riot in Birmingham, during which his meeting- ! and other scientists. Dr. II. Carrington Bolton, house and his dwelling-house were burned, and his who delivered an address on Priestley before the library and apparatus were destroyed, and many New York genealogical and biographical society in manuscripts, the fruits of years of industry, per- April, 1888, has in preparation - The Scientific Cor- ished in the flames. Priestley escaped to London, respondence of the Rev. Joseph Priestley." When the popular excitement had somewhat ceased PRIETO, Joaquin (pre-ay'-to), Chilian soldier, in Birmingham he sought compensation in the b. in Concepcion, 20 Aug.. 1786; d. in Valparaiso, courts for the destruction of his property, and 22 Nov., 1854. In August, 1805, he enlisted in the presented a claim for £3,628, but, during a trial of militia of Concepcion, and in April, 1806, he ac- nine years, it was cut down to £2,502. He sailed companied Gen. Luis de la Cruz across the Andes. from London on 7 April, 1794, and on 4 June | In 1811, as captain of dragoons, he formed part of landed in New York, where he was received by an auxiliary army that went to aid the patriotic delegations from scientific societies and invited movement of Buenos Ayres. On his return he to give a course of lectures on experimental phi- served in the southern campaign of Chili, and in losophy, for which a hundred subscriptions at $10 1814 was governor of Talca. After the defeat of each were soon obtained. But he refused, and Rancagua he went to the Argentine Republic and proceeded at once to Philadelphia, where he re- established himself in Buenos Ayres. He joined ceived a complimentary address from the Ameri- the Chilian-Argentine army, in 1817 was present at can philosophical society. He was offered the the battle of Chacabuco, and afterward was ap- professorship of chemistry in the University of pointed commander of Santiago and director of Pennsylvania with a good salary, but declined the the arsenal. He equipped the army and took part appointment, preferring to choose his own occupa in the battle of Maypu as commander of the re- tions in retirement. His sons had previously set- serve. In 1821 he was sent to the south, which tled in Northumberland, Pa., whither he followed, had revolted under Benavides, and defeated the making his home in the midst of a garden over- latter in the battle of Vegas de Saldias. He was looking one of the finest views of the Susquehanna. elected deputy to congress and senator in 1823, A laboratory was built for him, which was finished took an active part in the civil war of 1829–'30, in 1797, and he was able to arrange his books and and after the battle of Lircoy he was appointed renew his experiments with every possible facility. provisional president of the republic. Six months Thomas Jefferson consulted him in regard to the afterward, 18 Sept., 1831, he was elected constitu- founding of the University of Virginia, and he was tional president. On 25 May, 1833, the new con- offered the presidency of the University of North stitution of the country was promulgated. He Carolina. In the spring of 1796 he delivered a was re-elected in 1836, and, after retiring in 1841, series of " Discourses relating to the Evidences of became councillor of state, senator, and command- Revealed Religion” (Philadelphia, 1796), which er of Valparaiso. were attended by crowded audiences, including PRIME, Ebenezer, clergymen, b. in Milford, many members of congress and the executive of- Conn., 21 July, 1700; d. in Huntington, L. I., 25 ficers of the government, and in 1797 he delivered Sept., 1779. Ile was the grandson of James, who, a second series, which were less favorably received with his brother, Mark Prime, came from England The first of these, when published, was dedicated to to escape religious persecution about 1638. Ebene- John Adams, who was then his hearer and admirer, zer was graduated at Yale in 1718, studied divinity, but later, when Adams (9. 2.) became president, and the following year was called to Iluntington, Priestley opposed the administration, and it was L. I., where he became an assistant to Rev. Elipha- intimated that the "alien law” was directed against let Jones. On 5 June, 1723, he was ordained pas- him. His time was chiefly spent in literary work, tor of the same church, which office he continued and he wrote the continuation of his “General to hold until his death. A register of the sermons History of the Christian Church to the Fall of that he preached, with texts, dates, and places of the Western Empire" (4 vols., Northumberland, delivery, shows that he prepared more than 3,000, 1802–3), which he dedicated to Thomas Jefferson ; many of which are still preserved. Although he also “ Answer to Mr. Paine's Age of Reason" (1795); was educated as a Congregationalist, in 1747 his * Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with own church and the others in the county of Suf- those of the Hindoos and other Nations ” (1799): folk formed themselves into a presbytery and Notes on all the Books of Scripture” (1803); and adopted the Presbyterian form of government, Mr. “ The Doctrines of Heathen Philosophy compared Prime being chosen the first moderator. In the with those of Revelation " (1804). There are many war of the Revolution Mr. Prime's church was memoirs of his life, of which the most important turned into a military depot by the British, and the are John Corry’s “ Life of J. Priestley” (Birming- pulpit and pews were burnt för fuel. The parson- ham, 1805) and “ Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley age was occupied by troops: the pastor's valuable to the Year 1795, written by Himself; with a Con- library was used for lighting fires, and otherwise tinuation to the Time of his Decease, by his Son, mutilated. Driven from home in his seventy- Joseph Priestley” (2 vols., London, 1806-?7). His seventh year, an object of special hostility on ac- " Theological and Miscellaneous Works" (exclud-count of his decided patriotic opinions, he retired ing the scientific) were collected by John T. Rutt to a quiet part of the parish and preached in private and published in twenty-six volumes (Hackney, houses, or wherever he could gather his people to- 1817-32). His old congregation in Birmingham gether. Toward the close of the war Col. Benja- erected a monument to his memory in their place min Thompson, afterward Count Rumford, was or- of worship after his death, and a marble statue was dered to occupy the village. He tore down the placed in 1860 in the corridor of the museum at church, and used the materials in building bar- Oxford. The centennial of discovery of oxygen ks and block-houses in the graveyard. Ascer- was celebrated on 1 Aug. 1874, by the unveiling taining where the venerable pastor lay buried, he of a statue to his memory in Birmingham, an ad-directed that his own tent should be pitched at the dress in Paris, and in this country by a gathering | head of the grave, that, as he expressed it, he of chemists at his grave in Northumberland, Pa., might have the satisfaction of treading on the where appropriate exercises were held, including "-old rebel” every time he entered and left it. addresses by T. Sterry Hunt, Benjamin Silliman, Mr. Prime is described by a contemporary as а a 122 PRIME PRIME 7 L. Seua Prime 66 man of sterling character, of powerful intellect, 1845), Dr. Prime published sermons entitled “The who possessed the reputation of an able and faith- Pernicious Effects of Intemperance” (Brooklyn, ful divine.” His published discourses include 1812); “ Divine Truth the Established Means of * The Pastor at Large Vindicated” and “The Di- Sanctification” (Salem, 1817); and “ The Year of vine Institution of Preaching the Gospel Consid- Jubilee, but not to Africans" (1825). - Another son, ered” (New York, 1758), and - The Importance of Samuel Irenæus, editor, b. in Ballston, N. Y., 4 the Divine Presence with the Armies of God's Peo- Nov., 1812; d. in Manchester, Vt., 18 July, 1885, ple in their Martial Enterprises” (1759). He also was graduated at Williams in 1829, taught three published a sermon, delivered in 1754, on “ Ordi- years at Cambridge and Sing Sing, N. Y., and en- nation to the Gospel Ministry,” regarding which he tered Princeton theological seminary, but before held peculiar views. His son, Benjamin Yoang, completing his first year he was attacked by a se- physician, b. in Huntington, L. I., 20 Dec., 1733; vere illness, and d. there, 31 Oct., 1791, was graduated at Princeton was never able to in 1751, studied medicine under Dr. Jacob Ogden, resume his stud- and began to practise at Easthampton, L. I. In ies. He was li. 1756–7 he was tutor at Princeton. His acquire- censed to preach ments as a linguist were unusual. Among his pa- in 1833, and held pers were found, after his death, Latin versifica- pastorates at tions of one of the Psalms written in all the dif- Ballston Spa in ferent metres of the odes of Horace. He was also 1833–5, and at master of several modern languages, which he Matteawan, N. spoke fluently. In June, 1762, he sailed for Eng- Y., in 1837-²40. land to visit medical schools abroad, and he was In the spring of graduated at the University of Leyden in July, the latter year he 1764. After visiting Moscow he returned to New was compelled to York city and resumed practice there. On the abandon the pul- passage of the stamp-act he wrote “ A Song for pit, owing to a the Sons of Liberty in New York." At the open- bronchial affec- ing of the Revolutionary war, Dr. Prime, who had tion, from which meantime given up practice in New York and re- he never entirely tired to Huntington, was compelled to flee to Con- recovered. Thereafter, till his death, he was editor necticut, but at the end of the war he returned of the “ New York Observer," except during 1849, to Huntington, and remained there until his death. when he acted as secretary of the American Bible Besides his songs and ballads, which circulated society, and a few months in 1850, when he edited widely during the war, Dr. Prime published " The The Presbyterian.” In 1853 he visited Europe, Patriot Muse, or Poems on some of the Principal Palestine, and Egypt, for his health, writing a Events of the Late War, etc., by an American Gen- series of letters to the “ Observer” under the sig- tleman, referring to the French War" (London, nature of “Irenæus.” He went abroad again in 1764), and Columbia's Glory, or British Pride 1866–'? and in 1876—7. Dr. Prime was closely Humbled, a Poem on the American Revolution" identified with the Evangelical alliance of Ameri- (New York, 1791). In addition to these, there was ca, founded in 1866, attending the 5th general published in New York city, in 1840, “ Muscipula : conference at Amsterdam in 1867, and inviting Sive Cambromyomachia. The Mouse-Trap; or, the the European alliances to hold the 6th conference Battle of the Welsh and the Mice: in Latin and Eng- in New York city, which invitation was accepted. lish. With Other Poems in different Languages. On his return from Europe he was elected a cor- By an American." The principal Latin poem in responding secretary of the American alliance, this volume is probably not by Dr. Prime, but the and he held the office until 28 Jan., 1884. In his translation of the “Muscipula” is undoubtedly his hands the “Observer”. acquired a wide reputa- work.–Benjamin Young's son, Nathaniel Scud- tion. His “Irenæus" articles appeared in it der, clergyman, b. in Huntington, L. I., 21 April , weekly until the end of his life. He received the 1785 ; d. in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 27 March, 1856, degree of D. D. from Hampden Sidney college, Va., was graduated at Princeton in 1804, licensed to in 1854. During his career as an editor he found preach by the presbytery of Long Island, 10 Oct., time to write more than forty volumes, besides 1805, and ordained in 1809. After preaching at pamphlets, addresses, and articles for various peri- Sag Harbor, Fresh Pond, and Smithtown, L. 1., odicals. In 1854, while his first book of travels was he was called, in 1813, to the Presbyterian church passing through the press, he was asked by its pub- at Cambridge, Washington co., N. Y., where he fishers, Harper Brothers, to contribute to their remained for seventeen years. For several years magazine. From this source he received for the after 1821 he was also principal of the county next twelve years more than $1,000 annually, and academy. In 1831 he established a seminary for he was thus enabled to purchase an interest in the young women in Sing Sing, under the charge of “Observer” in 1858. Dr. Prime was vice-president his daughter, and on its being destroyed by fire in and director of the American tract society and of 1835, he removed it to Newburg, N. Y., where he the American and foreign Christian union, presi- remained eight years. On retiring at the end of dent of the New York association for the advance- that period, he did not again accept a pastoral ment of science and art, president and trustee of charge. Dr. Prime was an earnest advocate of all Wells college for women, a trustee of Williams moral reforms, and is believed to have preached college, and member of a large number of other in 1811 one of the first temperance sermons that religious, benevolent, and literary societies. Among was ever delivered. He was an enthusiastic elec- his publications are - The Old White Meeting- trician, and was instrumental in introducing Prof. House” and “Life in New York” (New York, Joseph Henry to public notice. He received the 1845); “Annals of the English Bible" (1849); degree of D.'D. from Princeton in 1848. Besides - Thoughts on the Death of Little Children * A Collection of Hymns” (Sag Harbor, 1809), “ A (1852); “ Travels in Europe and the East” (1855); Familiar Illustration of Christian Baptism ” (Salem, "The Power of Prayer" (1858); “ The Bible in the 1818), and “ A History of Long Island” (New York, Levant” and “ American Wit and Humor" (1859); G » PRIME 123 PRINCE 6 9 * Letters from Switzerland” (1860); " Memoirs of mines, studied for three years at the Royal mining- Rev. Nicholas Murray, I), D.,” “ Kirwan” (1862); school in Freiberg, Saxony. On his return in 1869 “ Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune ” (1863); “ Fif- he became assistant in assaying at Columbia school teen Years of Prayer” and “ Walking with God” of mines, and also assistant on the geological sur- (1872); “ The Alhambra and the Kremlin ” (1873); vey of Ohio. In 1870 he was elected professor of * Songs of the Soul ” (1874); "Life of S. F. B. mining and metallurgy at Lafayette, and in 1874 Morse, LL. D.” (1875); Irenæus Letters" (1st he became assistant geologist on the geological series, 1880 ; 2d series, 1885); and “Prayer and its survey of Pennsylvania, both of which places he Answer” (1882). Of the “ Power of Prayer" more filled until 1879. Meanwhile he has been profes- than 175,000 were sold—100,000 in this country sionally consulted very frequently by various iron and Great Britain, while two editions appeared in and coal companies. Of late years he has de- France, and one in the Tamil language in India. voted himself exclusively to professional practice, -Another son, Edward Dorr Griffin, clergyman, and became in 1881 president of the Allentown iron b. in Cambridge, N. Y., 2 Nov., 1814, was gradu- company. At the World's fair of 1876 he was judge ated at Union in 1832, and at Princeton theological of the group on mining and metallurgy, filling the seminary in 1838, and was pastor of Presbyterian office of secretary to the board. In 1880 Lafay- churches at Scotchtown, N. Y., and New York ette conferred on him the degree of Ph. D. Prof. city. In April, 1853, to allow his brother, Irenæus, Prime has been active in the management of the to go abroad for his health, he took his place as American institute of mining engineers, and has editor of the “ Observer," with which he had cor- contributed to its transactions. He has also trans- responded for several years under the signature of lated from the German and edited Von Cotta's Eusebius." He continued his connection with Treatise on Ore Deposits ” (New York, 1870). that journal until his brother's death in 1885, act- PRIME, Rufus, merchant, b. in New York city ing as associate editor, but spent the winter of in 1805 ; d. in Huntington, L. I., 15 Oct., 1885. He 1854–5 in Rome as chaplain of the American em- was a son of Nathaniel Prime, a descendant of bassy. On the death of his brother, he became Mark Prime, who emigrated from England about editor of the “ Observer," but he was compelled by 1640, and joined the colony that founded the town illness to resign in 1886. Dr. Prime received the of Rowley, Mass. Nathaniel was the head of the degree of D. D. from Jefferson college, Pa., in firm of Prime, Ward, and King, in its day the 1857. Besides contributing anonymously to several chief banking-house in New York city. Rufus re- volumes, he has published " Around the World: ceived a classical education, and on its completion Travel Through Many Lands and Over Many Seas” | engaged in business. On his father's death in (New York, 1872); "Forty Years in the l'urkish 1843 he devoted himself entirely to the care of his Empire, or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D. D.” | large estate. Mr. Prime was familiar with several (1876); and “ Notes, Genealogical, Biographical, and languages, and was fond of literary pursuits.--His Bibliographical, of the Prime Family” (printed pri- son, Frederick E., soldier, b. in Florence, Italy, 24 vately, New York, 1888).-- Another son, William Sept., 1829, was graduated at the U.S. military acad- Cowper, journalist, b. in Cambridge, N. Y., 31 Oct., emy in 1850, and employed on fortifications in New 1825, was graduated at Princeton in 1843, studied York, California, Alabaina, and Mississippi. In 1861 law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He con- he was taken prisoner at Pensacola, Fla., while he tinued to practise in the city of New York until was on his way to Fort Pickens. Having been com- 1861, when he became an owner and manager of missioned captain of engineers, he served during the the New York • Journal of Commerce," with Manassas campaign, and the following six months which he is still connected. He acted as its editor- he was successively chief engineer of the depart- in-chief from 1861 till 1869. Mr. Prime visited ments of Kentucky, the Cumberland, and the Ohio. Egypt and the Holy Land in 1855–6, and again in After being wounded and taken prisoner while on 1869–70. In his leisure hours he has devoted a reconnoissance, he occupied the same post during himself to the study of the art of book illustration, Gen. Grant's Mississippi campaign in 1862–'3. He and has made a valuable collection of the wood- was brevetted major for gallantry at the battle of cuts of artists of the 15th and 16th centuries. From Corinth, and took part in the siege of Vicksburg. its establishment he has taken an active interest He was also promoted major, 1 June, 1863, bre- in the New York metropolitan museum of art, and vetted lieutenant-colonel the following month for since 1874 he has been its first vice-president. He meritorious services before Vicksburg, and colonel also induced the trustees of Princeton to establish a and brigadier-general, 13 March, 1865, for gallant systematic course of instruction in art history, and conduct throughout the war. The commission of in 1884 he was chosen as the occupant of that chair. brevet brigadier-general was declined. On 5 Sept., The college had previously, in 1875, conferred upon 1871, Maj. Prime was retired through disability him the degree of LL. D. Besides a series of let- from wounds that he received “in line of duty.” ters in the " Journal ” begun in 1846 and continued PRINCE, Henry, soldier, b. in Eastport, Me., to the present time, more than forty years, Dr. 19 June, 1811. He was graduated at the U. S. Prime has published “The Owl-Creek Letters” military academy in 1835, assigned to the 4th in- (New York, 1848); “ The Old House by the River” fantry, and served in the Seminole war in 1836-7. (1853); “ Later Years ” (1854); Boat Life in He became 1st lieutenant, 7 July, 1838, assisted in Egypt and Nubia” and “ Tent Life in the Holy removing the Creek Indians to the west, and then Land” (1857); “Coins, Medals, and Seals, Ancient served on frontier duty, in the Florida war of and Modern” (1861); the hymn O Mother, Dear, ) 1841–2, and in the war with Mexico, in which he Jerusalem,” with notes (1865); “ I go A-Fishing" received the brevet of captain for services at Con- (1873): “Holy Cross” (1877); and “ Pottery and treras and Churubusco, and that of major for Mo- Porcelain of All Times and Nations” (1878). As lino del Rey, where he was severely wounded. On literary executor of Gen. George B. McClellan, he 26 Sept., 1847, he was made captain, and on 23 edited · McClellan's Own Story" (1886), and wrote May, 1855, he was appointed major and served on a biographical sketch for that volume. the pay department in the west, participating in PRIME, Frederick, geologist, b. in Philadel- the Utah campaign in 1858–9. In the civil war he phia, Pa., 1 March, 1846. He was graduated at took part in the northern Virginia campaign, was Columbia in 1865, and after a year at the School of made brigadier-general of volunteers on 28 April, 66 124 PRINCE PRINCE 1862, and received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel cathedral chapel, besides laying the foundations of for services at Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug., 1862, where a more elaborate ecclesiastical edifice, which has he was captured. After his release in December since been completed. During his residence at St. he participated in the North Carolina operations Hyacinthe, Bishop Prince organized twenty par- from 11 Jan. till 24 June, 1863, commanded the ishes, established several missions, and ordained district of Pamlico from 1 May till 24 June, 1863, thirty-one priests. pursued the Confederate army in its retreat from PŘINCÈ, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, Maryland, served in the Rapidan campaign from Mass., 11 July, 1751 ; d. in Salem, Mass., 7 June, October till December, 1863, pursued Gen. Nathan 1836. He was the son of a mechanic, and was ap- B. Forrest's raiders in Tennessee and Alabama in prenticed to a tinman, but prepared himself for 1864, and commanded on the coast of South Caro- college, and was graduated at Harvard in 1776, lina from January till May, 1865. He was bre- after which he studied theology, and from 1779 vetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S.army, on till 1836 was pastor of the 1st Unitarian church in 13 March, 1865. He served on courts-martial in Salem, Mass. He was a friend of Count Rumford, Washington, D. C., in 1865–6, and was mustered joined in many of the latter's inventions and ex- out of volunteer service on 30 April, 1866. He periments, and constructed an improved air-pump, then served as paymaster in Boston till 1869, as which gave him a wide reputation. Brown gave chief paymaster of the Department of the East till him the degree of LL. D. in 1795. He published 1871, and as paymaster in New York city until several sermons. A “Memoir” by Rev. Charles W. 1875. He was assigned to the Division of the Pa- Upham, who became his associate in 1824, is print- cific on 28 June, 1875, became lieutenant-colonel ed in the Massachusetts historical collections. on 3 March, 1877, and retired on 31 Dec., 1879. PRINCE, Oliver Hillhouse, senator, b. in PRINCE, Jean Charles, Canadian R. C. Connecticut about 1787; d. at sea, 9 Oct., 1837. bishop, b. in St. Gregoire, Three Rivers, Quebec, He removed to Georgia in early years, studied law, 13 Feb., 1804 ; d. in St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, 5 May, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and began to 1860. He was educated at Nicolet college, in the practise in Macon, of which he was a settler, and village of that name, and, while studying the one of the five commissioners that laid out the ology, taught in Nicolet college and afterward town. He was elected a U. S. senator in place of in the seminary at St. Hyacinthe. After his ordi- Thomas W. Cobb, serving from 1 Dec., 1828, till 3 nation as priest in 1826 he was director of the March, 1829. Mr. Prince was the author of many Grand séminaire of St. Jacques, at Montreal, until humorous sketches, one of which, giving an ac- 1830, and of the College of St. Hyacinthe until count of a Georgia militia muster, was translated 1840. The death of Monsignor Lartigue, first into several languages. He also published “ Di- bishop of Montreal, having made a change in the gest of the Laws of Georgia to December, 1820 " bishopric necessary, he was called by Ignace Bour- (Milledgeville, 1822; 2d ed., Athens, 1837). He get, the second bishop, to assist in the administra- perished in the wreck of the steamer “ Home” on tion of that diocese. Early in 1841 the chapter of the coast of North Carolina. St. Jacques was established, and Abbé Prince was PRINCE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Sandwich, installed titulary canon of the cathedral of Mon- Mass., 15 May, 1687; d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Oct., treal on 21 Jan. The same year he issued the first 1758. He was the grandson of John Prince, of Hull, number of “ Mélanges religieux," a periodical England, who emigrated to this country in 1633. which at first only published the sermons of Mon- After graduation at signor de Forbin Janson, but subsequently com- Harvard in 1707, he prised general religious intelligence. It was issued visited the West In- until 1852, when its offices and material were dies and the island destroyed by fire. At this period the city of of Madeira, went to Kingston was without any religious institution England in 1709, and connected with the Roman Catholic church. preached in Coombs, Bishop Gaulin, having no assistants save a few Suffolk, and else- priests who were overburdened with work, asked where. In 1717 he the bishop of Montreal to send him several Sisters returned to Boston, of Charity and a priest competent to take charge of and on 1 Oct., 1718, them. M. Prince accordingly went to Kingston, was ordained col- established the Convent of the Sisters of the Congre- league of his class- gation for the education of young girls, and pre- mate, Dr. Joseph pared the way for the organization of the “Sæurs Sewall , pastor of the de l'Hôtel-Dieu " for the care of the sick poor. On Old South church in returning to Montreal he assisted in founding Provi- Boston, where he dence House, and became its first director. He was continued until his ↑ Prince also connected with the Convent of the Good Pastor death, and became and other institutions. He was appointed by Greg- eminent as a preacher, linguist, and scholar. He ory XIV. coadjutor to the bishop of Montreal and began, in 1703, and continued through his life, to bishop of Martyropolis, 5 July, 1844. The see of collect manuscript documents relating to the his- Montreal was at that time very large. Many new tory of New England, which he left to the care of enterprises were calling for assistance, and bishop the Old South church. They were deposited in the and coadjutor found all their energies taxed to tower, which also contained a valuable library of the utmost. In 1851 Bishop Prince visited Rome the writings of the early New England divines that on an ecclesiastical mission, and while he was there had been gathered by Mr. Prince. These were part- Pius IX., at the request of the delegates to the ly destroyed by the British in 1775–6, and much first council of Quebec, transferred him to the see | important matter relating to the history of New of St. Hyacinthe, 8 June, 1852. He was the first England was thus lost. The remainder of the man- bishop of that diocese. The old college that he uscripts, with his books, which are of value, form had purchased and transformed into a cathedral part of the Boston public library, and of these a and episcopal palace was burned, 17 May, 1854, catalogue was published by Williain II. Whitmore but he undertook the immediate construction of a (Boston, 1868), and a later one with his portrait PRINCE 125 PRINGLE na. (1870). He published twenty-nine single sermons the first to introduce silk-culture and the morus between 1717 and 1756; An Account of the First multicaulis for silk-worms in 1837, but lost a large Aurora Borealis” (1717); Account of the Eng- fortune by this enterprise, owing to the change in lish Ministers at Martha's Vineyard," appended the tariff, which destroyed this industry for several to Experience Mayhew's - Indian Converts" (1727); years. In 1849 he went to California, was a found- * A Sermon on the Death of Cotton Mather" er of Sacramento, and in 1851 travelled through (1728); “ Memoirs” of Roger Clap, of Dorchester Mexico. He introduced the culture of osiers and (1731); an edition of John Mason's “ History of the sorghum in 1854–5, and the Chinese yam in 1854. Pequot War," with introduction and notes (1736); With his father, he wrote a “ History of the Vine' “ A Thanksgiving, Sermon occasioned by the Cap- (New York, 1830); and, in addition to numerous ture of Louisburg” (1745); “ Earthquakes of New pamphlets on the mulberry, the strawberry diosco- England,” with an appendix on Franklin's discov- rea, medical botany, etc., he published a Pomo- eries in electricity (1755); and “The New England logical Manual” (2 vols., 1832); Manual of Roses" Psalm-Book, Revised and Improved ” (1758). Sev- (1846); and about two hundred descriptive cata- eral of his sermons are contained in the publica- logues of trees, shrubs, vines, plants, bulbs, etc. tions of the Massachusetts historical society, and -William Robert's son, Le Baron Bradford, au- six of his manuscript discourses were published thor, b. in Flushing, L. I., 3 July, 1840, is descend- after his death by Dr. John Erskine (Edinburgh, ed through his maternal ancestors from William 1785). He also left a diary and other manuscripts. Bradford, of the “ Mayflower." He was educated Mr. Prince began a work entitled “ The Chrono- in Flushing, and was graduated at Columbia law- logical History of England” in the form of an- school in 1866. In 1871-'5 he was a member of nals, the first volume of which was published in the assembly for Queens county, and in 1872 was 1736, and two numbers of the second in 1755. It chairman of the judiciary committee which in- is published in the collections of the Massachusetts | vestigated the corrupt judiciary of New York city. historical society, and was edited by Nathan Hale, He was a member of the National Republican con- who published it in book-form (Boston, 1826). ventions of 1868 and 1876. In 1876–7 he was a Dr. Charles Chauney said that Mr. Prince was member of the state senate. From 1879 till 1882 he “ the most learned scholar, with the exception of was chief justice of New Mexico, and in 1880–2 he Cotton Mather, in New England." The Prince I was president of the bureau of immigration of that society, a printing association, was established in territory. He was a member of the Protestant Epis- Boston in 1858.- His brother, Nathan, scholar, copal general conventions between 1877 and 1886, b. in Sandwich, Mass., 30 Nov., 1698; d. in the and since 1877 has been a trustee of the Long island of Ruatan, Honduras, 25 July, 1748, was Island cathedral. Since 1880 he has been chancel- graduated at Harvard in 1718, where he was tutor lor of the jurisdiction of New Mexico and Arizo- from 1723 till 1742, and of which he became a He is the author of " Agricultural History of fellow in 1727. Subsequently he took orders in the Queens County” (New York, 1861); “E Pluribus Church of England, and was sent as a missionary Unum, or American Nationality” (1868); “A Na- to the Mosquito Indians in Central America. He tion, or'a League” (Chicago, 1880); “General Laws published an “ Essay to solve the Difficulties at- of New Mexico” (Albany, 1881); “ History of New tending the Several Accounts given of the Resur- Mexico” (New York, 1883); and “The American rection” (Boston, 1734), and an Account of the Church and its Name " (New York, 1887). Constitution and Government of Harvard Col- PRING, Daniel, British naval officer, b. in lege from 1636 to 1742" (1742). — Thomas's son, England in 1780; d. in Port Royal, Jamaica, 29 Thomas, editor, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Feb., Nov., 1847. He entered the navy at an early age, 1722; d. there 30 Sept., 1748, was graduated at and was midshipman on the Jamaica station. He Harvard in 1740. He erited the earliest American became lieutenant in 1807, at the beginning of periodical, which was entitled “Christian History," the war of 1812 was in command of the Halifax and contained accounts of the revival and propa- station, and was subsequently assigned by Sir gation of religion in Great Britain and America George Prevost to the charge of the provincial for 1743 (2 vols., 1744-'6). navy on the lakes. He was promoted commander PRINCE, William, horticulturist, b. in Flush- in 1813, and while in charge of the “Linnet,” a ing, L. I., 10 Nov., 1766; d. there, 9 April, 1842. brig of sixteen guns and 100 men, in the squad- In 1793 he bought eighty acres of land and extend- ron of Com. George Downie on Lake Champlain, ed the nurseries of his father in Flushing: He participated in the battle of Plattsburg Bay. Dur- brought many varieties of fruits into the United ing a greater part of the fight the Linnet” en- States, sent many trees and plants from this coun- gaged the “ Eagle,” an American brig of twenty try to Europe, and systematized the nomenclature guns and 150 men, and forced her out of the line, of the best-known fruits, such as the Bartlett pear but was subsequently compelled to strike her own and the Isabella grape. The London horticultural colors. He was promoted post-captain in 1815 society named for him the “ William Prince” ap- for bravery in that affair, and the next year was ple. He was a member of the horticultural so- in command on Lake Erie. He became commo- cieties of London and Paris, of the Imperial socie- dore in January, 1846. ty of Georgofili of Florence, and of the principal PRINGLE, Benjamin, jurist, b. in Richfield, American societies, and the meeting of horticultu- N. Y., 9 Nov., 1807. He received a good education rists in 1823, at which De Witt Clinton delivered and studied law, but gave up practice to become an address, was held at his residence. He pub- president of a bank at Batavia, N. Y. He was lished " A Treatise on Horticulture," the first com- judge of Genesee county courts for one year, served prehensive book that was written in the United two terms in congress in 1853–7, having been States upon this subject (New York, 1828).— His elected as a Whig, and in 1863 was in the legisla- son, William Robert, horticulturist, b. in Flush- ture. Subsequently he was appointed by Presi- ing, L. I., 6 Nov., 1795; d. there, 28 March, 1869, dent Lincoln a judge of the court of arbitration at was educated at Jamaica academy, L. I., and at Cape Town under the treaty of 1862 with Great Boucherville, Canada. He imported the first me- Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade. rino sheep into this country in 1816, continued PRINGLE, John Julius, lawver, b. in Charles- the Linnæan nurseries" of his father, and was ton, S. C., 22 July, 1753 ; d. there, 17 March, > 99 126 PROCTOR PRINTZ 1843. His father, Robert (1702–'76), came from PRIOLEAU, Samuel, jurist, b. in Charleston, Scotland to South Carolina about 1730, became a S. C., 4 Sept., 1784; d. in Pendleton, S. C., 10 Aug., merchant in Charleston, and in 1760-9 was a jus- 1840. His ancestors, who were French Iluguenots, tice of the court of common pleas. The son was emigrated to this country immediately after the graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 1771, revocation of the edict of Nantes. Samuel was and read law with John Rutledge and in England, educated at the University of Pennsylvania, but where his published articles in defence of colonial was not graduated, was admitted to the bar of rights attracted attention. At the beginning of Charleston in 1808, and established a reputation as the American Revolution he went to France, and a lawyer. He was a member of the legislature for in 1778 he became secretary to Ralph Izard, U. S. many years, chairman of the judiciary committee commissioner in Tuscany. Returning home by for several terms, and was active in 1820 in the way of Holland and the West Indies, he was ad- preparation of the acts to “ revise and amend the mitted to the bar in 1781, and attained high rank judiciary system of the state.” The next year he in his profession. In 1787–9 he was speaker of the made a report in favor of the constitutionality of state assembly, and in the latter year he served for internal improvements by the United States. He a short time as U. S. district attorney, by special became intendant of Charleston in 1824, and re- request of Gen. Washington. In 1800 Thomas corder in 1825, and held office until 1836. He Jefferson, then secretary of state, appointed him aided in establishing the Medical college of South to report on any infractions of the treaty with Carolina, was one of its trustees, and was an or- Great Britain that might occur in his state, and ganizer of the Charleston literary club. from 1792 till 1808 he served as attorney-general PRIVAT D'ANGLEMONT, Alexandre, West of South Carolina. In 1805 President Jefferson Indian author, b. in St. Rose, Guadeloupe, in 1815; tendered him the attorney-generalship of the d. in Paris, France, 18 July, 1859. He was a mu- United States, but family reasons induced him to latto, and, after receiving his early education in decline. Mr. Pringle was for four years president Basse Terre, went to Paris to study medicine, but of the trustees of the College of Charleston. abandoned it for literature. In 1846 he published PRINTZ, Johan, colonial governor, in a volume on the Prado palace, which showed wit, Bottneryd, Sweden, about 1600; d. in 1663. He elegance, and simplicity. Soon afterward he made was the third governor of the Swedish colony on a voyage to Guadeloupe, and, in a sojourn of three Delaware river that had been projected by Gus- days, settled all his interests there, and, carrying tavus Adolphus and established by his daughter, his small fortune in a bag, returned to Paris, where Christina, in 1638. (See Minuit, PETER.) Printz he became a contributor to magazines. It was his had been a lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the custom to wander at night through the streets, Swedish army in Germany, and was deprived of studying the habits of the poorest classes, and he his rank for surrendering the Saxon" town of discovered some extraordinary trades, such as those Chemnitz, but was afterward restored to favor. of killer of cats and dealer in the tongues of He was governor from 1641 to 1654. During these rats and mice, which he revealed to the world in thirteen years he maintained, with little assistance a volume that caused a great sensation, “Paris from home, the supremacy of the Swedish crown on Anecdote” (Paris, 1854). After his death from the Delaware against the Dutch, against the New consumption, Alfred Delvau collected his articles Haven emigrants under Lamberton, and against and published them under the title “ Paris in- the followers of Sir Edmund Plowden, the so-called connu" (1861). lord of New Albion. He established forts at New PROCTOR, Edna Dean, poet, b. in Henniker, Castle, at Wilmington, at Tinicum (a short dis- N. H., 10 Oct., 1838. She received her early edu- tance above the present town of Chester, where he cation in Concord, N. H., and subsequently removed resided), at the mouth of the Schuylkill, and on to Brooklyn, N. Y., where she has since resided. the eastern shore of the Delaware. He thus se- She has travelled extensively abroad, and con- cured a monopoly of trade with the Indians that tributed largely to magazine literature. She has inhabited both sides of the bay and river as far edited • Extracts from Henry Ward Beecher's north as Trenton. During his tenure of office Sermons” (New York, 1858), and has published seven expeditions, containing more than 300 emi- “ Poems" (Boston, 1866) and “ A Russian Journey grants, sailed from Sweden. They were excellent (1872), and is now (1888) compiling a genealogy of farmers, devoted to the Lutheran church, and the Storrs family. Her best-known poems are extremely just in their dealings with the Indians, “ Heroes" and "By the Shenandoah." whom they prepared, by their kind treatment, to PROCTOR, Henry A., British soldier, b. in receive William Penn and his followers in a friend- Wales in 1787; d. in Liverpool, England, in 1859. ly manner. In 1654 Printz, dissatisfied with the At the beginning of the war between Great Britain condition and prospects of the colony, returned. and the United States he came to Canada as colo- In the next year the Dutch captured Fort Chris- nel of the 42d regiment. He was despatched by tina, and the Swedish domination was soon at an Gen. Sir Isaac Brock to Amherstburg to prevent end. Little is known of Printz after his return to the landing of Gen. William Hull, whom he drove Sweden, but it is recorded that he was made a gen- back, and subsequently gained the victory of eral and became governor of Jönköping in 1658.- Brownston, which exploits contributed much to His daughter, Armagot, accompanied her father the fall of Detroit and the capitulation of Hull. to this country, and in 1644 married Lieut. John He opened the campaign of 1813 by defeating Gen. Pappegoya, who was in temporary charge of the James Winchester near Frenchtown, on River province after Printz's departure till the arrival of Raisin, for which service he was promoted a briga- the new governor. Pappegoya returned to Sweden dier-general. He was repelled from Fort Meigs by in 1654, but his wife remained in the province, Gen. William Henry Harrison (9. 1.) in May, 1813, where she lived secluded in the mansion built by from Fort Stephenson (Lower Sandusky, Ohio), by her father on Tinicum island. The royal govern- Maj. Croghan on 2 Aug. , and was defeated by Har- ment made large grants of land to father and rison at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct., 1813. He daughter, but none of their descendants became was tried and sentenced to be suspended from rank inhabitants of the colony. See “Songs of New and pay for six months. He was reinstated, and Sweden,” by Arthur Peterson (Philadelphia, 1887). rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. PROCTOR 127 PROCTOR 99 PROCTOR, Lucien Brock, author, b. in Hano- | principal cities of the United States, and in 1879 ver, N. II., 6 March, 1826. He was graduated at he left England for Australasia, and lectured in all Hamilton college in 1844, admitted to the bar in of the larger towns of Victoria, New South Wales, 1847, and, after practising for two years at Port South Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. He Byron, N. Y., removed to Dansville. Amid his pro- visited the United States again in 1884, and, after fessional duties he continued his classical studies, lecturing in the leading cities, settled in St. Joseph, and contributed articles to magazines. In 1869 he Mo. In 1866 he was elected a fellow of the Royal became a regular contributor to the Albany “ Law astronomical society, and in 1873 he was appointed Journal.” About 1863 he abandoned his profes- an honorary fellow of King's college, London. He sion and devoted his time entirely to legal litera- was honorary secretary of the Royal astronomical ture. In 1884 he removed to Albany, N. Y. His society and editor of its proceedings in 1872-"3. works include - The Bench and Bar of the State Mr. Proctor established “Knowledge” as a weekly of New York” (2 vols., New York, 1870); “Lives journal in 1881, but changed it to a monthly in of the New York State Chancellors ” (1875); “The 1885. His literary work began in 1863, when he Life and Times of Thomas Addis Emmet ” (1876); published in the " Cornhill Magazine" an article "Lawyer and Client, or the Trials and Triumphs on Double Stars.". Among his numerous books of the Bar" (1879); “ The Bench and Bar of Kings are “ Saturn and its System (London, 1865); County, including the Legal History of Brooklyn” «Gnomonic Star Atlas" (1866); “ Half- Hours with (1883); “The Legal History of Albany and sche- the Telescope" (1868); " Half-Hours with Stars nectady Counties" (1884); "" Early History of the (1869); "Other Worlds than Ours" (1870); “ Light Board of Regents and University of the State of Science for Leisure Hours" (3 series, 1871, 1873, New York” (1886); a revised and annotated edi- and 1883); “ Elementary Astronomy" (1871); “ Bor- tion of Jabez D. Hammond's Political History der Land of Science" (1873); “ Transits of Venus of the State of New York," continued from 1844 to -- Past, Present, and Future " and “The Expanse the close of the legislative session of 1887 (1887); of Heaven” (1874); and “Myths and Marvels of and addresses, including - Aaron Burr's Political Astronomy" (1877). He edited “ The Knowledge Career Defended” (1885), and “ Review of John C. Library," consisting of a series of works made up Spencer's Legal and Political Career" (1886). of papers that appeared in his journal, among PROCTOR, Redfield, cabinet officer, b. in which were several of his own, notably " How to Proctorville, Vt., 1 June, 1831. The town was Play Whist” and “ Home Whist” (1885). After be- founded by his grandfather. He was gradu- coming an American citizen he published “ Chance ated at Dartmouth in 1851, and at Albany law- and Luck” (New York, 1887); “ First Steps in Ge school in 1859. For two years he practised law ometry” (1887); “ Easy Lessons in Differential Cal- in Boston. In June, 1861, he entered the army as culus" (1887); and “Old and New Astronomy," lieutenant in the 3d Vermont volunteers; in Octo- which at the time of his death was being issued. ber he was made major of the 5th Vermont regi- PROCTOR, Thomas, soldier, b. in Ireland in ment, and in 1862 became colonel of the 15th. 1739; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 March, 1806. He After leaving the army in 1863, he again practised emigrated to Philadelphia with his father, Francis law in Rutland, Vt. ; in 1867 and 1868 was a mem- Proctor, and was by trade a carpenter. On 27 Oct., ber of the legislature; in 1869 he was appointed | 1775, he applied to the committee of safety to be manager of the Sutherland Falls marble company. commissioned captain of an artillery company to In 1880 this company was united with another, be raised for garrisoning Fort island, and was im- under the title of the Vermont marble company, mediately commissioned with authority to raise and Mr. Proctor became its president. In the in- his company. In August, 1776, his command was terval he had been state senator, and in 1876 became raised to a battalion, and he was appointed major. lieutenant-governor; and in 1878 he was elected The regiment was under Wayne at Brandywine, governor. In 1884 he was a delegate to the national and engaged in the artillery duel with Knyphausen Republican convention, and in 1888 he was chair- at Chadd's Ford. Proctor's horse was shot under man of the Vermont delegation to the Chicago him, and he lost his guns and caissons when Sulli- convention, and cast the votes of his state for Gen. van was routed. One of his guns, under Lieut. Bar- Harrison for president. Later the legislature of ker, was brought up to batter the Chew house at Vermont, by unanimous vote, recommended Gov. Germantown. In September, 1778, his regiment Proctor for a place in the cabinet, and on 5 March, became a part of the Continental army, and he re- 1889, the president appointed him secretary of war. ceived his commission as colonel of artillery, 18 PROCTOR, Richard Anthony, astronomer, b. May, 1779, and marched to Wyoming. His bat- in Chelsea, England, 23 March, 1837; d. in New teries did good service at the battle of Newtown. York city, 12 Sept., 1888. He entered King's col- He was in Wayne's Bergen Neck expedition, and lege, London, in 1855, and a year later went to was satirized by André in the “ Cow Chase." He Cambridge, where in 1860 he received his bachelor's resigned in 1781 on account of differences with degree. A fondness for mathematics led to his Joseph Reed, president of the Pennsylvania coun- studying astronomy, on which subject he became cil, and in 1783 was chosen high sheriff of Phila- the most fertile popular writer of his time. His delphia, which office he held three years. In 1790 original work included numerous researches on the he was made city lieutenant, in 1791 a commis- stellar system, the law of distribution of stars, their sioner to treat with the Miami Indians. In 1793 motions, the relations between the stars and the he became brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania nebula, and the general constitution of the heav- troops, and marched against the Whiskey insur- In 1869 he ailvanced, on theoretical grounds, gents at the head of the first brigade. After this a theory of the solar corona that has since been he became major - general of the Philadelphia generally accepted, and also that of the inner com- militia, and when war was threatened with France plex solar atmosphere that was afterward advanced he assured Gov. Mililin of his cordial support in by Prof. Charles A. Young. He was active in the the event of hostilities. He was one of the found- transit-of-Venus expeditions of 1874 and 1882, and ers of the St. Tammany society in Philadelphia, of became involved in a dispute with the astronomer which he was a sachem. A part of Col. Proctor's royal of England as to the best methods of observa- regiment of artillery has maintained its organiza- tion. In 1873-'4 and in 1875–²6 he lectured in the I tion to the present time as the 24 U. S. artillery. ens. 128 PROVOOST PROUD " а PROUD, Robert, historian, b. in Yorkshire, / sects, particularly the Hymenoptera. He founded England, 10 May, 1728; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Le naturaliste Canadien” in 1868, and received July, 1813. He emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1759, the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. Dr. Provancher is the and taught Latin and Greek in a Friends' academy author of “ Traité élémentaire de botanique" (Que- in Philadelphia until the Revolution. Charles bec, 1858); “ Flore Canadienne" (1862); “Le ver- Brockden Brown was one of his pupils. He was ger Canadien " (1865): “ De Quebec à Jerusalem ” firm in his attachment to the crown, and believed (1882); “ Petite histoire du Canada " (1887), and that the Revolution would cause the decline of other works on botany and natural history. He virtue and prosperity in this country. “ Dominie now (1888) has in preparation “Les hémiptères.” Proud was a familiar figure for many years in his PROVENCHER, Jean Norbert, Canadian adopted city. He was tall, with a Roman nose, R. C. bishop, b. in Nicolet, Quebec, 12 Feb., 1787; and“ most impending brows," and in his curled wig d. in St. Boniface, Manitoba, 7 June, 1853. He was and cocked hat is described as the “perfect model of ordained in 1811, and in 1818, at the suggestion of a gentleman." His “ History of Pennsylvania," the Earl of Selkirk, was sent to take charge of the which is full of valuable information, although de- Roman Catholic settlers on Red river, with the ficient in well-sustained narrative, was his pecun- title of grand vicar. He resided at La Fourche iary ruin (Philadelphia, 1797–8). (now St. Boniface), Manitoba. The Canadians, PROUDFIT, Alexander Moncrief, clergy- who formed the settlement, had married Indian man, b. in Pequea, Pa., 10 Nov., 1770; d. in New women, and had lost almost all sense of religion, Brunswick, N. J., 23 Nov., 1843. He was gradu- but he was well received, and in a short time suc- ated at Columbia in 1792, studied theology under ceeded in reviving the Roman Catholic faith. He Dr. John H. Livingston, and. was pastor of the also labored among the wild Indians, and estab- Associate Reformed church in Salem, X, Y., from lished missions in the interior. In 1822 he was 1794 till 1835. He became secretary of the New nominated vicar apostolic of the northwest and York colonization society in the latter year, and auxiliary to the bishop of Quebec, and he was con- held office till his resignation in 1841. Williams secrated under the title of bishop of Juliopolis in gave him the degree of D. D. in 1812. For a short partibus. He returned from Quebec with a few time during his pastorate he was professor of pas- priests, but he did not find them sufficient for the toral theology in the Associate Reformed seminary needs of the population that was scattered over his in Newburg, N. Y. He published numerous ser- immense vicariate. He afterward obtained the aid mons and addresses, including “ The One Thing of the Oblate fathers, whom he stationed among Needful ” (New York, 1804); "Ruin and Recovery the Indian tribes, and established schools under of Man" (1806); “ Theological Works” (4 vols., the direction of the Grey Sisters. The results of his 1815); and a work on the Parables ” (1820). See administration extended to the Pacific ocean, and a memoir of him by Rev. John Forsyth (New York, petitions came in 1835 from the Canadians and 1844). — His son, John Williams, clergyman, b. in Indians of Oregon, asking for missionaries. He Salem, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1803; d. in New Brunswick, could not spare any from his vicariate, but he an- N. J., 9 March, 1870, was graduated at Union in swered them that he would go to Europe to procure 1823 and at Princeton theological seminary in 1824, aid. He obtained there considerable sums from and was pastor of the Reformed church in New- the Society for the propagation of the faith, and, buryport in 1827–33. At the latter date he became after his return to Canada, was able to send two professor of Latin in the University of New York, missionaries to Columbia river in 1838. In 1848 and in 1840–'64 he occupied the chair of Greek in the Red river was erected into a bishopric, and Rutgers. Union college gave him the degree of Bishop Provencher took the title of bishop of St. D. D. in 1841. Dr. Proudfit wrote much for eccle- Boniface. He founded the College of St. Boniface siastical literature, and edited the New Bruns- in 1818, and also a convent. wick Review." He published several sermons, and PROVOOST, Samuel, first P. E. bishop of New “ Man's Twofold Life” (1862), and edited " A Com- York, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1742; d. edy of Plautus, with English Notes" (1843). there, 6 Sept., 1815. The Provoosts were of Hugue- PROUDFIT, David Law, author, b. in New- not origin and settled in the New World in 1638. burg, N. Y., 27 Oct., 1842. He was educated in John, fourth in the common schools, and at fifteen years of age descent from Da- went to New York city to engage in business. In vid Provoost, the 1862 he enlisted as a private in the 1st New York first settler and mounted rifles. In the following year he was ap- father of the fu- pointed a 2d lieutenant in the 22d U. S. colored ture bishop, was troops. His regiment accompanied Gen. Butler in a wealthy New his advance up James river, and took part in vari-York merchant, ous engagements, and at the close of the war he and for many had attained the rank of major. Later he engaged years of in business, and a few years ago he became inter- the governors of ested in pneumatic tubes, and he is now (1888) King's college. president of the Meteor despatch company of New His wife, Eve, was York. His poems have been extensively used in daughter of public recitations. He has published in book-form Hermann Bleeck- Love among the Gamins," poems (New York, 1877) er. Samuel, their and “ Mask and Domino" (1888). eldest son, PROVANCHER, Leon, Canadian author, b. in one of the sev- Bécancour, Quebec, 10 March, 1820. He was grad- en graduates of Samuel Porrast uated at the Nicolet seminary, ordained priest in King's (now (o- 1844 in the Roman Catholic church, and held sev- lumbia) college at eral pastorates. Owing to feeble health he withdrew its first commencement in 1758, winning the honors, from the ministry in 1869 and engaged in literary although the youngest but one of his class. In the work and the study of natural history, and has de- summer of 1761 he sailed for England, and in the scribed more than two hundred new species of in- same year entered St. Peter's college, Cambridge, " one a was PROVOOST 129 PROVOOST enjoying while there the advantage of a tutor in constitution was elected chaplain of the U. S. the person of Dr. John Jebb, a man of profound senate. After his inauguration as president, Wash- learning and a zealous advocate of civil and relig- ington, with many other distinguished men, pro- ious liberty, with whom he corresponded till the ceeded on foot to St. Paul's church (see illustra- doctor's death in 1786. In March, 1766, Mr. Pro- tion), where Bishop Provoost read prayers suited voost, having previously been admitted to the order to the occasion. The first consecration in which of deacon by the bishop of London, was ordained he took part was that of the Rev. John Thomas at King's chapel, Whitehall, by the bishop of Chester. Claggett, for the In June of the same year he married Maria, daugh- diocese of Mary- ter of Thomas Bousfield, a rich Irish banker, resid- land, being the ing on his estate near Cork, and sister of his favor- earliest of that or- ite classmate, afterward a member of parliament. der of the minis- The young clergyman, with his accomplished wife, try consecrated in sailed in September for New York, and in Decem- the United States. ber he became an assistant minister of Trinity par- It occurred at ish, which then embraced St. George's and St. Paul's, Trinity church, 17 the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty rector, the Rev. John Sept., 1792. dur- Ogilvie and the Rev. Charles Inglis assistant min- ing a session of isters. During the summer of 1769 Mr. and Mrs. the general con- Provoost visited Mrs. Bousfield and her son in Ire- vention. As the land, and spent several months in England and on presiding bishop the continent. Dr. Provoost was Early in 1774 Provoost severed his connection the consecrator, with Trinity, the reason assigned being that his Bishops White, patriotic views of the then approaching contest of Pennsylvania, with the mother-country were not in accord with Seabury, of Con- those of a majority of the parish, and removed to a necticut, and Mad- small estate in Dutchess (now Columbia) county, ison, of Virginia, where he occupied himself with literary pursuits joining in the and in the cultivation of his farm and garden. He historic ceremony was an ardent disciple of the Swedish Linnæus, and uniting the succession of the Anglican and Scot- and he possessed, for that period, a large and tish episcopate. Mrs. Provoost died, 18 Aug., 1799, valuable library. (See book-plate on page 130.) which, with other domestic bereavements and de- Provoost was perhaps the earliest of American clining health, induced the bishop to resign the rec- bibliophiles. While far away from the clangor of torship of Trinity, 28 Sept. of the following year, and resounding arms,” he occasionally filled the pulpits his bishopric, 3 Sept., 1801. His resignation was of churches then existing at Albany, Catskill, Hud- not accepted by the house of bishops, by whom, how- son, and Poughkeepsie. He was proposed as a ever, consent was given to the consecration as as- delegate to the Provincial congress, but declined, as sistant bishop of Dr. Benjamin Moore. Provoost also an invitation to become chaplain of the con- was subject to apoplectic attacks, and from one of vention which met in 1777 and framed the present these he died suddenly at his residence in Green- constitution of the state of New York. After the wich street. His funeral at Trinity was attended British burned Esopus, on the Hudson, he joined by the leading citizens of New York, and his re- his friends the Livingstons, and other neighbors. mains were placed in the family vault in Trinity in their pursuit. Mr. Provoost was proffered the church-yard. In person Bishop Provoost was above rectorship of St. Michael's church, Charleston, medium height. His countenance was round and S. C., in 1777, and five years later that of King's full and highly intellectual, as may be seen in the chapel, Boston, where his patriotic principles and accompanying vignette, copied from the original practice were strong recommendations; but he de- by Benjamin West. He was stately and dignified clined both calls. When the colonies had gained in manner, presenting, in the picturesque dress of their independence and New York was evacuated that day, an imposing appearance. He was a fine by the British, he was unanimously elected rector classical scholar and the master of several modern of Trinity church, 13 Jan., 1784, immediately re- languages. He conversed freely with Steuben and moved with his family to the city, and entered Lafayette in their own tongues, and had several upon the duties of his office. Before the close of Italian correspondents, including Count Claudio the year he was made a member of the Board of re- Ragone. He translated Tasso's Jerusalem De- gents of the university, and when the Continental livered,” but it was never given to the world, nor congress removed from Trenton, N. J., to New any of his occasional poems in English, French, and York, he was, in November, 1785, chosen as their German. His serinons were characterized by force chaplain. In the summer of 1786 he was elected first and felicity of diction. He was learned and bishop of New York, and three weeks later received benevolent and inflexibly conscientious, fond of from the University of Pennsylvania the degree society and social life. Under his administration of D. D. In November of the same year he sailed as rector of Trinity for seventeen years, the church for England in company with Dr. William White, was rebuilt on the same site. During his epis- where they were consecrated in Lambeth palace, 4 copate of fourteen years the church did not ad- Feb., 1787, by the archbishops of Canterbury and vance as rapidly as during the same period under York, and the bishops of Petersborough and Bath some of his successors. It must not, however, be and Wells. The centennial anniversary of this forgotten that those were days of difficulties and event was appropriately celebrated in Lambeth depression in the church, and that the people of palace, London, in Christ church, Philadelphia, and Pennsylvania threatened to throw their bishop into in the Chicago cathedral. the Delaware river when he returned from Eng- On his return, Bishop Provoost resumed his du- land in 1787. The Episcopal church was only tol- ties as rector of Trinity, the two positions being erated, and many Protestants fiercely opposed prel- then filled by the same person. He was one of the acy, having but recently “escaped from kings trustees of Columbia college, and under the present and bishops." While it cannot be claimed that vol. v.--9 130 PRUYN PRUD'HOMME a PRO LIBERTAN Provoost is among those “ upon the adamant of PRUYN, John Van Schaick Lansing, lawyer, whose fame the river of Time beats without injury," b. in Albany, N. Y., 22 June, 1811; d. in Clifton or that he should rank with those eminent found Springs, N. Y., 21 Nov., 1877. He was graduated ers of the American church, Seabury and White, at Albany academy in 1826, became a student in or with the epoch-makers Hobart and Whitting the office of James King, and was admitted to the ham, it may be asserted bar in 1832. At once he took high rank in his that for elegant scholar- profession as one of the attorneys in the once-cele- ship he had no peer brated James will case. In 1835 he became a direc- among his American tor of the Mohawk and Hudson railroad and its contemporaries. He was counsel, and in 1853, when the railroads between so indifferent to literary Albany and Buffalo were united, forming the pres- reputation that not even ent New York Central, he conducted the proceedings a sermon of his appears and drew up the consolidation agreement, in some to have been printed, al- respects the most important business instrument though his accomplish- that was ever executed in the state of New York. ments in belles - lettres He was associated in the Hudson river bridge were many and admira- case, finally arguing it alone, was sole trustee of ble, as may be inferred the estate of Harmanns Bleecker, and was the from Dr. Hobart's re- financial officer of the Sault Ste. Marie canal, marks at the first meet- which he carried through many difficulties. In Sam. Provoost. ing of the diocesan con- 1861 he was elected state senator as a Democrat, vention after the bish- having accepted the nomination on condition that op's death: “The character of Bishop Provoost is no money should be used in the election. At the one which the enlightened Christian will estimate close of his term he gave the year's salary to the at no ordinary standard. The generous sympa- poor of Albany. He was a new capitol commis- thies of his nature created in him à cordial concern sioner from 1865 till 1870, and in 1869 laid the first in whatever affected the interests of his fellow- stone of the new creatures. Hence his beneficence was called into building. He almost daily exercise, and his private charities were was a member of often beyond what was justified by his actual congress in 1863- means. As a patriot he was exceeded by none. 5 and 1867-'9, As a scholar he was deeply versed in classical lore serving upon sev- and in the records of ecclesiastical history and eral important church polity. To a very accurate knowledge of the committees, and Hebrew he added a profound acquaintance with the as a regent of the Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, and other Smithsonian in- languages. He made considerable progress also in stitution. At the the natural and physical sciences, of which botany first election of was his favorite branch.” See “ The Centennial General Grant to History of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the the presidency he Diocese of New York” (New York, 1886), and an was one of the tel. address on “Samuel Provoost, First Bishop of New lers of the house York,” by Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson (1887). of representa- PRUD’HOMME John Francis Eugene, en- tives and sug-, graver, b. on the island of St. Thomas, W. I., 4 gested such legislation as would have remedied the Oct., 1800. His parents were French. The son existing difficulties in counting the presidential came to this country in 1807 with his family, who vote. He was a regent of the University of the settled in New York in the spring of 1809. When state of New York for thirty-three years, during about fourteen years old he turned his attention to the last fifteen of which he was chancellor. The engraving, and was a pupil of Thomas Gimbrede, establishment of the university convocation and his brother-in-law, but the latter shortly afterward the regents' examinations were largely if not became teacher of drawing at the U. S. military almost wholly due to his efforts. The regents are acarlemy, which left Mr. Prud'homme to pursue his trustees of the State museum of natural history own course. At the age of seventeen he essayed en- and the State library, and the present value of graving portraits, and produced several fine plates these collections is largely owing to Mr. Pruyn's for Longacre and Herring's “ National Portrait Gal- personal interest and supervision. Mr. Pruyn lery of Distinguished Americans.” He also engraved was also president of the board of trustees of St. some plates for the annuals that were fashionable Stephen's college, Annandale, of the State board of at that time, notably “ Friar Puck,” after John G. charities, of the State survey, and of the Albany Chapman; “The Velvet Hat," after Joseph In- institute. He was also a member of various his- skeep; and “ Oberon,” after a miniature by Miss torical and other societies, and of the Association Anne E. Hall. In 1852 Mr. Prud'homme entered for the codification of the law of nations. Mr. a bank-note engraving establishment in New York, Pruyn received the degree of M. A. from Rutgers and from 1869 till 1885 he was employed as an orna- in 1835, and from Union college in 1845, and that mental designer and engraver at the bureau of en- of LL. D. in 1852, from the University of Rochester. graving and printing in Washington. He was early --His cousin, Robert Hewson, diplomatist, b. in elected member of the National academy of de- Albany, N. Y., 14 Feb., 1815; d. in Albany, N. Y., sign, became academician in 1846, and in 1834–53 26 Feb., 1882, was graduated at Rutgers in 1833, was its curator. Mr. Prud'homme is a tasteful de studied law with Abraham Van Vechten, and in signer, a good draughtsman, and excellent en- 1836 was admitted to the bar. He was corporation graver, in the very fine stipple manner introduced counsel of Albany, a member of the city govern- by Caroline Watson toward the end of the 18th ment, and in 1855 became adjutant-general of the century. He resides in Georgetown, D. C., and state. He was a Whig in politics, and served in still (1888) pursues his profession. He is the old- the assembly in 1848-'50, and again in 1854, when est living American engraver. | he was elected speaker. It is said that no appeal Johnr. L. frugn PRYOR 131 PUERTA 9 was made from any of his rulings in the chair. In the Virginian's seconds refused to allow their prin- 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln U. S. cipal to fight with arms which they pronounced minister to Japan as successor to Townsend Harris. barbarous. This challenge created an uproar As there were then no telegraphic facilities, months throughout the country, and was accompanied with often elapsed before the minister could receive his / severe and characteristic comments on the princi- instructions, and when they did arrive they were fre- pals from the northern and southern press. Mr. quently inapplicable, circumstances having changed. Pryor was eager for war, and visited Charleston to Our vessels of war then in Japanese waters were witness the firing on Sumter, and its surrender. placed at the disposal of the minister with instruc- He was sent to the provisional Confederate con- tions prescribed by the U. S. government. In 1863 gress at Richmond, and elected to the first regular Mr. Pruyn took the ground that he should regard the congress. Soon afterward he entered the Confed- tycoon io be the real ruler of Japan, as otherwise erate army as a colonel, and was made a brigadier- foreign intercourse could never be guaranteed un- general after the battle of Williamsburg. He re- less treaties were ratified by the mikado. Two signed, 26 Aug., 1863, was taken prisoner in 1864, naval expeditions were undertaken against the and confined for some time in Fort Lafayette. transgressing daimio of Chosu, whose vessels had | After the surrender of the Confederate armies, he fired on the American merchant steamer · Pem- | urged on the south the adoption of a policy of ac- broke.” In the first the U.S. man-of-war “ Wyo quiescence and lovalty to the government. He went ming:" Com. McDougall, sank the brig“ Laurick to New York in 1865, settled there as a lawyer, and and blew up the steamer “Lancefield,” at the same is still practising. He has taken no part in poli- time running the gauntlet of shore batteries of tics since the war, confining himself exclusively to eighty guns in the Straits of Simonisaki. In the his profession. He is the author of many speeches second expedition the forces of Great Britain, and literary addresses, and has been given the de- France, and Holland (the daimio having previ- gree of LL. D. by Hampden Sidney college. ously fired upon the French and English vessels) PUENTE, Juan Eligio (poo-ain'-tay), Spanish took part, the United States being represented by author, b. in Asturias about 1720; d. in Mexico the chartered steamer“ Takiang,” having on board about 1780. Very little is known of his life, ex- a part of the crew and guns of the “ Jamestown," cept that he was employed as chief clerk in the which had been left at Yokohama for the defence office of the secretary of the viceroyalty of Mexico, of that place. The allies demolished the fortifica- Melchor de Peramas, and probably was sent by him tions of Chosu and captured the guns. Although on several missions to Florida. His manuscripts it was questioned, this proceeding postponed the were found in the library of the secretary, after the dethronement of the tycoon for several years, and evacuation of Mexico by the Spaniards, and include enabled him to observe his treaty stipulations which - Noticias de la Provincia de la Florida y el Cavo he had not been able to do, owing to the hostility de los Mártires, con su Plano y Mapa "(dated 1769), of the daimio of Chosu. An indemnity was paid the accompanying map of which is remarkably cor- by Japan and intercourse was guaranteed. Mr. rect for that time; “ İnforme de los Pescados que Pruyn played an important part in securing Amer- se crían en las ('ostas de la Florida y Campeche, ican rights in the East. Mr. Pruyn's last public y de los beneficios que pueden resultar de tales post was that of presiding officer of the State con- Pesquerías ” (1770); and “ Noticia exacta de las stitutional convention of 1872. For the last years Familias, que por la entrega de la Florida á la of his life he was not greatly identified with public Corona Británica, se retiraron á la Ilabana, y modo у affairs, but was deeply interested in various enter- con que fueron recibidas ” (1770). prises, and at the time of his death was president PUERTA, Cristobal Martinez (poo-air'-tah), of the National commercial bank of Albany. He Spanish missionary, b. in Andalusia in 1580 ; d. in was a trustee of Rutgers college, to which he gave Honduras, Central America, in September, 1623. $10,000, and was president of the board of directors He was a soldier in his youth, came in 1600 to of the Dudley observatory. He received the degree America with Juan Monasterios, and landed in of M. A. from Rutgers in 1836, and in 1865 that of Trujillo, Honduras. He served in the expedition LL. D. from Williams. to Costa Rica, and while there resolved to abandon PRYOR, Roger Atkinson, lawyer, b. near the army and undertake the conversion of the Petersburg, Va., 19 July, 1828. He was graduated Indians of the province of Teguzgalpa. In 1602 at Hampden Sidney college in 1845, and at the he retired to Guatemala, entered the Franciscan University of Virginia, three years later, studied order. 17 Oct., and in the newly founded seminary law, and was admitted to the bar, but entered studied theology and the principal Indian dialects. journalism. He joined the staff of the Washing. Afterward he was professor of Latin grammar in ton “ Union,” and was afterward editor of the Chiapa, and master of novices in the convent of Richmond “ Enquirer.”. He was sent at twenty- Guatemala, but he continued in his desire to con- seven on a special mission to Greece by President vert the natives, and after many difficulties ob- Pierce. In 1856 he opposed William İ. Yancey's tained from his superiors permission to undertake proposition to reopen the slave-trade. Ile was an the task. With another friar and four Guanajuan ardent advocate of state-rights, and established a Indians as interpreters he landed at Cape Gracias daily paper, the “South,” at Richmond, in which á Dios, penetrated into the interior, and was fairly he represented the extreme views of the Virginia successful with the Paye and Guazacalpa tribes, Democracy. His aggressive course and the intense where he founded the mission of Concepcion near utterance of his convictions led to several duels. Jurua river. He afterward received a vessel with He was elected to congress in 1859 to fill a vacancy, auxiliaries and another priest, and undertook the and was re-elected in 1860, but did not take his seat. conversion of the Guava and Jicaque tribes, where While in that body he made various fiery speeches, he founded seven other missions. While camping and in the excited condition of the public mind on Guampo river, he was invited by the ferocious preceding the civil war was often involved in pas- Albatuino tribe to preach to them, and, not with- sionate discussions with his northern opponents. standing the opposition of his Jicaque converts, he One of these, John F. Potter (9.v.), replied to him entered their country and was murdered by them with similar acrimony, and was challenged. Mr. I toward the end of September, 1623. His body was Potter named bowie-knives as the weapons, and recovered later by Juan de Miranda, the governor of 132 PUGH PUEYRREDON Trujillo, and buried in the chapel of San Antonio | under the preaching of John ap John, a Quaker, in the Franciscan convent of Guatemala. He wrote and in 1680 he was approved as a minister. In “Cartas al Provincial de Guatemala sobre la Ex- 1687 he and his family, with many of his acquaint- pedición á Teguzgalpa ” and “Satisfacción á las ance, settled near the township of Gwynedd, in razones alegadas contra la expedición á Teguz- Philadelphia (now Montgomery) county, Pa., galpa, etc.," which are preserved in manuscript in where he found hundreds of his countrymen, whose the Franciscan convent of Guatemala. worship was performed in Welsh. He was able to PUEYRREDON, Juan Martin de (poo-air’-ray- support his family as a farmer, but his heart was don'), Argentine statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres engaged in the ministry and he was always warmly about 1775; d. there about 1840. He received his welcomed in the various meetings of his society in education in Spain, but returned in the first years Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks counties. In of the 19th century. When the English general, 1706 a religious “concern” led him back to Wales, Sir William Beresford, occupied Buenos Ayres, 27 where he remained until 1708, when he returned to June, 1806, Pueyrredon refused to recognize the his family and resumed his ministerial labors. He English authorities, and, leaving the city, began to wrote, for the most part in his last sickness, a book organize resistance. On 31 July, with a force of entitled “ Anerch i'r Cymru "—that is, “ A saluta- armed peasants, he attacked the English outworks, tion to the Britains, to call them from the many and was driven back, but his troops surrounded things to the one thing needful, for the saving of the city, which capitulated on 11 Aug. In the their souls.” This book was afterward printed by second invasion of the English he took a principal | Andrew Bradford (Philadelphia, 1721), and is the part in the heroic defence of the city, which ended first Welsh book that is known to have been by the capitulation of Gen. Whitelocke, 7 July, 1807. printed in this country. So popular and well re- He was active in the movement for independence ceived was this dying testimony that in 1727 an in 1810, and, after the resignation of the director, English edition was published, the translation hav- Alvarez, was elected by the congress of Tucuman, ing been made by Rowland Ellis (1727). of which he was a member, supreme director of the PUGH, Evan, chemist, b. in East Nottingham, Argentine Republic, 3 May, 1816. Together with Pa., 29 Feb., 1828; d. in Bellefonte, Pa., 29 April, San Martin and Belgrano he favored in that con- 1864. He was early apprenticed to the black- gress the election of a monarch, fearing that a re- smith's trade, but at the age of nineteen bought publican form of government would continue the out the residue of his time and studied at the anarchy that existed at that time. During his ad- Whitestown, N.Y., seminary, meanwhile supporting ministration he did his utmost to assist San Martin, himself by manual labor. Falling heir to a small governor of Cuyo, in the preparation of his expedi- property in his native town, including a school, he tion for the liberation of Chili, and, after the latter's taught there successfully for several years. In departure, 17 Jan., 1817, forwarded re-enforcements 1853 he disposed of these interests and went abroad, and resources to him. In the same year he obtained where for four years he studied natural science the transfer of the congress to Buenos Ayres, in order and mathematics in the universities of Leipsic, to have it more under his influence. On 13 May Göttingen, Heidelberg, and Paris, receiving in that body began its sessions there, and in 1818 it 1856 the degree of Ph. D. at the University of decreed the new constitution, which caused general Göttingen. After this he devoted attention to discontent and several revolts. Pueyrredon sent agricultural chemistry, and made in England a forces from Buenos Ayres against the rebellious series of valuable determinations of nitrogen, show- provinces, and ordered the army of the north ing that plants do not assimilate free nitrogen. In against them, but the insurgents were victorious, 1859 he returned to the United States and accepted and Pueyrredon was forced to resign, 10 June, 1819, the presidency of Pennsylvania agricultural col- taking refuge in Montevideo. After a few years lege. He at once organized a new scheme of in- he returned, but he did not again take part in pub- struction, planned and superintended the erection lic life, ending his days in retirement on his estate, of the college buildings, secured endowments, and, Bosque Hermoso, near Buenos Ayres. besides taking the general guidance of the institu- PUFFER, Reuben, clergyman, b. in Sudbury, tion, had special charge of the practical investiga- Mass., 7 Jan., 1756 ; d'in Berlin, Mass., 9 April, tions of the students in chemistry, scientific agri- 1829. He was graduated at Harvard in 1778, culture, mineralogy, and geology. This office he taught in East Sudbury (now Wayland), Mass., held until his death. Dr. Pugh was a fellow of the studied theology, and became in 1781 pastor of the London chemical society, a member of scientific Congregational church in Bolton (now Berlin), societies in the United States, and contributed to which charge he held till his death. Harvard gave scientific literature. him the degree of 1. D. in 1810. He published an PUGH, George Ellis, senator, b. in Cincinnati, election sermon (1802); “ Dudleian Lecture at Har- Ohio, 28 Nov., 1822; d. there, 19 July, 1876. After vard ” (1808); an Address (4 July, 1810); “ Conven- his graduation at Miami university in 1840 he tion Sermon” (1811); and “Two Sermons” (1826). practised law until the beginning of the Mexican PUGH, Eliza Lofton (pew), author, b. in Bay- war, in which he took part as captain in the 4th ou Lafourche, La., in 1841. Her father, Col. Ohio regiment, and also as aide to Gen. Joseph George Phillips, served in the legislature, and Lane. In 1848-'9 he served in the legislature, and her mother was a daughter of Judge John Rhea. he was city solicitor of Cincinnati in 1850, and After graduation at a seminary in New Orleans in attorney-general of Ohio in 1851. He was elected 1858, she married William W. Pugh, a planter of to the Ů. S. senate as a Democrat, serving from 3 Assumption parish, La. She has written under Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1861, and was a member of the pen-name of " Arria,” and is the author of two the committees on public lands, and the judiciary. novels, “ Not a Iero" (New York, 1867), and “ In He was a delegate to the National Democratic con- a Crucible” (Philadelphia, 1871). vention in Charleston, S. C., in 1860, and made a PCGH, Ellis, Quaker preacher, b. in the parish speech in reply to William L. Yancey. One of his of Dolgellau, Meirioethshire, North Wales, in An- ablest efforts was his appeal in behalf of Clement gust, 1656: d. in Gwynedd, Pa., 3 Dec., 1718. His L. Vallandigham (9. v.) in 1863, in the habeas cor- father died before his birth, and his mother soon af- pus proceeding involving the question as to the terward. In his eighteenth year he was converted, power and duty of the judge to relieve Mr. Vallan- > , PUGH PULASKI 133 1 digham from military confinement. He was de- | attached to the staff of Washington. The first feated as the Democratic candidate for lieutenant- action in which he took part was at the Brandywine. governor in 1863, and for congress in 1864. In When the Continental troops began to yield, he 1873 he was elected to the State constitutional con- made a reconnoissance with the general's body- vention, but declined to serve. guard, and reported that PUGH, James Lawrence, senator, b. in Burke the enemy were endeav- county, Ga., 12 Dec., 1820. In early years he re- oring to cut off the line moved with his family to Alabama, where he re- of retreat. He was au- ceived a collegiate education, studied law, and was thorized to collect as admitted to the bar. He began to practise in Eu- many of the scattered faula, Ala., was a presidential elector in 1848 and troops as came in his 1856, and was then elected to congress as a Demo- way, and employ them crat, serving from 5 Dec., 1859, till 21 Jan., 1861, according to his discre- when he retired, on the secession of his state. He tion, which he did in a was a delegate from Alabama to the house of rep- manner so prompt as to resentatives in the 1st and 2d Confederate con- effect important aid in gresses, serving from 22 Feb., 1862, till the sur- the retreat of the army. render in 1865. He also served as a private in the Four days later, on rec- Confederate army, and after the war again prac- ommendation of Wash- tised law. Mr. Pugh was president of the Demo- ington, he was commis- cratic state convention of 1874, a member of the sioned brigadier-general, Constitutional convention of 1875, and a presiden- and placed in charge of tial elector again in 1876. He was elected a U. S. the cavalry. He saved senator from Alabama for the term ending in 1885, the army from a sur- to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George prise at Warren tavern, S. Houston, and was re-elected for the term ending near Philadelphia, took 3 March, 1891. part in the battle of Ger- PULASKI, Kazimierz (or Casimir), Polish mantown, and in the winter of 1777-'8 engaged soldier, b. in Podolia, 4 March, 1748; d. near in the operations of Gen. Anthony Wayne, con- Savannah, Ga., 11 Oct., 1779. He was the eldest tributing to the defeat of a British division at son of Joseph Pulaski, founder of the confedera- Haddonfield, N. J. The cavalry officers could not tion of Barr. He be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner who could received a thorough scarcely speak English and whose ideas of disci- education and served pline and tactics differed widely from those to in the guard of Duke which they had been accustomed, and these circum- Charles, of Cour- stances induced Pulaski to resign his command in land. In 1767 he March, 1778, and return to Valley Forge, where returned to Poland he was assigned to special duty. At his suggestion, and joined his father which was adopted by Washington, congress as one of the eight authorized the formation of a corps of lancers and original associates of light infantry, in which even deserters and prison- the confederation of ers of war might enlist. This corps, which became Barr, 29 Feb., 1768. famous under the name of Pulaski's legion, was He continued to car- recruited mainly in Baltimore. In September ry on a partisan war- it numbered about 350 men, divided into three fare after the arrest companies of cavalry and three of infantry. The and death of his fa- poet Longfellow has commemorated in verse this ther. He raised a episode of Pulaski's life. In the autumn he was revolt in Lithuania ordered to Little Egg Harbor with his legion, a in 1769, and, al- company of artillery, and a party of militia. A though he was driven German deserter named Gustav Juliet, who held a into the fortified subordinate command in the legion and who enter- monastery of Czen- tained a grudge against Col. de Bosen, the leader stochova, he finally compelled the besiegivg Rus- of the infantry, betrayed their whereabouts to the sian army to withdraw. He helped to drive the British, who made a night attack upon De Bosen's Russians across the Vistula, but opposed the plans camp. Pulaski heard the tumult and, assembling of the French commissioner, François Dumouriez, his cavalry, repelled the enemy, but the legion and refused to join the main army, thus causing suffered a loss of forty men. During the following the loss of the battle of Landskron in 1770. He winter he was stationed at Minisink, N. J. He was then elected commander-in-chief, but was de- was dissatisfied with his petty command, and in- feated, and returned to Czenstochova. He has tended to leave the service and return to Europe, been accused of planning the abduction of King but was dissuaded by Gen. Washington. He was Stanislas Poniatowski from Warsaw, but modern ordered to South Carolina, and entered Charleston historians have cleared him of all participation in on 8 May, 1779. The city was invested on the 11th it. The plot had for its result the intervention of by 900 British from the army of Gen. Prevost. Prussia and Austria, and led ultimately to the par- Pulaski made a furious assault upon them, but was tition of Poland in 1773. Pulaski's estates were repelled. The governor and the city council were confiscated, he was outlawed, and a price was set inclined to surrender, but Pulaski held the city till on his head. He escaped to Turkey, but, failing the arrival of support on 13 May. Prevost re- to obtain succor from the sultan, went to Paris treated in the night of the same day across Ashley toward the close of 1775. He had there several in- river, and Pulaski, hovering upon the enemy's terviews with Benjamin Franklin, and, becoming flanks, harassed them till they evacuated South interested in the American struggle for independ- Carolina. Although he had frequent attacks of ence, came to this country in March, 1777. He malarial fever, he remained in active service, and proceeded immediately to Philadelphia, and was toward the beginning of September received orders Carti a 134 PULSIFER PULITZER are now C رو to join Gen. John McIntosh at Augusta, and to cars are now known all over the world. The Pull- move with him toward Savannah in advance of the man palace-car company, of which he is president, army of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. Before the was organized in 1867, and it now operates over eneiny was aware of his presence he captured an 1,400 cars on more than 100,000 miles of railway. outpost, and, after several skirmishes, established In 1887 he designed and established the system of permanent communications with the French fleet "vestibuled trains," which virtually makes of an at Beaufort. He rendered great services during entire train a sin- the siege of Savannah, and in the assault of 9 Oct. gle car. They commanded the whole cavalry, both French and were first put American. Toward the close of the action he re- in service upon ceived a shot in the upper part of his right thigh, the Pennsylvania and was taken to the U.S. brig. Wasp.” He died as trunk lines, and the vessel was leaving the river. His body was to be buried at sea, but his funeral ceremony took place found on many afterward in Charleston. Congress voted a monu- other railroads. ment to his memory, which has never been erected, In 1880, in obedi- but one was raised by the citizens of Savannah, of ence to the im- which Lafayette laid the corner-stone during his perative demand visit to the United States in 1824. It was com- of the Pullman pleted on 6 Jan., 1855, and is represented in the company for in- accompanying illustration. creased shop-facil. PULITZER, Joseph (pul'-it-zer), journalist, b.ities, and to give in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, 10 April, 1847. He was effect to an idea educated in his native city and came to this coun- he had long cher- try in early youth. Soon after arriving in New ished of improv- York he went to St. Louis, where he quickly ac- ing the social quired a knowledge of English, became interested surroundings of in politics, and was elected to the Missouri legisla- the workmen, he ture in 1869, and to the State constitutional con- founded near Chi- vention in 1874. He entered journalism at twenty cago the industrial town of Pullman, which now as a reporter on the St. Louis “ Westliche Post, contains over 11,000 inhabitants, 5,000 of whom a German Republican newspaper, then under the are employed in the company's shops. Archi- editorial control of Carl Schurz. He subsequently tecturally 'the town is picturesque, with broad became its managing editor, and obtained a pro- streets, handsome public buildings, and attrac- prietary interest. In 1878 he founded the “ Post- tive houses, supplied with every modern conveni- Dispatch ” in that city by buying the “ Dispatch ence, for the employés. According to mortality and uniting it with the “ Evening Post," and he statistics, it is one of the most healthful places still retains control of the journal. In 1872 he was in the world. Mr. Pullman has been identified a delegate to the Cincinnati convention which with various public enterprises, among them the nominated Horace Greeley for the presidency, and Metropolitan elevated railway system of New York, in 1880 he was a delegate to the Democratic National which was constructed and opened to the public convention, and a member of its platform commit- by a corporation of which he was president.-His tee from Missouri. In 1883 he purchased the New brother, James Minton, clergyman, b. in Port- York World,” which, after twenty-three years land, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 21 Aug., 1836, was of existence under various managers, had achieved graduated at St. Lawrence divinity-school, Canton, no permanent success, and he has greatly increased N. Y., in 1860. He was pastor of the 1st Univer- its circulation. He is at present its editor and sole salist church, Troy, N. Y., from 1861 till 1868, proprietor. He was elected to congress in 1884, when he was called to the 6th Universalist church, but resigned a few months after taking his seat, New York city, where he remained until 1885. He on account of the pressure of journalistic duties. organized and was first president of the Young PULLMAN, George Mortimer, inventor, b. men's Universalist association of New York city in Chautauqua county, N. Y., 3 March, 1831. At in 1869, was secretary of the Universalist general fourteen he entered the employment of a country convention in 1868–'17, and chairman of the pub- merchant, and at seventeen joined an elder brother lication board of the New York state convention in the cabinet-making business in Albion, N. Y. in 1869-'74. From 1870 till 1885 he was a trustee At twenty-two he successfully undertook a con- of St. Lawrence university, which gave him the de- tract for moving warehouses and other buildings, gree of D. D. in 1879. Since 1885 he has been pas- along the line of the Erie canal, then being widened tor of the 1st Universalist church in Lynn, Mass., by the state. In 1859 he removed to Chicago and and he is president of the associated charities of engaged extensively in the then novel task of rais- that city: "His standpoint is the ethical as op- ing entire blocks of brick and stone buildings. In posed to the magical interpretation of Christianity. 1858 his attention was first directed to the discom- He edited the Christian Leader” several years, fort of long-distance railway travelling, and he de- and has published reviews and lectures. termined, if possible, to offer the public something PULSIFER, David, antiquary, b. in Ipswich, better. In 1859 he remodelled two old day-coaches Mass., 22 Sept., 1802. He studied in the district of the Chicago and Alton road into sleeping-cars, schools until he was fifteen years of age, and then which at once found favor and established a de- went to Salem to learn bookbinding, where, in mand for improved travelling accommodation. handling old records, his taste for antiquarian re- In 1863 he began the construction at Chicago of a search was first developed. Subsequently he served sleeping-car upon the now well-known model, which as clerk in county courts, and transcribed several was destined to associate his name inseparably with ancient books of records. In 1853 the governor progress in railway equipment. It was named the of Massachusetts called the attention of the ex- ** Pioneer," and cost about $18,000. From this small ecutive council to the perishing condition of the beginning he continued to develop his ideas for early records and recommended that the two old- comfort and safety in railway travel, till Pullman est volumes of the general court records should 66 PULTE 135 PUMPELLY 6 66 be printed at the expense of the state. Ephraim | 1812, during an absence of Gen. Goyeneche, the M. Wright and Nathaniel B. Shurtleff were ap- viceroy appointed Pumacahua temporary governor pointed to take charge of the printing, and David of upper Peru and president of the royal audien- Pulsifer, who was acknowledged to be especially cia. A sudden change now took place in his opin- skilful in deciphering the chirography of the 17th ions, and when the revolution in Cuzco under Jose century, was charged with the copying. He had and Vicente Angulo began. 3 Aug., 1814, Pumaca- previously copied the first volume for the Ameri- hua took part in it, and was appointed a member can antiquarian society. Of his work, Samuel F. of the governing junta. On 9 Nov., in command Haven, in his introduction to the printed records of a division, he aitacked and defeated the forces in the “* Archæologia," says: "He unites the quali- that defended the province of Arequipa, and took ties of an expert in chirography with a genuine an- | possession of the city. But on the 30th of the tiquarian taste and much familiarity with ancient same month he left that place and went to Cuzco, records.” Mr. Pulsifer has edited the “ Records of and meanwhile Gen. Ramirez occupied the city. the Colony of New Plymouth in New England” | After two months' sojourn, occupied'in organizing (vols. ix. to xii., Boston, 1859-'61); " The Simple his forces and casting cannon, Pumacahua, at the Cobbler of Aggawam in America" (1843); “ A Poetic approach of Ramirez, took up a strongly fortified cal Epistle to George Washington, Esq., Command position near Umachiri, which was stormed on 11 er-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States of March, 1815. Pumacahua was totally defeated, America, by Rev. Charles H. Wharton, D. D.," and soon afterward hanged by order of Ramirez. which was first published anonymously in An- PUMPELLY, Mary Hollenback Welles napolis in 1779 (1881); and “ The Christian's A. B. (pum-pel'-ly); poet, b. in Athens, Pa.. 6 May, C.," an original manuscript, written in the 18th 1803; d. in Paris, France, 4 Dec., 1879. She wrote century by an unknown author (1883). He is the religious historical poems, including, “ Belshaz- author of Inscriptions from the Burying-Grounds zar's Feast," Pilate's Wife's Dream,” “ Herod's in Salem, Mass.” (Boston, 1837); “Guide to Boston Feast,” and “ An Ode to Shakespeare.” Some of and Vicinity” (1866); and an “ Account of the these were collected and published in a volume Battle of Bunker Hill , with General John Bur- (New York, 1852).—Her son, Raphael, geologist, goyne's Account” (1872). b. in Owego, N. Y., 8 Sept., 1837, was educated at PULTE, Joseph Hippolyt, physician, b. in the polytechnic school in Hanover, and at the Meschede, Westphalia, Germany, 6 Oct., 1811; d. Royal mining school in Freiberg, Saxony, after in Cincinnati , Ohio, 24 Feb., 1884. He was edu- which he travelled extensively through the mining cated in the gymnasium of Söst and received his districts of Europe for the purpose of studying medical degree at the University of Hamburg. He geology and metallurgy by direct observation. In followed his brother, Dr. Hermann Pulte, to this 1860 he was engaged in mining operations in Ari- country in 1834, and practised in Cherrytown, Pa., zona, and during 1861–'3 he was employed by the but became a convert to homæopathy, and took an government of Japan to explore the island of Yesso, active interest in forming the homeopathic acade- after which he was engaged by the Chinese authori- my in Allentown, Pa., which was closed in 1840. ties to examine the coal-fields of northen China, and He then removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1844 he returned to the United States in 1866, after cross- founded, with others, the American institute of ing Mongolia, central Asia, and Siberia, thus com- homeopathy in New York city, and in 1872 he pleting a geological journey around the world in established in Cincinnati the medical college that the north temperate zone. During 1866–75 he bears his name, where he was professor of the sci- was professor of mining at the School of min- ence of clinical medicine. In 1852 he was made ing and practical geology at Harvard, and in professor of the same branch at the Homeopathic 1870–'1 he conducted the geological survey of the college of Cleveland, and he served as professor of copper region of Michigan, for which he prepared obstetrics in 1853–5. He contributed to various Copper-Bearing Rocks," being part ii. of vol- homeopathic journals, was an editor of the ume i. of the “ Geological Survey of Michigan” * American Magazine of Homæopathy and Hy- | (New York, 1873). He was called upon in 1871 to dropathy” in 1852-'4, and of the “ Quarterly Ho- conduct the geological survey of Missouri, and for meopathic Magazine” in 1854; edited Teste's three years devoted his energies to that task, pre- Diseases of Children,” translated by Emma II. paring “ A Preliminary Report on the Iron Ores Cote (2d ed., Cincinnati, 1857); and was the author and Coal Fields," with an atlas for the report of of Organon der Weltgeschichte” (Cincinnati, the “Geological Survey of Missouri " (New York, 1846 : English ed., 1859); “The Homeopathic Do- | 1873). When the U. S. geological survey was es- mestic Physician (1850); “A Reply to Dr. Met- tablished in 1879, Prof. Pumpelly organized the calf” (185i); “ The Science of Medicine” (Cleve- division of economic geology, and as a special agent land, 1852): “ The Woman's Medical Guide” (Cin- of the 10th census he planned and directed the in- cinnati, 1853): and “Civilization and its Heroes: vestigations on the mining industries, exclusive of an Oration” (1855). the precious metals, and prepared volume xv. of PUMACAHUA, Matéo (poo - mah - cah'-wah), the “ Census Reports ” on “ The Mining Industries Peruvian insurgent, b. in Chinchero about 1760; of the United States” (Washington, 1886). During d. in Sicuani, 17 March, 1815. He was cacique of 1879-'80 he conducted at Newport, R. I., an elabo- his native tribe, but served with the rovalists and rate investigation for the National board of aided in suppressing the revolution of 1780, headed health as to the ability of various soils to filter by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui. For his services spores from liquids and from air. In 1881 he or- he was appointed colonel of militia, and soon after-ganized the Northern transcontinental survey, with ward he obtained the same rank in the army. At reference to collecting information concerning the the beginning of the struggle for independence he topographical and economic features of Dakota, served the royalists, and was appointed by the Montana, and Washington territories, and had viceroy Abascal to maintain order in the province charge of the work until its cessation in 1884, also of Cuzco. With 3,500 men and the forces of anoth- editing the reports of the survey. He then re-en- er cacique, Manuel Choquehuanca, he pacified the tered the national survey as geologist of the archa- whole territory, and Abascal recommended him to an division of geology, on which service he is now the king, who appointed him brigadier in 1811. In (1888) engaged. Prof. Pumpelly is a member of . 7 136 PURMAN PUNCHARD He was various scientific societies, and in 1872 was elected | 1876 with great splendor. A crisis in his financial to membership in the National academy of sci- affairs came in 1879. Several years before this he ences. He has contributed papers to the literature had permitted his brother, Edward Purcell, who of his profession, many of which have appeared was vicar-general of the diocese, to receive deposits in the “ American Journal of Science or in the of money. Neither of them knew anything of the transactions of learned societies. His books in- principles on which business should be conducted. clude “ Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, When the crash came, Edward Purcell died of a and Japan during the Years 1862–5," issued by the broken heart. It was discovered that the indebted- Smithsonian institution (Washington, 1866), and ness reached nearly $4,000,000. The folly of the “Across America and Asia " (New York, 1869). financial operations that led to it was widely com- PUNCHARD, George, editor, b. in Salem, mented on, but no one thought of charging the arch- Mass., 7 June, 1806; d. in Boston, Mass., 2 April, bishop with dishonesty or evil intent. The sal- 1880. His father, John (1763–1857), served in the ary of a bishop known as the “ cathedraticum Revolutionary army and was probably the last sur- amounts to $4,000 or $5,000 a year, but he was vivor of the regiments that were stationed at West twenty-five years a bishop before he could be pre- Point at the time of Arnold's treason. The son vailed on to accept any part of the sum. was graduated at Dartmouth in 1826, and at An- given $800 one morning, and by evening he had dover theological seminary in 1829. From 1830 parted with the whole. His priests gave him $3,400 till 1844 he was pastor of a Cong gational church at his golden jubilee; the next day he divided it in Plymouth, N. H. Mr. Punchard was associate among charitable institutions. He offered his resig- editor and proprietor of the “ Boston Traveler," nation in 1880, but it was felt that its acceptance of which he was also a founder, from 1845 till would imply some reproach. He was given a co- 1857, and again from 1867 till 1871. He was sec- adjutor instead, and retired to a house in Brown retary of the New England branch of the Ameri- county. At his death the number of Roman Catho- can tract society, and the author of a • View of lies in the diocese that he originally held was more Congregationalism” (Andover, 1850), and a “ His- than half a million, the priests numbered 480, and tory of Congregationalism from A. D. 250 to 1616” the churches 500. Archbishop Purcell in 1837 held (1841 ; 2d ed., 3 vols., New York, 1865–7). a seven days' discussion with Alexander Campbell, PURCELL, John Baptist, R. C. archbishop, and in 1870 publicly defended Christianity against b. in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland, 26 Feb., 1800; an infidel orator. Both discussions were printed d. in Brown county, Ohio, 4 July, 1883. He emi- and widely circulated; the latter as - The Roman grated to the United States in 1818, and entered Clergy and Free Thought” (1870). His other pub- Ashbury college, Baltimore, where he taught. In lications were “ Lectures and Pastoral Letters," 1820 he was admitted to Mount St. Mary's, Em- “ Diocesan Statutes, Acts, and Decrees of Three mettsburg, and, after receiving minor orders, fin- Provincial Councils held in Cincinnati," and a se- ished his theological course in the Sulpitian col- ries of school-books for use in Roman Catholic lege, Paris. He was ordained a priest in the cathe- schools in his diocese. dral of Notre Dame in 1826, and in 1827 was ap- PURCHAS, Samuel, English clergyman, b. in pointed professor of philosophy in St. Mary's col. Thaxted, Essex, England, in 1577; d. in London lege, becoming president in 1828. The progress in 1628. He was educated at St. John's college, that this institution made during his presidency Cambridge, and in 1604 became vicar of Eastwood, attracted the notice of the American hierarchy, Essex. Removing to London, he compiled from, and he was nominated bishop of Cincinnati. He more than 1,300 authorities a work entitled “Pur- was consecrated on 13 Oct., 1833. At the time of chas, his Pilgrimage; or, Relations of the World his appointment there was only one small frame and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places Roman Catholic church in the city, and not more discovered from the Creation unto this Present" than 16 in the diocese, while the church property (4 parts, folio, London, 1613; 4th ed., 1626), and was valued at about $12,000. He founded acade- , “ Hakluyt's Posthumus; or, Purchas, his Pil- mies and schools, organized German congrega- grimes," for which he used Hakluyt's manuscript tions, and built a convent for the Ursulines. The collections, and which preserves the original narra- number of Roman Catholics had increased from tives of the early English navigators and explorers 6,000 to 70,000 in 1846, with 70 churches and 73 of the western world (5 vols., folio, 1625–²6). He priests. In 1847 the diocese of Cleveland was also published " The King's Tower and Triumphal formed out of that of Cincinnati, and placed under Arch of London” (1623) and Microcosmus, or the jurisdiction of another prelate at his request. the Historie of Man,” which is sometimes called He was made an archbishop in 1850, with four Purchas's “ Funeral Sermon" (1627). suffragan bishops attached to his see, and being PURDON, John, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, in Rome in 1851, he received the pallium from the Pa., in 1784; d. there, 3 Oct., 1835. He was gradu- pope's own hands. He at once set about found- ated at Princeton in 1802, and was admitted to the ing what was to be one of the chief theological bar in 1806, served in the legislature, and was ac- seminaries of the country, Mount St. Mary's of the tive in public affairs. He published an “ Abridg- West. He presided over his first provincial coun- ment of the Laws of Pennsylvania from 1700 cil in 1855, and held a second in 1858. It was (Philadelphia, 1811). Frederick C. Brightly edited impossible to meet the wants of the new congre- | the 8th and 9th editions (1858 and 1862), with an- gations with the resources at hand, and this led nual supplements to 1869. to the financial embarrassments that shadowed PURMAN, William J., jurist, b. in Centre the closing years of the archbishop's life. In 1868 : county, Pa., 11 April, 1840. He received a liberal the creation of new sees had limited his diocese education, studied law, and was admitted to the to that part of Ohio south of latitude 40° 41', but bar, but entered the National army as a private, this still contained nearly 140,000 Roman Catho- serving on special duty in the war department and lics. In 1869 he attended the Vatican council, in Florida. "He was a member of the Constitu- was active in its deliberations, and, although he tional convention of Florida in 1868, and also of opposed the declaration of the infallibility of the the state senate, judge of Jackson county court in pope, he at once subscribed to the doctrine on its 1868–9, and V. S. assessor of internal revenue for definition. Ilis golden jubilee was celebrated in Florida in 1870. In 1872 he was chairman of the PURPLE 137 PUSEY can war. 3 Republican state executive committee, and was died while he was collecting materials for a flora elected to congress as a Republican, serving from of Canada. His manuscript journal still exists. 1 Dec., 1873, till his resignation on 16 Feb., 1875. Until superseded by Torrey and Gray's "Flora of He was again elected, serving from 6 Dec., 1875, North America," Pursh's work was the most im- till 3 March, 1877, and re-elected, but his seat was portant on the botany of North America. successfully contested by Robert H. M. Davidson. PURVIANCE, Hugh Young, naval officer, b. PURPLE, Norman Higgins, jurist, b. in Exe- in Baltimore, Md., 22 March, 1799: d. there, 21 ter, N. Y., 29 March, 1808; d. in Chicago, I., 9 Oct., 1883. He was educated at St. Mary's college Aug., 1863. After attending the district schools, in his native city, and in 1818 was appointed a mid- he studied law, was admitted to the bar in Tioga shipman in the U. S. navy. He served for two county, Pa., in 1830, and in 1837 removed to Peoria, years on the East India station, in 1821.-'4 on the III. In 1840-2 he was state's attorney for the 9th Pacific, and in 1824-7 in the Mediterranean. In judicial circuit of Illinois, and from 1845 till 1848 the last year he was commissioned a lieutenant, and he was associate judge of the supreme court. lle he served on the West India squadron in 1828–'30, was once a candidate for U. S. senator, and in 1860 and the Brazil squadron in 1837–8, command- was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- ing the brig“ Dolphin.” He relieved an American tion in Charleston, S. C. He published “Statutes schooner from the French blockade of the river of Illinois relating to Real Estate” (Quincy, 1849) Plate, and received a complimentary recognition and * A Compilation of the Statutes of Illinois of from the U. S. government for his services on the & General Nature in Force, Jan. 1, 1856” (2 vols., occasion. In 1846 he commanded the frigate" Con- Chicago. 1856). These works were adopted by the stitution,” of the blockading squadron in the Mexi- general assembly. On 7 March, 1849, he was commissioned PURPLE, Samuel Smith, physician, b. in Leb- commander, and assigned to the sloop-of-war“ Ma- anon, Madison co., N. Y., 24 June, 1822. He re- rion," on the coast of Africa, where he remained ceived a common-school education and was gradu- in 1852–5. He received his commission as captain, ated at the medical department of the University 28 Jan., 1856, commanded the frigate “St. Law- of the city of New York in 1844. In 1846-8 he rence,” of the Charleston blockading squadron, in was physician to the New York city dispensary, 1861, and captured the privateer “ Petrel" off that and he was ward physician in the board of health port, the first prize of the civil war. He took part during the cholera epidemic of 1849. He was vice- in the fight with the “Merrimac” and in the at- president of the New York academy of medicine in tack on Sewall's point, Hampton Roads. He was 1872-5, its president from 1876 till 1880, and was retired, 21 Dec., 1861, commissioned commodore, 16 made second vice-president of the New York gene- July, 1862, and in 1863–'5 was light-house inspector. alogical and biographical society in 1888. His PURVIS, Robert, benefactor, b. in Charleston, publications are The Corpus Luteum” (1846); S. C., 4 Aug., 1810. His father, William Purvis, - Menstruation " (New York, 1846); “ Contributions was a native of Northumberland, England, and to the Practice of Midwifery (1853); “ Observa- | his mother was a free-born woman of Charleston, tions on the Remedial Properties of Simaba Cedron" of Moorish descent. Robert was brought to the (1854); “ Observations on Wounds of the Heart": north in 1819. His father, though residing in a (1855); “Genealogical Memorials of William Brad- slave state, was never a slave-holder, but was an ford, First Printer of New York” (1873); “ In Me- Abolitionist in principle. Before Robert attained moriam: Edwin R. Purple” (1881); and “ Memoir the age of manhood he formed the acquaintance of the Life and Writings of Hon. Teunis G. Bergen of Benjamin Lundy, and in conjunction with him (1881).-His brother, Edwin Ruthven, lawyer, was an early laborer in the anti-slavery cause. Mr. in Sherburne, N. Y., 30 June, 1831 ; d. in New York Purvis was a member of the Philadelphia conven- city, 20 Jan., 1879, was educated at Earlville acade- tion of 1833 which formed the American anti- my. In 1850 he emigrated to California, studied slavery society, was its vice-president for many law, was adunitted to the bar in 1855, and served as years, and signed its declaration of sentiments. He county supervisor and justice of the fifth township was also an active member of the Pennsylvania in Calaveras county. In the autumn of 1862 he society, and its president for many years. His discovered, in connection with John White and five house was a well-known station on the “ Under- others, the first gold in Montana, on Willard's ground railroad,” and his horses, carriages, and his creek, a tributary of Beaver Head river. He con- personal attendance were always at the service of tributed to the New York Genealogical and Bio- fugitive slaves. His son, CHARLES BURLEIGH, is graphical Record,” and published - Genealogical surgeon-in-chief of the Freedmen's hospital at Notes on the Colden Family in America" (New Washington, D. C., and a professor in the medical York, 1873); “ Biographical and Genealogical Notes department of Howard university. of the Provoost Family in New York (1875); PUSEY, Caleb, colonist, b. in Berkshire, Eng- - Genealogical Notes relating to Lieut.-Gov. Jacob land, about 1650; d. in Chester county, Pa., 25 Leisler and his Family Connections in New York” | Feb., 1727. He was educated as a Baptist, but (1877); “ Contributions to the History of the Kip subsequently became a Quaker, and was of Penn's Family of New York and New Jersey” (1877); and company that came to Pennsylvania in 1682. Be- * Contributions to the History of Ancient Families fore leaving England he united with Penn and of New Netherland and New York," which were a few others in forming a "joint concern” for collected and published by his brother, with a me- the "setting up” of mills in the new province, moir (New York, 1881). of which concern Pusey was chosen the mana- PU'RSH, Frederick, botanist, b. in Tobolsk, ger. He caused the framework to be prepared and Siberia, in 1774; d. in Montreal, Canada, 11 June, shipped in the Welcome," and in 1083 erected 1820. He was educated at Dresden, came to this on Chester creek, near what is now l'pland, Pa., country in 1799, and spent twelve years in botani- the famous mills known as the “Chester Mills," cal explorations in the United States. He visited which were the first in the province under Penn's England in 1811, and published “Flora America government. Penn himself attended at the laying Septentrionalis, or a Systematic Arrangement and of the corner-stone. Pusey managed the mills for Description of the Plants of North America" (2 many years, and came finally to own them, con- rols., 8vo, London, 1814). He then returned, and ducting an extensive milling business until his 66 138 PUTNAM PUSHIMATAHAW 66 I and my death. He held a high place in civil affairs, was onslaught he had made single-handed on the ene- engaged in laying out roads and negotiating with my's rear. This feat gained for him the title of the Indians, and for two years was sheriff of Ches- The Eagle.” After spending several years in ter county. For many years he was a justice of Mexico, he went alone in the night to a Torauqua the peace and of the county courts, and an associ- village, killed seven men with his own hand, set ate justice of the supreme court, serving also for fire to several tents, and made good his retreat un- ten years or more in the assembly, and for more injured. During the next two years he made three than a quarter of a century in the supreme or pro- additional expeditions into the Torauqua country, vincial council. His name constantly appears in and added eight fresh scalps to his war costume. the minutes of the Society of Friends among those For fifteen years nothing is known of his history, who were most active in settling difficulties and in but in 1810 he was living on Tombigbee river, and promoting deeds of benevolence. He frequently enjoyed the reputation of being an expert at In- appeared in the ministry, and as a controversialist dian ball-playing. He also boasted that his name and a writer was one of the ablest and most noted was Pushmatahaw, which means “ The-warrior's- of his sect in his day. His reply to Daniel Leeds seat-is-finished.”. During the war of 1812_he was liberally subscribed for by the meetings, and promptly took sides with the United States. The widely circulated. He was an intimate friend of council that decided the course of the Choctaws George Keith, but, when the latter attacked the lasted ten days. All the warriors counselled neu- Quaker doctrines, Pusey was active among those trality, pting John Pitchlynn, the interpreter, who pronounced against him. From Pusey, Smith, and Pushmatahaw. Until the last day he kept the early historian, obtained much of the material silence, but then, rising, said: “The Creeks were from which he made up his manuscript history, once our friends. They have joined the English, which formed the basis of Robert Proud's “ His- and we must now follow different trails. When tory of Pennsylvania.” In 1697 Pusey was chosen our fathers took the hand of Washington. they by the Quakers to be one of the committee to ex- told him the Choctaws would always be the friends amine all books that the society proposed to pub- of his nation, and Pushmatahaw cannot be false to lish, which post he held till his death. Among his their promises. I am now ready to fight against published writings are “ A Serious and Seasonable both the English and the Creeks. Warning unto all People occasioned by two most warriors are going to Tuscaloosa, and when you Dangerous Epistles to a late Book of John Fall- hear from us again the Creek fort will be in ashes." doe's,” addressed to the people called Anthony This prophecy was duly fulfilled. The Creeks and Palmer's Church (London, 1675); “ A Modest Ac- Seminoles allied themselves with the British, and count from Pennsylvania of the Principal Differ- Pushmatahaw made war on both tribes with such ences in Point of Doctrine between George Keith energy and success that the whites called him and those of the People called Quakers” (1696); “ The Indian General.” In 1824 he went to Wash- ** Satan's Harbinger encountered ; His False News ington in order, according to his own phraseology, of a Strumpet detected,” etc., a reply to Daniel to brighten the chain of peace between the Ameri- Leeds's “ News of a Strumpet” (Philadelphia, cans and the Choctaws. He was treated with great 1700) ; “Daniel Leeds justly rebuked for abus- consideration by President Monroe and John C. ing William Penn, and his Folly and Fals-Hoods Calhoun, secretary of war, and a record of his com- contained in his Two Printed Challenges to Caleb munications is to be found in the state archives. Pusey made Manifest” (1702); George Keith After a visit to Gen. Lafayette he was taken seri- once more brought to the Test, and proved a Pre- ously ill. Finding that he was near his end, he ex- varicator (1703); Proteus Ecclesiasticus, or pressed the wish that he might be buried with George Keith varied in Fundamentals” (1703); military honors and that “ big guns” might be “ The Bomb searched and found stuff’d with False fired over his grave. These requests were complied Ingredients, being a Just Confutation of an Abus- with, and a procession more than a mile in length ive Printed Half-Sheet, call’d a Bomb, originally followed him to his resting-place in the Congres- published against the Quakers, by Francis Bugg sional cemetery.. Andrew Jackson frequently ex- (1705); “Some Remarks upon a Late Pamphlet pressed the opinion that Pushmatahaw was the signed part by John Talbot and part by Daniel greatest and the bravest Indian he had ever Leeds, called the Great Mystery of Fox-Craft” known”; while John Randolph, of Roanoke, in (1705); and “Some Brief Observations made on pronouncing a eulogy on him in the U. S. senate, Daniel Leeds, his Book, entituled • The Second Part declared that he was ** wise in counsel, eloquent in of the Mystery of Fox-Craft'" (1706). For a fuller an extraordinary degree and on all occasions, and account of the titles of these works see “ Issues of under all circumstances the white man's friend.” the Pennsylvania Press, 1685–1784,” by Charles R. PUTNAM, Frederick Ward, anthropologist, Hildeburn (1885). The imprint of Pusey's works, b. in Salem, Mass., 16 April, 1839.' He received an excepting the first two and the last, bear the name election to the Essex institute in 1855, and in 1856 of Reynier Jansen. he entered the Lawrence scientific school as a special PUSHMATAHAW, Choctaw chief, b. in what student under Louis Agassiz, who soon made him is now Mississippi, in 1765; d. in Washington, D.C., assistant in charge of the collection of fishes at the 24 Dec., 1824. He had distinguished himself on Harvard museum of comparative zoology, where the war-path before he was twenty years old. He he remained until 1864. Returning to Salem in joined an expedition against the Osages west of the the latter year, he was given charge of the museum Mississippi, and was laughed at by the older mem- of the Essex institute, and in 1867 he was ap- bers of the party because of his youth and a propen- pointed superintendent of the museum of the East sity for talking. The Osages were defeated in a India marine society. These two collections were desperate conflict that lasted an entire day. The incorporated as the Peabody academy of sciences, boy disappeared early in the fight, and when he re- and Prof. Putnam was made its director, which turned at inidnight he was jeered at and openly ac- post he held until 1876. He was called to the cused of cowardlice. · Let those laugh," was his charge of the collections of the Peabody museum reply, “who can show more scalps than I can"; of American archæology and ethnology of Har- whereupon he took five from his pouch and threw vard on the death of Jeffries Wyman in Septem- them on the ground. They were the result of an ber, 1874, and in 1886, in accordance with the ob- PUTNAM 139 PUTNAM Fsrciel putham ject of George Peabody's trust, he was appointed | Col. Putnam commanded a brigade in the Stono professor of American archæology and ethnology inlet expedition, and in the capture of Morris in Harvard. Meanwhile, in 1874, he was an in- island. In the assault on Fort Wagner, 18 July, structor at the School of natural history on Peni- 1863, where he led the second storming column, he kese island, and during the same year he was ap- was killed on the parapet of the work while rally- pointed an assistant on the geological survey of ing his men. He was made brevet colonel, U. S. Kentucky. In 1875 the engineer department of army, 18 July, 1863. For about four months pre- the U. Š. army appointed him to examine and ceding his death he was acting brigadier-general. report on the archæological collections of the PUTNAM, Israel, soldier, b. in that part of the geological and geographical survey under Lieut. town of Salem, Mass., which has since been set off George, M. Wheeler, and in 1876–8 he was also as the town of Danvers, 7 Jan., 1718; d. in Brook- assistant in charge of the collection of fishes in lyn, Conn., 19 May, 1790. His great-grandfather, the Museum of comparative zoology at Harvard. John Putnam, with his wife, Priscilla, came from Prof. Putnam has held the office of state commis- England in 1634, and settled in Salem. They sioner of Massachusetts on inland fisheries, and brought with them three sons, Thomas, Nathanael, in 1887 became commissioner of fish and game. and John. All three acquired large estates, and His earliest paper was a “ Catalogue of the Birds were men of much of Essex County, Massachusetts," which he fol- consideration. In lowed with various researches in zoölogy, but since 1681, of the total 1865 his work has been principally in American ar- tax levied in Sa- chæology, or anthropology, and his acquaintance lem village, raised with this subject is probably unexcelled in the from ninety-four United States. His papers on this science exceed tax-payers, for the 200, and embrace descriptions of many mounds, support of the lo- burial-places, and shell-heaps and of the objects cal church, the found in them. Prof. Putnam' is a member of three Putnams many historical and scientific societies here and paid one seventh. in Europe, and was elected to membership in 1885 In 1666 Thomas in the National academy of sciences. He is also Putnam married, widely known by his office of permanent secretary for hissecond wife, of the American association for the advancement the widow of Na- of science, which he has held since 1873. At that thanael Veren, a time the membership of the association was barely wealthy merchant 500, and it now exceeds 2,000, a result which is at- and ship-owner. tributed largely to his executive ability. Prof. By this marriage Putnam has also been vice-president of the Essex heacquired wealth institute since 1871, and was elected president of in Jamaica and Barbadoes. Joseph, the son of the Boston society of natural history in 1887. He this marriage, was born in 1670, and at the age was associated with Alpheus Hyatt, Edward S. of twenty married Elizabeth, daughter of Israel Morse, and Alpheus S. Packard in the founding of Porter. In the witchcraft frenzy of 1692, Joseph's the “ American Naturalist” in 1867, and was one sister was one of the accused, and only saved her- of its editors until 1875. He has also edited many self by fleeing to the wilderness and hiding till the volumes of the “ Proceedings of the Essex Insti- search was given up. The Putnam family has tute," the " Annual Reports of the Trustees of the always been prominent in the history of Salem and Peabody Academy of Science," and the “Proceed its neighborhood. Of the 74 recording clerks of ings of the American Association for the Advance the parish of Danvers, 24 have been Putnams; and ment of Science” since 1873, and the “ Annual Re- this family has furnished 15 of the 23 deacons, 12 ports of the Peabody Museum of Archäology and of the 26 treasurers, and 7 of the 18 superintendents Ethnology” since 1874. He has also published his of the Sabbath-school. In 1867, of the 800 voters report to the engineer department as volume vii. in Danvers, 50 were Putnams. of the “Report upon Geographical and Geological Israel Putnam, son of Joseph and Elizabeth, was Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Me- the tenth of eleven children. At the age of twenty ridian” (Washington, 1879). he married Hannah, daughter of Joseph Pope, of PUTNAM, Haldimand Sumner, soldier, b. in Salem village. In 1739 Israel and his brother-in- Cornish, N. H., 15 Oct., 1835; d. near Fort Wag-law, John Pope, bought of Gov. Belcher 514 acres ner, S. C., 18 July, 1863. He was graduated at the in Mortlake manor, in what is now Windham U. S. military academy in 1857, and entered the county, Conn. By 1741 Israel had bought out his army in July as brevet 2d lieutenant of topographi- brother-in-law and become owner of the whole cal engineers. From that time till a few months tract. The Mortlake manor formed part of the previous to the civil war he was engaged in explo- township of Pomfret, but as early as 1734 it was rations and surveys in the west. When the war formed into a distinct parish, known as Mortlake began he was summoned to Washington and in- parish. In 1754 its name was changed to Brooklyn trusted with important despatches for Fort Pickens. parish, and in 1786 it was set off as a separate town- He accomplished his mission, but, while returning ship under the name of Brooklyn. The old Putnam to the north, was seized by the Confederates at farm is on the top of the high hill between the Montgomery, Ala., and imprisoned for several villages of Pomfret and Brooklyn. For many years days. On his release he was placed on Gen. Irvin Israel Putnam devoted himself to the cultivation McDowell's staff, participated in the battle of Bull of this farm, and it was considered one of the finest Run, and gained the brevet of major for gallantry. in New England. He gave especial attention to In October he went to his native state and organ- sheep-raising and to fruits, especially winter apples. ized the 7th New Hampshire regiment, of which In 1733 the town sustained four public schools; in he became colonel in December, 1861. It was sta- 1739 there was a public circulating library; and in tioned during the first year of its service at Fort the class of 1759, at Yale college, ten of the grad- Jefferson, on Tortugas island, and afterward at St. uates were from Pomfret. These symptoms of Augustine, Fla., and in South Carolina. In 1863 high civilization were found in a community not . 140 PUTNAM PUTNAM yet entirely freed from the assaults of wild beasts. / an infant about a year old. In 1767 Col. Putnam By 1735 all the wolves of the neighborhood seem married Deborah, widow of John Gardiner, with to have been slain save one old female that for whom he lived happily until her death in 1777. some seasons more went on ravaging the farm-yards. There were no children by this second marriage. Her lair was not far from Putnam's farm, and one . Col. Putnam united with the church in Brooklyn, night she slew sixty or seventy of his fine sheep. 19 May, 1765. For the next ten years his life was Perhaps no incident in Putnam's career is so often ' uneventful. During this period he used his house quoted as his share in the wolf-hunt, ending in his as an inn, swinging before the door a sign-board descending into the dark, narrow cave, shooting on which were depicted the features of Gen. Wolfe. his enemy at short range, and dragging her forth This sign is now in the possession of the Connecti- in triumph. It was the one picturesque event in cut historical society at Hartford. In the winter his life previous to 1755, when Connecticut was of 1772–'3 he accompanied Gen. Lyman in a voyage called upon for 1.000 men to defend the northern to the mouth of the Mississippi, and up that river approaches to New York against the anticipated to Natchez, where the British government had French invasion. This force was commanded by granted some territory to the Connecticut troops Maj.-Gen. Phineas Lyman, and one of its companies who had survived the dreadful West India cam- was assigned to Putnam, with the rank of captain. paign. In the course of this voyage they visited Putnam was present at the battle of Lake George, Jamaica and Pensacola. After 1765 Col. Putnam in which William Johnson won his baronetcy by was conspicuous among the “Sons of Liberty" in defeating Dieskau. He became one of the leading Connecticut. In August, 1774, before Gen. Gage members of the famous band of Rangers that did had quite shut up the approaches to Boston, and so much to annoy and embarrass the enemy during while provisions from all the colonies were pouring the next two years. In 1757 he was promoted into that town, Putnam rode over the Neck with major. Among the incidents illustrating his per- 130 sheep as a gift from the parish of Brooklyn. sonal bravery, those most often quoted are—first, During his stay in Boston he was the guest of Dr. his rescue of a party of soldiers from the Indians Warren. On 20 April following, early in the after- by steering them in a bateau down the dangerous noon, a despatch from the committee of safety at rapids of the Hudson near Fort Miller; and, second- Watertown reached Pomfret with news of the fight ly, his saving Fort Edward from destruction by at Concord. The news found Putnam ploughing a fire, at the imminent risk of losing his life in the field. Leaving his plough in the furrow, and with- flames. In a still more terrible way he was brought out waiting to don his uniform, he mounted a into peril from fire. In August, 1758, he was taken horse, and at sunrise of the 21st galloped into prisoner in a sharp skirmish near Wood creek, and Cambridge. Later in the same day he was at Con- after some preliminary tortures, his savage captors cord, whence he sent a despatch to Pomfret, with decided to burn him alive. He had been stripped directions about the bringing up of the militia. He and bound to the tree, and the flames were searing was soon summoned to Hartford, to consult with his flesh, when a French officer, Capt. Molang, came the legislature of Connecticut, and, after a week, rushing through the crowd, scattered the firebrands, returned to Cambridge, with the chief command of cuffed and upbraided the Indians, and released the forces of that colony, and the rank of brigadier. their victim. Putnam was carried to Montreal, There has been a great deal of controversy as to and presently freed by exchange. In 1759 he was who commanded the American troops at Bunker promoted lieutenant-colonel, and put in command Hill , and there is apparently no reason why the of a regiment. In 1760 he accompanied Gen. Am controversy should not be kept up, as long as the herst in his march from Oswego to Montreal. In question is at bottom one of rivalry between Con- descending the St. Lawrence it became desirable to necticut and Massachusetts. The difficulty in set- dislodge the French garrison from Fort Oswe- tling it points to the true conclusion, that the work gatchie; but the approach to this place was guarded of that battle was largely the work of distinct by two schooners, the larger of which mounted bodies of men hardly organized as yet into an twelve guns, and was capable of making serious army. It is even open to question how far the havoc among the English boats. “I wish there troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode were some way of taking that infernal schooner," Island, and Connecticut, then engaged in besieg- said Amherst. * All right,” said Putnam; “just ing Boston, are to be regarded as four armies or as give me some wedges and a mallet, and half-a-dozen From the nature of the situation, men of my own choosing, and I'll soon take her for rather than by any right of seniority, Gen. Ward, you.” The British general smiled incredulously, of Massachusetts, exercised practically the com- but presently authorized the adventurous Yankee i mand over the whole. On the day of Bunker Hill, to proceed. In the night Putnam's little party, in it would seem that the actual command was exer- a light boat with muffled oars, rowed under the cised by Prescott at the redoubt and by Stark at schooner's stern and drove the wedges between the the rail-fence. Warren was the ranking officer on rudder and the stern-post so firmly as to render the the field; but as he expressly declined the com- helm unmanageable. Then going around under mand, it left Putnam the ranking officer, and in the bow, they cut the vessel's cable, and then rowed that capacity he withdrew men with intrenching softly away. Before morning the helpless schooner tools from Prescott's party, undertook to throw up had drifted ashore, where she struck her colors; the earthworks on the crest of Bunker Hill in the rear, other French vessel then surrendered, thus uncov-' and toward the close of the day conducted the re- ering the fort, which Amherst soon captured. In 'treat and directed the fortifying of Prospect Hill. 1762 Col. Putnam accompanied Gen. Lyman in the Putnam was, therefore, no doubt the ranking offi- expedition to the West Indies, which, after frightful cer at Bunker Hill, though it does not appear that suiferings, ended in the capture of Havana. In 1764. the work of Prescott and Stark was in any wise he commanded the ('onnecticut regiment in Brad- done under his direction. The question would be street's little army, sent to relieve Detroit, which more important had the battle of Bunker Jill been Pontiac was besieging. At the end of the year he characterized by any grand tactics. As no special returned home, after nearly ten years of rough (am- generalship was involved, and the significance of paigning, with the full rank of colonel. In 176.5 his the battle lay in its moral effects, the question has wife died, leaving the youngest of their ten children, little interest except for local patriots. one army. PUTNAM 141 PUTNAM The work of organizing a Continental army be- as a spy. There seemed to be a tacit assumption, gan in June, 1775, when congress assumed control on the part of the British, that, while American of the troops about Boston, and, after appointing spies were punishable with death, this did not hold Washington to the chief command. appointed true of British spies; that American commanders, Ward, Lee, Schuyler, and Putnam as the four as not representing any acknowledged sovereignty, major-generals. In his new capacity Gen. Putnam could not possess any legal authority for inflicting commanded the centre of the army at Cambridge, the death-penalty. This assumption pervades some while Ward commanded the right wing at Rox- British opinions upon the case of André. In reli- bury, and Lee the left wing stretching to the Mys- ance upon some such assumption, Sir Henry Clin- tic river. After the capture of Boston, Gen. ton sent up from New York a flag of truce, and Washington sent Putnam to New York, where he threatened Putnam with signal vengeance, should took command. 5 April, 1776. On 25 Aug., as he dare to injure the person of the king's liege Gen. Greene, who commanded the works on Brook- subject, Edmund Palmer. The old general's reply lyn heights, had been seized with a fever, Gen. was brief and to the point : “ Headquarters, 7 Aug., Putnam was placed in command there. For the 1777.-Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's disastrous defeat of the Americans, two days after- service, was taken as a spy lurking within our lines; he has been tried as a spy, condemned as a spy, and shall be executed as a spy, and the flag is ordered to depart immediately. - Israel Putnam.-P.S. He has accordingly been executed.” In October, Clin- ton came up the river, to the relief of hard-pressed Burgoyne, and, landing at Tarrytown, captured the forts in the highlands. They were immediately re- covered, however, after the surrender of Burgoyne. At the end of the year, Putnam was superseded at Peekskill by McDougal, and went to Connecticut to hasten the work of recruiting the army for the next campaign. During the years 1778-9, he was engaged in the western part of Connecticut, with headquarters usually at Danbury, co-operating with the force in the highlands. At this time he made ward, he can in no wise be held responsible. He his famous escape from Gen. Tryon's troops by was blamed at the time for not posting on the riding down the stone steps at Horseneck, in the Jamaica road a force sufficient to check Corn- township of Greenwich. There is some disagree- wallis's flanking march; but, as Chief-Justice Mar- ment between the different accounts as to the date shall long ago pointed out, this criticism was sim- of this incident, and the story is perhaps to be ply silly, since the flanking force on the Jamaica taken with some allowances. When the army went road outnumbered the whole American army. In- into winter-quarters at Morristown, in December, deed there is no need of blaming any one in order 1779, Putnam made a short visit to his family at to account for the defeat of 5,000 half-trained sol- Pomfret. He set out on his return to camp, but, diers by 20,000 veterans. The wonder is, not that before reaching Hartford, had a stroke of paralysis. the Americans were defeated on Long Island, but His remaining years were spent at home. His birth- that they should have given Gen. Howe a good day's place is shown in the accompanying engraving. work in defeating them, thus leading the British Gen. Putnam's biography has been written by general to pause, and giving Washington time to Col. David Humphreys (Boston, 1818); by Oliver plan the withdrawal of the army from its exposed Peabody, in Sparks's - American Biography ”; by situation. As Putnam deserves no blame for the William Cutter (New York, 1846); and by Increase defeat, so he deserves no special credit for this obsti- N. Tarbox (Boston, 1876). The most complete nate resistance, which was chiefly the work of Stir- bibliography of the question as to the command at ling and Smallwood, and the Maryland • macaro- Bunker Hill is to be found in Winsor's “ Narrative nis," in their heroic defence of the Gowanus road. and Critical History of America ” (Boston, 1888), After the army had crossed to New York, Putnam vol. vi., p. 190.—His cousin, Rufus, soldier, b. in commanded the rear division, which held the city Sutton. Mass., 9 April, 1738; d. in Marietta, Ohio, 1 until the landing of the British at Kip's bay obliged May, 1824, after completing his apprenticeship as a it to fall back upon Bloomingdale. In the action millwright enlisted in the war against the French, at Harlem heights,“ part of Putnam's force, under served through the campaigns of 1757-'60, and in Col. Knowlton, was especially distinguished. The the latter year was made an ensign. On the sur- futile device of barring the ascent of the IIudson render of Montreal he married and settled in New river, between Forts Washington and Lee, by che- Braintree, pursuing his original vocation and that vaux de frise, is generally ascribed to Putnam. In of farming. At the same time he studied mathe- the affair at Chatterton hill, Putnam marched to matics, in which he attained proficiency, particu- the assistance of Gen. McDougall, but arrived too larly in its application to navigation and survey- late. In the disastrous period that followed the ing. In January, 1773, he sailed to east Florida capture of Fort Washington and the treachery of with a committee to explore lands that were sup- Charles Lee, Putnam was put in command of Phila- posed to have been granted there by parliament to delphia. After the retreat of the enemy upon New the provincial officers and soldiers that had fought Brunswick, 4 Jan., 1777, he brought forward the in the French war. On arriving at Pensacola, he American right wing to Princeton, where he re- discovered that no such grant had been made, and mained in command till the middle of May. He was appointed by the governor deputy surveyor of was then intrusted with the defence of the high- the province. On his return to Massachusetts lands of the Hudson river with headquarters at he was made lieutenant-colonel in David Brewer's Peekskill. His command there was marked by a regiment, one of the first that was raised after the characteristic incident. Edmund Palmer, lieuten- battle of Lexington. The ability that he displayed ant in a loyalist regiment, was caught lurking in as an engineer in throwing up defences in Rox- the American camp, and was condemned to death bury, Mass., secured for him the favorable consid- 142 PUTNAM PUTNAM eration of Gen. Washington and Gen. Charles Lee, cidental death. He died of a fall while assisting and the former wrote to congress that the mill- in the erection of Congress Hall hotel, of which he wright was a more competent officer than any of was the projector, and he was the first to be buried the French gentlemen to whom it had given ap- in the cemetery that he presented to the village.- pointments in that line. On 20 March, 1776, he Israel's great-grandson, Albigence Waldo, au- arrived in New York, and, as chief engineer, super- thor, b. in Marietta, Ohio, 11 March, 1799 ; d. in intended all the defences in that part of the Nashville, Tenn., 20 Jan., 1869, studied law, prac- country during the ensuing campaign. In August tised in Mississippi, and in 1836 settled in Nashville, he was appointed chief engineer with the rank of Tenn., and was president of the Tennessee histor- colonel, but during the autumn, from some dissat- ical society, to whose publications he was a con- isfaction with congress in regard to his corps, he tributor. In addition to articles in periodicals, he left it to take command of the 5th Massachusetts wrote & “ History of Middle Tennessee " (Nash- regiment. In the following spring he was attached ville, 1859) : “ Life and Times of Gen. James Rob- to the northern army, and served with great credit ertson” (1859); and a “ Life of Gen. John Sevier,” at the battle of Stillwater at the head of the 4th and in Wheeler's “ History of North Carolina."— Israel's 5th regiments of Nixon's brigade. In 1778, with nephew, Henry, lawyer, b. in Boston in 1778; d. his cousin, Gen. Israel Putnam, he superintended in Brunswick, Me., in 1822. He studied law in the construction of the fortifications at West Boston, and became distinguished as a jurist.-His Point. After the surprise of Stony Point he was wife, Katherine Hunt, b. in. Framingham, Mass., appointed to the command of a regiment in Gen. 1 March, 1792; d. in New York city, 8 Jan., 1869, Anthony Wayne's brigade, in which he served till was a daughter of Gen. Palmer of the army of the the end of the campaign. From February till Revolution, married Henry Putnam in 1814, and July. 1782, he was employed as one of the com- passed most of her married life in Boston. She missioners to adjust the claims of citizens of New was noted for her benevolence, and wrote “Scrip- York for losses occasioned by the allied armies. | ture Text-Book" (New York, 1837); and The and on 7 Jan., 1783, he was promoted to be a briga- Old Testament Unveiled ; or, The Gospel by Moses dier-general. He was several years a member of in the Book of Genesis” (1854).—Israel's grand- the legislature, and acted as aide to Gen. Benjamin nephew. George Palmer, publisher, b. in Bruns- Lincoln in quelling Shays's rebellion in 1787. As wick, Me., 7 Feb., 1814; d. in New York city, 20 superintendent of the Ohio company, on 7 April, Dec., 1872, entered the book-store of Daniel and 1788, he founded Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent Jonathan Leavitt, New York, in 1828, in 1840 settlement in the eastern part of the Northwest ter- became a partner in the house of Wiley and Put- ritory. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of the nam, and in 1841 went to London and established supreme court of the territory, and on 4 May, 1792, a branch. In 1848 he returned to New York, dis- he was appointed brigadier-general under Gen. solved the partnership with Mr. Wiley and engaged Wayne to act against the Indians. From May, in business alone. He early interested himself in 1792, till February, 1793, he was U. S. commission- the production of fine illustrated books, and in er to treat with the latter, and concluded an im- | 1852, with the assistance of George William Curtis portant treaty with eight tribes at Port Vincent and others, established "Putnam's Magazine." In (now Vincennes), 27 Sept., 1792. He arrived at 1861 Mr. Putnam planned and organized the Loyal Philadelphia, 13 Feb., 1793, to make a report of publication society. In 1863 he retired from ac- his proceedings, and then resigned his commission. tive business to become U. S. collector of internal He was made surveyor-general of the United States revenue, which post he held till 1866, when, in con- in October of that year, and held this office till Sep-junction with his sons, he founded the publishing tember, 1803. In 1803 he was a member of the house of G. P. Putnam and Sons (now G. P. Put- Ohio constitutional convention. At the time of nam's Sons). Mr. Putnam was for many years his death he was the last general officer of the secretary of the Publishers' association. As early Revolutionary army excepting. Lafayette. Gen. as 1837 he issued “ A Plea for International Copy- Putnam was deeply interested in Sabbath-schools right,” the first argument in behalf of that reform and missions, and with others, in 1812, formed the that had been printed in this country. He was a first Bible society west of the Alleghanies. Gen. founder of the Metropolitan museum of art, of Putnam's manuscript diary is in the Astor library, which in 1872 he was honorary superintendent. New York city.- Israel's nephew, Gideon, founder He had been appointed chairman of the commit- of Saratoga Springs, b. in Sutton, Mass., in 1764; tee on art in connection with the Vienna uni- d. in Saratoga Springs, 1 Dec., 1812, set out for versal exposition. He wrote “ Chronology; or, An the west in 1789, seeking a suitable place for busi- Introduction and Index to Universal History, ness, and finally settled at what has since been Biography, and Useful Knowledge” (New York, known as Saratoga Springs. Ile married Doanda 1833); “ The Tourist in Europe: A Concise Guide, Risley, of Hartford, Conn., and their first child with Memoranda of a Tour in 1836” (1838); was the first white child born in Saratoga. In “ American Book Circular, with Notes and Statis- 1802 he built and conducted the first hotel of tics" (1843); “ American Facts: Notes and Statis- consequence, which he called Putnam's Tavern, tics relative to the Government of the United but which his neighbors called “ Putnam's Folly.' States” (1845); “ A Pocket Memorandum-Book in Putnam's tavern of that day is now the Grand France, Italy, and Germany in 1847" (1848); and Union hotel. Mr. Putnam proceeded to amuse " Ten Years of the World's Progress : Supplement, and amaze his fellow-pioneers by purchasing the 1850–61, with Corrections and Additions" (1861). land on which the village of Saratoga Springs —George Palmer's son, George Haven, publisher, now stands, and on which are some of the most b. in London, England, 2 April, 1814, studied at famous anii lucrative mineral springs in the world, Columbia in 1860 and at Göttingen in 1861-2, but several of which he excavated and tubed. In was not graduated, as he left college to enter the laying out the village he so broadened and ar- United States military service during the civil war, ranged the streets as to leave the springs in the in which he rose to the rank of brevet major. He middle of the publie thoroughfares, and absolutely was appointed deputy collector of internal revenue free to all. A public park was also included in in 1866. and in this year engaged in the publishing his plans, which were suddenly cut short by his ac- business in New York, in which he has continued PUTNAM 143 PUYS Harvard gave 6. ever since, being now (1888) head of the firm of superior court was established, he was appointed G. P. Putnam's Sons. He has served on the execu- one of the judges. He was a trustee of the Boston tive committees of the Free-trade league, the Re- music-hall, and one of the chief promoters of the form club, the Civil-service reform association, and enterprise that resulted in placing the great organ other political organizations, and in 1887-'8 as I in that building. He was also a trustee of the secretary of the American publishers' copyright Protestant Episcopal theological school in Cam- league. He has written articles on literary prop- bridge. Between 1847 and 1848 he edited fifteen erty for journals and cyclopædias; a pamphlet on volumes of the “ Annual Digest” of the decisions “ International Copyright” (New York, 1879); and, of all the courts of the United States (Boston, 1852). conjointly with his brother, John Bishop Putnam, PUTNAM, Sallie A. Brock, author, b. in “Authors and Publishers" (1882). Madison Court-House, Va., about 1845. She was PUTNAM, James, jurist, b. in Danvers, Mass., educated by private tutors , and early developed a in 1725; d. in St. John, New Brunswick, 23 Oct., taste for literature. She married the Rev. Richard 1789. He was a relative of Gen. Israel Putnam. Putnam, of New York, in 1883. Her publications He was graduated at Harvard in 1746, studied include “ Richmond During the War,” under the law with Judge Edmund Trowbridge, and began pen-name of “ Virginia Madison" (New York, practice at Worcester. He was appointed attor- 1867); “ The Southern Amaranth” (1868); and ney-general of the province when Jonathan Sew-“ Kenneth My King” (1872). She has in prepara- all was promoted to the bench of the admiralty tion “ Poets and Poetry of America.” court, and was the last to hold that office under PUTNAM, Samuel, jurist, b. in Danvers, the provincial government. In 1757 he was a Mass., 13 April, 1768; d. in Somerville, Mass., 3 major, and in service under Lord Loudon. In July, 1853. He was graduated at Harvard in 1775 he was one of those that signed the ad- 1787, studied law, and began practice in Salem in dress to Gov. Thomas Hutchinson, approving his 1790. He soon attained high rank at the Essex course, and later he accompanied the British army county bar, and represented that county in the to New York, and thence to Halifax, where, in state senate in 1808-'14, and in the legislature in 1776, he embarked for England. In 1778 a writ 1812. From 1814 till 1842 he was judge of the of banishment and proscription was issued against supreme court of Massachusetts. him. On the organization of the government of him the degree of LL. D. in 1825.--His daughter- the province of New Brunswick in 1783, he was in-law, Mary Traill Spence Lowell, author, b. in appointed a member of the royal council and Boston, Mass., 3 Dec., 1810, is a daughter of the Rev. judge of the superior court. He remained in of- Charles Lowell. She married Samuel R. Putnam, fice till his death. John Adams was a student at a merchant of Boston, in 1832, and subsequently law in Judge Putnam's office.- His son, James, resided several years abroad. She has contributed b. in 1753; d. in England in March, 1838, was to the North American Review"articles on Polish graduated at Harvard in 1774, and was one of the and Hungarian literature (1848–50), and to the eighteen country gentlemen that were driven to “ Christian Examiner” articles on the history of Boston, and addressed Gen. Gage on his departure Hungary (1850–'1), and is the author of “ Records in 1775. He went to England, became a barrack- of an Obscure Man" (1861); "The Tragedy of Er- master, a member of the royal household, and an rors” and the “ Tragedy of Success," a dramatic executor of the Duke of Kent. poem in two parts (1862); “ Memoir of William PUTNAM, James Osborne, lawyer, b. in At Lowell Putnam” (1862); “ Fifteen Days” (1866); tica, N. Y., 4 July, 1818. His father, Harvey and a “Memoir of Charles Lowell” (1885).- Her (1793-1855), was a representative in congress in son, William Lowell, soldier, b. in Boston, 9 1838-'9 and 1847–51, having been chosen as a July, 1840; d. near Ball's Bluff, Va., 21 Oct., 1861, Whig. The son studied at Hamilton college and was educated in France and at Harvard, where he then at Yale, where he was graduated in 1839. studied mental science and law. He entered the He read law in his father's office, was admitted as 201h Massachusetts regiment in 1861, was ordered a practitioner in 1842, and the same year began to the field in September, and was killed while practice in Buffalo. In 1851-'3 he was postmaster | leading his battalion to the rescue of a wounded there. In 1853 he was elected to the state senate, oflicer. When he was borne to the hospital-tent where he was the author of the bill, that became a he declined the surgeon's assistance, bidding him law in 1855, requiring the title of church real go to those whom his services could benefit, since property to be vested in trustees. In 1857 he was his own life could not be saved. He was a youth of the unsuccessful nominee of the American party much promise, possessing remarkable natural en- for secretary of state. He was chosen a presi- dowments and many accomplishments. See the dential elector on the Republican ticket in 1860, memoir by his mother mentioned above. and appointed U.S. consul at Havre, France, in PUTNÁM, William Le Baron, lawyer, b. in 1861. `In 1880 he became U. S. minister to Bel- Bath, Me., 12 May, 1835. He was graduated at gium, and while he was filling this mission he was Bowdoin in 1855, admitted to the bar of Portland appointed by the U. S. government a delegate to in 1858, and has since continued there in active the International industrial property congress in practice. He was mayor of Portland in 1869. He Paris in 1881. He has, published " Orations, declined the appointment of judge of the supreme Speeches, and Miscellanies" (Buffalo, 1880). court of Maine in 1883. In September, 1887, he PUTNAM, John Phelps, jurist, b. in Hartford, was appointed by President Cleveland a commis- Conn., 21 March, 1817; d. in Boston, 5 Jan., 1882. sioner to negotiate with Great Britain in the settle- His father, a native of Hartford, was a merchant ment of the rights of American fishermen in the there and mayor of the city, and was descended territorial waters of Canada and Newfoundland. from the same fainily to which Gen. Israel Put- PUYS, Zachary du, French soldier. He was nam belonged. The son was graduated at Yale commandant of the fort of Quebec in 1655, and in in 1837 and at Harvard law-school in 1839, and 1656 was selected to plant a colony among the was admitted to the bar in 1840. He began prac- Onondagas. With ten soldiers of the garrison and tice in Boston, and prosecuted his profession for forty other Frenchmen, he established a small set- many years in that city with success. In 1851-2 tlement on Lake Onondaga. In 1658 the colony he served in the legislature, and in 1859, when the was surrounded by Indians, who, as the French 144 PYNCHON PUYSÉGUR was were known to have no canoes, made sure of their | wife and children and a small party of attendants destruction. Du Puys gave orders to have small established a new plantation upon the Connecticut light boats built secretly in the garret of the house river, at the mouth of the Agawam, from which of the Jesuit missionaries, and, eluding the savages, the settlement took its name. One of their first reached Montreal in fifteen days. There was great efforts was to obtain a minister, and in the year joy at his escape, but he expressed his indignation following they se- at being forced to abandon so important a settle- cured Rev. George ment for want of succor. He was commissioned Moxon, a personal to act as governor of Montreal in 1665 during the friend of Mr. Pyn. absence of Maisonneuve. chon and a gradu- PUYSÉGUR, Antoine Hyacinthe, Count de ate of Sidney col- Chastenet de, French naval officer, b. in Paris, 14 lege, Cambridge, Feb., 1752; d. there, 20 Feb., 1809. He entered who remained the navy as midshipman in 1766, and during a only as long as journey to Teneriffe in 1772 discovered, in caverns Mr. Pynchon. It that had been used by the Guanchos as cemeteries, was supposed at well-preserved mummies which afforded to anthro- first that the new pologists the means of determining the relationship settlement between the extinct Guanchos and the Indians of within the limits South America. During the war for American of Connecticut, independence he served under D'Estaing in 1778–²9, and Mr. Pynchon was present at the siege of Savannah, held after- sat in the legisla- ward an important post in Tobago, and served for ture at Hartford, West but he soon with- dies. After the conclusion of peace in 1983 he drew, ino" conse : William Pynchon . was attached to the station of Santo Domingo, and quence of various in 1786, at the instance of Marshal de Castries, sec- differences, and received a commission from Mas- retary of the navy, he made a survey of the coast sachusetts with authority to govern the colony, and of Santo Domingo, and of the currents around the subsequently it was shown that Agawam was in- island. He emigrated to Germany in 1791, served cluded in the Massachusetts patent. In April, 1640, for some time in the army of the Prince of Condé, the inhabitants assembled in general town-meeting joined the Portuguese navy in 1795 with the rank and changed the plantation name from Agawam to of vice-admiral, and in 1798 saved King Ferdinand, Springfield, as a compliment to Mr. Pynchon and of Naples, and conveyed him safely to Sicily. In his birthplace. Mr. Pynchon succeeded admirably 1803 he returned to France and recovered his for- in preserving friendly relations between the Indians mer estates, but refused the offers of Napoleon to and his colony by a conciliatory policy. One part reinstate him in the French service. He published of it was to treat them as independent, as far as * Détail sur la navigation aux côtes de Saint Do- their relations with one another were concerned. mingue, et dans ses débouquements” (Paris, 1787; The Indians had confidence in him, and were ready revised ed., 1821). to be guided by his wishes. In 1650 Mr. Pynchon PYLE, Howard, artist, b. in Wilmington, Del., visited London, and while there published his most 5 March, 1853. He studied art in a private school famous work, entitled “The Meritorious Price of in Philadelphia, and in 1876 came to New York. our Redemption "(London, 1650), which is now ex- After spending three years in that city writing and ceedingly rare. There is one copy in the British mu- illustrating for various magazines, he returned to seum, one in the Congregational library of Boston, Wilmington, where he has since resided. Besides and one, elegantly bound, in the Brinley library, furnishing illustrations for various books and peri- was sold for $205. The book, which opposed the odicals, he has written and illustrated numerous Calvinistic view of the atonement, made a great articles, most of them for the publications of Har- excitement in Boston, and it was spoken of as er- per Brothers. He is the author of the text and roneous and heretical. The author was received on drawings of "The Merry Adventures of Robin his return with a storm of indignation. The gen- Hood” (1883); “ Pepper and Salt” and “ Within eral court condemned the book, ordered that it the Capes" (1885); and “ The Wonder Clock" and should be burned by the public executioner, and " The Rose of Paradise” (1887). Mr. Pyle is favor- summoned the author to appear before them, at ably known as a writer of juvenile fiction, in his the meeting in May, 1651. Rev. John Norton was illustrations for which he has adopted a quaint also deputed to answer the book. Mr. Pynchon style of design. acknowledged the receipt of their communication, PYNCHON, William, colonist, b. in Spring- and said that he had convinced the ministers that field, Essex, England, in 1590; d. in Wraysbury, they had entirely misconceived his meaning. This Buckinghamshire, 29 Oct., 1662. He came to New letter was complacently received, and he was re- England with Gov. John Winthrop in 1630. Prior quested to appear before them again in October of to his emigration to this country he had been named the same year. Not appearing in October, he was by Charles I., in March, 1629. as one of the paten- requested to do so in the following May; but to tees in the charter of the colony of Massachusetts this he paid no attention, and so the case ended. bay. In the same charter he was selected as one of However, in consequence of this violent action of the eighteen assistants, and was connected with the authorities and the ill-treatment to which he the government of the company before its removal had been subjected, he returned to England in to New England, and its treasurer. He was active September, 1652, leaving his children as permanent in founding Roxbury, Mass., as well as in the or- residents of New England. He established himself ganization of its first church. When the Massa- at Wraysbury on the Thames, near Windsor, where chusetts colony was in danger of being overstocked he spent the last ten years of his life in the enjoy- with people, in May, 1634, the general court granted ment of an ample fortune, engaged in theological leave to such inhabitants as might desire * to re- writing, and in entire conformity with the Church move their habitations to some convenient place." of England. His works include a revised edition In the spring of 1636 William Pynchon with his of his book, entitled - The Meritorious Price of PYNCHON 145 PYRLÆCS a Man's Redemption, or Christ's Satisfaction dis- | tle. - Another great-grandson, William, lawyer, b. cussed and explained,” with a rejoinder to Rev. in Springfield, 12 Dec., 1723; d. in Salem, 14 March, John Norton's answer (1655); “ The Jewes Syna- 1789, was graduated at Harvard in 1743, and be- gogue” (1652); “ How the First Sabbath was or- came an eminent lawyer and advocate and a well- dained” (1654): and “The Covenant of Nature known instructor in jurisprudence. He was the made with Adam” (1662). On 26 May, 1886, the author of a diary of remarkable interest, covering 250th anniversary of the founding of Springfield by the entire period of the American Revolution.- Pynchon and his associates was celebrated in that William's brother, Joseph, merchant, b. in Spring- city. An historical oration was delivered by Henry field, 30 Oct., 1737; d. in Guilford, Conn., 23 Nov., Morris. The accompanying illustration is from 1794, was graduated at Yale in 1757, and was one a portrait that is now in possession of the Essex of the projectors of the settlement of Shelburne, institute, Salem, Mass. It was painted in England Nova Scotia. During the latter part of his life he after his return.- His son, John, statesman, b. in was devoted to scientific pursuits.-Joseph's son, Springfield, Essex. England, in 1621; d. in Spring- Thomas Ruggles, physician, b. in Guilford, field, Mass., 17 Jan., 1703, was brought to New Conn., in 1760; d. there. 10 Sept., 1796, was edu England by his father, and, on the latter's return cated in New York, and during the Revolution to England in 1652, succeeded him in the govern- pursued his medical studies in the hospitals of ment of Springfield, and in the management of the the English army in that city. After the war affairs of the Connecticut river valley, the greater he returned to Guilford, where he became cele- part of which, for himself and his friends, from brated as a physician and surgeon. Dr. Pyn- Enfield and Suffield in Connecticut up to the chon and his father and uncle were loyalists, and northern line of Massachusetts, he purchased from strongly opposed to the dismemberment of the the natives, and on which he laid out the towns of British empire, but, after the war, became zealous Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield, North- supporters of the present constitution of the Unit- field, and Westfield. As colonel of the 1st regiment ed States. His death was caused by a fall from of Hampshire county, he was in active service dur- a horse.—Thomas Ruggles's grandson, Thomas ing King Philip's and the first French wars, and Ruggles, educator, b. in New Haven, Conn., 19 was noted for his skill in the management of the Jan., 1823, was educated at the Latin-school, Bos- Indians, by whom he was greatly beloved. Besides ton, and graduated at Trinity in 1841. He was going on many other similar missions, in 1680 he classical tutor and lecturer on chemistry in the inade a treaty with the Mohawks. The Indians gave college from 1843 till 1847, received deacon's or- him a written answer, which was originally drawn ders at New Haven, 14 June, 1848, priest's orders in the Dutch language, but was translated into Eng- at Trinity church, Boston, 25 July, 1849, and served lish, and recorded in the colony records. He was as rector in Stockbridge and Lenox, Mass., from appointed one of the commissioners to receive the 1849 till 1855. He was elected professor of chem- surrender of New York by the Dutch in 1664, and istry and the natural sciences in Trinity in 1854, a deputy to the general court of Massachusetts and studied in Paris in 1855–6. He received the from 1659 till 1665. From 1665 till 1686 he was degree of D. D. from St. Stephen's college, N. Y., an assistant under the first Massachusetts royal in 1865, and that of LL. D. from Columbia in charter. In 1686 he was named one of the coun- 1877. In the latter year he resigned the chair of cillors under the presidency of Dudley; from 1688 chemistry, and was appointed professor of moral to 1689 he was one of the councillors under Sir philosophy, which post he still (1888) occupies. Edmund Andros, and under the new charter he was On 7 Nov., 1874, he was elected president of Trin- annually elected a councillor from 1693 till 1703, ity, and, in addition to the duties of his professor- and died in office. In 1660 he built the first brick ship, he administered that office till 1883, during house in the valley of the Connecticut, which was the period that followed the sale of the original occupied by the family until 1831. It was known college site to the city of Hartford for a state capi- as the Old Fort | tol, necessitating the selection of a new site, the (see illustration), in designing and erection of the buildings, and the consequence of fur- | transference of the library, cabinet, and other prop- nishing a refuge to erty. He is a fellow of the American association the inhabitants of for the advancement of science, the Geological so- Springfield when ciety of France, and other learned bodies, and the that town was at- author of a “ Treatise on Chemical Physics" (1869), tacked and burned and of various addresses. by the Indians in PYRLEUS, John Christopher, German mis- King Philip's war, sionary, b. in Pausa, Voigtland, in 1713; d. in 16 Oct., 1075, and Herrnhut, Saxony, 28 May, 1779. He studied at sustaining a siege while Pynchon himself was ab- the University of Leipsic in 1733-18, entered the sent in command of the troops at Iladley. He ministry of the Moravian church, and was sent to visited England several times in connection with Pennsylvania in 1740. He engaged in the study of his father's estates, and left an immense landed the Mohawk and Mohican languages, and in 1744 property.-John's great-grandson, Charles, physi-organized a school for the instruction of mission- cian, b. in Springfield, 31 Jan., 1719; d. there, 9 aries in these dialects. In 1745 his first translations Aug., 1783, was à surgeon in the Massachusetts of hymns into Mohican appeared. He returned to regiments engaged in the French and English wars Europe in 1751. His contributions to the depart- in 1745 and 1755, was present at the capture of ment of American philology, for which his high Louisburg by the provincial troops, and engaged scholarship well qualified him, were " A Collection in the expedition against Crown Point. Ile was of Words and Phrases in the Iroquois or Onondaga an intimate friend of Col. Ephraim Williams, the Language explained into German”; “ Aflixa No- founder of Williams college, and was with him minum et verborum Lingua Macquaicæ," with when he fell at the first fire at the battle of Lake which are bound Iroquois vocabularies; and “ Ad- George. Dr. Pynchon was one of the two surgeons jectiva, Nomina et Pronomia Linguæ Macquaicæ, who treated Baron Dieskau when he was wounded cum nonnullis de Verbis, Adverbiis, ac Præposi- and taken prisoner by the English in the same bat- tionibus ejusdem Lingua." VOL. 1,-10 146 QUARTER QUACKEN BOS 9 QUACKENBOS, George Payn, educator, b. in the retreat to Harrison's landing. While in charge 1 New York city, 4 Sept., 1826; d. in New London, of the steam gun-boat “Unadilla,” of the South Merrimack co., N. H., 24 July, 1881. He was Atlantic squadron, in 1863, he captured the “ Prin- graduated at Columbia in 1843 and studied law, cess Royal,” which contained machinery for shap- but relinquished it to become a teacher, and for ing projectiles, engines for an iron-clad then build- many years was principal of a large collegiate ing in Richmond, and a large quantity of quinine. school in New York city. In 1848–²50 he edited When commanding the “Patapsco,” of the North the “ Literary Magazine." Wesleyan gave him the Atlantic squadron, in 1864, he was engaged in as- degree of LL. D. in 1863. He edited several dic- certaining the nature and position of the obstruc- tionaries of foreign languages, and his school-books tions in Charleston harbor, and, while dragging include “ First Lessons in Composition," of which for torpedoes, his ship was struck by one and sunk 40,000 copies have been printed (New York, 1851); in twenty seconds. He was then in charge of the “ Advanced Course of Rhetoric and Composition steamer “ Mingo," protecting Georgetown, S. C., (1854); “School History of the United States” and, with a force of light-draught vessels, prevented (1857); “ Natural Philosophy” (1859); a series of the re-erection of a fort by the enemy. He became English grammars (1862–4); one of arithmetics commander in 1866, captain in 1871, and commo- (1863–74); and “ Language Lessons ” (1876).—His dore in 1880. In 1861-2 he was in charge of the son, John Duncan, educator, b. in New York city, navy-yard at Pensacola, Fla., and in 1885 he was 22 April , 1848, was graduated at Columbia in 1868, retired as rear-admiral. became tutor there in history, was graduated at the QUARTER, William, R. C. bishop, b. in New York college of physicians and surgeons in Killurine, King's co., Ireland, 24 Jan., 1806; d. 1871, and since 1884 has been adjunct professor of in Chicago, Ill., 10 April, 1848. He received his the English language and literature in Columbia. early training in the classical seminary of Tulla- He received the degree of A. M. from that college more, and was preparing for the ecclesiastical col- in 1871. He has published “Illustrated History lege of Maynooth when he met a priest who had of the World" (New York, 1876); “ Illustrated returned from the United States. The accounts he History of Ancient Literature, Oriental and Clas- heard of the spiritual destitution of his country- sical ” (1878); and “ History of the English Lan- men induced him to go thither, and he landed in guage" (1884); and was the literary editor of Quebec on 10 April, 1822. He applied for admis- Appletons' “ Standard Physical Geography” (1887). sion into the seminary, but was rejected on account QUACKENBUSH, Stephen Platt, naval offi- of his youth, and met with a similar refusal at cer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1823; d. in Wash- Montreal, but, after travelling through the United ington, D.C., 4 Feb., 1890. He became a midshipman States, he was finally received into Mount St. in 1840, lieutenant in 1855, and lieut.-commander in Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Ma. He became 1862. During the professor of Latin and Greek there, studied phi- civil war he was fosophy and theology at the same time, and was in charge of the ordained priest on 4 Sept., 1829. " Delaware, the pointed assistant pastor of St. Peter's church, “ Unadilla," the New York, where, during the cholera epidemic of “Pequot," the "Pa- 1832, he displayed great self-sacrifice. He gathered tapsco," and the the children that had been made orphans by the "Mingo," of the visitation, and intrusted them to the care of the blockading squad- Sisters of Charity, spending all his means on their He covered maintenance. Ile was appointed pastor of St. Gen. Ambrose E. Mary's parish in 1833, rebuilt the church, which Burnside's army in had been burned, and founded a select and a free falling back from school in connection with it. In 1843 his name Aquia creek and was transmitted to the pope by the council of Bal- the landing at Ro- timore, which had just created the diocese of Chi- anoke island, scat-cago. He received the pontifical briefs on 30 Sept., tering a large body and was consecrated first bishop of Chicago in of the enemy, took the cathedral of New York on 10 March, 1844, by part in the battles Archbishop Hughes. He completed the Chicago at Elizabeth City and New Berne, N. C., flying the cathedral from his own resources and the contribu- divisional flag of Com. Stephen C. Rowan, and tions of members of his family, opened several engaged the Confederate batteries and a regiment Roman Catholic schools, and founded a college of flying infantry at Winton, N. C., where 700 or which afterward was developed into the University 800 Union men had been reported, and a white flag of St. Mary's of the Lake. In 1845 he went to New displayed as a decoy for the naval vessels. He was York to collect money for an ecclesiastical semi- then ordered to deliver to the people Gen. Burn- nary, and in 1846 it was completed and organized. side's and Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough's procla- In the same year he introduced the Sisters of mation concerning the 700 or 800 men reported. Mercy, and built a convent for them in Chicago, When the “ Delaware” was close to the shore a body which soon sent out branches to every part of Mi- of armed Confederates was reported. She opened nois. He was the first bishop in the United States fire, and Winton was destroved according to orders, to establish theological conferences, at which the in consequence of the display of the white flag. clergymen of his diocese assembled twice a year for He subsequently was in action at Sewell's Point the discussion of ecclesiastical statutes and ques- landing, Wilcox landing, and Malvern hill, on tions relating to their calling. He was particularly James river, where he commanded the “ Pequot," attentive to the emigrants that were then flocking and received a shot that took off his right leg. He into the country, and organized benevolent socie- afterward covered the rear-guard of the army in | ties to aid them. He was ap- ron. S. Mao Kenbusch QUARTLEY 147 QUEIPO some success. . QUARTLEY, Frederick William, engraver, I fill the office of military secretary, which was cre- b. in Bath. England, 5 July, 1808; d. in New York : ated by that body. He was elected to the legisla- city, 5 April, 1874. He adopted the profession of ture in October, 1864, in 1865, and 1866, and in 1869 wood-engraving at sixteen years of age, studied in he established and edited the Beaver Radical." Wales and in Paris, and in 1852 came to New York In 1873–8 he was secretary of the commonwealth, city, where he connected himself with several pub- resigning to accept the appointment of recorder lishing-houses. His best-known work is in “ Pic- of Philadelphia, which office he resigned in 1879. turesque America" (New York, 1872), and “ Pic- In January, 1879, he was again appointed secre- turesque Europe” (1875). He also painted with tary of the commonwealth, filling that post until Among his pictures are “ Niagara October, 1882, when he resigned. In 1885 he was Falls," “ Butter-Milk Falls," and "Catskill Falls.” elected state treasurer by the largest vote ever -His son, Arthur, artist, b. in Paris, France, given to a candidate for that oflice, and in 1887 24 May, 1839; d. in New York city, 19 May, 1886. was chosen to the U. S. senate for the term that When he was two years old he was taken to Lon- will end 3 March, 1893. don, where in 1848-'50 he studied at Westminster, QUEEN, Walter W, naval officer, b. in Wash- He came to the United States in 1851, settling in | ington, D. C., 6 Oct., 1824. He entered the U.S. New York, where he was later apprenticed to a navy as a midshipman in 1841, was attached dur- sign-painter. Until 1862 he followed his trade in ing the Mexican war to the frigate “ Cumberland," New York, after which he went to Baltimore, en- and participated in the attacks on Alvarado, Tam- gaging in business for ten years. Meanwhile for pico, Tuspan, and Vera Cruz. He was dismissed some time he had devoted his leisure hours to the from the service in 1848 for participation as a prin- study of painting, although he never had any in- cipal in a duel, was reinstated in 1853, and became struction. He opened a studio in 1873, and two lieutenant in 1855. He was on special duty in the years later returned to New York. He improved steam sloop “ Powhatan" in 1861, re-enforced Fort rapidly, and soon took a high place among Ameri- Pickens, Fla., and served nineteen days on shore in can marine-painters. He was elected an associate of charge of the boats of the fleet. He commanded the the National academy in 1879, and an academician | 2d division of the mortar flotilla under David D. in 1886. In 1885 he visited Europe, remaining Porter during the bombardment of Fort Jackson about one year, and returning a few months before and Fort St. Philip, and during the attack on his death. His more important paintings include Vicksburg when Flag-Officer David G. Farragut Morning Effect, North River” and “ Close of a passed the batteries with his fleet. He became Stormy Day" (1877); “ From a North River Pier- lieutenant-commander in 1862, was on ordnance Head and * An Afternoon in August”. (1878); duty in 1862-3, and in charge of the steam gun- “ Trinity from the River" (1880); “ Queen's Birth- boat “ Wyalusing." of the North Atlantic block- day” (1883); and “ Lofty and Lowly” and “ Dig- ading squadron, in 1863-4. On 5 May, 1864, with nity and Impudence" (1884). that vessel, he engaged the Confederate ram " Al- QUASDANOVICH, Sigismond Mathias (quas- bemarle,” with her consorts the “ Bombshell" and dah-no-vitch'), Hungarian explorer, b. in Buda in the " Cotton-Plant.” He became commander, with 1742: d. in Vienna, Austria, in 1796. He received special duty on the " Hartford,” in 1866, captain his education in Vienna, and was afterward assist in 1874, commodore in 1883, and rear-admiral, 27 ant professor of botany in the university of that city. Aug., 1886, and was retired in October. In 1784 he was sent to the West Indies and South QUEIPÓ, Manuel Abad (kay-po'), Spanish America, and, obtaining from Charles III., after clergyman, b. in Spain about 1760; d. there about some difficulties, permission to enter the Spanish 1820. He came to Mexico about 1795, and, during dominions, he explored for three years Cuba, Porto the beginning of the strife for independence, be- Rico, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo. He went came noted for his violent measures and publica- afterward to. Guiana, and returned in 1789 to tions against the patriots, as governor of the Vienna with important botanical collections, which bishopric of Michoacan. Ile was presented and he presented to the Academy of sciences. Among confirmed for the latter see, but, before being con- his works are “ Reise durch Guiana” (Vienna, secrated, was called to Spain in 1815. He wrote 1790); “ Beschreibung der Insel Cuba” (1791); “ Edicto instructivo sobre la revolución del Cura “ Hundert Tage auf Reisen in Porto Rico" (1791); de los Dolores y sus Secuaces” (Mexico, 1810); “ Guiana Skizzen” (1792); • Geschichte und Zu- “ Carta Pastoral sobre la Insurrección de los Pue- stände der Indianer in Guiana” (1793); “ Institu- blos del Obispado de Michoacán" (1811); and tiones regni vegetabilis" (1794); and Historia - Carta Pastoral sobre el riesgo que amenaza la generalis plantarum Americanarum” (3 vols., 1795). Insurrección de Michoacán á la Libertad y á la QUAY, Matthew Stanley, senator, b. in Dills- Religión” (1813). burg, York co., Pa., 30 Sept., 1833. He was gradu- QÜEIPÓ, Vicente Vasquez, Spanish states- ated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1850, began his man, b. in Luci, Galicia, in 1804. He received his legal studies at Pittsburg, and was admitted to the education in Seville, where he was graduated in bar in 1854. He was appointed prothonotary of law, and entered the colonial magistracy. He was Beaver county in 1855, in 1856 elected to the same for several years fiscal procurator in Havana, and oflice, and re-elected in 1859. In 1861 he resigned always advocated the enfranchisement of the his office to accept a lieutenancy in the 10th Penn- negroes in the island. In 1860 he was elected sena- sylvania reserves, and he was subsequently made tor by the city of Seville, but he resigned after the assistant commissary-general of the state with the overthrow of Queen Isabella in 1868, and since that rank of lieutenant-colonel. Afterward he was ap- time has devoted his time to literary researches. He pointed private secretary to Gov. Andrew G. Cur- has in preparation a history of Cuba. Queipo is a tin, and in August, 1862, he was commissioned member of the Academy of sciences, and that of colonel of the 134th Pennsylvania regiment. lle historical researches, of Madrid, and a correspond- was mustered out, owing to impaired health, 7 Dec., ing member of the Institute of France. Among his 1862, but participated in the assault on Marve's works are - Cuba, sus recursos su administración Heights, 13 Dec., as a volunteer. He was subse- y su populación” (Madrid, 1850), translated into quently appointed state agent at Washington, but French in 1851, and " Essai sur le système métrique shortly afterward was recalled by the legislature to et monétaire des anciens peuples" (1859). 66 66 148 QUESADA QUEIROS 99 QUEIROS, Pedro Fernandes de (kay'-ros), | now considered to rank with Villemarie's Celtic Portuguese navigator, b. in Evora, Alentejo, in songs, and the poem of Clotilde de Surville. The 1560; d. in Panama in 1614. He is also known greater part was certainly the original work of the under the name of Quiros, and most historians call author. They are " Chants de guerre des Caraïbes” him a Spaniard. He was a pilot in the Spanish (Cape Français. 1737); “Chants de victoire au re- service, and made several voyages to New Spain. tour de la bataille ” (1737); “ L'appel aux armes In 1604 he received the commission of general and (1738); “ Lamentations d'un Indien sur le corps de the command of an expedition to explore the Pa- sa fille ” (1740); “ Danses de mariage " (1740); and cific ocean. Two frigates and a sloop were built in “ De l'écriture Caraïbe; comment les Indiens con- Callao, and Queiros sailed from that place, 21 Dec., servaient la mémoire des évènements importants 1605, Luis Vaes de Torres acting as his deputy. au moyen d'un système de cordelettes de diverses Their course was west-southwest, and they did not couleurs" (1741), which Quérard wrote in answer to see land for 3,000 miles, when, on 22 Jan., 1606, his detractors. they passed Incarnation island, and afterward the QUESADA, Gonzalo Jimenez de (kay-sah'- Dezana archipelago, lying in 17° 53' S. They landed dah), Spanish adventurer, b. in Granada in 1495 ; at Sagitaria island (now Tahiti) on 10 Feb., dis-d. in Mariquita in 1597.' He studied law in Se- covered, 7 April, Toumako, where King Tamay ville, and in 1535 was appointed chief justice of gave them valuable information, and on 25 April the province of Santa Marta in South America. descried the New Hebrides islands, and an appar- He commanded an expedition to explore the in- ent continent, which Queiros named Tierra Aus- terior of the country. He left Santa Marta, 6 tral del Espiritu Santo. He arrived in Acapulco, Aug., 1536, at the head of 900 men, and, after many 3 Oct., 1606, and, proceeding immediately to Mad- hardships and more than a year of warfare with rid, presented to Philip III. a memoir in which he the Indians, conquered the plateau of Bogota, urged the advantages of colonizing the countries where, on 6 Aug. 1538, he founded a city, which that he had discovered. The court of Spain re- he called Santa Fé, and the country New Grana- fused him support, and he went to Panama, intend- da. Shortly afterward there arrived on the pla- ing to organize a new expedition with his own re- teau of Bogota, from different directions, the ex- sources, but died there. His “Cartas al rey Felipe ploring expedition of Sebastian de Velalcazar, one III.” (Seville, 1610) are full of interesting details. of Pizarro's lieutenants, who came from Quito, The original narrative of his voyage has been pub- and Nicolas Federmann (q. v.), from Coro. Nego- lished in volume xvii. of the “ Viagero Universal,” | tiations were opened between the three explorers; but a copy was issued during his life under the Federmann agreed, for $10,000, to turn over his title “ Narratio de Terrâ Australi incognitâ ” forces to Quesada, and Velalcazar to retire to the (Amsterdam, 1613). The French version is better southwestern provinces, leaving Cundinamarca to known: “ Copie de la requête présentée au roi d'Es- the first conqueror, pending the decision of the pagne sur la découverte de la cinquième partie du crown. Quesada, leaving his brother, Hernan Pe- monde, appelée la Terre Australe incogneuë, et des rez, in charge, set out for Europe. He met the grandes richesses et fertilités d'icelle "(Paris, 1617). emperor at Ghent, but offended him by an os- Purchas gave also an English version of it in his tentatious display of luxury, and he was also op- Pilgrimmes” (London, 1625). posed by the friends of his former chief, Lugo, who QUENTIN, Charles Henry (kan-tang), French had died. Quesada was passed over, and a son of missionary, b. in Bordeaux in 1621; d. in São Paulo, Lugo, Alonso Luis, obtained the commission of Brazil, in 1683. He became a Jesuit, went in his governor of New Granada in 1542. Shortly after- youth to South America, and was attached to the ward Quesada obtained leave to join his brother in missions of the Amazon. He became afterward the New World, but was persecuted by the gover- visitor of the order, founded several missions in nor, imprisoned, and exiled. He resolved to seek the provinces of São Paulo and Minas Geraes, justice in Spain, and returned to New Granada as built schools and convents, and labored much to commander-in-chief of the troops. In 1569, under improve the condition of the Indians. He left the government of Diaz de Leiva (q. v.), he made an several manuscripts, both in French and Spanish, unsuccessful expedition to discover “ El Dorado," which are now in the National library of Paris. returning from the banks of the river Guaviare. One of them has been published under the title He was afterward reinstated as captain-general, “Journal de la mission du père Charles Quentin and died, a centenarian, of leprosy. His remains dans la terre du Brésil, de 1670 à 1680" (2 vols., were transported to the cathedral of Bogota. Paris, 1852). It contains curious and interesting QUESADA, Manuel de, Cuban patriot, b. in details of the early stages of the Portuguese con- Puerto Principe about 1830; d. in Costa Rica in quest and the Indians of southern Brazil. 1886. In 1853 he emigrated to Mexico on account QUÉRARD), Louis François (kay-rar), West of his political ideas, and entered the army, serving Indian poet, b. in Dondon, Santo Domingo, in under Juarez against the empire. He was soon 1706 ; died in Cape Français in 1749. His father distinguished by his bravery, was brevetted briga- was a colonial magistrate, and the son held for dier-general, and became governor of ('oahuila several years an office in the department of the and Durango. When the Cuban insurrection be- king's lieutenant at Cape Français. In 1736 he gan in 1868, he fitted out an expedition in the published a volume of verses, “ Mélodies Indiennes" United States and landed at Guanaja, on the north- (Cape Français), which was received with favor. ern part of the island, in December of the same The author pretended in his preface that he had He devoted his attention to organizing the translated and adapted into French the Indian Cuban forces and was appointed their commander- recitatives that were sung at festivities. Encour- in-chief. In this capacity he took part in several agement was given him and he received 300 livres engagements, especially at Sabana Grande and Las from Cardinal Fleury. But Quérard pretended Tunas, where he defeated the Spanish troops. In afterward to give a new series of Indian poems, 1870 he was deprived of his command by the which represented the natives as having attained a Cuban congress, and left the island. He then far greater state of civilization than the early dis- made a tour in the United States and the South coverers had credited them with, and he was accused American republies in search of aid for the Cuban of imposing on the public. His Indian poems are cause, and succeeded in sending a few expeditions 66 vear. QUESADA 149 QUICKENBORNE . with arms and ammunitions to the patriots, among nobody had heard before, and was accompanied others one in the steamer - Virginius," which was by a troop of architects, painters, and scientists. captured by the Spaniards. Among those of the Proceeding immediately to Tollantzingo, he built crew that were executed at Santiago de Cuba was a magnificent temple and an underground palace, a son of Quesada. After the close of the Cuban and was elected king of Tollan, the nations of the insurrection he settled in Costa Rica, where he Onaahuac valley receiving him as a messenger of was employed by the government. God. His reign lasted twenty years, and proved QUESADA, Vicente Gaspar, Argentine au- beneficial to the people, several nations asking to thor. b. in Buenos Ayres, 5 April, 1830. He be admitted in the confederacy, till Huemac, king studied law in the university of his native city, in of Aculhuacan, allied with the dissatisfied priests, 1870 was graduated as LL. D., and at once took an overthrew the monarchy. Quetzalcohuatl retired active part in politics, contributing, by his articles to the valley of Huitzilapan, where he founded the in the press of Montevideo and Buenos Ayres, to city of Cholula, which later became the seat of a the fall of the tyrant Rosas in 1852. He founded powerful republic. Some years afterward Cholula in 1860 the “Revista del Paraná," and in 1864 the was also taken by Huemac, and Brasseur de Bour- ** Revista de Buenos Ayres," and since 1871 he has bourg asserts that Quetzalcohuatl died during his been director of the public library of the latter flight from Cholula. But other historians say city. He has published “Impresiones de viaje, that, after retiring from Tollantzingo, Quetzalco- recuerdos de las provincias de Córdoba, Santiago y huatl reached the coast of Campeche and founded Tucumán” (Buenos Ayres, 1852); “ La provincia Xicalanco on an island of the lagoon de Terminos, de Córdoba" (1860), which has been translated into whence, after some years, he retired again to his German; and a series of articles. “ Los Recuerdos,” fabulous country, while his followers emigrated to * El Crepúsculo de la tarde," " Lejos del hogar,” Central America and founded the new city of and “ El Arpa,” published in his “ Revista,” and Tollan near Ococingo in Chiapas. in a volume (1864). QUICK, Charles William, clergyman, b. in QUESNEL, Dieudonné-Gabriel Lonis, (kay- New York city, 4 Oct., 1822. He was graduated at nel, South American botanist, b, near Cayenne in Yale in 1843, and at Alexandria theological semi- 1749; d. in Cayenne in 1801. He received his edu- nary, Va., in 1848. He was ordained to the min- ration in France, served for several years in the istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and was army, and fought at Tobago in 1780. After the rector of parishes in New York and Pennsylvania conclusion of peace he returned, with the brevet till 1876, when he joined the ministry of the Re- of major, to his estate in Guiana, and, at the sugges- formed Episcopal church. He edited The “ Epis- tion of Malouet (q. v.), established a model farm, and copal Recorder” in 1866–’81, The “Christian adopted new methods of cultivation. For several Woman " in 1885, and the works of Ezekiel Hop- years he carried on his agricultural experiments, kins (Philadelphia, 1863); “Righteousness by but, unwise management proving detrimental to Faith," by Charles P. Mellvaine (1864); and the his fortune, he abandoned agriculture and be works of John Owen (16 vols., 1865). came a traveller. He explored French Guiana QUICKEN BORNE (or Van QUICKENBORNE, and the northern provinces of Brazil, and formed CHARLES), Charles van, clergyman, b. in Peteg- an important herbarium, which is now deposited hem, Belgium, 21 Jan., 1788; d. at the mission of in the museum of Cayenne. Among his works are St. Francis, in the Portage des Sioux, Mo., 17 Aug., * llerbier expliqué des plantes de la Guiane” (2 1857. He studied in the College of Ghent, was or- vols., Cavenne, 1792); Description de la flore dained priest, and held various ecclesiastical places Guianaise" (1795); and “ Journal de voyage à tra- in Belgium. He became a Jesuit in 1815, and at vers les Pampas" (1796). once asked to be sent on the American mission. QUESNEL, Joseph, author, b. in St. Malo, He arrived in the United States in 1817, and in France, 15 Nov., 1749; d. in Montreal, Canada, 1819 was appointed superior of the Jesuit novitiate 3 July, 1809. After finishing his studies, he shipped of White Marsh, Md. While attending to the duties on board a man-of-war, visited Pondichery and of this office he built two fine churches, one in Madagascar, travelled in Africa, and after three Annapolis and one at White Marsh, and had, at years returned to France. After resting a few the same time, a vast district under his jurisdic- months, he set out for French Guiana, and after- tion. After some years he was ordered to transfer ward visited several islands of the Antilles and ex- his mission to Missouri. He accordingly set ont plored part of Brazil. He then travelled in the with twelve companions, and, after travelling 1,600 valley of the Mississippi, and finally decided on miles, arrived at Florissant and began the novitiate settling in Canada. He married in Montreal, and of St. Stanislaus. To form this establishment he resided in Boucherville. In 1788 he wrote “ Colas had no other materials than the timber that he et Colinette," a vaudeville, which was played for carried from the woods and the rocks he raised the first time in Montreal. He followed with from the bed of the river. He was his own archi- " Lucas et Cécile," an operetta, “ L'Anglomanie,” a tect, mechanic, and laborer, and, aided by his comedy in verse, and “Républicains Français," in novices, finally constructed the buildings. In 1828 prose, which was afterward published in Paris. he set about building a university at St. Louis, and Besides several songs, he composed sacred music also erected at St. Charles a church, a convent of for the parish church of Montreal, and some the Sacred Heart, and a parochial residence. flis motets, and wrote a short treatise on the dramatic great desire from the first had been to evangelize art (1805). The writings of Quesnel are in the first the Indians. He therefore made several excursions volume of the "Répertoire national." among the Osages and lowas, and made numerous QUETZALCOHUATL (ket-zal-co-wat'-tle), king conversions. He erected a house and chapel among of the Tolters, lived about the sixth century. Ac- the Kickapoos, and this tribe became the centre of cording to Brasseur de Bourbourg (q. 1'.), in his his missionary labors in 1836. He had visited all ** Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique,” a the neighboring tribes and formed plans for their personage with long hair reaching to the waist, and conversion, when he was recalled' to Missouri. a pale visage, who gave his name as Cecalt-Quet- | After remaining some time in St. Louis, he was zalcohuatl, Tanded one morning at Panuco. He i sent to the parish of St. Francis, where he at once pretended to come from an eastern country of which began the erection of a church. 150 QUINCY QUINBY QUINBY, George Washington, clergyman, b. | able to go to the front, he resigned his commission in Westbrook, Me., 20 Dec., 1810; d. in Augusta, and resumed his duties as professor in the univer- Me., 10 Jan., 1884. He was educated in his native sity. In May, 1869, he was appointed U.S. marshal village and in the academies of Parsonsfield and for the northern district of New York, and he held North Bridgton, Me., studied for the ministry, and that office during Gen. Grant's two presidential in 1835 began to preach in Poland, Me. He was terms, holding his professorship also till September, subsequently pastor of Universalist churches in 1884. In May, 1885, he was appointed city surveyor Livermore, North Yarmouth, and Saco, Me., Taun- of Rochester, and he now (1888) holds that office. ton, Mass., and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was editor He was a trustee of the Soldiers' home at Bath, of the “Star in the West " for several years, subse- N. Y., and vice-president of the board from the quently of the “ Trumpet" and the * Freeman,' foundation of the institution in 1879 till his resigna- and in 1864-'84 of the “Gospel Banner,” all organs | tion in 1886. In addition to his official duties, he is of the Universalist church. His publications in- frequently employed as a consulting engineer. lle clude “ The Salvation of Christ" (Cincinnati, 1852); has revised and rewritten several of the works in “ Brief Exposition and Defence of Universalism” the Robinson Course of Mathematics, and the trea- (1854); “ Marriage and the Duties of the Marriage tise on the “ Differential and Integral Calculus" Relation : Six Lectures" (1856); “The Gallows, the in that series is altogether his. Prison, and the Poor-House” (1857); and “ Heaven QUINCY, Edmund, emigrant, b. in Wigsthorpe, Our Home” (1860). Northamptonshire, England, in 1602; d. in Mt. QUINBY, Isaac Ferdinand, soldier, b. near Wollaston, Mass., in November or December, 1635. Morristown, N. J., 29 Jan., 1821. He was gradu- His family seems to have been connected with the ated at the U. S. military academy in 1843, stand- Quincys, Earls of Winchester in the 13th century. ing first in engineering. He was a classmate and (See Grace's “ Memoranda respecting the Families close friend of Gen. Grant. He was an assistant of Quincy and Adams," Havana, 1841.) Edmund professor at West Point in 1845–7 and took part Quincy came to Massachusetts in 1628, and, after in several skirmishes on the Rio Grande and Vera returning to England for his wife and children, Cruz lines at the close of the Mexican war. He sailed again in the ship which brought the Rev. went to Rochester, N. Y., in September, 1851, to John Cotton, and anchored in Boston harbor, 4 become professor of mathematics in the newly Sept., 1633. He was one of the committee ap- founded university in that city, and resigned from pointed to purchase the rights of William Black- the army, 16 March, 1852. He held his professor- stone to the Shawmut peninsula. In 1635 several ship until the civil war, and then became colonel thousand acres of land in the Mt. Wollaston plan- of the 13th New York regiment. Under his com- tation were granted to Edmund Quincy and Will- mand, it marched through Baltimore on 30 May, iam Coddington, afterward one of the founders of being the first body of National troops to pass Rhode Island. This district was presently set off through that city after the attack upon the 6th from Boston as a distinct township under the name Massachusetts regiment on 19 April. Col. Quinby of Braintree, and part of it was long afterward in- resigned his commission, 2 Aug., 1861, and re- corporated as the town of Quincy.-His son, Ed- sumed his chair; but he was appointed brigadier- mund, b. at Achurch, Northamptonshire, in 1627 ; general of volunteers, 17 March, 1862, and in the d. in Braintree, 8 Jan., 1698, was a magistrate and following month was assigned to the command at representative of his town in the general court, Columbus, Ky. In October, 1862, he was relieved, and lieutenant-colonel of the Suffolk regiment. In to take command of the 7th division of the Army 1689 he was appointed one of the committee of of the Tennessee. The division was sent to take safety, which formed the provisional government part in the movement to turn the Confederate of the colony until the arrival of the new charter right flank at Vicksburg by Yazoo pass, the Cold- from William and Mary. He had two sons, Daniel water, Tallahatchie, and Yazoo rivers. Amid great and Edmund, the former of whom died before his difficulties Gen. Quinby pushed on to Fort Pem- father.- Daniel's only son, John, statesman, b. in berton, where he arrived on 23 March. Find- Braintree in 1689; d. there in 1767, was graduated ing that there was no ground suitable for camp- at Harvard in 1708. He held the office of speaker ing or moving a large body of troops, and the fire of the house of representatives longer than any other of the small gun-boats being ineffectual, he con person in the provincial period, and was for forty ceived the idea of going around to the east side successive years a member of the council. His of Fort Pemberton, crossing the Yallabusha river great-grandson, John Quincy Adams, was named on a pontoon bridge, cutting the communications for him.-Edmund's younger son, Edmund, states- of the fort, and compelling its surrender; but man, b. in Braintree in October, 1681; d. in Lon- he also constructed works for a direct attack, and don, 23 Feb., 1738, was graduated at Harvard in sent back to Helena for heavy guns. The boat 1699, and entered early into public life as repre- that carried them brought orders from Gen. sentative from his native town, and afterward as Grant to abandon the movement by Yazoo pass, member of the council. He was a judge of the su- and Gen. Quinby withdrew his force from before preme court from 1718 until his death. A contro- Fort Pemberton on 5 April. The fatigues and versy having arisen as to the boundary between anxieties of this expedition in a malarious region Massachusetts and New Ilampshire, he was ap- brought on a severe illness, and he was ordered pointed agent for Massachusetts, and embarked for home on sick-leave, 1 May, 1863. But learning, a England in December, 1737. Soon after his arrival few days after reaching home, the progress of in London he fell a victim to small-pox. He left Grant's movement to the rear of Vicksburg, he two sons, Edmund and Josiah.— The elder, Ed- hastened back, assuming command of his division mund, merchant, b. in Braintree, in 1703; d. there on the 17th, and taking part in the assault of the in 1788, was graduated at Harvard in 1722. lle 19th, and the subsequent movements. On 5 June was author of a " Treatise on Hemp Husbandry," illness again rendered him unfit for duty in the published in 1765. One of his daughters married field, and he went to the north under Grant's or- John Hancock.- The younger, Josiah, merchant, ders, remaining in Rochester until 1 July. Ile then b. in Braintree in 1709; d. there in 1784, was gradu- commanded the rendezvous at Elmira till 31 Dec., ated at Harvard in 1728. Between 1737 and 1749 18633, when, convinced that he would not again be he spent much of his time in Europe. He was ap- a QUINCY 151 QUINCY pointed in 1755 joint commissioner with Thomas | to the Boston Representatives in May, 1772," and Pownall to negotiate with the colonies of New York the "Report of a Committee chosen by the Inhabi- and Pennsylvania for aid in erecting a frontier tants of Petersham, 4th January, 1773." All these barrier against the French, at Ticonderoga. He papers are characterized by clearness and boldness. was a friend and correspondent of Franklin and He was one of the first to say, in plain terms, that Washington, and erected the mansion seen in the an appeal to arms, followed by a separation from accompanying illustration, which is still occupied the mother-country, was inevitable. It had by this time become evident that he was suffering from pul- monary consumption, and in February, 1773, by the advice of physicians, he made a voyage to Charles- ton, and travelled through the Carolinas, returning to Boston late in May. He was present in the Old South meeting-house on 16 Dec., and as the men, disguised as Indians, rushed past the door on their way to the tea-ships, he exclaimed: “I see the clouds which now rise thick and fast upon our ho- rizon, the thunders roll, and the lightnings play, and to that God who rides on the whirlwind and directs the storm I commit my country.” In May, 1774, he published his most important political work, entitled “ Observations on the Act of Parlia- ment commonly called the Boston Port Bill, with by his descendants.—Josiah's second son, Samuel, Thoughts on Civil Society and Standing Armies." lawyer, b. in Braintree, Mass., 13 April, 1735; d. in In September of that year he sailed for England Antigua in 1789, was graduated at Harvard in 1754. as a confidential agent of the patriot party to con- He was an intimate friend of John Adams, and the sult and advise with the friends of America there. two were admitted to the bar on the same day, 6 He was politely received by Lords North and Nov., 1758. Samuel Quincy became eminent in his Dartmouth, as well as by members of the oppo- profession, and rose to the dignity of solicitor- sition, such as Shelburne and Barré; but the Earl general of the province. His official position in- of Hillsborough declared, in the house of lords: fluenced his political views. He became a Tory, “ There are men walking the streets of London to- and at the end of the siege of Boston in March, day who ought to be in Newgate or at Tyburn." 1776, he left the country with other loyalists. By The earl meant Mr. Quincy and Dr. Franklin. In way of compensation for his exile and losses, he March, 1775, the young man, wasted with disease, was appointed attorney-general of Antigua, which sailed for Boston, bearing a message, which died office he held until his death.—Josiah's third son, with him, from the Whig leaders in England to Josiah, lawyer, b. in Boston, 23 Feb., 1744; d. at their friends in America. As he felt the approach sea off Gloucester, Mass., 26 April, 1775, was gradu- of death, while almost within sight of his native ated at Harvard in 1763. Three years later, on land, he said again and again that if he could taking his master's degree, he delivered an English only talk for one hour with Samuel Adams or oration on “ Patriotism,” which exhibited his won- Joseph Warren, he should be content to die. Mr. derful power as an orator. Heretofore the orations Quincy's power as an orator was very great, and, had been in Latin. He studied law with Oxen- in spite of the weakness of his lungs, his voice bridge Thacher, and succeeded him in his exten- was remarkable for its resonant and penetrating sive and lucrative practice. He soon rose to the quality as well as for its sweetness. He married foremost rank in his profession. At the same time in 1769 Abigail Phillips, and had one son, Josiah. he gave much attention to politics, and on the oc- See Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr., casion of the Townshend measures of 1767 he pub- by his Son " (Boston, 1825; 3d ed., edited by Eliza lished in the Boston “Gazette” a series of extreme- Susan Quincy, Boston, 1875).—His son, Josiah, ly able articles, signed “Hyperion.” After the so- statesman, b. in Boston, 4 Feb., 1772; d. in Quincy, called " Boston massacre” he was selected, together Mass., 1 July, 1864. He was fitted for college at with John Adams, by Capt. Preston as counsel for Phillips academy, Andover, and was graduated at himself and his soldiers who had fired on the crowd. Harvard in 1790 at the head of his class. He The popular excitement was such that it required studied law with William Tudor, and was ad- not only moral but physical courage to perform mitted to the bar in 1793. His practice was not this duty. Mr. Quincy's own father wrote him a large, and he had considerable leisure to devote letter of passionate remonstrance. That he should to study and to politics. In 1797 he married Miss undertake the defence of “those criminals charged Eliza Susan Morton, of New York. On 4 July, with the murder of their fellow-citizens " seemed 1798, he delivered the annual oration in the old monstrous. “Good God!" wrote the father, “is it South meeting-house, and gained such a reputation possible! I will not believe it!” The son, in reply, thereby that the Federalists selected him as their maintained that it was his professional duty to give candidate for congress in 1800. The Republican legal advice and assistance to men accused of a newspapers ridiculed the idea of a member of con- crime but not proved guilty of it. “ I never har- gress only twenty-eight years old, and called aloud bored the expectation," said he,“ nor any great de- for a cradle to rock him in. Mr. Quincy was de- sire, that all men should speak well of me. To in- feated. In the spring of 1804 he was elected to the quire my duty and do it, is my aim.” After the ex- state senate of Massachusetts, and in the autumn citement was over, Mr. Quincy's course was warmly of that year he was elected to congress. During commended by nearly everybody. During the next his senatorship he was active in urging his state to two years his business greatly increased, but he still suggest an amendment to the Federal constitution, found time to write stirring political pamphlets. He eliminating the clause that permitted the slave- wrote in “ Edes and Gill's Gazette," over the signa- states to count three fifths of their slaves as part tures of “Callisthenes," " Tertius in Nubibus,” of their basis of representation. If such a measure ** Edward Sexby,” and “ Marchmont Nedham.” He could have had any chance of success at that mo- was also the author of the “ Draught of Instructions ment, its effect would of course have been to break " a 152 QUINCY QUINCY . 只 ​fosich duincy up the Union. Mr. Quincy dreaded the extension declined a re-election to congress. For the next of slavery, and foresaw that the existence of that ten years he was most of the time a member of the institution was likely to bring on a civil war; but Massachusetts legislature, but a great part of his it was not evident then, as it is now, that a civil attention was given to his farm at Quincy. He war in 1861 was greatly to be preferred to civil was member of the convention of 1820 for revising war or peaceable secession in 1805. As member of the state constitution. In the following year he congress, Mr. Quin- was speaker of the house. From 1823 to 1828 he cy belonged to the was mayor of Boston, and his administration was party of extreme memorable for the number of valuable reforms ef- Federalists known fected by his energy and skill. Everything was as the “ Essex jun- overhauled—the police, the prisons, the schools, the to.” The Federal- streets, the fire department, and the great market ists were then in a was built near Faneuil hall. In 1829 he was chosen hopeless minority; president of Harvard, and held that position until even the Massachu- 1845. During his administration Dane hall was setts delegation in built for the law - school and Gore hall for the congress had ten university library; and it was due mainly to his Republicans to sev- exertions that the astronomical observatory was en Federalists. In founded and equipped with its great telescope, some ways Mr. Quin- which is still one of the finest in the world. In cy showed a disposi. 1834, in the face of violent opposition, Mr. Quincy tion to independent succeeded in establishing the principle that " where action, as in refus- flagrant outrages were committed against persons ing to follow his or property by members of the university, within party in dealing its limits, they should be proceeded against, in the with Randolph's last resort, like any other citizens, before the courts malcontent faction of the commonwealth.” The effect of this meas- known as the “quids.” He fiercely opposed the ure was most wholesome in checking the peculiar embargo and the war with England. But his kinds of ruffianism which the community has often most famous action related to the admission of been inclined to tolerate in college students. Mr. Louisiana as a state. There was at that time a Quincy also introduced the system of marking, strong jealousy of the new western country on the which continued to be used for more than forty part of the New England states. There was a fear years at Harvard. By this system the merit of that the region west of the Alleghanies would come every college exercise was valued according to a to be more populous than the original thirteen scale of numbers, from one to eight, by the pro- states, and that thus the control of the Federal fessor or tutor, at the time of its performance. government would pass into the hands of people Examinations were rated in various multiples of described by New Englanders as “ backwoodsinen." eight, and all these marks were set down to the Gouverneur Morris had given expression to such a credit of the individual student. Delinquencies of fear in 1787 in the Federal convention. In 1811, various degrees of importance were also estimated when it was proposed to admit Louisiana as a state, in multiples of eight, and charged on the debit the high Federalists took the ground that the con- side of the account. At the end of the year the stitution had not conferred upon congress the balance to the student's credit was compared with power to dmit new states except such as should the sum-total that an unbroken series of perfect be formed from territory already belonging to the marks, unaffected by deductions, would have Union in 1787. Mr. Quincy maintained this posi- yielded, and the resulting percentage determined tion in a remarkable speech, 4 Jan., 1811, in which the rank of the student. President Quincy was he used some strong language. Why, sir, I have also strongly in favor of the elective system of already heard of six states, and some say there will studies, in so far as it was compatible with the be at no great distance of time more. I have also general state of advancement of the students in his heard that the mouth of the Ohio will be far to the time, and with the means of instruction at the dis- east of the centre of the contemplated empire. posal of the university. The elective experiment It is impossible such a power could be granted. It was tried more thoroughly, and on a broader scale, was not for these men that our fathers fought. It under his administration than under any other was not for them this constitution was adopted. down to the time of President Eliot. From 1845 You have no authority to throw the rights and to 1864 Mr. Quincy led a quiet and pleasant life, liberties and property of this people into hotch-pot devoted to literary and social pursuits. He contin- with the wild men on the Missouri, or with the ued till the last to take a warm interest in politics, mixed, though more respectable, race of Anglo- and was an enthusiastic admirer of President Lin- Hispano-Gallo-Americans, who bask on the sands in coln. His principal writings are “ History of Har- the mouth of the Mississippi. . . . I am compelled vard University” (2 vols., Boston, 1840); “ History to declare it as my deliberate opinion that, if this of the Boston Athenæum" (Boston, 1851); " Muni- bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually cipal History of Boston” (Boston, 1852); “ Memoir dissolved; that the states which compose it are of J. Q. Adams" (Boston, 1858); and "Speeches free from their moral obligations; and that, as it delivered in Congress " (edited by his son, Edmund, will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of Boston, 1874). His biography, by his son, Edmund some, to prepare definitely for a separation-ami- (Boston, 1867), is an admirable work. See also J. cably, if they can; violently, if they must.” This R. Lowell's “ My Study Window." pp. 83–114.-His was, according to Hildreth, " the first announce- wife, Eliza Susan (NORTON), b. in New York in ment on the floor of congress of the doctrine of 1773; d. in Quincy, 1 Sept., 1850, was a daughter secession." Though opposed to the war with Eng- of John Morton, a New York merchant, of Scottish land, Mr. Quincy did not go so far as some of the descent, and Maria Sophia Kemper, whose father Federalists in refusing support to the administra- was a native of Kaub, Germany. During the occu- tion; his great speech on the navy, 25 Jan., 1812, pation of New York by the British, Mr. and Mrs. won applause from all parties. In that year he Morton lived in New Jersey, first at Elizabeth, 66 6 QUINCY 153 QUINN afterward at Baskingridge. A son born at the QUINCY, Josiah, lawyer, b. in Lenox, Mass., 7 former place in 1775 was named Washington, and March, 1793 ; d. in Rumney. N. H., 19 Jan., 1875. his sister in her " Memoirs ” declares that this must Although prepared, he was unable to take a col- have been the first child named after the “ Father legiate course, and, on finishing his studies at the of his Country.” Miss Morton possessed musical | Lenox academy, he began at once the study of law in talent, and on a visit to Boston in 1794 she won Stockbridge. Shortly after his admission to the Mr. Quincy's heart with a song: in a week from bar he removed to Rumney, N. II., where he spent the day that he first met her and learned the fact the remainder of his life. In a few years be be- of her existence he was engaged to be married to came one of the most successful lawyers in the her. Mrs. Quincy was a charming and accomplished state. He was frequently elected to the legislature, lady. In 1821, in compliance with the request of and for one year was president of the state senate. her children, she wrote the memoirs of her early He was a man of great public spirit, and devoted life. Forty years afterward the fragment of an much time to the promotion of the railway and autobiography thus begun was incorporated in the educational interests of New Hampshire. Mr. admirable memoir of Mrs. Quincy by her daughter, Quincy was an active friend of the various enter- Eliza Susan, Mrs. Quincy's recollections of such prises of the Baptist denomination, with which he incidents of the Revolutionary war as came within was identified, serving for years as a trustee of her childish ken are especially interesting:- Their Newton theological serninary. eldest son, Josiah, b. in Boston, 17 Jan., 1802; d. QUINLAN, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Cloyne, in Quincy, 2 Nov., 1882, was graduated at Harvard County Cork, Ireland, 19 Oct., 1826; d. in New Or- in 1821. He was mayor of Boston from 1845 to leans, La., 9 March, 1883. He received a good 1849, and author of " Figures of the Past " (Bos- classical education, determined to study for the ton, 1882).-His son, Josiah Phillips, b. in Bos- priesthood, and, with this view, emigrated to the ton, 28 Nov., 1829, was graduated at Harvard in United States in 1844. After a theological course 1850, and is the author of the dramas “ Charicles” in Mount St. Mary's seminary, Emmetisburg, Md., (Boston, 1856), “Lyteria” (1855), and a political he was ordained a priest in 1853, and stationed at essay on • The Protection of Majorities” (1876). — Piqua, Ohio, till 1855, when he was appointed as- Another son, Samuel Miller, b. in Boston in sistant pastor of St. Patrick's church, Cincinnati. 1833, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, was ad- Shortly afterward he was made president of Mount mitted to the Boston bar, and for several years St. Mary's college of the west, at the same time fill- edited the “ Monthly Law Reporter.” He entered ing the chairs of philosophy and theology. In 1859 the army as captain in the 2d Massachusetts regi- he was nominated for the diocese of Mobile, and he ment, 24 May, 1861, became lieutenant-colonel of was consecrated bishop on 4 Dec. At this time the 720 U. S. colored regiment, 20 Oct., 1863, and there were very few priests in the diocese, and he its colonel, 24 May, 1864, and on 13 March, 1865, went to Europe in 1860 for the purpose of obtain- was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He ing clerical aid, as well as of paying the customary has edited the “ Reports of Cases” of his great- visit to the pope. Bishop Quinlan was ardent in grandfather, Josiah (1865). — President Josiah's his devotion to the temporal and spiritual interests second son, Edmund, author, b. in Boston, 1 Feb., of both sides in the conflict, and after the battle of 1808; d. in Dedham, 17 May, 1877, was graduated Shiloh hastened to the field in a special train with at Harvard in 1827. He deserves especial mention succor for the wounded. After the war he exerted for the excellent biography of his father, above himself for the reorganization of his diocese, al- mentioned. His novel Wensley" (Boston, 1854) most unaided. He built St. Patrick's and St. was said by Whittier to be the best book of the Mary's churches in Mobile, and erected others in dif- kind since the “ Blithedale Romance.” His con- ferent places, besides restoring those that had been tributions to the anti-slavery press for many years destroyed. He founded many convents and schools, were able and valuable.- His sister, Eliza Susan, and introduced various religious orders into his b. in Boston, 15 Jan., 1798; d. at Quincy, 17 Jan, diocese. Bishop Quinlan took part in the canoni- 1884, was her father's secretary for nearly half a zation of the Japanese martyrs in Rome in 1867, century, and also furnished various papers to his- and was present at the Vatican council in 1869. He torical societies, and was well known for her chari- visited Rome again in 1882, and by contracting the ties as well as for her literary qualities. From her Roman fever undermined his healih. At the time diary, dating from 1810, her brothers drew mate- of his death his diocese contained 40 priests, 36 rial for their publications. She retained her vigor- churches, and about 13 convents and academies. ous intellect until her death, which occurred in the QUINN, James Cochrane, Canadian clergy- mansion of her grandmother. She issued a pri- man, b. near Belfast, Ireland, 27 May. 1845. He vately printed memoir of her mother (Boston, was educated at Queen's college and at the Preshy- 1864).- Abraham Howard, editor, b. in Boston terian college, Belfast, and was ordained a minister in November, 1767; d. in Washington, D. C., 11 in August, 1873. The same year he went to New- Sept., 1840, was a grandson of Edmund, author of foundland, and in 1874 to New Brunswick, and, the “ Treatise on Ilemp Husbandry.” From 1788 after serving as a Presbyterian minister in that until 1812 he was engaged in mercantile business province and Nova Scotia, removed to Manitoba in in Boston. In 1808 his interest in the disputes 1885, and is now (1888) pastor of the Presbyterian with Great Britain led him into the field of jour- church at Emerson in that province. He had nalism, and on 18 Nov. of that year he published charge of a station for the American ornithological the first number of a weekly paper entitled the society at Bathurst, New Brunswick, and afterward “ Columbian Detector.” After 10 May, 1809, it of one at Emerson, introduced the system of ensil- was published twice a week. It was afterward age into the counties of Northumberland and merged in the “ Boston Patriot." From 1828 to Gloucester, New Brunswick, and has been inter- 1832 Mr. Quincy lived at Eastport, Me., where for ested in improving the stock of sheep and cattle. a short time he edited the “ Northern Light.' In He has published “ Plain Words to Anxious In- 1832, receiving an appointment in the navy depart- quirers” (Toronto, 1888); “Iland-Book on Poul- ment, he removed to Washington. See C. T. try”; and tracts on temperance and other subjects. Coote's “Life and Character of A. H. Quincy QUINN, William, clergyman, b. in Donough- (Washington, 1840). more, County Donegal, Ireland, in 1821; d. in a .. 99 154 QUINTARD QUINT a Paris, France, 15 April, 1887. He came to the el Arte de la Lengua Mije y los Tratados de la San- United States in 1841, entered the ecclesiastical tísima Trinidad, de la Creación del Mundo, y la seminary at Fordham, N. Y., and was ordained Redención por Jesucristo” (Puebla, 1729). priest by Bishop Hughes on 17 Dec., 1845. He QUINTANA ROO, Andres, Mexican statesman, subsequently became pastor of St. Peter's church b. in Merida, Yucatan, 30 Nov., 1787; d. in Mexi- in Barclay street, New York, where, besides having co, 15 April, 1851. He studied in the Seminary to clear off a debt of $140,000, he was opposed by of San Ildefonso in his native city, was graduated the lay trustees, who had control of the church in law, in 1808 went to Mexico to practise his pro- building. There was also $137,000 due to poor fession, and soon attained to reputation. When men and women who had intrusted their savings Hidalgo rose against the Spanish dominion, Quin- to the care of St. Peter's church. He was actively tana took an active part in the cause of independ- supported by Bishop Hughes, and finally succeeded ence, and was forced to fly from the capital, but in in triumphing over the trustees and paying the different localities he published a patriotic paper, debts. He was appointed pastor of the cathedral “ Ilustrador Americano," and circulated it, not- on 1 May, 1873, and was also made vicar-general. withstanding the vigilance of the Spanish authori- During the absence of Cardinal McCloskey in 1875 ties. After the capture of Zitacuaro by the in- and 1878 he had charge of the administration of surgents, he joined the governing junta there, and the archdiocese. As vicar-general he had the di- by their order published, on 16 Sept., 1812, a mani- rection of the purchase, sale, and transfer of all festo under the name of “ Aniversario,” which ex- ecclesiastical property, and the supervision of plained the principles of independence and related schools, asylums, societies, reformatories, and all the events of the past two years. When the first other Roman Catholic institutions. He was re- Mexican congress as- appointed in 1885 by Archbishop Corrigan, and to sembled at Chilpan- his other charges was added that of the financial cingo, 14 Sept., 1813, matters connected with the completion of the new Quintana was elected cathedral. His health at length gave way under vice-president, and the pressure of his duties, and he went to Europe as such signed, in the in June, 1886. Dr. Quinn was for many years one absence of President of the most influential men in the Roman Catholic | Murguia, the first church of the United States. Under Cardinal formal declaration of McCloskey his power was almost absolute in the the independence of archdiocese of New York. He was abrupt in ad- Mexico, 16 Nov., dress, and sometimes gave offence by his uncere- 1813. He followed monious manners. His care for the needy was the congress from well known, and, although millions passed through place to place, and his hands, he died poor. His remains were brought after the capture of from Paris to New York and interred in Calvary Morelos, when that cemetery. Dr. Quinn was a domestic prelate of body was dissolved, the papal throne. he suffered from the QUINT, Alonzo Hall, clergyman, b. in Barn- persecution of the stead, N. H., 22 March, 1828. He was graduated Spanish authorities. at Dartmouth in 1846, and at Andover theological Afterward Iturbide appointed Quintana judge of seminary in 1852, was pastor of the Mather church the supreme court, and, when the empire was over- in Roxbury, Mass., from 1853 till 1863; was secre- thrown, the latter established in 1823 the journal tary of the Massachusetts general association of “El Federalista Mexicano,” which soon became a Congregational churches from 1856 till 1881, and leader of public opinion. He was several times of the national council of Congregational churches deputy to congress and senator, won reputation as of the United States from 1871 till 1883. In 1861-²4 an orator, and in 1838 was appointed minister of he was chaplain of the 2d Massachusetts infantry: the interior. He was one of the first to offer a He served in the legislature in 1881-3. Dartmouth voluntary contribution to aid the government in gave him the degree of D. D. in 1866. Dr. Quint is repelling the French invasion. Besides his jour- a member of many historical and genealogical socie- nalistic labors and political pamphlets, Quintana ties, and served on the Massachusetts board of edu- wrote many patriotic odes and a translation in cation from 1855 till 1861. He was, from 1859 till verse of the Psalms, but his poetical compositions 1876, an editor and a proprietor of the “ Congrega- have only been published in magazines. tional Quarterly," contributed numerous articles to QUINTARD, Charles Todd, P. E. bishop, b. the Dover - Inquirer,” and is the author of " The in Stamford, Conn., 22 Dec., 1824. His father, Potomac and the Rapidan, or Army Notes from Isaac, a Huguenot, was born in the same house, the Failure at Winchester to the Re-enforcement and died there in the ninetieth year of his age. of Rosecrans ” (Boston, 1864) and “ The Records of the son was a pupil of_Trinity school, New York, the Second Massachusetts Infantry, 1861-'5" (1867) studied medicine with Dr. James R. Wood and Dr. and the First Parish in Dover, Ñ. H.” (1883). Valentine Mott, and was graduated at the Univer- QUINTANA, Agustin (kin-tah'-nah), Mexican sity of the city of New York in 1847. He after- missionary, b. in Oaxaca about 1660; d. there in ward removed to Georgia, and began the practice 1734. Ile entered the order of preachers in his na- of medicine in Athens. In 1851 he accepted the tive city in 1688, and was soon sent to the missions chair of physiology and pathological anatomy in of the Mije Indians. After twenty-eight years of the medical college at Memphis, Tenn., and be- labor he was appointed superior of the convent of came co-editor with Dr. Ayres P. Merrill, of the Zaacvila, but he retired later, on account of failing Memphis ** Medical Recorder.” In 1855 he took or- health, to the main convent of Oaxaca, where he ders as a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church. wrote several books in the Mije language. As they He was advanced to the priesthood in the following were the first that had been printed, he made sev- year, and in January, 1857, became rector of Cal- eral visits to Puebla, notwithstanding his sickness, vary church, Memphis. He resigned at the end to teach the printers how to make new letters. His of the year to accept the rectorship of the Church chief work is “ Institución Cristiana, que contiene of the Advent, Nashville, Tenn., at the request of Onuintana Rice QUIROGA 155 QUIROGA Charles ? Quintura Puiutard the south at Se 1834 he returned to Buenos Ayres, where he be- 66 the bishop. At the beginning of the civil war he himself independent chief of the province. In was appointed chaplain of the 1st Tennessee regi. 1826 the president, Bernardo Rivadavia (9. v.), ment, and he so continued during the war, in ad- whose authority was impotent against the pro- dition to his duties being frequently called upon vincial chieftains, invited Quiroga to co-operate in to act as physi- the war against Brazil, and the latter defeated La cian and surgeon. Madrid at Tala, thus gaining supremacy also in At the close of the the province of Tucuman. After the election of war he returned Manuel Dorrego (9. 2.) in 1827. Quiroga sustained to his parish at with enthusiasm the Federal principle, represented Nashville. After by Dorrego, as leaving the provincial chieftains the death of Bish. only nominally subject to the central government. op Otey, Dr. Quin. When Dorrego's successor, Juan Lavalle, of the tard was elected opposite party, sent Gen. Jose M. Paz (q. 2.) against bishop of Tennes- the Federal partisans, Quiroga was defeated at Ta- see on 7 Sept., blada in 1829 and at Oncativa in 1830. He fled 1865, and was con- to Buenos Ayres, where he was ordered by Rosas, secrated in St. who meanwhile had assumed the power, to march Luke's church, against Paz and Madrid, and at the head of 200 Philadelphia, on criminals, whom he had taken from the peniten- 11 Oct. following: tiary, and some troops, he defeated Paz at Chacon, He re-established and Madrid at Ciudadela in 1831, ravaged the Z of country, In wanee, gan to talk against Rosas. The latter, not dar- was its first vice-chancellor. IIe visited England ing to attack him openly, tried to get him out several times in the interest of the university, and of the capital, and commissioned him to arrange received large sums of money and gifts of books a quarrel between the governors of Santiago and from members of the established church in that Tucuman. Quiroga accepted, and, setting out in country. He has labored assiduously in the pro- Novenber, 1835, soon restored order. On his re- motion of schemes for Christian education in his turn he was advised that near Cordova a party diocese, including Columbia institute, founded by of gaucho assassins was lying in wait for him ; Bishop Otey, Fairmount college, the School of the but he answered that there was no man in the Sisters of St. Mary's, at Memphis, St. James hall, at pampas who dared to kill him, and, continuing Bolivar, and St. Luke's school at Cleveland. Bish- his journey, was murdered at Barranca Yaco by op Quintard received the degree of D. D. from Santos Perez and his party. See Domingo F. Sar- Columbia in 1866, and that of LL. D. from Cam- miento's Facundo Quiroga y Aldao, ó Civiliza- bridge, England, in 1867. He is the author of oc- ción y Barbarie en las Pampas Argentinas” (Bue- casional charges and sermons. nos Ayres, 1852). QUIROGA, Juan Facundo (ke-ro'-gah), Argen- QUIROGA, Vasco de, Mexican R. C. bishop, b. tine soldier, b. in San Juan, in the province of in Madrigal, Old Castile, in 1470; d. in Uruapam, Rioja, Argentine Republic, in 1790; d. in Barranca 14 March, 1565. He studied law and theology, and Yaco, near Cordova, 28 Dec., 1835. His parents was one of the judges of the chancellor's court of were shepherds, and sent him in 1799 to school in Valladolid, when he was appointed by the queen San Juan, but he soon assaulted his teacher and fled, regent in 1530 one of the judges of the second au- working as a laborer to gain a livelihood. He was diencia, which, under Sebastian Ramirez de Fuen- sent in 1806 by his father with a cargo of merchan- leal, arrived in Mexico in the beginning of 1531. dise to Chili; but he lost it at the gaming-table, and with the proceeds of his office he founded near when on his return he was reproached by his fa- the capital the hospital of Santa Fé, and by his ther, the youth assaulted him and fled to the pam- just measures soon gathered a population of 30,000 pas, where, with a few daring companions, he led Indians, whom he converted to Christianity, and the life of a robber. In 1818 he was captured and taught to lead a civilized life. For that reason, imprisoned in San Luis by order of the governor, when the newly conquered Chichimec Indians of Despuis. In the same prison there were several the province of Michoacan became rebellious in Spanish officers, and they concerted a plan for 1533, he was sent there as visitor, and soon pacified escape, removing the shackles from the crimi- the rebels by his prudent and just measures, re- nals to aid them, but Quiroga fell on his libera- maining with them as their pastor and protector. tors and killed several of them. For this ser- The emperor nominated him first bishop of Micho- rice he was set at liberty, and the fame of this acan, and he transferred the seat of the bishopric exploit soon surrounded him with a numerous from Tzintzuntzan to Patzcuaro, where he founded band of followers, with whom he began a career a cathedral, the Seminary of San Nicolas, and an- as a partisan chief. The province of Rioja had other hospital of Santa Fé, like the one near Mexi- long been divided by the feud of the families of His exertions to gather the Indians in several Ocampo and Davila, and in 1820 the government large towns, and make each the centre of an indus- was in the hands of the former family, which at- try, were very successful, and he was greatly be- tracted Quiroga by giving him the rank of general loved by his subjects. In 1547 he went to Spain in command of the state forces; but soon the lat- on business, and was often called by the emperor ter, who was to escort the remnants of a mutinous and council of the Indies to give advice regarding Federal battalion out of the state, made joint cause colonial questions. After his return to Mexico he with them, attacked and captured the capital, and assisted in 1555 in the first provincial council, and would have shot the governor but for the interven- died on a pastoral visit in l'ruapam. His body tion of one of his chief officers. He now recalled was buried in the cathedral of Patzcuaro. Besides the banished Davila ; but, as the latter would not several manuscripts on ecclesiastical affairs, he submit to Quiroga's dictation, he was deposed, and, I wrote - Doctrina para los Indios Chichimecos," in as he resisted with some loyal regiments, he was the Chichimec language (Mexico, 1568), and "Re- attacked and killed by Quiroga, who proclaimed | glas y Ordenanzas para los Hospitales de Santa Fé CO, 156 QUITMAN QUIROS Huiman a de México y de Michoacán,” to which is appended | 1821 he settled in Natchez, Miss., where he soon be- a biography of the author (Mexico, 1766). came well known. He served as a trustee of the QUIROŠ, Agustin de (ke'-ros), Spanish mission- academy and of the state university, was president ary, b. in Andujar in 1566; d. in Mexico, 13 Dec., of an anti-gambling 1622. After serving as attorney of the Inquisition society, an anti-duel- in Seville, Cordova, and Granada, he went to South ling society, and of America, and was attached to the missions of Yu- numerous other asso- catan. He became afterward rector of the Jesuit ciations that were es- college in the city of Mexico, and in 1611 was tablished to amelio- elected visitor of the missions of New Spain, which rate the condition of office he held till his death. His efforts were al- his fellow-men. In ways directed toward benefiting the country and 1825 he was elected developing its resources, and he also showed kind- to the legislature of ness to the Indians, prohibiting the imposition of Mississippi, in 1828– heavy labor upon them in the missions under his ?34 he was chancel- jurisdiction, building schools, convents, and mon- lor of the state, and asteries, and endeavoring to preserve the monu- he afterward became ments of Aztec civilization. He wrote commenta- president of the state ries on different books of the Bible (Seville, 1632–3), senate. In 1832 he and left in manuscript “ Historia verdadera de la was a delegate to the Conquista de México,” which, it is said, discloses convention to frame important facts that are not generally known. new constitution The latter is in the archives of Mexico. for the state. While a member of the state senate QUITMAN, Frederick Henry, clergyman, b. in 1835, he was chosen its president, and charged in Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1760; d. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., with the functions of governor, that office having 26 June, 1832. The small island in the Rhine on become vacant. In 1836 he raised a body of men to which he was born was subsequently swept away aid the Texans against the incursions of the Mexi- by an extraordinary freshet. He received his cans, and after the capture of Santa-Anna returned classical and theological training at the University to his home in Natchez, where he became major- of Halle, and after its completion he spent two general of the state militia. In 1846 he was ap- years as private tutor in the family of the Prince pointed brigadier-general in the U. S. army, and of Waldeck. In the year 1781 he was ordained to ordered to report to Gen. Taylor at Camargo. He the ministry by the Lutheran consistory of Amster- distinguished himself at the battle of Monterey by dam, and was sent as pastor of the Lutheran con- his successful assault on Fort Tenerice and by his gregation on the island of Curaçoa in the West daring advance into the heart of the city. He led Indies. Here he remained until 1795, when the the assault at the siege of Vera Cruz, and subse- political disturbances, caused by the revolution of quently led an expedition against Alvarado, in con- the negroes in the West Indies, influenced him to junction with the naval forces under Com. Matthew take his family to New York, with the intention C. Perry. He was with the advance under Gen. of returning to Holland, where a life-pension Worth in taking possession of the city of Puebla, awaited him. But during his stay in New York for which he was brevetted major-general, and pre- he ascertained the distressing needs of the Lu- sented by congress with a sword. He stormed the theran church in this country, and determined to formidable works at Chapultepec, carried the Belen remain. During the same year, therefore, he ac- gate by assault, and was appointed by Gen. Win- cepted a call from the united congregations at field Scott governor of the city of Mexico. He ad- Schoharie and Cobleskill, N. Y., where he remained ministered the affairs of the city with moderation about two years. In 1798 he accepted a call from and success, and not only elicited the commenda- four congregations near Rhinebeck, N. Y. In 1815 tion of his own country, but secured the respect of he resigned as pastor of the last two, and in 1825 the conquered people. "On his return he was almost as pastor of all the congregations except Rhine- by acclamation elected governor of Mississippi. In beck, to which he now devoted all his time. In 1848 and in 1856 he was named in the National 1828 he was compelled to retire from all public Democratic conventions for the vice-presidency, duties. In 1814 he received from Harvard the de- but he was not nominated. Gen. Quitman favored gree of D. D. He held high offices in his church, the annexation of Cuba to the United States, and, and from 1816, the date of the founding of Hart- while he held the office of governor of his state, a wick seminary, he was at the head of its board of prosecution was instituted against him by the U.S. trustees as long as the condition of his health per- government for alleged complicity in Lopez's fili- mitted. He published a “Treatise on Magic bustering expedition. He resigned the governor- (Albany, N. Y., 1810): “Evangelical Catechism” ship, but the jury was unable to agree, and he was (Hudson, N. Y., 1814); and “Sermons on the Ref- released. He was nominated again for governor, ormation ” (1817); and edited the “ Hymn-Book of but withdrew from the canvass. In 1854 he was the Ministerium of New York” (1817). — His son, elected to congress, and in 1856 he was re-elected John Anthony, soldier, b. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., without opposition. During his entire term in 1 Sept., 1799; d. in Natchez, Miss., 17 July, 1858, congress he was at the head of the military com- was designed by his father for the Lutheran min- mittee. Throughout life he was an avowed advo- istry, and, on the completion of his studies at Hart- cate of the doctrine of state-rights and the leader wick seminary in 1816, was appointed tutor in its of the extreme southern party. As early as 1851 classical department. In 1818 he accepted a pro- he claimed for the states the right of secession and fessorship in Mount Airy college, Germantown, Pa. the inability of the Federal government to demand His inclination always had been for the legal pro- or force the return of a seceding state, and sug- fession rather than the ministry, and during his gested the propriety of organizing a southern con- stay here he decided in favor of the former. lle federacy. See • Life and Correspondence of John went to Ohio in 1819 at the invitation of Platt A. Quitman, Major-General, U. S. A., and Gov- Brush, a member of congress, in whose family he ernor of the State of Mississippi," by J. F. H. Clai- became a tutor, and with whom he studied law. In borne (New York, 1860). RABAUD 157 RADEMACHER R RABAUD, Charles Hector (rah-bol; French institisti established several other religious, charita- under . administrator, b. in Dieppe in 1711; d. in Paris in 1764. He entered the colonial administration, held ble, and educational institutions. His diocese con- employments in Canada, Louisiana, and the Lee- tains 7 convents, a hospital, an asylum, 140 schools, ward and Windward islands, and from 1756 till his ? colleges, 62 priests, and a Roman Catholic popu- death was assistant colonial intendant of justice lation of more than 47,000. and police in Santo Domingo. While he was there RADA, Juan de (râh-dah), Spanish captain, b. he collected the materials for his * Recueil des lois, \ in Navarre, in the latter half of the 15th century; arrêtés et ordonnances royales, des arrêts des con- d. in Jauja, Peru, in 1542. In 1534 he went to Peru seils supérieurs, et des modifications introduites par with the expedition of Pedro de Alvarado, and af- les cours de justice en appliquant la coutûme de terward served under the orders of Diego Almagro. Paris, pour les colonies des îles du vent et sous le He soon won the esteem of Almagro, was appointed vent” (6 vols., Paris, 1761-5). This work is invalu- | mediator in the arrangement with Francisco Pi- able to the historian that studies the colonial ad- zarro about the government of the province of New ministration under Louis XIV. and Louis XV., as Toledo, and took part in the battle of Salinas. After the archives of the French colonies in the West Almagro's death, Rada took charge of his son, as Indies were for the most part scattered or lost dur- tutor, and was the principal instigator of the plot ing the colonial insurrections. against the Marquis Pizarro, and the leader of the RA BOURDIN, Henry Étienne (rah-boor- eighteen men that penetrated into the governor's dang), French historian; b. in Cambrai in 1711; d. house on 26 June, 1541, and murdered him. Rada there in 1764. It is said that he was the natural proclaimed the son of Almagro governor of Peru, son of a high dignitary of the church. He entered and concentrated troops to attack the partisans of clerical life, was appointed abbot of a rich abbey, Pizarro in Cuzco, but died on the march in Jauja, and afterward held the office of assistant deputy- RADCLIFFE, Thomas, Canadian soldier, b. in keeper of the logs and charts in the navy department Castle Coote, County Roscommon, Ireland, 17 April, at Paris. His works include “ Relation des voyages 1794; d. on Amherst island, Ontario, 6 June, 1841. et découvertes des Français dans les deux Amé- He was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Rad- riques” (4 vols., Paris, 1759); “ Histoire de la dé- cliffe, rector of St. Paul's Episcopal church, Dub- couverte de l'Amérique” (2 vols., 1761); and “Les lin, was educated at Trinity college in that city, précurseurs de Christophe Colomb,” in which the and entered the army in 1811. He served as a lieu- author contends that Columbus was not the dis- tenant of the 27th regiment in the peninsular war, coverer of America (2 vols., 1764). and saw service in the war with the United States, RABUN, William, statesman, b. in Halifax being present at the battle of Plattsburg. He was county, N. C., 8 April, 1771; d. at Powelton, Han- with the army of occupation in France, and on cock co., Ga., 24 Oct., 1819. To this place his its reduction in 1816 was placed on the half-pay father had removed from North Carolina when he list. In 1832 he came to Upper Canada and set- was a youth. The son was frequently elected to tled in Adelaide, London district. He served dur- the legislature. In 1817 he was president of the ing the rebellion of 1837, and commanded the troops state senate, and as such became ex-officio governor that captured the schooner“ Anne,” which formed of the state on the resignation of Gov. Mitchell. part of the expedition against Amherstburg. At In the following year he was elected to the same the beginning of the trouble he raised a body of post by popular vote, and died in office. While he militia, to the command of which he was appointed was governor he had a sharp correspondence with by Sir John Colborne. After the suppression of the Gen. Andrew Jackson growing, out of the Seminole rebellion, Col. Radcliffe was a member of the legis- war, then in progress. Gov. Rabun's devotion to lative council, in which he sat till his death. the church of which he was a member was not sur- RADDI, Giuseppe (rad-dee), Italian botanist, b. passed by his fidelity as a civilian. While he was in Florence, Italy, 9 July, 1770; d. on the island of governor he performed the duties of chorister and Rhodes, 6 Sept. 1829. He was apprenticed to a clerk in the Baptist church at Powelton. druggist, but obtained employment in the Museum RACINE, Antoine, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. of natural history of Florence. The grand duke, in St. Ambrose, near Quebec, 26 Jan., 1822. His Ferdinand III., afterward became his protector, ancestors came to Canada in 1638. One of them and in 1817 sent him to Brazil to study the crypto- was Abraham Martin, who gave his name to the gams of the country. Raddi explored the basins Plains of Abraham. Antoine received his early of Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and formed a col- education from an uncle, who was pastor of a neigh- lection of plants and animals. In 1828 he was boring parish, and in 1834 entered the Petit sémi- appointed a member of the commission that was naire of Quebec. He afterward studied theology charged with studying the Egyptian hieroglyphs in the Grand séminaire, and was ordained priest under the direction of Champollion, but he was on 12 Sept., 1844, held various charges, took much taken sick and died in Rhodes on his return to Flor- interest in colonization, and put forward his views, His works include " Crittogame Brasiliane” with others, in a journal that he founded and (2 vols., Florence, 1822); and “ Plantarum Brasilien- called the “Canadien émigrant.” He was trans- sium nova genera et species novæ vel minus cogni- ferred to the Church of St. John in Quebec in 1853. tæ,” in which he described 156 new species of ferns, On 1 Sept., 1874, he was nominated first bishop of etc. (1825). Leandro de Sacramento (q. v.) gave the the newly created diocese of Sherbrooke, and he was name of Raddia Raddica to a cryptogamous plant, consecrated by Archbishop Taschereau on 18 Oct. and Candolle has retained the name in his classifi- following. He took possession of his see two days cation of the American flora. afterward, and at once proceeded to erect an ec- RADEMACHER, Joseph (rah-de - mah' - ker), clesiastical college in his episcopal city, which he R. C. bishop, b. in Westphalia, Mich., 3 Dec., 1840. opened on 30 Aug., 1875, and dedicated to St. He finished his theological course in St. Michael's Charles Borromeo. This has become a flourishing seminary, Pittsburg, was ordained priest on 2 Aug., ence. : 158 RAE RADFORD Jotuae 1863, and stationed at Attica, Ind., at the same house at Repulse bay without fuel, during which time attending several other missions. In 1869 he time he traced about 635 statute miles of new was transferred to the pastorate of the Church of land and coast forming the shores of Committee St. Paul of the Cross, Columbia City, and in 1877 bay. In 1848 he accompanied Sir John Richard- was appointed pastor of the Church of St. Mary, son in a search for Sir John Franklin along the Fort Wayne, and shortly afterward chancellor of coast from Mackenzie the diocese. His next post was that of pastor of river to Coppermine St. Mary's church, Lafayette. His zeal and ability river, and in 1850 was in these several places recommended him for pro- placed in charge of a motion. He was nominated to the see of Nashville similar expedition by on 21 April, 1883, and consecrated bishop on 24 the Hudson bay com- June following by Archbishop Feehan, of Chicago. pany. He chose the Since that time he has worked earnestly and suc- route by Great Bear cessfully for the advancement of his diocese, which lake and Coppermine at present (1888) contains 28 priests, 5 ecclesiastical river, tracing 630 miles students, 36 churches, 2 orphan asylums, 15 female of unexplored coast religious institutions, 15 parochial schools, 5 acade- along the southern mies, and a college. shores of Victoria and RADFORD, William, naval officer, b. in Fin- Wollaston lands, and castle, Va., 1 March, 1808; d. in Washington, D. C., finding two pieces of 8 Jan., 1890. He became midshipman on 1 March, wood that were prob- 1825, and lieutenant on 9 Feb., 1837. During the war ably parts of Sir John with Mexico he served on the western coast of that | Franklin's vessels. country, and commanded the party that cut out the The Esquimaux gave * Malek Adel,” a Mexican vessel-of-war, at Mazat- him scant information regarding the party they lan in 1847. He was made commander on 14 Sept., had seen a few years before, and Dr. Rae explains 1855, assigned to the “ Cumberland ” in 1861, and in a pamphlet, published in London, that the became captain on 16 July, 1862, and commodore reason he did not immediately search for his sup- on 24 April , 1863. He served on court-martial posed countrymen was owing to his imperfect duty at Fort Monroe, and commanded the “ New knowledge of their route, and to the condition of Ironsides” and the iron-clad division of Admiral the lowlands flooded by melting snow, which ren- Porter's squadron at the two attacks on Fort dered progress impossible. In 1853 the Hudson Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865. bay company fitted out a boat expedition at his re- Admiral Porter wrote: “Com. Radford has shown quest to complete the survey of the Arctic coast ability of a very high order, not only in fighting along the west shore of Boothia, and during this and maneuvring his vessel, but in taking care of expedition to Repulse bay in 1853-'4 he discovered his division. His vessel did more execution than a new river, which falls into Chesterfield inlet. In any other in the fleet, and I had so much confi- the following spring, after travelling 1,100 miles, dence in the accuracy of his fire that even when he was the first discoverer of certain traces of Sir our troops were on the parapet he was directed to John Franklin's party, for which he was paid clear the traverses of the enemy in advance of £10,000 by the English government. He pur- them. This he did most effectually, and but for chased from the Esquimaux numerous relics, this the victory might not have been ours.” He among which were Sir John Franklin's cross of was appointed rear-admiral on 25 July, 1866, com- knighthood, a gold cap-band, silver spoons and manded the European squadron in 1869–70, and forks, coin, and several watches. In 1860 he took was retired on 1 March, 1870. charge of a survey for laying a cable between Eng. RADIGUET, Maximilien René (rah-de-gay), land and America, via Färöe, Iceland, and Green- French explorer, b. in Landerneau, Finisterre, 17 land, and in 1864 he conducted a telegraph survey Feb., 1816. After studying in the School of the fine from Winnipeg to the Pacific coast, through the arts at Paris, he became in 1838 secretary to Ad- British territory, and crossing the Rocky moun- miral Charles Baudin and Count de Las Casas, who tains about latitude 53º. This line was not formed, had been sent to negotiate with the government of as the Canada Pacific railway was laid in a more Hayti for the payment of an indemnity to the de- southern course, and the telegraph followed the scendants of the French citizens that had been railway. In 1852 he received the founder's gold murdered during the troubles of 1798-1803. He medal of the Royal geographical society of Lon- was influential in bringing the negotiations to a don. He received the degree of LL. D. from the speedy conclusion, preventing the impatient ad- University of Edinburgh, and that of M. D. from miral several times from bombarding Cape Hay- McGill college, Montreal, in 1880, and was also a tien. From 1841 till 1845 he was in South America member of the Natural history society of that city and the Marquesas islands, as secretary to Admiral and of several distinguished societies. Dr. Rae Du Petit-Thouars, and he has since devoted himself was the author of a “ Narrative of an Expedition to literary labors. Among other works, he has pub- to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846 and 1847" lished "Souvenirs de l'Amérique Espagnole: Chili , (London, 1850). See “ Dr. Rae and the Report of Pérou, Brésil” (Paris, 1856; revised ed., 1874). Capt. McClintock" (New York, 1860). RAE, John, explorer, b. in Clestrain House, in RAE, Luzerne, educator, b. in New Haven, the Orkney islands, 30 Sept., 1813. Sir Walter Conn., 22 Dec., 1811; d. in Hartford, Conn., 16 Scott visited Clestrain, when travelling in the Ork- Sept., 1854. He changed the spelling of his name ney islands, to gain local information for writing from Ray to Rae. After graduation at Yale in " The Pirate.” Mr. Rae studied medicine at the 1831 he became instructor of the deaf and dumb University of Edinburgh from 1829 till 1833, when in the Hartford asylum, which office he held until he was graduated, entered the service of the Hud- his death, except in 1838–9, when he served as son bay company as surgeon, and lived at Moose chaplain of the İnsane hospital in Worcester, Mass. fort from 1835 till 1845, making many explora- He was editor of the “ Religious Herald " from tions in British America. In 1846–7 he visited 1843 till 1847, and of the “ American Annals of the the Arctic sea, and spent the winter in a stone Deaf and Dumb" from 1848 till 1854, and pub- RAFF 159 RAFN . 9 99 > 97 lished anonymously numerous poems, which were published “The Atlantic Journal and Friend of collected and printed privately under the title of knowledge, a Cyclopædic Journal and Review," of * Text and Context” (Ilartford, 1853). He also which only eight numbers appeared (1832–'3). The gathered material for a “ History of New England," number of genera and species that he introduced which was not completed. into his works produced great confusion. A RAFF, George Wertz, author, h. in Tuscara- gradual deterioration is found in Rafinesque's bo- was, Stark co., Ohio, 24 March, 1825; d. in Can- tanical writings from 1819 till 1830, when the pas- ton, Ohio, 14 April, 1888. He was chiefly seif- sion for establishing new genera and species seems educated. From 1848 till 1850 he was clerk of the to have become a monomania with him. He as- supreme court, Stark county, and he was judge of sumed thirty to one hundred years as the average the probate court in 1852–5, and was a member of time required for the production of a new species, the city council and board of education in Canton, and five hundred to a thousand years for a new Ohio. "He founded, in 1887, the Central savings: genus. It is said that he wrote a paper describing bank of Canton, of which he was president until * twelve new species of thunder and lightning. his death. His publications are "Guide to Ex- In addition to translations and unfinished botani- ecutors and Administrators in Ohio" (Cleveland, cal and zoological works, he was the author of 1859); “ Manual of Pensions, Bounty and Pay” numerous books and pamphlets, including “Ca- (Cincinnati, 1862); “ The Law relating to Roads ratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di and Highways in Ohio" (1863); and the “ War animali e piante della Sicilia” (Palermo, 1810); Claimant's Guide” (1866). · Précis de découvertes et travaux somiologiques RAFFENEAU-DELILE, Alyre (raf-no-deh- entre 1800 et 1814” (1814); Principes fonda- leel). French physician, b. in Versailles, 23 Jan., mentaux de somiologie” (1814); “ Analyse de la 1778; d. in Montpellier, 5 July, 1850. He engaged nature”, (Palermo, 1815); - Antikon Botanikon in the study of plants under Jean Lemonnier, was (Philadelphia, 1815–’40); “: Ichthyologia Ohioensis.” in the Paris medical school in 1796, and, being at- Lexington, 1820); “ Ancient History, or Annals tached in 1798-1801 to the scientific expedition that of Kentucky” (Frankfort, 1824): " Medical Flora, was sent to Egypt, became manager of the agricul- etc., of the United States” (2 vols., Philadelphia, tural garden at Cairo. In 1802 he was appointed 1828–30); “ American Manual of the Grape-Vines" French vice-consul at Wilmington, N. C., and also (1830): “ American Florist” (1832); “ The Amer- asked to form an herbarium of all American plants ican Nations, or the Outlines of a National History that could be naturalized in France. He sent to (2 vols., 1836); “ A Life of Travels and Researches Paris several cases of seeds and grains, and discov- in North America and South Europe” (1836); ered some new graminea and presented them to “ New Flora and Botany of America” (4 parts, Palissot de Beauvois (9. 1'.), who described them in 1836); Flora Telluriana” (4 parts, 1836–8); - The his * Agrostographie.” Raffeneau made extensive World,” a poem (1836); “Safe Banking” (1837); explorations through the neighboring states, and, notes to Thomas Wright's“Original Theory, or New resigning in 1805, began the study of medicine in Hypothesis of the Universe” (1837); “Sylvia Tellu- New York. During an epidemic of scarlet fever he riana” (1838); “ Alsographia Americana (1838); was active in visiting the tenements of the poor, • The American Monuments of North and South and in 1807 he obtained the degree of M. D. * Re- America” (1838); “ Genius and Spirit of the He- turning to France, he was graduated as doctor in brew Bible” (1838); “ Celestial Wonders and Phi- medicine at the University of Paris in 1809, and losophy of the Visible Heavens” (1839); “ Pleasure in 1819 appointed professor of botany in the Uni- and Duties of Wealth” (1840); and a “ Dissertation versity of Montpellier, which post he held till his on Water-Snakes,” published in the London “ Lit- death. His works include, besides those already erary Gazette "(1819). “ The Complete Writings of cited, “Sur les effets d'un poison de Java appelé C. S. Rafinesque on Recent and Fossil Conchology" l'upas tieuté, et sur les différentes espèces de have been edited by William G. Binney and George strychnos” (Paris, 1809); Mémoire sur quelques W. Tryon, Jr. (Philadelphia, 1864). See a review espèces de graminées propres à la Caroline du of the Botanical Writings of Rafinesque," by Nord”. (Versailles, 1815); “Centurie des plantes de Asa Gray, in “Silliman's Journal” (1841). l'Amérique du Nord” (Montpellier, 1820); “ Flore RAFN, or RAVN, Karl Christian (rown), Dan- d'Égypte." (5 vols., Paris, 1824); " Centurie des ish archæologist, b. in Brahesborg, Funen island, plantes d'Afrique" (Paris, 1827); and “ De la cul- 16 Jan., 1795; d. in Copenhagen, 24 Oct., 1864. His ture de la patate douce, du crambe maritima et de father, a man of education and refinement, culti- l'oxalis crenata ” (Montpellier, 1836). vated a farm on his ancestral estate, and sent his RAFINESQUE, Constantine Samuel, bota- son to Odense, and in 1814 to the University of nist, b. in Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople, Copenhagen, where he was graduated in jurispru- Turkey, in 1784; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Sept., dence and then served as lieutenant in the light 1842. He was of French parentage, and his father, dragoons at Funen, devoting his leisure to the a merchant, died in Philadelphia about 1791. The study of Norse literature, and engaging in re- son came to Philadelphia with his brother in 1802, searches on the ancient history and literature of and, after travelling through Pennsylvania and the Scandinavian countries. He taught Latin Delaware, returned with a collection of botanical in the Military school in 1820, became in 1821 specimens in 1805, and went to Sicily, where he deputy librarian of the Royal library of Copen- spent ten years as a merchant and in the study of hagen, and was one of the founders in 1825 of the botany. in 1815 he sailed for New York, but was Society for northern antiquities, having for its shipwrecked on the Long Island coast, and lost object the collection and publication of ancient his valuable books, collections, manuscripts, and manuscripts throwing light on the history of the drawings. In 1818 he went to the west and be- | Scandinavian peoples, of which he was the secre- came professor of botany in Transylvania uni- tary till his death. While assistant in the library versity, Lexington, Ky. Subsequently he travelled of the university, he undertook a critical revision and lectured in various places, endeavored to es- of all the inedited Norwegian and Icelandic manu- tablish a magazine and a botanic garden, but with- scripts in the collection. He studied especially the out success, and finally settled in Philadelphia, ancient Sagas and the expeditions of the Iceland- where he resided until his death, and where he ers to North America. Gov, Arnold's - Old Mill" > 160 RAINEY RAGOZIN " ac- - at Newport, which is represented in the illustra- | of the Hurons as had escaped the fury of the tion, he considered a relic of one of their colonies. Iroquois to Quebec for safety. In 1657 be set out Many honors were bestowed upon him. In 1828 hei with another Jesuit and some French colonists for was made a knight of the order of Daneborg and Onondaga, where large numbers had been convert- also held the title of Etatsraad, or state council. ed. He was coldly treated, and, on his reproach- lor. Of his works, which number about 70 vol. ing the Onondagas for murdering some Hurons umes, the best known is “ Antiquitates Americanæ among them, a plot was formed to take his life (1837), which has and those of his companions. He escaped to the been translated in- mission of St. Mary's, but found that the Indians to various lan- there had also become hostile, and succeeded, after guages. In this he much difficulty, in reaching Quebec. He con- holds that Amer- tinued among the Hurons up to September, 1666, ica was discovered when he returned to France, and acted as agent by Norsemen in for the Canadian missions during the remainder of the 10th century, his life. His works are “ Vie de la Mère St. Augus- and that from the tine, religieuse hospitalière de Quebec en la Nou- 11th to the 14th velle France" (Paris, 1072; Italian translation, century the North Naples, 1752); “Relation de ce qui s'est passé de American coast plus remarquable ès missions des Pères de la Com- had been partially pagnie en la Nouvelle France,” covering the years colonized as far as 1645–’52 and 1656-'7 (7 vols., Paris, 1647–57). The Massachusetts and second volume was translated into Latin under the Rhode Island, and title “ Narratio historica " (1650). The fourth con- that the Vikings tains“ Journal du Père Jacques Buteux, du voyage had been as far qu'il a fait pour la mission des Allithamegues," and south as Florida. letters from other Canadian missionaries. Rague- He gives an neau also wrote Mémoires touchant les vertus count of the discovery of the “Skalholt Saga," a des Pères de Noue, Jogues, Daniel, Brebeuf, Lalle- Latin manuscript dated 1117, found in the ruins of mant, Garnier et C'babanel." Skalholt college, which describes a voyage along RAGUET, Condy, merchant, b. in Philadel- the coast of North America southward from Vin- phia, Pa., 28 Jan., 1784; d. there, 22 March, 1842. land (Massachusetts) to a point where the explorers He was French descent, received his educa- repaired their ships and then sailed northward un- tion at the University of Pennsylvania, entered til stopped by numerous falls, which they named the counting-house of a merchant, and was sent Hvidsaerk, and there buried the daughter of Snorri, as supercargo to Santo Domingo in 1804, where who was killed by an arrow. The locality was sup- he spent four months. On his return he pub- posed to be the Chesapeake bay, and the falls those lished “A Short Account of the Present State of the Potomac river. His works include “ Nord- of Affairs in St. Domingo." After a second voy- ische Helden-Geschichten” (3 vols., Copenhagen, age to that island in 1805, he published " A Cir- 1825–30); “ Krakumal, seu Epicedium Rognaris cumstantial Account of the Massacre in St. Do- Lodbroci, regis Daniæ ” (1826); “ Fornaldar Sagur mingo." In 1806 he entered business in Phila- Nordlanda” (3 vols., 1829–30); “Fareginga Saga” delphia, and was successful. During the war of (1832); “ Antiquitates Americanæ” (1837); and 1812 he took an active part in the defence of the Gröenlands Historiske Mindesmaerker,” in con- city, encamping with a regiment, of which he was junction with Frim and Magnussen (1838–'45). colonel, near Wilmington, Del. After the war he RAGOZIN, Zénaïde Alexeževna, author, b. in studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Phila- Russia about 1835. She had no regular education, delphia in 1820. From 1822 till 1827 he was U. S. but studied by herself, and travelled extensively in consul in Rio Janeiro, and he was appointed chargé Europe, especially in Italy. In 1874 she came to d'affaires in 1825, and negotiated a treaty with the United States, where she has been naturalized. Brazil. After his return to the United States in She has written numerous articles for Russian and 1830 he edited several journals devoted to free- American magazines, and is a member of the trade doctrines, and contributed largely to the American oriental society, of the Société ethnolo- “ Port-Folio" and other periodicals upon this sub- gique, and the Athénée oriental, of Paris, and ject. He served in the legislature, was president the Victoria institute, London. Her most impor- of the chamber of commerce and other organi- tant writings are the volumes “ The Story of Chal, zations, and was a member of the American philo- dea ” (New York, 1886); “The Story of Assyria”. sophical society. In 1839 he received the degree (1887); and “ The Story of Media, Babylon, and of LL. D. from St. Mary's college. Baltimore. He Persia" (1888)—all in the “Story of the Nations edited " The Free-Trade Advocate" (2 vols., Phila- series. They form the first three volumes of a work delphia, 1829); “The Examiner” (2 vols., 1834-5); on the ancient history of the East, more especially and “ The Financial Register" (2 vols., 1837-²9); in its political and religious aspects, which will be and was the author of " An Inquiry into the Causes complete in seven or eight volumes, and on which of the Present State of the Circulating Medium she is now (1888) engaged. of the United States ” (Philadelphia, 1815); “The RAGUENEAU, Paul (rahg-no), missionary, b. Principles of Free Trade” (1835); and a treatise in Paris, France, in 1605; d. there, 3 Sept., 1680. “On Currency and Banking ” (1839), which was He was a Jesuit, and was sent to Canada in republished in London (1839), and translated into June, 1636. After his arrival he went to labor French (Paris, 1840). among the Burons, by whom he was called " Aon- RAINEY, Joseph H., congressman, b. in dechète.” In 1640 he was sent by the French Georgetown, S. C., 21 June, 1832; d. there, 1 Aug., governor to treat with the Iroquois for the restora- 1887. He was born a slave, but acquired a good tion of some French prisoners that they held; but, education, principally by observation and travel. though he was well received, he did not succeed in . His father was a barber, and the son followed that his mission. He was superior of the missions in occupation until 1862, when, after being forced to 1650, and in that capacity decided to bring such , work on Confederate fortifications, he escaped to RAINS 161 RAINSFORD the West Indies, remaining there until the close of ' sioned colonel, and was at once given the task of the war. Ile then returned to South Carolina, was building and equipping a powder-mill. This he elected a delegate to the State constitutional con- did under great difficulties, and created at Au- vention of 1868, and was a member of the state gusta, Ga., the Confederate powder-works, which senate in 1870. He was elected a representative were, at the close of the war, among the best in the from South Carolina to congress, as a Republican, world. He was promoted brigadier-general before to fill the vacancy caused by the non-reception of 1865. Since 1867 he has been professor of chem- Benjamin F. Whittemore, serving from 4 March, istry and pharmacy in the medical department of 1869, till 15 Aug., 1876. He took part in the de- the University of Georgia, and he was dean of the bate on the civil-rights bill, and was a member of faculty till 1884. Gen. Rains has obtained three the committee on freedmen's and Indian affairs. patents for improvements in steam portable en- He was a conservative, and his political life was gines. He has published a treatise on “Steam remarkably pure. Portable Engines" (Newburg, N. Y., 1860); “Ru- RAINS, Gabriel James, soldier, b. in Craven dimentary Course of Analytical and Applied county, N. C., in June, 1803; d. in Aiken, S. C., 6 Chemistry (Augusta, Ga., 1872); “Chemical Sept., 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- Qualitative Analysis” (New York, 1879); a pam- tary academy in 1827, assigned to the infantry, and phlet " History of the Confederate Powder-Works,” served in garrison and against hostile Indians till / which he read before the Confederate survivors' as- the Mexican war, being promoted caj in on 25 sociation (Augusta, 1882), and numerous essays.- Dec., 1837, and brevetted major, 28 April, 1840, for Gabriel James's son, Sevier MCCLELAN, soldier, b. gallantry in the action with the Seminoles near in 1851, was graduated at the U. S. military acad- Fort King, Fla., where he routed a superior force, emy in 1876, and killed in the action of Craig's and was twice severely wounded. One of his in- | Mountain, Idaho, with hostile Indians, 3 July, 1877. juries was considered mortal, and several obituary RAINS, James Edward, soldier, b. in Nash- notices of him were published. He was one of the ville, Tenn., 10 April, 1833; d. near Murfreesboro', first to be engaged in the Mexican war, being one Tenn., 31 Dec., 1862. After graduation at Yale in of the defenders of Fort Brown in May, 1846. 1854 he studied law, was city attorney of Nash- When the demand for the surrender of this post ville in 1858, and attorney-general for his judicial was made by Gen. Ampudia, Capt. Rains gave the district in 1860. He was a Whig, and in 1857 ed- deciding vote against compliance with it in a coun- ited the “ Daily Republican Bamer.” In April, cil of officers. After the battle of Resaca de la 1861, he entered the Confederate army as a private, Palma he was ordered to the United States on re- was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and made com- cruiting duty, and organized a large part of the mandant of a garrison of two regiments at Cum- recruits for Gen. Scott's campaign. He became berland gap. In 1862 he was commissioned briga- major on 9 March, 1851, and from 1853 till the dier-general. While ordering a charge at the battle civil war was on the Pacific coast, where he made of Stone river, 31 Dec., 1862, he received a bullet a reputation as a successful Indian fighter, and in through his heart. 1855 was a brigadier-general of Washington terri- RAINS, John, pioneer, b. near New river, Va., tory volunteers. He was made lieutenant-colonel about 1750; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in 1821. In on 5 June, 1860, but resigned on 31 July, 1861, and June, 1769, he was one of a party of hunters that joined the Confederate army, in which he was com- penetrated as far west as Cumberland river, and missioned brigadier-general. He led a division at returned with such glowing accounts of the coun- Wilson's Creek, did good service at Shiloh and try as greatly aided James Robertson in forming Perrysville, and after the battle of Seven Pines, a colony for its settlement. The colony, number- where he was wounded, was highly commended by ing about 300, among whom were Rains and his Gen. Daniel H. Hill for a rapid and successful family, arrived at the present site of Nashville in flank movement that turned the tide of battle in December, 1779. Rains had singular skill in wood- favor of the Confederates. He was then placed in craft, and such prowess as an Indian fighter as to charge of the conscript and torpedo bureaus at be generally given command in the many expedi- Richmond, organized the system of torpedoes tions it was necessary to lead against the Chero- that protected the harbors of Charleston, Sa- kees, who continually harassed the settlement. vannah, Mobile, and other places, and invented He had an intense love of the woods, and no great sub-terra shell, which was successfully used. regard for the refinements of civilized society. His At the close of the war Gen. Rains resided for definition of political freedom was a state wherein some time at Augusta, Ga., but he afterward re- every man did as he pleased, without encroaching moved to Aiken, S. C. His death resulted from upon the rights of his neighbor. Physicians and the wounds that he had received in Florida in attorneys he considered the bane of civilized soci- 1840. — His brother, George Washington, sol ety. He once said: “All was health and harmony dier, b. in Craven county, N. C., in 1817, was gradu- among us till the doctors came bringing diseases ated at the U. S. military academy in 1842, and as- and the lawyers sowing dissensions; and we have signed to the corps of engineers, but was trans- had nothing but death and the devil ever since." ferred to the 4th artillery in 1843, and in 1844-6 RAINSFORD, William Stephen, clergyman, was assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 30 Oct., 1850. His early edu- and geology at West Point. He served with credit cation and training were obtained under tutors at during the war with Mexico on the staffs of Gen. home. Ile was graduated at the University of Winfield Scott, and Gen. Pillow, and was bre- Cambridge, England, in 1872, ordained deacon in vetted captain and major for gallantry at Con- 1872 by the bishop of Norwich, and priest in treras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. Afterward 1875 by the same bishop. He was curate of St. he served on garrison and recruiting duty and Giles's church, Norwich, in 1872–6, went to ('anada against the Seminole Indians in 1849–50, and was in 1877, and was assistant rector of St. James's promoted captain, 14 Feb., 1856. On 31 Oct. of cathedral, Toronto, in 1878–82. In 1883 he was that year he resigned and became part proprietor called to the rectorship of St. George's, New York and president of the Washington iron-works and city, which post he still (1888) oceupies , and is the Highland iron-works at Newburg, N. Y. Heen- also chaplain of the 71st regiment National guard. tered the Confederate arıny in 1861, was commis- / He received the degree of D. D. from Trinity in VOL. 7.-11 a 162 RALEGH RALEGH " 0 Helege a 1887. Dr. Rainsford, besides contributions to cur- | possessed by any Christian prince or people,” and rent literature, has published a volume of paro- secured the provision that such colonists were “to chial “ Sermons " (New York, 1887). have all the privileges of free denizens and natives RALEGH, Sir Walter, English navigator, b. of England, and were to be governed according to in Hayes, in the parish of Budleigh, Devonshire, such statutes as should by them be established, so England, in 1552; d. in Westminster, England, 29 that the said statutes or laws conform as conven- Oct., 1618. His patronymic was written in thirteen iently as may be with those of England, and do different ways, but Sir Walter himself spelled it not impugn the Christian faith, or any way with- Ralegh. Little is known of his father, Walter, draw the people of those lands from our alle- except that he was giance." These guarantees of political rights were a gentleman com- renewed in the subsequent charter of 1606, under moner, and that an which the English colonies were planted in Amer- earnest wayside re- ica, and constituted one of the impregnable grounds monstrance from upon which they afterward maintained the strug- him with the Ro- gle that ended in separation from Great Britain. manist rioters of The expedition consisted of two vessels, which the west in 1544 sailed, 27 April, 1584, under the command of Capt. caused his impris- Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe. They onment for three reached the West Indies on 10 June, and the Amer- days, and threats ican coast on 4 July. They then explored Pamlico of hanging when and Albemarle sounds and Roanoke island, re- he was liberated. turning to England about the middle of Septem- His mother was ber, and giving such glowing accounts of their dis- the daughter of coveries that Elizabeth called the new-found land Sir Philip Cham- Virginia, in memory of her state of life, and con- pernown, of Mod- ferred knighthood on Ralegh, with a monopoly of bury, and the wid- mines, from which he enjoyed a large revenue. ow of Otto Gilbert, She also granted a new seal to his coat-of-arms, on by whom she was which was graven “ Propria insignia, Walteri Ral- the mother of Sir egh Militis, Domini et Gobernatoris Virginie.” John, Sir Hum Ralegh, who was now a member of parliament, phrey, and Sir Ad- obtained a bill confirming his patent, collected & rian Gilbert. Walter became a commoner at Oriel, company of colonists, and on 9 April, 1585, sent a Oxford, in 1568, and probably attended the Uni- fleet of seven ships in command of his cousin, Sir versity of France in 1569, but left the same year Richard Grenville, and in immediate charge of to join a troop that was raised under the Prince Sir Ralph Lane (9. .), who soon quarrelled with de Condé and Admiral Coligny in aid of the French Grenville. The latter, after landing the colony at Huguenots. Subsequently, according to most au- Roanoke island in July, sailed for England on 25 thorities, he served in the Netherlands under Will- Aug., promising to return the next Easter. But iam of Orange, and became an accomplished sol- misfortunes befell the colonists; they became dis- dier and a determined foe to Roman Catholicism heartened, and in July, 1586, despairing of Gren- and the Spanish nation. On his return to Eng- ville's return, went to England in one of Sir Fran- land he found that his half-brother, Sir Hum- cis Drake's vessels, that commander having passed phrey Gilbert, had just obtained a patent for es- the settlement on his way from his expedition tablishing a plantation in America, and he en- against Santo Domingo, Carthagena, and St. Au- tered into the scheme. They went to sca in 1579, gustine. The fruit of this settlement was little but one of their ships was lost, and the remainder, more than a carefully prepared description of the it is said, were crippled in an engagement with the country by Thomas Hariot ; illustrations in water- Spanish fleet, and they returned without making colors by the artist, John White, of its inhabitants, land. Ralegh then served as captain against the productions, animals, and birds; and the introduc- Desmond rebellion in Ireland, and won the com- tion into Great Britain of tobacco and potatoes, mendation of his superiors by his bravery and ex- the latter being first planted in Ireland on Ralegh's ecutive ability. On his return, according to the estate. Soon after the departure of the colonists popular legend, he met Queen Elizabeth one day with Lane, a ship arrived with supplies from Ral- as she was walking in the forest, and, on her ap- egh, and a few days afterward Grenville returned proach to a miry place in her path, took off his to Roanoke island with three ships, well provis- mantle and laid it down for her to tread upon. ioned, but, finding that the colonists had all left, The queen, who was susceptible to gallant atten- went back to England, leaving fifteen men and tion, at once admitted him to court, loaded him supplies sufficient to last them two years. Mean- with favors, and employed him to attend the while Ralegh had been appointed seneschal of Dev- French ambassador, Simier, on his return to France, on and Cornwall, and lord warden of the stanna- and afterward to escort the Duke of Anjou to Ant- ries, and had obtained a grant of 12,000 acres of werp. A contemporary writer says: “ He possessed forfeited land in Ireland. His favor in court con- a good presence in a handsome, well-compacted tinued to increase, but he was hated by a large body, strong natural wit and better judgment, a faction. He now determined to found an agricul- bold and plausible tongue, the fancy of a poet and tural state, and in April, 1587, despatched a body the chivalry of a soldier, and was unrivalled in of emigrants to make a settlement on Chesapeake splendor of dress and equipage." He soon used his bay. He granted them a charter of incorporation influence to promote a second expedition to Amer- and appointed a municipal government for the city ica, but was prevented by an accident from going of Ralegh, intrusting the administration to John in person, and left the command of the fleet to Sir White, with twelve assistants. They founded their Humphrey Gilbert (9. l'.), who was lost on the home-city, not on the bay, but on the site of the former ward voyage. Ralegh then obtained a new charter settlement on Roanoke island, and when their ships in 1584, with power to land colonies“ in any re- returned, Gov. White went home to hasten re-en- mote, heathen, and barbarous lands not actually forcements. But the fleet that Ralegh fitted out RALEGH 163 RALEGII for the colony's relief was impressed by the gov- all the wonderful things he had heard from the ernment for the war with Spain. White, with Spaniards and natives, including El Dorado, the Ralegh's aid, subsequently succeeded in sailing Amazons, and the Ewaipanoma, a tribe that had with two vessels that fell into the hands of the eyes in their shoulders and mouths in their breasts. Spaniards, and he was able to send no relief till This book was read eagerly, and, besides these child- 1590, when he arrived, on 15 Aug., to find that all ish stories, is full of valuable information. After the colonists had disappeared. It was discovered his co-operation in the capture of Cadiz he was re- years afterward that four men, two boys, and a stored to Elizabeth's favor, and in 1597 went on girl had been adopted into the Hatteras tribe of an expedition under the Earl of Essex against the Indians. The rest had been starved or massacred. Azores, but quarrelled with his commander, and Ralegh had now spent £40,000 in his efforts to returned. He was made governor of Jersey in colonize Virginia. Unable to do more, he there- 1600, but, having been accused of an agency in the fore leased his patent to a company of merchants, death of Essex, which event was soon followed by with the hope of achieving his object; but he was the death of Elizabeth, he fell into disfavor, and, disappointed. He made a fifth attempt to afford on the accession of James I., was stripped of his his lost colony aid in 1602 by sending Capt. Sam- preferments, forbidden the royal presence, and uel Mace to search for them; but Mace returned charged with a plot to place Lady Arabella Stuart without executing his orders. Ralegh wrote to on the throne. His estates were confiscated, and Sir Robert Cecil on 21 Aug., 1602, that he would he was sentenced to be beheaded, but was re- send Mace back, and expressed his faith in the prieved, and passed the thirteen subsequent years colonization of Virginia in the words, “ I shall yet in the Tower. During his imprisonment he com- live to see it an Englishe nation.”. Although the posed his “ History of the World” (London, 1614), colonists perished, Ralegh secured North Ameri- which was superior in style and manner to any of ca to the English through his enterprise, made the English historical compositions that had pre- known the advantages of its soil and climate, ceded it. Ralegh was liberated in 1615, but not fixed Chesapeake bay as the proper place for a pardoned. He then obtained from James a com- colony, and created a spirit that led finally to mission as admiral of the fleet, with ample privi- its successful settlement. He was a member of leges and fourteen ships, and in November, 1617, the council of war and lieutenant-general and reached Guiana. His force consisted of 431 men. commander of the forces of Cornwall in 1587, and he was accompanied by his son Walter and and the next year, when the armada appeared, Capt. Lawrence Keymis. Ralegh was too ill with hung upon its rear in a vessel of his own, and an- a fever to join the expedition, but sent Keymis and noyed it by quick and unexpected movements. young Walter with 250 men in boats up the Orino- co. They landed at the Spanish settlement of St. Thomas, and, in defiance of the peaceable instruc- tions of James, killed the governor and set fire to the town. Young Walter was killed in the action. Unable either to advance or maintain their posi- tion, the British retreated to the ships. Keymis, reproached with his ill success, committed suicide, many of the sailors mutinied, the ships scattered, and Ralegh landed in Plymouth, 16 June, 1618, broken in fortune and reputation. He was ar- rested and committed to the Tower, on the charge of having, without authority, attacked the Spanish settlement of St. Thomas. He failed in an attempt to escape to France by feigning madness, and it was subsequently decided to execute him on his He was with Sir Francis Drake in his expedi- former sentence. He was beheaded in the old pal- tion to restore Don Antonio to the throne of ace-yard at Westminster. Ralegh was of imposing Portugal in 1589, and captured several Spanish presence, dauntless courage, and varied accomplish- vessels. On his return, he visited Ireland, and con- ments. His knowledge of the principles of politi- tracted a friendship with Edmund Spenser, whom cal economy were far in advance of his age. he brought to England and introduced to Eliza- Among his other literary ventures he founded the beth, with the gift of the first three books of the Mermaid club. The city of Raleigh, N. C., is " Faerie Queen.” In the hope of shattering the named in his honor. The illustration represents his Spanish power in the West Indies, he then collected birthplace, Hayes farm. Besides the works already a fleet of thirteen vessels, for the most part at his mentioned, he wrote many poems of merit, the own expense, and captured the largest Spanish most noted of those attributed to him being • The prize that had been brought to England. In 1591 Soul's Errand.” His “ Remains" were published he offended Elizabeth by his marriage with her by his grandson, Sir Philip Ralegh (London, 1661); maid of honor, Elizabeth Throgmorton, and was his “ Miscellanies," with a new account of his life, imprisoned for several months, and banished from by Thomas Burch (1748); his collected poems by court. But he spent his time in the Tower in Sir Edward Bridges (1814); and his complete planning another expedition to Guiana, and the works, with his life, by William Oldys (8 vols., Ox- next year sent out one Jacob Whiddon to exam- ford, 1829). Numerous biographies have been writ- ine the coast near Orinoco river. After receiving ten of him, of which the most reliable are those by Whiddon's report, Ralegh, with a squadron of five Arthur Cayley (2 vols., London, 1805–6); Mrs. A. ships, sailed on 9 Feb., 1595. When he arrived at T. Thompson (1830): Patrick Fraser Tytler (1833); the end of March he captured the Spanish town of Robert Southey (1837); Sir Robert Schomburgk, St. Joseph, and subsequently made a perilous voy- added to his “ Voyages to Guiana” (1847); Edward age up the Orinoco. When he returned the same Edwards, with a full collection of Ralegh's letters year he published an account of his voyage in his (2 vols., 1866); John A. St. John (1868); Increase ** Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Em- N. Tarbox (1884); and Edmund W. Gosse, in the pire of Guiana " (London, 1596), in which he related English Worthies Series ” (1886). අළsa : a 164 RAMÉE RALL 66 RALL, or RAHL, Johan Gottlieb, Hessian RALSTON, Samuel, clergyman, b. in County soldier, b. in Hesse-Cassel, about 1720; d. in Tren- | Donegal, Ireland, in 1756; d. in Carroll, Pa., 25 ton, N. J., 26 Dec., 1776. He served during the Sept. , 1851. He was educated at the University of seven-years' war in Europe, and with his regiment Glasgow, came to this country in 1796, and took formed part of the contingent that was hired from charge of the Presbyterian congregations of Mingo the elector of Hesse-Cassel by George III. for ser- | Creek and Williamsport, Pa., from 1796 until his vice in this country. Ile participated in the battle death. Washington college, Pa., gave him the de- of White Plains, and in the capture of Fort Wash- gree of D. D. in 1822. His writings are contro- ington, in which he rendered valuable service, and versial for the most part, and include “ The Curry- after the evacuation of New Jersey by the patriot Comb” (Philadelphia, 1805) ; " Baptism, a Review army commanded an advanced post at Trenton, of Alexander Campbell's and Dr. Walker's De- where he was surprised and killed in Washing- bate” (1830); “ A Brief Examination of the ton's attack on that town. Prophecies of Daniel and John" (1842); “ The RALPH, James, author, b. in Philadelphia, Seven Last Plagues" (1842); and “ Defence of Pa., about 1695; d. in Chiswick, England, 25 Jan., Evangelical Psalmody” (1844). 1762. He was clerk to a conveyancer in Philadel- RALSTON, Thomas Neely, clergyman, b. in phia, and about 1718 became the intimate associate Bourbon county, Ky., 21 Marck, 1806. He was of Benjamin Franklin, who describes him as his educated at Georgetown college, Kv., joined the “ inseparable companion, genteel in his manners, state conference of the Methodist Episcopal church ingenious, extremely eloquent, and I never knew a in 1827, and was its secretary for twelve years. He prettier talker.” He accompanied Franklin to was a member of the convention that met in London in 1724, deserting his wife and child for Louisville, Ky., in 1845, to organize the Methodist his friend, and, being without money, lived at Episcopal church, south, and secretary of that body Franklin's expense. He afterward attempted to in 1850, subsequently becoming chairinan of the become an actor, and subsequently to edit and committee to revise the discipline of the church. write for newspapers, but with little success. He He was president of the Methodist female collegi- then settled as a school-master in Berkshire, se- ate high-school in Lexington, Ky., in 1843–'7, and cured the notice of Lord Melcombe, and obtained in 1851 edited the “ Methodist Monthly.” Wes- much notoriety as an adherent of the Prince of leyan university, Florence, Ky., gave him the de- Wales's faction, employing his talents as pam-gree of D. D. in 1857. His publications include phleteer, poet, and political journalist in the inter- Elements of Divinity" (Louisville, Ky., 1847); est of that party. Toward the close of Sir Robert “ Evidences, Morals, and Institutions of Christian- Walpole's administration he was bought off from ity” (Nashville, Tenn., 1870): “Ecce Unitas, or a the opposition, and at the accession of George III. Plea for Christian Unity” (Cincinnati, 1870); and received a pension, but lived to enjoy it hardly * Bible Truths” (Nashville, 1887). more than six months. Franklin says he“ did his RALSTON, William C., banker, b. in Wells- best to dissuade Ralph from attempting to be- ville, Ohio, 12 Jan., 1826; d. in San Francisco, come a poet, but he was not cured of scribbling Cal., 27. Aug., 1875. His father was a carpenter verses till Pope attacked him in the lines in the and builder, and for several years he assisted in • Dunciad,' beginning his father's workshop, but in 1849 he went to • Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cynthia howls, the Pacific coast. He became president of the And makes night hideous; answer him, ye owls.”” Bank of California, and also took a deep interest He published " The Muses. Address to the King," in the building of railroads and the establishment an ode (London, 1728); “ The Tempest ” (1728); of woollen-mills, sugar-refineries, silk-factories, ** The Touchstone,” i volume of essays (1728); and steamship-lines to Australia and China. He * Clarinda,” a poem (1729); “ Zeuma," a poem also invested largely in the construction of the (1729); “ A Taste of the Town, a Guide to all Pub- Palace and Grand hotels, which enterprises ulti- lick Diversions Answered ” (1730); - The Fashion- mately ruined him. In August, 1875, James G. able Lady," & comedy (1730); - The Fall of the Flood made a sudden demand on the Bank of Cali- Earl of Essex ” (1731); " A Critical View of the fornia for nearly $6,000,000, and, although the Publick Buildings of London " (1734); “ The institution had assets to cover all its indebtedness, Groans of Germany,” a political pamphlet, of it was not able to meet this unexpected call. Its which 15,000 copies were sold at once (1731); " The doors were closed, and the immediate resignation Use and Abuse of Parliament.” (2 vols., 1744); of the president was asked. The latter surrendered the “ History of England during the Reigns of all his available personal property to meet the King William, Queen Anne, and George I.," which deficiencies of the bank, but, stung by the affront Charles James Fox eulogized, and is a work of that had been put upon him, he drowned himself. great merit as regards information (1744); " The RAMÉE, Stanislas Henri de la (rah-may), Cause of Authors by Profession” (1758) : “ The French naturalist, b. in Périgueux in 1747; d. in History of Prince l'iti” (Frederick, Prince of Fontainebleau in 1803. He studied medicine and Wales), in manuscript, never published, by some botany in Toulouse, and at the age of twenty had ascribed to him; and many dramatic works, lam- formed a valuable herbarium of the flora of Lan- poons, and essays. guedoc, when he went to Paris to study under Buf- RALSTON, Robert, merchant, b. in Little fon, whom he assisted for several years in the Royal Brandywine, Pa., in 1761 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., botanical garden. In 1783 he was sent to Peru to 11 Aug., 1836. He became a merchant at an early study the effects of cholera, which then was raging age, and amassed a large fortune in the East Indian in Callao, and he visited afterward the Andes of trade, which he spent liberally in benevolent en- Peru, Central America, the Isthmus of Panama, terprises. He contributed largely to the establish- Cuba, and several of the West Indies, returning ment of the Widows' and orphans' asylum, and the with valuable collections in natural history. His Mariner's church in Philadelphia, 'founded the works include " Nova Sưstema Natura" (2 vols., Philadelphia Bible society, which was the first of Paris, 1792); “ Monographie des drogues et médica- the kind on this continent, and in 1819 became ments simples de l'Amérique du Sud" (1794); and first president of the board of education of the Prodome des plantes recueillies en Amérique et Presbyterian church. dans les Indes Occidentales " (1798). RAMET RAMIREZ DE QUIÑONES 165 RAMET, Nicolas (rah-may), French philologist, verely criticised the government of Gen. Paredes, b. in the county of Soissonnois in 1673 ; d. in Bor- so that his paper was suppressed and he was im- deaux in 1735. He made extensive voyages through prisoned. When the federal system was estab- the West Indies, Guiana, Louisiana, and several lished in the same year, Ramirez was appointed parts of South America, and was a shareholder of secretary to the governor of the state of Mexico, re- the Mississipi company, and an advocate of colonial organized the administration, and during the Amer- extension. His works include " Traité d'une poli- ican invasion equipped and organized the state tique coloniale” (Utrecht, 1712); Études sur troops, taking part in the battle of Padierna. l'origine et la formation de la langue Caraïbe” | After the evacuation, he was appointed professor (1716); “ Mémoire pour servir à la defense du sys- of law in the Literary institution of Mexico, and at tème financier de Law” (Amsterdam, 1721); " For the same time gave lectures on literature and phi- mations grammaticales et phonétiques des dialectes losophy; but his liberal ideas alarmed the Con- Indiens" (2 vols., 1723):“ Dictionnaire de la langue servatives, and he was removed. In 1851 he was Tupi " (1726); and Analogie entre les langues elected deputy to congress by the state of Sinaloa, Indiennes de l'Amérique du Sud et les langues and in the next year he was appointed government Celtiques." secretary of that state, where he introduced many RAMÍREZ, Alejandro (rah-me'-reth), Cuban reforms. The revolution of the same year caused financier, b. in Alaejos, Valladolid, in 1777; d. in him to emigrate to Lower California, where he dis- Havana, Cuba, in 1821. When he was fifteen years covered rich pearl-oyster banks. In 1853 he was old he entered in the service of the government at called by Sanchez Solis to his newly founded col- Alcala de Henares. In 1794 he went to Guatemala, lege in Mexico, where he opened a course of philos- where he was employed in the department of ophy that attracted students by the thousand, but finance, and became its superintendent. In this fell under the suspicion of the dictator, Santa-Anna, capacity he made many important reforms, im- who imprisoned Ramirez. After the fall of Santa- proved the means of communication in the coun- Anna, Ramirez was returning to Sinaloa, when he try, introduced the cultivation of several useful met Gen. Ignacio Comonfort, who appointed him plants, and founded many public schools and a his general secretary; but when he saw that Com- public library. He was appointed in 1813 super-onfort was separating from the Liberals, Ramirez, intendent of the finances of Porto Rico, where one being elected deputy for Sinaloa, joined the op- of his first measures was to open the ports of the position. After the dissolution of congress by ('om- island to foreign commerce. He founded a board onfort, which he disapproved, he was persecuted, of commerce, a board of agriculture, a literary and and on his flight to Sinaloa was captured, carried scientific society, and many public schools, and to Queretaro, and condemned to death; but the sen- gave a great impulse to the development and prog- tence was commuted, and after long imprisonment ress of the island. In 1816 he was promoted su- he was liberated. He joined Juarez immediately perintendent of the finances of Cuba, where he in Vera Cruz, and was sent to the northwestern founded the cities of Guantanamo, Sagua, Nuevi- states, to prepare for the triumph of the reform tas, and Mariel. A census of the population and After the overthrow of Miramon at resources of the island was taken, and the tobacco Calpulalpam, Ramirez returned to Mexico with monopoly was abolished. He established at la- Juarez, was appointed minister of justice, instruc- vana a botanical garden, an anatomical museum, a tion, and public works, and as such executed the free academy of drawing, and numerous public law of 5 Feb., 1861, dissolving the monastic orders, schools, and promoted the development of the hastened the building of the Vera Cruz railway, commerce, agriculture, and industries of the isl. reformed the law of mortgages, founded the Na- and. He was one of the best and most honest tional library, and saved the valuable paintings officers that was ever sent by Spain to her colonies that existed in the convents, forming a gallery in in America, and his memory is held in high esteem the Academy of San Carlos. After accomplishing throughout the island. His portrait hangs in the these reforms he resigned, and when the Republican reception-room of the Sociedad economica, whose government abandoned the capital before the in- president he was, and it has been proposed to erect vading French army, he went to Sinaloa and after- his statue in Havana. ward to Sonora to organize resistance. When the RAMIREZ, Francisco, R. C. bishop, b. in law of 3 Oct., 1865, was promulgated, Ramirez re- Mexico in 1823; d. in Brazos Santiago, Texas, 18 turned to Sinaloa to defend in the courts-martial July, 1869. He entered the priesthood, and in the the guerillas that had been captured by the French; revolution of 1857 sided with the clerical party in but he was soon banished, and went to San Fran- opposing Benito Juarez. He gained the regard cisco, Cal. Returning afterward to Mexico, he and confidence of the French during the occupa- was imprisoned by the imperial government in San tion of Mexico, and through the influence of the Juan de Ulua, and banished to Yucatan. After archbishop of Morelia he was created bishop of the re-establishment of the republic, he was ap- Caradro and vicar-apostolic of Tamaulipas. Dur: pointed judge of the supreme court, and for some ing the empire he was attached to the court, and years was associate editor of - El Correo de México." was appointed by Maximilian to be his almoner After his re-election as judge in 1874, he sided and a member of the imperial cabinet and council. with Iglesias and other judges against Lerilo de On the fall of the empire he escaped to Texas, Tejada, and was imprisoned in November. 1876; where he lived in great obscurity and poverty. but after the battle of Tecoac he was liberated, RAMIREZ, Ignacio, called El NIGROMANTE, and appointed by President Diaz secretary of jus- Mexican philosopher, b. in San Miguel el Grande, tice, instruction, and public works. He resigned in 23 June, 1818; d. in Mexico, 15 June, 1879. He May, 1877, and returned to the supreme court, was of pure Aztec blood. He began his studies where he served until his death. His many literary Queretaro, and finished them in the College of San works were never collected, but his “ Proyecto de Gregorio in Mexico, where he was graduated in enseñanza primaria,” written in 1873, was published law in 1841. In 1846 he founded the paper * Don by the governor of Chihuaha, Carlos Pacheco (1884). Simplicio," and began to publish a series of philo- RAMIREZ DE QUIÑONES, Pedro, b. in Spain sophical articles, under the pen-name of " El Nigro- late in the 15th century: d. at Lima, Peru, about mante," and many satirical poems, in which he se- , 1570. When the audiencia of Confines, or ('entral measures. 166 RAMSAY RAMOS ARIZPE Ramilthamsin America, was created in 1542, Ramirez was ap- in close confinement at St. Augustine for eleven pointed judge, and took possession of his office in months as hostages. Dr. Ramsay was a delegate Comayagua in 1543. In 1546, when Pedro de la to the Continental congress in 1782–²6, long a men- Gasca (q. v.) arrived at Santa Marta, Ramirez was ber of the South Carolina senate, and its president commissioned by the audiencia to carry to him a re- for seven years. His death was the result of wounds enforcement of 200 men, and took part in the battle that he received of Xaquixaguana. He returned to Guatemala in from the pistol of a 1549, went to Spain in 1552, and on his return to maniac, concerning Guatemala was ordered by royal decree to subdue whose mental un- the rebellious Indians of Putchutla and Lacandon, soundness he had which he did in less than three months. As a re- testified. During ward for his numerous services, in 1565 he was the progress of the elected president of the Confines, and later he was Revolution, Doctor promoted to Lima, where he died. Ramsay collected RAMOS ARIZPE, Miguel (rah'-mos-ah-rith'- materials for its his- pay), Mexican statesman, b. in San Nicolas (now Ra- tory, and his great mos Arizpe), Coahuila, 15 Feb., 1775; d. in Mexico, impartiality, his fine 28 April, 1843. He studied in the Seminary of Mon- memory, and his terey and the College of Guadalajara, where he was acquaintance with graduated in law, and began to practise his pro- many of the actors fession, but later he entered the church, and was in the contest, emi- ordained in 1803 by the bishop of Monterey, who nently qualified him made him his chaplain. Soon he was appointed for the task. His professor of civil and canonical law in the Semi- occasional papers nary of Monterey, and afterward he became vicar- relating to the times general and ecclesiastical judge of several parishes had considerable in Tamaulipas. In 1807 he returned to Guadala- popularity. Among jara, and was graduated as doctor in theology and these was a “Ser- canonical law, and made a canon of the cathedral. mon on Tea," from the text « Touch not, taste He was elected in September, 1810, deputy to the not, handle not,” and an “Oration on American cortes of Cadiz, took his seat in March, 1811, and Independence (1778). His other works include labored to prepare for the independence of his “ History of the Revolution of South Carolina country; but when the constitution was abrogated from a British Province to an Independent State by the returning king in 1814, and Ramos refused (Trenton, 1785); “ History of the American Revo- honors that were offered him to renounce his lution" (Philadelphia, 1789); “On the Means of principles, he was imprisoned. When the con- Preserving Health in Charleston and its Vicinity stitution was re-established in 1820, he regained (Charleston, 1790); “Review of the Improvements, his liberty, took his seat again in the cortes, and Progress, and State of Medicine in the Eighteenth was appointed in 1821 precentor of the cathedral Century” (1802); “ Life of George Washington” of Mexico. In the next year he returned to his (New York, 1807); “ History of South Carolina country, was elected to the constituent congress, from its Settlement in 1670° to the Year 1808” and formed part of the commission that modelled (Charleston, 1809); " Memoirs of Mrs. Martha Lau- the Federal constitution of 1824. In November, rens Ramsay, with Extracts from her Diary 1825, he was called by President Guadalupe Vic- (1811); “ Eulogium on Dr. Benjamin Rush ” (Phila- toria to his cabinet as secretary of justice and delphia, 1813); “ History of the United States, ecclesiastical affairs, which place he occupied till 1607–1808,” continued to the treaty of Ghent by March, 1828. In 1830 he was sent as minister to Samuel S. Smith and others (Philadelphia, 1816-'17), Chili, and on his return in 1831 he was appointed forming the first three volumes of “Universal His- dean of the cathedral of Mexico. When President tory Americanized, or an Historical View of the Manuel Gomez Pedraza took charge of the execu- World from the Earliest Records to the Nineteenth tive in December, 1832, he made Ramos Arizpe Century, with a Particular Reference to the State secretary of justice, which portfolio he also held of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Gov- under Valentin Gomez Farias till August, 1833. ernment of the United States of America" (12 In 1841 he was a member of the government coun- vols., 1819). Dr. Ramsay married, first, Frances, a cil, and in 1842 he was deputy to the constituent daughter of John Witherspoon, and then Martha, congress, which was dissolved by President Nicolas daughter of Henry Laurens.—His second wife, Bravo. He was afterward a member of the junta Martha Laurens, b. in Charleston, S. C., 3 Nov., de notables, but failing health forced him to retire, 1759; d. there, 10 June, 1811, accompanied her and soon afterward he died. father, Henry Laurens, on his missions abroad, and RAMSAY, David, physician, b. in Lancaster so spent ten years of her early life in England and county, Pa., 2 April, 1749'; d. in Charleston, S. C., France. While Mr. Laurens was minister at Paris 8 May, 1815. He was graduated at Princeton in he presented his daughter with 500 guineas, with 1765, at the medical department of the University part of which she purchased 100 French testa- of Pennsylvania in 1773, meanwhile teaching for ments and distributed them among the destitute of several years. Settling in Charleston, he soon ac- Vigan and its vicinity, and with the rest she estab- quired celebrity as a physician, and also was active lished a school. In 1785 she returned to Charles- with his pen in behalf of colonial rights. At the ton, and in 1787 she married Dr. Ramsay. Subse- beginning of the Revolutionary war he took the quently she assisted her husband in his literary field as a surgeon, and served during the siege of work, and prepared her sons for college. See “Me- Savannah. He was an active member of the South moirs of Mrs. Martha Laurens Ramsay, with Ex- Carolina legislature in 1776-'83, and a member of tracts from her Diary” by her husband (Charles- the council of safety, in which capacity he became ton, 1811). —Dr. Ramsay's brother, Nathaniel, sol- so obnoxious to the British that, on the capture of dier. b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 1 May, 1751; d. Charleston in May, 1780, he was included among in Baltimore, Md., 23 Oct., 1817, was graduated at the forty inhabitants of that place that were held Princeton in 1767, and, after studying law, was ad- RAMSAY 167 RAMSEUR mitted in 1771 to the Maryland bar. In 1775 he from the latter date till September, 1864. He was was a delegate from his county to the Maryland in charge of the expedition up Black and Oua- convention, and continued active in the American chita rivers in March, 1864, and of that into Atcha- cause, becoming in 1776 captain in the first bat- falaya river in June of that year, and engaged the talion that was raised in the state. He reached the enemy at Simmsport. La. Hecommanded the gun- army in time to take part in the battle of Long boat "Unadilla," of the North Atlantic squadron, Island, and continued under Washington, attaining in 1864-5, participated in the attacks on Fort the rank of lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Fisher, for which he was commended in the official 3d regiment of the Maryland line. When Gen. report for skill, conduct, judgment, and bravery," Charles Lee's command retired before the British and in the several engagements with Fort Ander- troops at Monmouth, Washington called to him son and other forts on Cape Fear river. He became Col. Charles Stewart and Col. Ramsay, and, taking commander in 1866, fleet-captain and chief of staff the latter by the hand, said: "I shall depend on of the South Atlantic squadron in 1867–9, captain your immediate exertions to check with your two in 1877, and was in command of the torpedo station regiments the progress of the enemy till I can form in 1878-'80. He was superintendent of the U. S. the main army.” Col. Ramsay maintained the naval academy from 1881 till 1886, and since 1887 ground he had taken till he was left without troops. has been in command of the “ Boston.” He was a In this situation he engaged in single combat with member of the Naval examining board in 1886–7. some British dragoons, and was cut down and left RAMSAY, Thomas Kennedy, Canadian jurist, for dead on the field. This important service b. in Ayr, Scotland, 2 Sept., 1826; d. in St. Hugues, arrested the progress of the British army, and gave Quebec, 23 Dec., 1886. He was educated at St. time to the commander-in-chief to bring up and Andrews, came to Canada early in life, studied assign proper positions to the main army. Col. law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He Ramsay was then captured, and subsequently saw received the degree of M. A. from Lennoxville uni- no active service. À long period was passed on versity in 1855, was secretary of the commission for parole or in imprisonment, and when exchange codifying the laws in 1859, and was appointed brought release his place had been filled. After queen's counsel in 1867. He became assistant judge the war he resumed the practice of his profession, of the supreme court of Quebec in 1870, and puisne and represented Maryland in congress during judge of the court of queen's bench in 1873. He 1786–7. He was made marshal of the district of was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dominion Maryland in 1790, and again in 1794, in addition to parliament in 1867. Judge Ramsay founded the which he received the appointment of naval officer Lower Canada Jurist," and early in his career was for the district of Baltimore in 1794, which he held editor of the “ Journal de jurisprudence" of Mon- during five administrations, treal. He is also the author of various law-books. RAMSAY, George Douglas, soldier, b. in Dum- RAMSEUR, Stephen Dodson, soldier, b. in fries, Va., 21 Feb., 1802; d. in Washington, D. C., Lincolnton, N. C., 31 May, 1837; d. in Winchester, 23 May, 1882. His father, a merchant of Alexan- Va., 20 Oct., 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. dria, Va., removed to Washington early in the 19th military academy in 1860, assigned to the 4th century. The son was graduated at the U. S. mili- artillery, and placed tary academy in 1820, assigned to the artillery, and on garrison duty at served on garrison and topographical duty till 25 Fortress Monroe. In Feb., 1835, when he was made captain of ordnance. 1861 he was trans- He then had charge of various arsenals till the ferred to Washing- Mexican war, when he was engaged at Monterey ton, but he resigned and brevetted major for gallantry there. He was on 6 April and en- chief of ordnance of Gen. Taylor's army in 1847-'8, tered the Confeder- and again commanded arsenals till 1863, when he ate service as captain was a member of the ordnance board. He was of the light artillery. made lieutenant-colonel, 3 Aug., 1861, and was in Late in 1861 he pro- charge of Washington arsenal from that time till ceeded to Virginia 1863. On 15 Sept. of that year he was made chief and was stationed on of ordnance of the U. S. army with the rank of the south side of the brigadier-general, and he was at the head of the James, and in the ordnance bureau in Washington till 12 Sept., 1864, spring of 1862 he was when he was retired from active service, being over ordered to report sixty-two years of age. He continued to serve as with his battery to inspector of arsenals till 1866, then in command of Gen. John B. Magru- the arsenal at Washington till 1870, and afterward der. During Gen. as member of an examining board. He was bre- McClellan's advance vetted major-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, up the peninsula he had command of the artil- “ for long and faithful services.” Gen. Ramsay lery of the right wing with the rank of major. was an active member of the Protestant Episcopal Soon afterward he was promoted colonel, assigned church, and for many years served as senior warden to the 49th North Carolina infantry, and with of St. John's church, Washington.-His son, Fran. this regiment participated in the latter part of cis Munroe, naval officer, b. in the District of the peninsular campaign. He received the ap- Columbia, 5 April, 1835, entered the navy as a mid-pointment of brigadier-general on 1 Nov., 1862, shipman in 1850. He became lieutenant in 1858, succeeded to the brigade, composed of North Caro- lieutenant-commander in 1862, participated in the lina regiments, that was formerly commanded by engagements at Haines's bluff, Yazoo river, 30 April Gen. George B. Anderson, and was attached to Gen. and i May, 1863, in the expedition up the Yazoo Thomas J. Jackson's corps, serving with credit at river, destroying the Confederate navy-yard and Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Subsequently he vessels, and in the fight at Liverpools landing. served in the Wilderness, and on 1 June, 1864, was He commanded a battery of three heavy guns in given the temporary rank of major-general and front of Vicksburg from 19 June till 4 July, 1863, assigned a division that had been commanded by and the 3d division of the Mississippi squadron | Gen. Jubal A. Early. Gen. Ramseur followed the S. I Ramsen 168 RAND RAMSEY 9 latter commander in the brief campaign in the erally educated, and studied medicine, receiving Shenandoah valley, participated in the battle of the degree of M. D., but never practised his profes- Winchester, and was mortally wounded at Cedar sion. In early manhood he engaged in banking, Creek while rallying his troops. and in later days he was elected president of the RAMSEY, Alexander, anatomist, b. probably Bank of Tennessee, at Knoxville. While yet a in London, England, in 1754; d. in Parsonsfield, young man he began the collection of material for Me., 24 Nov., 1824. He studied medicine under a history of Tennessee. The papers of Gov. Sevier George Cruikshank in London for several years, and Gov. Shelby were placed in his hands, and from and became famous for his anatomical preparations. them and other valuable documents he published He came to this country about 1800, and delivered the “ Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eigh- a short course of lectures on anatomy and physi- teenth Century” (Charleston, S. C., 1853). He also ology in Columbia college. He possessed much pro- founded the first historical society in the state, and fessional learning, but his vanity, arrogance, and at his death was president of the one at Nashville, pomp, combined with his grotesque person, inter- which he left in a flourishing condition. When fered with his success as a teacher, and won him Tennessee seceded from the Union he was appointed the name of “the Caliban of science.” He adopted financial agent for the southern wing of the Con- the theory that the bite of a venomous snake was federacy. He joined the Confederate army on its rendered innoxious by alkalies, and died from the retreat from Knoxville, and remained with it till results of an experiment on himself. He published its final dissolution. During the occupation of “ Anatomy of the Heart, Cranium, and Brain” that city by National troops the house in which (Edinburgh, 1813), and “ Plates on the Brain " his father had lived and he had been born was (London, 1813). burned, and all the valuable historical papers it RAMSEY, Alexander, secretary of war, b. near contained were destroyed. In consequence of the Harrisburg, Pa., 8 Sept., 1815. He was educated war he lost most of his property. at Lafayette college, and in 1828 became clerk in RAND, Asa, clergyman, b. in Rindge, N. H., 6 the register's office of his native county. He was Aug., 1783; d. in Ashburnham, Mass., 24 Aug., secretary of the Electoral college of Pennsylvania 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1806, in 1840, the next year was clerk of the state house and ordained as a minister of the Congrega- of representatives, tional church in January, 1809. After a pastor- was elected to con- ate of thirteen years' duration at Gorham, Me., he gress as a Whig in edited the “Christian Mirror” at Portland, Me., 1842, and served till in 1822–5, afterward conducted the “Recorder 1847. He was chair- and the “ Youth's Companion " at Boston, and in man of the state 1833 established a book-store and printing-office central committee at Lowell. He published the “ Observer” at this of Pennsylvania in place, lectured against slavery, and was then pas- 1848, and was ap- tor of churches at Pompey and Peterborough, N. Y. pointed first terri- He published “Teacher's Manual for Teaching in torial governor of English Grammar” (Boston, 1832), and Minnesota in 1849, Slave-Catcher caught in the Meshes of the Eter- holding office till nal Law” (Cleveland, 1852).—His son, William 1853. During this Wilberforce, author, b. in Gorham, Me., 8 Dec., service he nego- 1816, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837, at the tiated a treaty at Theological seminary at Bangor, Me., in 1840, and Mendota for the ex- in the latter year was licensed to preach as a Con- tinction of the title gregational minister. He was pastor of the Re- of the Sioux half- formed Dutch church of Canastota, N. Y., from breeds to the lands 1841 till 1845, editor for the American tract so- on Lake Pepin, and two with the Sioux nation by ciety, New York city, in 1848-'72, and has since which the U. S. government acquired all the lands been its publishing secretary: He is the author in Minnesota west of Mississippi river, thus opening of “Songs of Zion ” (New York, 1850; enlarged ed., that state to colonization. He also made treaties 1866); “ Dictionary of the Bible for General Use with the Chippewa Indians on Red river in 1851 and (1860; enlarged and largely rewritten, 1887); and 1853. He became mayor of St. Paul, Minn., in 1855, other smaller books. was governor of the state in 1860–3, and in the RAND, Benjamin Howard, educator, b. in latter year was elected to the U. S. senate as a Re- Charlestown, Mass., 16 Feb., 1792; d. in Philadel- publican, holding his seat in 1863–75, and serving phia, Pa., 9 June, 1862. He settled in Philadelphia as chairman of the committees on Revolutionary early in the 19th century, and was engaged in the claims and pensions, on post-roads and on territo- teaching of penmanship, in which for more than ries. He became secretary of war in 1879, suc- twenty-five years he had a high reputation. Mr. ceeding George W. McCrary, and held office till the Rand published “The American Penman” (Phila- close of Hayes's administration. He was appointed delphia, 1856); “Rand's Penmanship” (8 parts); by President Arthur, in 1882, a member of the Utah • Rand's Copy-Book (9 parts); and “ Appendix commission, under the act of congress known as (5 parts). These books ran through several edi- the Edmunds bill (see EDMUNDS, GEORGE F.), con- tions, and at the time of his death the sale of the tinuing in that service till 1886. In 1887 he was a different numbers had aggregated more than one delegate to the centennial celebration of the adop- and a half million copies.- His daughter, Marion tion of the constitution of the United States. Howard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Jan., RAMSEY, James Gattys McGregor, author, 1824, d. in Graham ville, S. C., 9 June, 1849, con- b. in Knox county, Tenn., in 1796 ; d. in Knoxville, tributed largely to " The Offering.” “ The Young Tenn., in 1884. His father, Francis A. Ramsey, People's Book," "Graham's Magazine," "Godey's (1760-1819), emigrated to the west early in life, Lady's Book," and other periodicals. Specimens of and became secretary of the state of " Franklin," her poetry are contained in Read's “Female Poets which was subsequently admitted to the Union of America” and in May's “ American Female under the name of Tennessee. The son was lib- Poets.”—His son, Benjamin Howard, physician, " The Ales. Ramsey 9 " RAND 169 RAND 6% b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Oct., 1827; d. there, 14 formed a partnership with his father. He de- Feb., 1883, was graduated at Jefferson medical votes much time to floriculture and literature at college in 1848, after studying under Dr. Robert his home at Dedham, Mass. He assisted in Flint's M. Iluston. During the last two years of his edition of “ Harris on Insects Injurious to Vegeta- student life he served as clinical assistant to Dr. tion” (Boston, 1862), edited the floral department Thomas D. Mütter and Dr. Joseph Pancoast. In of " The Homestead," and partially prepared a new 1850 he was elected professor of chemistry in the edition of Dr. Jacob Bigelow's Florula Bosto- Franklin institute, and he also held a similar chair niensis.” He has published “Life Memoirs, and in the Philadelphia medical college in 1853–64. other Poems" (Boston, 1859); “ Flowers for the Par- From 1852 till 1864 he was secretary of the Phila- lor and Garden"(1863); “ Garden Flowers" (1866); delphia academy of natural sciences. In 1864 he “ Bulbs" (1866); “Seventy-five Popular Flowers, accepted the professorship of chemistry in Jeffer- and How to cultivate Them” (1870); - The Rhodo- son medical college, which he held until his resig- dendron and American Plants" (1871): “ Window nation in 1877 Dr. Rand was elected a fellow of Gardener " (1872); and “Complete Manual of Or- the Philadelphia college of physicians in 1853, a chid Culture ” (New York, 1876). fellow of the American philosophical society in RAND, Isaac, physician, b. in Charlestown, 1868, and, besides membership in other societies, Mass., 27 April, 1743 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 11 Dec., was connected with the American medical associ- 1822. He was graduated at Harvard in 1761, stud- ation. He made many contributions to medical ied medicine with his father, of the same name, in journals, edited the third edition of Dr. Samuel L. Charlestown, and in 1764 settled in Boston, where Metcall's “Caloric: its Agencies on the Phenome- he remained during the siege, and ultimately be- na of Nature” (Philadelphia, 1859), and was the came one of the most noted practitioners of his author of “ An Outline of Medical Chemistry” time. From 1798 till 1804 he was president of the (1855) and “Elements of Medical Chemistry" Massachusetts medical society, and he was also a (1863).- Another son, Theodore Dehon, mineralo- corresponding member of the London medical so- gist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Sept., 1836, was ciety. Dr. Rand published papers on “Hydro- educated at the Academy of the Protestant Epis- cephalus Internus (1785); · Yellow Fever” copal church in Philadelphia, and then studied (1798); and on “The Use of Warm Bath and Digi- law. After his admission to the bar he opened an talis in Pulmonary Consumption” (1804). office in his native city, and has since continued in RAND, Silas Tertius, Canadian clergyman, b. practice. Mr. Rand early turned his attention to in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, 17 May, 1810. He was natural science, especially to mineralogy, and his ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1834, and in cabinet of specimens ranks as one of the best pri- 1846 became a missionary among the Micmac In- vate collections in the United States, containing dians. Acadia college gave him the degree of very nearly a complete set of the rocks and miner- D. D. in 1886, and Queen's university that of als of Philadelphia and its vicinity. In 1871 he LL. D. in the same year. Dr. Rand is a fine lin- became a member of the board of managers of the guist, and reads with ease thirteen languages. He Franklin institute, and since 1873 he has been has rescued the Micmac tongue from oblivion, and treasurer of the American institute of mining en- has translated the whole of the New Testament, gineers. Mr. Rand has been a member of the council most of the Old, and many tracts and hymns, into of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences that language. He has written a grammar, and a since 1875, and director of its mineralogical and geo- dictionary which contains thirty thousand Micmac logical section. His publications include many words, and has in his study 12,000 pages of fools- papers on the mineralogy and geology of Philadel- cap manuscript giving the legends of the tribe. In phia and its vicinity in the transactions of scientific this way he has preserved eighty-four tales, tradi- societies of which he is a member, and he has pre- tions, and legends of the Canadian aborigines. pared a geological map and explanatory text for the The Dominion government, at the request of sev- reports of the geological survey of Pennsylvania. eral college presidents, recently purchased for pres- RAND, Edward Sprague, merchant, b. in ervation the manuscript of his Micmac dictionary Newburyport, Mass., in 1782; d. there in Novem- for $1,000. The Smithsonian institution at Wash- ber. 1863. He was educated at the Dummer acade- ington obtained from Dr. Rand a list of all his In- my in his native place, and afterward entered his dian works for publication in the North Ameri- father's store as a clerk. When he was eighteen can Linguistics or Bibliography.” Algonquin vears of age he went to Europe as a supercargo, Legends," by Charles G. Leland (Boston, 1884), and before he was twenty-one he was established contains 120° pages of Dr. Rand's material, which is a commission merchant in Amsterdam. Leav- is fully acknowledged by the author. ing that city, he made voyages to the Canary isl- RAND, Theodore Harding, Canadian educa- and's, Havana, and elsewhere, and after revisiting tor, b. in Cornwallis. Nova Scotia, in 1835. His this country he went to Russia. On his return father was first cousin to Dr. Silas T. Rand. The from St. Petersburg in 1810 he was shipwrecked on | son was graduated at Acadia college in 1860, and the Vaze, Norway. After the treaty of peace with appointed the same year to the chair of classics at Great Britain in 1815 he was for many years en- the Provincial normal school, Truro, N. S. He gaged in the East India trade. In 1821, with travelled in Great Britain and the United States others, he purchased a woollen-mill at Salisbury, to make a special study of common-school educa- now known as the Salisbury mills, of which he was tion, and has lectured and written on the subject. for a long time president. In 1827 he withdrew In 1864 he became superintendent of education for from commerce and engaged in manufacturing. Nova Scotia, and in 1871 he was appointed to the From 1827 till 1835 he was president of the Me- same post in New Brunswick to establish the free- chanies' bank, Newburyport, and he sat for several i school system in that province. In 1883 he be- years in each branch of the legislature. He was came professor of history and didactics in Acadia often a delegate to the general convention of the college, in 1885 he was appointed professor in the Protestant Episcopal church.-llis grandson, Ed- ! Baptist college at Toronto, and in 1886 he was ward Sprague, floriculturist, b. in Boston, Mass.. given the presidency of the Baptist college at 20 Oct., 1834, was graduated at Harvard in 1855, Woodstock, Ont. He received the degree of D.C.L. and at the law-school in 1857, and subsequently from Acadia college in 1874. a . 1 170 RANDALL RANDALL aca- 43 ies Mer.wTandale 1847 was chosen he was a young man he went to Louisiana" ana RANDALL, Alexander Williams, statesman, the Ascension, Fall River, Mass. In 1844 he ac- b. in Ames, Montgomery co., N. Y., 31 Oct., 1819; cepted the rectorship of the Church of the Messiah, d. in Elmira, N. Y., 25 July, 1872. His father, Boston, Mass., which post he held for twenty-one Phineas, a native of Massachusetts, resided in Mont-, years. He received the degree of D. D. from Brown gomery county, N. Y., from 1818 till 1851, was judge in 1856. He was a clerical deputy from the diocese of the court of common pleas there in 1837–²41, of Massachusetts from 1850 till 1865, inclusive, and and removing to was chosen secretary to the house of clerical and lay Waukesha, Wis., deputies in 1862 and 1865. He was appointed by the died there in general convention to be missionary bishop of Colo- 1853. Alexan- rado, and was consecrated in Trinity church, Bos- der received a ton, Mass., 28 Dec., 1865. Bishop Randall published thorough numerous sermons, addresses, and lectures, and demic educa- contributed freely to church literature, chiefly tion, studied through the columns of “ The Christian Witness law, was admit- and Church Advocate," of which he was editor for ted to the bar, many years. He also published a tract entitled and began to Why I am a Churchman,” which has had a very practise in Wau- large circulation, and Observations on Confir- kesha in 1840.mation ” (6th ed., 1868). He became soon RANDALL, James Ryder, song-writer, b. in afterward post- Baltimore, Md., 1 Jan., 1839. He was educated at master of that Georgetown college, D. C., but was not graduated, place. When a member a , after- convention that ward was engaged on the New Orleans “ Sunday framed the state constitution. He then devoted Delta." His delicate constitution prevented him himself to his profession till 1855, when he was from entering the Confederate army, but he wrote elected to the state assembly. The same year he much in support of the southern cause. His was an unsuccessful candidate for the attorney- Maryland, my Maryland,” which was published generalship, and was appointed judge of the Mil- in Baltimore in April, 1861, was set to music, and waukee circuit court to fill an unexpired term. In became widely popular. It has been called “the 1857, and again in 1859, he was elected governor Marseillaise of the Confederate cause." Other of Wisconsin, and at the beginning of the civil poems from his pen were “ The Sole Sentry,” “ Ar- war, and pending the convening of the legislature, lington," The Cameo Bracelet." “ There's Life in extra session, he called the 2d regiment into ex- in the Old Land Yet," and "The Battle-Cry of the istence, and used the public funds in advance of South.” After the war he went to Augusta, Ga., lawful appropriation; but he was fully sustained by where he became associate editor of "The Consti- the legislature when it assembled. At the close of tutionalist,” and in 1866 its editor-in-chief. his gubernatorial term, 1 Jan., 1861, he was dis- RANDALL, John Witt, poet, b. in Boston, suaded from his purpose of entering the army by Mass., 6 Nov., 1813. He was graduated at Harvard President Lincoln, and appointed U.S. minister to in 1834 and at the medical department in 1839. Italy. On his resignation and return in 1862, he While in college he devoted his attention to scien- was made first assistant post master-general, and in tific studies, especially entomology, and also culti- July, 1866, postmaster-general, and served in that vated his taste for poetry. His attainments as a capacity till March, 1869. naturalist gained for him the honorary appoint- RANDALL, David Austin, author, b. in Col- ment as zoologist in the department of inverte- chester, Conn., 14 Jan., 1813; d. in Columbus, Ohio, brate animals to the South sea exploring ex- 27 June, 1884. He was educated at country schools pedition sent out by the United States under and at Canandaigua, N. Y., academy, and became Commander Charles Wilkes. But the delays in a Baptist clergyman. He was chaplain of the Ohio the sailing of the expedition caused him to resign asylum for the insane in 1854-66, pastor of a the appointment, and he then turned his attention church in Columbus in 1858–66, and correspond to his favorite pursuits. He has been largely occu- ing secretary of the Ohio Baptist conference in pied with the cultivation of an ancestral country- 1850-'63. Mr. Randall was for many years editor seat in Stow, Mass., and has accumulated one of the of the "Washingtonian,” the first temperance rarest and most original collections of engravings paper in Ohio, and in 1845–53 edited the Cross in the United States. Dr. Randall has contributed and Journal,” a Baptist newspaper. He was widely a paper on the “Crustacea” to the “ Transactions known as a lecturer, and was also a member of a of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,” book-selling firm and director of a bank. He and two on insects to the Proceedings of the travelled in Egypt and Palestine in 1861–2, and Boston Society of Natural History," and he pre- wrote “God's Handwriting in Egypt, Sinai, and pared a volume on the “Animals and Plants of the Holy Land” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1862), and Maine ” for the geological survey of that state, but “ Ham-Nishkan, the Wonderful Tent: a Study of the manuscript was lost. Besides doing other the Structure, Significance, and Symbolism of the literary work, he has written six volumes of poems, Hebrew Tabernacle" (Cincinnati, 1886). of which only one has been published, “ Consola- RANDALL, George Maxwell, P. E. bishop, tions of Solitude” (Boston, 1856). b. in Warren, R. I., 23 Nov., 1810; d. in Denver, RANDALL, Robert Richard, philanthropist, Col., 28 Sept., 1873. He was graduated at Brown b. in New Jersey about 1740; d. in New York city, in 1835, and at the Episcopal general theological 5 June, 1801. He was a son of Thomas Randall, seminary, New York, in 1838. He was ordained who was one of the committee of 100 chosen to con- deacon in St. Mark's church, Warren, 17 July, trol the affairs of the city of New York in 1775. In 1838, by Bishop Griswold, and priest, in the same early life Robert appears to have followed the sea, church, 2 Nov., 1839, by the same bishop. His and he became a merchant and shipmaster, in con- first parochial charge was that of the Church of sequence of which he is generally styled captain. RANDALL 171 RANDOLPH a 66 : Capt. Randall became a member in 1771 of the law in Chenango county. In 1836–7 he was deputy Marine society of New York for the relief of in- clerk of the state assembly, in May, 1837, he was digent and distressed masters of vessels, their wid- appointed clerk in the department of common ows and orphan children, and in 1780 was elected schools, and in 1838 he became general deputy a member of the chamber of commerce. In 1790 superintendent of common schools, which office he he purchased from Baron Poelnitz the property held till 1854. After serving for a short time as known as the Minto farm, or Minthorne, consisting superintendent of Brooklyn public schools, he was of more than twenty-one acres of land in what is appointed to a similar post in New York city, and now the 15th ward of New York city, the southern served till June, 1870, when he resigned. From boundary of which was then the upper end of Broad- 1845 till 1852 he edited the “ District School Jour. way. This, together with four lots in the 1st ward nal,” and he was the associate editor of the “ Amer- of New York, and stocks valued at $10,000, he be- ican Journal of Education and College Review," queathed to found the home called the Sailors' and of the “ Northern Light,” published at Albany. Snug Harbor," for the purpose of maintaining aged, Among other works he published “ Digest of the decrepit, and worn-out sailors.” It was his inten- Common-School System of the State of New York” tion to have the home erected on the family estate, (Troy, 1844); " Incentives to the Cultivation of but, in consequence of suits by alleged heirs, the Geology” (New York, 1846); “ Mental and Moral control of the property was not absolutely obtained Culture and Popular Education ” (1850); “ First until 1831. Meanwhile the growth of the city made Principles of Popular Education (1868); and it more advantageous to rent the farm and pur- “History of the State of New York” (1870).—His chase a site elsewhere, and 130 acres were bought cousin, Henry Stephens, auther, b. in Madison on Staten island near New Brighton. In October, county, N. Y., in 1811; d. in Cortland, N. Y., 14 1831, the corner-stone was laid, and the dedication Aug., 1876, was, graduated at Union college in ceremonies took place two years later. In 1834 1830, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but Capt. Randall's remains were removed to Staten never practised. He became secretary of state and island, and in 1884 a heroic statue of him, in superintendent of public instruction of New York bronze, by Augustus St. Gaudens, was unveiled, state in 1851, and was the author of the bill that with appropriate ceremonies, on the lawn adjoin- created the separate department of public instruc- ing the buildings. At present (1888) the property tion and the office of superintendent. In 1871 Mr. has increased by purchase to 180 acres, on which Randall was elected to the assembly, and appointed there are eight large dormitory buildings capable chairman of the committee on public education. of accommodating 1,000 men, besides numerous He was one of the editors of “Moore's Rural New other buildings, thirty-eight in all, including a Yorker,” contributed to agricultural, scientific, hospital, church, and residences for the officers. and literary periodicals, and published “Sheep RANDALL, Samuel Jackson, statesman, b. in Husbandry” (Philadelphia, 1849); “The Life of Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Oct., 1828; d. in Washington, Thomas Jefferson ” (New York, 1858); “ Fine- D. C., 12 April, Wool Sheep Husbandry” (1863); “ Practical Shep- 1890. He herd” (Rochester, 1864); and “First Principles of the son of a well- Popular Education and Public Instruction” (1868). known lawyer of RANDOLPH, Alfred Magill, P. E. bishop, Philadelphia, was b. in Winchester, Va., 31 Aug., 1836. He is the educated as a mer- fourth child of Robert Lee Randolph, who, after chant, and, after studying law, devoted himself to farming on his in- being four times herited estate, Eastern View, Fauquier co., Va. elected to the city After graduation at William and Mary in 1855, council and once the son studied at Virginia theological seminary, to the state sen- Alexandria, where he was graduated in 1858. In ate, was sent to the autumn of the same year he was appointed congress, taking rector of St. George's church, Fredericksburg, Va. his seat on 7 Dec., After the bombardment of the town, in December, 1863. He after- 1862, by which the church edifice was much in- ward represented jured, the congregation dispersed, Dr. Randolph without intermis- left, and from 1863 until the close of the civil Sam Randall sion the only war served as Democratic dis- a chaplain in trict in Philadel- the Confeder- phia. He served on the committees on banking, ate army, in rules, and elections, distinguished himself by his hospitals, and speeches against the force bill in 1875, was a can- | in the field. He didate for speaker in the next year, and was ap- was appointed pointed chairman of the committee on appropria- rectorof Christ tions. He gained credit by his success in curtailing church, Alex- expenditures by enforcing a system of proportional andria (erected reduction in the appropriations, and, on the death in 1772, see il- of Michael C. Kerr, was elected speaker, 4 Dec., lustration), in 1876. He was re-elected speaker in the two follow- 1865, and in ing congresses, serving in that capacity till 3 March, 1867 became 1881. Mr. Randall bore a conspicuous part in the the pastor debates on the tariff as the leader of the protec-of Emmanuel tionist wing of the Democratic party. His widow church, Bal- is a daughter of Aaron Ward, of New York. timore, where RANDALL, Samuel S., author, b. in Nor-he remained wich, N. Y., 27 May, 1809; d. in New York city, until he was 3 June, 1881. He was educated at Oxford academy elected, in 1883, assistant bishop of Virginia. He and at Hamilton college, and in 1830-'6 practised I received the degree of D. D. from William and was 172 RANDOLPH RANDOLPH Mary college in 1875, and that of LL. D. from from the secretary's office in New York, the archives Washington and Lee university in 1884. Dur- of the Dutch governors, where they remained till ing his ministry in Maryland Dr. Randolph was 1691. In response to the complaints of the people the chief opponent of tractarianism and ritual. Randolph replied: “It is not to his majesty's in- ism, and leader in a successful resistance to the terest that you should thrive.” The taxes were for assumption of episcopal powers that he believed public purposes, and Randolph persuaded the colo- to be unconstitutional. The conflict was one of nists to take out new grants for their lands, with much interest to his church throughout the coun- the intention that when they should possess them try, and the qualities that Dr. Randolph displayed in fee simple they should be subjected to extortion- secured him the confidence of his wing of the ate taxation. But when the news of the accession church. Bishop Randolph's published discourses of William and Mary reached Boston, 4 April, and periodical contributions show him to be in 1689, there was a “ grand buzzing among the people churchmanship and religious philosophy largely in in great expectation of their old charter.” On the sympathy with the views of Dr. Thomas Arnold, morning of the 18th Andros and Randolph were of Rugby. marched to prison. When the latter was released RANDOLPH, Beverley, governor of Virginia, he went to the West Indies, where he died. b. in Chatsworth, Henrico co., Va., in 1755; d. at RANDOLPH, Jacob, physician, b. in Philadel- Green Creek, his home, in Cumberland, Va., in phia, 25 Nov., 1796 ; d. there, 12 April, 1836. His 1797. He was a graduate of William and Mary ancestor, Edward Fitz-Randolph, emigrated to college, of which he was appointed a visitor in 1784. this country from England in 1630. His father He was a member of the assembly of Virginia dur- was an officer in the 4th Pennsylvania regiment ing the Revolutionary war and actively supported during the Revolution, but subsequently became a all measures for securing American independence. member of the Society of Friends, and dropped Ile was chosen in 1787 president of the executive the prefix from his family name. Jacob studied council of Virginia, and, at the close of 1788, suc- at the Friends' school, was graduated at the Uni- ceeded his relative, Edmund Randolph, as gov-versity of Pennsylvania in 1817, and became sur- ernor of the state. After two years of service he geon on an American ship that was bound for became unpopular with a part of the legislature, Canton, China. Afterward he returned to Phila- which at that time elected the governor. The mal- delphia and settled in the practice of his profes- contents had resolved to surprise the legislature by sion in that city in 1822, in which year he married the nomination of ex-Gov. Benjamin Harrison, but the daughter of Dr. Philip Syng Physick. Ile was Harrison discovered the scheme and defeated it, appointed surgeon to the Almshouse infirmary and requesting his son to vote for Gov. Randolph, who lecturer on surgery in the Philadelphia school of thus was chosen for a third term. medicine in 1830. From 1835 until his death he RANDOLPH, Edward, British agent, b. in was a surgeon to the Pennsylvania hospital. He England about 1620; d. in the West Indies after was in Europe in 1840–42. spending most of his 1694. The British government sent him to the time in the surgical departments of the Paris hos- New England colonies in 1675 to ascertain their pitals. During his absence he declined the chair condition. He arrived in June, 1676, with a letter of surgery in Jefferson medical college. Dr. Ran- from Charles II., and with complaints from Ferdi- dolph became lecturer on clinical surgery in the nando Gorges, the lord proprietary of Maine, and University of Pennsylvania in 1843, and professor from Robert T. Mason, who laid claim to New of that branch in 1847. Meanwhile he had acquired Hampshire. Randolph at once began to menace a wide reputation as a surgeon, and in 1831 intro- the trade and the charter of Massachusetts, demand- duced in the United States the operation of litho- ing of Gov. Leverett that the letter he bore from tripsy. He was a member of the American philo- the king should " be read with all convenient sophical society, of the Philadelphia college of speed to the magistrates.” Leverett, however, pro- physicians, and of the Philadelphia medical soci- fessed ignorance of the signature of the secretary ety, and was consulting surgeon to the Philadel- of state, whose name was affixed to the letter, and phia dispensary. He published several reports of denied the right of parliament or king to bind the successful operations for stone in the bladder by colony with laws adverse to its interest, receiving lithotripsy, History of a Case of Femoral Aneu- Randolph only as an agent of Mason. Randolph rism in which the Femoral Artery was tied for the returned to England after six weeks' stay in the col- Second Time in the Medical History of Philadel- onies, and, by exaggerating their population four- phia,” in the “ North American Medical and Surgi- fold, and their wealth to a still greater extent, in- cal Journal " (1829), and a “ Memoir of Philip Syng duced the English government to retain him in its Physick” (Philadelphia, 1839). See a memoir of employment. In the course of nine years he made him by George W. Norris (1848).-His great-nephew, eight voyages to this country, each time taking Nathaniel Archer, physician, b. in Chadd's Ford, back false reports of its condition and presenting Pit., 7 Nov., 1858 ; d. in Longport, N. J., 22 Aug., stronger reasons for the taxation and oppression of 1887, was educated at Swathmore college, Pa., and the colonies. He was enrolled as collector of cus- at Cornell, and was graduated at the medical de- toms in December, 1679, and twice within the next partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. three years visited England to assist in directing The same year he was appointed assistant demon- measures against Massachusetts. A writ of quo strator and lecturer on anatomy there, becoming warranto was issued in July, 1683, Massachusetts professor of hygiene in 1886. Dr. Randolph's early was arraigned before an English tribunal, and in death by drowning cut short a brilliant career. Ile October Randolph arrived in Boston with the writ. was a member of many scientific societies, a con- In June, 1684, the charter was adjudged to be con- ' tributor to scientific periodicals, and, with Samuel ditionally forfeited. He met Gov. Edmund Andros | G. Dixon, published " Notes from the Physiologi- on 20 Dec., 1686, when the latter landed in Boston, cal Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania and at once attached himself to the governor's staff. (Philadelphia, 1885). * His excelleney," said Randolph, " has to do with RANDOLPH, James Fitz, congressman, b. in a perverse people.” He became secretary of New Middlesex county, N. J., 26 June, 1791: d. in Jersey England the same year, and a member of the gov- , City, N. J., 19 Mareh, 1871. Ile was the descendant ernor's council, and in 1688 carried off to Boston, of Edward Fitz-Randolph, who emigrated to this RANDOLPH 173 RANDOLPH a country in 1630. After receiving a common-school | 20 June. 1828. In 1785 Randolph was sent with a education, James entered a printing-office, and in younger brother to Edinburgh university, where 1812 became co-editor of the ** Fredonia," a weekly he was very studious, and formed the friendship newspaper, in which he continued for thirty years. of Sir John Leslie, who returned with the brothers He was U. S. collector of internal revenue in and was for two years tutor in their Virginia home. 1815–46, and was subsequently clerk of common While at Edinburgh he formed a scientific society, pleas for Middlesex county, and a member of the of which Thomas Jefferson was elected an honorary legislature for two years. "He was elected to con- member. Jefferson acknowledged the diploma with gress as a Democrat in 1828 to fill the vacancy cordiality; he also wrote several letters of advice to caused by the death of George Holcombe, served the youth, with whose father he had been brought till 1833, and subsequently invested largely in coal up almost as a brother. In the summer of 1788 he lands.--His son, Theodore Frelinghuysen, sena- visited the Jeffersons in Paris, and there first met tor, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 24 June, 1816; d. Martha Jefferson (q. 1.), whom he married, 23 Feb., in Morristown, N. J., 7 Nov., 1883, was educated at 1790, at Monticello. This marriage of his daughter Rutgers grammar-school, and entered mercantile gratified Jefferson, who described the youth as life at sixteen years of age. He settled in Vicks- man of science, sense, virtue, and competence." burg, Miss., about 1840, where he married a grand- The event also put an end to his daughter's desire daughter of Chief-Justice Marshall, and on his re- for a conventual life, which had distressed him. turn to New Jersey in 1850 resided first in Hud- Randolph, at the entreaty of Jefferson, resided at son county and subsequently in Morristown, N. J. Monticello for a time, and gave much attention to He was a member of the legislature in 1859-60, study. Among his frequent visitors was the Abbé declined the speakership of that body, was chair- Corea, a botanist. In 1803 he was elected to the man of the special committee on the peace con- house of representatives, where he sharply resented gress in 1861, and was the author of the measure remarks of John Randolph of Roanoke, and a duel for relief of the families of soldiers that should en-nearly resulted. He continued in congress until gage in the civil war. He became state senator 1807. While in Washington the family resided in the same year, served by re-election till 1865, and the executive mansion. In 1812 he enlisted in the was appointed commissioner of draft for Hudson military service, and on 3 Jan. became lieutenant of county in 1862. He was president of the Mor- light artillery. He marched to Canada as captain ris and Essex railroad in 1867, doubled its gross of the 20th infantry, but resigned on 6 Feb., 1815, tonnage in eighteen months, and negotiated the on account of a misunderstanding with Gen. Arm- existing lease of that road to the Delaware, Lacka- strong. He was governor of Virginia in 1819-21. wanna, and Western railroad by which the bond- His death was caused by exposure while riding, holders were guaranteed seven per cent. in perpe- after giving his cloak to an aged and thinly clad tuity. He became governor of New Jersey in 1868, man whom he passed on the high-road.--His son, during his tenure of office caused a repeal of the Thomas Jefferson, b. at Monticello, 12 Sept., Camden and Amboy monopoly tax, established a 1792; d. at Edge Hill, Albemarle co., Va., 8 Oct., general railway law, made the state-prison sys- 1875, was Thomas Jefferson's oldest grandson, and tem self-supporting, and suggested the plan of the was described by his present State lunatic asylum at Morris Plains, grandfather as the which is the largest in the world. On 11 July, staff of his old age.” 1871, the day preceding the Orange riot in New When six years of York city, he issued a proclamation insuring the age he used to walk right of parade to the Orangemen of New Jersey. five miles to To secure the speedy transmission of this procla- "old-field school,” so mation throughout the state and in New York called, and used to city, where it was alleged rioters were arranging to say that he had a invade New Jersey, he went in person to the tele- watch in his pocket graph-offices and took “constructive" possession before he had shoes of several of them. He also ordered out the mi- on his feet. He went litia, and by these measures prevented disturbance. to school in Phila- He was elected U. S. senator in 1874, served one delphia at fifteen, term, was chairman of the committee on military and afterward in affairs, and a member of the special committee to Charlottesville, Va. investigate election frauds in South Carolina. He In 1824 he married procured patents for several inventions, includ- Jane Hollins, daugh. ditcher," and an application of steam to ter of Gov. Wilson type-writing machines. Cary Nicholas. Af- RANDOLPH, Thomas Mann, patriot, b. at ter the sale of Jef- Tuckahoe, his father's homestead, in Virginia, in ferson's property, debts to the extent of $40,000 1741; d. there, 19 Nov., 1793. He was the son of remained, and these were paid by Randolph out “ William of Tuckahoe,” who, at his death (1745), of regard for his grandfather's honor. He also confided his infant and only child to Peter Jeffer- supported and educated his brothers and sis- son, father of Thomas, who thereupon removed to ters. He had been appointed literary executor the child's estate (Tuckahoe) in Goochland (now of Jefferson, and in 1829 published the Life and Albemarle) county, Va. The young man was Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson " (4 vols., graduated at William and Mary college, and in Boston). Being in the Virginia legislature at the 1761 married Anne, daughter of Col. Archibald time of the Southampton negro insurrection in Cary (b. 1745; d. 1789), widely known by her chari- 1832, he introduced a bill emancipation on ties. He was a member of the Virginia house of what was called the “ post-natal" plan, originally burgesses, and of the convention of 1776. He was suggested by Jefferson. This was necessarily post- also a member of the Colonial committee of safety poned to the following session, and then failed from the first.-His son, Thomas Mann, governor through the resentment excited by the harangues of Virginia, b. at Tuckahoe, on James river, Va., 1 of George Thompson, who was regarded as an Oct., 1768; d. in Monticello, Charlottesville, Va., “abolition emissary from Great Britain. Ran- 9 an TJ. Randolph ing a “ 60 66 174 RANDOLPH RANDOLPH பக ence. dolph was an eminent financier, and secured the (1590); Thomas Randolph, ambassador of Queen passage of a tax-bill through the Virginia legis- Elizabeth; and Thomas Randolph the poet lature in 1842 which placed the state finances on (1604-34). Col. William was a son of Richard (of a sound basis. He wrote an able pamphlet, en- Morton Morrell, Warwickshire), a half-brother of titled “Sixty Years' Reminiscences of the Cur- the poet. Col. William was preceded in Virginia rency of the United States,” a copy of which by his uncle Henry, who came in 1643, and died was presented to every member of the legislature. there in 1673. He also founded a family; his It is still a document of historical interest. In 1851-'2 he was in the convention that revised the Virginia constitution. After the fall of the Con- federacy, which he supported, he devoted himself to restoration of the prosperity of his state. He was for seven years rector of the University of Vir- ginia, and for thirty-one years on its board of vis- itors. In his last illness he had his bed removed to a room from which he could look on Monticello, where he was buried. In taking the chair at the Baltimore Democratic convention of 1872 he was described as “ six feet six inches high, as straight as an arrow, and stood before the convention like one of the big trees of California."— Another son, George Wythe, b. at Monticello, 10 March, 1818; d. at Edge Hill, .near Charlottesville, Va., 10 April, 1878, at the death of his grandfather. widow married Peter Field, an ancestor of Presi- Thomas Jefferson, was placed under the care of dent Jefferson. Col. William arrived in the year his brother-in-law, Joseph Coolidge, of Boston, by 1674 in Virginia, and became owner of large planta- whom he was sent to school at Cambridge, Mass. tions on James river. He fixed his abode on Turkey At the age of thirteen he received from President island (not now an island), about twenty miles be- Jackson a midshipman's warrant, and he was at low the city of Richmond, where as yet there was no sea almost continuously until his nineteenth year, settlement. He built, with bricks imported on his when he entered the University of Virginia. After ship which plied regularly between Bristol and Tur- two years of study he resigned his naval commis- key island, à mansion with lofty dome, whose pic- sion, studied law, and gained high rank at the turesque ruin remains. Col. William Byrd's letters Richmond bar. At the time of the John Brown written at the time show Randolph to have been a raid at Harper's Ferry he raised a company of ar- man of high character as well as of much influ- tillery, which continued its organization, and was He was a member of the house of bur- the main Confederate force against Gen. Butler at gesses in 1684, and either he or his eldest son was the battle of Bethel. He was then given a large the William Randolph mentioned as clerk of the command, with the commission of brigadier-gen- house in 1705. Tradition says that he was a mem- eral, which he held until he was appointed secre- ber of the governor's council. He was active in tary of war of the Confederate states. He after the work of civilizing the Indians, was a founder ward resigned and reported for service in the field. and trustee of William and Mary college, and on He was one of the commissioners sent by Virginia its first board of visitors appears “ William Ran- to consult President Lincoln, after his election, dolph, Gentleman," as he is also described in the concerning his intended policy, with the hope of college charter. He married Mary Isham, by whom maintaining peace. A pulmonary affection hav- he had ten children. The family and the family ing developed during the war, he ran the blockade names so multiplied that the seven sons of Will- to seek health in a warmer region, and remained iam were conveniently distinguished by the estates abroad for several years after the fall of the Con- he bequeathed them: William of Turkey island, federacy.—Thomas Jefferson's daughter, Sarah Thomas of Tuckahoe, Isham of Dungeness, Richard Nicholas, author, b. at Edge Hill, near Charlottes- of Curles, Henry of Chatsworth, Sir John of Taze- ville, Va., 12 Oct., 1839, has become widely known well Hall (see illustration), and Edward of Breno. in Virginia by her school at Edge Hill and as prin- Six of these sons begin the list of forty graduates cipal of Patapsco institute. She has now (1888) a of the Randolph name to be gathered from the school in Baltimore. She has published “ Domes- catalogues of William and Mary college. The sons tic Life of Thomas Jefferson " (New York, 1871): all appear to have entered with energy on the work a story for the young, “ The Lord will Provide of colonial civilization, save Edward, who married (1872): a paper on Martha Jefferson Randolph in and resided in England.—His eldest son, William, Mrs. Wister's - Famous Women of the Revolu- b. 1681, was visitor of William and Mary college, á tion” (Philadelphia, 1876); and “ Life of Stone- burgess in 1718, 1723, and 1726, a councillor of state, wall Jackson " (1876). In addition, Miss Randolph and treasurer of the colony of Virginia in 1737.- has written various contributions to current litera- The third son, Isham, b. 24 Feb. 1687; d. 2 Nov., ture, among which is an article of historical value 1742, resided in London in early life, where he mar- entitled “The Kentucky Resolutions in a New ried in 1717. On his return to Virginia he built Light,” founded on her family papers, printed in himself a grand mansion at Dungeness, where a the “ Nation," 5 May, 1887. baronial hospitality was dispensed. He was a mem- RANDOLPH, William, colonist, b. at Morton ber of the house of burgesses for Goochland (now Morrell, Warwickshire, England, in 1650; d. on Albemarle) county in 1740, and adjutant-general Turkey island, Va., 11 April, 1711. He belonged of the colony. He was a man of scientific culture, to a family line of which were Thomas Randolfe, and is honorably mentioned in the memoirs of mentioned in Domesday Book” as ordered to Bartram the naturalist.— The fifth son, Richard, do duty in person against the king of France b. 1691: d. 1 Dec., 1748, was a member of the house (1294): John Randolph, an eminent judge, and of burgesses for Henrico county in 1740, and suc- connected with the exchequer (1385); Avery Ran- ceeded his brother William as treasurer of the dolph, principal of Pembroke college, Oxford | colony.—The sixth son, Sir John, lawyer, b. on RANDOLPH 175 RANDOLPH a Turkey island, Va., in 1693 ; d. in Williamsburg, dian war. The conflict led to a prorogation of the Va., 9 March, 1737, was graduated at William and house. Meanwhile the lords of trade ordered re- Mary college, and studied law at Gray's Inn, Lon- duction of the pistole fee, and requested the re- don. At an early age he was appointed king's at- instatement of Randolph. “You must think y't torney for Virginia. He represented William and some w't absurd," answered Dinwiddie (23 Oct., Mary college in the house of burgesses, and in 1730, 1754), “from the bad Treatm't I have met with. while visiting England to obtain a renewal of the However, if he answers properly w't I have to say to college charter, he was knighted. In 1736 he was him, I am not inflexible; and he must confess, be- chosen speaker of the Virginia house of burgesses, fore this happened he had greater share of my and in the same year was appointed recorder of the Favs. and Counten'ce than any other in the city of Norfolk. Sir John is said by his nephew, Gov't.” The attorney acknowledged the irregu- William Stith, to have intended to write a preface larities and was reinstated. There was a com- to the laws of Virginia, " and therein to give an promise with the new house about the money. historical account of our constitution and govern- When tidings of Braddock's defeat reached Will- ment, but was prevented from prosecuting it to iamsburg, an association of lawyers was formed effect by his many and weighty public employ- by the king's attorney, which was joined by other ments, and by the vast burden of private business gentlemen, altogether one hundred, who marched from his clients." The materials he had collected under Randolph to the front and placed themselves were used by Stith in his history of Virginia. His under command of Col. William Byrd. They were library is believed to have been the finest in Vir- led against the Indians, who retreated to Fort Du- ginia. His mural tablet in William and Mary col- quesne. During the next few years Peyton Ran- lege was destroyed by fire, but its Latin epitaph is dolph was occupied with a revision of the laws, preserved in President Ewell's history of the col- being chairman of a committee for that purpose. lege. See a notice of him in the “ Virginia Law He also gave attention to the affairs of William Journal” for April, 1877.—Sir John's son, Peyton, and Mary college, of which he was appointed a patriot, b. in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Va., in visitor in 1758. In 1760 he and his brother John. 1721; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Oct., 1775, after being law-examiners, signed the license of Patrick graduation at William and Mary, studied law at Henry, Wythe and Pendleton having refused. the Inner Temple, London, and was appointed “The two Randolphs," says Jefferson, “ acknowl- king's attorney for Virginia in 1748, Sir William edged he was very ignorant of law, but that they Gooch being governor. He was also chosen repre- perceived that he was a man of genius, and did sentative of Williamsburg in the house of burgesses not doubt he would soon qualify himself.” Pey- in the same year. At the opening of his career as ton Randolph was one of the few intimate friends law officer he was brought in opposition to the of Washington. Jefferson, in a letter to his grand- apostle of Presbyterianism, the Rev. Samuel Davies son, declares that in early life, amid difficulties and (q. v.). The attorney having questioned whether the temptations, he used to ask himself how Peyton toleration act extended to Virginia, Davies replied Randolph would act in such situation, and what that if not neither course would meet with his approbation. Randolph did the act of uni- drew up the remonstrance of the burgesses against formity, which posi- the threatened stamp-act in 1764, but when it was tion was sustained passed, and Patrick Henry, then a burgess, had by the attorney- carried, by the smallest majority, his“ treasonable' general in England. resolutions, the attorney was alarmed; Jefferson În 1751 the newly heard him say in going out, “ By God, I would appointed govern- have given five hundred guineas for a single vote !" or, Dinwiddie, and when he was appointed speaker in 1766, Randolph his family, were resigned his office as king's attorney and devoted guests of Peyton his attention to the increasing troubles of the coun- Randolph, but the try. The burgesses recognized in his legal knowl- latter presently re-edge and judicial calmness ballast for the some- sisted the royal de- times tempestuous patriotism of Patrick Henry, mand of a pistole and he was placed at the head of all important fee on every land- committees. He was chairman of the committee In 1754 of correspondence between the colonies in May, the burgesses com- 1773, presided over the Virginia convention of 1 missioned the king's attorney to repair to London Aug., 1774, and was first of the seven deputies to impress on the English ministry the unconstitu- appointed by it to the proposed congress at Phila- tionality of the exaction. He there encountered delphia. On 10 Aug. he summoned the citizens the crown lawyers, Campbell and Murray (after- of Williamsburg to assemble at their court-house, ward Lord Mansfield), with marked ability. The where the proceedings of the State convention pistole fee was removed from all lands less in ex- were ratified, instructions to their delegates given, tent than one hundred acres, and presently ceased declaring the unconstitutionality of binding Ameri- altogether. Gov. Dinwiddie was naturally angry can colonies by British statutes, and aid subscribed that the king's attorney should have left the colony for the Boston sufferers. For his presidency at without his consent, and on a mission hostile to his this meeting his name was placed on the roll of demand. A petition of the burgesses that the office those to be attainted by parliament, but the bill of attorney should remain open until Peyton Ran- was never passed. He was unanimously elected dolph's return pointed the governor to his revenge; first president of congress, 5 Sept., 1774. He was he suspended the absent attorney, and in his place but fifty-three years of age, but is described by appointed George Wythe. Wythe accepted the a fellow-member as "a venerable man," to which place, only to retain it until his friend's return. is added“ an honest man; has knowledge, temper, Randolph's promised compensation for the London experience, judgment, above all, integrity-a true mission, £2,500, caused a long struggle between Roman spirit.” His noble presence, gracious man- the governor and the burgesses, who made the ners, and imperturbable self-possession won the con- sum a rider to one of £20,000 voted for the In- fidence of all. He was constantly relied on for Teyton Randolph patent. 176 RANDOLPH RANDOLPH He op- Edm Randolph con- his parliamentary experience and judicial wisdom. camp. 15 Aug., 1775, and Randolph received the On 20 Jan., 1775, he issued a call to the counties guests at headquarters; but on the sudden death and corporations of Virginia, requesting them to of his uncle Peyton he returned to Williamsburg. elect delegates to a convention to be held at Rich- In the Virginia convention of 1776 he assisted in mond, 21 March, the call being signed “ Peyton framing the con- Randolph, moderator.” He was elected to that stitution and pass- convention on 4 Feb. On the night of 20 April, ing the bill of 1775, the gunpowder was clandestinely removed rights. from the public magazine at Williamsburg by posed the demand order of Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia. of Patrick Henry Randolph persuaded the enraged citizens not to that the governor assault the governor's residence. To 700 armed should have pow- men assembled at Fredericksburg, who offered their er of veto. At services, he wrote a reply assuring them that the the close of the wrong would be redressed if menace did not com- convention he pel Dunmore to obstinacy. Through his negotia- was elected mayor tions with Lord Dunmore, assisted by the approach of Williamsburg, of Henry's men, £300 were paid for the powder, and he was also and hostilities were delayed. Randolph resumed the first attorney- his duties as speaker of the burgesses in May, 1775, general of Vir- and after their adjournment he returned to the ginia under the congress at Philadelphia, where he died of apo- new constitution. plexy. His death is alluded to with sorrow in one In 1779 he was of Washington's despatches to congress. He mar- elected to ried a sister of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Vir- gress, but soon resigned. In 1780 he was re-elected, ginia, but left no issue. His body was conveyed and remained in congress two years. There he was from Philadelphia in the following year by his occupied with foreign affairs. He resigned his seat nephew, Edmund Randolph, and buried in the in 1782, and after his father's death in 1783 suc- chapel of William and Mary college. - Another son ceeded to the property of his uncle Peyton, which of Sir John, John, lawyer, b. in Tazewell Hall, had become encumbered with claims against his Williamsburg, Va., in 1727; d. in Brompton, Lon- father. These he might have met by selling the don, 31 Jan., 1784, after graduation at William and negroes, but, being conscientiously opposed to Mary, studied law, and soon attained high rank at this, he had to work hard at his profession. He the bar. His home at Williamsburg was the cen- was one of the commissioners at the Annapolis tre of literary society as well as of fashion. He was convention which induced congress to summon a man of fine literary culture, an accomplished the Constitutional convention of 1787. Being goy- violinist, and in religion a freethinker. For inter- ernor of Virginia (1786–88), he largely influenced esting anecdotes concerning him see Wirt's “ Life the choice of delegates, and it was due to his per- of Patrick Henry," and Randall's “ Jefferson.” In suasion that Washington's resolution not to at- 1766 John Randolph was appointed king's attorney tend was overcome. As leader of the Virginia under Gov. Fauquier, to succeed his brother Pey; delegation he introduced the general plan of a con- ton. When, during the excitement that followed stitution that had been agreed on among them as the removal of the gunpowder from Williamsburg, a basis for opening the convention. He also drafted Lord Dunmore, fearing assassination, took up his a detailed scheme of his own, which was discovered abode on a man-of-war at York (8 June, 1775), John in 1887 among the papers of George Mason. His Randolph was the medium of communication be- career in the convention was brilliant, and elicited tween him and the burgesses. When hostilities be- admiration from Benjamin Franklin, who generally came inevitable, he regarded it as inconsistent with voted with him. He earnestly opposed the single his oath of office to assist a rebellion, as it then ap- executive, the presidential re-eligibility and pardon- peared, and in August he sailed for England with his ing power, the vice-presidential office, and senato- wife and two daughters, leaving his only son, Ed- rial equality of states. He desired an executive mund, on the shore. His subsequent correspondence commission chosen by the national legislature, and with his constant friend, Thomas Jefferson, proves resembling that of the present Swiss republic. He that he was regarded by that statesman as in sym- favored a strong Federal government which was to pathy with the American cause. For a time Lord have power of directly negativing state laws that Dunmore gave him a home at his house in Scot- should be decided to be unconstitutional by the su- land, and there one of the daughters, Ariana, was preme court. On his motion the word "slavery married to James Wormeley, of Virginia. When the was eliminated from the constitution. Ile refused to newly married pair sailed for Virginia, on the first sign the document except on condition that a sec- ship bound thither after the peace, they bore the ond National convention should be called after its dead body of John Randolph, whose dying request provisions had been discussed in the country; but was to be buried in his native country. He was in the Virginia convention of 1788 he advocated laid in the chapel of William and Mary college. its ratification on the ground that a ninth state -John's son, Edmund Jennings, statesman, b. was needed to secure the Union, and that within in Williamsburg, Va., 10 Aug., 1753; d. in Clarke the Union amendments might be passed. The op- county, Va., 13 Sept., 1813. He was distinguished position, led by Patrick Henry, was powerful, and for scholarship and eloquence at William and Mary the ratification, even by a small majority (ten), was college, and at eighteen years of age was orator to mainly due to Gov. Randolph, whose inflexible in- commemorate the royal founders. the oration being dependence of party was then and after described printed by the faculty. After studying law with as vacillation. He urged amendments; owing to his father he was admitted to the bar. He was a his vigilance the clause of Art. VI., on religious favorite of Lord Dunmore, and when his parents tests for office, implying power over the general left for England was only withheld from sailing subject, was supplemented by the first article added with them by enthusiasm for the American cause. to the constitution. He resigned the governorship Washington took him into his family as aide-de-I in 1788, and secured a seat in the assembly for the а RANDOLPH 177 RANDOLPII i a purpose of working on the committee for making 1 giving him the place of honor at his table. It à codification of the state laws. The code pub- is maintained by Randolph's biographer (M. D. lished at Richmond in folio, 1794, was mainly his Conway) that this conduct, and his failure to send work. While so occupied he was appointed by | for the other despatches alluded to, indicate Wash- the president (27 Sept. , 1789) attorney-general of ington's entire disbelief of the assertions of Fauchet, the United States. "In response to a request of whose intrigues he well knew (despatch to Monroe, the house of representatives he wrote an extended 29 July, 1795). Randolph had attended to Wash- report (1790) on the judiciary system. Among the ington's law-business in Virginia, always heavy, many important cases arising under the first adl- i steadily refusing payment, and could hardly have ministration of the constitution was Chisholm is. been suspected of venality. The main charge Georgia, involving the right of an alien to sue against Randolph was based on Fauchet's alle- a state. To the dismay of his southern friends, gation of "précieuses confessions” made to him Randolph proved that right to the satisfaction by the secretary. But that despatch was closely of the court. His speech was widely circulated followed by another, discovered in 1888, at Paris, as a pamphlet, and was reprinted by legislative in which Fauchet announced that he had found order in Massachusetts, while the alarm of debtors them "fausses confidences.” The charge of in- to England led to the 11th amendment. Ear- trigue and revealing secrets is thus finally dis- ly in 1795 Randolph issued, under the name of posed of. In addition to the “Vindication of * Germanicus," an effective pamphlet against the Mr. Randolph's Resignation” (Philadelphia, 1795), " Democratic societies,” which were charged with the ex-secretary wrote a remarkable pamphlet, pub- fomenting the whiskey rebellion at Pittsburg, and lished the following year, “ Political Truth, or Ani- exciting an American Jacobinism. Randolph tried madversions on the Past and Present State of to pursue, as usual, a non-partisan course in foreign Public Affairs." After his resignation, Randolph affairs with a leaning toward France, Washington was received with public demonstrations of ad- doing the like. Jefferson having retired, Randolph miration in Richmond, where he resumed the prac- accepted, very reluctantly, 2 Jan., 1794, the office of tice of law. The ruin of his fortunes was com- secretary of state. His advice that an envoy should pleted by an account made up against him of go to England, but not negotiate, was overruled. He $49,000 for “moneys placed in his hands to de- advised the president to sign the Jay treaty only on fray the expenses of foreign intercourse." Under condition that the “ provision order” for the search the system of that period the secretary of state per- of neutral ships were revoked. The Republicans sonally disbursed the funds provided for all foreign were furious that the president and Randolph service, and if any money were lost through the ac- should think of signing the treaty apart from the cidents of war, or the failure of banks, he was held “provision order”; but Washington, after the ob- responsible. After repeated suits in which juries jectionable 12th article had been eliminated, was could not agree, Randolph, confident in the jus- willing to overlook its other faults, but for the tice of his case, challenged an arbitration by the order issued to search American ships and seize the comptroller of the treasury, Gabriel Duval, who provisions on them. Meanwhile France was so en- decided against him. Thereupon his lands, and raged about the treaty that Monroe could hardly the negroes so conscientiously kept from sale and remain in Paris. During Jay's secret negotiations, dispersion, were made over to Hon. Wilson Cary the French minister, Fauchet, left Philadelphia in Nicholas, by whom the debt was paid in bonds, anger. The president had carried on through Ran- from which the government gained $7,000 more dolph soothing diplomacy with France, and espe- than the debt and interest. Meanwhile Randolph cially flattered the vanity of Fauchet, the French had again taken his place at the head of the Vir- minister in Philadelphia, with an affectation of ginia bar. He was one of the counsel of Aaron confidence. The Frenchman did not fail in de- Burr on his trial for treason at Richmond. He spatches to his employers to make the most of this. also wrote an important History of Virginia,". Also, being impecunious, he hinted to his govern- the greater part of which is now in possession of ment that with several thousand dollars” he could the Historical society of Virginia. Though much favorably influence American affairs, alleging a used by historians, it has never been published. In suggestion by Randolph to that effect. This de- it there is an admirable sketch of the life and char- spatch was intercepted by a British ship and for- acter of Washington, concerning whom no bitter- warded to the English minister in Philadelphia ness survived in his breast. For the fullest ac- (Hammond) just in time to determine the re- count of Edmund Randolph, and of his ancestors, sult of the struggle concerning the treaty. Wash- see “Omitted Chapters of History, disclosed in the ington had made up his mind not to sign the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph,” by Mon- treaty until the provision order” was revoked, and cure D. Conway (New York, 1888). — Edmund's so informed the secretary of state in a etter from son, Peyton, b. at Williamsburg, Va., 1779; d. at Mount Vernon, 22 July, 1795. The intercepted | Richmond, Va., 1828, was, from an early period of despatch of Fauchet altered this determination, his life to its close, clerk of the supreme court of and the treaty was signed without the condition. Virginia, and was the author of “ Reports of Cases The only alternatives of the administration were to in that Court, 1821-'8" (6 vols., Richmond, 1823–32). acknowledge the assurances diplomatically given In 1806 he married Maria Ward (concerning whom to Fauchet, as egregiously falsified by him, or, see John Esten Cooke's “ Stories of the Old Domin- now that they might be published, accept Ran- ion").- Peyton's son, Edmund, jurist, b. in Rich- dolph as scapegoat. It is difficult to see how mond, Va., 9 June, 1820; d. in San Francisco, Cal., Washington could have saved his friend, even if 8 Sept., 1861, was the youngest of ten children of ready to share his fate. Randolph, having indig- Peyton and Maria Ward Randolph. He was gradu- nantly resigned his office, pursued Fauchet (now ated at William and Mary college, studied law at recalled) to Newport, and obtained from him a full the University of Virginia, and began practice in retractation and exculpation. He then prepared New Orleans. He was for several years clerk of his “ Vindication.". After the intercepted letter the U.S. circuit court for Louisiana, but in 1849 he was shown him, but withheld from the doomed removed to California. He was an active member secretary, Washington treated Randolph with ex- of the legislature that met at San José, 15 Dec., ceptional affection, visiting his house, and twice 1849, to organize a state government, but he was VOL, V.-12 178 RANDOLPH RANDOLPH a 9 never afterward a candidate for office, though he to the war policy of Madison. The Randolph- took an active part in California politics, and was Tucker library was well supplied with history and a popular orator. William Walker fixed on Ran- romance, of which the child made good use. After dolph as the chancellor of his proposed Nicaraguan attending Walker Maury's school in Orange coun- empire. To what extent Randolph participated in ty for a time he was sent, in his twelfth year, to that enterprise is not known, but his absence from the grammar-school connected with William and California was brief. In the great Almaden mine Mary college. He did not mingle easily with case the advocacy of the claim of the United States other boys, but attached himself vehemently to devolved mainly on Randolph. Of this case Jere- one or two. In 1784 he went with his parents miah Black says: “In the bulk of the record and to the island of Bermuda, remaining eighteen the magnitude of the interest at stake, this is prob- months. In the autumn of 1787 he was sent to ably the heaviest case ever heard before a judicial Princeton, but in 1788 his mother died, and in tribunal.” On Randolph's argument, submitted June of that year he went to Columbia college, after his death, the United States won the case. New York, where he studied for a short time. On He was for four years engaged chiefly on this case, 30 April, 1789, he witnessed the first president's and his life was shortened by it. The government inauguration. “I saw Washington, but could not paid his widow $12,000 in addition to the $5,000 hear him take the oath to support the Federal fee which her husband had received. Randolph constitution. I saw what Washington did not was the author of " An Address on the History of see; but two other men in Virginia saw it-George California from the Discovery of the Country to Mason and Patrick Henry—the poison under its the Year 1849,” which was delivered before the So- wings.” When Edmund Randolph, a year later, ciety of California pioneers, at San Francisco, on entered on his duties as attorney-general, John, 10 Sept., 1860 (San Francisco, 1860). His argument his second cousin, was sent to Philadelphia and in the Almaden mine case has also been printed. studied law with him. Among his unpublished -William's great-grandson John, “ of Roanoke,” letters are several that indicate a temporary lapse statesman, b. at Cawsons, Va., 2 June, 1773; d. in into gambling and other dissipation about this Philadelphia, Pa., 24 June, 1833, was seventh in time, and suggest an entanglement, if not indeed a descent from Pocahontas by her marriage with marriage, in Philadelphia, as the explanation of the John Rolfe. Richard Randolph of Curles, father rupture of his engagement with the famous beauty, of John Randolph of Roanoke, died in 1775. In Maria Ward, whose marriage (to Peyton, only son 1788 his mother of Edmund Randolph) completed the tragedy of married St. George his private life. While in Philadelphia he does Tucker, who was a not appear to have studied law exclusively, but father to her four availed himself of opportunities for bearing po- children, among litical debates, and attended lectures in anatomy whom were divided and physiology. He had been a precocious skep- the large possessions tic, but passed into a state of emotional religion, of their father, in- under the influence of which he writes to a friend cluding more than (24 Feb., 1791): “I prefer a private to a public life, 40,000, acres. Ac- and domestic pleasure to the dazzling (the delusive) cording to an unpub- honors of popular esteem.” At the beginning of lished manuscript of the French revolution he was filled with enthusi- his nephew, by mar- asm, and at the same time his idols were Jefferson riage, John Ran- and Burke. A strange combination of opposite dolph Bryan, “his natures was always visible in him. As his father advantages of edu- before him had sold slaves to supply the cause of cation were neces- freedom with powder, so the son was at once aris- sarily limited by the tocrat and democrat-offending President Adams [Revolutionary) exi- by addressing him without adding any title, and gencies of the times. signing “ Your Fellow-citizen.” He built up a dis- Such as he had were furnished by his step-father. tinctively pro-slavery party, and wrote a will liber- His mother was a lady of rare intelligence, and · lit- ating his slaves on the ground that they were tle Jack,' as he was always called, found in her a equally entitled to freedom with himself. In 1795 parent and guide such as few children have. For Randolph returned to Virginia and lived in the her his love and admiration were unbounded. She family of his brother Richard, to whom he was de- was a beautiful woman, with a charm of manner and voted. The death of this brother (1796), under the grace of person most captivating. In addition, she shadow of a painful scandal, was a heavy blow. possessed a voice which had rare power. Jack was At “ Bizarre," the family mansion, Randolph now a beautiful boy, and the picture of the child and his dwelt as head of a large household. In 1797 he mother was greatly admired. Randolph never spoke writes to his friend, Henry Rutledge, of another of her in after-life but with peculiar tenderness . calamity: “ I have been deprived by the Federal From his mother he learned the power of tone in court of more than half my fortune. "Tis an reciting, of which he made use in manhood.” In iniquitous affair, and too lengthy to be related his great speech in congress (1811) Randolph said : here. The loss affects me very little, since I have “ Bred up in the principles of the Revolution, I can as yet a competence, but I am highly chagrined at never palliate, much less defend [the outrages and being robbed in so villainous a manner. I have injuries of England). I well remember flying with but little thought of practising law.” Randolph's my mother and her new-born child from Arnold and first speech was made in 1799, in answer to Patrick Phillips; and they had been driven by Tarleton Henry. The power of expelling foreigners from and other British pandours from pillar to post the country without trial, conferred on the presi- while her husband was fighting the battles of his dent by the alien and sedition acts, had been an- country." Although Randolph was argumenta- swered in Virginia by legislative denunciation of tively pugnacious, he would appear to have im- the acts as infractions of the constitution. The bibed a hatred of war, which animated his dia- issue had arisen in Virginia as to the reversal of tribes against Napoleon and his resolute opposition those resolutions. When Randolph stepped forth SaRandolph RANDOLPH 179 RANGEL to defend the resolutions, he encountered Patrick | down every public wrong. This involved quar- Henry. There is little doubt that the powerful rels, alienations, and a gradual lapse into a pessi- speech ascribed to Randolph in Hugh Garland's mistic state of mind, fostered, unfortunately, by do- * Life” was based on reports from hearers, and the mestie distresses and physical ailments. After his language is characteristic. Randolph was now great struggle to prevent the war of 1812, and his elected to congress, His first speech in that body conflict with Madison, he was left out of congress (10 Jan., 1800) had ominous results. Advocating for two years, and during that time lived at Ro- à resolution to diminish the army, he used the anoke. When he returned to congress in 1815 phrase “ standing or mercenary armies," contênd- the aspect of affairs filled him with horror, and he ing that all who made war a profession or trade devoted himself to the formation of a “ State- were literally “mercenary.” The etymology was Rights" party. Ile vaguely dreamed of the resto- insufficient for certain officers, who took occasion ration of the Old Dominion.” Ilis ideal country to insult him in the theatre. Randolph wrote to was now England. Although in his state-rights President Adams, improving the occasion to let agitation he appealed to the fears of southerners him and the Federalist party know his opinion of for their property, that reactionary attitude passed the executive office. He addressed Mr. Adams away. Hatred of slavery was part both of his Vir- with no other title than “ President of the United ginian and his English inheritance; only the legal States," and signed himself, " With Respect, Your restrictions on emancipation, and the injustice to Fellow-citizen, John Randolph.” Mr. Adams sent his creditors that would be involved, prevented the complaint to the house, where the question of manumission of his slaves before his death. At dealing with the affair as a breach of representa- the same time he voted against the Missouri com- tive “privilege” ended in a deadlock. Quickly be promise, and originated the term “ dough-faces” coming Republican leader of the house, chairman which he applied to its northern supporters. He of the ways and means committee, Randolph be- had no dream of a southern confederacy: none came the pride of Virginia. He commanded the would have more abhorred a nationality based on heart of the nation by his poetic eloquence, his ab- slavery. He had no respect for Calhoun, or for solute honesty, and the scathing wit with which he Clay, who challenged Randolph for using insulting exposed every corrupt scheme. In his slight boy- | language in a speech, and shot at him, but was ish form was sheathed a courage that often fought spared by the Virginian. He had been elected to single-handed, and generally won a moral if not a the U.S. senate in December, 1824, to fill a vacancy, technical victory, as in the great Yazoo fraud and served in 1825-'7, being defeated at the next which, after repeated defeats, could only be passed election. Though he accepted the Russian mission in his absence; also in the impeachment of Judge in 1830 from Jackson, whom he had supported in Chase, who was saved only because the constitu- | 1828, he soon returned and joined issue with the tional apparatus was inadequate to carry out the president on the nullification question. In 1829 verdict of a large majority. President Jefferson he was a member of the Constitutional conven- admired his young relative, and gained much by tion of Virginia, and, though he was very infirm, his support; but it speedily became evident that his eloquence enchained the assembly: He died of their connection was unreal. Jefferson idealized consumption in a hotel in Philadelphia as he was Napoleon, Randolph abhorred him. John had preparing for another trip abroad. His last will learned from Edmund Randolph a knowledge of was set aside on the ground that it was written the English constitution rare at that time, and with unsound mind. By the earlier will, which some of the most impressive passages of his was sustained, his numerous slaves were liberated speeches were those in which he pointed out the and they were colonized by Judge William Leigh reactionary character of certain events and tenden- in the west. Although eccentric and sometimes cies of the time. The appearance of a postmaster- morose, Randolph was warm-hearted. He was fond general as agent of two land companies to urge the of children. ** His fondness for young people," Yazoo claims on congress in 1805 pointed one of says the Bryan MS., " was particularly shown in Randolph's finest speeches. At this time he was a correspondence with his a correspondence with his niece, during which he so national in his political ideas that in defending wrote her more than 200 letters.” Randolph's per- the purchase of Louisiana he maintained the con- sonal appearance was striking. He was six feet in stitutionality of the transaction. It was of im- height and very slender, with long, skinny fingers, portance to the president that his act should be which he pointed and shook at those against whom regarded as extra-constitutional. Owing to Ran- he spoke. His “ Letters to a Young Relative” ap- dolph's course, the constitutional amendment that peared in 1834. See “ Life of John Randolph," by the president asked was never gained, and any Hugh A. Garland (2 vols., New York, 1850); also further development of executive authority con- “John Randolph," by Henry Adams (Boston, 1882). tinued extra-constitutional. It was inevitable that RANGEL, Ignacio (ran-gel), Spanish mission- there should be a steady alienation between the ary, b. late in the 15th century; d. at sea in 1549. administration and Randolph. In the heat of a He belonged to the order of St. Francis and came moment, as when the outrage on the ship “ Chesa- to Mexico in 1526, where he learned the Aztec and peake” occurred, the revolutionary element in him Otomi languages, and, being transferred to the might appear; in the case alluded to he advocated province of St. Evangile, was the first to preach an embargo; but when the embargo came from to the Otomi Indians of Tula and Jilotepec in the senate, and he saw his momentary wrath sys- their own dialect. Ile converted them, notwith- tematized into a permanent war-measure, under standing that the heathen priests tried to sacrifice which England and New England would suffer to him in Tepetitlan, and he founded many missions the advantage of “ that coward Napoleon" (his in their midst, so that he gained the name of the favorite phrase), he voted against it. It seems im-Otomi apostle. He built the beautiful church of possible to ascribe this apparent inconsistency to Tula, was elected provincial in 1546, and in 1549 sent anything except Randolph's moral courage. This to the general chapter of the order in Rome, but is not the only instance in which he confronted died on the voyage. He wrote “Arte de la lengua the taunt of admitting himself to have been in Mexicana" and Arte y catecismo de la lengua the wrong. He never desired office; his ambition Otomi.” which are in manuscript in the arehiepis- was to be a representative of Virginia and to fight Icopal library of Mexico. & 180 RANNEY RANKIN . 9 RANKIN, David Nevin, physician, b. in Ship- in the Urdic language a reply to a Mohammedan pensburg, Cumberland co., Pa., 27 Oct., 1834. book against Christianity. Owing to impaired After graduation at Jefferson medical college in health, he returned to the United States, and in 1854, he practised with his father in his native 1851 became pastor of the Presbyterian church in town until the beginning of the civil war, in which Baskingridge. N. J., which charge he now (1888) he served as acting assistant surgeon, and aided in holds. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in opening many of the largest U. S. army hospitals 1867.. He is the author of “The Coming of the during the war, among which were the Mansion- Lord” (New York, 1885). house hospital in Alexandria, Va., and the Douglas RANKIN, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Dunbar, hospital in Washington, D. C. Afterward he was Scotland, about 1738; d. in London, England, 17 made one of the thirty surgeons in the volunteer May, 1810. He joined the Methodist Episcopal aid corps of surgeons of Pennsylvania, which ren conference, began to preach in 1761, and was ap- dered efficient service. In 1864-'6 he was medical pointed to the Sussex, Sheffield, Devonshire, and examiner of the U. S. pension bureau, and since other circuits by John Wesley, with whom he also 1865 he has been chief physician of the penitentiary travelled on a preaching tour in that year. He of western Pennsylvania. Dr. Rankin was a mem- was the first in authority under Wesley, was ap- ber of the British medical association in 1884, a pointed superintendent, and came to this country delegate to the 8th and 9th International medical as a missionary, arriving in Philadelphia, with congresses, and is a member of various medical | George Shadford, on 3 June, 1773. Soon after his societies. He has contributed numerous articles arrival he called a conference, which met in Phila- to medical journals. delphia in July, 1773, and was the first of that RANKIN, Jeremiah Eames, clergyman, b. in denomination ever held in this country. After Thornton, N. H., 2 Jan., 1828. After graduation preaching in New Jersey and elsewhere, he was at Middlebury college in 1848, and at Andover theo- stationed in New York, and while officiating at a logical seminary in 1854, he was pastor of Presby- quarterly meeting in 1776 he was told that he terian and Congregational churches in Potsdam, would be seized by a body of militia. He contin- N. Y., St. Albans, Vt., Lowell and Charlestown, ued preaching, but, although many soldiers were in Mass., and Washington, D. C. Since 1884 he has the congregation, he was not molested. In Sep- been pastor of the Valley church in Orange, N. J. tember, 1777, he fled from his post and entered He was a trustee of Howard university in 1870-'8, the British lines. On reaching Philadelphia, which and professor of homiletics and pastoral theology was in their possession, he declared from the pul- there in 1878–84. He has been twice a delegate to pit his belief that God would not revive his work the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal | in America nntil they submitted to their rightful church, and in 1884 was a delegate to the Congre- sovereign, George IIl.” He endeavored to get the gational union of England and Wales. Middlebury British preachers back to England. “It appeared gave him the degree of D. D. in 1869. He has con- to me," said Asbury, " that his object was to sweep tributed to religious periodicals, edited the “ Pil- the continent of every preacher that Mr. Wesley grim Press "and the Congregational Review," has sent to it, and of every respectable travelling written several national hymns, including “For preacher from Europe who had graduated among God and Home and Native Land” and “ Keep your us, whether English or Irish.” After his return to Colors Flying," and is the author of the “ Bridal England in 1778 he was supernumerary for Lon- Ring ” (Boston, 1866): “Auld Scotch Mither" (1873); don until a few months before his death. "Subduing Kingdoms "(Washington, 1881); “ The RANNEY, Ambrose Arnold, lawyer, b. in Hotel of God” (Boston, 1883); “ Atheism of the Townshend, Vt., 16 April, 1821. He was gradu- Heart” (1884); • Christ His Own Interpreter” ated at Dartmouth in 1844, taught for two years (1884); and " Ingleside Rhaims" (New York, 1887). | in Chester, Vt., studied law, and was admitted to RANKIN, John, clergyman, b. near Dandridge, the bar in 1848. He established himself in practice Jefferson co., Tenn., 4 Feb., 1793; d. in Ironton, in Boston, Mass., and attained a high reputation. Ohio, 18 March, 1886. From 1817 till 1821 he was He was corporation counsel for the city in 1855–6, pastor of two Presbyterian churches in Carlisle, and a member of the legislature in 1857, and again ky., and about 1818 founded an anti-slavery so- in 1863 and the subsequent session. He was elected ciety. Removing to Ripley, Ohio, he was pastor a representative in congress by the Republicans of the 1st and 2d Presbyterian churches for for three successive terms, serving from 5 Dec., forty-four years. He joined the Garrison anti- 1881, till 3 March, 1887, and was an active member slavery movement, and was mobbed for his views of the judiciary committee. more than twenty times. About 1824 he addressed RANNEY, Rufus Percival, jurist, b. in Bland- letters to his brother in Middlebrook, Va., dissuad-ford, Mass., 13 Oct., 1813. When he was fourteen ing him from slave-holding, which were published years old his father removed to a farm in Free- in Ripley, in the “ Liberator," in 1832, and after- dom, Portage co., Ohio, where Rufus was brought ward in book-form in Boston and Newburyport, up with small educational advantages, yet by and ran through many editions. He assisted Eliza manual work and teaching he obtained the mean's and her child, the originals of those characters in to fit himself for college. He studied for a short "Uncle Tom's Cabin," to escape. He founded the time at Western Reserve college, which he left to American reform book and tract society of Cin- study law in Jefferson, Ohio. He was admitted cinnati, and was the author of several books, in- to the bar in 18:38, and was taken into partnership cluding “The Covenant of Grace”. (Pittsburg, by Benjamin F. Wade. In 1845 he opened an 1869). See his life entitled “The Soldier, the Bat- office in Warren, Trumbull co. He was the Demo- tle, and the Victory," by Rev. Andrew Ritchie cratic candidate for congress in 1846 and 1848, (Cincinnati, 1876). and in 1850 was a member of the State constitu- RANKIN, John Chambers, clergyman, b. in tional convention, and took an active part in the Guilford county, N.C., 18 May, 1816. He was edu- ! discussions. He was chosen by the legislature, cated at Chapel Hill, studied at Princeton theo- about the same time, a judge of the supreme court, logical seminary in 18:36–9, and was ordained and and in 1851 was elected by the people, under the appointed missionary to India, where he remained new constitution, to the same office, which he held from 1840 till 1818, and there wrote and published | till 1857. In that year he was appointed Cnited . RANNEY 181 RANSOM States district attorney for Ohio, and in 1859 was He was commissioned captain on 2 March, 1870, defeated as the Democratic candidate for governor. and commodore on 28 March, 1877, and was re- In 1862 he was again elected a judge of the su- tired, 18 June, 1882. preme court, but in 1864 resigned, and resumed RANSOM, Matt Whitaker, senator, b. in practice in Cleveland. Warren county, N. C., 8 Oct., 1826. He was gradu- RANNEY, William, artist, b. in Middletown, ated at the University of North Carolina in 1847, Conn., 9 May, 1813; d. in West Hoboken, N. J., 18 and admitted to the bar the same year, and was Nov., 1857. The name that was given him at bap- presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1852. tism was William Tylee, but he never used the . For the subsequent three years he was state at- latter. At the age of thirteen he was taken to Fay- torney-general, and then, joining the Democratic etteville, N. C., by his uncle, where he was appren- party, was a member of the legislature in 1858, and ticed to a tinsmith, but seven years later he was in 1861 one of the three North Carolina commis- studying drawing in Brooklyn. When the Texan sioners to the Confederate congress in Montgom- struggle began, Ranney enlisted, and during the ery, Ala. He did his utmost to avert the war, campaign became acquainted with many trappers but, on the secession of his state, volunteered as and guides of the west. After his return home he a private in the Confederate service, and was at devoted himself mainly to portraying their life and once appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st North habits. Among his works are “ Boone's First View Carolina infantry, with which he marched to the of Kentucky," “ On the Wing," "* Washington on seat of war in Virginia. He was chosen colonel of his Mission to the Indians" (1847), “ Duck-Shoot- the 35th North Carolina infantry in 1862, partici- ing,” which is in the Corcoran gallery, Washing- pated with his regiment in all the important battles ton, “ The Sleigh-Ride,” and “ The Trapper's Last of the Army of Northern Virginia, was severely Shot.” Many of these have been engraved. He wounded in the seven days' fight around Rich- was a frequent exhibitor at the National acade- mond, and was promoted brigadier - general in my, of which he was elected an associate in 1850. 1863 and major-general in 1865, but the fall of the RANSIER, Alonzo Jacob, politician, b. in Confederacy prevented the receipt of the latter Charleston, S. C., 3 Jan., 1836; d. there, 17 Aug commission. He resumed his profession in 1866, 1882. He was the son of free colored people, and, exerted a pacific influence in the politics of his having obtained by himself some education, was state, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Demo- employed, when sixteen years of age, as a shipping- crat in 1872, and has served since by re-election. clerk by a merchant of Charleston. In Octo- His present term will end in 1889. ber, 1865, he took part in a convention of the RANSOM, Robert, soldier, b. in North Caro- friends of equal rights in Charleston, and was de- lina about 1830. He was graduated at the U. S. puted to present to congress the memorial that was military academy, and assigned to the 1st dragoons. adopted. He was elected a member of the Consti- He was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 1st cavalry, tutional convention of 1868, was an elector on the 3 March, 1855, and captain, 31 Jan., 1861, but re- Grant and Colfax presidential ticket, and was sent signed, 24 May, 1861, and was appointed captain of to the legislature in the following year. He was also cavalry in the Confederate army in June. chosen chairman of the Republican state central made colonel of the 9th North Carolina cavalry committee, filling that office till 1872, and in 1870 soon afterward, became brigadier-general, 6 March, was elected lieutenant-governor of South Carolina 1862, and major-general, 26 May, 1863. He com- by a large majority. He was president of the con- manded a brigade and the defences near Kinston, vention from the southern states that was held at N. C., in 1862, and the Department of Richmond Columbia. S. C., in 1871, and was a vice-president from 25 April till 13 June, 1864. Ile also com- of the Republican national convention at Phila- manded the sub-district, No. 2, of the department delphia in 1872. In that year he was elected a that included South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida representative in congress, and served from 1 Dec., in November, 1864. 1873, till 3 March, 1875. When the Democratic RANSOM, Truman Bishop, soldier, b. in Wood. party reached power in South Carolina in 1877, he stock, Vt., in 1802; d. near the city of Mexico, 13 lost his official posts, and afterward suffered great Sept., 1847. He was early left an orphan, entered poverty, being employed from that time till his Capt. Alden Partridge's military academy soon death as a street-laborer. after its opening, taught in several of the schools RANSOM, George Marcellus, naval officer, b. that Capt. Partridge established subsequently, and in Springfield, Otsego co., N. Y., 18 Jan., 1820. He on the incorporation of Norwich university in 1835 was educated in the common schools of New York became vice-president and professor of natural and Ohio, entered the navy as a midshipman on 25 philosophy and engineering. He was also instruc- July, 1839, studied at the naval school in Phila- tor in mathematics in the U. S. navy, did much to delphia, became a passed midshipman on 2 July, reorganize the Vermont militia, in which he was 1845, a master on 28 June, 1853, and a lieutenant major-general in 1837–44, and in 1844 succeeded on 21 Feb., 1854. He served on the coast of Africa Capt. Partridge as president of the university. Hle in 1856–7, was cominissioned lieutenant - com- was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for con- mander on 16 July, 1862, and, in command of the gress in 1840, and for lieutenant-governor in 1846. steam gun-boat Kineo," of the Western Gulf block- Gen. Ransom volunteered for the Mexican war, was ading squadron, had several engagements with the appointed major of the 9th U. S. infantry on 16 enemy in March and April, 1862. He passed the Feb., 1847, and colonel on 16 March. He fell at forts Jackson and St. Philip in Farragut's fleet, the head of his regiment while storming the works engaged the ram “ Manassas," and in May, 1862, a at Chapultepec:--His son, Thomas Edward Green. field-battery at Grand Gulf. He performed effective field, soldier, b. in Norwich, Vt., 29 Nov., 1834; d. service in shelling Gen. John C. Breckinridge's near Rome, 29 Oct., 1864, was educated at Norwich army at Baton Rouge, 5 Aug., 1862, and engaged university, learned civil engineering, and in 1851 a battery and a force of guerillas on 4 Oct. He removed to Illinois, where he engaged in business. was promoted commander on 2 Jan., 1863, and He was elected major and then lieutenant-colonel served with the North Atlantic blockading squad- of the 11th Illinois, and was wounded while lead- ron in command of the steamer “Grand Gull” in ing a charge at Charlestown, Mo., 20 Aug., 1861. 1864, and captured three steamers off Wilmington. He participated in the capture of Fort llenry, and He was 182 RANTOUL RANSONNIER 自 ​а а q&G Ransom a led his regiment in the assault upon Fort Donel- | 1803, in movements to suppress the common use of son, where he was again severely wounded, yet ardent spirits, and became a life member of the would not leave the field till the battle was ended. Massachusetts state temperance society at its in- He was promoted colonel for his bravery and skill. ception in 1812. While in the legislature he raised At Shiloh he was a question as to the expediency of capital punish- in the hottest part ments, prompted by the hanging for arson on Sa- of the battle, and, lem neck, in 1821, of a lad of seventeen, and the though wounded continued agitation of this question by himself and in the head ear- his son has done much to ameliorate the criminal ly in the action, legislation of the country. He was a pioneer in remained with the liberal religious movements of the first years his command of the nineteenth century, and when these took through the day. form, in 1819, in Dr. William E. Channing's Balti- He served aschief more sermon he became a pronounced Unitarian, of staff to Gen. and soon after conducted a correspondence on the John A. McCler- subject of popular beliefs with Rammohun Roy, of nand and inspec- Calcutta. In 1810 he took part in establishing at tor-general of the Beverly a charity-school which was the first Sun- Army of the Ten- day-school in America. His sister, Polly, was the nessee, and sub- mother of Dr. Andrew P. Peabody. He was an ac- sequently on the tive member of the Massachusetts historical society. staff of Gen. –His son, Robert, statesman, b. in Beverly, Mass., Grant, and in 13 Aug., 1905; d. in Washington, D. C., 7 Aug., January, 1863, 1852, was graduated at Harvard in 1826, studied was made a brigadier-general, his commission dat- law, was admitted to the bar in 1829, and began ing from 29 Nov., 1862. He distinguished himself practice in Salem, but transferred his practice in at Vicksburg, and was at the head of a division in 1830 to South Reading, Mass. In 1832 he removed the Red River campaign, taking command of the to Gloucester. He was elected to the legislature in corps when Gen. McClernand fell ill. In the battle 1834, serving four years, and assuming at once a of Sabine Cross-Roads he received a wound in the position as a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy, knee, from which he never recovered. He com- in which interest he established at Gloucester a manded a division, and later the 17th corps, in the weekly journal. In the legislature he formed a operations about Atlanta, and, though attacked friendship with John G. Whittier, who wrote a with sickness, directed the movements of his troops poem in his memory. He sat upon the first com- in the pursuit of Gen. John B. Hood's army until mission to revise the laws of Massachusetts, and he sank under the disease. Gen. Ransom was buried was an active member of the judiciary committee. in Rose Hill cemetery, Chicago. He was brevetted He interested himself in the establishment of lyce- major-general on 1 Sept. , 1864. Both Grant and ums. In 1836–8 he represented the state in the Sherman pronounced Ransom to be among the first board of directors of the Western railroad, ablest volunteer generals in their commands. A and in 1837 became a member of the Massachusetts Grand army post in St. Louis was named in his board of education. honor, and a tribute to his memory was delivered In 1839 he estab- at Chicago on Decoration-day, 1886, by Gen. Will- lished himself in iam T. Sherman. See “Sketches of Illinois Offi- Boston, and in 1840 cers," by James Grant Wilson (Chicago, 1862). he appeared in de- RANSONNIER, Jean Jacques (ran-son-yay), fence of the Jour- clergyman, b. in the county of Burgundy in 1600 ; neymen bootma- d. in 1640. He finished his studies in Malines, en- kers' organization, tered the Society of Jesus in 1619, and at his own indicted for a con- request was sent to Paraguay in 1625. After la- spiracy to raise wa- boring successfully among the Indians for several ges, and procured years, he visited the tribe of the Itatines in 1632, their discharge on converted them, and became their legislator as the ground that a well as their apostle. He spent the remainder of combination of in- his life among them. His letters were published dividuals to effect, under the title “ Litteræ Annuæ 1626 et 1627, by means not un- provinciæ Paraguariæ, Societatis Jesu ” (Antwerp, lawful, that which 1836). Pinelo asserts that Ransonnier's letters each might legal- were merely translations from the manuscript of ly do, was an Italian missionary. criminal conspira- RANTOUL, Robert, reformer, b. in Salem, cy. He defended Mass., 23 Nov. 1778; d. in Beverly, Mass., 24 Oct., in Rhode Island two persons indicted for complicity 1858. His father, Robert, a native of Kinross- in the Dorr rebellion of 1842, Daniel Webster being shire, Scotland, was descended from an ancient the opposing counsel. He was appointed U.S. dis- family prominent in the ecclesiastical and literary trict attorney for Massachusetts in 1845, and held annals of Scotland, came to America at the age of that office till 1849, when he resigned. He de- sixteen, and settled in Salem. The son became a livered in April, 1850, at Concord the address in druggist at Beverly in 1796. He sat in the legisla- commemoration of the outbreak of the Revolution. ture from 1809 till 1820, in the state senate from In 1850 he was the organizer and a corporator of 1821 till 1823, and in the house of representatives the Illinois Central railroad. Daniel Webster again till 1833. He was a member of the State having withdrawn from the senate in 1850, on constitutional conventions of 1820 and 1853. After being appointed secretary of state, and having taking part in the militia and coast-guard service been succeeded by Robert C. Winthrop, Mr. Ran- of 1812-'15, he became a member of the Mas- toul was elected, serving nine days. He was chosen sachusetts peace society. Ile enlisted, as early as as an opponent of the extension of slavery by a not a a Rantoul on RAPAELJE 183 RAPP coalition of Democrats and Free-soilers to the Na- | She married Hans Hansen Bergen, and, after his tional house of representatives, and served from 1 death in 1654, married Theunis Gysbert Bogaert. Dec., 1851, till his death. In 1852 he was refused RAPALLO, Charles Anthony, jurist, b. in a seat in the National Democratic convention on New York city, 15 Sept., 1823; d. there, 28 Dec., the ground that he and his constituents were dis- 1887. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin franchised by their attitude toward slavery. He Gould. He was educated exclusively by his father, was an advocate of various reforms, and delivered Anthony, who was eminent för his accomplish- lectures and speeches on the subject of educational ments both as a lawyer and as a linguist, and from advancement, several of which were published, and whom the son learned to speak English, French, while a member of the Massachusetts legislature Spanish, and Italian, and received seven years' in- prepared a report in favor of the abolition of the struction in law, obtaining admission to the bar on death-penalty that was long quoted by the oppo- completing his twenty-first year. He became a nents of capital punishment. He took a promi- successful practitioner, and was elected a judge of nent part in the agitation against the fugitive- the New York court of appeals, taking his seat on slave law. As counsel in 1851 for Thomas Simms, the bench on 1 Jan., 1870, and in 1884 he was elected the first escaped slave delivered up by Massachu- for a second term of fourteen years by the united setts, he took the ground that slavery was a state vote of both political parties. He was made LL. I). institution, and that the general government had by Columbia at its centennial celebration in 1887. no power to return fugitives from justice, or run- RAPHALL, Morris Jacob, clergyman, b. in away apprentices or slaves, but that such extradi- Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798; d. in New tion was a matter for arrangement between the York city, 23 June, 1868. He was educated for states. He lent his voice and pen to the movement | the Jewish ministry in the college of his faith in against the use of stimulants, but protested against Copenhagen, in England, where he went in 1812, prohibitory legislation as an invasion of private and afterward in the University of Giessen, where rights. After leaving the legislature, where the he studied in 1821-'4. He returned to England in variety of his learning, the power of his eloquence, 1825, married there, and made that country his and his ardent convictions against the protection home. In 1832 he began to lecture on biblical of native industry and other enlargements of the Hebrew poetry, attaining a high reputation, and sphere of government, and in favor of educational in 1834 he established the “ Hebrew Review,” the and moral reforms had attracted attention, he first Jewish periodical in England. He went to became a favorite lecturer and political speaker Syria in 1840° to aid in investigating persecutions throughout New England, New York, Pennsyl- of the Jews there, and became rabbi of the Bir- vania, and Ohio. He edited a “Workingmen's Li- mingham synagogue in 1841. He was an active brary," that was issued by the lyceums and two advocate of the removal of the civil disabilities of series of a “Common School Library” that was the Jews, aided in the foundation of the Hebrew published under the sanction of the Massachusetts national school, and was an earnest defender of his board of education. See his " Memoirs, Speeches, religion with voice and pen. In 1849 he accepted and Writings,” edited by Luther Hamilton (Boston, a call from the first Anglo-German Jewish syna- 1854).—The second Robert's son, Robert Samuel, gogue in New York city, in Greene street, and sev- antiquarian, b. in Beverly, Mass., 2 June, 1832, was eral years later he became pastor of the congre- graduated at Harvard in 1853 and at the Harvard gation B'nai Jeshurun, with which he remained law-school in 1856. On being admitted to the bar, till his death. On leaving Birmingham for this he settled in Beverly, which he represented in the country he was presented with a purse of 100 legislature in 1858, and afterward removed to Sa- sovereigns by the mayor and citizens, and an ad- lem, Mass. He was collector of Salem in 1865–²9, dress thanking him for his labors in the cause of and representative from that town in 1884-'5. Be- education. Dr. Raphall was a voluminous writer, sides an oration on the “ Centennial of American and also translated many works into English from Independence," delivered in Stuttgart, Germany, Hebrew, German, and French. The University of 4 July, 1876, and one delivered in Salem on the Giessen gave him the degree of Ph. D. after the “Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the publication of his translation of the “ Mishna,” Landing of John Winthrop," in 1880, he has which he issued jointly with Rev. D. A. de Sola, of published many historical and genealogical pa- London (1840). His principal work was a “ Post- pers in the “ Collections” of the Essex institute, Biblical History of the Jews," a collection of his of which he is a vice-president. lectures on that subject (2 vols., New York, 1855; RAPAELJE, Sarah de, b. in Fort Orange(now new ed., 1866). His other books include " Festi- Albany, N. Y.), 9 June, 1625; d. about 1700. vals of the Lord," essays (London, 1839); “ Devo- She was the daughter of Jan Joris Rapaelje, and tional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel" (New was the first white girl born in New Netherlands. York, 1852); “ The Path to Immortality” (1859); There have been various statements regarding the and Bible View of Slavery," a discourse (1861). residence of Jan Rapaelje at the time of her birth, He also undertook, with other scholars, an anno- for, after settling at Fort Orange, he removed to tated translation of the Scriptures, of which the Manhattan, and thence to Waleboght on Long volume on · Genesis was issued in 1844. Island. The depositions of his wife, Catalina RAPP, George, founder of the sect of Har- Trico, made in New York before Gov. Thomas monists, or Harmonites, b. in Würtemberg, Ger- Dongan in 1688, the year before her death, estab- many, in 1770; d. in Economy, Pa., 7 Aug., 1847. lish the time of her arrival and her first residence. He early conceived the idea of reforming modern She came to this country in the first ship that was society by the literal realization of the precepts in sent to the New Netherlands by the West India | the New Testament, and collected a band of be- company. Some travellers in 1679 mentioned Cata- lievers who were anxious to revive the practices of lina Trico as “ worldly-minded” and as living" by the primitive church; but the civil authorities in- herself, a little apart from the others, having her terfered. Rapp and his followers therefore emi- little garden and other conveniences, with which grated in 1803 to Pennsylvania, and on Conneque- she helped herself,” and evidently regarded her as nessing creek, in Butler county, organized a relig- an historical personage. Sarah was the ancestor of ious society in which all things were held in com- several well-known families in Kings county, N. Y. | mon, and members of both sexes adopted the 9 184 RASLE RAPPE a practice of celibacy. Their settlement was named | although in feeble health. He had met with bitter Harmony. By the cultivation of the land, and by opposition from some members of his flock, who weaving and other industries, they acquired wealth. made unwarranted attacks on his character, and In 1815 the community removed to a tract of he tendered his resignation, which was accepted, on 27,000 acres, lying along the Wabash river in In- 22 Aug., 1870. He was offered another diocese diana. In their new settlement, which they called several years afterward, but declined it, and spent New Harmony, they attained a much higher state the remainder of his life in the diocese of Burling- of prosperity. In 1824, however, they sold the ton, engaged in the duties of a missionary priest. land and improvements to Robert Owen for the When Bishop Rappe took possession of the diocese purpose of establishing a socialistic colony, and of Cleveland it contained about 25,000 Roman settled in Beaver county, Pa., on the right bank of Catholics, with 28 priests and 34 churches. He left the Ohio river, seventeen miles northwest of Pitts- it with more than 100,000 Roman Catholics, 107 burg, where they built the village of Economy, priests, 160 churches, and 90 schools. containing a church, a school, a museum, a hun- RAREY, John S., horse-tamer, b. in Franklin dred dwellings, and mills for the manufacture of county, Ohio, in 1828; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 4 Oct., woollen cloth, flannels, cotton goods, carpets, and 1866. At an early age he displayed tact in man- flour. Proselytes are received into the society, and aging horses, and by degrees he worked out a admitted to full membership after a probation of system of training that was founded on his own six months. Those who sever their connection observations. He went to Texas in 1856, and, after with the community receive back, without inter- experimenting there, gave public exhibitions in est, the treasure that they put into the common Ohio, and from that time was almost continuously store. Offences are punished by temporary sus- before the public. About 1860 he went to Europe pension or expulsion. In 1833, 300 Harmonists and surprised his audiences everywhere by his com- were induced to leave the community by Bernhard plete mastery of horses that had been considered Müller, an impostor, who had been admitted under unmanageable. In England particularly the most the name of Proli, and who persuaded his dupes vicious were brought to him, and he never failed to that he was the Lord's anointed, sent to establish control them. One of the greatest triumphs of his the millennial kingdom. After founding New skill was the taming of the racing-colt "Cruiser,” Jerusalem, near Pittsburg, Müller absconded with which was so vicious that he had killed one or two the greater part of $105,000, belonging to his fol- grooms, and was kept under control hy an iron lowers, that had been paid out of the chest of the muzzle. Under Mr. Rarey's treatment he became Harmonist community. The Harmony society in- perfectly gentle and submissive, and was brought by creased in numbers by the accession of other con- Rarey to this country. In 1863 Mr. Rarey was em- verts. Rapp was the spiritual head and dictator ployed by the government to inspect and report of the community, and when he died his place was upon the horses of the Army of the Potomac. He taken by the merchant Becker. On their farm, was the author of a " Treatise on Horse-Taming," which embraces 3,500 acres, the Harmonists raise of which 15,000 copies were sold in France in one live-stock, pursue silk - culture, make wine, and year (London, 1858; new ed., 1864). cultivate flax, grain, fruits, and vegetables. In RASLE, Sébastien, French missionary, b. in 1851 the village of Harmony was set off from the Dole, France, in 1658; d. in Norridgewock, Me., 12 township of Economy. Aug., 1724. His name is often improperly spelled RAPPE, Louis Amadeus, R. C. bishop, b. in Raale, Rale, and Râle. His family was distinguished Andrehem, France, 2 Feb., 1801 ; d. in St. Alban's, in the province of Franche-Comté, and, after com- Vt., 9 Sept., 1877. His parents were peasants, and pleting his studies in Dijon, he became a Jesuit, up to his twentieth year he labored in the fields. much against the wish of his parents, and taught Believing that he was called to the priesthood, he Greek for a time in the college of the society at applied for admission to the college at Boulogne, Nîmes. At his request he was attached in 1689 to and, after a classical course, entered the seminary the missions of Canada, and, sailing from La of Arras, and was ordained a priest, 14 March, 1829. Rochelle, 23 July, he landed at Quebec on 13 Oct. Ile was appointed pastor of Wisme, and subse- | After having charge of various missions he was quently chaplain of the Ursuline convent in Bou- placed in charge of the station of Norridgewock, on logne. With the permission of his superiors, he Kennebec river, about 1695. Here he made a sailed for the United States in 1840, and in 1841 thorough study of the Abenaki language, and, by was appointed to minister to the laborers on the sharing the dangers and hardships of the Indians, Miami and Erie canal and the settlers along Mau- he acquired such an influence among them that the mee river. He established a branch of the Sisters French authorities at Quebec thought advisable to of Notre Dame in Toledo, and prepared a convent utilize it in the struggle against England. A cor- and school for them. In 1847 the northern part of respondence was carried on between Rasle and Ohio was erected into the see of Cleveland, and Gov. Vaudreuil, and the latter induced him to pro- Father Rappe was nominated its first bishop, and mote a hostile sentiment among the Indians against consecrated at Cincinnati by Bishop Purcell on 10 the English settlers. Rasle readily accepted the Oct., 1847. He set about building a cathedral in suggestion, as it not only agreed with his patriotic Cleveland in the following year, and consecrated it feelings, but was also a means of checking Prot- in 1852. In 1851 he opened St. Mary's orphan estantism, which the English represented. But it asylum for girls, and founded the order of Sisters has been incorrectly stated that Rasle instigated of Charity of St. Augustine, gave them charge of St. also the attacks of the Indians on the English Vincent's asylum for boys in 1853, and introduced settlements along the coast, as he only endeavored many other religious organizations. The want of a to prevent the Abenakis from having dealings with hospital was felt severely in Cleveland during the the English. Public opinion in New England be- civil war. Bishop Rappe offered to build one in came aroused against him, especially after the 1863 and provide nurses, on condition that the failure of the conference between Gov. Dudley, of public would aid him. llis offer was accepted, and Boston, and the Abenaki chiefs in 1702, at which the hospital was completed in 1865 at a cost of Rasle was present, and in which the Indians de- $75,000, and placed in charge of the Sisters of clined the English alliance and aflirmed their reso- Charity. He attended the Vatican council in 1869, , lution to stand by the French. Several settlements 1 RATHBONE 185 RAUCH 9 8 had meanwhile been burned, indignation increased, | President Lincoln on the evening of his murder.- and the common council of Boston passed a resolu. Henry Reed's brother, Jared Lawrence, soldier, b. tion inviting the governor to put a price on Rasle's in Albany, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1844, was graduated at head, which was done. In the winter of 1705 Capt. the U. S. military acadeiny in 1865, was assigned to Hilton, with a party of 270 men, including forty: the 12th infantry, in 1866–70 was aide to Gen. John five New Englanders, surprised Norridgewock and M. Schofield, and was transferred to the artillery burned the church, but Rasle escaped to the woods in 1869. Resigning in 1872, he engaged in stock- with his papers. When peace was restored in 1713 raising and mining in California. He was appoint- he set about building a new church at Norridge- ed U. S. consul-general in Paris on 18 May, 1887. wock, and, aided by the French governor, erected RATTRAY, William Jordan, Canadian au- one which, in his own words, “would excite admi- thor, b. in London, England, in 1835; d. in To- ration in Europe.” It was supplied with all the ronto, Canada, 26 Sept., 1883. His father, a Scotch- apparatus of Roman Catholic worship, and the ser- man, came to Canada in 1848, and settled with his vices were conducted with great pomp, forty Indian family in Toronto. The son was graduated at the boys, trained by himself, acting as acolytes. Shute, University of Toronto in 1858, and afterward was of Massachusetts, engaged afterward in a corre- a journalist in that city. Among his writings was spondence with Rasle ; but failing in the attempt a series of articles on the conflict of agnosticism to decoy hiin to Boston, sent parties to seize him. and revealed religion, which presented the ortho- In January, 1723, a band of 300 men under Col. dox side of the question with great force. He was Thomas Westbrook succeeded in reaching the mis- for many years connected with the Toronto “ Mail,” sion, burned the church, and pillaged Rasle's cabin. wrote for the “Canadian Monthly” and other peri- There they found an iron box which contained, odicals, and published “The Scot in British North besides his correspondence with the authorities of America" (4 vols., Toronto, 1883). Quebec, a valuable dictionary of the Abenaki lan- RAU, Charles, archæologist, b. in Vervien, Bel- guage in three volumes. This is now preserved in gium, in 1826; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 July, the library of Harvard college, and has been printed 1887. He was educated in Germany, came to the in the “ Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sci- United States in 1848, and taught in the west and ences,” with an introduction and notes by John afterward in New York city. From 1875 until his Pickering (Cambridge, 1833). In 1724 a party of death he was curator in the department of antiqui- 208 men from Fort Richmond surprised Norridge- ties in the U. S. national museum in Washington, wock in the night, killed several Indians, and shot D.C. Devoting his attention to archäology, he be- Rasle, who was in the act of escaping, at the foot gan to write on American antiquities for “ Die of the mission cross, seven chiefs, who endeavored Natur." His contributions to the publications of to protect him, sharing his fate. His body was the Smithsonian institution first appeared in 1863, afterward mutilated by the incensed soldiery and and subsequently his articles were published in left without burial; but when the Abenakis returned nearly every annual report of that institution, a few days later, they buried his remains. The gaining for him a high reputation as an authority French authorities vainly asked reparation for the on American archæology. The University of Frei- outrage, but in 1833 the citizens of Norridgewock burg, Baden, gave him the degree of Ph. D. in 1882. raised a subscription, bought an acre of land on the He was a member of the principal archaeological spot where Rasle fell, and erected there a monument and anthropological societies of Europe and Amer- to his memory, which Bishop Fenwick, of Boston, ica, and published more than fifty papers, among dedicated on 29 Aug. Vols. xxiii. to xxvii. of the which was a series on the “Stone Age in Europe, “ Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites des missions originally contributed to “ Harper's Magazine," étrangères ” (Paris, 1728) contain several interest- and afterward issued in book-form as “ Early Man ing letters of Rasle describing his labors among the in Europe " (New York, 1876). His other publica- Indians. His life has been written by Rev. Convers tions were The Archäological Collection of the Francis. 1). D., in Sparks's “ American Biography.” United States National Museum " (Washington, RATHBONE, John Finley, manufacturer, b. 1876); “The Palenque Tablet in the United States in Albany, N. Y., 18 Oct., 1821. He was educated National Museum” (1879); Articles on Anthro- at Albany academy and the Collegiate institute at pological Subjects," 1853–87 (1882); two partly Brockport, N. Y. `In 1845 he built a foundry in published works on the types of North American Albany that is now one of the largest establish- implements; and one that was designed to be a ments of the kind in the world. In 1861 he was comprehensive treatment of archæology in Amer- appointed brigadier-general of the 9th brigade of ica. Dr. Rau bequeathed his library and collec- the National guard of New York, and at the be- tion to the U. S. national museum in Washington. ginning of the civil war he was made commandant RAUCH, Friedrich August, educator, b. in of the Albany depot of volunteers. From this Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, 27 July, 1806; d. in depot he sent to the front thirty-five regiments. Mercersburg, Pa., 2 March, 1841. He was gradu- In 1867 he resigned his office as commander of the ated at the University of Marburg, afterward stud- 9th brigade. Under the administration of Gov. ied at Giessen and Heidelberg, and became ex- John A. Dix he was appointed adjutant-general of traordinary professor at the University of Giessen. the state, with the rank of major-general. As a He fled from the country on account of a public private citizen Gen. Rathbone has been conspicuous utterance on some political subject, and landed in for his zeal in promoting works of philanthropy. the United States in 1831, learned English in He is one of the founders of the Albany orphan Easton, Pa., where he gave lessons on the piano- asylum, and for many years has been president of forte, was professor of German in Lafayette college its board of trustees. He is a trustee of the Uni- for a short time, was then chosen as principal of a versity of Rochester, in connection with which he classical school that had been established by the established, by his contribution of $40,000, the authorities of the German Reformed church at Rathbone library.-His cousin, Henry Reed, sol- York, Pa., and a few months later was ordained to dier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 1 July, 1837, was appoint- the ministry and appointed professor of biblical ed major of U. S. volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and literature in the theological seminary at York, resigned on 8 July, 1867. He received a wound while retaining charge of the academy, which, in from the assassin's dirk in the theatre-box with | 1835, was removed to Mercersburg. Under his 9 66 186 RAUMER RAUCH 66 management the school flourished, and in 1836 was | lege in 1850. From 1864 till 1871 he was professor transformed into Marshall college, of which he of pathology and practice at the Homeopathic col- became the first president. He published "Psy- lege of Pennsylvania, and at Hahnemann medical chology, or a View of the Human Soul” (New York, college in Philadelphia. He is the author of “ Die 1840), and left in an unfinished state works on neue Seelenlehre Dr. Beneke's, nach methodischen “ Christian Ethics” and “ Æsthetics." A volume Grundsätzen für Lehrer bearbeitet” (Bautzen, of his sermons, edited by Emanuel V. Gerhart, was 1847); “Special Pathology and Diagnostics with published under the title of “ The Inner Life of the Therapeutic Hints” (Philadelphia, 1868); and Christian” (Philadelphia, 1856). “ Annual Record of Homeopathic Literature” RAUCH, John Henry, physician, b. in Leba- (New York, 1870). non, Pa., 4 Sept., 1828. He was graduated in medi- RAUM, Green Berry, commissioner of internal cine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1849. In revenue, b. in Golconda, Pope co., Ill., 3 Dec., 1829. the following year he settled in Burlington, Iowa. He received a common-school education, studied In 1850, on the organization of the State medical law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1856 society, he was appointed to report on the “ Medical he removed with his family to Kansas, and at once and Economic Botany of Iowa," and this report was affiliated with the Free-state party. Becoming ob- afterward published (1851). He was an active mem- noxious to the pro-slavery faction, he returned the ber of the lowa historical and geological institute, following year to Illinois and settled at Harris- and made a collection of material — especially burg. At the opening of the civil war he made ichthyologic—from the upper Mississippi and Mis- his first speech as a “war” Democrat while he was souri rivers for Prof. Agassiz, a description of which attending court at Metropolis, III. Subsequently was published in “Silliman's Journal” (1855). In he entered the army as major of the 56th Illinois 1857 he was appointed professor of materia medica regiment, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and medical botany in Rush medical college, Chi- colonel, and brevet "brigadier-general. He was cago, which chair he filled for the next three years. made brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 Feb., In 1859 he was one of the organizers of the Chicago 1865, which commission he resigned on 6 May. college of pharmacy and filled its chair of materia He served under Gen. William S. Rosecrans in medica and medical botany. During the civil war the Mississippi campaign of 1862. At the battle he served as assistant medical director of the Army of Corinth he ordered and led the charge that of Virginia, and then in Louisiana till 1864. At the broke the Confederate left and captured a battery. close of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colo- He was with Gen. Grant at Vicksburg, and was nel. On his return to Chicago, Dr. Rauch pub- wounded at the battle of Missionary Ridge in No- lished a paper on “ Intramural Interments and vember, 1863. During the Atlanta campaign he their Influence on Health and Epidemics” (Chi- held the line of communication from Dalton to cago, 1866). He aided in reorganizing the health Acworth and from Kingston to Rome, Ga. In service of the city, and in 1867 was appointed October, 1864, he re-enforced Resaca, Ga., and held member of the newly created board of health and it against Gen. John B. Hood. In 1866 he ob- sanitary superintendent, which office he filled un- tained a charter for the Cairo and Vincennes rail- til 1873. During his incumbency the great fire of road company, aided in securing its construction, 1871 occurred, and the task of organizing and en- and became its first president. He was then elected forcing the sanitary measures for the welfare of to congress, and served from 4 March, 1867, till 3 112,000 houseless men, women, and children was March, 1869. In 1876 he was president of the suddenly thrown upon his department. In 1876 Illinois Republican convention, and in the same he was elected president of the American public year he was a delegate to the National convention health association, and delivered the annual ad- of that party in Cincinnati. He was appointed dress on the “ Sanitary Problems of Chicago" at commissioner of internal revenue, 2 Aug., 1876, the 1877 meeting of the association. In 1877, when and retained the office till 31 May, 1883. During the Illinois state board of health was created, Dr. this period he collected $850,000,000 and disbursed Rauch was appointed one of its members, and $30,000,000 without loss. He wrote “Reports.” elected its first president. He was elected secre- of his bureau for seven successive years. He is tary, to which office he has been re-elected annual- also the author of " The Existing Conflict between ly ever since. In 1878–9 the yellow-fever epidem- Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy ics in the southwest engaged his attention, result- (Washington, 1884). He is at present (1888) prac- ing in the formation of the sanitary council of the tising law in Washington, D. C. Mississippi valley and the establishment of the RÄUMER, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von river-inspection service of the National board of (row'-mer), German historian, b. in Woerlitz, near health, inaugurated by Dr. Rauch in 1879. His Dessau, 14 May, 1781; d. in Berlin, 14 May, 1873. investigations on the relation of small-pox to He studied in the universities of Falle and Göt- foreign immigration are embodied in an address tingen, was a civil magistrate in 1801, became in before the National conference of state boards of 1809 councillor to the state chancellor, Count von health at St. Louis, 13 Oct., 1884, entitled “ Prac- Hardenberg, was professor of history in the Uni- tical Recommendations for the Exclusion and Pre- versity of Breslau in 1811-'16, and in 1819 became vention of Asiatic Cholera in North America' professor of political economy in the University of (Springfield, 1884). In 1887 he published the pre- Berlin. He was elected to the parliament of Frank- liminary results of his investigations into the char- fort by the latter city in 1848, and appointed by acter of the water-supplies of Illinois. Dr. Rauch the Archduke John of Austria, vicar of the Ger- is a member of many scientific bodies and the man empire, his ambassador to Paris in 1848. author of monographs, chiefly in the domain of From 1851 up to the time of his death he was a sanitary science and preventive medicine. His chief member of the house of lords of Prussia. After work as a writer is embodied in the reports of the 1816 Raumer undertook several journeys through Mlinois state board of health in eight volumes. France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States, RAUE, Charles Godlove, physician, b. in Nie- which he visited in 1841–'3 and again in 1853-5. der-Kunnersdorf, Saxony, 11 Mav, 1820. He was He is justly considered as one of the great histo- graduated at the College of teachers in Bautzen, rians of the 19th century. His works include Saxony, in 1841, and at Philadelphia medical col- | “ Geschichte der Ilohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit" 37 RAUSCHENBUSCH RAVENSCROFT 187 (6 vols., Leipsic, 1823-'45), which is the standard his- | ies in botany with enthusiasm throughout his long tory of the imperial house of Swabia : “ Geschichte life. He not only studied critically the phæno- Europas seit dem Ende des xvten Jahrhunderts "gams of South Carolina, but also extended his re- (8 vols., 1832-'50);“ Beiträge zur neuen Geschichte” searches among the mosses, lichens, algæ, and (5 vols., 1836–9); and “ Die Vereinigten Staaten fungi. Mr. Ravenel discovered a large number of von Nordamerika” (2 vols., 1845), which was trans- new species of cryptogams, besides a few new phæ- lated into French (1846), and English (London, nogams. With the exception of the Rev. Moses 1847). It treats of the constitution of the United A. Curtis, he was the only American that knew States, which Raumer compares with those of Eu- specifically the fungi of the United States, and it rope, of the religious movements in the country, is doubtful whether any other botanist has ever of the political parties, and of its foreign policy. covered so wide à range of plants. In 1869 he RAUSCHENBUSCH, Augustus, clergyman, was appointed botanist of the government com- b. in Altena, Westphalia, Germany, 13 Feb., 1816. mission that was sent to Texas to investigate the He was graduated at the gymnasium at Elberfeld, cattle-disease, and at the time of his death he and went in his nineteenth year to the University was botanist to the department of agriculture of of Berlin to study for the Lutheran ministry. Sub- South Carolina. The degree of LL. D. was con- sequently he spent some time at the University of ferred on him by the University of North Caro- Bonn in the study of natural science and theology. lina in 1886, and he was a member of various sci- On the death of his father, who was a Lutheran entific societies in the United States and Europe. pastor in Altena, the son was chosen in 1841 as his His name is perpetuated in the genus Ravenelia successor. His ministry here, while fruitful in of the Uredineæ, a genus so peculiar in its charac- spiritual results, excited so much opposition, and ter that it is not probable that it will ever be re- was so hampered by his ecclesiastical relations, duced to a synonym, also by many species of crypto- that he resolved to emigrate to the United States. gams that have been named in his honor as their He came to this country in 1846, and preached discoverer. Mr. Ravenel was agricultural editor of for some time to the Germans in Missouri. In the “ Weekly News and Courier," and, in addition 1847 he removed to New York, where he edited to his botanical papers, he published “Fungi Caro- the German tracts published by the American liniani Exsiccati (5 vols., Charleston, 1853–’60), tract society. While he was residing in New York and, with Mordecai C. Cooke, of London, “ Fungi his views on the question of baptism underwent a Americani Exsiccati” (8 vols., 1878–82). change, and in 1850 he entered the Baptist com- RAVENEL, St. Julien, chemist, b. in Charles- munion, though retaining his connection with the ton, S. C., 15 Dec., 1819; d. there, 16 March, 1882. Tract society until 1853. In 1858 he was called to He was educated in Charleston and graduated at take charge of the German department of Roches- the Medical college of the state of South Carolina ter theological seminary, which place he continues in 1840, Subsequently he completed his studies in to fill (1888). He received the honorary degree of Philadelphia and in Paris, and on his return set- D. D. from the University of Rochester in 1863. tled in practice in Charleston, and became demon- RAVEL FAMILY, a company of French actors, strator of anatomy. Dr. Ravenel spent the years of whom GABRIEL, b. in Toulouse, France, in 1810, 1849-'50 in studying natural history and physiolo- was the most noted. The family consisted of ten gy under Louis Agassiz, also acquiring consider- principals, who for many years played in the cities able skill as a microscopist. In 1852" he retired of France. They were in Paris in 1825, and a year from practice and devoted his attention chiefly to or two later in London, at the Strand theatre and chemistry as applied to agriculture. He visited Vauxhall garden. They were remarkable for their the marl-bluffs on Cooper river in 1856, and ascer- rope-dancing, ballets, pantomimes, and tricks that tained that this rock could be converted into lime. were produced with the aid of stage-machinery. In consequence, he established with Clement H. In 1832 the troupe arrived in this country, and on Stevens the lime-works at Stoney Landing, which 16 July of that year made their debut at the New furnished most of the lime that was used in the York Park theatre. This was followed by renewed Confederate states. At the beginning of the civil engagements at the same place, and performances war he enlisted as surgeon in the Confederate in other cities. In 1834 the company went to Eu- army. While in Charleston he designed the torpe- rope on a vacation. A year later they performed do cigar-boat, the “ Little David,” which was built in the French cities, and in 1836 they opened at on Cooper river and did effective service during the Drury Lane theatre in London. From 1837 until investment of Charleston in 1863 by Admiral Du 1848 'the original Ravels gave entertainments in Pont. He was surgeon-in-chief of the Confederate this country, that were interrupted by occasional hospital in Columbia, and was director of the Con- visits to Canada, a tour to the West Indies and federate laboratory in that city for the preparation South America, and brief vacations in their native of medical supplies. At the close of the war he land. In the autumn of 1848 they retired from returned to Charleston, and in 1866 he discovered the stage. In 1866 the remains of the old troupe, the value of the phosphate deposits in the vicini- combined with new auxiliaries, again appeared here ty of that city for agricultural purposes. Dr. Ra- for a short season, but met with an unfavorable re- venel then founded the Wando phosphate company ception. The representatives of the original Ravel for the manufacture of fertilizers, and established family gave a variety of performances that were lime-works in Woodstock. The last work of his largely unique. Among their harlequinades were life was the study of means of utilizing the rich “ Mazulm, "The Green Monster," " The Red lands that are employed for rice-culture along the Gnome,” “ Asphodel,” and “ The Golden Pills.” sea-coast, which would be thrown out of cultiva- RAVENEL, Henry William, botanist, b. in tion and rendered useless when the import duty St. John's parish, Berkeley, S. C., 19 May, 1814; d. on that article should be removed. in Aiken, S. C., 17 July, 1887. He was graduated RAVENSCROFT, John Stark, P. E. bishop, at South Carolina college in 1832, and settled in b. near Blandford, Prince George co., Va., in 1772; St. Johns, where he became a planter. In 1853 he d. in Williamsborough, N. C., 5 March, 1830. His removed to Aiken, S.C., and there he spent the re- father and family removed to Scotland soon after mainder of his life. As a young man he evinced a the boy's birth, and John was sent to school in the fondness for natural history, and he pursued stud- | north of England. In January, 1789, he returned 188 RAWLE RAWDON-HASTINGS to Virginia on family affairs, and, having a de- | burg. His last act before leaving this country was sire to study law, he entered William and Mary to order the execution of Col. Isaac Hayne (g. v.), with this object; but he never accomplished it. for which he has been generally condemned. Owing In 1792 he went to Scotland again, settled his fa- to impaired health, he returned to England, and on ther's estate, and, his voyage was captured by a French cruiser and on coming back to taken to Brest. On 5 March, 1783, he was made Virginia, surren- Baron Rawdon and aide-de-camp to George III., dered himself to a and became an intimate friend of the Prince of country life in Wales. He succeeded to the title of Earl of Moira Lunenburg coun- in 1793, and inherited the baronies of Hastings ty, regardless of and Hungerford in 1808. He was appointed major- religion and relig- general, with the command of 10,000 troops, served ious obligations. under the Duke of York in the Netherlands in In 1810 he united 1794, was intrusted with the direction of the expe- with a body of pro- dition to Quibéron in 1795, and was made com- fessing Christians, mander-in-chief of the British forces in Scotland called “ Republi- and constable of the Tower of London in 1803. He Methodists,” | effected a reconciliation between the king and the but the connection Prince of Wales, was made lord-lieutenant of Ire- did not last long. land in 1805, became master-general of ordnance In 1815 he became in 1806 under the Grenville and Fox ministry, and a candidate for or- after the assassination of Mr. Perceval in 1812 ders in the Prot- made an unsuccessful attempt to form a cabinet. can no Ravenferoty church, and he was pointed governor-general of India in 1813, which licensed as a lay reader in February, 1816. So ac- post he held until 1823. The most important event ceptable were his services that St. James's church, of his administration was the successful termina- Mecklenburg county, chose him for its rector before tion of the Nepaul war, and he was thus instru- he was admitted into the ministry. He was ordained mental in laying the basis for England's power in deacon in the Monumental church, Richmond, Va., India. On 7 Dec., 1816, he was created Marquis of 25 April, 1817, by Bishop Richard C. Moore, and Hastings, and in 1824 he became governor of Mal- priest in St. George's church, Fredericksburg, 6 ta. Lord Rawdon obtained from several engineers May, 1817, by the same bishop. He received the of the British army a series of sketches and water- degree of D. D. from Columbia in 1823. This same colors of the principal events and scenes of his ex- year he was called to Norfolk, Va., but declined; perience in this country. Several of these were and also was invited to become assistant to Bishop purchased by Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, of New Moore, in the Monumental church, Richmond. At York, for his collection of the Signers. His private this time he was elected first bishop of North Caro- journal was edited and published by his daughter, lina, and was consecrated in St. Paul's church, the Marchioness of Bute (2 vols., London, 1858). Philadelphia, 22 May, 1823. William and Mary RAWLE, Francis, colonist, b. in England about also conferred upon him the degree of D. D. in 1660; d. in Philadelphia, 5 March, 1727. He was 1823. In order to supplement his salary, he as- a member of the Society of Friends. With his sumed the rectorship of Christ church, Raleigh, father, of the same name, he came to Pennsylvania which he held for five years, during which time his in 1686, to escape persecution on account of his re- health failed. He attended the general convention ligious faith. He located 2,500 acres in Plymouth in Philadelphia in August, 1829, but, on his re- township, where, with a few others, he founded the turn home, gradually sank until his death. Bishop settlement known as “ The Plymouth Friends." In Ravenscroft published numerous sermons that 1688 he was commissioned a justice of the peace he preached on special occasions, and episcopal and of the court of common pleas; under the first charges. After his decease these were republished, city charter (1691) he is named as one of the six together with 61 sermons, selected by himself, and aldermen; in 1692 he became deputy register of a memoir of his life, edited by Dr. (afterward Bishop) the wills; and in 1694 he was a commissioner of Wainwright (2 vols., New York, 1830). property. He was subsequently chosen to the pro- RAW DON.HASTINGS, Francis, British sol. vincial assembly, in which he served for ten years, dier, b. in County Down, Ireland, 9 Dec., 1754; d. and to the provincial council. He is said to be near Naples, Italy, 28 Nov., 1826. He was the son the first person in the British colonies in America of the Earl of Moira, was educated at Oxford, and that wrote on the subject of political economy and entered the army in 1771 as ensign in an infantry its application to local requirements. In 1721 he regiment. In 1773 he was sent to this country, and published “Some Remedies Proposed for the Re- participated in the battle of Bunker Hill as cap- storing the sunk Credit of the Province of Penn- tain in the 63d foot. He became aide to Sir Henry sylvania ; with Some Remarks on its Trade. Hum- Clinton, and took part in the battles of Long bly Offer'd to the Consideration of the Worthy Island and White Plains, and the attacks on Fort Representatives in the General Assembly of this Washington and Fort Clinton. In 1778 he was ap- Province. By a Lover of this Country.". During pointed adjutant-general, with the rank of lieuten- the following year numerous petitions came to the ant-colonel, and afterward he raised in New York assembly, praying for the issuance of paper money, a corps called the ** Volunteers of Ireland,” which and a committee, with Rawle at the head, was ap- he commanded. His conduct at the battle of pointed, to whom was committed the drawing-up Monmouth procured for him the command of a the bill for issuing bills of credit, &c.” The bill British corps in South ('arolina, which he led at then drawn became a law. The paper money is- the battle of Camden, 6 Aug., 1780. He remained sued under it was the first in the province. In in the Carolinas after Lord Cornwallis's return to 1725 he published “Ways and Means for the In- the north, attacked and defeated Gen. Nathanael habitants of Delaware to become Rich: Wherein Greene at Hobkirk's Hill, 25 April, 1781, relieved the several Growths and Products of these Coun- Fort Ninety-Six, and fortified himself at Orange- I tries are demonstrated to be a sufficient Fund for RAWLE 189 RAWLE a flourishing Trade. Humbly submitted to the delphia Society for promoting Agriculture” (Phila- Legislative Authority of these Colonies.". This delphia, 1819); "Two Addresses to the Associated book is said to be the first that was printed by Members of the Bar of Philadelphia ” (1824); " A Franklin. George Brinley's copy of this work sold View of the Constitution of the United States” for $100. In the following year he published “A (1825); and "The Study of the Law" (1832). To Just Rebuke to a Dialogue betwixt Simon and the literature of the Historical society he contrib- Timothy, shewing What's therein to be found. uted a “Vindication of the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder's &c.," being a reply to James Logan's “ Dialogue History of the Indian Nations,'” a “Biographical shewing What's therein to be found, &c.” (Phila- Sketch of Sir William Keith," and " A Sketch of delphia, 1725), printed by Logan in answer to the Life of Thomas Mifflin." He left various manu- Rawle's “ Ways and Means.”—His great-grandson, scripts on theological matters, among them an “ Es- William, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 28 April, say on Angelic Influences," and an argument on the 1759; d. there, 12 April, 1836, was educated at the evidences of Christianity. He was a fine classical Friends' academy, and was yet a student when the scholar. He translated from the Greek the “ Phæ- war for independence was begun. His immediate do” of Plato, adding thereto a commentary there- relatives and connections were loyalists. On the on. These “would in themselves alone,” accord- evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, young ing to David Paul Brown, “suffice to protect his Rawle accompanied his step-father, Samuel Shoe- name against oblivion.” He received the degree maker, who had been one of the civil magistrates of LL. D. from Princeton in 1827, and from Dart- of the city under Howe, to New York, and there mouth in 1828. See a sketch of him by Thomas began the study of the law. Mr. Rawle completed 1. Wharton (Philadelphia, 1840).—William's son, his studies in the Middle Temple, London, and re- William, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 19 July, 1788; turned to Philadelphia, where, in 1783, he was ad- d. in Montgomery county, Pa., 9 Aug., 1858, was mitted to the bar. In 1791 he was appointed by educated at Princeton, studied law, and was ad- President Washington U. S. district attorney for mitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1810. During Pennsylvania. By direction of the president, Mr. the war of 1812 he served as captain of the ad Rawle accompanied the U. S. district judge and troop of Philadelphia city cavalry. Returning to the military on the western expedition in 1794, the practice of the law, he in due time attained a and it became his duty to prosecute the offenders rank at the bar but little inferior to that of his after the insurrections in that year and in 1798 father. He was for four years president of the had been put down. In 1792 he was offered by common council. He was a member of the Ameri- the president the office of judge of the U. S. dis- can philosophical society, for many years a vice- trict court for Pennsylvania, but declined it on ac- president of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, count of his youth and professional prospects. He and secretary, and afterward a director, of the Li- was for many years the attorney and counsel for brary company, and for twenty years a trustee of the Bank of the United States. From 1786 till his the University of Pennsylvania. As reporter of death he was a member of the American philo- the state supreme court, he published 25 volumes sophical society, and for twenty years he was one of reports (1818–'33). Among his published writ- of its councillors. In 1789 he was chosen to the ings are an “ Address before the Law Academy of assembly. He was one of the original members Philadelphia ” (1835), and “ An Address before the of the Society for political inquiries, founded by Trustees of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.” (1836). Franklin, which held – The second William's son, William Henry, its weekly meetings lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 31 Aug., 1823; d. there, at his house. From 19 April, 1889, was graduated in 1841 at the Uni- 1796 till his death he versity of Pennsylvania, from which he received in was a trustee of the 1882 the degree of LL. D. He studied law with his University of Penn- father, was adınitted to practice in 1844, and has sylvania. He was the won reputation in his profession. In 1862, upon chancellor of the As- the “emergency” call, Mr. Rawle enlisted as a sociated members of private of artillery, and in 1863, under a similar the bar of Philadel- call, he served as quartermaster. He was a vice- phia, and when, in provost of the Law academy from 1865 to 1873, 1827, this institution later vice-chancellor of the Law association, and was merged in the was for several years the secretary, and after- Law association of ward a director, of the Library company. He Philadelphia, he be- published a treatise on the “Law of Covenants came chancellor of for Title” (Philadelphia, 1852): the 3d American the latter in 1822, and edition of John W. Smith's “Law of Contracts," held the office till his with notes (1853 ; with additional notes by George death. He was chosen Sharswood, 1856); the 2d American edition of the first vice-presi- Joshua Williams's “Law of Real Property" (1857); dent of the Law acad. “Equity in Pennsylvania," a lecture, to which was emy, was one of the founders of the Historical soci- appended “The Registrar's Book of Gov. William ety of Pennsylvania in 1824, and its first president. Keith's Court in Chancery” (1868); Some Con- He was also a member of the Agricultural, Humane, trasts in the Growth of Pennsylvania in English Linnæan, and Abolition societies, and was long Law” (1881); “ Oration at Unveiling of the Monu- president of the latter. For many years he was ment erected by the Bar of the U. S. to Chief-Jus- secretary and afterward a director of the Library tice Marshall ” (Washington, 1884); and “ The ('ase company of Philadelphia. In 1830 he was appoint of the Educated Unemployed," an address (1885). ed, with Thomas I. Wharton and Joel Jones, to re- -William Henry's nephew, William Brooke. vise the civil code of Pennsylvania, and he was the Rawle, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 29 Aug., 1843, principal author of the reports of the commission, is the son of Charles Wallace Brooke by his wife, the results of whose labors are embodied in stat- Elizabeth Tilghman, daughter of the second Will- utes that still remain in force. Among his pub- iam Rawle, and has taken for his surname Brooke- lished writings are “An Address before the Phila- | Rawle. He was graduated at the University of Whawty 190 RAWLINS RAWLINGS within Soffbawkins Pennsylvania in 1863, and immediately afterwardſ from Kentucky to Missouri and then to Illinois. entered the army as lieutenant in the 3d Pennsyl- John passed his early years on the family farm, vania cavalry. He was promoted captain and bre- and attended the district school in winter. He vetted major and lieutenant-colonel, at the close also assisted at burning charcoal and hauling it of the war, studied law, and in 1867 was admitted to market; but this to the Philadelphia bar. He is secretary of the work became dis- Historical society of Pennsylvania, treasurer of the agreeable to him as Law association of Philadelphia, and agent for the he approached man- Penn estates in Pennsylvania. Col. Brooke-Rawle hood, and, after read- has published “The Right Flank at Gettysburg” ing all the books (Philadelphia, 1878); " With Gregg in the Gettys- within his reach, he burg Campaign" (1884); and “Gregg's Cavalry attended the Mount Fight at Gettysburg," an address delivered at the Morris seminary in unveiling of the monument on the site of the cav- Ogle county, Ill., in alry engagement (1884). — The first William Rawle's 1852–3. His money grandson, Henry, iron-master, b. in Mifflin coun- having given out, ty, Pa., 21 Aug., 1833, is the son of Francis Will- he resumed his occu- iam Rawle, a graduate of the University of Penn- pation of charcoal- sylvania, who served the war of 1812, became a hurnerthat hemight civil engineer, was largely engaged in the manu- earn more; but, in- facture of iron, and was for some time judge of stead of returning Clearfield county. The son studied civil engineer- to the seminary, as ing, and as a young man engaged in constructing he had intended, he the Pennsylvania railroad, and became principal studied law assistant engineer of the western division of the Isaac P. Stevens at Sunbury and Erie railroad. He subsequently en- Galena, and in Octo- gaged extensively in the coal and iron business in ber, 1854, was admitted to the bar and taken into Erie, Pa., and established the Erie blast-furnace partnership by his preceptor. In 1855 Mr. Stevens and Erie rolling-mill. In 1874-'6 he was mayor of retired, leaving the business to be conducted by Erie, and from 1876 till 1878 he was treasurer of Rawlins. In 1857 he was elected attorney for the Pennsylvania.—Henry's brother, Francis, lawyer, city of Galena, and in 1860 he was nominated for b. in Mifflin county, Pa., 7 Aug., 1846, was gradu- the electoral college on the Douglas ticket. During ated at Harvard in 1869 and at the law-school in the contest that followed he held a series of joint 1871, and in the latter year was admitted to the discussions with Allen C. Fuller, the Republican bar in Philadelphia. He has published two revised candidate, and added greatly to his reputation as a editions of Bouvier's “ Law Dictionary,” in which public speaker. He held closely to the doctrines are given over seven hundred subjects not named of Judge Douglas, but was, of course, defeated in the original work (Philadelphia, 1883–5). with his party. His own opinions were strongly RAWLINGS, Moses, soldier, b. in Anne Arun- opposed to human slavery, and yet he looked upon del county, Md., about 1740; d. in Hampshire it as an evil protected within certain limits by the county, Va., in 1808. His ancestor, Henry, was constitution of the United States. His love for among the first settlers of Maryland, having emi- the Union was, however, the master sentiment of grated to the colony in 1635. In 1650 his son. his soul, and while he had followed his party in all Anthony, was a member of Gov. Calvert's colonial peaceful advocacy of its claims, when the South council. Moses Rawlings was educated in the Carolinians fired upon Fort Sumter, April 12. 1861, parish school of his native county and afterward he did not hesitate for a moment to declare for co- by private tutors. His father was a wealthy to- ercion by force of arms. He was outspoken for bacco-planter, and the son engaged in the same the Union and for the war to maintain it, and at a occupation. He was a zealous patriot, and when mass-meeting at Galena on 16 April, 1861, Rawlins in June, 1775, Maryland was called upon to fur- was called on to speak; but, instead of deprecating nish two companies of riflemen, he was among the the war, as had been expected, he made a speech of first to volunteer for the service. He received a an hour, in which he upheld it with signal ability lieutenant's commission, and afterward joined and eloquence. Among those of the audience that Washington at Boston. In 1776 congress ordered had acted with the Democrats was Capt. Ulysses four companies from Virginia and two more from 'S. Grant. He was deeply impressed by the speech, Maryland, which, with the two companies that had and thereupon offered his services to the country, been already raised, were formed into a regiment, and from that time forth was the warm friend of of which Rawlings was commissioned lieutenant- Rawlins. The first act of Grant after he had been colonel. At the storming of Fort Washington, 16 assigned to the command of a brigade, Aug., Nov., 1776, the Maryland riflemen withstood the 1861, was to offer Rawlins the post of aide-de-camp attack of 5,000 Hessians for several hours, but, on his staff, and almost immediately afterward, being unsupported by other troops, were at last when Grant was appointed brigadier-general of obliged to retire under the guns of the fort, which i volunteers, he offered Rawlins the position of cap- was soon afterward surrendered to the enemy. In tain and assistant adjutant-general, to date from this action Rawlings commanded the Maryland 30 Aug., 1861. He joined Grant at Cairo, Mi., 15 riflemen with skill and bravery. He received the Sept., 1861, and from that time was constantly with warmest praise from Washington for his conduct the latter till the end of the war, except froin i Aug. on this occasion. After his exchange he was made to 1 Oct., 1864, when he was absent on sick-leave. colonel of the riflemen, and fought in all the bat- | He was promoted major, 14 April, 1862, lieuten- tles where the Maryland troops were engaged. At ant-colonel, 1 Nov., 1862, brigadier-general of vol- the close of the war he retired to Virginia. unteers, 11 Aug., 1863, brevet major-general of RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, b. in East i volunteers, 24 Feb., 1865, chief-of-staff to Lieut.- Galena, 11., 13 Feb., 1831; d. in Washington, Gen. Grant, with the rank of brigadier-general, D. C., 9 Sept., 1869. He was of Scotch-Irish ex- C. S. army, 3 March, 1865, and brevet major-gen- traction. Ilis father, James D. Rawlins, removed ; eral, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. Finally he was RAWLINS 191 RAWSON а appointed secretary of war, 9 March, 1869, which in 1861. He found the administration of the army office he held till his death. Before entering the as fixed by the law somewhat interfered with by army Rawlins had never seen a company of uni- an order issued by his predecessor, and this order formed soldiers nor read a book on tactics or mili- he at once induced the president to countermand. tary organization, but he soon developed rare ex- From that time till his death he was a great suf- ecutive abilities. During Grant's earlier career he ferer from pulmonary consumption, which he had was assistant adjutant-general, but as Grant was contracted by exposure during the war; but he promoted and his staff became larger, Rawlins be- performed all the duties of his office and exerted a came chief of staff. Early after joining Grant, commanding influence in the counsels of the presi. Rawlins acquired great influence with him. He dent to the last. A bronze statue has been erected was bold, resolute, and outspoken in counsel, and to his memory at Washington. He was married never hesitated to give his opinion upon matters twice. After his death provision was made by a of importance, whether it was asked or not. His public subscription of $50,000 for his family. relations with Grant were closer than those of RAWSON, Albert Leighton, author, b. in any other man, and so highly did the latter value Chester, Vt., 15 Oct., 1829. After studying law, the- his sterling qualities and his great abilities that, ology, and art, he made four visits to the Orient, in a letter to Henry Wilson, chairman of the sen- and in 1851-2 made a pilgrimage from Cairo to ate military committee, urging his confirmation as Mecca with the annual caravan disguised as a Mo- brigadier - general, he declared that Rawlins was hammedan student of medicine. He also explored more nearly indispensable to him than any officer the Indian mounds of the Mississippi valley, and in the army. He was a man of austere habits, se- visited Central America in 1854–5, publishing vere morals, aggressive temper, and of inflexible • The Crania of the Mound-Builders of the United will, resolution, and courage. He verified, re-ar- States and of Central America." He travelled in ranged, and re-wrote, when necessary, all the state- the Hudson bay territories in 1863. Mr. Rawson ments of Grant's official reports, adhering as closely has been adopted as a brother by the Adwan as possible to Grant's original drafts, but making Bedawins of Moab and initiated by the Druzes in them conform to the facts as they were understood Mount Lebanon, is a founder of the Theosophical at headquarters. While he did not originate the society in the United States, and is a member of idea of running the batteries at Vicksburg with various literary, scientific, and geographical so- the gun-boats and transports and marching the cieties. He has received honorary degrees, includ- army by land below, he was its first and most per ing that of LL. D. from Oxford in 1880. He has sistent advocate. His views upon such questions published many maps and has illustrated books were sound and vigorous, and were always an im- from original sketches, including “ The Life of portant factor in Gen. Grant's decisions concern- Jesus,” by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (New York, ing them. At Chattanooga he became an ardent 1871), has executed more than 3,000 engravings, con- advocate of the plan of operations devised by Gen. tributed to magazines, and is the author of “ Bible William F. Smith, and adopted by Gens. Thomas Dictionaries” (Philadelphia, 1870-5); “ Histories and Grant, and for the relief of the army at Chat- of all Religions" (1870); “Statistics of Protestant- tanooga, and for the battle of Missionary Ridge, ism” (1870); · Antiquities of the Orient” (New where his persistence finally secured positive or- York, 1870); Vocabulary of the Bedawin Lan- ders from Grant to Thomas directing the advance guages of Syria and Egypt ” (Cairo, 1874); “ Dic- of the Army of the Cumberland that resulted in tionaries of Arabic, German, and English” (Leip- carrying the heights. He accompanied Grant to şic, 1876); -- Vocabulary of Persian and Turkish the Army of the Potomac, and, after careful study, Languages" (Cairo, 1877); “ Chorography of Pales- threw his influence in favor of the overland cam- tine” (London, 1880); a translation of "The Sym- paign, but throughout the operations that followed posium of Basra” (1880); “ Historical and Arche- he deprecated the repeated and costly assaults on ological Introduction to the Holy Bible” (New the enemy's intrenched positions, and favored the York, 1884): and “ The Unseen World" (1888). flanking movements by which Lee was finally RAWSON, Edward, colonial secretary, b. in driven to the south side of the Potomac. It has Gillingham, Dorset shire, England, 16 April, 1615; been said that he opposed the march to the sea, d. in Boston, Mass., 27 Aug., 1693. He settled in and appealed to the government, over the head Newbury, Mass., about 1636, was graduated at of his chief, to prevent it; but there is no evidence Harvard in 1653, and represented Newbury in the in his papers, nor in those of Lincoln or Stanton, general court, of which he was clerk. For many to support this statement. It is doubtless true that years he was secretary of Massachusetts colony, and he thought the time chosen for the march somewhat he was also chosen ** steward or agent for the re- premature, and it is well known that he opposed the ceiving and disposing of such goods and commodi- transfer of Sherman's army by steamer from Savan- ties as should be sent to the United colonies from nah to the James river for fear that it would leave England toward Christianizing the Indians.” Ile the country open for the march of all the southern is believed to have been one of the authors of a forces to a junction with Lee in Virginia before small book published in 1691, entitled - The Revo- Sherman could reach that field of action, and it is lution in New England Justified.” and signed - E. suggested that the recollection of these facts has R." and "S. S.” He published “The General Laws been confused with such as would justify the state and Liberties concerning the Inhabitants of Mas- ment above referred to, but which was not made sachusetts" (1660). — His son, Grindall, clergy- till several years after his death. He was a devot- man, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 Jan., 1659; d. in Men- ed and loyal friend to Gen. Grant, and by far too don, Mass., 6 Feb., 1715, was graduated at Har- good a disciplinarian to appeal secretly over his vard in 1678, and was pastor of a church in Men- head to his superiors. His whole life is a refuta- don from 1680 until his death. He was instructed tion of this story, and when it is remembered that by the commissioners for the propagation of the Gen. Grant does not tell it as of his own knowl- gospel, in 1698, to visit the Indians in New Eng- edge, it may well be dismissed from history. land. An account of this visit was published in the Rawlins, as secretary of war, was the youngest Massachusetts Historical Collections ” (1st series, member of the cabinet, as he was the youngest vol. x.). Several interesting anecdotes are recorded member of Grant's staff when he joined it at Cairo | of Rev. Grindall Rawson in connection with Cot- . 192 RAYMOND RAY 66 ton Mather, who mentions him in his “ Mantissa,” ernor, but was defeated. In 1860 he was an elector and says in one of his sermons: We generally on the Bell-and-Everett presidential ticket, and esteemed him as a truly pious man, and a very canvassed northern Louisiana for those candidates, prudent one. He was an accomplished scholar against the growing feeling in favor of secession. and writer, and preached to the Indians in their Throughout the civil war Mr. Ray was a consistent own language. He published a sermon “preached Unionist, and at its close he favored the plan of re- to and at the request of the Ancient and Honorable construction that was advocated by the Republican Artillery company in 1703,” an election sermon party. In 1865 he was elected to congress, but, (Boston, 1709), and a work entitled " The Confes- with all other representatives from the seceded sion of Faith," written in English and also in the states, he was refused a seat in that body. In Indian dialect.–Edward's daughter, Rebecca, b. 1868–72 he was again state senator. During in Boston, Mass., 23 May, 1656, was the heroine of the former year he was appointed to revise the a romantic episode in the history of the colony, civil code, the code of procedure, and the statutes commemorated by John G. Whittier in Leaves of the state of Louisiana, and his revisions were from Margaret Smith's Journal ” (1849). Her por- adopted by the legislature of 1870. In 1872 he re- trait is in possession of the New England historic moved to New Orleans, where he resided until his genealogical society. See Sullivan S. Rawson's death, and where he served as registrar of the state "Memoir of Edward Rawson, with Genealogical land-office from 1873 till 1877. In 1873 he was Notices of his Descendants" (Boston, 1849), and elected to the U.S. senate by the “ Kellogg” legis- Genealogy of the Descendants of Edward Raw- lature; but his election was contested by William son,” by Reuben Rawson Dodge (1849; revised ed., L. McMillen, who had been chosen by the “ Me- Worcester, Mass., 1875). Enery” legislature. Neither contestant was given RAY, Isaac, physician, b. in Beverly, Mass., 16 the seat. In 1878 Mr. Ray was appointed by John Jan. , 1807; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 31 March, 1881. Sherman, then secretary of the treasury, special at- He was graduated in medicine at Bowdoin in 1827, torney for the United States to prosecute the and practised in Portland and Eastport, Me. In “ whiskey cases." He was also one of the attor- 1841 he was appointed superintendent of the state neys of Mrs. Myra Gaines (q. l'.), and at the time of insane asylum in Augusta, and in 1845 he was his death was engaged in the prosecution of an im- made superintendent of the Butler hospital for the portant suit by which Louisiana is endeavoring to insane in Providence, R. I. He held this office establish her title to certain swamp lands given to until 1866, and then removed to Philadelphia. her by the general government. His services had Brown gave him degree of LL. D. in 1879. In also been secured by the great majority of the addition to many contributions to medical jour- French citizens of New Orleans to prosecute their nals and other periodicals, and a series of valuable claims under the international commission of 1880 official reports, he was the author of “ Conversations to adjust the claims of French subjects against on Animal Economy” (Portland, 1829); " Medical this government growing out of the operations of Jurisprudence of Insanity” (Boston, 1838; Lon- the National forces in Louisiana during the civil don, 1839; 5th ed., enlarged, Boston, 1872); “ Edu- He published “ Ray's Digest of the Laws of cation in Relation to the Health of the Brain” Louisiana” (2 vols., New Orleans, 1870). (1851); and “ Mental Hygiene" (1863). RAYMOND, Benjamin Wright, merchant, b. RAY, James Brown, governor of Indiana, b. in Rome, N. Y., 23 Oct. , 1801; d. in Chicago, ill., in Jefferson county, Ky., 19 Feb., 1794; d. in Cin- 5 April, 1883. His father, a native of Massachu- cinnati, Ohio, 4 Aug., 1848. After studying law in setts, was for several years engaged in surveying Cincinnati, he was adınitted to the bar, and began the northern counties of New York, selected the to practise in Brookville., In 1822 he was elected site of Potsdam, lived there for several years, and to the legislature, in which he frequently served as was judge of the county. After serving as a clerk president pro tempore. From 1825 til 1831 he was for several years, the son engaged in business for governor of Indiana, and in 1826 he was appointed himself, first in Rome and next in Bloomfield, and U.S. commissioner, with Lewis Cass and John in 1837 removed to Chicago and began business as a Tipton, to negotiate a treaty with the Miami and merchant. In 1839 he was elected the third mayor Pottawattamie Indians for the purchase of lands in of Chicago, and he was re-elected in 1842. He was Indiana. The constitution of the state prevented one of the originators of the city of Lake Forest, the governor froin holding any office under the à founder of Lake Forest university and president U. S. government, and he was consequently in- of its board of trustees, and was a member of the volved in a controversy. Through his exertions | board of trustees of Beloit college and Rockford the Indians gave land to aid in builling a road female seminary. In 1864 he organized the Elgin from Lake Michigan to Ohio river. Gov. Ray was national watch company, and became its president. active in promoting railroad concentration in In- -His son, George Lansing, educator, b. in Chi- dianapolis. He practised law, was a defeated can- cago, Ill., 3 Sept., 1839, was graduated at Williams didate for congress in 1837, and in his later years in 1862, studied theology at Princeton, and was became very eccentric. pastor at Darby. Pa., in 1870-'4. He was professor RAY, John, lawyer, b. in Washington county, of oratory at Williams in 1874-'81, and became Mo., 14 Oct. , 1816: d. in New Orleans, La., 4 March, professor of oratory and æsthetic criticism at 1888. His grandfather, John Ray, emigrated to Princeton in 1881. He is the author of " Ora- Missouri, and was associated with Daniel Boone. tor's Manual" (Chicago, 1879); “ Modern Fishers of Ile was a member of the 1st Constitutional con- Men," a novel (New York, 1879): “ A Life in Song" vention there, and Ray county was named for him. (1886); Poetry as a Representative Art” (1886); The grandson was edncated at Augusta college and Ballads of the Revolution, and other Poems Transylvania university, where he was graduated in (1887); and “Sketches in Song" (1887). 1835. He removed to Monroe, La., studied law, RAYMOND), Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. in was adınitted to the bar in 1839, and took high Lima, Livingston co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1820: d. in rank in his profession. He was elected in 1841 to New York city, 18 June, 1869. His father owned the state house of representatives, and in 1850 to and cultivated a small farm on which the son was the state senate. In 1854 and again in 1859 he employed in his youth. He was graduated at the was nominated by the Whigs for lieutenant-gov- University of Vermont in 1840, studied law in war. RAYMOND 193 RAYMOND Nerry ) Ragnard @ " New York, and maintained himself by teaching in 1866, and was the author of the “ Philadelphia Ad- a young ladies' seminary and writing for the “ New dress” to the people of the United States. In the Yorker,” a literary weekly edited by Horace Greeley. summer of 1868 he visited Europe with his family, On the establishment of the “ Tribune” in April, and after his return resumed the active labors of 1841, Mr. Raymond became assistant editor and was his profession, with which he was occupied till his well known as a death. As an orator Mr. Raymond possessed great reporter. He made power. As a journalist he did good service in ele- a specialty of vating the tone of newspaper discussion, showing lectures, sermons, by his own example that it was possible to be ear- and speeches, and, nest and brilliant without transgressing the laws of among other re- decorum. He wrote “ Political Lessons of the Revo- markable feats,lution” (New York, 1854); “ Letters to Mr. Yan- reported Dr. Di- cey” (1860); “ History of the Administration of onysius Lardner's President Lincoln ”(1864); and “Life and Ser- lectures so per- vices of Abraham Lincoln ; with his State Papers, fectly that the lec- Speeches, Letters, etc." (1865). See Augustus Mav- turer consented to erick's “ H. J. Raymond and the New York Press their publication for Thirty Years ” (Hartford, 1870). in two large vol- RAYMOND, James, lawyer, b. in Connecticut umes, by Greeley in 1796 ; d. in Westminster, Md., in January, 1858. and McElrath, He was graduated at Yale in 1818, removed to with his certifi- Maryland, studied law in Frederick city, and was cate of their ac- admitted to the bar in 1835. After practising at curacy. In 1843 Frederick, he removed to Westminster, Carroll co., he left the “Tribune" for the “ Courier and En- where he resided till his death. In 1844 he was quirer," and he remained connected with this jour- elected a member of the house of delegates, and in nal till 1851, when he resigned and went to Europe 1847 he was appointed state's attorney. He was a to benefit his health. While on the staff of the profound lawyer, and was exceptionably well read 6. Courier and Enquirer” he formed a connection in the literature of his profession. He published with the publishing - house of Harper Brothers, “ Digest of the Maryland Chancery Decision " (New which lasted ten years. During this period á York, 1839), and “ Political,” a book in opposition spirited discussion of Fourier's principles of so- to “ Knownothingism” as a phase of politics in cialism was carried on between Mr. Raymond and the state of Maryland. Mr. Greeley, and the articles of the former on this RAYMOND, John Howard, educator, b. in subject were afterward published in pamphlet- New York city, 7 March, 1814; d. in Poughkeepsie, form. In 1849 he was elected to the state as- N. Y., 14 Aug., 1878. He was for a time a student sembly by the Whigs. He was re-elected in 1850, in Columbia, but was graduated at Union college and chosen speaker, and manifested special inter- in 1832. Immediately thereafter he entered upon est in the school system and canal policy of the the study of the law in New Haven. The con- state. The New York ® Times" was established by straint of religious convictions led him to abandon him, and the first number was issued on 18 Sept., this pursuit, and in 1834 he entered the theological 1851. In 1832 he went to Baltimore to report the seminary at Hamilton, N. Y., with the intention of proceedings of the Whig national convention, but preparing for the Baptist ministry. His progress in was given a seat aş a delegate, and made an eloquent the study of Hebrew was so marked that before his I a speech in exposition of northern sentiment. In graduation he was appointed a tutor in that lan- 1854 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the guage. In 1839 he was raised to the chair of rhet- state. He was active in organizing the Republican oric and English literature in Madison university, party, composed the “ Address to the People” that which he filled for ten years with a constantly was promulgated at the National convention at growing reputation as a teacher and orator. In Pittsburg in February, 1856, and spoke frequently 1850 he accepted the professorship of belles-let- for Frémont in the following presidential cam- tres in the newly established Rochester univer- paign. In 1857 he refused to be a candidate for sity. In 1856 he was selected to organize the Col- governor of New York, and in 1858 he favored legiate and polytechnic institute in Brooklyn, and Stephen A. Douglas, but he finally resumed his accomplished the task with great success. He was relations with the Republican party. In 1860 he summoned in 1865 to perform a similar service in was in favor of the nomination of William H. Sew- connection with the recently founded Vassar col- ard for the presidency, and it was through his in- lege at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he was made fluence that Mr. Seward was placed in the cabinet. president and professor of mental and moral phi- He was a warm supporter and personal friend of losophy. His varied gifts and accomplishments Mr. Lincoln in all his active measures, though at here found scope for their highest exercise. Though times deploring what he considered a hesitating an able and eloquent preacher, ministering regu- policy. After the disaster at Bull Run he proposed larly as chaplain of the college, he was never or- the establishment of a provisional government. In dained. His published works were confined to 1861 he was again elected to the state assembly, pamphlets and serinons. He received the honorary where he was chosen speaker, and in 1863 he was degree of LL. D. See his “ Life and Letters ” (New defeated by Gov. Edwin D. Morgan for the nomi- York, 1880). — His brother, Robert Raikes, edu- nation for U. S. senator. In 1864 he was elected to cator, b. in New York city in 1819 ; d. in Brooklyn, congress, and in a speech on 22 Dec., 1865, main- N. Y., 16 Nov., 1888. He was graduated at Union tained that the southern states had never been out college in 1839. He edited the Syracuse “ Free of the Union. He sustained the reconstruction Democrat” in 1852, and the “ Evening Chronicle" policy of President Johnson. On the expiration in 1853–4, and was professor of elocution and Eng- of his term he declined renomination, and he re- lish in Brooklyn polytechnic institute from 1857 fused the mission to Austria in 1867. He assisted till 1864. fle published “Gems from Tupper” in the organization of the National Union con- (Syracuse, 1854); - Little Don Quixote," from the vention which met at Philadelphia in August, ) German (1855); “ Patriotic Speaker" (New York, VOL. V.-13 194 RAYNAL RAYMOND 1864); and single sermons and addresses.—Rob- ance as Graves in Bulwer's comedy of Money." ert's son, Rossiter Worthington, mining engi- Mr. Raymond returned to New York in 1871, and neer, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 April, 1840, was there his greatest success was achieved in 1874, graduated at Brooklyn polytechnic institute in when he brought out at the Park theatre “The 1858, and spent three years in professional study at Gilded Age.” In this Mr. Raymond took the part the Royal mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, of Colonel Mulberry Sellers, which he rendered pe- and at the universities of Heidelberg and Munich. culiarly his own, and in which he delighted thou- On his return to the United States he entered sands by the original character of his humor. He the army as additional aide-de-camp, with the rank went to England on a professional engagement in of captain, on 31 March, 1862, and resigned on 6 1880, but his character of Colonel Sellers did not April, 1864. Subsequently he settled in New York prove popular and he soon returned. He ap- city as a consulting engineer, with special reference peared on the stage for the last time in Hopkins- to mining property and metallurgical processes. In ville, Ky. Though Mr. Raymond's talent as a 1868 he was appointed U.S. commissioner of min- comedian was not of the highest order, it was of ing statistics, which office he held until 1876, issu- such a peculiar character as to secure him success. ing each year “ Reports on the Mineral Resources Mr. Raymond's wife accompanied her husband to of the United States West of the Rocky Mountains Europe, and played Florence Trenchard in “ Our (8 vols., Washington, 1869-'76), of which several American Cousin ” at the Théâtre des Italiens, were published in New York with the titles of Paris. She also accompanied him to California, “ American Mines and Mining,” “The United and took the role of Clara Douglas in “ Money." States Mining Industry,” “ Mines, Mills, and Fur- RAYMOND, Miner, clergyman, b. in New York naces,” and “Silver and Gold.” He was invited city, 29 Aug., 1811. He was educated at Wesleyan to lecture on economic geology at Lafayette in academy, Wilbraham, Mass., where he became a 1870, and continued so engaged until 1882. Dr. teacher in 1824, and was its principal in 1848–64. Raymond has travelled extensively throughout the Since 1864 he has been professor of systematic mining districts of the United States in connection theology in Garrett biblical institute, Evanston, with his official appointments, and from his knowl- III. He has been a member of the annual con- edge of the subject has been very largely consulted ferences of his church for forty-eight years, and six concerning the value of mines, serving also as an times a delegate to the general conference. Wes- expert in court on these subjects. He was one of leyan university gave him the degree of D.D. in the U. S. commissioners to the World's fair in 1854, and Northwestern university, Evanston, that Vienna in 1873, and was appointed in 1885 New of LL. D. in 1884. He has published “Systematic York state commissioner of electric subways for Theology” (3 vols., Cincinnati, 1877). the city of Brooklyn. Dr. Raymond was one of RAYNAL, Guillaume Thomas François, the original members of the American institute of called ABBÉ, French historian, b. in St. Geniez, mining engineers, its vice-president in 1871, presi- Rouergue, 12 April, 1713; d. in Paris, 6 March, dent in 1872–4, and secretary in 1884–8. In the 1793. He received his education in the college of latter capacity he has edited the annual volumes of the Jesuits at Pezenas, and was ordained priest. its“ Transactions” since his election. He is a mem- In 1747 he moved to Paris, and was attached to ber of the Society of civil engineers of France and the parish of St. Sulpice, but was dismissed for of various other technical and scientific societies at conduct unbecoming a clergyman. He then en- home and abroad. In 1867 he was editor of the tered literary life, became an editor of the “ Mer- *American Journal of Mining,” which in 1868 be- cure de France," and, soon acquiring fame, gained came the “ Engineering and Mining Journal," of entrance to fashionable society, where he made the which he is still (1888) senior editor. In addition acquaintance of Diderot, d'Alembert, Rousseau, to numerous professional papers, he has published Voltaire, and others. By their advice he under- “ Die Leibgarde” (Boston, 1863), being a German took the publication of a philosophical history of translation of Mrs. John C. Fremont's “Story of the discovery and conquest of the American colo- the Guard”; “The Children's Week” (New York, nies, and devoted nearly ten years to that work, 1871); “ Brave Hearts," a novel (1873); “ The Man which made a great sensation, and was translated in the Moon and other People" (1874); “ The Book into all European languages. It is entitled “His- of Job” (1878); “ The Merry-go-Round (1880); toire philosophique et politique des établissements “ Camp and Cabin” (1880); “ A Glossary of Mining et du commerce des Européens dans les deux In- and Metallurgical Terms ” (1881); and “Memorial des" (4 vols., Paris, 1770; revised ed., with new docu- of Alexander L. Holley” (1883). ments furnished by the Count d’Aranda, Spanish RAYMOND, John T., actor, b. in Buffalo, secretary of state, 16 vols., Geneva, 1780–’5). Ser- N. Y., 5 April, 1836; d. in Evansville, Ind., 10 eral of the most noted authors of the time contrib- April, 1887. His original name was John O'Brien; uted to the work. Raynal's history contained viru- was educated in the cominon schools, and made lent attacks on the Roman Catholic church, and his first appearance, 27 June, 1853, at the Roch- the author was obliged to seek a refuge in Prussia. estèr theatre as Lopez in “ The Honeymoon.” In By order of Louis XVI. the parliament of Paris the summer of 1857 he accompanied Edward pronounced condemnation upon Raynal's history, Sothern to Halifax, N. S., and afterward appeared and it was burned by the public executioner in the at Charleston as Asa Trenchard in “Our American Place de Grève in 1781. Toward 1787 he obtained Cousin,” with Sothern as Lord Dundreary. He permission to return to France, and fixed his resi- went to England in 1867, and on 1 July he ap- dence in Toulon. Ile was elected to the states- peared in London at the Haymarket theatre as general in 1789 by the city of Marseilles, but de- Asa Trenchard with Sothern, making a great suc- clined on account of his age. During the revolu- cess, and afterward made a tour of the British tion he lived chiefly in Montlhéry. Besides those provincial theatres in company with Sothern, and already cited, Raynal's works include “ Histoire also acted in Paris. Returning to this country in du stathoudérat” (The Hague, 1748): - Anecdotes the autumn of 1868, he reappeared in New York, littéraires ” (2 vols., Paris, 1750); “ Histoire du par- playing Toby Twinkle in “ All that Glitters is not lement d'Angleterre” (London, 1751); and Me Gold."" A little later he went to San Francisco, moires politiques de l'Europe " (3 vols., 1754–74). where, on 18 Jan., 1869, he made his first appear- William Mazzey, Virginia, published a refutation RAYNER 195 REA Yr Rayon of Raynal's chief work under the title “ Recherches gress of Chilpancingo. After the defeat and cap- historiques et philosophiques sur les États-Unis de ture of Matamoros he retired to the mountain l'Amérique du Nord" (4 vols., Paris, 1788). fortress of Coporo, occupied by his brother Ramon, RAYNER, Kenneth, jurist, b. in Bertie county, and on 4 March, 1815, defeated the royalists under N. C., in 1808; d. in Washington, D. C., 4 March, Llano and Iturbide. 1884. His father, a Baptist clergyman, was a In September, 1816, soldier during the war of the Revolution. The son he left Coporo, and, was educated at Tarboro academy, studied law, and after many encoun- was admitted to the bar, but did not practise. He ters, was captured was a member of the convention of 1835 to revise by the royalists, 11 the state constitution, and, having removed to Dec., 1817, and con- Hertford county, represented it in the legislature demned to death, but almost continuously from 1835 till 1851. He was was pardoned and elected to congress from North Carolina for three kept prisoner till 15 successive terms, and served from 2 Dec., 1839, till Nov., 1820, when he 3 March, 1845. He was a presidential elector on was released under the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1849. Mr. Ray- bail. After the oc- ner afterward removed to Mississippi. In 1874 he cupation of Mexico was appointed by President Grant a judge of the by Iturbide, Rayon court of commissioners of Alabama claims, and in was appointed in 1877 he became solicitor of the treasury, which post 1822 treasurer of the he held till his death. province of San Luis RAYNOLDS, William Franklin, soldier, b. Potosi, and later he in Canton, Ohio, 17 March, 1820. He was gradu- was deputy to con- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1843, and gress for Michoacan. entered the army in July, as brevet 2d lieutenant Congress promoted in the 5th infantry. He served in the war with him in 1824 major- Mexico in 1847–8, and was in charge of the ex- general, and in 1825 commander-in-chief of Jalisco, ploration of Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in which place he occupied till February, 1827, when 1859-'61. He was chief topographical engineer he was appointed president of the supreme tribu- of the Department of Virginia in 1861, and was nal of war and the navy. In 1842 Santa-Anna appointed colonel and additional aide-de-camp, 31 ordered Rayon's name to be inscribed in gold let- March, 1862. Besides serving as chief engineer of ters in the chamber of congress.-His brother, the middle department and the 8th army corps Ramon, b. in Tlalpujahua in 1775; d. in Mexico, from January, 1863, till April, 1864, he was in 19 July, 1839, was established in business in Mexico charge of the defences of Harper's Ferry during when the revolution began in Dolores in 1810, and the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania in June, hearing that his brother had been appointed Hi- 1863, and was chief engineer of the defences of dalgo's secretary, he abandoned his store and joined Baltimore, Md., 28 June, 1863. He was super- the insurgents. He began to study fortification intending engineer of north and northwest lakes, and the art of casting cannon, and soon established and engineer of light-houses on northern lakes, and a foundry at Zitacuaro, the fortifications of which in charge of harbor improvements in the entire place he designed, and took an active part in its lake region from 14 April, 1864, till April, 1870. defence, losing an eye on the retreat. Afterward he At the end of the civil war he was brevetted colonel established a factory of arms at Tlalpujahua, took and brigadier - general in the regular army. He part in the principal engagements during 1813-'14, was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 7 March, 1867, and with his forces retired into the fortress of Co- and colonel, 2 Jan., 1881. poro, which he had erected, and where he held out RAYON, Ignacio Lopez (ri-yong'), Mexican for more than two years against the repeated attacks patriot, b. in Tlalpujahua in 1773; d. in Mexico, 2 of the royalists, till he was forced by want of pro- Feb., 1827. He was graduated at the College of visions and a military mutiny to sign an honorable San Ildefonso in Mexico, and practised law. In capitulation, 7 Jan., 1817. He was so much es- September, 1810, he espoused the cause of inde- teemed by his enemies that he obtained in 1818 pendence, joined Miguel Hidalgo in October in Ma- from the viceroy Apodaca the pardon of his brother ravatio, and was appointed general secretary. In Ignacio. After the triumph of Iturbide he retired December he was appointed by Hidalgo secretary to private life, and opened several industrial estab- of state and foreign relations. He followed the lishments. In 1834 Santa Anna appointed him fugitive chiefs to Saltillo, and, after they went to chief of operations against the insurgents of Mi- the United States, became the real chief of the choacan, and in a short campaign he pacified the revolution in Mexico. He gathered a force of province, capturing Morelia on 14 June, 1834, and 3,500 men and marched to the south, defeating re-establishing confidence by his humane measures. several Spanish_detachments, and on 13 April, At the time of his death he was governor of the 1811, occupied Zacatecas, where he cast cannon, state of Mexico. and was busy organizing his army. On the ap- REA, John, member of congress, b. in Penn- proach of Gen. Felix Calleja he abandoned the city, sylvania in 1755; d. in Chambersburg, Pa., 6 Feb., and in Zitacuaro convened the insurgent chiefs, 1829. He served during the Revolutionary war, who appointed in August a governing junta, over was several times a member of the state house of which Rayon presided. He published proclama- representatives, and was five times elected as a tions until Gen. Calleja surrounded the town. Al- Democrat to congress, serving from 1803 till 1815, though it was valiantly defended by Rayon with except in 1811-'13. only 600 regular soldiers and a great number of In- REA, John Patterson, soldier, b. in Lower dians, the town was stormed next day. Rayon fled, Oxford, Chester co., Pa., 13 Oct., 1840. He was and, gathering his forces, attacked Toluca, 18 April, educated in the public schools, and, after working 1812. During 1813 disagreements arose between for some time in a factory, he removed in the au- the members of the governing junta, and Rayon tumn of 1860 to Miami county, Ohio. In the separated from them, but he took part in the con- spring of 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 11th 196 READ READ He was a 66 6 Ohio infantry, and in August he joined the 1st | English works. His death was caused by yellow Ohio cavalry. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant fever during the_great epidemic.—James's son, soon afterward, promoted 1st lieutenant, 12 March, Collinson, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1751; d. in 1862, captain, 1 April, 1863, and brevet major, 23 Reading, Pa., 1 March, 1815, studied law at the Nov., 1863. He participated in all the campaigns Temple, London, and was admitted to the bar of and battles of his regiment, which formed part of Berks county on 13 Aug., 1772. He was appointed Loring's cavalry brigade, Army of the Cumberland, deputy register of wills for the county, and after- and during his service was never absent from duty ward practised law in Philadelphia. except while he was a prisoner for eight days. presidential elector when George Washington was After leaving the army he entered the Wesleyan first chosen president of the United States. He university, Delaware, Ohio, where he was graduated published a “Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania” in 1867. He afterward returned to Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia, 1801); “ Abridgment of the Laws of studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1868. Pennsylvania” (1804); “ American Pleader's As- In 1869–73 he was assessor of internal revenue. sistant” (1806); and “ Precedents in the Office of a Removing to Minnesota, he then became editor Justice of the Peace” (3d ed., 1810). His daughter, of the Minneapolis “ Tribune,” but in May, 1877, Sarah, married Gen. William Gates. he resumed the practice of law, and in November READ, Daniel, composer, b. in Attleborough, was elected a judge of probate for Hennepin county. Mass., 16 Nov., 1757; d. in New Haven, Conn., in He was next elected judge of the 4th Minnesota 1841. Ile was a manufacturer of combs in New district, and in November, 1886, was re-elected for Haven, but at the same time cultivated music, and the term of six years. He was quartermaster-gen- published in 1791 “ The American Singing-Book, eral of Minnesota from 1883 till 1886, holding the or a New and Easy Guide to the Art of Psalmody,' rank of brigadier-general, and in 1887 was chosen and in 1793 “ Columbian Harmony," a collection commander-in-chief of the Grand army of the re- of devotional music. Subsequently he published a public at the national encampment at St. Louis. • New Collection of Psalm-Tunes," which came to READ, Charles, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., be known as the “Litchfield Collection,"containing 1 Feb., 1715; d. probably in North Carolina many tunes of his own composition (Dedham, 1805). about 1780. His father, of the same name, was "Windham,” “Greenwich,” “Sherburne," " Rus- mayor of Philadelphia in 1725, sheriff of the county sia," “ Stafford,” and others of Read's hymn-tunes in 1729–31, collector of excise in 1725–34, after- are still in general use in American churches. ward collector of the port of Burlington, N. J., and READ, Daniel, educator, b. in Marietta, Ohio, at his death was a provincial councillor and sole 24 June, 1805; d. in Keokuk, Iowa, 3 Oct., 1878. judge of the admiralty. The son succeeded his He was graduated at Ohio university in 1824, and father as collector of the port of Burlington, stud- for eleven years was principal of the preparatory ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1753. department, at the same time studying law, and About 1760 he became an associate justice of the obtaining admission to the bar, although he never supreme court, which office, as well as that of col- practised. He became professor of ancient lan- lector, he held till the Revolution, acting for a time guages in the university in 1836, and when, in as chief justice on the death of Robert H. Morris 1838, a separate professorship of Greek was estab- in 1764. He was several times mayor of Burling- lished, taught political economy in connection with ton. He was chosen colonel of a regiment of Latin till 1843, when he accepted the chair of lan- militia in 1776, was a deputy to the convention guages at the Indiana state university. He was a to frame a new constitution, and on 18 July was member of the State constitutional convention of made colonel of a battalion of the flying camp, but Indiana in 1850. In 1853–4 he performed the in December he made his submission to the British. duties of president of the university. In 1856 he Bancroft, in an early edition of his “ History of the became professor of mental and moral philosophy United States,” confounded Gen. Joseph Reed with in Wisconsin university, and in 1863 entered on the officer that submitted to Sir. William Howe. the presidency of Missouri state university, Colum- Read was afterward taken prisoner by the Ameri- bia, which office he filled until 1876. He was a cans and sent to Philadelphia, whence he was re- frequent speaker on educational subjects.-His moved to North Carolina. He was one of the brother, Abner, naval officer, b. in Urbana, Ohio, founders of the American philosophical society. 5 April, 1821; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 12 July, --His brother, James, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 1863, was educated at the Ohio university, but Pa., 29 Jan., 1716; d. there, 17 Oct., 1793, studied left in his senior year, having received an appoint- law and was admitted to the bar in September, 1742. ment as midshipman in the U. S. navy. After a He was deputy prothonotary of the supreme court voyage to South America, he studied for a year at of the province, and also å justice of the peace. the Naval school in Philadelphia, and was appointed About the time of the formation of Berks county acting sailing-master, in which capacity he gained he settled in Reading, where in 1752 he became a reputation as a navigator. Ile took part in the the first prothonotary, register of wills, and clerk later naval operations of the Mexican war, and in of the courts, which offices he held for more than 1855 was placed on the retired list with the rank twenty-five years. He served in the general assem- of lieutenant, but was afterward reinstated by the bly in 1777, and in the supreme executive council examining board. In the early part of the civil from June, 1778, till October, 1781. From 1781 war he performed important services as commander till 1783 he was register of the admiralty. In of the “ Wyandotte" in saving Fort Pickens from 1783 he became one of the council of censors falling into the hands of the Confederates. He whose duty it was to propose amendments to the was assigned to the command of the “New Lon- constitution. From 1787 till 1790 he was again don” in 1862, and cruised in Mississippi sound, a member of the executive council. Shortly after taking more than thirty prizes, and breaking up ward he removed to Philadelphia, where he re- the trade between New Orleans and Mobile. He sided until his death. He was a man of scholarly captured a battery at Biloxi, and had several en- attainments. His correspondence, which is still in gagements with Confederate steamers. existence, besides remarks on gardening and ob- commissioned lieutenant-commander on 16 July, servations of nature, gives his views on education and commander on 13 Sept., 1862. In June, 1863, and politics and criticisms on current French and he was placed in charge of the steam sloop . He was READ 197 READ 29 Monongahela," and, while engaging the batteries, which was republished in England and had great above Donaldsonville, received a fatal wound. popularity; " Memoirs and Sermons of W. J. Arm- -Daniel's son, Theodore, soldier, b. in Athens, strong, D. D.” (New York, 1851); “ Palace of the Ohio, 11 April, 1836; d. near Farmville, Va., 5 Great King” (New York, 1855); “ Commerce and April, 1865. was graduated at the Indiana state Christianity" a prize essay (Philadelphia, 1856); university in ' 1854, studied law, was appointed India and its People, Ancient and Modern” (Co- district attorney, afterward held a clerkship in the lumbus, 1858); “ The Coming Crisis of the World” interior department at Washington, and in 1860 (Columbus, 1858); “ The Negro Problem Solved, or began practising law at Paris, Ill. At the begin- Africa as She Was, as She Is, and as She Shall ning of the civil war he enlisted, and served his Be" (New York, 1864); and “The Footprints of term of three months in the ranks. He was then Satan (1866). Rev. William Ramsey published given a staff appointment with the rank of cap- an account of a missionary tour in India made tain, 24 Oct., 1861, received a wound at Chancel- with Mr. Read. lorsville, at Gettysburg, and for the third time at READ, Jacob, senator, b. in South Carolina in Cold Harbor. He was promoted major on 25 July, 1752; d. in Charleston, S. C., 17 July, 1816. He 1864, and was chief of staff to Gen. 'Edward 0. C. received a liberal education, studied law in Eng- Ord from the time when the latter took command land from 1773 till 1776, and practised in Charles- of a corps in the Army of the James. He served in ton. During the Revolution he served as a major various battles in Gen. Grant's campaign, and on of South Carolina volunteers, and was taken pris- 29 Sept., 1864, was brevetted brigadier-general of oner, and confined for four years at St. Augustine, volunteers for services in the field. He lost his Fla. He was elected a member of the legislature, life in the last encounter between the armies of and in 1783 was sent as a delegate of South Caro- Gens. Grant and Lee. Gen. Ord had directed Gen. lina to the Continental congress, of which body Read to burn the bridge at Farmville, in the line he was a member till 1786. He was elected as a of Lee's retreat. The small party was overtaken Federalist to the U. S. senate, taking his seat on by the advance of the entire Confederate army, and 7 Dec., 1795, and when he had served through his surrendered after every officer had been killed, hav- term, which ended on 3 March, 1801, President ing, however, accomplished its purpose of checking John Adams appointed him judge of the U. S. Lee's movement. (See DEARING, JAMES.) court for the district of South Carolina, which READ, George Campbell, naval officer, b. in office he held until his death. Ireland about 1787; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 READ, John, lawyer, b. in Mendon, Mass., about Aug., 1862. He came the United States at an 1673; d. in Boston, Ma 7 F 1749. He was early age, was appointed a midshipman in the navy graduated at Harvard in 1697, studied theology, on 2 April, 1804, and advanced to the rank of lieu- and was for some time a popular preacher. Sub- tenant on 25 April, 1810. He was 3d lieutenant on sequently he studied law, and attained eminence the “Constitution” when the British frigate at the bar. He was an active member of the pro- " Guerrière” was captured, and Capt. Isaac Hull as- vincial house of representatives, and of the coun- signed to him the honor of receiving the surrender cil during Gov. William Shirley's administration. of Capt. James R. Dacres, the British commander. He contributed greatly to the reform of legal He took an active part in other engagements of the phraseology, being the first to reduce the anti- war of 1812, and near its close commanded the quated forms and redundant phrases of deeds of brig “Chippewa,” of the flying squadron com- conveyance to simpler and clearer language. manded by Com. Oliver H. Perry that was sent READ, John, planter, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in out to destroy the enemy's commerce. He was 1688; d. at his seat in Delaware, 17 June, 1756. promoted commander on 27 April, 1816, and cap- He was the son of an English gentleman of large tain on 3 March, 1825, took charge of the East fortune belonging to the family of Read of Berk- India squadron in 1840, and of the squadron on shire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire. Having re- the coast of Africa in 1846, and, after commanding ceived a severe shock by the death of a young lady the Mediterranean squadron for some time, was to whom he was attached, he came to the American placed on the reserve list on 13 Sept., 1855. In colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, 1861 he was appointed governor of the Naval asylum entered into extensive enterprises in Maryland and in Philadelphia, and on 31 July, 1862, by virtue of Delaware. He purchased, soon after his arrival, a an act of congress that had been recently passed, large landed estate in Cecil county, Md., and founded, was made a rear-admiral on the retired list. with six associates, the city of Charlestown, on the READ, Hollis, missionary, b. in Newfane, Vt., head-waters of Chesapeake bay, twelve years after 26 Aug., 1802; d. in Somerville, N. J., 7 April, Baltimore was begun, with the intention of creating 1887. He was graduated at Williams in 1826, a rival mart for the northern trade, and thus de- studied theology at Princeton seminary, was or- veloping northern Maryland and building up the dained as an evangelist at Newburyport, Mass., neighboring iron-works of the Principio company, 24. Sept., 1829, and in the following year sailed for in which the older generations of the Washington India. He labored for five years as a missionary family and, at a later period, the general himself, in Bombay, then returned to the United States, were also largely interested. As an original proprie- and was for two years an agent for the American tor of the town, he was appointed by the colonial board of commissioners for foreign missions. He legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to was pastor in 1837-'8 of the Presbyterian church lay it out and govern it. He held various military at Babylon, L. I., and in 1838–43 of the Congrega- offices during his life, and in his later years resided tional church at Derby, Conn. He was agent for on his plantation in Newcastle county, Del.-His the American tract society in 1843–4, pastor of the eldest son, George, signer of the Declaration of Congregational church at New Preston, Conn., in Independence, b. at the family-seat, Cecil county, 1845–51, a teacher at Orange and agent for the Ma., 17 Sept., 1733 ; d. in Newcastle, Del., 21 Sept., Society for the conversion of the Jews in 1851-5, 1798, was one of the two statesmen, and the only and afterward preached at Cranford, N. J., till 1864. southern one, that signed the three great state pa- He published Journal in India" (New York, 1835); pers that underlie the foundations of our govern- “Babajee, the Christian Brahmin” (New York, 1837); ment: the original petition to the king of the 1st “ The Iland of God in History”(Hartford, 1848–52), | Continental congress, the Declaration of Independ- 198 READ READ & Gedhead ence, and the constitution of the United States. He command of an American fleet. He was appointed received a classical education, first at Chester, Pa., on 23 Oct., 1775, commodore of the Pennsylvania and afterward at New London, and at the age of navy, having as the surgeon of his fleet Dr. Benja- nineteen was admitted to the Philadelphia bar. He min Rush, and while holding this command he removed in 1754 to Newcastle, where the family made a successful defence of the Delaware. He had large landed estates. While holding the office was appointed, 7 June, 1776, to the highest grade in of attorney-general of Kent, Delaware, and Sussex the Continental navy, and assigned to one of its four counties in 1763- largest ships, the 32-gun frigate “George Wash- "74, he pointed out ington,” then building on Delaware river. While to the British gov- awaiting the completion of his ship he volunteered ernment the dan- for land service, and was sent as captain by the com- ger of taxing the mittee of safety to join Washington. He gave valu- colonies without able assistance in the crossing of the Delaware, and giving them direct at the battle of Trenton commanded a battery representation in made up of guns from his frigate, and with it raked parliament, and in the stone bridge across the Assanpink. For this ser- à letter to Sir vice he received the formal thanks of all the general Richard Neave, af- officers that participated in that action, as is stated terward governor in a letter of 14 Jan., 1777, written by his brother, of the Bank of Col. James Read (who was near him during the en- England, written gagement), to his wife. After much service on sea in 1765, he prophe- and land he resigned his commission, and, retiring sied that a con- to his seat near Bordentown, N. J., dispensed a lib- tinuance in such a eral hospitality to his old companions-in-arms, espe- policy would ulti- cially to his brother members of the Society of the mately lead not Cincinnati. Shortly afterward he was induced by only to independ- his friend, Robert Morris, to take command of his ence, but to the old frigate, the “ Alliance," which had recently been colonies surpass- bought by Morris for commercial purposes, and ing England in her staple manufactures. He was make a joint adventure to the China seas. Taking for twelve years a member of the Delaware as- with him as chief officer one of his old subordinates, sembly, during which period, as chairman of its Richard Dale, afterward Com. Dale, and George committee, he wrote the address to the king which Harrison, who became an eminent citizen of Phila- Lord Shelburne said so impressed George III. delphia, as supercargo, he sailed from the Delaware, that the latter read it twice. Chagrined at the 7 June, 1787, and arrived at Canton on 22 Dec., unchanged attitude of the mother country, he re- following, after sailing on a track that had never signed the attorney-generalship, and was elected before been taken by any other vessel, and inaking to the first congress which met at Philadelphia the first * out-of-season " passage to China. In this in 1774. Although he voted against independence, voyage he discovered two islands, which he named, he finally signed the Declaration, and thenceforth respectively, “ Morris ” and “ Alliance " islands, and was one of the stanchest supporters of the cause of which form part of the Caroline group. By this the colonies. He was president of the first naval discovery the United States became entitled to committee in 1775; of the Constitutional conven- rights which have never been properly asserted. tion in 1776; author of the first constitution of In his obituary of Read, Robert Morris said : Delaware, and the first edition of her laws; vice-“While integrity, benevolence, patriotism. and cour- president of Delaware, and acting president of that age, united with the most gentle manners, are re- state after the capture of President McKinley; spected and admired among men, the name of this judge of the national court of admiralty cases in valuable citizen and soldier will be revered and be- 1782; and a commissioner to settle a territorial con- loved by all who knew him.”—Another son, James, troversy between Massachusetts and New York in soldier, b. at the family-seat, Newcastle county, 1785. Mr. Read was a delegate to the Annapolis Del., in 1743 ; d. in Philadelphia, 31 Dec., 1822, was convention in 1786, which gave rise to the conven- promoted from 1st lieutenant to colonel for gal- tion that met in Philadelphia in 1787 and framed lant services at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, the constitution of the United States. In the lat- Brandywine, and Germantown, appointed by con- ter convention he ably advocated the rights of the gress, 4 Nov., 1778, one of the three commissioners smaller states to an equal representation in the of the navy for the middle states, and on 11 Jan., U. S. senate. He was twice elected U. S. senator, 1781, was invested by the same body with sole power serving from 1789 till 1793, when he resigned to to conduct the navy board. When his friend, Robert assume the office of chief justice of Delaware, Morris, became agent he was elected secretary, and which post he filled until his death. In person, was the virtual head of the marine department, Read was tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with while Morris managed the finances of the American pleasing features and lustrous brown eyes. His confederacy:-George's son, John, lawyer, b. in manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, Newcastle, Del., 7 July, 1769; d. in Trenton, N. J., but courteous, and at times captivating. He com- 13 July, 1854, was graduated at Princeton in 1787, manded entire confidence, not only from his pro- studied law with his father, and, removing in 1789 found legal knowledge, sound judgment, and im- to Philadelphia, rose to high rank in his profession. partial decisions, but from his severe integrity and He was appointed in 1797 by President Adams the purity of his private character. He married in agent-general of the United States under Jay's 1763 Gertrude, daughter of the Rev. George Ross, treaty, and held that office until its expiration in and sister of George Ross, a signer of the Declara- 1809. Mr. Read was also a member of the su- tion. See his "Life and Correspondence,” by Will. preme and common councils of Philadelphia and of iam T. Read (Philadelphia, 1870).- Another son, the Pennsylvania legislature, and in 1816 chairman Thomas, naval officer, b. in Newcastle, Del., in 1740; of its celebrated committee of seventeen. He suc- d. at White Hill, N. J., 26 Oct., 1788, was the first ceeded Nicholas Biddle in the Pennsylvania senate naval officer to obtain the rank of commodore in in 1816, was state director of the Philadelphia bank 66 READ 199 READ in 1817, and succeeding his wife's uncle, George Cly- | John Meredith, diplomatist, b. in Philadelphia, mer, as president of that bank in 1819, he filled that 21 Feb., 1837, received his education at a military post till 1841, when he resigned. He was prominent school and at Brown, where he received the degree in the councils of the Episcopal church. During of A. M. in 1866, was graduated at Albany law- the yellow-fever plague in Philadelphia in 1793, school in 1859, studied international law in Eu- Mr. Read and Stephen Girard remained in the rope, was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, and city, and he opened his purse and exposed his life afterward removed to Albany, N. Y. He was ad- in behalf of his suffering fellow-citizens. Mr. Read jutant-general of New York in 1860–6, was one of was the author of a valuable work entitled "Argu- the originators of the “Wide-Awake" political ments on the British Debts” (Philadelphia, 1798). clubs in 1860. He was chairman in April of the -John's son, John Meredith, jurist, b. in Phila- same year of the committee of three to draft a delphia, Pa., 21 July, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, 29 bill in behalf of New York state, appropriating Nov., 1874, was graduated at the University of $300,000 for the purchase of arms and equipments, Pennsylvania in 1812, and admitted to the bar in and he subsequently received the thanks of the 1818. He was a member of the Pennsylvania war department for his ability and zeal in organ- legislature in 1822–3, city solicitor and member izing, equipping, and forwarding troops. He was of the select council, in which capacity he drew up first U. S. consul-general for France and Algeria the first clear exposition of the finances of Phila- in 1869–73 and 1870–2, acting consul-general for delphia, U. S. attorney for the eastern district of Germany during the Franco-German war. After Pennsylvania in 1837–44, solicitor-general of the the war he was appointed by Gen. de Cissey, ininis- United States, attorney general of Pennsylvania, ter of war, to form and preside over a commission to and chief justice of that state from 1860 until his examine into the desirability of teaching the Eng- death. He early became a Democrat, and was one lish language to the French troops. In November, of the founders of the free-soil wing of that party. 1873, he was appointed U. S. minister resident in This induced opposition to his confirmation by the Greece. One of his first acts was to secure the U. S. senate when he was nominated in 1845 as release of the American ship “ Armenia " and to judge of the U. S. supreme court, and caused him obtain from the Greek government a revocation of to withdraw his name. He was one of the earliest the order that prohibited the sale of the Bible in and stanchest advocates of the annexation of Texas Greece. During the Russo-Turkish war he dis- and the building of railroads to the Pacific, and covered that only one port in Russia was still open, was also a powerful supporter of President Jack- and he pointed out to Secretary Evarts the advan- son in his war against the U. S. bank. He was tages that would accrue to the commerce of the leading counsel with Thaddeus Stevens and Judge United States were a grain-fleet despatched from Joseph J. Lewis in the defence of Castner Hanway New York to that port. The event justified his for constructive treason, his speech on this occasion judgment, since the exports of cereals from the giving him a wide reputation. He entered the United States showed an increase within a year of Republican party on its formation, and at the be- $73,000,000. While minister to Greece he received ginning of the presidential canvass of 1856 delivered the thanks of his government for his effectual pro- a speech on the “ Power of Congress over Slavery tection of American persons and interests in the in the Territories,” which was used throughout dangerous crisis of 1878. Soon afterward congress, that canvass (Philadelphia, 1856). The Repub- from motives of economy, refused the appropria- lican party gained its first victory in Pennsyl- tion for the legation at Athens, and Gen. Read, vania in 1858, electing him judge of the supreme believing that the time was too critical to with- court by 30,000 majority. This brought him for- draw the mission, carried it on at his individual ward as a candidate for the presidency of the expense until his resignation. 23 Sept., 1879. In United States in 1860; and Abraham Lincoln's 1881, when, owing in part to his efforts, after his friends were prepared to nominate him for that resignation, the territory that had been adjudged to office, with the former for the vice-presidency, Greece had been finally transferred, King George which arrangement was defeated by Simon Cam- created him a Knight grand cross of the order of eron in the Pennsylvania Republican convention the Redeemer, the highest dignity in the gift of in February of that year. He nevertheless re- the Greek government. Gen. Read was president ceived several votes in the Chicago convention, not- of the Social science congress at Albany, N. Y., in withstanding that all his personal influence was 1868, and vice-president of the one at Plymouth, used in favor of Mr. Lincoln. The opinions of England, in 1872. He is the author of an “ Ilis- Judge Read run through forty-one volumes of re- torical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson," which ports. His : Views on the Suspension of the Ha- first threw light upon his origin, and the sources beas Corpus ” (Philadelphia, 1863) were adopted as the ideas that guided that navigator (Albany, the basis of the act of 3 March, 1863, which author- | 1866), and contributions to current literature. ized the president of the United States to suspend READ, Nathan, inventor, b. in Warren, Mass., the habeas corpus act. He refused an injunc- | 2 July, 1759; d. near Belfast, Me., 20 Jan., 1849. tion to prevent the running of horse-cars on Sun- He was graduated at Harvard in 1781, and con- day, since he could not consent to stop “poor tinued there as tutor for four years. In 1788 he men's carriages.". Many thousand copies of this began experimenting with a view of utilizing the opinion (Philadelphia, 1867) were printed. His steam-engine for propelling boats and carriages, by amendments form an essential part of the consti- devising lighter and more compact machinery than tutions of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and his that in common use. He invented as a substitute ideas were formulated in many of the statutes of for the great working-beam the cross-head running the United States. Brown gave him the degree in guides with a connecting-rod to communicate of LL. D. in 1860. Judge Read was the author of the motion, similar to that adopted by Robert a great number of published addresses and legal Fulton in his " Car of Neptune. The * new in- opinions. Among them are Plan for the Admin- vented cylinder," as he calls it, to which this istration of the Girard Trust ”(Philadelphia, 1833); working-frame was attached, was a double-acting “ The Law of Evidence" (1864); and Jefferson cylinder. To render the boiler more portable, Davis and his Complicity in the Assassination of Read invented the multitubular form, which was Abraham Lincoln " (1866).—John Meredith's son, patented with the cylinder, chain-wheel, and other 200 READ READ appliances. This boiler was either horizontal or gesses, and on its dissolution by order of Lord upright, cylindrical, and contained the furnace Botetourt, was one of those that adjourned to within itself. A double cylinder formed a water- Williamsburg, Va., to form an association against jacket: connecting with a water- and steam-cham- the act of parliament that imposed duties on teas, her above, and a narrow water-chamber below. etc. He was a member of the Mercantile associa- Numerous small, straight tubes parallel to the tion, and of the Virginia conventions of 1774 and axis of the boiler, and about three quarters its of March and June, 1775, and by the last-named length, connected these chambers. He also in- body was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th vented another form of boiler, in which the fire Virginia regiment. He was promoted colonel in passed through small spiral tubes on the principle August, 1776, and participated in the battles of of the present locomotive-boiler, an arrangement White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton. His death that had the advantage of consuming the smoke. resulted from exposure in camp. In addition he had several other forms with nu- READ, Thomas, clergyman, b. in that part of merous apartments, to which the water was to be Maryland that is now part of Chester county, Pa., gradually admitted as fast as it was evaporated. in March, 1746 ; d. in Wilmington, Del., 14 June, As a means of communicating motion to his steam- 1823. He was the son of a farmer, who came to boat, he first tried to use paddle-wheels: but, as the United States from Ireland several years be- these had been used before, he substituted a chain- fore Thomas's birth. After his graduation at wheel of his own invention. He planned a steam- Philadelphia academy in 1764, the son became a carriage, which, with his tubular boiler, he said tutor in a classical school at Newark, Del., was could move at the rate of five miles an hour, licensed to preach in 1768, and was installed as with a load of fifty tons. In 1796 he established pastor of a Presbyterian church at Drawyer's the Salem iron-foundry, where he manufactured Creek, Del. In 1797 he accepted the pastorate anchors, chain-cables, and similar articles, and in- of the 2d Presbyterian church at Wilmington, vented a machine that was patented in January, Del. He was an ardent patriot in the Revolution- 1798, for cutting and heading nails at one opera- ary war. In 1776 he marched with a company of tion. He also invented a method of equalizing neighbors and members of his church to Philadel- the action of windmills by accumulating the force phia for the purpose of volunteering in the Ameri- of the wind by winding up a weight: a plan for can army, arriving just after the victories of Tren- using the force of the tide by means of reservoirs, ton and Princeton, which rendered its services alternately filled and emptied in such a way as to unnecessary. In August, 1777, he performed an produce a constant stream; different forms of important service for the American cause by draw- pumping-engines and thrashing-machines; and a ing for Gen. Washington a map that showed the plan for using the expansion and contraction of topography of the country and a route by which metals, multiplied by levers, for winding up clocks he could retreat from Stanton, and avoid a con- and other purposes. He was elected to congress as flict with the superior British force that had land- a Federalist in 1800, and served till 3 March, 1803. ed at Elk ferry, and was advancing on the Ameri- He removed to the vicinity of Belfast, Me., in 1807, can camp. He received the degree of D. D. from where he cultivated a large tract of land, and was Princeton in 1796, and exercised his pastoral func- appointed a judge of the court of common pleas. tions with great success till 1817, when bodily in- In 1787 he received the honorary degree of A. M. firmities impelled him to resign his charge. Even from Dartmouth, and he was a member of the after that he supplied the pulpit of the 1st Presby- American academy of arts and sciences. Mr. Read terian church in Wilmington. was the first petitioner for a patent before the READ, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Ches- patent law was enacted. See "Nathan Read : His ter county, Pa., 12 March, 1822; d. in New York Invention of the Multitubular Boiler and Portable city, 11 May, 1872. His mother, a widow, appren- High-Pressure Engine,” by his nephew, David ticed him to a tailor, but he ran away, learned Read (New York, 1870). in Philadelphia the trade of cigar-making, and READ, Thomas, patriot, b. in Lunenburg in 1837 made his way to Cincinnati, where he county, Va., in 1745; d. at Ingleside, Charlotte co., found a home Va., 4 Feb., 1817. His father, Col. Clement, was with the sculptor, clerk of Lunenburg county in 1744–65, for many Shobal V.Cleven- years a member of the house of burgesses, and a ger. He learned large landed proprietor. Thomas was educated at the trade of a William and Mary, began life as a surveyor, and sign-painter, and from 1770 until his death was clerk of Charlotte attended school county. He was a member of the State constitu- at intervals. Not tional convention in 1775, supporting his neighbor succeeding in Cin- Patrick Henry, was county lieutenant throughout cinnati, he went the Revolution, and rendered valuable service by to Dayton, and supplying the quotas of Charlotte county, by col- obtained an en- lecting recruits, and by supplementing the neces- gagement in the sary means from his own resources. On hearing theatre. Return- the report that Lord Cornwallis was crossing Dan ing to Cincinnati river, he marched at the head of a militia regiment in about a year, to oppose his progress. He was a member of the he was enabled Virginia convention of 1776, and of the state con- by the liberality vention of 1788 that ratified the constitution of of Nicholas Long- the United States. He was an ardent adherent of worth to open a studio as a portrait-painter. He the politics of Jefferson and Madison, and advo- did not remain long in Cincinnati, but wandered cated the second war with Great Britain in 1812. from town to town, painting signs when he could –His brother, Isaac, soldier, b. in Lunenburg find no sitters, sometimes giving public entertain- county, Va., in 1746; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 ments, and reverting to cigar-making when other Sept., 1778, was educated at William and Mary, resources failed. In 1841 he removed to New York for many years was a member of the house of bur- | city, and within a year to Boston. While there he Wuchanan Real READE 201 REAGAN made his first essays as a poet, publishing in the the Church of England by Bishop Fulford, and in "Courier" several lyric poems in 1843-'4. He set- that capacity served in the eastern townships. In tled in Philadelphia in 1846, and visited Europe in 1868–'9' Mr. Reade had charge of the Church of 1850. In 1853 he went again to Europe, and devot- England journal in Montreal, and since 1874 he ed himself to the study and practice of art in Flor- has been employed on the staff of the Montreal ence and Rome till 1858. He afterward spent “Gazette" as literary editor. He has contributed much time in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, but in to every magazine or review that has been estab- the last years of his life made Rome his principal lished in Canada since 1860, and has made transla- residence. While in the United States during the tions from the Greek, Latin, French, German, and civil war he gave public readings for the benefit of Italian. In 1887 he was elected president of the the soldiers, and recited his war-songs in the camps Montreal society for historical studies, and he was of the National army. He died while making a one of the original members of the Royal society of visit to the United States. His paintings, most of Canada. Among other works, he has published which deal with allegorical and mythological sub- * The Prophecy, and other Poems" (Montreal, 1870); jects, are full of poetic and graceful fancies, but the Language and Conquest ” (1883); “ The Making technical treatment is careless and unskilful, betray- of Canada” (1885); “ Literary Faculty of the Na- ing his lack of early training. The best known are tive Races of America" (1885); “ The Half-Breed” The Spirit of the Waterfall,” “ The Lost Pleiad,” (1886); Vita Sine Liberis" (1886); and “ Aborigi- • The Star of Bethlehem,” “ Undine,” “ Longfel- nal American Poetry” (1887). low's Children,” “ Cleopatra and her Barge," and READY, Samuel, philanthropist, b. near Balti- “Sheridan's Ride.” He painted portraits of Eliza- more, Md., 8 March, 1789; d. in Baltimore, 28 Nov., beth Barrett Browning, the ex-queen of Naples, 1871. He received a common-school education, George M. Dallas, Henry W. Longfellow, and learned the trade of a sail-maker, worked in the others. His group of Longfellow's daughters was government navy-yard at Washington for several popular in photographs. He turned his hand oc- years, returned to Baltimore about 1815, and en- casionally to sculpture, producing one work, a gaged in the business of sail-making, which he bust of Sheridan, that attracted much attention. pursued with success till 1846, and after that the He possessed a much more thorough mastery of lumber business till 1861, when he retired. Having the means of expression in the art of poetry than observed the helpless condition of poor girls who in painting. His poems are marked by a fervent frequented his lumber-yard and wharves, he deter- spirit of patriotism and by artistic power and fidel- mined to establish an institution for female or- ity in the description of American scenery and phans. He obtained a charter in 1864, and, having rural life. His first volume of “ Poems” (Phila- no immediate family, left $371,000, constituting delphia, 1847) was followed by “ Lays and Ballads” the bulk of his fortune, as an endowment for the (1848). He next made a collection of extracts and Samuel Ready asylum. The fund increased after specimens from the “ Female Poets of America” his death, providing an invested capital of $505,- (1848), containing also biographical notices and 000, after the expenditure of $151,000 on land and portraits drawn by himself. An edition of his buildings. The institution, which is in the north- lyrics, with illustrations by Kenny Meadows, ap- ern part of Baltimore, was opened in 1888. The peared in London in 1852, and in 1853 a new and children who are admitted are maintained without enlarged edition was published in Philadelphia. expense to them, and are educated in industrial A prose romance entitled “The Pilgrims of the pursuits. Great St. Bernard” was published as a serial. REAGAN, John Henninger, senator, b. in The New Pastoral,” his most ambitious poem, Sevier county, Tenn., 8 Oct., 1818. From an early describes in blank verse the pioneer life of a family age he was engaged in various occupations, which of emigrants (Philadelphia, 1854). The more dra- included ploughing, chopping wood, keeping books, matic and imaginative poem that followed, entitled running a flat-boat “ The House by the Sea” (1856), gained for it on Tennessee riv- more readers than had been attracted by its own er, and managing a superior merits. Next appeared “Sylvia, or the mill, and through Lost Shepherd, and other Poems” (1857), and “ A his diligent labor Voyage to Iceland” (1857), and the same year a earned sufficient collection of his “Rural Poems” was issued in money to procure London. His “ Complete Poetical Works ” (Bos- a good education. ton, 1860) contained the longer and shorter poems Before he that had been already published. His next narra: twenty years old tive poem was “ The Wagoner of the Alleghanies," he went to Nat- a tale of Revolutionary times (Philadelphia, 1862). chez, and in 1839 During the civil war he wrote many patriotic removed to Texas. lyrics, including the stirring poem of "Sheridan's He soon enlisted Ride,” which was printed in a volume with “ A in the force to ex- Summer Story,” and other pieces, chiefly of the pel the Cherokees war (Philadelphia, 1865). His last long poem was from Texas, and " The Good Samaritans" (Cincinnati, 1867). The was selected by fullest editions of his “ Poetical Works” were print- Gen. Albert Sid- ed in Philadelphia (3 vols., 1865 and 1867). ney Johnston as READE, John, journalist, b. in Ballyshannon, one of a picked escort for dangerous service, but Donegal, Ireland, 13 Nov., 1837. He was educated declined the offer of a lieutenancy, and became a at Portora royal school. Enniskillen, and at surveyor. He penetrated into the Indian country Queen's college, Belfast, came to Canada in 1856, about the Three Forks of Trinity, and was engaged and established the “ Montreal Literary Magazine." in surveying that region about three years. His He afterward was connected with the Montreal was the first party that escaped massacre by the “Gazette," and for three years was rector of La- Indians. In 1844 he began the study of law, and chute academy. At the same time he studied in 1848 he received his license to practise. In theology, and was ordained in 1864 a clergyman of | 1846 he was elected colonel of militia and probate 5. was John It. Reagan # 202 REAVIS REALF judge of Henderson county, and in 1847 he was widely circulated. After the war he was commis- chosen to the legislature, where he was chairinan sioned in a colored regiment, and in 1866 was of the committee on public lands. In 1849 he was mustered out with the rank of captain and brevet a defeated candidate for the state senate, but in lieutenant-colonel. In 1868 he established a school 1852 he was elected district judge. In the enforce- for freedmen in South Carolina, and a year later ment of the laws he was brought into personal was made assessor of internal revenue for Edgefield collision with the gamblers and desperadoes that , district. He resigned this office in 1870, returned then held the frontier towns in awe, but his physi- to the north, and became a journalist and lecturer, cal courage and moral force won him a triumph residing in Pittsburg, Pa. In 1873 he delivered a for law and order. Judge Reagan was first elected poem before the Society of the Army of the Cum- to congress in 1856 as a Democrat, after a severe berland, and in 1874 wrote one for the Society of contest. He remained in congress until 1861, the Army of the Potomac. He was a brilliant when he returned home, and was elected to the talker and a fine orator. Among his lectures were state convention, in which he voted for secession. Battle-Flashes” and “ The Unwritten Story of He was chosen by the convention to the provisional the Martyr of Harper's Ferry." His most admired Confederate congress. On 6 March, 1861, he was poems are “ My Slain,” “ An Old Man's Idyl,” • In- appointed postmaster-general under the provisional direction,” and the verses that he wrote just before government, and the next year he was reappointed he took the poison that ended his life. He com- to the same office under the permanent govern- mitted suicide in consequence of an unfortunate ment. He was also acting secretary of the treas- marriage and an imperfect divorce. He appointed ury for a short time near the close of the war. as his literary executor Col. Richard J. Hinton, He was the only one of the cabinet that was who now (1888) has his complete poems ready for captured with Jefferson Davis, and was confined publication, together with a biographical sketch. for many months in Fort Warren. He had con- REAMY, Thaddeus Asbury, physician, b. in ferences with President Johnson, William H. Sew- Frederick county, Va., 28 April, 1829. He accom- ard, Henry Wilson, James Speed, and others on panied his parents in 1832 to Zanesville, Ohio, was reconstruction, and wrote an open letter to the graduated at Starling medical college in 1854, and people of Texas, advocating laws for the protection followed his profession in Zanesville until 1870, of negroes, which should grant them civil rights when he removed to Cincinnati. During the civil and limited political rights with an educational war he served as surgeon in the 122d Ohio volun- qualification. His letter subjected him to miscon- teers. In 1858 he was elected to the chair of ma- struction, and he was retired from politics for nine teria medica and theraputics in Starling medical years. But he was elected to congress by 4,000 college, which he held for two years, and in 1867 he majority in 1874, in 1876 by 8,000, and after 1878 was chosen professor of the diseases of women and with little or no opposition. For nearly ten years children, but he resigned in 1871 to accept the chair he held continuously the post of chairman of the of obstetrics, clinical midwifery, and diseases of committee on commerce, with the exception of one children in the Medical college of Ohio. Dr. Reamy term, and has been noted for his decided views and has made a specialty of obstetrical practice, and efforts to regulate inter-state commerce. He was holds the office of gynæcologist to the Good Samar- one of the authors of the Cullom-Reagan inter- itan hospital in Cincinnati. He has invented vari- state commerce bill, which became a law in 1887. ous modifications of instruments that are used in In 1887 he took his seat in the U. S. senate, having his specialty. Besides being a member of several been chosen for the term that ends in 1893. gynæcological societies and other medical associa- REALF, Richard (relf), poet, b. in Framfield, tions, he was, in 1870, president of the Ohio state Sussex, England, 14 June, 1834; d. in Oakland, / medical society. Dr. Reamy has been a frequent Cal., 28 Oct., 1878. At the age of fifteen he began contributor to medical journals. Among his pa- to write verses, and two years later he became pers are Metastasis of Mumps to the Testicle amanuensis to a lady in Brighton. A travelling treated by Cold ” (1855); “ Epidemic Diphtheria' lecturer on phrenology recited some of the boy's (1859); " Puerperal Eclampsia” (1868); and “ La- poems, as illustrations of ideality, and thereupon ceration of the Perinæum" (1877). several literary people in Brighton sought him out REAVIS, Logan Uriah (rev-is), journalist, b. in and encouraged him. Under their patronage a Sangamon Bottom, Mason co., II., 26 March, 1831; collection of his poems was published, entitled d. in St. Louis, Mo., 25 April, 1889. After attending "Guesses at the Beautiful" (London, 1852). Realf the village high-school, he taught from 1851 till spent a year in Leicestershire, studying scientific 1855. In the latter year he entered the office of agriculture, and in 1854 came to the United States. the Beardstown, Ill., “ Gazette,” in which soon af- He explored the slums of New York, became a terward he purchased an interest, and continued Five-Points missionary, and assisted in establish- its publication under the name of "The Central ing there a course of cheap lectures and a self-Illinoian” till the autumn of 1857, when he sold improvement association. In 1856 he accompa- his share and removed to Nebraska. Returning to nied a party of free-state emigrants to Kansas, Beardstown he repurchased “ The Illinoian” after where he became a journalist and correspondent the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for the presi- of several eastern newspapers. He made the ac- deney. In the spring of 1866 he disposed of that quaintance of John Brown, accompanied him to journal for the last time, and settling in St. Louis Canada, and was to be secretary of state in the pro- earnestly advocated the removal of the National visional government that Brown projected. The capital to that city. His first effort in this direc- movement being deferred for two years, Realf tion was the publication of a pamphlet entitled made a visit to England and a tour in the southern "The New Republic, or the Transition Complete, states. When Brown made his attempt at Harper's with an Approaching Change of National Empire, Ferry in October, 1859, he was in Texas, where he based upon the Commercial and Industrial Expan- was arrested and sent to Washington, being in im- 'sion of the Great West” (St. Louis, 1867). This minent danger of lynching on the way. Early in was followed by “ A Change of National Empire, 1862 he enlisted in the 88th Illinois regiment, with | or Arguments for the Removal of the National which he served through the war. Some of his Capital from Washington to the Mississippi Val- best lyrics were written in the field, and were | ley," with maps (1869). Besides issuing the fore- 5 66 REBOUÇAS 203 REDDING 66 going, Mr. Reavis lectured extensively through- sipi, études et souvenirs” (Paris, 1839); “Le out the country on the same subject. In 1879 he delta du Mississipi et la Nouvelle Orléans" (1859); visited England, and on his return to St. Louis he • Un voyage à la Nouvelle Grenade, les côtes néo- began a movement to promote emigration to Mis- Grenadines" (1859); “ Voyage à Saint Marthe et à souri, twice returning to London to further that la Horqueta” (1860); “ Le Rio Hacha, les Indiens object. Besides the works noticed above, he pub- Goagires et la Sierra Negra" (1860); Les Arna- lished “St. Louis the Future Great City of the ques et la Sierra Nevada” (1860); * De l'escla- World ” (1867); “ A Representative Life of Horace vage aux États-Unis, le code noir et les esclaves ” Greeley, with an Introduction by Cassius M. Clay” (1860); Les planteurs de la Louisiane et les, abo- (New York, 1872); - Thoughts for the Young Men litionistes " (1861); " Le Mormonisme et les États- and Women of America” (1873); “ Life of Gen. Unis” (1861); " Le Brésil et la colonisation, le William S. Harney” (St. Louis, 1875); and “ Rail- bassin des Amazones et les Indiens ” (1862); “ Les way and River System ” (1879). provinces du littoral du Brésil, les noirs et les REBOUÇAS, Manoel Mauricio (ray-bo'-sas), colonies Allemandes" (1862): “Le coton et la Brazilian soldier, b. in Maragogipe in 1792; d. in crise Américaine, les compagnies cotonnières, et Bahia, 19 July, 1866. After finishing his studies les tentatives du commerce Anglais depuis la rup- he was appointed assistant clerk of the probate ture de l'Union " (1862); “ Les livres sur la crise court of the districts of Maragogipe and Jaguaripe, Américaine, guerre de la sécession”(1862); “L'élec- but, at the opening of hostilities between the tion présidentielle de la Plata, et la guerre du Portuguese troops and the patriots, he retired with Paraguay” (1862); “ Les, noirs Américains depuis the independents to the interior, and served till 2 la guerre civile aux États-Unis” (1863); "Les July, 1823. He served again, 24 May, 1866, in the planteurs de la Louisiane et les régimes Africains” batile of Tuyuty. He wrote - Sobre a institucão (1863); “ Histoire de la guerre civile aux États- dos cimeterios extra-mural” (Bahia, 1856); “Da Unis, les deux dernières années de la grande lutte Educação privada é publica tratando de explicar Américaine" (1864); "La poësie et les poëtes dans por ordem su gestação, hasta su emancipação civil l'Amérique Espagnole depuis l'indépendance” é politica” (Rio Janeiro, 1859); and “Estudo sobre (1864); La commission sanitaire de la guerre os meios mais conveniente para impedir no interior aux États-U'nis, 1861–²64 " (1864); “ La guerre de da Bahia afflicto de aridez, é de su consequencia, é l'Uruguay et les républiques de la Plata” (1865); de su repetição de devastação” (Bahia, 1860). “ Les républiques de l'Amérique du Sud, leurs RECABARREN DE MARIN, Luisa (ray-cah- guerres et leur projet de fédération " (1866); “ La bar-ren), Chilian patriot, b. in Serena in 1777; d. guerre du Paraguay” (1867); “ La terre” (2 vols., in Santiago, 31 May, 1839. She became an orphan 1867-68): “Les républiques de l'isthme Améri- at the age of eight years and was educated by her cain” (1868); " Les phénomènes terrestres, le uncle, Estanislao Recabarren, dean of the cathedral monde et les météores ” (1872), which was trans- of Santiago. In 1796 she married Dr. Jose Gaspar lated into English under the title “The Ocean, Marin (9.1'.), in whose house she aided in preparing Atmosphere, and Life" (New York, 1872); and for the events of 18 Sept., 1810. After the re- “Géographie universelle" (1875–'88, 13 vols., Eng- conquest of Chili by the Spaniards in October, 1814, lish translation, New York, 1877-86).- Ilis broth- her husband fled to the Argentine Republic, but er, Élie Armand Ebenhezer, b. in Orthez, 13 she remained in Santiago, attending to the edu- March, 1843, served in the navy, and in 1876 was çation of her children. In the last days of 1816 sent by Ferdinand de Lesseps to Panama to make, the authorities captured the correspondence of a in conjunction with Lieut. Bonaparte Wyse, the patriot in Melipilla, and found a letter from San preliminary surveys for the projected canal. He Martin for Luisa, together with a list in cipher of has since interested himself in the canal, and held the persons concerned in the conspiracy against the conferences upon the subject. His works include government. By order of Marco del Pont she was ** Explorations aux isthmes de Panama et de Darien, arrested, 4 Jan, 1817, and imprisoned in the convent en 1876–8” (Paris, 1880). of the Augustine nuns, whence she was liberated by REDDALL, Henry Frederick, author, b. in the triumphant entry of the patriots, 12 Feb., 1817. London, England, 25 Nov., 1852. He was educated She lived afterward greatly honored by the public, at the Birkbeck Foundation, and since coming to but survived her husband only three months. this country has been a contributor to periodicals RÉCLUS, Jean Jacques Élisée (ray-cloo), under the pen-name of " Frederic Alldred.” Since French geographer, b. in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. 1881 he has been associate editor of "The People's Gironde, 15 May, 1830. Ile was the son of a Prot- Cyclopædia.” He has published • From the Golden estant clergyman, and was educated by the Mora- Gate to the Golden Horn” (New York, 1883); vian brethren at Neuwied, and afterward in the Who Was?" six historical sketches (1886); universities of Montauban and Berlin. From 1852 * School-Boy Days in Merrie England” (1888); till 1857 he travelled extensively in England, Ire- - Courtship, Love, and Wedlock (1888); and land, and North and South America, and after 1860"Fancy, Fact, and Fable” (1888). he devoted himself to writing works on his travels REDDING, Benjamin Barnard, pioneer, b. and the social and political condition of the coun- in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 17 Jan., 1824; d. in tries that he had visited, most of which were pub- San Francisco, Cal., 21 Aug., 1882. He was edu- lished in the “ Revue des deux mondes” and the cated at Yarmouth academy, and in 1840 went to “ Tour du monde.” In 1871 he supported the Boston, where he became a clerk and afterward Commune of Paris, and was taken prisoner and entered the grocery and ship-chandlery business. sentenced to transportation for life, but the U. S. In 1849 he organized a company of men who sailed minister and representatives of the republies of from Yarmouth for California, where they arrived South America, supported by eminent scientists, on 12 May, 1850. He went to the Yuba river dig- interceded in his behalf, and his sentence was com- gings, and afterward to the Pittsburg bar, working muted to banishment. lle fixed his residence at as a laborer. Subsequently he was employed in Clarence in Switzerland, but returned to Paris drawing papers for the sale of claims, acted as after the amnesty of March, 1879. He has since arbitrator, was elected a member of the assembly devoted himself to the publication of a universal from Yuba and Sierra counties, and during the geography. His publications include “ Le Missis- / session wrote for the San Joaquin “Republican” a G 9 204 REDFIELD REDFIELD ences. and the Sacramento “ Democratic State Journal,” | He was the original American publisher of the of which he was an editor and proprietor. In 1856 works of Edgar Allan Poe, William Maginn, and he was mayor of Sacramento, and from 1863 till John Doran. He also issued “ Noctes Ambrosi- 1867 he was secretary of state. From 1864 until ana,” the revised novels of William Gilmore his death he was land agent of the Central Pacific Simms, and a large miscellaneous list. From 1855 railroad. Mr. · Redding was a regent of the Uni- till 1860 George L. Duyckinck was interested with versity of California, and a member of the Cali- Mr. Redfield as a special partner. In 1861 he was fornia academy of sciences, and of the Geographical appointed U. S. consul at Otranto, Italy, and in society of the Pacific. He was also a state fish 1864 was transferred to Brindisi, but resigned in commissioner, holding this office at the time of his | 1866. He edited_Jean Mace's “ Histoire d'une death. Ile was interested in all scientific work, bouchée de pain " (Paris, 1861), and translated from especially in the paleontology of the coast, and the Italian “ The Mysteries of Neapolitan Con- collected numerous prehistoric and aboriginal relics, vents,” by Henrietta Caracciolo (Hartford, 1867). which he presented to the museum of the academy. REDFIELD, William C, meteorologist, b. near He contributed a large number of papers to vari- Middletown, Conn., 26 March, 1789; d. in New ous California journals. York city, 12 Feb., 1857. He assumed the initial REDFIELD, Amasa Angell, lawyer, b. in C on coming of age. At the age of fourteen he Clyde, Wayne co., N. Y., 19 May, 1837. He was was apprenticed to a saddler in Upper Middle- graduated at the University of the city of New town (now Cromwell). In 1810, on the expiration York in 1860, studied law, was admitted to the bar, of his apprenticeship, he went on foot to visit his and began to practise in New York city. From mother in Ohio, and kept a journal of his experi- 1877 till 1882 he was the official reporter of the sur- After spending the winter in Ohio he re- rogate's court in that city. He was a contributor turned to Upper Middletown, and engaged in his to the “ Knickerbocker” magazine, and has pub- trade for nearly fourteen years, also keeping a lished “Hand-Book of the U. S. Tax Laws" (New small country store. In 1827 he came to New York, 1863); “ Reports of the Surrogates' Courts of York city. Meanwhile, after the great September the State of New York” (5 vols., 1864-'82); “ Law gale of 1821, Mr. Redfield arrived at the conclu- and Practice of Surrogates' Courts” (1875; 3d ed., sion that the storm was a progressive whirlwind ; 1884); and, with Thomas G. Shearman, “ The Law but other enterprises prevented the development of Negligence" (1869; 4th ed., 1888). of his theory at that time. He became interested REDFIELD, Isaac Fletcher, jurist. b. in in steam navigation, and as the general community Wethersfield, Windsor co., Vt., 10 April, 1804; d. had become alarmed by several disastrous steam- in Charlestown, Mass., 23 March, 1876. He was boat explosions he devised and established a line graduated at Dartmouth in 1825, studied law, was of safety-barges, consisting of large and commo- admitted to the bar, and practised at Derby and dious passenger-boats towed by a steamboat at suf- Windsor, Vt. He was state's attorney for Orleans ficient distance to prevent danger, to run between county from 1832 till 1835, when he became judge New York and Albany. When the public confi- of the Vermont supreme court, and in 1852 he was dence was restored he transformed his line into a appointed chief justice. He finally retired from system of tow-boats for conveying freight, which the bench in 1860. From 1857 till 1861 he was continued until after his death. He was largely professor of medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth. identified with the introduction of railroads, and In the latter year he removed to Boston, where he in 1829 he issued a pamphlet in which he placed remained until his death. From January, 1867, before the American people the plan of a system of be was for two years special counsel of the United railroads to connect Pludson river with the Missis- States in Europe, having charge of many impor- sippi by means of a route that was substantially that tant suits and legal matters in England and France. of the New York and Erie railroad. During the He received the degree of LL. D. from Trinity in same year he became convinced of the desirability 1849, and from Dartmouth in 1855. He is the au- of street-railways in cities, and petitioned the New thor of " A Practical Treatise on the Law of Rail- | York common council for permission to lay tracks ways" (Boston, 1857; 5th ed., 2 vols., 1873); “ The along Canal street. In 1832 he explored the pro- Law of Wills" (part i., 1864; 3d ed., 1869; and | posed route of the Harlem railroad, and was instru- parts ii. and iii., 1870); “ A Practical Treatise on mental in securing the charter of that road; also, Civil Pleading and Practice, with Forms," with about that time he was associated with James Brew- William A. Herrick (1868): “ The Law of Carriers ster in the movement that resulted in the construc- and Bailments" (1869); and “ Leading American tion of the Hartford and New Haven railroad. His Railway Cases" (2 vols., 1870). He also edited first paper on the “ Atlantic Storms " was published Joseph Story's “ Equity Pleadings,” and “Conflict in 1831 in the American Journal of Science,” and of Laws”; and Greenleaf “ On Evidence.” From in 1834 it was followed by his memoir on the“ Hur- 1862 till his death he was an editor of the “ Ameri- ricanes and Storms of the United States and West can Law Register” (Philadelphia). Indies," which subject he continued later, with nu- RÈDFIELD, Justus Starr, publisher, b. in merous papers, descriptions, and tables of particu- Wallingford, Conn., 2 Jan., 1810; d. near Florence, lar hurricanes. Subsequently he devoted some at- N. J., 24 March, 1888. After receiving a limited tention to geology, studying the fossil fishes of education, he learned the printing business, and the sandstone formations. In 1856 he demonstrat- afterward stereotyping. In 1831 he opened an office, ed that the fossils of the Connecticut river valley in New York, and began the publication of “ The and the New Jersey sandstones, to which he gave Family Magazine," the first illustrated monthly in the name of the Newark group, belonged to the this country, which he continued for eight years. lower Jurassic period. In 1839 he received the hon- Benson J. Lossing and A. Sidney Doane at differ- orary degree of A. M. from Yale, and he was an ac- ent times acted as editors. The early death of ' tive member of the American association of natural- Mr. Redfield's brother, who had charge of the en- ists and geologists. To his influence the change graving department, discouraged the further prose- of the latter organization to the more comprehen- cution of the work. About 1841 he opened a book- ! sive American association for the advancement of store in the same city, and carried on the business science was largely due, and in 1843 he was its of book-selling, printing, and publishing until 1860. , first president, having charge of the Philadelphia . RED-JACKET 205 REDMAN 66 66 meeting of that year. See · Scientific Life and of Tecumseh and the Prophet to draw the Senecas Labors of William C. Redfield,” by Dennison Olm- into the western combination. His hostility to sted (Cambridge, 1858).—His son, John Howard, Christianity was implacable, and he was the most naturalist, b. in Cromwell, Middlesex co., Conn., 10 inveterate enemy of the missionaries that were sent July, 1815, removed with his father to New York to his nation. Ile was a thorough Indian in his city in 1827, and was educated at the high-school, costume, as well as in his undisguised contempt for which he left to enter business, and was engaged in the dress and language of the whites and anything freight-transportation on the Hudson river from else that belonged to them. He was of a tall and 1833 till 1861, when he removed to Philadelphia, erect form, and walked with dignity. His eyes where, until 1885, he was cashier of a car-wheel were fine, and his address, particularly when he foundry. In 1836 he became a member of the spoke in council, was almost majestic. In his later Lyceum of natural history (now the New York years he became a confirmed drunkard and sank academy of sciences), and he was its corresponding into mental imbecility. Red-Jacket's character secretary from 1839 till 1861. He contributed to was singularly contradictory. Lacking firmness its " Annals ” numerous papers, of which the first, of nerve, he nevertheless possessed remarkable te- in 1837, was upon “ Fossil Fishes,” and contained nacity of purpose and great moral courage, and his the earliest intimation that the sandstones of Con- intellectual powers were of a very high order. He necticut and Massachusetts were of a more recent was a statesman of sagacity and an orator of sur- formation than that to which they had been pre- passing eloquence, yet he was capable of descend- viously referred. His subsequent papers were chief- ing to the lowest cunning of the demagogue. But ly on' conchological subjects. He was appointed he was still a patriot, and loved his nation and conservator of the herbarium of the Philadelphia his race, whose extinction he clearly foresaw, and academy of natural sciences in 1876, and he has continued to labor with all his energies to put contributed botanical papers to the “ Bulletin of off the evil day. For many years after his death the Torrey Botanical Club," and to the “ Botanical no memorial marked his grave, but on 9 Oct., 1884, Gazette." Mr. Redfield has also published “Gene- his remains were removed and buried, under the alogical History of the Redfield Family in the auspices of the Buffalo historical society, in Forest United States” (Albany, 1860). Lawn cemetery near that city, Hon. William C. RED-JACKET, or SAGOYEWATHA ("He Bryant, of Buffalo, delivering an oration. The keeps them awake ”), chief of the Wolf tribe of the proceedings, with additional papers by Horatio Senecas, b. at Old-Castle, near Geneva, N. Y., 1751 ; Hale, Gen. Ely S. Parker, and others, were pub- d. in Seneca Village, N. Y.. 30 Jan., 1830. The lished (Buffalo, 1884). Several portraits were taken name of Red-Jacket, by which he was familiarly of the great Seneca. George Catlin painted him known, was given twice, Henry Inman once, and Robert W. Wier him because he in 1828, when he was on a visit to New York city; had been present- Fitz-Greene Halleck has celebrated him in song. ed by an English With as much justice as Rienzi has been styled the officer, shortly af- last of the Romans, may Red-Jacket be called the ter the Revolu- last of the Senecas. Like Rienzi, he was more tion, as a reward energetic in speech and council than in action, and for his fleetness of failed in courage and presence of mind in great foot, with a richly emergencies. The vignette is from Wier's portrait. embroidered scar. See his life by William L. Stone (New York, 1841). let jacket, which REDMAN, John, physician, b. in Philadelphia, he took great Pa., 27 Feb., 1722; d. there, 19 March, 1808. He pride in wearing. received his preparatory education at the academy After the death of of Rev. William Tennent, and began his medical Brant, Red-Jack- studies under Dr. John Kearsley. At their conclu- et became the man sion he went to Bermuda, where he practised his of greatest impor- profession for several years, and then visited Eu- tance among the rope to complete his education. After attending Six Nations. He lectures and * walking "the hospitals in Edinburgh, was upon the war-path during both the conflicts London, and Paris, he proceeded to Leyden, where between the United States and Great Britain. In he was graduated at the university in July, 1748. the Revolution he served with his nation the cause About 1762 he was attacked by disease of the liver, of the crown. In 1812-'13—the Senecas having and subsequent delicate health compelled him changed their allegiance-he fought under the col- largely to restrict his practice. On the founda- ors of the United States. He was deficient in physi- tion of the Philadelphia college of physicians in cal courage; so much so, as to receive from Brant 1786 he was chosen president of that body, and for the nickname of the “ Cow-Killer"—though it is many years he was one of the physicians of the city said that in the action in 1813 near Fort George, hospital. From both these institutions, in which he on the Niagara frontier, he behaved with great was deeply interested, he retired only when he was bravery. At a council at Fort Stanwix in 1784, to forced to do so by the infirmities of age. Dr. Red- negotiate a treaty between the United States and man was a strong advocate of heroic remedies, and some of the Six Nations, he delivered an eloquent considered more energetic measures necessary in and scathing philippic against the treaty, which the cure of diseases in this climate than in Europe. was nevertheless ratified. At this council he re- He bled largely in the yellow-fever epidemic of sumed his Revolutionary acquaintance with Lafay- 1762, and advocated the same treatment in 1793. ette, who chanced to be present. In 1792 Washing- He wrote an account of the former visitation, ton, on the conclusion of a treaty of peace between and presented it to the College of physicians in the the United States and the Six Nations, gave him a latter year. It was published in 1865. He em- medal of solid silver, which he prized highly and ployed mercury freely in all chronic affections, and wore until his death. It is now (1888) in possession in the diseases of old age he relied chiefly on slight of Gen. Ely S. Parker. In 1810 he gave valuable but frequent bleedings. He was considered one of information to the Indian agents of the attempts the foremost practitioners of his time. а 206 REED REDPATH வாடி REDPATH, James, author, b. in Berwick-on- | Asia, and Africa. His works in book-form, for Tweed, Scotland, 24 Aug., 1833. He emigrated schools, are " Complete Geography" (Philadelphia, with his parents to Michigan. At the age of eigh- 1887); “Manual of Physical Geography” (1887); teen years he came to New York, and since then Elementary Geography” (1888); also “ Manual he has mainly devoted himself to journalism. At of Geography and Travel” (1888); and “Sketches the age of nineteen he became an editor of the in Physical Geography,” in preparation. New York - Tribune," and soon afterward he REDWOOD, Abraham, philanthropist, b. in formed a resolution to visit the southern states the island of Antigua, W. I., in 1709; d. in New- in order to witness for himself the conditions port, R. I., 6 March, 1788. His father (b. in Bris- and effects of slavery. He not only visited the tol, England, in 1665) came into possession by mar- plantations of slave-owners as a guest, but went riage of a large sugar-plantation in Antigua, known on foot through the southern seaboard states. In as Cassada Garden, where he resided until 1712, the course of his long journey he slept frequently when he removed to the United States. After live in slave-cabins, and visited the religious gather- ing a few years in Salem, Mass., he settled perma- ings and merry-makings where the negroes con- nently in Newport, R.I. His son was educated sorted. Although at that period it was social out- at Philadelphia, where he remained until he was lawry to speak the truth about slavery, he did eighteen years old. He returned soon afterward not hesitate to do so, and he consequently be to Newport, married, and divided his time between came noted as a fiery Abolitionist. In 1855 he be- town and country residence. The latter com- came the Kansas correspondent of the St. Louis prised an estate of 145 acres at Portsmouth, R. I., “ Democrat.” He took an active part in the events which is still known as “ Redwood Farm," and re- of that time, and in 1859 made two visits to Hayti. During the second one he was appointed by Presi- dent Geffrard commissioner of emigration in the United States. Immediately upon his return home, Mr. Redpath founded the Haytian bureau of emi- gration in Boston and New York, and several thou- sand negroes availed themselves of it. In connec- tion with the Haytian bureau Mr. Redpath estab- lished a weekly newspaper called “Pine and Palm,” in which were advocated the emigration movement and the general interests of the African race in this country. He was also appointed Haytian con- sul in Philadelphia and then joint commissioner to the United States, and was largely instrumental in procuring recognition of Haytian independence. He was with the armies of Gen. William T. Sher- mained in the family until 1882. Here Mr. Red- man and Gen. George H. Thomas during the civil wood bestowed much care on the cultivation of a war, and subsequently with Gen. Quincy A. Gill botanical garden of rare foreign and indigenous more in Charleston. At the latter place he was plants, the only one of its kind in the New Eng- appointed superintendent of education, organ- land colonies. He also frequently assisted indus- ized the school system of South Carolina, and trious young men in their efforts to gain a liveli- founded the Colored orphan asylum at Charleston. hood. His fondness for literature brought him In 1868 he established the Boston lyceum bureau, into contact with a society of Newport gentlemen and subsequently Redpath's lecture bureau. In that had been organized for the promotion of 1881 he went to Ireland, partly to recruit his health knowledge and virtue,” and he placed at their dis- and partly to describe the famine district for the posal £500 for the purchase in London of standard New York - Tribune.” On his return in the fol- works on literature, theology, history, and the sci- lowing year he made a tour of the United States ences. A charter of incorporation was obtained in and Canada, lecturing on Irish subjects, and in the 1747, and a suitable edifice was completed for their same year founded a newspaper called “ Redpath's reception by 1750. The association took the name Weekly," devoted to the Irish cause. In 1886 he of the Redwood library company. The found- became an editor of the North American Re- ing of this institution drew to Newport many men view." Besides contributions to the newspapers, and women of letters, students and artists, and magazines, and reviews, he has published " Hand- gave to the town a reputation for literary taste and Book to Kansas” (New York, 1859); “ The Roving refinement, causing travellers to describe it as “the Editor” (1859); “Echoes of Harper's Ferry most learned and inquisitive community in the (Boston, 1860); Southern Notes" (1860); “Guide colonies.” During the Revolutionary war the li- to Hayti” (1860); " The John Brown Invasion " brary was roughly handled by British soldiers, who (1860); “Life of John Brown" (1860); “John | destroyed and carried away a large number of vol- Brown, the Hero” (London, 1862); and “ Talks umes. These were ultimately replaced, and the col- about Ireland” (New York, 1881). lection was restored to its original size. The build- REDWAY, Jacques Wardlaw, geographer, b. ing is shown in the accompanying engraving. Mr. near Nashville, Tenn., 5 May, 1849. He was edu- Redwood also gave £500 to the Society of Friends, cated at the University of California, and then fol- of which he was a member, to endow a school in lowed a special course in mining engineering at the Newport for the education of the children of parents University of Munich. Subsequently he became of that denomination, and offered a like sum to instructor in chemistry at the University of Cali- found a college in the same town. This was estab- fornia, and then was professor of physical geography lished afterward in Providence, R. I. and geology at the State normal school of Califor- REED, Andrew, benefactor, b. in London, Eng- nia. From 1870 till 1875 he was connected with land, 27 Nov., 1788; d. there, 25 Feb., 1862. He various mines in California and Arizona as engineer was apprenticed to a trade, but, as he had a taste or superintendent. Since 1880 he has devoted his for study, was afterward sent to a Dissenting col- attention exclusively to geographical science, and lege in London. In 1811 he was ordained pastor has travelled in North and South America, Europe, of an Independent congregation in that city, which а 66 9 REED 207 REED connection he maintained until his death. In 1834 | a civil engineer in the employ of a railroad through he was deputed, with Rev. James Matheson, by the the Adirondacks, N. Y., and he subsequently served Congregational union of England and Wales, to in the Egyptian army. visit the United States and report on the condition REED, Hugh, soldier, b. in Richmond, Wayne of religion and education in that country, and on co., Ind., 17 Aug., 1850. He was graduated at the his return he published, with Mr. Matheson, “ Visit U. S. military academy in 1873, and promoted 2d to the American Churches” (2 vols., London, 1836), lieutenant, 1st infantry, served on garrison and which made a valuable addition to English knowl- frontier duty, and was then attached to the signal edge of American institutions and society. He service, being professor of military science and tac- founded in 1813 the London orphan asylum; in tics in the signal-school at Fort Whipple (now Fort 1827, the Infant orphan asylum: in 1847, the Asy- Myer), Va., in 1878–9, at the Southern Illinois nor- lum for fatherless children at Croydon; and subse- mal university in Carbondale, Ill., in 1880–3, on quently the Royal asylum for idiots, and the Royal garrison and frontier duty at Forts Apache and hospital for incurables. He gave freely to these Lowell, Arizona, and San Diego, Cal., in 1883-'4. and other charities, but made it a principle through In 1881 he was appointed inspector-general on the life never to receive in any form a recompense for staff of Gov. Albert G. Porter, of Indiana. Since his services in their behalf. At his death he left 1884 he has been on leave of absence, owing to im- over £2,000 to the above and similar institutions. paired health from exposure on the plains. Lieut. Besides his book on this country, he published “ No Reed has invented a metallic shelving, using cast- Fiction ” (London, 1818; 24th ed., 1860); " Martha” iron shelves and gas-pipe supports, for which two (1836); “ The Day of Pentecost, ," " The Revival of patents have been issued, and has also invented a Religion," and "Earnest Piety essential to Emi- folding cash-box. He compiled A Calendar of nent Usefulness” (1839); and “ Advancement of the Dakota Nation," which was printed in 1877, Religion the Claim of the Times” (1847). See and included in the fourth annual report of the “ Memoirs of the Life and Labors of Andrew Reed, bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the Smith- D. D.," by his sons, Charles and Andrew (1863). sonian institution (Washington, 1886), and is the au- REED, David, editor, b. in Easton, Bristol co., thor of “ Signal Tactics" (Baltimore, 1880); “ Cadet Mass., 6 Feb., 1790; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 June, Regulations” (Richmond, Ind., 1881); Upton's “In- 1870. He was the son of Rev. William Reed, who fantry Tactics,” abridged and revised (Baltimore, was born in 1755, and had charge of the Congrega- 1882); “ Artillery Tactics,” abridged and revised tional church at Easton from 1784 until his death (1882); “Military Science and Tactics” (1882); in 1809. David was graduated at Brown in 1810, • Standard Infantry Tactics" (1883); and “Broom and for several years was principal of the Bridge- Tactics, or Calisthenics in a New Form” (1883). water, Mass., academy. He subsequently studied REED, James, soldier, b. in Woburn, Midle- theology, and in 1814 was licensed' to preach as a sex co., Mass., in 1724 ; d. in Fitchburg, Mass., 13 Unitarian clergyman. In 1821 he established at Feb., 1807. He married in 1948 and settled in Boston the “ Christian Register," an organ of that Brookfield, but subsequently removed to Lunen- denomination, and he continued to publish and burg, Mass. He commanded a company in Col. edit it until 1866. From the outset Mr. Reed had Joseph Blanchard's regiment in the campaign the assistance, editorially and as contributors, of against the French and Indians under Sir William many of the ablest writers in the Unitarian denom- Johnson in 1755, was with Gen. James Abercrombie ination, and his journal exercised much influence. at Ticonderoga in 1758, and served under Gen. Jef- He was also a founder of the American anti-sla- frey Amherst in 1759. In the early days of the Rev- very society in 1828. olution his military experience, energy, and com- ŘEED, Horatio Blake, soldier, b. in Rock- manding address made him unusually successful in away, L. I., 22 Jan., 1837; d. in Togus, Kennebec securing recruits for the patriot cause. In 1765 he co., Ve., 7 March, 1888. He was educated at Troy had settled in the town of Fitzwilliam, N. H., of polytechnic institute, and on 14 May, 1861, was which he was an original proprietor. In 1770 he commissioned 20 lieutenant in the 5th U. S. artil- was made lieutenant-colonel, and in May, 1775, was lery. He took part in the battles of Bull Run (for in command of the 2d New Hampshire regiment at which he was brevetted 1st lieutenant), Hanover Cambridge, and did good service at the battle of Court-House, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mills, Mal- Bunker Hill, holding the rail-fence with John vern Hill, and Manassas. He was also present at Stark, and protecting the retreat of the main body Antietam, where he was severely wounded. He from the redoubt. Joining the army in Canada was brevetted captain, 1 July, 1862, for the penin- under Gen. John Sullivan early in 1776, his regi- sular campaign, and commissioned lieutenant, 19 ment suffered severely from disease, and more than Sept., 1863. The following October he was bre- one third died during the campaign. Before arriv- vetted major for the skilful handling of his guns ing at Ticonderoga on the retreat, Col. Reed was at Bristol Station, Va. The latter appointment attacked by small-pox, and after a long illness rose was made at the special request of Gen. Gouver- from his bed incapacitated for further service. He neur K. Warren, who declared in his report that had meanwhile been appointed brigadier-general Capt. Reed had saved the day. From November, on the recommendation of Gen. Washington, and 1863, till April, 1864, he was acting assistant ad- retained the commission in the hope that he might jutant-general of the 1st brigade of horse artillery. be able again to take the field, but he was compelled In October, 1864, he was commissioned lieutenant- to return home, nearly blind and deaf, and accepted colonel of the 22d New York cavalry, having al- half-pay.-His son, Sylvanus, d. in 1798, served ready commanded the regiment at the crossing of throughout the war, was adjutant in Gen. Sullivan's the Opequan, and in the action at Lacey's Springs campaign of 1778, and afterward promoted colonel. He was promoted colonel in January, 1865, and REED, John, clergyman, b. in Framingham, commanded a cavalry brigade in the valley of Vir- Mass., 11 Nov., 1751; d. in West Bridgewater, ginia from May till August of that year under Mass., 17 Feb., 1831. He was the son of Solomon, Gen. George A. Custer. On 13 March, 1865, he minister at Middleborough, Mass., and was grad- was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the regular uated at Yale in 1772. After studying theology army for meritorious services during the war. On and being licensed to preach, he was employed for 8 May, 1870, he resigned from the army to become i two years as chaplain in the navy, although he 208 REED REED a never went to sea. On 7 Jan., 1780, he was in- | would naturally be presumed to be well informed. stalled at Bridgewater, Mass., as colleague pastor of Thus he lived to be more than eighty years old Rev. Daniel Perkins, who died in 1782, and main- before discovering that he was entitled to become tained the connection until his death. In 1794 he a citizen of the United States. He was then nat- was elected to congress as a Federalist, and he was uralized at Concord, N. C. Reed was the owner twice re-elected, serving from 7 Dec., 1795, till 3 of the first gold-mine that was discovered in this March, 1801. He was a follower and warm friend country: In 1799 his son Conrad, while shooting of George Washington and John Adams. His fish with a bow and arrow in a small stream, called opinions on ecclesiastical affairs were so just and Meadow creek, near his father's house, found in the accurate as to receive the approbation of courts and water a piece of glistening yellow metal, which he judges; the report of a church council drawn up carried home. It was about the size of “a small by him was adopted in substance as the foundation smoothing-iron.” His father did not recognize it, of an important decision of the supreme court of and, a silversmith at Concord proving equally ig- Massachusetts. His theological views were Armin- norant of its value, it was for several years used as ian, and he excelled as a metaphysician and con- a convenient door-weight. Finally it was sub- troversialist. Although the last ten years of his mitted to a jeweler at Fayetteville, N. C., who, by life were spent in blindness, he continued to preach fluxing, produced from it a bar of gold from six regularly until a short time before his death. He to eight inches long. In 1803 a piece of gold was a member of the Unitarian council that was weighing twenty-eight pounds was found in the called to consider the case of Rev. Abiel Abbott. same stream. Other pieces were afterward gath- He received the degree of D. D. from Brown uni- | ered ranging in weight from sixteen pounds down versity in 1803. Besides eight occasional sermons, to the smallest particles. In 1831 quartz veins Dr. Reed published " An Apology for the Rite of were discovered, and Reed died a wealthy man. Infant Baptism” (1806).—His son, John, legisla- REED, John, clergyman, b. in Wickford, R. I., tor, b. in West Bridgewater, Mass., 2 Sept., 1781; in 1777; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 6 July, 1845. d. there, 25 Nov., 1860, was graduated at Brown in He was graduated at Union in 1805, studied the- 1803, where he was tutor from 1804 till 1806. He ology, and was ordained deacon, 27 May, 1806, by was also for one year principal of the Bridgewater Bishop Benjamin Moore, and priest, 17 June, 1808. academy. He afterward studied law, was admitted | His first charge after ordination was St. Luke's to the bar, and began to practise at Yarmouth, church, Catskill, N. Y. In August, 1810, he was Mass. He soon became popular and was elected to called to the rectorship of Christ church, Pough- the 13th congress as a Federalist, and re-elected to keepsie, N. Y., and occupied that post for the re- the 14th, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, mainder of his life. He received the degree of 1817. Four years later he was again elected, this D. D. from Columbia in 1822. Dr. Reed was a man time as a Whig, and he was successively re-elected of good abilities, and devoted himself chiefly to until he had served from 3 Dec., 1821, till 3 March, pastoral work. He published a small work in de- 1841, making in all nearly twenty-four years of fence of the Episcopal constitution of the church, congressional experience. He was sometimes face- and a few occasional sermons. tiously alluded to by his political opponents as the REED, John, jurist, b. in Adams county, Pa., "life-member.” In 1844 he was elected lieuten- | in 1786; d. in Carlisle, Pa., 19 June, 1850. He was ant-governor of Massachusetts, with George N. a member of the class of 1806 in Dickinson college, Briggs at the head of the ticket. Both served but left that institution before graduation. He until 1851, when both retired to private life. Gov. studied law and was admitted to the bar of West- Reed received the degree of LL. D. from Brown in moreland county, Pa., in 1808. In 1815 he was 1845.—Another son, Caleb, journalist, b. in West elected state senator, and from 1820 till 1829 he Bridgewater, Mass., 22 April, 1797; d. in Boston, was judge of the 9th judicial district of Pennsyl- 14 Oct., 1854, was graduated at Harvard in 1817, vania. From 1834 until his death he was professor studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in the law department of Dickinson college. In at Yarmouth, Mass., until 1827. He then became 1839 he received the degree of LL. D. from Wash- a partner in the firm of Cyrus Alger and Co., carry- ington college, Pa. He wrote “ The Pennsylvania ing on an iron-foundry at South Boston. This Blackstone” (3 vols., Carlisle, 1831), “ a medley of connection he maintained until his death. He was English, Federal, and local law." a believer in the doctrines of Swedenborg, and for REED, Joseph, statesman, b. in Trenton, N.J., more than twenty years edited the “ New Jerusalem 27 Aug., 1741; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 March, Magazine,” devoted to their promulgation. He 1785. He was graduated at Princeton in 1757, and published “ The General Principles of English then studying law with Robert Stockton, was ad- Grammar" (Boston, 1821). - Another son, Samp. mitted to the bar in 1763, after which he spent two son, editor, b. in West Bridgewater, Mass., 10 June, years as a law student in the Middle Temple, Lon- 1800; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 July, 1880, was grad- don. On his return in 1765 he followed his pro- nated at Harvard in 1818, and studied theology at fession in Trenton, and in 1767 was appointed Cambridge, but, becoming a convert to the doctrines deputy secretary of New Jersey, but in 1770 he of Swedenborg, he abandoned the design of pre- went again to England, where he married Esther paring for the ministry, and engaged in business. De Berdt, daughter of Dennis De Berdt (9.7'.), agent He subsequently edited the “ New Church Maga- of Massachusetts. He returned to this country in zine," and was co-editor of the “ New Jerusalem October, and settled in Philadelphia, where he fol- Magazine.” He was the author of “ Observations lowed his profession with success. He took an ar- on the Growth of the Mind” (Boston, 1826; Lon- tive part in the popular movements in Pennsyl- don, 1839; 5th ed., Boston, 1859). vania, was confidential correspondent of Lord REED, John, mine-owner, b. in Germany about Dartmouth, who was then colonial secretary, and 1760; d. in Cabarrus county, N. C., about 1848. strove to persuade the ministry to measures of He came to this country as a Ilessian soldier, and moderation. Ile was appointed a member of the after the war of the Revolution settled on a farm in committee of correspondence for Philadelphia in Cabarrus county, N. C. But little is known of his November, 1774, and in January, 1775, was presi- history, except that he seems to have been grossly dent of the 2d Provincial congress. On the forma- ignorant on many subjects regarding which he i tion of the Pennsylvania associated militia after REED 209 REED a Jos. Reed the battle of Lexington, he was chosen lieutenant- | tempts were made to bribe high officials, and, among colonel, and, when George Washington was ap- others, Gov. Reed was approached and offered £10,- pointed to the command of the American forces, 000, together with any office in the colonies in his Mr. Reed left his practice in Philadelphia to be- majesty's gift. His reply was: “I am not worth come Gen. Washington's military secretary. As purchasing, but, such as I am, the king of Great he had been educated to the orderly and methodi- Britain is not rich enough to do it.” În 1780 he cal transaction of was invested with extraordinary powers, and largely business, and was a through his influence the disaffection of the Penn- ready writer, there is sylvania line in the army was suppressed. He re- no doubt that the sumed the practice of his profession in 1781, and opening of books of was appointed by congress one of the commission record, preparing to settle the dispute between the states of Pennsyl- forms, directing cor- vania and Connecticut. Failing health led to his respondence, com- visiting England in 1784, hoping that a sea-voyage posing legal and state would restore him; but he returned in a few months, papers, and estab- and died soon afterward. Meanwhile he had been lishing the general chosen to congress, but he never took his seat. rules and etiquette Gov. Reed was charged with meditating a treacher- of headquarters, can ous abandonment of the American cause, and a be traced principally determination to go over to the British, and George to him. In October, Bancroft in his history introduced the statement 1775, he returned to on what appeared to be reliable testimony. A bit- Philadelphia, and in ter controversy ensued, in which William B. Reed January, 1776, he (9. 7.) took part, and it was ultimately shown that was chosen member he had been confounded with Col. Charles Read of the assembly, al- (q.v.). He published “Remarks on Gov. Johnstone's though at the time Speech in Parliament”. (Philadelphia, 1779), and he was acting chairman of the committee of safe- “Remarks on a Late Publication in the Independ- ty. He was appointed on 5 June adjutant-general ent Gazetteer,' with an Address to the People of of the American army, with the rank of colonel, Pennsylvania" (1783). The latter elicited “ À Re- and was exceedingly active in the campaign that ply" by John Cadwalader. See “Life of Joseph terminated with the battle of Long Island. Admi- Reed," by Henry Reed, in Sparks's “ American Biog- ral Howe, who reached New York in July, 1776, raphy" (Boston, 1846), and “Life and Correspond- was charged, as special commissioner, with opening ence of Joseph Reed,” by his grandson, William B. negotiations with the Americans, and under a flag Reed (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1847).— His wife, Esther of truce a meeting took place, at which Col. Reed De Berdt, b. in London, 22 Oct., 1746; d. in Phila- represented Gen. Washington, but, the commu- delphia, 18 Sept., 1780, became acquainted with nication from the British admiral being addressed Mr. Reed when he was a law student in London, to “ George Washington, Esquire,” he declined to and soon after the death of her father married him receive it. In 1777, on Washington's solicitation, in London in May, 1770. After the evacuation of he was appointed brigadier-general and tendered Philadelphia she was chosen president of a society command of all the American cavalry, and mean- of ladies in that city who united for the purpose while, on 20 March, 1777, he was appointed first of collecting, by voluntary subscription, additional chief justice of Pennsylvania under the new con- supplies in money and clothing for the army, which stitution; but he declined both of these offices, pre- was then in great destitution. In a letter to Gen. ferring to remain attached to Washington's head- Washington she writes: "The amount of the sub- quarters as a volunteer aide without rank or pay, in scription is $200,580, and £625 6s. 80. in specie, which capacity he served with credit at the battles which makes in the whole, in paper money, $300,- of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. In 634.” Many of her letters to her husband and her September, 1777, he was elected to the Continental correspondence with Gen. Washington are given in congress, but continued with the army and was the life of Joseph Reed mentioned above. See also again chosen in December. He declined the com- “ The Life of Esther De Berdt, afterward Esther missionership of Indian affairs in November, 1778, Reed of Pennsylvania” (1853). — Their son, Jo- but accepted the chairmanship of a committee to seph, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 11 July, 1772; d. confer with Washington concerning the manage there, 4 March, 1846, was graduated at Princeton ment of the ensuing campaign, to concert measures in 1792, and then studied law. From 1800 till for the greatest efficiency of the army. The city of 1809 he was a prothonotary of the supreme court, Philadelphia, in October, 1777, elected him to the and then attorney-general of Pennsylvania in assembly, and the county made him a member of 1810–'11. He became recorder of the city of Phila- the council; but he declined the former election. delphia in 1810, continuing in that office till 1829, In December, 1778, he was chosen president of the and published « The Laws of Pennsylvania” (5 supreme executive council of Pennsylvania, and he vols., Philadelphia, 1822–²4).—The second Joseph's was continued in that office for three years. Dur- son, William Bradford, lawyer, b. in Philadel- ing his administration he aided in founding the phia, Pa., 30 June, 1806; d. in New York city, 18 C'niversity of Pennsylvania, and favored the grad. Feb. , 1876, was graduated at the l’niversity of ual abolition of slavery and the doing away with Pennsylvania in 1825, and then accompanied Joel the proprietary powers of the Penn family. While R. Poinsett to Mexico as his private secretary. On Benedict Arnold (q. v.) was in command of Phila- his return he studied law and practised with such delphia, after the evacuation by the British, he was success that, in 1838, he was elected attorney-gen- led into extravagances that resulted in his being eral of Pennsylvania. In 1850 he was appointed tried by court-martial. In the presentation of the professor of American history at the University of charges Gov. Reed, as president of the council, took Pennsylvania, and in 1857 he became minister to an active part, and so incurred the odium of the China, in which capacity he negotiated the impor- friends of Arnold. After the failure of the British tant treaty of June, 1858, that secured to the C'nited peace commissioners to treat with congress, at- States all the advantages that had been acquired by VOL. V.-14 6 1 210 REED REED 9 " the allies from the Chinese. Mr. Reed for a long have been published since his death by his broth- time was the most brilliant and effective of the an- er, William B. Reed, with the titles "Lectures of tagonists of the Democratic party in Pennsylvania, English Literature, from Chaucer to Tennyson but on the nomination of James Buchanan he be- (Philadelphia, 1855); “Lectures on English His- came his firm friend and supporter, even entering tory and Tragic Poetry, as Illustrated by Shake- heartily into the extreme views of those who sympa- speare,” to which is prefixed a biographical sketch thized with the south, and on his return to this coun- (1855); “Lectures on the History of the American try in 1860 he continued to act with the Democratic Union” (1856); and “Lectures on the British party. Subsequently he settled in New York, be- Poets” (2 vols., 1857).—Henry's son, Henry, au- came a regular contributor to the press of that city, thor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Sept., 1846, was and for a time was American correspondent of the graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in London “ Times.” Mr. Reed was a prolific writer, 1865, read law, and was admitted to the Philadel- and, besides contributions to “ The American Quar- phia bar in 1869. In November, 1886, he was ap- terly Review” and “ The North American Review," pointed a judge of the court of common pleas in he was the author of numerous orations, addresses, Philadelphia, and in 1887 was elected to the office and controversial pamphlets on historical subjects. for a term of years. He is the author of a work Among the latter were several relating to his grand on the “Statute of Frauds” (3 vols., 1884), and has father, President Joseph Reed, whose reputation published numerous articles on legal subjects. He was assailed by George Bancroft. These included translated “ The Daughter of an Egyptian King," “ President Reed of Pennsylvania, a Reply to by George Ebers (Philadelphia, 1875). George Bancroft and Others ” (Philadelphia, 1867), REED, Philip, senator, b. in Kent county, Md., to which Mr. Bancroft responded with “ Joseph about 1760; d. in Kent county, Md., 2 Nov., 1829. Reed, an Historical Essay" (New York, 1867); and He received an academical education, and served “ A Rejoinder to Mr. Bancroft's Historical Essay ” as a captain in the Revolutionary army. After- (Philadelphia, 1867). Besides editing the posthu- ward he was elected to the U. S. senate in place of mous works of his brother, Henry (q. v.), he pub- Robert Wright, resigned, and held the seat from lished “ Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed,” 29 Dec., 1806, till 3 March, 1813. On his return which, according to Chancellor Kent, is “ à most in- home he commanded, as colonel of militia, the teresting and admirable history of one of the ablest regiment of home-guards that met and defeated at and purest patriots of the Revolution” (2 vols., Moorefields, Md., 30 Aug., 1814, a superior British Philadelphia, 1847), and “Life of Esther De Berdt, force under Sir Peter Parker (9. 1.), who was killed afterward Esther Reed”(1853).--William Bradford's in the engagement. Col. Reed was elected to the brother, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia, 11 July, 15th congress, serving from 1 Dec., 1817, till 3 1808; d. at sea, 27 Sept., 1854, was graduated at the March, 1819, and re-elected to the 17th, having University of Pennsylvania in 1825, read law, and contested the election of Jeremiah Causden, serv- in 1829 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. ing from 20 March, 1822, till 3 March, ,1823. In 1831 he was elected assistant professor of English REED, Rebecca Theresa, proselyte, b. in East literature in the University of Pennsylvania and Cambridge, Mass., about 1813. Her father was a abandoned the legal profession. The same year he farmer in straitened circumstances, who gave his became assistant professor of moral philosophy, and three daughters the best education within his in 1835 he was made professor of rhetoric and Eng- reach. The eldest, Rebecca, was sent to a neigh- lish literature. He served the university until 1854, borhood school for three years, and displayed an when he visited Europe. In September he embarked unusual aptitude for making lace and other orna- from Liverpool for home in the steamship“ Arctic,” mental work. She was a serious, well-behaved girl, in which he was lost at sea. He was a member of and thoughtful, according to the testimony of her the American philosophical society and a vice-pro- teachers, beyond her years. Her attention was vost of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1846 first called to nuns and nunneries in the sum- received the degree of LL. D. from the University mer of 1826, about which time an Ursuline con- of Vermont. He was early brought into communi- vent had been established on Mount Benedict, cation with the poet Wordsworth, and assisted in Charlestown, Mass. In 1830, on the death of her the supervision and arrangement of an American mother, she again became interested in the sub- edition of his poems (Philadelphia, 1837). He was ject, and was anxious to enter the institution with the author of the preface to this work, and an elabo- the intention of consecrating herself to a religious rate article on Wordsworth in the New York life. Through the influence of Roman Catholic Review” (1839). After the death of the poet he friends, and notwithstanding the opposition of superintended the publication of the American edi. her family, she was admitted to the convent on tion of the memoirs by Dr. Christopher Words- 7 Aug., 1831. Although she remained within its worth (2 vols., Boston, 1851). Hle prepared an edi- walls nearly six months, she soon becaine dissat is- tion of Alexander Reid's “ Dictionary of the Eng- fied with the continual repression of youthful im- lish Language" (New York, 1845), and George F. pulses, the strict discipline, the physical discom- Graham's “ English Synonyms," with an introduc- forts, and the apparent want of sympathy of those tion and illustrative authorities (1847), and edited in charge. Having accidentally overheard a con- American reprints of Thomas Arnold's “ Lectures versation between the convent authorities, from on Modern History" (1845); Lord Mahon's “ His- which she learned that she was to be removed to tory of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Canada, she made her escape, and returned to her Peace of Paris” (2 vols., 1849); and the poetical family. At this time her health had been seriously works of Thomas Gray, for which he prepared a impaired by the austerities of her conventual life. new memoir (Philadelphia, 1850). He delivered two Miss Reed's escape, and the statements that she * Lectures upon the American Union” before the made of what had occurred during her stay in the Smithsonian institution (1857), and several ad- convent, gave rise to an acrimonious controversy. dresses at various times before other bodies. He Two years later the excitement was increased by the wrote a life of his grandfather, Joseph Reed, in escape of Sister Mary John on 28 June, 1834, and Sparks's “ American Biography." His chief com- on the 11th of the following August the convent, positions were several courses of lectures at the a large three-story building, was sacked and burned University of Pennsylvania, of which collections by a mob. The foregoing statements are gathered REED 211 REEDER in cele ANHDieder from “Six Months in a Convent; or, The Narrative | 5 July, 1864. He spent the greater part of his life of Rebecca Theresa Reed, Who was under the In- in Easton, Pa., where he practised law, and was fluence of the Roman Catholics about Two Years," a Democratic politician, but declined office till etc., and Supplement to 'Six Months in a Con- 1854, when he was appointed the first governor vent,' confirming the Narrative of Rebecca The- of Kansas. Gov. Reeder had come to the territory resa Reed by the Testimony of more than One a firm Democrat, but the conduct of the “ border Hundred Witnesses” (Boston, 1835). See also ruffians” shook his “ The Memorial History of Boston," edited by Jus- partisanship. He tin Winsor (vol. iii., Boston, 1881), for details of prescribed distinct the destruction of the Ursuline convent. and rigid rules for REED, Thomas B., senator, b. in Kentucky: the conduct of the d. in Lexington, Ky., 26 Nov., 1829. Although his next legislature, early educational advantages were limited, he was which, it was then able to study law. On being admitted to the believed, would de- bar he began to practise at Lexington, Ky., and termine whether had already acquired some reputation in his pro- Kansas would be- fession before removing to Mississippi territory. come a free or a There he found a wide field for the exercise of his slave state. But all talents in the solution of the intricate questions his precautionscame that arose from the variety of land-tenures and the to naught. On 30 difficulty of applying the rules of common law to March, 1855, 5,000 the novel conditions of frontier life. Mr. Reed Missourians took settled at Natchez, and made his appearance supreme court of the state in the first criminal case every election - dis- that was brought before that tribunal, “ The trict in the terri- State against the Blennerhassetts," which he argued tory. Of the total number of votes cast 1,410 for the defence at the June term in 1818. His were found to be legal and 4,908 illegal, 5,427 reputation at the bar continued to increase, and in were given to the pro-slavery and 791 to the free- 1821 he was elected attorney-general of the state, state candidates. But on 6 April, 1855, Gov. discharging the duties of the office for four years Reeder issued certificates of election to all but one with ability. He was elected U. S. senator from third of the claimants, and the returns in these Mississippi in the place of David Holmes, resigned, cases he rejected on account of palpable defects in and served from 11 March, 1826, till 3 March, 1827. the papers. As a lawyer he recognized that he His legal knowledge and his familiarity with the had the power to question the legality of the elec- fundamental principles of the government soon at- tion of the several claimants only in those cases tracted attention. His speech on what was known where there were protests lodged, or where there as the “ Judiciary question” was much applauded were palpable defects in the returns. Notices were by senators and warmly commended by the press. sent throughout the territory that protests would He was re-elected for the full term, but died while be received and considered, and the time for filing on his way to Washington to take his seat. protests was extended so that facilities might be REED, Thomas Brackett, legislator, b. in given for a full hearing of both sides. In nearly Portland, Me., 18 Oct., 1839. He was graduated at two thirds of the returns there were no protests or Bowdoin in 1860, and studied law, but was ap- official notice of frauds, and the papers were on pointed acting assistant paymaster in the navy, 19 their face regular. In the opinion of Gov. Reeder, April, 1864, and served until his honorable dis- this precluded him from withholding certificates, charge, 4 Nov., 1865. He was soon afterward ad- and he accordingly issued them, notwithstanding mitted to the bar, and began to practise at Port- his personal belief that the claimants had nearly land. In 1868–9 he was a member of the lower all been fraudulently elected. His contention al- branch of the Maine legislature, and in 1870 he sat ways was that any other course would have been in the state senate. From the latter year until revolutionary. This action endowed the notori- 1872 he was attorney-general, and in 1874'7 he ously illegal legislature with technical authority, served as solicitor for the city of Portland. He was and a few weeks later, when Gov. Reeder went elected a member of congress in 1876, and has been to Washington, D. C., to invoke the help of the re-elected until the present time (1888). Mr. Reed administration, the attorney-general refused to is one of the chief members on the Republican side prosecute, as Reeder's own certificate pronounced of the house, and is an effective debater. the elections true. One of the first official acts of REED, William, philanthropist, b. in Marble- this legislature was to draw up a memorial to the head, Mass., in 1777; d. there, 18 Feb., 1837. He president requesting Gov. Reeder's removal, but became a merchant in his native town, and was before its bearer reached Washington the governor elected to congress as a Federalist, serving from 4 was dismissed by President Pierce. He then be- Nov., 1811, till 3 March, 1815. He was active in came a resident of Lawrence, Kan., where the free- educational and religious matters, acting as presi- state movement began. Its citizens held a conven- dent of the Sabbath-school union of Massachusetts tion at Big Springs, a few miles west of that town, and of the American tract society, and as vice- on 5 Sept., 1855. Gov. Reeder wrote the resolu- president of the Education society. He was also tions, addressed the convention, and received their one of the board of the Andover theological semi- nomination, by acclamation, for the post of terri- nary and a trustee of Dartmouth college. Of torial delegate to congress. These resolutions de- $68,000 that was given by him in his will to clared that we will endure no longer the tyranni- benevolent objects, $17,000 were left to Dartmouth, cal enactments of the bogus legislature, will resist $10,000 to Amherst, $10,000 to the American them to a bloody issue,” and recommended the board of foreign missions, $16,000 to two churches “ formation of volunteer companies and the pro- in Marblehead, and $5,000 to the library of An- curement of arms.” On 9 Oct., at a separate elec- dover theological seminary. tion, Mr. Reeder was again chosen delegate to con- REEDER, Andrew Horatio, governor of gress . Under the newly framed territorial constitu- Kansas, b. in Easton, Pa., 6 Aug., 1807; d. there, tion, which was known as the Topeka constitution, с 212 REESE REEDER » a legislature formed of the free-state party, 15 July, chief engineer of the Army of the Tennessee dur- 1856, elected him, with James H. Lane, to the U.S. ing the Atlanta campaign, the subsequent march senate, which choice congress refused to recognize, to the sea, and that through the Carolinas. In and neither senator took his seat. At the begin- | December, 1864, he was brevetted major, lieuten- ning of the civil war he and Gen. Nathaniel Lyon ant-colonel, and colonel, “ for gallant and distin- were the first brigadier-generals that were ap- guished services during the campaign through pointed by President Lincoln. But Mr. Reeder Georgia and ending in the capture of Savannah," declined, on the plea that he was too far advanced and in March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier- in life to accept high office in a new profession. general in the U. S. army for faithful and merito- He returned to Easton, Pa., where he resided until rious service during the same campaign. He be- his death. See “ Life of Abraham Lincoln,” by came lieutenant-colonel in June, 1865, was super- John G. Nicolay and John Hay. intending engineer of the construction of Fort REEDER, Charles, manufacturer, b. in Balti- Montgomery, N. Y., and recorder of the board of more, Md., 31 Oct., 1817. He was educated in pub- engineers to conduct experiments on the use of lic schools in Baltimore, and has since devoted his iron in permanent defences in 1865–7. In March attention to the construction of marine steam-en- of the latter year he became major in the corps of gines, which have held a high rank for efficiency engineers. He was then secretary of the board of and durability. Mr. Reeder in this way became in- engineers for fortifications and harbor and river terested in steamships, and in 1855 was an owner obstructions for the defence of the United States. of the “ Tennessee," the first that cleared from Bal- REESE, David Meredith, physician, b. in timore to a European port. He has been called to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1800; d. in New York city, 12 directorships in banking and other establishments, Aug., 1861. He was graduated at the medical de and has published “ Caloric: A Review of the Dy-partment of the University of Maryland in 1820, namic Theory of Heat” (Baltimore, 1887). and subsequently settled in New York city, where REES, John Krom, educator, b. in New York he established an extensive practice. For several city, 27 Oct., 1851. He was graduated at Colum- years he was physician-in-chief to Bellevue hospital, bia in 1872, and at the School of mines in 1875, and he subsequently was city and county superin- and in 1873–6 he was assistant in mathematics tendent of public schools. He published ** Observa- at the latter institution. In 1876 he was called tions on the Epidemnic of Yellow Fever” (Baltimore, to the professorship of mathematics and astron- 1819); “Strictures on Ilealth" (1828); “ The Epi- omy in Washington university, St. Louis, where demic Cholera " (New York, 1833); “ Humbugs of he remained until 1881, when he was recalled to New York” (Boston, 1833); “ Review of the First Columbia, given charge of the department of geod. Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery So- esy and practical astronomy, and made director of ciety," of which 25,000 copies were sold at once the observatory. While he was in St. Louis the (1834); Quakerism 18. Calvinism ” (New York, time system radiating from the Washington uni- 1834); “ Phrenology known by its Fruits.” (1838); versity observatory was established by his aid, and and Medical Lexicon of Modern Terminology the observatory was built. In July, 1878, he was (1855); and contributed constantly to medical lit- a member of the Fort Worth solar eclipse party, erature. He also edited the scientific section of and contributed a report to the publications of the Chambers's Educational Course" (Edinburgh, expedition. Prof. Rees is a member of scientific 1844), and American editions of Sir Astley P. societies, and has been active in the American as- Cooper's “ Surgical Diet,” Dr. John M. Good's sociation for the advancement of science, having Book of Nature," J. Moore Neligan's work on been local secretary at the St. Louis meeting in " Medicines," with notes (1856), and the “ American 1878, secretary of the section on mathematics and Medical Gazette” (New York, 1850–²5). physics in 1879, and general secretary in 1880. REESE, John James, physician, b. in Philadel- He has held various offices also in the Ameri- phia, Pa., 16 June, 1818. ' He was graduated at the can metrological society since 1883. He has been University of Pennsylvania in 1837, and at the chairman of the board of editors of the School of medical department in 1839, and began practice in Mines Quarterly" since 1884, and has published his native city. He entered the U. S. army as sur- “ Report on the Total Solar Eclipse, July, 1878," geon of volunteers in 1861, and was in charge of a ** Observations of the Transit of Venus, 6 Dec. , hospital in Philadelphia. Dr. Reese has continued 1882," and, in addition to various papers and lec- to reside in that city, is professor of jurisprudence tures before the New York academy of sciences, has and toxicology in the University of Pennsylvania, written cyclopædia articles. and is a member of foreign and domestic profes- REESE, Chauncey B., soldier, b. in Cana- sional societies. He was president of the Phila- stota, N. Y., 28 Dec., 1837; d. in Mobile, Ala., delphia medical jurisprudence society in 1886–7, 22. Sept., 1870. He was graduated at the U. S. and is physician to several city hospitals. He has military academy in 1859, and at the beginning of contributed largely to professional literature, edit- the civil war sent to Fort Pickens, Fla., as assisted the 7th American edition of Taylor's “ Medical ant engineer in defence of that work. He was then Jurisprudence,” and published American Medi- transferred to similar duty at Washington, D. C., cal Formulary” (Philadelphia, 1850); “ Analysis and became 1st lientenant of engineers, 6 Aug., of Physiology" (1853); - Manual of Toxicology 1861. He rendered valuable service in the Virginia (1874); and a “ • Text-Book of Medical Jurispru- peninsular campaign from March till August, 1862, dence and Toxicology" (1884). in constructing bridges, roads, and field-works, REESE, Levi H., clergyinan, b. in Harford particularly the bridge, 2,000 feet in length, over county, Md., 8 Feb., 1806; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., the Chickahominy. The became captain of engi- 21 Sept., 1851. He was educated in the public neers in March, 1863, and was engaged in the Rap- schools Baltimore, taught for several years, and pahannock campaign in similar service, constructa , in 1826 entered the ministry of the Methodist Epis- ing a bridge before Fredericksburg, defensive works copal church. In the controversy that resulted in and bridges at Chancellorsville, and at Franklin's the formation of the Methodist Protestant church, crossing of the Rappahannock, in the face of the he joined the “ l'nion” society, became secretary enemy, He participated in the battle of Gettys- of that body, and was the first pastor that was or- burg, in the siege of Fort Wagner, S. C., and was | dained in that organization. Ile was chaplain to " REESE 213 REIN congress in 1837–8, and was an ardent temperance delivered their lectures is still standing in a dilapi- reformer. He published a series of discourses on dated condition. It has been removed to the out- the " Obligations of the Sabbath” (1829), and skirts of the town, and is used as a dwelling. Mr. “ Thoughts of an Itinerant" (1841). Reeve was a judge of the Connecticut superior REESE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Pennsylvania court from 1798 till 1814, when he became chief in 1742 ; d. near Pendleton, S. C., in August, 1794. justice of the state, but he retired in the latter year, He was graduated at Princeton in 1768, studied on reaching the age of seventy. He was a Federal- theology, and was admitted to the ministry of the ist in politics, and, though averse to public life, Presbyterian church in 1773. He then became served once in the legislature and once in the pastor of Salem church, Sumter district, S. C., council. During the Revolution he was an ardent where he continued until the Revolution. During patriot, and after the reverses to the American the war he preached in Mecklenburg, N. C., but in arms in 1776 he was active in raising recruits, going 1782 he returned to his previous charge, and in as an officer to the vicinity of New York, where 1792–'3 he was pastor of two churches in Pendleton the news of the victories at Trenton and Princeton district. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. made his services unnecessary. Judge Reeve was in 1789. Dr. Reese was an eminent scholar and a the first eminent lawyer in this country that labored successful teacher, and did much to promote the to effect a change in the laws regarding the prop- religious life of the colored race in his district, to erty of married women. He received the degree of whom he regularly lectured. He published a valu- LL. D. from Middlebury in 1808, and from Prince- able essay on the “Influence of Religion on Civil ton in 1813. He married Sarah, sister of Aaron Society” (Charleston, S. C., 1788), and three ser- Burr. Judge Reeve published “ The Law of Baron mons in the “ American Preacher.” and Femme; of Parent and Child ; of Guardian REESE, William Brown, jurist, b. in Jefferson and Ward; of Master and Servant, etc.” (New county, Tenn., 29 Nov., 1793; d. near Knoxville, Haven, 1816; 2d ed., by Lucius E. Chittenden, Bur- Tenn., 7 July, 1860. He was graduated at Green- lington, Vt., 1846 ; with appendix by J. W. Allen, ville college with the first honors, studied law, and 1857; 3d ed., by Amasa J. Parker and C. E. Bald- was admitted to the bar in 1817. In 1831 he be- win, Albany, 1862); and “ Treatise on the Law of came chancellor of the state, and in 1835 he was Descents in the Several United States of America” elected to the bench of the supreme court in Ten- (New York, 1825), nessee. He resigned in 1847. În 1850 he was chosen REEVES, John, English jurist, b. in England president of the University of East Tennessee, which in 1752; d. there in 1829. He was educated at place he filled until failing health compelled him Merton college, Oxford, called to the bar about to resign. He was elected president of the East 1780, and in 1791–2 was chief justice of Newfound- Tennessee historical society in 1830, and held the land. In the latter year he founded the Association office until his death. In 1845 the University of for preserving liberty and property against Level- East Tennessee conferred upon him the degree of lers and Republicans. He became one of the king's LL. D. Judge Reese's opinion in a case involving printers in 1800, was superintendent of aliens in a construction of the “rule in Shelly's case" elicit- | 1803-'14, and was also a law-clerk to the board of ed high commendation from Chancellor Kent. He trade. His numerous publications include “ History was a man of literary tastes and an able scholar. of the English Law" (2 vols., London, 1784-5; with REEVE, Isaac Van Duzen, soldier, b. in But- additions, 4 vols., 1787; completed, 1829); “ History ternuts, Otsego co., N. Y., 29 July, 1813. He was of the Government of Newfoundland” (1793); and graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1835, two tracts, showing that Americans who were born became 1st lieutenant in 1838, was engaged in the before the war of independence are not aliens by Florida war in 1836–77 and in 1840-2, and served the laws of England (1814). throughout the war with Mexico. He became cap- REEVES, Marian Calhoun Legare, author, tain in 1846, and received the brevet of major and b. in Charleston, S. C., about 1854. She received a lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meritorious ser- home education, and began to write about 1866 vice at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey. under the pen name of "Fadette.” Her publica- He commanded the expedition against the Pinal tions include Ingemisco” (New York, 1867); Apache Indians in 1858–’9, became major in May, “ Randolph Honor” (1868); “Sea-Drift” (Phila- 1861, was made prisoner of war by Gen. David E. delphia, 1869): Wearithorne” (1872); “A Little Twiggs on 9 May of that year, and was not ex- Maid of Acadie" (New York, 1888); and, with changed till 20 Aug., 1862. He was chief muster- Emily Read, “ Old Martin Boscawen's Jest” (New ing and disbursing officer in 1862–3, became lieu-York, 1878), and “ Pilot Fortune" (Boston, 1883). tenant-colonel in September, 1862, and was in com- REHAN, Ada, actress, b. in Limerick, Ireland, mand of the draft rendezvous at Pittsburg, Pa., in 22 April, 1859. She came to this country at an 1864-'5. He became colonel of the 13th infantry early age, was educated in the Brooklyn public in October, 1864, and was brevetted brigadier-gen- schools, and made her first public appearance on eral in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, “ for faith the stage at fifteen years of age, but subsequently ful and meritorious service during the civil war." resumed her studies for a vear. After two seasons In January, 1871, he was retired at his own request. in Mrs. Drew's theatre, Philadelphia, she joined REEVE, Tapping, jurist, b. in Brookhaven, Augustin Daly's company in New York city. She L. I., in October, 1744; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 13 has been eminently successful in light comedy Dec., 1823. He was graduated at Princeton in rôles, such as Katherine in “ Taming of the Shrew," 1703, and in 1767-'70 was a tutor there. In 1772 and the principal female characters in such plays he reinoved to Litchfield, Conn., and began the as " Cinderella at School," " Needles and Pins, A practice of law, and in 1784 he established there a Wooden Spoon,” “ The Railroad of Love," " After law-school that attained to great reputation through. Business Hours," and " Our English Friend.” Miss out the country. Many men that afterward became | Rehan met with great success and favorable criti- celebrated obtained their legal education there. cism when she appeared in London with Daly's He was its sole instructor till 1798, when he asso- American company in May, 1888. ciated with him James Gould (9.1.), but he con- REHN, Frank Knox Morton, artist, b. in tinued to give lectures till 1820. The modest one- Philadelphia, Pa., 12 April, 1848. He studied under story building where Messrs. Reeve and Gould | Christian Schussele at the Pennsylvania academy 214 REID REICHEL : 66 of fine arts, and for several years painted portraits | York and Connecticut” (1860); " Memorials of the in Philadelphia, but later devoted himself almost Moravian Church” (1870); Wyalusing, and the exclusively to marine and coast painting. He has Moravian Mission at Friedenshuetten” (Bethlehem, exhibited at the academy, Philadelphia, and since 1871); “ Names which the Lenni Lennapé or Dela- 1879 at the Academy of design, New York, to which ware Indians gave to Rivers, Streams, and Locali- city he came about 1882. He was awarded in 1882 ties within the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the first prize for marine painting at the St. Louis Maryland, and Virginia, with their Significations." exposition, in 1885 the first prize at the water-color from the manuscript of John Heckewelder (1872); exhibition of the American art association, and in “ A Red Rose from the Olden Time, or a Ramble 1886 a gold medal at the Prize fund exhibition. through the Annals of the Rose Inn on the Barony His paintings include “ Looking down on the Sea of Nazareth in the Days of the Province" (Phila- from the Rocks at Magnolia, Mass.” (1884–5); “A delphia, 1872); “ The Crown Inn, near Bethlehem, Missing Vessel ” (1885); "Close of a Summer Day”; Pa., 1745” (1872); “ The Old Sun Inn at Bethlehem, and “ Evening, Gloucester Harbor ” (1887). Pa., 1758” (Doylestown, Pa., 1873); "A Register of REICHEL, Charles Gotthold, Moravian bish- Members of the Moravian Church, 1727 to 1754” op, b. in Hermsdorf, Silesia, 14 July, 1751; d. at (Bethlehem, 1873); and a revised edition of John Niesky, Prussia, 18 April, 1825. He was educated Heckewelder's “ History, Manners, and Customs of in the Moravian college and theological seminary of the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsyl- Germany. In 1784 he came to this country in order vania and the Neighboring States ” (Philadelphia, to open a boarding-school for boys at Nazareth, 1876). He left unfinished * History of Bethlehem” which is still in existence, and over which he pre- and “ History of Northampton County." sided, as its first principal, for sixteen years. Hav- REID, David Boswell, chemist, b. in Edin- ing been appointed presiding bishop of the southern burgh, Scotland, in 1805 ; d. in Washington, D. C., district of the Moravian church, he was consecrated 5 April , 1863. He was educated at the University to the episcopacy in 1801. During his residence at of Edinburgh, where he also studied medicine. Salem, N. C., the University of North Carolina con- After graduation he taught practical and analytical ferred on him the degree of 1. D. In 1811 he was chemistry for four years at the university. In 1832 appointed presiding bishop of the northern district he erected a class-room and laboratory larger than of the church, and removed to Bethlehem. In 1818 any in Edinburgh, which he opened in 1833, and he attended the general synod at Herrnhut, Saxony, thereafter he had about 300 pupils annually in his after which he remained in Europe and retired from chemical classes. He was called in 1836 to make active service.-His son, Levin Theodore, Mora- such alterations in the old house of commons as vian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 4 March, 1812; should secure its better ventilation, and in 1839 su- d. in Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, Saxony, 23 May, perintended similar changes in the house of peers. 1878, accompanied his parents to Germany in 1818, În 1840–5 he had direction of the new houses. Sub- and was educated at the Moravian college and sequently he superintended the ventilation of St. theological seminary, but returned to the United George's Hall, Liverpool, and in 1842 was appointed States in 1834. He had charge of the churches at a member of the Health of towns commission." Schoeneck, Emmaus, Nazareth, and Lititz, Pa., and In this capacity he gave a course of lectures at subsequently labored at Salem, N. C. In 1857 he Exeter Hall, and also visited and superintended the attended the general synod at Herrnhut, which introduction of improved methods of ventilation body elected him to the mission board. This office and sewerage in most of the cities of the United he filled until his death. On 7 July, 1869, he was Kingdom. In 1856 he came to the United States, consecrated to the episcopacy at Herrnhut. He and after various engagements, including that of paid official visits to the Danish West Indies and professor of applied chemistry in the University of to Labrador. He was the author of “ History of Wisconsin, he became one of the medical inspectors Nazareth Hall, at Nazareth, Pa.” (Philadelphia, of the U. S. sanitary commission. Dr. Reid was a 1855); “ The Moravians in North Carolina” (1857); fellow of the Royal society of Edinburgh, and, be- and “ Missions-Atlas der Brüder-Kirche” (Herrn- sides scientific contributions to journals in the hut, 1860). An important history from his pen of United States and Europe, published “ Introduc- the American branch of the Moravian church re- tion to the Study of Chemistry” (Edinburgh, 1825); mains in manuscript.-Charles Gotthold's grand- " Elements of Chemistry” (1832); “ Text-Book for son, William Cornelius, author, b. in Salem, N. Students of Chemistry” (1834); “Rudiments of C., 9 May, 1824 ; d. in Bethlehem, Pa.. 15 Oct., the Chemistry of Daily Life” (1836); “ Outlines of 1876, was the son of Rev. Benjamin Reichel, of the Ventilation of the House of Commons” (Lon- Salem female academy. He entered Nazareth Hall don, 1837); “ Ventilation of the Niger Steamships in 1834, and in 1839 the Moravian theological semi- (1841); “Illustrations of the Theory and Practice nary, where he was graduated in 1844. After serv- of Ventilation, with Remarks on Warming" (1844); ing as tutor for four years at Nazareth Hall, he "Ventilation in American Dwellings" (New York, became a professor in the theological seminary. In 1858); and “Short Plea for the Revision of Educa- 1862 he was appointed to the charge of Linden Hall tion in Science” (St. Paul, 1861). seminary, Lititz, Pa., which he resigned in 1868. REID, David Settle, governor of North Caro- From 1868 till 1876 he filled the duties of professor lina, b. in Rockingham county, N. C., 19 April, of Latin and natural sciences in the seminary for 1813. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and young ladies at Bethlehem. He was ordained a began to practise in 1834. In 1835 he was elected deacon in June, 1862, and a presbyter in May, 1864. to the legislature, serving continuously until 1842, Prof. Reichel did more than any one else to eluci- when he was elected a representative to congress as date the early history of the Moravian church in a Democrat, serving from 4 Dec., 1843, till 3 March, this country. In addition to articles in “The Mo- ' 1847. In 1848 he was the defeated Democratic can- ravian " and the local press, and a sketch of North- didate for governor of North Carolina, but he was ampton county, prepared for Dr. William II. Egle's afterward successful, and held the office in 1851-5. “ History of Pennsylvania,” he wrote " History of He was then elected to the U. S. senate as a Demo- Nazareth Hall” (Philadelphia, 1855; enlarged ed., : erat, in place of Willie P. Mangum, serving from 4 1869); “ History of the Bethlehem Female Semi- ; Dec., 1854, till 3 March, 1859. He was chairman nary, '1785–1858” (1858); “ Moravianism in New i of the committees on patents, on the patent-office, REID 215 REID ver. 66 and on commerce. He was a delegate to the Peace church in 1872. The University of the city of convention that met in Washington in February, New York gave him the degree of D. D. in 1858, 1861. Gov. Reid served in the Confederate con- and the University of Syracuse that of LL. D. gress, and after the civil war resided on his farm , in 1883. He was editor of the Western Christian in Rockingham county. Advocate." Cincinnati, in 1864, and of the “ North- REID, George, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. H., western Christian Advocate,” Chicago, in 1868. He in 1733 ; d. there in September, 1815. His education is the author of numerous tracts and articles, and was meagre. He became captain of a company of of " Missions and Missionary Societies of the Meth- minute-men in 1775, and on receiving the news of odist Episcopal Church” (2 vols., New York, 1880), the battle of Lexington joined Gen. John Stark's and has edited “ Doomed Religions " (1884). Dr. regiment at Medford, and took an honorable part Reid was active in securing for the l'niversity of at Bunker Hill. On 4 Nov., 1775, he was appointed Syracuse the valuable library of Prof. Leopold von lieutenant-colonel of the 2d New Hampshire regi- Ranke, the German historian, which includes about ment, served as colonel after the capture of Nathan 50,000 volumes, some of his manuscripts, and sev- Hale, took part in the battle of Bemis Heights in eral paintings by German artists. October, 1777, and was present at the surrenders of RÉID, Mayne, author, b. in Ireland in 1818; d. Burgoyne and Cornwallis. He was made brigadier- near London, England, 22 Oct., 1883. He was the general of New Hampshire militia in 1785, and son of a Presbyterian clergyman, and was educated sheriff of Rockingham county, N. H., in 1791. for the church, but, preferring adventure to the- REID, Hugh Thompson, soldier, b. in Union ology, came to this country in 1838. He engaged county, Ind., 18 Oct., 1811; d. in Keokuk, Iowa, 21 in hunting and trading expeditions on Red and Aug., 1874. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and, Missouri rivers, and travelled through nearly every after graduation at Bloomington college, Ind., stud- state of the Union. Subsequently he settled in ied law, was admitted to the bar, and removed in Philadelphia, where he wrote for magazines and 1839 to Fort Madison, Iowa, practising there until journals until the beginning of the Mexican war, 1849, when he removed to Keokuk and practisert when he became a captain in the U. S. service, and occasionally. In 1840–2 he was prosecuting attor- was present at Vera Cruz and Chapultepec, where ney for Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, and Van he led the forlorn hope and was wounded. In 1849 Buren counties, holding high rank as a land law- he raised a company in New York to aid the Hun- He was president for four years of the Des garian revolutionists, but when he reached Paris the Moines Valley railroad. He entered the volunteer insurrection in Austria had been suppressed. He service as colonel of the 15th lowa infantry in then settled in London, and devoted his life to 1861, and commanded it at Shiloh, where he was writing tales of adventure for boys. His numerous shot through the neck and fell from his horse, but stories, in which he usually incorporated much in- remounted and rode down the lines, encouraging formation on natural history, and which number his men. He was in other actions, was appointed about fifty volumes, include • The Rifle Rangers brigadier-general on 13 March, 1863, and com- (London, 1850); “The Scalp-Hunters ” (1851); manded the posts of Lake Providence, La., and “The Quadroon ” (1855); “ Osceola” (1858); "The Cairo, III., until he resigned on 4 April, 1864. Maroon” (1862); “The Cliff - Climbers ” (1864): REID, John, British soldier, b. in Scotland, 13 ** Afloat in the Forest ” (1866); “ The Castaways Jan., 1722; d. in London, England, 6 Feb., 1807. (1870); and “ Gwen-Wynne" (1877). A collective He was the son of Alexander Robertson, of Stra- edition of his works was published in New York loch, was educated at the University of Edinburgh, (15 vols., 1868). Late editions of his works have and entered the army as a lieutenant on 8 June, been published in London in 1875 and 1878. In 1745. On 3 June, 1752, he became captain in the 1869 he established in New York a short-lived 424 regiment, and in 1758 he was appointed major. journal, called “ Onward.” He served under Gen. James Wolfe and Gen. Jef- REID, Robert Raymond, governor of Florida, frey Amherst in the French war, and was wounded b. in Prince William parish, S. C., 8 Sept., 1789; d. in the expedition against Martinique in 1762, and near Tallahassee, Fla., 1 July, 1841. In early years promoted lieutenant-colonel. In 1763 he was sent he removed to Georgia, where he studied law, was to the relief of Fort Pitt, and defeated its Indian admitted to the bar, and practised. From 1816 till besiegers in the well-fought battle of Bushy Run. 1819, and again from 1823 till 1825, he was a judge In the summer of 1764 the 42d again participated of the state superior court, serving in the interval in Col. Henry Bouquet's expedition against the in congress from 18 Feb., 1819, till 3 March, 1823, Muskingum Indians. Lieut.-Col. Reid commanded having been chosen as a Democrat. At the close all the British forces in the district of Fort Pitt in of his term he was elected mayor of Augusta, Ga., 1765, and an officer of the same name is mentioned and in 1832 he was appointed judge of the superior as commandant at Fort Chartres, II., in 1766. In court for the eastern district of Florida, and while 1771 he obtained a large tract of land in Otter holding this office he was a member of the conven- Creek, Vt., from which his tenants were expelled tion that formed a state constitution, of which body in 1772 by the people of Bennington. He became he was also president. From 1839 till 1841 he was major-general in October, 1781, lieutenant-general governor of Florida. on 12 Oct., 1793, and general on 1 Jan., 1798. REID, Samuel Chester, naval officer, b. in REID, John Morrison, clergyman, b. in New Norwich, Conn., 25 Aug., 1783; d. in New York York city, 30 May, 1820. He was graduated at city, 28 Jan., 1861. He was the son of Lieut. John the University of the city of New York in 1839, Reid of the British navy, who was taken prisoner and became principal of the Mechanics' institute in a night boat expedition at New London, Conn., school, holding this office until 1844. After grad- and afterward resigned his commission. At the uation at Union theological seminary he was ad- age of eleven the son went to sea, was captured by mitted to the New York Methodist Episcopal con- a French privateer and confined six months at ference in 1814, and has preached in Connecticut, Basseterre, Guadeloupe. Subsequently he served Long Island, and New York city. From 1858 till as acting midshipman in the “ Baltimore” in Com. 1864 he was president of Genesee college, Lima, Thomas Truxton's West India squadron, and dur- N. Y., and he became corresponding secretary of ing the war of 1812 he commanded the privateer the Missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal | brig“ General Armstrong," with which he fought 216 REID REID 66 . sage from а Samuel Reid one of the most remarkable naval battles on record | icans fought with great firmness. Some of the at Fayal, in the Azores islands, 26 and 27 Sept., boats were left without a single man to row them; 1814.' While at anchor in a neutral port his ship others with three and four. The most that any was attacked by a British squadron, consisting of one returned with was about ten. Several boats the flag-ship - Plantagenet," of 74 guns, the frigate floated on shore full of dead bodies. . . . This "Rota," of 44 guns, and the brig “ Carnation," of bloody and unfortunate contest lasted about forty 18 guns, and bearing more than 2,000 men. The minutes. At daylight next morning the Carna- "General Armstrong” carried 7 guns and 90 men. tion' hauled in alongside and engaged her, when In a series of en- the · Armstrong' continued to make a most gallant counters Reid de- defence, causing the · Carnation to cease firing feated the enemy, and to haul off to repair. ... We may well say and in his account God deliver us from our enemies' if this is the of the engage- way the Americans fight." The defeated vessels ment he wrote: were part of an expedition concentrating at Ja- " About 3 A. M. I maica for a descent upon New Orleans, and their received a mes- crippled condition prevented their immediate union the with Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dun- American consul donald, and consequently the expedition did not requesti to see reach New Orleans until four days after Gen. An- me on shore, where drew Jackson's arrival, which saved Louisiana from he informed me British conquest. After burning the abandoned the governor had wreck, Capt. van Lloyd informed the governor that, sent note to unless the gallant little crew he had failed to cap- Capt. Lloyd, beg- ture should be given to him as prisoners, he would ging him to desist send a force of 500 men to capture them. This from further hos- was refused, and Reid and his men then took pos- tilities. To which session of and fortified an old convent, declaring Capt. Lloyd sent that they would defend themselves to the last; but for answer that they were not molested. The attack upon the he was now deter- " General Armstrong” led to a protracted diplo- mined to have the matic correspondence, from 1815 to the adminis- privateer at the risk of knocking down the whole tration of President Zachary Taylor, who took town; and that, if the governor suffered the measures to compel Portugal to assert the inviola- Americans to injure the privateer in any manner, bility of its neutral port, and indemnify the claim- he should consider the place an enemy's port, and ants for the loss of the vessel; but after his death treat it accordingly. Finding this to be the case, the case was submitted to the arbitration of Louis I considered all hope of saving our vessel to be at Napoleon, who decided against the Americans. an end. I therefore went on board and ordered The British government afterward apologized for all our wounded and dead to be taken on shore the violation of the neutrality. Congress final- and the crew to save their effects as fast as pos- ly paid the claim in 1882. On his return to the sible. Soon after this it became daylight, when United States Capt. Reid landed at Savannah, and the enemy's brig stood close in and commenced a in travelling to the north received many honors. heavy fire on us with all her force. After several The legislature of New York gave him their thanks broadsides she hauled off, having received a shot and a sword on 7 April, 1815. He was appointed in her hull, her rigging much cut, and her fore- a sailing-master in the navy, and held this post un- top-mast wounded. She soon after came in again til his death, serving, meanwhile, as harbor-master and anchored close to the privateer. I then or- and warden of the port of New York. He invent- dered the General Armstrong' to be scuttled to ed and erected the signal telegraph at the Battery · prevent the enemy from getting her off. She was and the Narrows, and regulated and numbered the soon afterward boarded by the enemy's boats and pilot-boats of New York, and established the light- set on fire, which soon completed her destruction. ship off Sandy Hook. He was also the designer They also destroyed a number of houses in the of the present form of the United States flag, pro- town and wounded some of the inhabitants." The posing to retain the original thirteen stripes and British lost 120 men killed and 180 wounded, while to add a new star whenever a new state should the Americans lost but two killed and seven be admitted to the Union. This suggestion was wounded. A letter written from Fayal, by an Eng- adopted, and a flag conforming to his design was lishman who witnessed the scene, describes the sec- first raised over the hall of representatives in ond attack: “At midnight, it being about full Washington on 13 April, 1818. See “The Origin moon, fourteen large launches, containing about and Progress of the U. S. Flag in the United forty men each, were discovered to be coming in States of America,” by George H. Preble, U. S. N. rotation for a second attack. When they got with- (Albany, 1872).—His son, Sam Chester, lawyer, b. in gun-shot a tremendous and effectual discharge in New York city, 21 Oct., 1818, shipped before the was made from the privateer, which threw the boats mast at the age of sixteen, in 1838 was attached to into confusion. They now returned a spirited the U. S. survey of Ohio river, and in 1839 settled fire, but the privateer kept up so continual a dis- in Natchez, Miss., where he studied law under Gen. charge it was almost impossible for the boats to John A. Quitman, and was appointed U. S. deputy make any progress. They finally succeeded, after marshal. He was admitted to the bar of Missis- immense loss, to get alongside of her, and at- sippi in 1841, to that of Louisiana in 1844, to the tempted to board at every quarter, cheered by the U. S. supreme court in 1846, and served in the officers with a shout of : No quarter!' which we Mexican war in Capt. Ben McCulloch's company could distinctly hear, as well as their shrieks and of Texas rangers, being mentioned for “ meritorious cries. The termination was near about a total mas- services and distinguished gallantry," at Monterey. sacre. Three of the boats were sunk, and but one In 1849 he was attached to the New Orleans Pica- poor solitary officer escaped death in a boat that yune," and in 1851 he was a delegate to the Na- contained fifty souls; he was wounded. The Amer- tional railroad convention in Memphis, Tenn., to . REID 217 REID an * 5 decide upon a line to the Pacific. In 1857 he de- , and has been for many years president of the Lotos clined the appointment of U. S. minister to Rome. club. Mr. Reid has travelled extensively in this He reported the proceedings of the Louisiana se- country and in Europe. Besides the works men- cession convention in 1861, and during the civil tioned above and his contributions to periodical war was the Confederate war correspondent for a literature, he has published - Schools of Journal- large number of southern newspapers. In 1865 he ism" (New York, 1871); “ The Scholar in Politics” resumed his law-practice, and in 1867 he delivered (1873); “Some Newspaper Tendencies” (1879); Address on the Restoration of Southern Trade and " Town-Ilall Suggestions" (1881). and Commerce” in the principal cities of the south. REID, Sir William, governor of Bermuda, b. He established and incorporated in 1874 the Missis- in Kinglassie, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1791 ; d. in sippi Valley and Brazil steamship company in St. London, England, 21 Oct., 1858. He was educated Louis, Mo. He presented the battle-sword of his at the Royal military academy, Woolwich, and, father to the United States in 1887. Mr. Reid is entering the army in 1809, served in the peninsula the author of “The U. S. Bankrupt Law of 1841, in this country during the war of 1812, and in with a Synopsis and Notes, and the Leading Ameri- Belgium in 1815. He became major-general in can and English Decisions” (Natchez, 1842); “ The 1856, and was elected a fellow of the Royal society Scouting Expeditions of McCulloch's Texas Ran- in 1839. He was appointed governor of Bermuda gers” (Philadelphia, 1847); “ The Battle of Chica- in 1838, improved the agriculture of the island, mauga, a Concise History of Events from the which was in a deplorable condition, and through Evacuation of Chattanooga" (Mobile, 1863); and his efforts introduced its products into the markets · The Daring Raid of Gen. John H. Morgan, in of New York. His many interests for their wel- Ohio, his Capture and Wonderful Escape with fare greatly endeared him to the islanders, who Capt. T. Henry Hines ” (Atlanta, 1864); and re- remember him as the “good governor.” In 1846 ported and edited “The Case of the Private-armed he was appointed governor of the Windward isl- Brig-of-War •General Armstrong,' with the Brief ands, and in 1848 he returned to England and of Facts and Authorities on International Law, was made commanding engineer at Woolwich. In and the Arguments of Charles O'Conor, Sam C. September, 1851, he was knighted and appointed Reid, and P. Phillips, before the U. S. Court of governor of Malta, which post he held through the Claims at Washington, D. C., with the Decision of Crimean war, returning to England in 1858. His the Court” (New York, 1857). He also prepared interest in meteorology first took a definite forın in ** The Life and Times of Col. Aaron Burr” in vin- 1831, when he was detailed to superintend the re- dication of Burr's character, but the manuscript pairs of the injury that had been done in Barbadoes was destroyed by fire in 1850. by a severe hurricane. His correspondence with REID, Whitelaw, journalist, b. near Xenia, William C. Redfield (9. 1.), in three folio volumes, Ohio, 27 Oct., 1837. He was graduated at Miami was presented to the library of Yale university by university in 1856, took an active interest in jour- John H. Redfield. Gen. Reid published An nalism and politics before attaining his majority, Attempt to develop the Law of Storms by Means made speeches in the Frémont campaign on the of Facts, arranged according to Place and Time” Republican side, and soon became editor of the (London, 1838; 3d ed., 1850), and “ The Progress Xenia - News.” At the opening of the civil war of the Development of the Law of Storms ” (1849). he was sent into the field as correspondent of the REID, William, clergyman, b. in Aberdeen- Cincinnati “Gazette," making his headquarters at shire, Scotland, in 1816. He was educated at Washington, whence his letters on current politics King's college, Aberdeen, where he received the (under the signature of " Agate”) attracted much degree of M. A. in 1833, afterward studied in attention by their thorough information and pun- Divinity Hall, in the same city, and was licensed as gent style. Froin that point he made excursions a preacher in 1839. In August of that year he to the army wherever there was a prospect of was sent to Canada as a missionary of the estab- active operations. He served as aide-de-camp to lished church of Scotland, and in January, 1840, Gen. William S. Rosecrans in the western Virginia he was ordained pastor of the congregation of campaign of 1861, and was present at the battle of Graton and Colborne, Upper Canada. After the Shiloh and the battle of Gettysburg. He was disruption of 1843 Mr. Reid cast in his lot with elected librarian of the house of representatives in the Free church, and was one of the founders of 1863, serving in that capacity three years. He the Presbyterian church of Canada. In 1849 Mr. engaged in cotton-planting in Louisiana after the Reid became minister of the church in Picton, close of the war, and embodied the results of his about the same time became clerk of the synod, observations in the south in a book entitled “After and soon afterward general agent of all the the War” (Cincinnati, 1866); then returning to schemes of the church, and editor of the “ Eccle- Ohio, he gave two years to writing " Ohio in the siastical and Missionary Record,” of which he has War” (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1868). This work is by had charge ever since. He was elected moderator far the most important of all the state histories of of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church the civil war. It contains elaborate biographies of of Canada in 1851, of the Canada Presbyterian most of the chief generals of the army, and a com- church in 1873, and of the general assembly of the plete history of the state from 1861 till 1865. On Presbyterian church in Canada in 1879. In 1876 the conclusion of this labor he came to New York he received the degree of D. D. from Queen's uni- at the invitation of florace Greeley, and became versity, Kingston. an editorial writer upon the “ Tribune.” On the REID, William James, clergyman, b. in South death of Mr. Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid succeeded Argyle, Washington co., N. Y., 17 Aug., 1834. He him as editor and principal owner of the paper. was graduated at Union college in 1855, and at In 1878 he was chosen by the legislature of New Alleghany union theological seminary in 1862. York to be a regent for life of the university. Since that date he has served as pastor of the 1st With this exception, he has declined all public em- Presbyterian church in Pittsburg, Pa., and since ployment. He was offered by President Hayes the 1875 he has been principal clerk of the general post of minister to Germany, and a similar appoint- assembly of the United Presbyterian church. ment by President Garfield. He is a director of From 1868 till 1872 he was corresponding secre- numerous financial and charitable corporations, tary of the United Presbyterian board of home 218 REINHART REILLY was en- 66 missions. Monmouth college, Ill., gave him the REINAGLE, Hugh, artist, b. in Philadelphia, degree of D.D. in 1874. In addition to sermons Pa., about 1790, d. near New Orleans, La., in May, and pamphlets, he has published " Lectures on the 1834. He studied under John J. Holland, and be- Revelation ” (Pittsburg, 1878), and “ United Pres- came known as a landscape-painter, working in oil byterianism” (1881; new ed., 1882). and water-colors. For many years he was engaged REILLY, James W., soldier, b. about 1842. as a scene-painter in New York, and produced also He was graduated at the U. S. military acad- a panorama of New York, which was exhibited in emy in 1863, appointed 1st lieutenant of ordnance, that city. In 1830 he went to New Orleans, where and served as assistant ordnance officer at Wa- he died of cholera four years later. He was one of tertown arsenal, Mass., from 24 July, 1863, till the original thirty members of the National acad- 24 Feb., 1864, as inspector of ordnance at Pitts- emy of design, and exhibited there, in 1831, a burg, Pa., from March till July, 1864, and as as- · View of the Falls of Mount Ida." His “ Mac- sistant ordnance officer of the Department of the donough's Victory on Lake Champlain Tennessee from 11 July till 11 Nov., 1864, being graved by Benjamin Tanner in 1817. engaged in the battles of Atlanta, 22 and 29 July, REINA MALDONADO, Pedro, Cuban R. C. 1864. He was chief of ordnance of the Department bishop, b. in Lima, Peru, in the latter half of the of the Ohio from 11 Nov., 1864, till April, 1865, 16th century; d. in Santiago de Cuba in 1661. He participating in the battles of Franklin, 30 Nov., was canon of the church of Truxillo, afterward 1864, and Nashville, 15-16 Dec., 1864, after which vicar-general, and next was transferred to Mexico, he was on sick leave of absence. He was made where he held high ecclesiastical appointments. brigadier-general of volunteers on 30 July, 1864, He went to Spain in 1659 and was consecrated resigning on 20 April, 1865. In May, 1866, he was bishop of Santiago de Cuba. His works include assistant ordnance officer in the arsenal in Wash- “ Declaracion de las Reglas, que pertenecen á la ington, D. C., and he was afterward assistant offi- Sintaxis para el uso de los Nombres y construccion cer at Watervliet arsenal, N. Y. de los verbos, con exposicion del Libro quinto para REILY, John, soldier, b. in Leeds, England, 12 la cantidad de las sílabas ” (Madrid, 1622); "Suma April, 1752; d. in Myerstown, Lebanon co., Pa., 2 de los Sacramentos para uso de los ordenados y May, 1810. He emigrated with his father, Benja- ordenandos, con las ceremonias de la Misa” (1623); min, to Pennsylvania, studied law, and was ad- · Resunta del Vasallo leal ” (1647); “ Apología en mitted to the bar just before the Revolution. He favor de la Iglesia de Truxillo pidiendo la fuese was commissioned as captain in the 12th Pennsyl- a gobernar su electo Obispo D. Pedro de Ortega vania regiment, and was transferred to the 3d Sotomayor”; “ Discurso defensorio de la facultad regiment in 1778, and severely wounded at Bon- que tiene el Prelado de dejar Gobernador en su hamton, N. J. Returning to his home, he recov- Iglesia, cuando pasa al gobierno de otra " (1648); ered. He was not a brilliant orator, but was a and “ Norte claro de un Perfecto Prelado" (1653). polished writer, and left several manuscripts. He REINHART, Benjamin Franklin, artist, b. published " A Compendium for Pennsylvania Jus- near Waynesburg, Pa., 29 Aug., 1829; d. in Phila- tices of the Peace," which was the first work of its delphia, 3 May, 1885. At the age of fifteen he had character printed in this country (Harrisburg, some lessons at Pittsburg: in the use of oil-colors, 1795). He married Elizabeth Myer, daughter of and subsequently he studied at the National acad- the founder of Myerstown, Pa. One of their sons, emy, New York, for three years. After visiting LUTHER, practised medicine in Harrisburg, was several of the western cities and painting many elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 portraits, he went to Europe in 1850. For the Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1839, and died soon after next three years he studied in Paris and Düssel- the expiration of his term. dorſ, with the intention of devoting himself more REILY, William McClellan, clergyman, b. in to historical and genre painting. He followed his York, Pa., 8 Aug., 1837. After graduation at Penn- profession in New York and other cities until 1860, sylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1856, he studied at and then went to England, where he remained un- Princeton theological seminary and at Berlin and til 1868. After his return he settled in New York. other German universities. Ile was ordained in In 1871 he was elected an associate of the National the German Reformed church,' held pastorates in academy, where he had first exhibited in 1847. Lewisburg and Jonestown, Pa., was professor of Among his works, many of which have been en- languages at Palatinate college, Pa., its president graved, are “Cleopatra" (1865); “ Evangeline”; in 1883, and is now (1888) president of the Allen- Pocahontas (1877); “ Katrina Van Tassel town, Pa., female college. He is the author of (1878); “ Washington receiving the News of Ar- “ The Artist and his Mission” (Philadelphia, 1881). nold's Treason”; “ Consolation"; After the Cru- REIMENSNYDER, Junius Benjamin, clergy. cifixion” (1875); “ Nymphs of the Wood” (1879); man, b. in Staunton, Va., 24 Feb., 1841. He was • Young Franklin and Sir William Keith "; " The graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in Regatta”; “The Pride of the Village”; and “Cap- 1861, and at the theological seminary there in 1865. tain Kidd and the Governor” and “ Baby Mine Meanwhile he served in the 131st regiment of (1884). His numerous portraits include those of Pennsylvania volunteers from 1 Aug., 1862, till 26 the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Newcastle, May, 1863. Immediately after his ordination in the Countess of Portsmouth, Lady Vane Tempest, 1865 he became pastor in Philadelphia, where he Lord Brougham, John Phillip, R. A., Thomas Car- remained until 1874. Afterward he was pastor in lyle, Lord Tennyson, Mark Lemon, Charles O'Con- Savannah, Ga., in 1874-'80, and then in New York or, George M. Dallas, James Buchanan, Edwin city, where he still (1888) remains. In 1880 he re- M. Stanton, Gen. Winfield Scott, John C. Breckin- ceived the degree of D. D. from Newberry college, ridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and Samuel Houston. Newberry, S. C. His published works are “ Heav- His nephew, Charles Stanley, artist, b. in enward, or the Race for the Crown of Life” (Phila- Pittsburg, Pa., 16 May, 1844, went to Paris in 1867 delphia, 1874); " Christian Unity," a sermon (Sa- and studied for about a year at the Atelier Suisse. vannah, Ga., 1876); “ Doom Eternal— The Bible In 1868 he went to Munich, where he became a and the Church-Doctrine of Everlasting Punish- pupil at the Royal academy. In January, 1870, he ment” (Philadelphia, 1880); and “The Six Days entered the establishment of Harper and Brothers, of Creation; The Fall and the Deluge" (1886). New York, where he remained until July, 1876. 99 REINKE 219 REMINGTON 6 He was After five years of independent work in New York, I became financially involved through friends. His during which time he made drawings for various writings were highly esteemed. Ile was the au- publishing houses, he renewed his contract with thor of a novel entitled “ Infidelity, or the Vic- the Harpers in 1881. The same year he went to tims of Sentiment” (Philadelphia, 1797). Paris, where he still (1888) resides. He is well REMESAL, Antonio de (ray-may-sal), Spanish known for his excellent work in black and white clergyman, b. in Alariz, Galicia, in 1570; d. in for book and magazine illustration. He has ex- Madrid in 1639. He studied in the University of hibited in Paris, Munich, and various cities of the Salamanca, was graduated as doctor of divinity, United States, and is a member of the Water-color and united with the Dominicans. In 1613 he was society and various other art associations. His elected visitor of the missions of Central America, works in oil include “ Clearing Up” and “ Caught and during his sojourn in the country in 1613–'17 Napping” (1875); “ Reconnoitring" (1876); “ Re- collected the materials for his “ Historia de las buke" (1877); “ September Morning ” (1879); “Old provincias de Chiapa y Guatemala” (Madrid, 1619). Life Boat” (1880); “ Coast of Normandy” (1882); He also published purely ecclesiastical works. “In a Garden” (1883); “ Mussel Fisherwoman REMINGTON, Joseph Price, pharmacist, b. and “Flats at Villerville" (1884); “Sunday' in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 March, 1847. (1885); English Garden” and • Fishermen of educated in private schools and academies in Phila- Villerville" (1886); * Washed Ashore” (1887), delphia, and graduated at the Philadelphia college which gained honorable mention at the salon of of pharmacy in 1866. In 1874 he succeeded to the 1887 and the Temple gold medal at the academy, professorship of the theory and practice of phar- Philadelphia, in 1888; and “Tide coming In” macy in the Philadelphia college, which chair he (1888). Among his water-colors are Gathering has since held, and in 1877 he became director of Wood” and Close of Day" (1877); “At the the pharmaceutical laboratory. Prof. Remington Ferry” (1878); and “Spanish Barber.” has invented various appliances that have had an RÉINKE, Samuel, Moravian bishop, b. in extended use, among which are a still, a pill-com- Lititz, Pa., 12 Aug., 1791 ; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., pressor, and an apparatus for percolation. He was 21 Jan., 1875. He was one of the first three gradu- first vice-president of the committee of revision in ates of the American-Moravian theological semi- 1880 of the “U. S. Pharmacopæia," and had the nary. After serving as pastor of various churches, preparation of several classes of compounds for he was consecrated to the episcopacy in 1858. Two that book under his immediate supervision. The years later he became blind, and was obliged to honorary degree of master in pharmacy was con- retire from active service. An operation partially ferred on him by the Philadelphia college, and in restored his sight, after which he frequently 1880 he was elected the first president of the coun- preached and ordained ministers. His last official cil of the American pharmaceutical association, act, when he was seventy-nine years old, was to which office he held for six years. Besides being assist in the consecration of his son to the episco- a fellow of the Chemical, Linnean, and Pharma- pacy. He was a powerful and original preacher. ceutical societies of London, he is active in the –His son, Amadeus Abraham, Moravian bishop, national associations in the United States, and is b. in Lancaster, Pa., 11 March, 1822; d. in Herrn- an honorary member of many of the state phar- hut, Germany, 12 Aug., 1889. He was graduated maceutical associations. He has been a volumi- at Bethlehem, Pa., went as a missionary to the nous writer on all subjects pertaining to the sci- West Indies, and subsequently engaged in a mis- entific advancement of pharmacy, as well as a flu- sionary exploratory tour on the Mosquito coast. ent, a forcible, and interesting speaker. Prof. On his return to the United States he was pastor Remington is pharmaceutical editor of the “U. S. successively of the churches at Graceham, Md., at Dispensatory" (Philadelphia, 1883), and is the au- New Dorp, Staten island, in Philadelphia, and in thor of "The Practice of Pharmacy” (1886), two New York city, where he resided for twenty years. standard authorities. He was consecrated to the episcopacy in 1870. REMINGTON, Philo, inventor, b. in Litch- REIS, Francisco Sotero dos (ri-ees), Brazilian field, N. Y., 31 Oct., 1816. His father, Eliphalet journalist, b. in Maranhao, 22 April, 1800; d. there, Remington (1793-1861), as a boy obtained from 16 Jan., 1871. He studied philosophy and rhetoric a country blacksmith the privilege of using his in the monastery of Our Lady of Carmo, was ap- forge on rainy days and winter evenings, and with pointed professor of Latin, and was director of the such tools and appliances as his own ingenuity orphan asylum of Santa Thereza from 1864 till suggested produced a gun. It proved so satisfac- 1870. lIe edited the “ Argos da Lei” and “ Maran- tory that he was encouraged to continue, and soon hense” (1825); the “ Constitucional” (1831); the established his own forge, with trip-hammer and “ Investigator de Maranhão (1836); the “Re- lathe, from which has developed the great factory vista” (1840); the “Observador” (1854); and in now known as the Remington armory. Philo was 1856 obtained the editorship of the official paper educated at common schools and at Cazenovia semi- “ Publicador Maranhense. In 1861 he abandoned nary, after which he entered the factory. Inherit- his journalistic career. He published “ Postillas ing his father's mechanical genius, he was most de grammatica geral applicada á lingua Portu- carefully trained in the use of every tool that is gueza pela analyse dos classicos” (Rio Janeiro, employed in the manufacture of fire-arms, and in 1862); ** Grammatica Portugueza accommodada time became mechanical superintendent of the fac- aos principios gernes da palavra seguidos da im- tory. With his brothers, Samuel and Eliphalet, the mediata applicação practica” (1966); Os com- firm of E. Remington and Sons was established, and mentario de Caius Julius Cesar,” translated into for upward of twenty-five years he continued in Portuguese (1869); and “Curso de Literatura Por- charge of the mechanical department. In the tugueza é Brazileira ” (1870). course of this experience his firm probably manu- RELF, Samuel, journalist, b. in Virginia, 22 factured a greater variety of fire-arms than any March, 1776; d. there, 14 Feb., 1823. He was other like establishment, and their arms have a brought to Philadelphia, when a child, by his high reputation. The breech - loading rifle that mother, and early became connected with the bears the name of Remington, of which millions “National Gazette,” of which he was for many have been made and sold, is the best known of years the editor and its owner until, in 1819, he | the guns that are made under their supervision. 66 9 220 RÉMY REMINGTON One of the early inventors of the type-writer placed Decomposition of Diazo-Compounds by Alcohol," his crude model in the hands of this firm, and un- and “ On the Relative Stability of Analogous Halo- der their care the machine became the most suc- gen Substitution-Products.” In 1881 he was in- cessful instrument in use. In 1886 the Remingtons vited by the city council of Boston to look into a disposed of their type-writing-machine manufac peculiar condition of the city water, which was un- turing business, and soon afterward the firm of fit for use, owing to a disagreeable taste and odor. E. Remington and Sons went into liquidation. Dr. Remsen showed that the trouble was due to a Since then Mr. Remington has lived in retirement. large quantity of fresh-water sponge in one of the Philo Remington was for nearly twenty years artificial lakes from which the water was drawn. president of the village of Ilion, and with his He has also been intrusted with special researches brother has given Syracuse university sums aggre- by the National board of health, among which gating $250,000. were • An Investigation of the Organic Matter in REMINGTON, Stephen, clergyman, b. in Bed- the Air” and “ On the Contamination of Air in ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 16 May, 1803; d. in Rooms heated by Hot-Air Furnaces or by Cast- Brooklyn, N. Y., 23 March, 1869. He held revival Iron Stoves.” He is a member of scientific societies meetings when sixteen years old, and was admitted at home and abroad, and in 1882 was elected to the to the New York M. E. conference in 1825. While National academy of sciences, on whose committees preaching to large congregations in Brooklyn and he has served, notably on the one that investigated Albany, N. Y., Boston, Mass., and other cities, he the glucose industry of the United States (1884), pursued the study of medicine, obtained the degree and he was chairman of the committee to consider of M. D. from Harvard in 1845, and practised inci- the practicability of a plan to relieve manufactu- dentally with success. In 1845, while he was pastor rers from the tax on alcohol by adding to it wood of a church in Lowell, Mass., he withdrew from spirits, with the object of making it unfit for use the Methodist communion and joined the Baptists. as a beverage. In 1879 he founded the “ American He subsequently held pastorates in New York, Chemical Journal,” and he has since edited that Philadelphia, Boston, and Brooklyn. His “ Rea- periodical, in which his papers have appeared. He sons for Becoming a Baptist” (1849) was translated has published a translation of Fittig's “ Organic into various foreign languages. It was followed by Chemistry” (Philadelphia, 1873); “ The Principles “ A Defence of Restricted Communion,” which also of Theoretical Chemistry (1877; enlarged ed., had a wide circulation. 1887), of which English and German editions have REMSEN, Ira, chemist, b. in New York city, appeared ; " Introduction to the Study of the Com- 10 Feb., 1846. He studied at the College of the city pounds of Carbon, or Organic Chemistry” (1885), of New York, and was graduated at the College of of which English, German, and Italian editions physicians and surgeons of Columbia in 1867. Se- have been published": " Introduction to the Study lecting chemistry as his profession, he went to Mu- of Chemistry” (New York, 1886), of which English nich, where he spent a year, and then to Göttingen, and German editions were made; and “ The Ele- where he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1870. Dr. ments of Chemistry" (1887). Remsen then went to Tübingen at the invitation of RÉMY, Jules (ray-me), French traveller, b. in Prof. Rudolph Fittig, and continued as assistant Livry, near Châlons-sur-Marne, France, 2. Sept., in the laboratory of that university for two years. 1826. After temporarily occupying the chair of In 1872 he returned to the United States, and ac- natural history at the Collége Rollin from 1848 cepted the professorship of chemistry and physics till 1850, he set out in 1851 on a long journey, dur- at Williams. At that time there was no chemical ing which he visited the Canary islands, Brazil, laboratory in the college, but in the course of a Chili, Bolivia, Peru, and also the Marquesas and year facilities were obtained and investigations on Society islands. He devoted three years to the the action of ozone on carbon monoxide, on phos- Sandwich islands, where he came near dying from phorus trichloride, and researches on parasulpho- the effects of poison that was administered by a benzoic acid were completed. In 1876 he was native fanatic. He succeeded in collecting much called to fill the chair of chemistry in Johns Hop- material bearing on their history, language, bot- kins university, then just founded, and since, with any, and ethnography. King Kamehameha III. be- facilities that are unexcelled in the United States, came greatly interested in M. Rémy, and made he has carried on, without interruption, systematic fruitless efforts to induce him to remain perma- scientific researches. Among these are studies on nently at Honolulu as a member of the government. • The Oxidation of Substitution-Products of Aro- After leaving Oceania, he sailed for California, matic Hydrocarbons” that have led to results of every part of which he explored in company with special interest; researches “ On the Relations be- an English traveller named Brenchley. After tween Oxygen, Ozone, and Active Oxygen ”;, an spending three months at Salt Lake City, M. Rémy investigation - On the Chemical Action in a Mag- returned to San Francisco. He then traversed netic Field,” in which positive evidence is fur- Mexico, New Grenada, and the plateau of the nished for the first time that in some cases chem- equatorial Andes as far as Quito. After ascend- ical action is influenced by magnetism; and studies ing Pichincha and Chimborazo, he again visited “On the Sulphinides," a new class of organic com- Peru, Bolivia, and Chili, and embarked at Panama pounds, some of which have remarkable proper- for the United States, where he travelled exten- ties. One, discovered in his laboratory, has come sively. He then returned to France, and busied into prominence under the name of saccharine. himself in arranging and publishing the mass of It is about 250 times sweeter than ordinary sugar, information he had collected. In 1863 he visited and is not injurious in its action upon the sys- central Asia and parts of Thibet and the Hima- tem. Another substance, belonging to the same layas. He has since resided at Livry. Among class as saccharine, is fully as sweet, another is other works he has published " Analecta Boliviana, intensely bitter, and two others have been inves- 'seu genera et species plantarum in Bolivia crescen- tigated, each of which tastes sweet when applied | tium” (2 vols., Paris, 1846–'7); “ Monografia de las to the tip of the tongue, and bitter at the base of compuestas de Chile” (Paris, 1849, with atlas); the tongue. The results of other investigations " Ascension du Pichincha” (Châlons-sur-Marne, are given in papers “On a New Class of Coloring 1858); “Récits d’un vieux sauvage pour servir Matters known as Sulphon-Fluoresceins," " On the à l'histoire ancienne de Hawaii" (1859); “ Voyage 66 RÉMY 221 RENO au pays des Mormons” (2 vols., Paris, 1860; Eng- for César, and, ascertaining that, notwithstanding lish translation, 1860); “On the Religious Move- his total want of education, he composed creditable ment in the United States” (London, 1861); “ Ka verses, enfranchised him and sent him to France Moolelo Hawaii: Histoire de l'archipel havaiien," in 1720, where he received considerable attention. text and translation, with an “Introduction on the in 1722 he recited verses before the regent, who Physical, Moral, and Political Condition of the gave him an annual pension of 200 livres, and or- Country” (Paris, 1862); and “ Pèlerinage d'un curi- dered that he should be taught to read and write. eux au monastère bouddhique de Pemmiantsi” Toward 1725 César, who had adopted the name of (Châlons, 1880). M. Rémy has also translated into Renauld, returned to Martinique, and was admitted French several German works of travel, especially into the household of the governor, where he after- those of Hermann Wagner. ward lived. His poems were collected after his RÉMY, Paul Edouard, French author. b. in death and published under the title " Romances et La Rochelle in 1711 ; d. there in 1784. He was mélodies du poëte nègre César Auguste dit Re- for several years in the navy department at Paris, nauld” (Fort Royal, 1761). and, becoming afterward one of the keepers of the RENAULT, Philip François (reh-no), colonist, state archives, made historical researches among b. in Picardy, France; d. in France after 1744. Hé the state papers there. He was obliged to publish was the principal agent of the Company of St. Philip, his works in Amsterdam anonymously, as before and sailed from France for Illinois in 1719 with the French revolution the publication of state 200 mechanics and miners. This company was a papers was an unpardonable offence. They include branch of the Western company, or " Mississippi * Mémoire pour faire connoitre l'esprit, la conduite, scheme,” organized in Paris in 1717 at the instiga- et les opérations de la Compagnie du Mississipi tion of John Law (q. v.). The headquarters of the (Amsterdam, 1759); “ Mémoire sur l'établissement company was established at Fort Chartres, about du commerce au Canada” (1761); “ Détail de la sixteen miles north of Kaskaskia in 1718. The wall colonie de la Louisiane” (1762); “ Considérations of the fort, which contained four acres, was made of sur l'édit d'établissement de la Compagnie des hewn stone, and, notwithstanding a large portion of Indes Occidentales” (1971); “ Histoire naturelle et it has been destroyed by encroachments of the Mis- véritable des meurs et productions du pays de la sissippi river, the remnant that is left is a magnifi- Nouvelle France Méridionale, appelée communé- cent ruin. Renault's company was organized in ment Guiane" (1783); and • Détail sur l'état pré- Paris for the express purpose of mining. In the sent de l'église et de la colonie de l'île de Saint West Indies he bought 500 negro slaves for miners, Domingue” (1784). who were the ancestors of the slaves in Illinois and RENARD, Gustave Henri (reh-nar), French Missouri. He obtained large grants of land for explorer, b. in Evreux, in 1673; d. in Rouen in mining purposes, and established the first smelt- 1741. He followed the sea, fought under Dugay- ing-furnaces for lead in the Mississippi valley. Trouin in the expedition against Rio de Janeiro, 6 He returned to France in 1744. Oct., 1711, and became in 1714 lieutenant of the RENGINO, Luis (ren-ge-no), Mexican mis- king in Santo Domingo. In 1717 he was given by sionary, b. in Mexico about 1520 ; d. there about the regent a mission to explore the northern prov- 1580. He entered the Dominican order in his inces of South America, with the permission from native city in 1545, became known as a linguist King Philip V. of Spain. He visited Central Amer- and a successful missionary, and was appointed ica, the Isthmus of Panama, New Granada, and definer of the provincial chapter of his order. He the Guianas in 1718–24, and returned with valu- wrote “Sermones y tratados doctrinales en diver- able collections in natural history. These became sas lenguas de los Indios de la N. E.” (Mexico, afterward the property of the Academy of sciences, 1565), which has the text in Spanish, Aztec, Mis- which presented them to the Royal botanical gar- tec, Zapotec, Mije, Chocho, and Tarasco, and is den. Renard's works include “Choix de plantes now extremely rare. nouvelles et peu connues de l'Amérique du Sud RENO, Jesse Lee (re-no'), soldier, b. in Wheel- (3 vols., Paris, 1729) : “ Voyages d'explorations à ing, W. Va., 20 June, 1823; d. on South Mountain, travers les forêts vierges de la Guiane” (Rouen, Md., 14 Sept., 1862. 1730); “ Traité des fougères de l'Amérique du Sud He was appointed et en particulier du bassin de l’Orénoque" (2 vols., a cadet in the U.S. 1732); “De naturalibus Antillorum (2 vols., military academy 1739); and “ Histoire et description de l'île Es- from Pennsylva- pagnole ou de Saint Domingue, et de l'île de la nia, where he was Tortue ou des bouccaniers ” (2 vols., 1740). graduated in 1846, RENAUD, Pierre François (reh-no), Flemish and at once pro- missionary, b. in Liege in 1641; d. in Lima, Peru, moted brevet ad in 1703. He united with the Jesuits, was sent to lieutenant of ord- South America about 1670, labored about twenty nance. He served years among the Indians of the basin of Amazon in the war with river, and became afterward professor in the Col- Mexico, taking lege of Lima. While he was in South America he part in the battles wrote to his family and friends interesting letters, of Cerro Gordo, describing the Indians and the country, which were Contreras, Churu- afterward collected and published under the title busco, and Chapul- " Expériences et tribulations du Père Pierre Re- tepec, and in the naud dans les déserts de l'Amazonie en l'Amérique siege of Vera Cruz. du Sud" (Amsterdam, 1708). Не was commis- RENAULD, César Auguste (reh-no), West In- sioned 2d lieuten- dian poet, b. near Fort Royal, Martinique, about ant, 3 March, 1847, brevetted 1st lieutenant, 18 1701 ; d. in that city in 1734. He was a negro April, for gallant conduct in the first-named en- slave, and at festivities and dances sang melodies gagement, and captain, 13 Sept., for bravery at of his own composition. An official of the colony Chapultepec, where he commanded a howitzer bat- heard him and reported to the governor, who sent tery, and was severely wounded. He was assistant I. L. Reno a 222 RENWICK RENO professor of mathematics at the military academy cember, 1862, a detachment of troops arrived. Be- from January till July, 1849, secretary of a board fore others could follow, the Confederate Gen. to prepare a • system of instruction for heavy artil- John B. Magruder attacked and captured the lery” in 1849–150, assistant to the ordnance board town. As the action began, the “ Westfield,” in at Washington arsenal, D. C., in 1851-3, and on taking position, ran aground on a sand-bank. Af- topographical duty in Minnesota in 1853-4. He ter the defeat, Commander Renshaw determined to was chief of ordnance in the Utah expedition in transfer his crew to another of the gun-boats and 1857–9, and in command of Mount Vernon arsenal, blow up his own vessel, on which there was a large Ala., from 1859 until its seizure by the Confederates supply of powder. After his men had been placed in January, 1861. On 1 July, 1860, he was promot- in the boats, he remained behind to light the fuse, ed captain for fourteen years' continuous service. but a drunken man is supposed to have ignited the From 2 Feb. till 6 Dec., 1861, he was in charge of match prematurely, and in the explosion the com- the arsenal at Leavenworth, Kan. After being made mander was killed, together with the boat's crew brigadier-general of volunteers, 12 Nov., 1861, he was that was waiting for him alongside. in command of the 2d brigade during Gen. Ambrose RENWICK, James, physicist, b. in Liverpool, E. Burnside's expedition into North Carolina, being England, 30 May, 1790; d. in New York city, 12 engaged in the capture of Roanoke island, where Jan., 1863. He was born during his parents' re- he led an attack against Fort Bartow, and the bat- turn from a visit to Scotland, where his mother, tle New Berne and Camden. From April till formerly a Miss Jeffrey, the daughter of a Scottish August, 1862, he was in command of a division in clergyman, had been a famous beauty. Burns cele- the Department of North Carolina, and on 18 July brated her in three of his songs. James was gradu- he was commissioned major-general of volunteers. ated at Columbia in 1807, standing first in his class, In the campaign in northern Virginia, in the fol- and in 1813 became instructor in natural and exper- lowing month, he was at the head of the 9th army imental philosophy and chemistry in that college. corps, and took part under Gen. John Pope in the In 1820 he was called to the chair of these sciences, battles of Manassas and Chantilly. Still at the which he then held until 1853, when he was made head of the 9th corps, Gen. Reno was in the ad- professor emeritus. He entered the U. S. service in vance at the battle of South Mountain, where he 1814 as topographical engineer with the rank of was conspicuous for his gallantry and activity major, and spent his summers in this work. In during the entire day. Early in the evening he 1838 he was appointed by the U.S. government one was killed while leading an assault. of the commissioners for the exploration of the RENO, Marcus A., soldier, b. in Illinois about northeast boundary-line between the United States 1835; d. in Washington, D. C., 29 March, 1889. and New Brunswick. From 1817 till 1820 he was He was graduated at the U. S. military academy a trustee of Columbia, and in 1829 he received the in 1857, and assigned to the dragoons. After degree of LL. D. from that college. Prof. Ren. serving on the frontier and being made lieutenant, wick was a vigorous writer and a frequent con- he was commissioned captain, 12 Nov., 1861. Sub- tributor to the first “ New York Review," and on sequently he took part, among other engagements, the establishment of the “ Whig Review” he be- in the battles of Williamsburg, Gaines's Mills, came one of its most valued writers, also contribut- Malvern Hill, Antietam, and the action at Kelly's ing to the American Quarterly Review." Ford, Va., 17 March, 1863, where he was wounded, translated from the French Lallemand's " Treatise and was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious on Artillery” (2 vols., New York, 1820), and edited, conduct. He was also present at Cold Harbor and with notes, American editions of Parkes's “ Rudi- Trevillian Station, and at Cedar Creek on 19 Oct., ments of Chemistry" (1824); Lardner's “ Popular 1864, when he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. Lectures on the Steam-Engine" (1828): Daniell's From January till July, 1865, as colonel of the “ Chemical Philosophy” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 12th Pennsylvania cavalry, he was in command 1832); and Moseley's « Illustrations of Practical of a brigade and encountered Moshy's guerillas at Mechanics” (New York, 1839). His own works in- Flarmony, Va. On 13 March, 1865, he was bre- clude, besides official reports, lives of " David Rit- vetted colonel in the regular army and brigadier- tenhouse” (1839); “ Robert Fulton" (1845): and general of volunteers for meritorious services “ Count Rumford” (1848), in Sparks's “Library during the civil war. After serving as assistant of American Biography"; also “ Outlines of Natu- instructor of infantry tactics in the U. S. military ral Philosophy," the earliest extended treatise on academy, and in the Freedmen's bureau 'at New this subject published in the United States (2 vols., Orleans, he was assigned to duty in the west. On New York, 1822–3); “ Treatise on the Steam-En- 26 Dec., 1868, he was promoted major of the 7th gine” (1830), which was translated into several lan- cavalry, and in 1876 he was engaged with Gen. guages; Elements of Mechanics” (Philadelphia, George A. Custer (q. 2.), in the expedition against 1832); “. Applications of the Science of Mechanics the hostile Sioux Indians. His conduct in that to Practical Purposes" (New York, 1840); “ Life campaign led to a court of inquiry, but he was of De Witt Clinton, with Selections of his Letters held blameless. For other causes he was dismissed (1840); “Life of John Jay (with Henry B. Ren- the service, 1 April, 1880. wick] and Alexander Hamilton” (1841); “ First RENSHAW, William Bainbridge, naval of- Principles of Chemistry” (1841); and “First Prin- ficer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 11 Oct., 1816; d. near ciples of Natural Philosophy" (1842). Prof. Ren- Galveston, Tex., i Jan., 1863. He was appointed wiek printed privately for the use of his classes a midshipman on 22 Dec., 1831, passed the exami- First Principles in Chemistry” (1838), and “Out- nation for advancement in 1837, and was promoted lines of Geology” (1838), and a synopsis of his lieutenant on 8 Sept., 1841, and commander on 26 lectures on “ Chemistry Applied to the Arts." taken April, 1861. He was assigned the steamer“ West- down by one of his class, was printed.— Ilis son, field,” of Admiral David G. Farragut's squadron, Henry Brevoort, engineer, b. in New York city, and was by him placed in command of the gun- | 4 Sept., 1817, was graduated at Columbia in 1836, bouts blockading Galveston, which place he cap- / and became assistant engineer in the U. S. service. tured on 10 Oct., 1862. The city and island were He served as first assistant astronomer of the l'. S. held as a landing-place for future operations by the boundary commission in 1840-2, and in 1848 was gun-boats alone, until in the latter part of De- appointed examiner in the L. S. patent-office. In He RENWICK 225 RESTREPO 66 on 1853 he became U. S. inspector of steamboat en- | - Another son, Edward Sabine, expert, b. in gines for the district of New York, and since his New York city, 3 Jan., 1823, was graduated at Co- retirement from that office he has devoted himself lumbia in 1839, and then, turning his attention to to consultation practice in the specialty of me- civil and mechanical engineering, became the su- chanical engineering, in which branch he is ac- perintendent of large iron-works in Wilkesbarre, cepted as one of the best authorities in the United Pa., but since 1849 has been engaged mainly as an States. Mr. Renwick was associated with his fa- expert in the trials of patent cases in the U. S. ther in the preparation of Life of John Jay" courts. In 1862, in connection with his brother, (New York, 1841). - Another son, James, archi- Henry B. Renwick, he devised methods for the re- tect, b. in Bloomingdale (now part of New York pair of the steamer “Great Eastern ” while afloat, city), 3 Nov., 1818, was graduated at Columbia in and successfully accomplished it, replating a frac- 1836. He inherited a fondness for architecture ture in the bilge 82 feet long and about 10 feet from his father. At first he served as an engineer broad at the widest place, a feat which had been in the Erie railway, and then he became an assist- pronounced impossible by other experts. He has ant engineer on the Croton aqueduct, in which invented a wrought-iron railway-chair for connect- capacity he superintended the construction of the ing the ends of rails (1850), á steam cut-off for distributing reservoir on Fifth avenue between beam engines (1856), a system of side propulsion Fortieth and Forty-second streets. Soon after- for steamers (1862), and numerous improvements ward he volun- in incubators and brooders (1877-'86), and was one teered to fur- of the original inventors of the self-binding reap- nish a plan for ing-machine (1851). He has published a work on a fountain in artificial incubation entitled " The Thermostatic Union square, Incubator" (New York, 1883). which was ac- REQUIER, Augustus Julian, poet, b. in cepted by the Charleston, S. C., 27 May, 1825; d. in New York property-own- city, 19 March, 1887. His father was a native of ers, who had Marseilles, and his mother the daughter of a French decided toerect Haytian planter, who fled to the United States dur- one at their ex- ing the servile insurrection. The son received a pense. When classical education, wrote a successful play at the the vestry of age of seventeen, and at nineteen was admitted to Grace church the bar. He began practice in Charleston, but soon purchased the removed to Marion Court-House, and in October, property 1850, to Mobile, Ala. In 1853 he was appointed Broadway at U. S. district attorney, in which office he was con- 11th street Mr. tinued by President Buchanan, and at the begin- Renwick sub- ning of the civil war he was judge of the superior mitted designs court. He was district attorney under the Confed- for the erate government. At the close of the war he set- edifice, which tled in New York city, became an active member of were accepted. the Tammany political society, and was appointed The building, assistant corporation counsel, and later assistant dis- which is purely Gothic, was completed in 1845. All trict attorney. He was a frequent contributor to of the designs and working drawings were made periodicals. His drama of " The Spanish Exile," by him. Subsequently he was chosen architect of in blank verse, after being produced on the stage in Calvary church on Fourth avenue, and also of the Charleston and other places, was published. It was Church of the Puritans, formerly on Union square, followed by a romance entitled "The Old Sanctu- was selected by the regents of the Smithsonian ary,” the scene of which was laid in Charleston be- institution to prepare plans for their building, and fore the Revolution (Boston, 1846). While living also built the Corcoran gallery in Washington. In in Marion and Mobile he composed many pieces in 1853 he was requested to make designs for a Roman verse and prose, including a tragedy entitled “ Mar- Catholic cathedral to be built on Fifth avenue be- co Bozzaris,” an “Ode to Shakespeare," and a long tween Fiftieth and Fifty-first streets. His plans poem called " Christalline." The poems were sub- were accepted, and on 15 Aug., 1858, the corner- sequently published in book-form (Philadelphia, stone of St. Patrick's cathedral, seen in the accom- 1859). During the war he wrote many poems in panying illustration, was laid. Its architecture is praise of the Confederate cause, including an elab- of the decorated or geometric style that prevailed orate “ Ode to Victory." An allegory entitled in Europe in the 13th century, of which the cathe- “ The Legend of Tremaine” was composed for an drals of Rheims, Cologne, and Amiens are typical, English publication in 1864. Ashes of Glory," and it is built of white marble with a base course a martial lyric, was written as a reply to Father of granite. On 25 May, 1879, the cathedral was Abram J. Ryan's “ Conquered Banner.” His later dedicated by Cardinal McCloskey, and in 1887 the poems have not been collected. A speculative completion of the two towers was undertaken. treatise on the lost science of the races of antiquity Meanwhile residences for the archbishop and the was left in manuscript. vicar-general have been built. It is estimated that RESTREPO, José Manuel (res-tray'-po), Co- upward of $2,500,000 will be expended before the lombian historian, b. in Envigado, Antioquia, in group of buildings, as originally designed, will be 1780; d. in Bogota about 1860. He studied in Bo- completed. Later he planned the building for gota under the direction of his cousin, Dr. Felix Vassar college, St. Bartholomew's church, and the Restrepo, and was there graduated in law, but Church of the Covenant, New York, the last two gave himself with enthusiasm to the study of his- in the Byzantine style. Besides churches in vari- tory. In the revolution of 1810 he espoused the ous cities, including St. Ann's in Brooklyn, he patriot cause, and in 1814 was deputy to the con- planned the building of the Young men's Christian gress of the united provinces of New Granada, association in 1869, and Booth's theatre in the same and elected a member of the executive junta at year, and other public edifices in New York city. Tunja. He was appointed in 1819 governor of his new . 224 REVERE REULING Paul Revere native province, in 1821 was deputy to the con- REVERE, Paul, patriot, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 stituent congress of Cucuta, and in 1822 a member Jan., 1735; d. there, 10 May, 1818. His grand- of the cabinet in Bogota as secretary of the inte father, a Huguenot, emigrated from Sainte-Foy, rior. Later he was secretary of state and an inti- France, to the island of Guernsey, whence his mate friend of Simon Bolivar, and after the parti- father removed to Boston, and there learned the tion of Colombia into the three republics of Vene- trade of a goldsmith. The son was trained in this zuela, New Granada, and Ecuador, was appointed business, and became skilful in drawing and en- director of the mint in Bogota. In his leisure graving designs on hours he entirely rearranged his historical work, silver plate. He which had first appeared in 1827. He wrote “ En- took part in the sayo sobre la geografía, producciones, indústria y expedition of 1756 población de la provincia de Antioquía” (El Sema- to capture Crown nario, 1819; reprinted in Bogota, 1824), and “ His- Point from the toria de la Revolución de Colombia" (10 vols., Paris, French, being ap- 1827; Bogota, 1858). pointed a lieuten- REULING, George (roy'-ling), physician, b. in ant of artillery, and Romrod, Germany, 11 Nov., 1839. He studied stationed at Fort medicine at Giessen from 1860 till 1865, and after Edward, near Lake graduation studied ophthalmology at Berlin under George. On his re- Karl F. von Graefe, and in Vienna under Ferdi- turn to Boston he nand von Ardt. He was military surgeon in the married, and began Prussian army during the war with Austria, then as-business for himself sistant at the eye hospital at Wiesbaden in 1866–7, as a goldsmith. He and, after studying for a year longer at Paris under also practised cop- Liebreich, De Wecker, and Meyer, came to the per-plate engraving, United States, and established himself in Baltimore, in which he was Md., as a specialist in diseases of the eye and ear. self-taught, and pro- In 1869 he was appointed physician-in-chief of the duced a portrait of Eye and ear infirmary in that city. He was chosen Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew, followed in 1766 by a professor of ophthalmology in the University of picture emblematical of the repeal of the stamp-act, Baltimore, and in 1871-3 he was professor of eye and next by a caricature entitled " A Warm Place and ear surgery in Washington university. Dr. -Hell,” in which are represented the seventeen Reuling has invented a microtome for microscopi- members of the house of representatives who voted cal sections, and a ring-shaped silver-sling for the for rescinding the circular of 1768 to the provincial extraction of cataract within the capsule. He has legislatures. In 1770 he published a print repre- written on “ Detachment of the Choroid after Ex- senting the Boston massacre, and in 1774 one rep- traction of Cataract” (1868), “ Extraction of Cata- resenting the landing of British troops in Boston. ract within the Capsule,” and “Destruction of a He was one of the grand jurors that refused to Cyst of the Iris by Galvano-Cautery.” (1887). serve in 1774 in consequence of the act of parlia- REVELS, Hiram R., senator, b. in Fayette- ment that made the supreme court judges inde- ville, N. C., 1 Sept., 1822. He is a quadroon, the pendent of the legislature in regard to their sala- son of free colored parents. After receiving his ries. In 1775 he engraved the plates for the paper- education at the Friends' seminary in Liberty, Ind., money that had been ordered by the Provincial whither he removed in 1844, and completing a congress of Massachusetts, made the press, and theological course in Ohio, he was ordained a min- printed the bills. He was sent to Philadelphia to ister in the African Methodist Episcopal church, learn the process of making gunpowder, and the and became a popular preacher and lecturer among proprietor of the mill there would only consent to the colored people of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and show him the works in operation, but not to let Missouri. Before the beginning of the civil war him take memoranda or drawings. Nevertheless, he settled in Baltimore, Ohio, as a minister and on his return, he constructed a mill, which was principal of the high-school for colored students. soon put into successful operation. He was one He assisted in organizing the first colored regi- of the prime movers of the tea-party," that de- ment in Maryland, went to St. Louis, Mo., as a stroyed the tea in Boston harbor. In the autumn teacher, and aided'in raising the first one there, of 1774 he and about thirty other young men, which he accompanied as chaplain to Vicksburg, chiefly mechanics, formed a secret society for the where he rendered assistance to the provost-marshal purpose of watching the movements of the British in re-establishing order and industry among the soldiers nd detecting the designs of the Tories, freedmen. He followed the army to Jackson, Miss., which they reported only to John Hancock, Dr. preaching and lecturing among the emancipated Charles Warren, Samuel Adams, and two or three slaves, and organizing churches. He spent two others, one of whom was the traitor, Dr. Benjamin years in the same way in Missouri and Kansas. Church, who communicated the transactions of the He was elected to the Mississippi senate by a large society to Gen. Thomas Gage. They took turns in majority on the reconstruction of the state gov- patrolling the streets, and several days before the ernment, and, when the legislature assembled, was battle of Lexington they observed suspicious prepa- chosen by 81 votes against 38 to be Gen. Adelbert rations in the British barracks and on the ships in Ames's colleague in the U. S. senate. He took his, the harbor. On the evening of 18 April they ap- seat on 25 Feb., 1870, and served till 3 March, prised the Whigs that the troops had begun to 1871, when his term expired. He was afterward move. Dr. Warren, sending for Revere, desired pastor of a church at Holly Springs, Miss., until him to set out at once for Lexington in order to he removed to Indiana, and took charge of the warn Hancock and Adams in time. (rossing to Methodist Episcopal church in Richmond, Ind. Charlestown by boat, he procured a horse, and Revels was the first man of his race to sit in the rode through Medford, rousing the minute-men on I. S. senate. From the close of his senatorial term the way, and, after barely escaping capture by till 1883 he was the president of Alcorn agricul- some British oflicers, reached Lexington and de- tural university, Rodney, Miss. livered his message. With Dr. Samuel Prescott 1 REVERE 225 REXFORD and William Dawes he pushed on for the purpose | mond, Va., till 22 Feb., 1862, when he was released of rousing the people of Concord and securing the on parole. He was exchanged in April, 1862, and military stores there. They awakened the minute- served with his regiment through the peninsular men on the route, but at Lincoln they were stopped campaign and Gen. John Pope's campaign on the by a party of British officers, excepting Prescott, Rappahannock, was present at Chantilly, and was who escaped capture by leaping a wall, and rode killed at the battle of Antietam.- A brother of Ed- on to Concord, where he alarmed the inhabitants, ward H. R., Paul Joseph, soldier, b. in Boston, while Revere and Dawes were taken by their cap- Mass., 10 Sept., 1832; d. in Westminster, Md., 4 tors back to Lexington, and there released. Henry July, 1863, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, and W. Longfellow has made the midnight ride of at the beginning of the civil war entered the Na- Paul Revere the subject of a narrative poem. Re- tional army as major of the 20th Massachusetts vol- rere was the messenger that was usually employed unteers. At Ball's Bluff he was wounded in the leg on difficult business by the committee of safety, of and taken prisoner, and he was confined in Libby which Joseph Warren was president. He repaired prison until he and six other officers were selected the cannon in Fort Independence, which the Brit- as hostages to answer with their lives for the safety ish, on leaving Boston, had sought to render use- of Confederate privateersmen who had been con- less by breaking the trunnions, but which he made victed of piracy in the U. S. court. They were serviceable by devising a new kind of carriage. transferred to the Henrico county prison, and con- After the evacuation a regiment of artillery was fined for hree months in a felon's cell. Maj. raised in Boston, of which he was made major, and Revere was paroled on 22 Feb., 1862, and in the afterward lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the beginning of the following. May was exchanged. unsuccessful Penobscot expedition of 1779. After He was engaged in the peninsular campaign until the war he resumed the business of a gold- and he was taken sick in July. On 4 Sept., 1862, he silver-smith, and subsequently erected a foundry was made a lieutenant-colonel, and served as as- for casting church-bells and bronze cannon. When sistant inspector-general on the staff of Gen. copper bolts and spikes began to be used, instead Edwin V. Sumner. At Antietam, where he dis- of iron, for fastening the timbers of vessels, he ex- played great gallantry, he received a wound that perimented on the manufacture of these articles, compelled him to retire to his home. On his re- and when he was able to make them to his satisfac- covery he was appointed colonel of his old regi- tion he built in 1801 large works at Canton, Mass., ment, 14 April, 1863, and returned to the field in for rolling copper, which are still carried on by the May. He was brevetted brigadier-general of vol- Revere copper company. He was the first in this unteers for bravery at Gettysburg, where he re- country to smelt copper ore and to refine and roll ceived a fatal wound in the second day's battle. copper into bolts and sheets. As grand-master of RÉVILLE, Albert (ray-vil), French Protestant the masonic fraternity he laid the corner-stone of theologian, b. in Dieppe, France, 4 Nov., 1826. He the Boston state-house in 1795. In that year he studied at Geneva and Strasburg, was pastor of the aided in the establishment of the Massachusetts Walloon church in Rotterdam in 1851-'72, and in charitable mechanic association, of which he was 1880 became professor of the history of religions in the first president. He was a munificent contribu- the College of France. In 1886 he was made presi- tor to enterprises of benevolence, and at the time dent of the section for religious studies in the Ecole of his death was connected with numerous chari- i des hautes études at the Sorbonne. Besides nu- ties.- His grandson, Joseph Warren, soldier, b. merous other works, he has published" Theodore in Boston, Mass., 17 May, 1812; d. in Hoboken, Parker, sa vie et ses æuvres ” (Paris, 1869), and N. J., 20 April, 1880. He was made a midshipman “Les religions de Mexique, de l'Amérique centrale, in the U. S. navy, 1 April, 1828, became a passed et du Pérou " (Paris, 1884), an English translation midshipman on 4 June, 1834, and lieutenant on 25 of which was published in the “ Hibbert Lectures" Feb., 1841, took part in the Mexican war, and re- (London, 1884). signed from the navy on 20 Sept., 1850. He then RÉVOIL, Bénédict Henry (ray-vwol), French entered the Mexican service. For saving the lives author, b. in Aix, Bouches du Rhône, France, 16 Dec., of several Spaniards he was knighted by Queen Isa- 1816. He is the son of the painter, Pierre Henri bella of Spain. He was made colonel of the 7th Révoil, of Lyons, who died in 1842. Bénédict was for regiment of New Jersey volunteers on 31 Aug., 1861, several years connected with the department of pub- and promoted brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers lic instruction and with the manuscript section of on 25 Oct., 1862. He led a brigade at Fredericks- the Bibliothèque royale. Just after his father's death burg, was then transferred to the command of the he visited the United States, where he remained Excelsior brigade in the 20 division, fought with it nine years. During this period he collected the at Chancellorsville, and after the engagement fell material for many of his works. Among these are under the censure of his superior officer. In May, Chasses et pêches de l'autre monde" (Paris, 1856); 1863, he was tried by court-martial, and dismissed “ La fille des Comanches” (1867); “ Les Parias du from the military service of the United States. He Mexique" (1868); and many translations from the defended his conduct with great earnestness, and English and German into French. Of the latter on 10 Sept., 1864, his dismissal from the army was the best known are Les harems du nouveau revoked by President Lincoln, and his resignation monde (1856); “Les pirates du Mississippi” was accepted. His “Keel and Saddle" (Boston, (1857); “ Les prairies du Mexique" (1865); and 1872) relates many of his personal adventures.- Le fils de l'Oncle Tom" (1866). During his stay Another grandson, Edward Hutchinson Rob. in New York city M. Révoil wrote and placed on bins, physician, h. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1827; the stage the plays - New York as it is and as it d. near Sharpsburg, Md., 17 Sept., 1862, entered Was," ** Nut-Yer-Stick.” a Chinese “fantasy," and Harvard, but left in 1846, pursued the course * Iloratius Trelay, or Fourierism." He also wrote, in the medical school, and received his diploma in French, the libretto of the - Vaisseau Fantôme,' in 1819. He practised in Boston, and on 14 Sept., a two-act opera, and has contributed frequently to 1861, was appointed assistant surgeon of the 20th both the French and American press. Massachusetts volunteers. At Ball's Bluff he was REXFORD, Eben Eugene, poet, b. in Johns- captured by the enemy's cavalry, and was kept burg, Warren co., N. Y., 16 July, 1848. He was as a prisoner at Leesburg, and afterward at Rich- I educated at Lawrence university, Appleton, Wis., VOL. V.-15 66 9 226 REYNOLDS REY and began to write at the age of seventeen, con- | regiment was ordered to the eastern side of Missis- tributing poems and stories to magazines. He has sippi river, and fell back to Tupelo, Miss. He was published in book-form a poem entitled “ Brother promoted brigadier-general, 5 March, 1864. Gen. and Lover” (New York, 1887); “Grandmother's Reynolds participated in many of the battles of Garden” (Chicago, 1887); and a story entitled the western Confederate armies from Oak Hills, “ John Fielding and His Enemy” (1888). He has Mo., to Nashville, Tenn. He was several times written several popular songs, among which the wounded, and lost a leg. He was state senator in best-known are "Silver Threads among the Gold ” | Arkansas in 1866–7. and “ Only a Pansy-Blossom.” Since 1885 Mr. Rex- REYNOLDS, Elmer Robert, ethnologist, b. in ford has given much attention to floriculture, con- Dansville, Livingston co., N. Y., 30 July, 1846. He ducting departments that are devoted to that sub- emigrated with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, ject in several magazines. and was educated in the public schools and at the REY, Anthony, clergyman, b. in Lyons, France, medical school of Columbian university, Washing- 19 March, 1807; d, near Ceralvo, Mexico, in 1846. ton, D. C. He served in the 10th Wisconsin bat- He removed to Switzerland at an early age, and tery in 1861-5, participated in the battles of Cor- prepared himself for a commercial career, but after- inth, Stone River, Knoxville, Resaca, Jonesboro, ward entered the Jesuit college of Fribourg, and Atlanta, Bentonville, and numerous minor engage- united with the order in 1827. After his ordina- ments, and at the end of the civil war entered the tion he was appointed professor in the institution. U. S. navy as school-teacher, serving in the Medi- In 1840 he was sent to the United States, became terranean fleet in 1867, and in the West Indies and professor of metaphysics and ethics in Georgetown Yucatan in 1868. Since 1877 he has been in the college, and was transferred to St. Joseph's church, U. S. civil service. His last twenty years have been Philadelphia, in 1843. In 1845 he was made as- devoted to the exploration of aboriginal remains in sistant to the Jesuit provincial of Maryland, and the valleys of the Potomac, Piscataway, Wicomico, also at the same time vice-president of Georgetown Patuxent, Choptank, and Shenandoah rivers, his re- college and pastor of Trinity church in that place. searches embracing their mortuary mounds, shell- He was appointed chaplain in the U. S. army in banks, copper and soapstone mines, cemeteries, 1846, and served on the staff of Gen. Zachary Tay: burial-caves, and ancient camps and earthworks. lor. When a part of the 1st Ohio regiment entered He was a founder of the Anthropological society of Monterey, he was always in the most exposed po- Washington, D. C., and its secretary in 1879–81, sitions walking about with a small cross while the received a silver medal from Don Carlos, crown shells were bursting around him, and stopping prince of Portugal, in 1886, in recognition of his wherever the wounded and dying needed his ser- scientific researches, was knighted by King Hum- vices. After the siege was over he remained with bert of Italy, in 1887, “ for distinguished scientific the army in the city, but devoted his spare time attainments,” and is a member of numerous scien- to the “ ranchos” in the neighborhood, and was tific societies. His publications include “ Aborigi- making, as he believed, successful efforts to reclaim nal Soapstone Quarries in the District of Colum- the half-civilized rancheros. He set out to visit bia” (Cambridge, 1878); “The Cemeteries of the Matamoras, accompanied by a single servant, Piscataway Indians at Kittamaquindi, Md.” (Wash- against the advice of the officers in Monterey, ington, D. C., 1880); “A Scientific Visit to the trusting to his clerical character and to the influ- Caverns of Luray, and the Endless Caverns in ence he thought he had acquired over the Mexicans. the Massanutton Mountains” (1881); " Memoir on He reached Ceralvo in safety, and preached to a the Pre-Columbian Shell-Mounds at Newburg, Md., mixed audience of Americans and Mexicans. This and the Aboriginal Shell-Fields of the Potomac was the last that was heard of him until his body and Wicomico Rivers” (Copenhagen, Denmark, was discovered, a few days afterward, pierced with 1884); “ The Shell-Mounds, Antiquities, and Do- lances. It was supposed that he was killed by a mestic Arts of the Choptank Indians of Maryland band under a guerilla leader named Canales. (1886); and “ Memoir on the Pre-Columbian Ossu- REYNOLDS, Alexander W., soldier, b. in aries at Cambridge and Hambrook Bay, Md." (Lis- Clarke county, Va., in August, 1817; d. in Alex- bon, Portugal, 1887). He has also a large amount andria, Egypt, 26 May, 1876. He was graduated of similar material in manuscript. at the U. S. military academy in 1838, served in REYNOLDS, Ignatius Aloysius, R. C. bishop, the Florida war, became 1st lieutenant in 1839, be- b. in Nelson county, Ky., 22 Aug., 1798; d. in came captain in 1848, and was dismissed in 1855. Charleston, S. C., 9 March, 1855. His parents emi- He was reappointed, with his former rank, in 1857, grated from Maryland and settled on a farm near but joined the Confederate army in 1861, and was Bardstown, Ky. The son entered the diocesan made captain of infantry. He became colonel of seminary of St. Thomas, but was transferred to the the 50th regiment of Virginia infantry in July of Sulpitian seminary of Baltimore in 1819. On the the same year, and brigadier-general. 14 Sept., completion of his theological course he was or- 1863, his brigade being composed of North Caro- dained priest by Archbishop Maréchal on 24 Oct., lina and Virginia troops. He went to Egypt after 1823, and returned to Kentucky, where he was em- the civil war, received the appointment of briga- ployed till 1827 in teaching and missionary work. dier-general in the khedive's army in 1866, and In the latter year he was appointed president of served in the Abyssinian war, but subsequently Bardstown college, which he freed from debt. In resigned, and resided in Cairo, Egypt. 1830 he was appointed pastor of the cathedral, REYNOLDS, Daniel H., soldier, b. near Cen- Bardstown, and in 1834 he was made pastor of the treburg, Knox co., Ohio, 14 Dec., 1832. He was only Roman Catholic church in Louisville, where educated at Ohio Wesleyan university, settled in he remained till 1840, founding an orphanage and Somerville, Fayette co., Tenn., in 1857, studied law, parochial schools. He was sent to Europe in 1810 and was admitted to practice in 1858. He removed on business relating to the affairs of the diocese. to Arkansas in May, 1858, settling at Lake Village, and returned in 1841. In 1842 he was appointed Chicot county. On 25 May, 1861, he was elected vicar-general of the diocese of Louisville. He was captain of a company for service in the Confed- nominated successor to Bishop England in the see erate army, and he served in the campaigns in of Charleston in May, 1843, by the 5th provincial Arkansas and Missouri until April, 1862, when his council of Baltimore, and consecrated by Bishop 6 REYNOLDS 227 REYNOLDS Purcell in the cathedral, Cincinnati, on 19 March, “ National Live-Stock Journal.” In 1873 he was 1844. He proceeded at once to Charleston, and called upon to assist in organizing an association made a visitation of every part of his diocese, for the promotion of industry, science, and art, which he repeated annually. The number of and the erection of an exposition building in Roman Catholics in the three states under his ju- Chicago. He was elected secretary of the associa- risdiction was not large, but the popularity of Dr. tion, which post he now (1888) holds. On 9 Oct., England among all classes and creeds had prepared 1873, in commemoration of the great fire of 1871, the way for his cordial reception, and he continued the exhibition was formally opened, and every year the methods of his predecessor. In 1845 he went since has been very successful, largely owing to the to Europe to obtain pecuniary aid, and in 1850 laid efforts of Mr. Reynolds. the foundation of the cathedral of St. Finbar, which REYNOLDS, Joseph Jones, soldier, b. in Flem- was completed and consecrated in 1854. During ingsburg, Ky., 4 Jan., 1822. He was graduated at the eleven years of his episcopate he took part in the U. S. military academy in 1843, served in the all the national and provincial councils of the military occupation of Texas in 1845–6, became 1st Roman Catholic church in the United States, and lieutenant in 1847, and was principal assistant pro- his learning and eloquence counted for much in fessor of natural and experimental philosophy in shaping the decrees of these bodies. But his labors the U. S. military academy from 1849 until his gradually exhausted his constitution, which was resignation from the army in 1856. He was then never strong, and after a short visit to his native professor of mechanics and engineering in Wash- state in 1854 he returned broken in health. In a ington university, St. Louis, Mo., till 1860, returned letter to the councils of the propagation of the to the army as colonel of the 10th Indiana volun- faith in Europe in May, 1855, the bishops of the teers in April, 1861, became brigadier-general of 6th council of Baltimore said that he had - worn volunteers the next month, and was engaged in va- himself out in the service of his church.” He edit- rious skirmishes and in the action at Green Briér ed the “Works” of Bishop John England (5 vols., river, 3 Oct., 1861. He resigned in January, 1862, Baltimore, 1849). served without a commission in organizing İndiana REYNOLDS, John, British naval officer, b. in volunteers, became colonel of the 75th Indiana regi- England about 1700; d. there in January, 1776. ment, 27 Aug., 1862, and brigadier-general, 17 Sept. He entered the navy at an early age, and rose of that year. He was in the campaign of the Army through successive ranks to rear-admiral of the of the Cumberland in 1862–3, became major-gen- blue. While holding the rank of captain in the eral of volunteers in November, 1862, and was en- royal navy, he was appointed the first colonial gov- gaged at Hoover's Gap, 24 June, 1863, and Chicka- ernor of Georgia on 6 Aug., 1754, under the plan mauga, 19-20 Sept., 1863. He was chief of staff of for the civil government of the province that had the Army of the Cumberland from 10 Oct. to 5 recently been framed by the commissioners for Dec. of that year, and participated in the battle of trade and plantations. He landed at Savannah on Chattanooga. He commanded the defences of New 29 Oct., 1754, and on 7 Jan., 1755, called together Orleans, La., from January till June, 1864, com- the first legislative assembly of the province. Capt. manded the 19th army corps, and organized forces Reynolds secured the friendship of the Indians, es- for the capture of Mobile, Fort Gaines, and Fort tablished courts of law, and set in operation the Morgan in June and August. He was in charge of new charter, but resigned in February, 1757, on ac- the Department of Arkansas from November, 1864, count of a disagreement with the council. He se- till April, 1866, mustered out of volunteer service, cured the friendship of the Indian tribes of the 1 Sept., 1866, and reappointed in the U. S. army state, established courts of judicature, and on 8 as colonel of the 26th infantry, 28 July, 1866. He Jan., 1755, called together the first legislature of received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. Georgia. army, 2 March, 1867, for gallant and meritorious REYNOLDS, John, governor of Illinois, b. in service at the battle of Chickamauga, and that of Montgomery county, Pa., 26 Feb., 1789; d. in Belle- major-general, U. S. army, at the same date for ville, Ill., 8 May, 1865. He was of Irish descent, Mission Ridge. During the reconstruction period, and, with his parents, emigrated in childhood to in 1867–72, he was in command of the 5th mili- Kaskaskia, II1., where he obtained a common-school tary district, comprising Louisiana and Texas, was education, and was admitted to the bar. He served elected U. S. senator from the latter state in 1871, as a scout in the campaigns against the Western but declined, commanded the Department of the Indians in 1812-'13, subsequently practised law in Platte in 1872-6, and in June, 1877, he was retired. Cahokia, 11., became a justice of the state supreme REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier, b. in New court in 1818, served for many years in the legisla- Lenox, III., 3 Dec., 1839. He went to Chicago in ture, and was speaker of the house in 1852-²4. He 1856, was graduated at its high-school in July, was governor of Illinois in 1832-4, commanded the 1861, and in August of that year enlisted in the state volunteers during the Black Hawk war in 64th Illinois regiment. He was commissioned 20 May and June of the former year, and was a mem- lieutenant on 31 Dec., and was in active service ber of congress in 1835–"7, and again in 1839-?43, three years and ten months. lle took part in seven- having been elected as a Democrat. He edited the teen battles, was wounded three times, and for * Eagle,” a daily paper in Belleville, for several “gallant and meritorious service” was promoted to years, and is the author of “ The Pioneer History of a captaincy, subsequently to colonel. On 11 July, Illinois” (Belleville, Ill., 1848); “ A Glance at the 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volun- Crystal Palace and Sketches of Travel” (1854); and teers. He then began the study of law, was gradu- * My Life and Times" (1855). ated at the law department of Chicago university REYNOLDS, John Parker, agriculturist, b. in in 1866, admitted to the bar, and has since practised Lebanon, Ohio, 1 March, 1820. He was graduated his profession in Chicago. Gen. Reynolds has been at Miami university in 1838, and in 1850 removed elected as representative and senator to the Illinois to Winnebago county, III., and engaged in farm- legislature, was a commissioner from Illinois to the ing and thoroughbred stock-raising. In 1860–71 Universal exposition at Vienna in 1873, and has he was secretary of the State agricultural society. held other offices. In 1868 he removed from Springfield to Chicago, REYNOLDS, William, naval officer, b. in Lan- and the next year he became first editor of the caster, Pa., 18 Dec., 1815; d. in Washington, D. C., 228 REYNOLDS REYNOLDS 5 Nov., 1879. He was appointed midshipman in | fusion, observing that the flag-staff of the 2d. regi- the U. S. navy in 1831, served on Capt. Charles ment had been broken by a bullet, he seized the flag Wilkes's exploring expedition in 1838–42, was com- from the color-bearer and, dashing to the right, missioned lieutenant in 1841, and was placed on rode twice up and down the line, waving it and the retired list in consequence of failing health in cheering his men. The troops rallied, and Gen. 1851. He was then assigned to duty in the Sand- George H. Gordon, in his “Army of Virginia," says: wich islands, where he was instrumental in effecting “Reynolds's division, like a rock, withstood the ad- the Hawaiian treaty of reciprocity. He returned vance of the victorious enemy, and saved the Union to active service in 1861, was made commander in army from rout.” He was assigned to the com- 1862, with the charge of the naval forces at Port mand of the state militia in defence of Pennsyl- Royal, became captain in 1866, senior officer of the vania during the Maryland campaign, and on 29 ordnance board in 1869-'70, and commodore in the Sept., 1862, received the thanks of the legislature latter year. He served as chief of bureau and act- for his services. He was commissioned major-gen- ing secretary of the navy in 1873 and again in 1874, eral of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, succeeded Gen. became rear-admiral in December, 1873, and in De- Joseph Hooker in command of the 1st corps of the cember, 1877, was retired on account of continued Army of the Potomac, was engaged on the left at illness. His last service was in command of the the battle of Fredericksburg. and was promoted U. S. naval forces on the Asiatic station. Of Ad-colonel of the 5th U.S. infantry, 1 June, 1863. On miral Reynolds's services the secretary of the navy, the opening day of the battle of Gettysburg, 1 July, Richard W. Thompson, in the order that announced 1863, where he was in command of the left wing- his death, said: “In the administration of the du- the 1st, the 3d, and the 11th corps, and Buford's ties committed to him, he did much to improve the cavalry division-he encountered the van of Lee's personnel and efficiency of the enlisted men of the army, and, after making disposition of his men in navy, and in the discharge of all the duties de person, and urging them on to a successful charge, volving on him, during a long career in the ser- he was struck by a rifle-ball that caused instant vice, he exhibited zeal, intelligence, and ability, for death. A sword of honor was awarded him by the all of which he was conspicuous.” See “ Reynolds enlisted men of the Pennsylvania reserves at the Memorial Address,” by Joseph G. Rosengarten close of the peninsula campaign. The men of the (Philadelphia. 1880).—His brother, John Fulton, 1st corps erected a bronze heroic statue of him, by soldier, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 20 Sept., 1820; d. near John Q. A. Ward, on the field of Gettysburg, and Gettysburg, Pa., 1 July, 1863, was graduated at subsequently placed his portrait, by Alexander the U. S. mili- Laurie, in the library of the U. S. military acad- tary academy emy, and the state of Pennsylvania placed a gran- in 1841, became ite shaft on the spot where he fell at Gettysburg. 1st lieutenant On 18 Sept., 1884, the Reynolds memorial asso- in 1846,received ciation unveiled in Philadelphia a bronze eques- the brevet of trian statue of Gen. Reynolds, by John Rogers, the captain in June gift of Joseph E. Temple. See “Reynolds Me- of that year for morial Address," by Joseph G. Rosengarten (Phila- his service at delphia, 1880), and " The Unveiling of the Statue Monterey, and of Gen. John F. Reynolds, by the Reynolds Me- was given that morial Association” (1884). of major for REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman. b. Buena Vista in in Fayette county, Pa., 4 March, 1812; d. in Oak January, 1847. Park, Ill., 5 Sept., 1876. His father, George Rey- He became cap- nolds, was a captain in the Revolutionary war, tain in 1855, was and a relative of Sir Joshua Reynolds. After mentioned in graduation at the theological seminary at Gettys- general orders burg, Pa., in 1828, and at Jefferson college, Pa., for his services in 1832, he became principal of the preparatory in the expedi- department in the newly established Pennsylvania tion against the college, afterward was made professor of Latin Rogue river In- in the college department, and in 1835 acted as dians in Ore- financial agent of the new college. Licensed to gon, took part in the Utah expedition under Gen. preach in 1835, he became pastor of the Lutheran Albert Sidney Johnston in 1858, and in 1859 became congregation at Deerfield, N. J., was ordained to commandant of cadets at the U. S. military acad- the ministry in 1836, and recalled as professor of emy. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Latin to Pennsylvania college, serving until 1850. 14th infantry in May, 1861, and on 20 Aug. briga- In 1850–3 he was president of Capitol univer- dier-general of U. S. volunteers, and was assigned sity, Columbus, Ohio, and in 1853–7_successive- to the command of the 1st brigade of Pennsylvania ly principal of a female seminary in Easton, Pa., reserves. He was appointed military governor of and the classical academy at Allentown, Pa. Fredericksburg, Va., in May, 1862, and was engaged He was president of Illinois state university in at the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mills, and 1857-²60, after which he became principal of a Glendale, where he was taken prisoner. So great female seminary in Chicago, Ill. Ie took orders was his popularity in Fredericksburg that the mu- in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1864, and nicipal authorities went to Richmond and solicited served parishes in that church until his death. his exchange. During his captivity he prepared a In 1850 he received the degree of D, D. from Jef- careful report of the operations of his command ferson college. Dr. Reynolds was a thorough in- under Gen. George B. McClellan. He rejoined the vestigator in the early history of the Lutheran army on his exchange, 8 Aug., 1862, was engaged in church in America, an accomplished hymnologist, the campaign of northern Virginia, and commanded and an able writer. He founded the “ Evangelical his division at the second battle of Bull Run. At Magazine” in 1840, and in 1849 the “ Evangelical a critical time in that battle, when his brigade, un- Review," of which he was editor until 1862. He able to hold the enemy in check, fell back in con- was also, in 1845, editor of the “Linnæan Record John Thuyn det REYNOSO 229 RIETT 66 and Journal.” All these journals were published | Pa., 17 Sept., 1804. He received an excellent edu- at Gettysburg, but have long since ceased to exist. cation, and devoted himself to teaching, but, after Among his numerous published works are “ Amer- uniting with the Baptist church, he entered the ican Literature," an address (Gettysburg, Pa., college of that denomination in Bristol, with a view 1845); “ The Captivi of Plautus," with introduc- of preparing for the ministry: On the completion tion and notes (1846);. “ Inaugural Address as of his course he was ordained over the church of President of Capitol University” (Columbus, Ohio, Peny-garn, but, becoming interested in the cause 1850); “ Historical Address before the Ilistorical of the French revolution, he resigned his charge Society of the Lutheran Church” (1848); “ Inaugu- and went to France. He soon returned to Wales, ral Address as President of Illinois State Univer- and there established " The Welsh Treasury,” in sity” (Springfield, 1858); and “ History of New which he attacked the policy of the English minis- Sweden, by Israel Acrelius, translated, with Intro- try; but, being compelled to give this up, he col- duction and Notes” (Philadelphia, 1874). He was lected several of his friends and came to this coun- the chief editor of the hymn-book of the general try. At first he travelled extensively through the synod (1850), and for many years an active member southern and western states, preaching and search- of its liturgical committee. ing for a suitable location for his colony, but, find- REYNOSO, Álvaro (ray-no'-so), Cuban scientist, ing none, he returned to Philadelphia. Two years b. in Duran, C'uba, about 1820. He studied in Ha- later he purchased a large tract of land in Pennsyl- vana, and went to France in 1847 and in 1854, vania, which he called Cambria. He located and where he was awarded a first prize by the Acadé- planned the capital, which he called Beulah, and mie des sciences of Paris for his experiments on thither in 1798 he removed his own family, accom- chloroform. He was graduated as doctor of sci- panied by a body of Welsh colonists. He was oc- ences by the academy, and returned to his native cupied for several years with the charge of his pas- country in 1857. In 1865 he went again to France torate and his duties as a large landed proprietor, but to make experiments on an apparatus that he had finally was persuaded to settle in Somerset, where devised for the purpose of making the sugar-cane he spent the remainder of his life. He was the produce 80 per cent. of sugar. He has published author of sacred lyrics and other poetical pieces * Estudios sobre materias científicas” (Ilavana, that he published in Wales, and of several orations 1861); “ Ensayo sobre el cultivo de la caña de azú- and discourses that appeared in Pennsylvania.-His car” (1862); “ Apuntes de varios cultivos cubanos" grandson, William Jones, bibliographer, b. in (Paris, 1867); “Agricultura de los indígenas de Cuba Philadelphia, Pa., 13 March, 1830, was educated in y Hayti” (1881); “Cultivo de la caña de azúcar en Philadelphia, and graduated at the Central high- España” (1882); Mémoire sur la présence du school in 1847. From October, 1850, to June, 1852, sucre dans les urines" (1883); and numerous con- he had charge of the social statistics and other du- tributions to French and Spanish periodicals. He ties in connection with the 7th census at the de- is a member of various scientific societies. partment of the interior, and he was secretary of RÉZÉ, Frederick (ray-zay), R. C. bishop, b. in the central executive committee in Washington of Hildesheim, Germany, in 1797; d. there, 27 Dec., the World's fair in London in 1851. In July, 1852, 1871. He entered the military service at an early he became chief clerk of the Smithsonian institu- age, and fought as a dragoon in the battle of tion, which office he still (1888) holds, and for sev- Waterloo. Soon afterward he went to Rome to eral months each year, during 1884–7, he was by prepare himself for the priesthood, and, after appointment acting secretary of the institution, studying in the College of the propaganda, he was while Prof. Spencer F. Baird was absent on duties ordained and sent to labor in Africa. On his re- connected with the U. S. fish commission. His turn to Germany he accepted an invitation from duties include the general charge of the publica- Bishop Fenwick to come to the United States, and tions of the Smithsonian institution, and he has was appointed his secretary. He went to Europe been its executive officer, under the secretary, since in 1827 to procure priests, and was successful in his appointment. Mr. Rhees has been active in sending several missionaries to the United States. educational interests, and was a trustee of the pub- The Leopoldine society for helping poor missions lic schools of Washington in 1862–8, 1873-'4, and in this country was founded in Austria principally 1878–79. He has also been an active member and through his exertions. He returned to Ohio in president of the Young men's Christian associa- 1828, and devoted himself with energy and success tion. In 1856 he organized a lecture bureau for to the revival of Catholicity among the Indian securing the services of eminent speakers to lecture tribes in that state and in Michigan. On his re- in different parts of the country, and he had charge turn he was appointed vicar-general. In 1833 the of Prof. John Tyndall's lectures in this country in see of Detroit was created, embracing the present 1872. He invented and patented, in 1868, the Rhees states of Michigan and Wisconsin, and Dr. Rézé ruler and pencil-case slate, which has received the was consecrated its first bishop on 6 Oct. He at approbation of various school-boards. He has ed- tended the deliberations of the 20 provincial coun- ited many of the Smithsonian publications, and cil of Baltimore a few weeks afterward. There has published “ Manual of Public Libraries, Insti- were only about a dozen churches attended by ten tutions, and Societies in the United States and priests in the diocese. Bishop Rozé founded a col British Provinces of North America", (Philadel- lege in Detroit and established acadlemies there and phia, 1859); “Guide to the Smithsonian Institution in Green Bay, which he placed under the control and National Museum "(Washington, 1859); “ List of the order of Poor C'lares. He gave special at- of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution tention to the spiritual and temporal interests of (1862; 11th ed., 1888); Manual of Public Schools the Indians, and opened schools for their benefit. of Washington” (1863-6): “ The Smithsonian In- But faults of temper prevented his administration stitution : Documents Relative to its Origin and from being entirely successful, and he resigned his History" (1879); " The Scientific Writings of James see in 1837, and lived for several years in Rome, Smithson," edited (1879); “ James Smithson and his but finally retired to Hildesheim, where he spent Bequest" (1880); and “ Catalogue of Publications the remainder of his days. of the Smithsonian Institution " (1882). RHEES, Morgan John, clergyman, b. in Gla- RHETT, Robert Barnwell, politician, b. in , morganshire, Wales, 8 Dec., 1760; d. in Somerset, Beaufort, S. C., 24 Dec., 1800; d. in St. James par- 230 RHOADS RHETT 66 ish, La., 14 Sept., 1876. He was the son of James | kuk” in 1862–3. Previous to the attack on the and Marianna Smith, but in 1837 adopted the forts at Charleston he buoyed the channel on the name of Rhett, which was that of a colonial ances- bar, and in the attack the next day, 7 April, 1863, tor. He studied law, was elected to the legislature took the “ Keokuk" within 550 yards of Fort Sum- in 1826, and in 1832 became attorney-general of ter, becoming the South Carolina. During the nullification contro- special target of all versy he was an ardent advocate of extreme state- the forts. His vessel rights views. He served six successive terms in was hit ninety times congress, from 1837 till 1849, having been elected and nineteen shot as a Democrat, and on the death of John C. Cal- penetrated at or be- houn he was chosen to fill the latter's seat in the low the water-line. U. S. senate, which he took on 6 Jan., 1851. In She withdrew from congress he continued to uphold extreme southern action sinking, but views, and in 1851-2, during the secession agita- Rhind kept the ship tion in South Carolina, he advocated the immediate afloat till next morn. withdrawal of his state from the Union, whether ing, when she sank, it should be accompanied by others or not. On but the crew were the defeat of his party in the latter year, he re- saved. He was com- signed from the senate, and after the death of his missioned command- wife in the same year he retired to his plantation, er, 2 Jan., 1863, taking no part in politics for many years. He was continued on duty an active member of the South Carolina secession off Charleston, com- convention of December , 1860 , and prepared the ad- manding the steam aerhind dress that announced its reasons for passing the er “ Paul Jones” and ordinance. Subsequently he was a delegate to the the flag-ship “Wa- provisional Confederate congress at Montgomery, bash,” and participated in engagements with Fort Ala., in 1861, and presided over the committee that Wagner and other forts in 1863-'4. In the attack, reported the Confederate constitution. He was 18 July, 1863, he commanded the division of gun- afterward a member of the regular Confederate boats. He was given the gun-boat “ Agawam," of congress. Mr. Rhett was for some time owner of the North Atlantic squadron, in 1864-'5, was in the Charleston “Mercury," the organ of the so- James river from May till October, 1864, co-operat- called "fire-eaters," in which he advocated his ex- ing with Grant's army, and bombarded forts and treme views. During the war it was conducted by batteries, especially Howlett's, for which he received his son, Robert Barnwell Rhett, Jr. After the the thanks of the navy department. In the attack civil war Mr. Rhett removed to Louisiana, and was on Fort Fisher he was selected to command the seen no more in public life, except as a delegate to · Louisiana" with a volunteer crew from his vessel. the Democratic national convention in 1868. She was loaded with 215 tons of gunpowder and RHETT, Thomas Grimké, soldier, b. in South bombs, fitted with fuses set to explode by clock- Carolina about 1825 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 28 July, work, and towed to within 200 yards of the beach 1878. He was graduated at the U. S. military and 400 yards from the fort. The perilous under- academy in 1845, assigned to the ordnance corps, taking, suggested by Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, was and served at Washington arsenal till 1846, when he successful, but did not injure the fort. Commander was transferred the mounted rifles and ordered Rhind was recommended for promotion, was com- to Mexico. was brevetted captain, 12 Oct., missioned captain, 2 March, 1870, commanded the 1847, for gallantry in the defence of Puebla, and “Congress," on the European station, in 1872, was after the war was on frontier duty, becoming cap- light-house inspector in 1876—'8, and was commis- tain in 1853, and paymaster, with the rank of ma- sioned commodore, 30 Sept., 1876. He was on spe- jor, 7 April, 1858. He resigned on 1 April, 1861, cial duty and president of the board of inspection and reported to the provisional Confederate gov- from 1880 till 1882, became a rear-admiral on 30 ernment at Montgomery, but, not receiving the rec- Oct., 1883, and on the following day was placed ognition to which he thought himself entitled, re- on the retired list. turned to his native state, and was commissioned RHINE, Alice Hyneman, author, b. in Phila- major-general by Gov. Francis W. Pickens. He was delphia, Pa., 31 Jan., 1840. She is a daughter of chief of staff to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston till June, Leon Hyneman, and has gained a reputation as a 1862, when he was ordered to the trans-Mississippi writer of prose and verse for the periodical press. department. After the war Gen. Rhett was colo- She has contributed numerous articles to the nel of ordnance in the Egyptian army from 1870 “ Popular Science Monthly," the “ North American till 1873, when he had a paralytic stroke, and re- Review," and the “ Forum," and has edited an illus- signed. He remained abroad till 1876, but found trated work on Niagara" (New York, 1885). no relief from his malady. RHOADS, Samuel, member of the Continental RHIND, Alexander Colden, naval officer, b. congress, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1711; d. there, in New York city, 31 Oct., 1821. He entered the 7 April , 1784. His father, John Rhoads, and grand- navy as midshipman, from Alabama, 3 Sept., 1838, father, of the same name, were Quaker colonists became passed midshipman, 2 July, 1845; master, 21 from Derbyshire, England. Samuel was appren- Feb., 1853; and lieutenant, 17 March, 1854. He ticed to the carpenter's trade, and became a wealthy served in the “ John Adams,” of the Pacific squad- builder. In 1741 he was chosen a member of the ron, in 1855–6, and in the “Constellation," on the city council, but he does not appear to have held coast of Africa, in 1859-'61. At the beginning of office again till 1761, when he was chosen, with the civil war he commanded the steamer “ Cru- Benjamin Franklin, to the assembly, to which he sader," on the South Atlantic blockade, and partici- was again elected in 1762-'4 and 1771-4. In 1761 pated in a series of operations in Edisto sound, he was chosen by the assembly a commissioner to S.C., for which he received the thanks of the navy attend a noted conference with the western Indians department in 1861-2. He was commissioned lieu- and the Six Nations at Lancaster, Pa., and in 1774 tenant-commander on 16 July, 1862, and had charge he was elected by the assembly a delegate to the of the “Seneca ” in 1862, and the monitor “ Keo- | Continental congress. During this year he was 6. RHODES 231 RIBAUT also elected mayor of Philadelphia. He was one ! he remained for several years. He was promoted of the founders of the Pennsylvania hospital, and lieutenant-general in 1825, was knighted in 1833, became a member of its first board of managers, and became a full general in 1841. which post he filled until his death, a period of RIBAS, Andres Perez de (re'-bas), Spanish thirty years. He was one of the early members of missionary, b. in Cordova, Spain, in 1576; d. in the American philosophical society, and for many Mexico, 26 March, 1655. After being ordained years a director of the Philadelphia library. priest, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1602, and RHODES, Albert, author, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., was sent immediately afterward to Mexico, where 1 Feb., 1840. He was educated mainly at the he became successively rector of a college and pro- academy of Elder's Ridge in the village of that vincial of New Spain. He was a successful and la- name in Indiana county, Pa. He has spent most borious missionary among the Indians. He wrote of his time abroad. He was U. S. consul at Jeru- “Vida, Virtudes y Muerte del Padre Juan de Le- salem during the administration of President John- desma (Mexico, 1636), and Historia de los son, consul at Rotterdam and chargé d'affaires at triunfos de nuestra Santa Fé entre los bárbaros con the Hague under President Grant, and consul at las costumbres de los Indios ” (Madrid, 1645). He Rouen, France, and at Elberfeld, Germany, from left Historia de la Provincia de la Compañía de 1877 till 1885. He has been a frequent contributor Jesús in México," and " Historia de Sinaloa," which to American, French, and British periodicals, remain in manuscript in the Library of Mexico. largely on the characteristics of life and people on RIBAS, José Félix (re'-bas), Venezuelan sol- the European continent. Since 1885 he has lived dier, b. in Caracas, 19 Sept., 1775; d. in Tucupido, in Paris. His books are " Jerusalem as it Is ” (Lon- 18 Jan., 1815. He married a maternal aunt of don, 1867); “ The French at Ilome" (New York, Simon Bolivar, was one of the most enthusiastic 1875); and “ Monsieur at Home” (London, 1886). originators of the movement for independence in RHODES, Mosheim, clergyman, b. in Williams- 1810, and was appointed a member of the supreme burg, Pa., 14 April, 1837. His educational facili- junta of Caracas. He organized a battalion, of ties in early life were limited, but by persevering which he was appointed colonel, and took part in industry he acquired a fine classical education. the unfortunate campaign against Monteverde. He was graduated in theology at Missionary insti- After the capitulation of Miranda, 25 July, 1812, tute, Selinsgrove, Pa., in 1861, ordained to the Ribas obtained through family influence a passport ministry in 1862, and in 1877 received the degree from Monteverde, and went to Curaçoa. Thence of D. D. from Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio. he accompanied Bolivar to Cartagena and in his Immediately after his ordination he became pastor invasion of Venezuela, being in command of the of the Lutheran congregation at Sunbury, and division that defeated the Spaniards at Niquitao, from this date until 1874 he served as pastor in 23 June, 1813, and at Horcones on 22 July, and Lebanon and Columbia, Pa., and Omaha, Neb. In was promoted brigadier on 5 Oct., and chief of op- 1874 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he has erations in the central provinces. When Boves, at built up a flourishing English Lutheran congre- the head of 7,000 men, attacked Caracas, Ribas, gation. He was president of the general synod in with only 1,500 men, intrenched himself at Victo- 1885–7, is the president of that body's board of ria, and, after resisting for a whole day the furious education, and in 1887 was elected president pro attacks of Boves and Morales, totally routed them tempore of Midland college, Atchison, Kan. Dr. in the evening of 12 July, 1814. He defeated Ro- Rhodes is an acceptable pulpit orator and lecturer, sete at Charallave, 20 Feb., was promoted lieuten- and a popular author. lle is a frequent contribu- ant.general on 24 March, and took part in the vic- tor to the periodicals his church, and many of tory of Carabobo on 28 May After the disaster of his review articles and lectures have been published La Puerta he was sent to the eastern provinces, and separately in pamphlet-form. Among his pub- when Bolivar presented himself, after the defeat lished works are “ Sermon on the Assassination of of Aragua, in Carupano, Ribas's troops deposed Bo- President Lincoln” (Sunbury, Pa., 1865); “ The livar and Mariño, proclaiming Ribas and Piar first Proper Observance of the Lord's Day” (St. Louis, and second chief. But Ribas was totally routed 1874); “ Life Thoughts for Young Men” (Phila- at Urica by Boves on 5 Dec., and in Maturin by delphia, 1879); “ Recognition in Heaven” (1881); Morales on 11 Dec., and the last patriot army was “Expository Lectures on Philippians ” (1882); “ Life totally dispersed. Ribas was captured in the farm Thoughts for Young Women' (1883); Vital of Tamanaco while awaiting provisions from the Questions Pertaining to Christian Belief” (1886); neighboring town of Valle de Pascua. He was and “ The Throne of Grace" (1887). shot in Tucupido, and his head was sent to Cara- RIALL, Sir Phineas, British soldier, b. in Eng- cas to be exposed in a cage. land about 1769; d. in Paris, France, 10 Nov., RIBAUT, or RIBAULT, Jean (re-bo), French 1851. He entered the British army as ensign in navigator, b. in Dieppe in 1520; d. in Florida, 23 January, 1794, and was promoted through the dif- Sept. , 1565. He was reputed an experienced naval ferent grades to that of major in the same year. officer when he proposed to Admiral Gaspar de Co- He was reduced in 1797, and remained on the re- ligny, the chief of the Protestants in France, to serve list till 1804. He commanded a brigade in establish colonies in unexplored countries, where the West Indies in 1808–’10, taking part in the es- they would be at liberty to practise the reformed peditions against Martinique and Saintes, and in religion. The admiral obtained a patent from the capture of Guadaloupe, became a colonel on 25 Charles IX., and armed two ships, on which, besides July, 1810, and on 4 June, 1813, was made a major- 550 veteran soldiers and sailors, many young no- general. After serving for a few months on the blemen embarked as volunteers, and appointed staff in England, he was ordered to Canada to Ribaut commander. The latter sailed from Dieppe, take part in the war between England and the 18 Feb., 1562, and, avoiding routes where he might United States. He served on the Niagara frontier, encounter Spanish vessels, as the success of the ex- displaying energy and valor, but committing many pedition depended entirely on secrecy, sighted on military mistakes. He was wounded at Chippewa, 30 April a cape which he named François. It where he was chief in command, as also at the bat- ' is now one of the headlands of Matanzas inlet. tle of Lundy's Lane. On 18 Feb., 1816, he was ap- ! The following day he discovered the mouth of a pointed governor of the island of Grenada, where ) stream, which he called Rivière de Mai (now St. 9 66 232 RICE RIBAUT John's river), and on its southern shore he planted same, conteyning as well the wonderful straunge a cross bearing the escutcheon of the king of Natures and Maners of the People, with the mar- France, and took formal possession of the country. veylous Commodities and Treasures of the Coun- Moving northward slowly for three weeks, they try; as also the pleasaunt Portes and Havens and named each stream after some French river, Wayes thereunto, never found out before the last till they saw, in latitude 32° 15', a commodious year 1562, now newly set forth in English the haven, which received the name of Port Royal. XXX of May 1563" (London, 1563). This volume On 27 May they crossed the bar, passed Hilton is extremely rare, and was reprinted by Richard Head, and landed. Ribaut built a fort six miles Hakluyt in his “ Voyages " (London, 1582). Lau- from the present site of Beaufort, and, in honor of donnière's relation contains also an account of Ri- the king, named it Fort Charles. He left there one baut's death, as also the “ Discours de l'histoire de of his trusted lieutenants, Charles d'Albert, with la Florido" (Dieppe, 1566), written by Étienne twenty-five men and some supplies, and on 11 June Challeux, a carpenter who had accompanied Ri- sailed for France. His vessels were scarcely out of baut, and who escaped in the brig“ La Perle." sight when trouble arose in the colony; Albert was RICAUD, James Barroll (ry-cawd), jurist, b. in murdered, and the survivors, headed by Nicolas de Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb., 1808 ; d. in Chestertown, la Barre, after difficulties with the Indians, who Md., 26 Jan., 1866. He was educated at St. Mary's burned the fort and destroyed their provisions, college, Baltimore, Md., studied law, and on ad- constructed a sn bark in which they set sail. | mission to the bar entered into practice at Ches- They were rescued near the coast of Brittany in tertown. He was a member of the Maryland sen- extreme misery by an English vessel and carried ate in 1838, and of the house of delegates in 1843 and as prisoners to London. Ribaut, who had mean- succeeding sessions, and a presidential elector on while arrived safely in Dieppe on 20 July, was un- the Harrison ticket in 1836, and on the Clay ticket able to forward re-enforcements and supplies to his in 1844. He was elected a member of congress by colony, owing to the religious war that then raged the American party for two successive terms, serv- in France, in which he was obliged to take part. ing from 3 Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1859. He sub- After the peace he renewed the project of a sequently sat in the state senate, but resigned on Huguenot colony in Florida, and at his instance being appointed a judge of the circuit court in 1864. Coligny sent, in April, 1564, René de Laudonnière RICAURTE, Antonio (re-kah-oor'-tay), Co- (q. v.) with five ships, who built Fort Caroline on lombian soldier, b. in Bogota in 1792 ; d. in San St. John's river. Ribaut followed on 22 May, 1565, Mateo, Venezuela, 25 March, 1814. At the first with seven vessels, carrying 400 soldiers and emi- patriotic movement he entered the ranks of the grants of both sexes, with supplies and provisions. Independents, and served as captain in re-en- They arrived on 29 Aug, and found Laudonnière's forcements that were sent by the state of Cundi- colony starving and on the eve of dissolution. namarca to Bolivar. With the latter he marched Ribaut immediately superseded Laudonnière in to Venezuela, taking part in numerous battles. command, and, after landing his troops, went to ex- He formed part of Bolivar's forces that awaited plore the country. On 4 Sept. the French that Boves's army at San Mateo between Victoria and had been left to guard the ships sighted a large the Lake of Valencia, and assisted in the defence fleet, and asked their object. “I am Pedro Me- of that place from 25 Feb. to 25 March. In the nendez de Aviles," haughtily responded the com- latter day the patriots resisted the attacks of mander, “who has come to hang and behead all Boves, when by à furious charge they were dis- Protestants in these regions. If I find any Catho- lodged for a moment, leaving their reserve ammu- lic he shall be well treated, but every heretic shall nition in a sugar-mill on an eminence temporarily die." The French fleet, being surprised, cut its unprotected. Half of Boves's forces swept down cables, and Menendez entered an inlet, which he on that point, when Ricaurte, who commanded the named San Augustin, and here he began to in- mill with a small detachment, dismissed his men, trench himself. Ribaut rallied all his forces and and, when the building was surrounded by thou- resolved to attack the Spaniards against the ad- sands of the enemy, blew it up and perished in the vice of his officers, especially Laudonnière. Ile explosion. The Spaniards in their confusion were embarked on 10 Sept. , but was scarcely at sea when routed by Bolivar. A monument has been erected a hurricane dispersed his fleet. The Spanish con- to Ricaurte in his native city for his heroic deed. ceived the plan of attacking Fort Caroline by RICE, Alexander Hamilton, governor of Mas- land, and captured it by surprise. Three days later sachusetts, b. in Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 30 Ribaut's ships were wrecked near Cape Cañaveral, Aug., 1818. He received a business training in and he immediately marched toward t'ort Caroline his father's paper-mill at Newton and in a mer- in two divisions. The first one arrived near the cantile house in Boston, and, after his graduation site of the fort and surrendered to Menendez, and its at Union college in 1844, established himself in members were put to death. Ribaut's party ar- the paper business at Boston. He became a mem- rived a few days later, and, as Menendez pledged ber of the school committee, entered the common his word that they should be spared, they agreed to council, was chosen president of that body, and surrender on 23 Sept. , but they were likewise mur- in 1855 and 1857 was elected mayor of Boston dered, Ribaut being killed by Menendez's own hands, on a citizens' ticket. During his administration and their bodies hung to the surrounding trees the Back Bay improvements were undertaken, the with the inscription : * Executed, not as French- establishment of the Boston city hospital was au- men, but as Lutherans.” Ribaut's son, Jacques, thorized, and on his recommendation the manage- with Laudonnière and a few others, when Fort ment of the public institutions was committed to Caroline was taken, escaped upon a small brig, “ La a board composed in part of members of the com- Perle," and brought the news of the disaster to mon council and in part chosen from the general France. Ribaut's death was afterward avenged by body of citizens. He served several years as presi. Dominique de Gourgues (9. 1'.). The relation of dent of the Boston board of trade, and has been an Ribaut's first expedition to Coligny is known only officer or trustee of numerous financial and educa- in the English translation : “ The whole and true tional institutions. He was elected to congress by Discovery of Florida, written in French by ('ap- the Republican party for four successive terms, tain Ribault, the first that whollye discovered the serving from 5 Dec., 1859, till 3 March, 1867. lle RICE 233 RICE . served on the committee on naval affairs, and, as with the same signature, " My Girls and I" and chairman of that committee in the 38th congress, other tales signed - Chatty Brooks," and still other introduced important measures. He was a dele- serials published under her own name, including gate to the Loyalists' convention at Philadelphia “ Fifty Years Ago, or the Cabins of the West.” in 1866, and to the Republican national conven- RIČE, Benjamin Franklin, senator, b. in East tion in 1868. He was governor of Mussuchusetts Otto, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 26 May, 1828. After in 1876, 1877, and 1878. obtaining his education in an academy, he taught RICÉ, Allen Thorndike, editor, b. in Boston, for several winters, studied law, and was admitted Mass., 18 June, 1853; d. in New York city, 16 May, to the bar at Irvine, Ky. He was a presidential 1889. At the age of nine years he was taken elector in 1856, and was elected to the Kentucky abroad. In 1867 he returned to the United States, legislature in 1865. Mr. Rice removed to Minne- and remained here until 1871, when he went to sota in 1860, enlisted in the National army in 1861, England and was graduated at Oxford in 1875. was appointed a captain in the 3d Minnesota in- On his return to the United States he entered as fantry, and served in that grade till 1864, when he a student at Columbia law-school. In 1876 he resigned and established himself in the practice of bought the " North American Review," of which law at Little Rock, Ark. He was the organizer of he was afterward the editor. He organized in 1879 the Republican party in Arkansas in 1867, was and subsequently directed what is popularly known chairman of its central committee, managed the as the Charnay expedition, which was despatched electoral canvass during the predominance of his under the joint auspices of the United States and party, and was elected to the C. S. senate, serving France, to investigate systematically the remains from 3 June, 1868, till 3 March, 1873. of ancient civilization in Central America and RICE, Daniel, showman, b. in New York city Mexico. In 1884 he bought a controlling interest in 1822.' His name was originally McLaren, but in “Le Matin," one of the chief papers of Paris, in he changed it to Rice after removing to Pitts- which he continued a proprietor. He was actively burg, Pa., and becoming an acrobat. He after- interested in politics, and in 1886 received a Re- ward travelled as a circus-clown through the west publican nomination for congress, but was defeat- and south west, and acquired such popularity that ed by the local political leaders. A controversy he was enabled to exhibit his own circus, which succeeded. which resulted in the expulsion of Mr. his rivals derisively called the “one-horse show” Rice's opponents from the Republican organiza- because the chief attraction, besides his jests, was tion. This event turned his attention to the Aus- a trained Arabian stallion. He soon gathered a tralian system of voting, which he was the first to large company, and enhanced the reputation of recommend for adoption in the United States, and his “great and only show” by inunificent gifts mainly owing to his advocacy a demand for ballot- for charitable purposes and public monuments. reform was incorporated in the platforms of the During the civil war he promoted recruiting by Republican and United Labor parties in 1887. He delivering patriotic speeches in connection with edited “Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln” (New his comic performances. He met with financial York, 1886), and contributed to ** Ancient Cities of disaster, and performed under the management of the New World ” (1887). others until intemperate habits interfered with his RICE, Americus Vespucius, soldier, b. in Per- engagements. Having reformed, he occasionally rysville, Ohio, 18 Nov., 1835. He was graduated at lectured in advocacy of temperance. He resided in Union college in 1860, and began the study of law. Cincinnati, Ohio, and subsequently in Texas, where On 12 April, 1861, he enlisted in the National army, he became a large land-owner. soon afterward was appointed a lieutenant, and RICE, clergyman, b. in Hanover county, then a captain in the 22d Ohio volunteers, and Va., 29 Dec., 1733; d. in Green county, Ky., 18 served in West Virginia. When his term of en- June, 1816. He was graduated at Princeton in listment expired in August, 1861, he assisted in re- 1761, studied theology, was licensed to preach in cruiting the 57th Ohio infantry, returned to the 1762, and was installed as pastor of the Presbyte- field as captain of a company, and became lieuten- rian church at Hanover, Va., in December, 1763. ant-colonel, and afterward colonel, of the regiment. At the end of five years he resigned on account of He fought in Gen. Willlam T. Sherman's cam- dissensions among the church-members, and three paigns, in Gen. William B. Hazen's division, was years later he took charge of three congregations wounded several times, and at the battle of Kene- in the new settlements of Bedford county, Va., saw Mountain lost a leg. The people of his dis- where he labored with success during the period of trict gave him a majority of votes as the Demo- the Revolution. When Kentucky was opened to cratic candidate for congress in 1864, but he was settlement he visited that country in October, 1783, defeated by the soldiers' vote. He was promoted removed thither with his family, and in 1784 or- brigadier-general on 31 May, 1865, and mustered ganized in Mercer county the first religious con- out on 15 Jan., 1866. In 1868 he became manager gregation in Kentucky, and opened in his house of a private banking business in Ottawa, Ohio. the earliest school. He was the organizer and the He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- chairman of a conference that was held in 1785 for vention at Baltimore in 1872, and was elected the purpose of instituting a regular organization in 1874 to congress, and re-elected in 1870.--Ilis of the Presbyterian church in the new territory, cousin, Rosella, author, b. in Perrysville, Ohio, and the principal founder of Transylvania academy, 11 Aug., 1827. She began writing for the local which developed into Transylvania university. He papers at an early age, published a novel entitled was a member of the convention that framed a Nabel, or Heart Histories" (Columbus, 1858), and state constitution in 1792. In 1798 he removed to has since been a contributor of serial stories and Green county. His wife, Mary, was a daughter of humorous articles and of poems descriptive of Rev. Samuel Blair. lle published an · Essay on nature to newspapers and magazines. She is also Baptism” (Baltimore, 1789): a “Lecture on Divine known as a public lecturer. In 1871-2 she con- Decrees” (1791); “Slavery Inconsistent with Jus- tributed, under the pen - name of “ Pipsissiway tice and Policy” (1792); - An Epistle to the Citi- Potts,” a serial entitled “ Other People's Win- zens of Kentucky Professing Christianity, those dows” to Timothy S. Arthur's " Home Magazine." that Are or llave Been Denominated Presbyterians” It attracted attention, and was followed by others (1805); and “A Second Epistle to the Presbyte- 234 RICE RICE J. H. Rice " rians of Kentucky,” warning them against the RICE, Edwin Wilbur, clergyman, b. in Kings- errors of the day (1808); also “ A Kentucky Pro- borough, N. Y., 24 July, 1831. He was graduated test against Slavery” (New York, 1812).—David's at Union college in 1854, studied law for one year, grandson, John Holt, clergyman, b. in New Lon- and then theology in Union theological seminary, don, Va., 28 Nov.. 1777; d. in Hampden Sidney, New York city, taught in 1857–8, and became a Prince Edward co., Va., 3 Sept., 1831. He was missionary of the American Sunday-school union educated at Liberty Hall academy, near Lexing- in 1859, receiving ordination as a Congregational ton, began the study of medicine in 1799, afterward minister in 1860. In 1864 he was made superin- studied theology, was tendent of the society's missions at Milwaukee, a tutor in Hampden Wis., and in 1871 he became assistant secretary of Sidney college in 1801, missions and assistant editor of the periodicals of was licensed to preach the union in Philadelphia. Since 1879 he has been on 12 Sept., 1803, and editor of its periodicals and publications. The on 29 Sept., 1804, was degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Union installed as pastor of college in 1884. Dr. Rice conceived the idea of the a Presbyterian church series of lesson-papers that have been issued regu- at Cub Creek, Char- larly since 1872, and edited all of these papers. lotte co., Va. On 17 He has also prepared since 1874 the “Scholar's Oct., 1812, he was in- Handbooks on the International Lessons," of stalled as pastor of the which twenty-seven volumes have appeared down first separate Presby- to 1888, and several have been translated into terian church in Rich- Dutch, Italian, Greek, and other languages. He mond, the Presbyte- has since 1871 edited the “Sunday-School World”. rians having previous- and the “Youth's World,” and since 1875 the ly worshipped in a “Union Companion” and “Quarterly.” He con- building with the Epis- tributed the geographical and topographical ar- copalians. In July, ticles to Philip Schaff's “ Bible Dictionary” (Phila- 1815, he began the delphia, 1880), and edited Kennedy's “ Four Gos- publication of the pels" (1881) and Paxton Hood's “Great Revival “Christian Monitor," a religious periodical, which of the Eighteenth Century” (1882). His independ- he conducted for several years. From 1818 till ent publications are “Pictorial Commentary on 1829 he edited a similar publication called the Mark (1881); “Historical Sketch of Sunday- “Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine.” He Schools" (1886); “People's Commentary on Mat- was moderator of the general assembly at Phila- thew” (1887); People's Lesson-Book' on Mat- delphia in 1819. He was called to the presidency thew"; and “Stories of Great Painters” (1888). of Princeton in 1822, and a few weeks later to the RICE, George Edward, poet, b. in Boston, professorship of theology in the Union theological Mass., 10 July, 1822; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 10 seminary at Hampden Sidney college, which latter Aug., 1861. He was graduated at Harvard in post he accepted. He received the degree of D. D. 1842, studied in the Harvard law-school, was ad- from Princeton in 1819. Dr. Rice was known as a mitted to the bar, and practised his profession in powerful and fervent preacher, not alone in Vir- Boston until, near the close of his life, he became ginia, but in the northern states, which he often insane. He contributed to the “North American visited, chiefly for the purpose of obtaining an en- Review” and other periodicals. Some of his poems, dowment for his seminary. Besides review articles, with others by John Howard Wainwright, were pub- controversial pamphlets, memoirs of friends, and lished anonymously in a volume called " Ephem- numerous sermons, his only published work was a era” (Boston, 1852). A fanciful adaptation of small volume entitled “ Historical and Philosophi- “ Hamlet,” under the title of “ A New Play in an cal Considerations on Religion” (1832), consisting Old Garb,” was published with illustrations (1852), of letters addressed to James Madison, originally and was acted with applause, as were two other published anonymously in 1830 in the “Southern plays that were published subsequently, entitled Religious Telegraph," in which he endeavored to Myrtilla," a fairy piece (1853), and "Blondel, a show that the propagation of the Christian religion Historic Fancy” (1854). He was also the author ought to be fostered by statesmen in the interest of of “ Nugamenta," a book of poems (1859). national prosperity. See his “ Memoir” by William RICE, Harvey, poet, b. in Conway, Mass., 11 Maxwell (Philadelphia, 1835).—John Holt's brother, June, 1800. He was graduated at Williams in Benjamin Holt, clergyman, b. in New London, 1824, and removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he Va., 29 Nov., 1782 ; d. in Hampden Sidney college, opened a classical school, at the same time studying 24 Feb., 1856, was educated under his brother's in- law. He was admitted to the bar and began prac- struction, taught at New Berne and Raleigh, N.C., tice in 1826. In 1828 he purchased a Democratic was licensed to preach while at Raleigh, 28 Sept., newspaper, which has called the “Independent 1810, and was sent as a missionary to the seaboard News-Letter,” and which has since been known as counties of North Carolina. He removed to Peters- the Cleveland “ Plaindealer." He was its editor in burg, Va., in 1812, and organized a church in that 1829, and in 1830 was the first Democrat that was place, of which he was installed pastor in 1814, elected to the legislature from Cleveland. In the and with which he remained for the following same year he was appointed agent at Millersburg seventeen years. He was moderator of the Press for the sale of school lands in the Western Reserve. byterian general assembly in 1829, and in 1832 He was appointed clerk of the court of common received from Princeton the degree of D.D. He pleas at Cleveland in 1833, and in 1834 and 1836 was pastor of the church Princeton, N. J., from was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for 15 Aug., 1833, till 26 April, 1847, and thence- congress. In 1851 he was elected to the state sen- forth of the Hampden Sidney college church till | ate, and was the author of the bill for the reorgani- his death. His wife was a sister of Rev. Dr. Archi- zation of the common-school system of Ohio, plac- bald Alexander. See “ Discourse on the Death of ing the schools under a state commissioner, and Dr. Benjamin H. Rice,” by the Rev. William E. recognizing the expediency of school libraries. Ile Schenck (Philadelphia, 1856). | received the degree of LL. D. from Williams in " a RICE 235 RICE 1871. He has been a frequent contributor to nel of the regiment soon afterward, and led it in magazines, and in 1858 published “ Mount Vernon, the battles of Yorktown, Hanover Court-House, and other Poems” (4th ed., New York, 1864). He Gaines's Mills, Malvern Hill, Manassas, Fredericks- has also published". Nature and Culture” (Boston, burg, and Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg 1875); “Pioneers of the Western Reserve ” (1882); commanded a brigade, and during the second day's “Select Poems (1885); and “Sketches of West- fight performed an important service by holding ern Life” (1888). the extreme left of the line against repeated at- RICE, Henry Mower, senator, b. in Waits- tacks and securing Round Top mountain against field, Vt., 29 Nov., 1816. He emigrated to the a flank movement. For this he was commissioned territory of Michigan in 1835, and was employed as brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 Aug., 1863, in making surveys of Kalamazoo and Grand riv- He participated in the advance on Mine Run and ers, and on the survey of the Sault Sainte Marie in the operations in the Wilderness, and was killed canal in 1837. He removed to Fort Snelling, Iowa in the battle near Spottsylvania. territory, in 1839, and was post-sutler at Fort At- RICE, Luther, philanthropist, b. in North- kinson in 1840-2, and subsequently an agent of borough, Mass., 25 March, 1783; d. in Edgefield a fur-trading company, and established trading- district, S. C., 25 Sept., 1836. He spent three posts from Lake Superior to the Red river of the years at Leicester academy, paying his expenses North. On 2 Aug., 1847, he served as U. S. com- by his own exertions. While he was at Williams missioner at Fond du Lac in making treaty college, which he entered in 1807, he became deep- with the Ojibway Indians for the cession of the ly interested in the subject of foreign missions. country south of Crow Wing and Long Prairie Through his instrumentality a society of inquiry rivers.' On 21 Aug. he obtained from the Pillager on this subject was formed, a branch of which band of Ojibways the cession of a large tract be- was organized about the same time at Andover tween those rivers, known as the Leaf River coun- seminary. At this seminary, where he became a try. He assisted in making many other treaties. student, he engaged with Judson, Mills, Newell, He settled in St. Paul in 1849, was elected a dele- and others in preparing a memorial to the General gate from Minnesota territory to congress in 1853, association of evangelical ministers in Massachu- was re-elected in 1855, was the author of the law setts, urging the claims of the heathen upon their extending the right of pre-emption over unsur- attention. The result of their efforts was the for- veyed lands in the territory, and procured the pas- mation of the American board of commissioners sage of an act authorizing the framing of a state for foreign missions. Rice was not appointed with constitution preparatory to the admission of Min- the first company of missionaries by the board, nesota into the Union. He was then elected to the but, being intent upon going, was allowed to do so U. S. senate, serving from 11 May, 1858, till 3 on condition that he should raise the money for March, 1863. Mr. Rice was a member of the com- his outfit and passage. This he did in a few days. mittees on finance and military affairs, and the spe- He was ordained as a Congregational minister in cial committee on the condition of the country in Salem, Mass., 6 Feb., 1812, and sailed for India on 1860-’1, and a delegate to the Philadelphia nation- the 18th in the packet“ Harmony.” Shortly after al union convention in 1866. He was the founder his arrival in India he united with the Baptists. of Bayfield, Wis., and Munising, Mich., and has His associates, Adoniram Judson and his wife, had given Rice park to the city of St. Paul. done the same thing a few weeks earlier. On RICE, Isaac Leopold, author, b. in Wachen- account of opposition on the part of the English heim, Bavaria, 22 Feb., 1850. He was brought to authorities, Mr. Rice sailed for the Isle of France, the United States in 1856, educated at Philadel- and thence for the United States, to adjust his re- phia high-school, and studied music in that city lations with the American board. Reaching New and in 1866–8 at the Paris conservatoire, acting York, 7 Sept., 1813, he went at once to Boston. His while there as correspondent of the Philadelphia relations with the board were quickly dissolved, • Evening Bulletin.” He tanght music and lan- and he turned to the Baptist denomination, with guages for some time in England, and in the au- which he now identified himself. Being commis- tumn of 1869 established himself as a music-teacher sioned as an agent by a company of Baptists in in New York city. He was graduated at Columbia Boston, he traversed the country, stirring the Bap- law-school in 1880, founded the academy of politi- tist churches to take up the cause of foreign mis- cal science, and was lecturer and librarian of the sions. Partly as a result of his efforts, delegates political science library of Columbia in 1882–3, met in Philadelphia in May, 1814, and organized and then entered on the practice of the special the general convention of the Baptist denomina- branch of railroad law, acting also as instructor in tion in the United States for foreign missions. Columbia college law-school till 1886. He was one With his missionary zeal Mr. Rice united an eager of the founders of the “Forum” in New York city interest in the cause of ministerial education, in 1885, and, besides articles on political science, Mainly through his influence and efforts an insti- has published “What is Music?” (New York, 1875) tution of learning was established in Washington, and " How Geometrical Lines have their Counter- D. C., which is now known as Columbian university. parts in Music" (1880). He was for several years its agent and treasurer, RICE, James Clay, soldier, b. in Worthington, while serving at the same time as missionary agent. Mass., 27 Dec., 1829; d. near Spottsylvania Court- He sacrificed his life in seeking to promote the House, Va., 11 May, 1864. He obtained an educa- welfare of the college that he had founded. In tion by his own efforts, and, after graduation at 1815 he was elected to the presidency of Transyl- Yale in 1854, engaged in teaching at Natchez, vania university, Lexington, Ky., but he declined Miss., and conducted the literary department of a this call, as well as a similar one to Georgetown newspaper. He also began the study of law, and college, Ky. Mr. Rice was a preacher of great continued it in New York city, where he was ad- power. He left no published works, but few men mitted to the bar in 1856 and entered into practice. have exerted upon the Baptist denomination a When the civil war began he enlisted as a private, wider and more lasting influence. became adjutant and captain, and, on the organi- RICE, Nathan Lewis, clergyman, b. in Garrard zation of the 44th New York regiment, was ap- county, Kv., 29 Dec., 1807; d. in Chatham, kv., 11 pointed its lieutenant-colonel. He became colo- | June, 1877. He was educated at Centre college, 236 RICE RICE NL teaching Latin in the preparatory department, | Aug., 1863, and served with credit through the entered Princeton theological seminary in 1829, campaigns of 1863-'4 in Arkansas until he was and was installed as pastor of the Presbyterian mortally wounded at Jenkin's Ferry, 30 April, church at Bardstown, ky., on 8 June, 1833." There 1864.— His brother, Elliott Warren, soldier. b. he established and conducted a seminary for girls, in Pittsburg, Pa., 16 Nov., 1835: d. in Sioux City, and edited a paper called the Western Protest- Iowa, 22 June, 1887, was educated at Ohio uni- ant.” After resigning versity and Union law-school, admitted to the bar, his pastorate in 1841 and practised in Oskaloosa, Iowa. At the begin- he preached in Paris, ning of the civil war he entered the National army Ky., where he held a as a private, and first met the enemy at Belmont, public discussion on Mo., 7 Nov., 1861. He rose to the rank of brigadier- the subject of bap- general, his commission dating from 20 June, 1864, tism. The Baptists fought with distinction in the important battles arranged for another of the southwest, and in Gen. William T. Sher- debate,choosing Alex- man's campaign in Georgia and the Carolinas ander Campbell as commanded a brigade in Gen. John M. Corse's di- their champion. It vision. He was brevetted major - general on 13 took place in Lexing: March, 1865, and mustered out on 24 Aug. ton, Ky., and excited RICE, Thomas D., actor, b. in New York city, widespread interest 20 May, 1808 ; d. there, 19 Sept., 1860. He was throughout the west. first apprenticed to a wood-carver in his native On 12 Jan., 1845, he place, and received his early theatrical training as assumed charge of a a supernumerary. Later he became a stock-actor church in Cincinnati, at several western play-houses. About 1832 he be- Rice where he held public gan his career in negro minstrelsy at the Pittsburg debates, taught candi- and Louisville theatres with success, repeating his dates for the ministry, performances in the eastern cities for several years and wrote several volumes. In 1850 he held a to crowded houses. In 1836 Rice went to Eng- memorable public discussion with Archbishop land, where he made his debut at the Surrey thea- John B. Purcell on the doctrines of the Roman tre in London. This was followed by prolonged Catholic church. His activity was as great while engagements in the British capital and other large filling a pastorate in St. Louis in 1853–’7, where cities of the United Kingdom. On 18 June, 1837, he edited the “St. Louis Presbyterian.” He was he married, in London, Miss Gladstone, and soon moderator of the general assembly at Nashville afterward returned to his native land. He was in 1855. On 20 Oct., 1857, he was installed as for a long time the recipient of a large income, pastor of a church in Chicago, where he conduct- which was squandered in eccentric extravagance. In ed the “ Presbyterian Expositor," and in 1859–61 the days of his prosperity he wore a dress-coat with filled the chair of didactic theology in the Theo- guineas for buttons, and his vest-buttons were stud- logical seminary of the northwest. He entered ded with diamonds. Rice's extraordinary career on the pastorate of the Fifth avenue church in was suddenly brought to its close by paralysis, which New York city on 28 April, 1861. His health soon destroyed the humor of his performances. For a began to decline, and on 16 April, 1867, he re- short time in 1858 he was with Wood's minstrels, signed his charge and retired to a farm near New where his name stood for the shadow of an attrac- Brunswick, N. J. After resting from intellect- tion. His life ended in poverty and suffering, and ual work for more than a year, he assumed the he was buried by subscription. Among his favor- presidency of Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., ite entertainments were “ Bone Squash Diavolo," a and in October, 1874, exchanged this post for the burlesque on “Fra Diavolo"; " Othello," a bur- professorship of didactic and polemic theology in lesque tragedy; and the farces of " Jumbo Jum" the theological seminary at Danville, Ky., which and the Virginia Mummy." His songs “ Jim he held till his death. His debate with Campbell Crow."... Lucy Long," "Sich a gittin up Stairs," on “ Baptism” was published, as were also debates and Clare de Kitchen," all set off by grotesque with E. M. Pingree on “ Universal Salvation" (Cin- dancing, were hummed and whistled throughout cinnati, 1845) and with Jonathan Blanchard on the land, and became equally popular beyond the “ Slavery” (1845). He was the author of other ocean. Rice was, in reality, an accomplished gen- works, mostly on polemical subjects, including teel comedian, who elevated negro-minstrelsy to “ Romanism the Enemy of Free Institutions and respectability. He was without forerunner or suc- of Christianity” (1851); " The Signs of the Times" cessor. Ethiopian comedy died with him. (St. Louis, 1855); “ Baptism: the Design, Mode, and RICE, Victor Moreau, educator, b. in Mayville, Subjects” (1855); “Our Country and the Church' Chautauqua co., N. Y., 5 April, 1818; d. in Oneida, (1861); “ Preach the Word, a Discourse" (New York, Madison co., N. Y., 17 Oct., 1869. He was gradu- 1862); “ The Pulpit: its Relations to Our National ated at Allegheny college in 1841, studied law, and Crisis” (1862); and “Discourses” (1862). was admitted to the bar, though he did not follow RICE, Samuel Allen, soldier, b. in Penn Yan, the profession. In 1843 he became a teacher of pen- N Y., 27 Jan., 1828 ; d. in Oskaloosa, Iowa, 6 July, | manship and of Latin in the schools of Buffalo, 1864. He was educated at Ohio university and at N. Y., and for some time was the editor of a jour- Union college, where he was graduated in 1849. nal named the “ ('ataract,” which was alterward He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852, called the Western Temperance Standard." He and began practice at Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he again became connected with the schools of Buf- was elected county attorney in 1853. In 1856 he falo in 1846, and was elected superintendent of was chosen attorney-general of Iowa, and in 1858 the city schools in 1852, and president of the State he was continued in that office for a second term. teachers' association in 1853. The legislature hav- He entered the National army as colonel of the 330 ing created a department of public instruction in Iowa volunteers, his commission dating from 10 1854, Mr. Rice was elected the first state superin- Aug., 1862. For bravery at Helena, Ark., he was tendent for three years. He was thrice re-elected, promoted brigadier - general of volunteers on 4, filling the office till 1866. In 1861 he was a mem- а RICE 237 RICHARD ber of the legislature, and served as chairman of early settlement and history of America, which he the committee on schools. In 1867 he induced the took to London, and constantly gave the benefit of legislature to abolish rates, making all the schools his time and scholarship to authors and collectors. free. During his first term as superintendent he He compiled many valuable catalogues, which com- collected and collated the statutes relating to pub- mand high prices, and are of service to the his- lic instruction, and published them by legislative torian and bibliophile. Among these are " A Cata- authority under the title of “ C'ode of Public In- logue of Books relating principally to America, struetion" (Albany, 1856). He published a “Spe- arranged under the Years in which they were Print- cial Report on the Present State of Education in the ed, 1500–1700” (London, 1832); “ Catalogue of Mis- United States and Other Countries" (Albany, 1867). cellaneous Books in all Languages ” (1834); " Bib- RICE, William North, educator, b. in Marble- liotheca Americana; or, a Catalogue of Books in head, Mass., 21 Nov., 1845. He was graduated at Various Languages, relating to America, printed Wesleyan in 1865, and then, devoting himself to since the Year 1700” (2 vols., London and New the pursuit of natural history, studied at the Shef- | York, 1835); “ Bibliotheca Americana Nova" (2 field scientific school of Yale, and in two years re- vols., London, 1846); and part of the “ Biblio- ceived the degree of Ph. D. In 1867 he was ap- theca Americana Vetus," the manuscript of which pointed professor of natural history and geology was accidentally left in a hackney-coach and lost. in Wesleyan, and after spending the first year on George Ticknor, William H. Prescott, and George leave of absence, studying at the University of Ber- | Bancroft testify to Mr. Rich's knowledge and valu- lin, he continued in the possession of that chair able service, and Washington Irving in a letter until 1884, when he became professor of geology in under date of 17 Sept., 1857, says: “ He was one of the same institution. He is a regularly ordained the most indefatigable, intelligent, and successful minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, and bibliographers in Europe. His house at Madrid a member of the East New York conference, al was a literary wilderness, abounding with curious though he has never filled a pastorate. Prof. Rice works and rare editions, in the midst of which he has spent two of his summers in zoological work lived and moved and had his being, and in the with the U. S. fish commission at Portland, Me., midst of which I passed many months while em- and at Noank, Conn., and was engaged in geo- ployed on my work. . . . He was withal a man of logical and zoölogical investigations in the Ber- great truthfulness and simplicity of character, of muda islands during the winter of 1876—7. He is an amiable and obliging disposition, and strict in- a fellow of the American association for the ad-tegrity.” After his death his sons continued the vancement of science, and a member of other sci- business. Their stock of books finally passed into entific societies, and in 1886 received the degree of the possession of Edward G. Allen, of London, who LL. D. from Syracuse university. Prof. Rice has issued a series of catalogues. There have been published articles in scientific, religious, and other several auction sales of books in London purport- periodicals, chiefly on points in geology and its ing to be selections from the stock of Obadiah cognate sciences, and on the relations of science Rich, and it is believed that his collection has been and religion. At present (1888) he is preparing dispersed in London. work on zoölogical classification and one on the RICHARD, Gabriel, clergyman, b. in Saintes, relations of science and religion. France, 15 Oct., 1767; d. in Detroit, Mich., 13 RICH, Charles Alonzo, architect, b. in Bever- Sept., 1832. He was related, on his mother's side, ly, Mass., 22 Oct., 1855. He was graduated at the to Bossuet, bishop of Meaux. After receiving his Chandler scientific department of Dartmouth in preliminary education in the college of his native 1875, and subsequently devoted his attention to the town, he entered the seminary of Angers in 1784, study of architecture, spending 1879-'80 in Europe received minor orders in 1785, and, to qualify him- for that purpose. On his return he settled in New self to become a member of the Sulpitian society, York, and became professionally associated with he repaired to their house at Issy, near Paris, where Hugh Lamb. The firm has gained a good reputa- he was ordained priest in 1791. He taught mathe- tion among those who stand high in the recent de- matics in the college at Issy till April, 1792, when velopment of American architecture. Among the he embarked for the United States in company great number of buildings that they have designed with Dr. Maréchal, afterward archbishop of Balti- are the Mount Morris bank in Harlem, the upper more. He engaged in missionary work in Illinois, part of which is used for apartments, the Astral and in 1798 was transferred to Detroit. His juris- flats in Greenpoint, the Pratt industrial institute, diction extended over the region that is now em- Brooklyn, and the East Orange opera-house, as braced in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. well as many private residences in New York city. He opened a school in Detroit in 1804, but the fire RICH, Isaac, merchant, b. in Wellfleet, Barn- of the following year swept away this and other stable co., Mass., in 1801 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 13 buildings that he had erected. In 1807 he was in- Jan., 1872. He was of humble parentage, at the vited by the governor of the territory and other age of fourteen assisted his father in the care of a Protestant gentlemen to preach to them in the fish-stall in Boston, and afterward had an oyster- English language, as there was at the time no stall in Faneuil hall. In the course of years he be- Protestant clergyman in Detroit. He accordingly came a successful fish-merchant, and subsequently held meetings every Sunday at noon in the council a millionaire, gave largely to educational and chari- house, where he delivered instructions on the gen- table institutions, and, in addition to numerous be- eral principles on which all Christians are agreed. quests, left the greater part of his estate, appraised He established a printing-press in Detroit—the first at $1,700,000, to the trustees of the Boston Wes- | in the territory—and began the publication of a levan university. journal in French, entitled the “ Essais du Michi- RICH, Obadiah, bibliophile, b. in Truro, Mass., gan," in 1809. The irregularity of the mails led to 25 Nov., 1777; d. in London, England, 20 Jan., its discontinuance after some time, but he issued 1850. He went to Spain in early years, served as works of piety, controversy, and patriotism from ('. S. consul in Valencia from 1816 till 1820, re- his press, which was for several years the only one siding at Madrid, and as consul in Port Mahon in Nichigan. His advocacy of American princi- from 1834 till 1835. He gathered a large collec- ples and his denunciation of the British at the tion of rare books and manuscripts relating to the beginning of the war of 1812 excited great indig- 238 RICHARDS RICHARD 66 66 nation in Canada, and he was soon afterward RICHARDS, Cyrus Smith, educator, b. in seized and imprisoned at Sandwich until the close Hartford, Vt., 11 March, 1808; d. in Madison, of the war, but was allowed to labor among the In- Wis., 19 July, 1885. He was graduated at Dart- dian allies of the English, and he saved several mouth in 1835, from that year till 1871 was princi- American prisoners from torture and death. On pal of Kimball union academy, Meriden, N. H., his return to Michigan he found the people in des- and from 1871 until his death had charge of the titution, and collected money with which he pur- preparatory department of Howard university, chased provisions for all that were in need." In Washington, D. C. Dartmouth gave him the de- 1817 he began the erection of a church in Detroit, gree of LL. D. in 1865. He was the author of which was consecrated in 1819. In 1823 he was * Latin Lessons and Tables ” (Boston, 1859); “ Out- elected delegate to congress from the territory of lines of Latin Grammar” (Washington, 1882); and Michigan, being the first Roman Catholic priest to an “ Introduction to Cæsar: First Latin Lessons receive this honor. He soon won the esteem of (1883).—His first wife, Helen Dorothy Whiton, the members, especially of Henry Clay, who, when was the author of several juvenile books, including the abbé did not make his meaning clear, owing “ Robert Walbar," Hemlock Ridge,” and “ The to his defective knowledge of English, frequently Conquered Heart.”—Their son, Charles Herbert, repeated his arguments to the house. He obtained clergyman, b. in Meriden, N. H., 18 March, 1839, aid from the Federal government in opening routes, was graduated at Yale in 1860, and studied at building bridges and quays, and for other works of Union theological seminary, and at Andover, where public utility. He was again a candidate in 1826, he was graduated in 1865. He was pastor of a but failed of re-election, and then engaged in a Congregational church in Kokomo, Ind., in 1866–7, great many plans, most of which he was not able and since that time has had charge of the 1st Con- to realize for want of resources. He built several gregational church in Madison, Wis. Beloit col- churches, and established Indian schools at Green lege gave him the degree of D. D. in 1882. He is Bay, Arbre Croche, and St. Joseph's. He studied the author of Will Phillips”, (Boston, 1873); Sicard's method of teaching the deaf and dumb, • Songs of Christian Praise” and “Scripture Se- and delivered lectures in the normal school of lections for Public Worship (New York, 1880); Detroit, but he was never able to open the asylum and “Songs of Praise and Prayer" (1883). that he projected. He was about to lay the founda- RICHARDS, George, author, b. probably in tion of a college at the beginning of the epidemic Rhode Island ; d. in Philadelphia about 1 March, of Asiatic cholera in 1832. During its prevalence 1814. After the Revolution he was a school-master for three months he was almost constantly on his in Boston, and occasionally preached. He was pas- feet night and day, until he was prostrated by the tor of a Universalist church in Portsmouth, N. H., disease on 9 Sept. See a life of him by Louis Guérin, from 1793 till 1809, and subsequently in Phila- entitled “Le martyr de la charité” (Paris, 1850). delphia, where he established the “Freemason's RICHARD, Louis François (re-shar), West Magazine and General Miscellany,” and edited it Indian physician, b. in the island of St. Martin in for two years. He was the author of odes, ma- 1757; d. in New Orleans, La., in 1806. He studied sonic orations, An Historical Discourse on the in New Orleans, and was for many years a marine Death of Gen. Washington" (Portsmouth, 1800), surgeon. In 1799 he became president of the and many patriotic poems descriptive of the Revo- board of health of French Guiana, and performed lution, extracts from which are contained in the remarkable experiments on yellow fever, " Massachusetts Magazine” (1789–92). sleeping in beds of persons that were affected with RICHARDS, James, clergyman, b. in New Ca- the disease, and inoculating himself with their naan, Conn., 29 Oct., 1767; d. in Auburn, N. Y., virus. In 1803 he was sent to Louisiana to study 2 Aug., 1843. He was descended from Samuel the effects of yellow fever; but he was attacked by Richards, a Welshman, who settled near Stamford, the disease and died in New Orleans. His works, Conn. After studying at Yale in 1789, he taught which were published by the Paris academy of in Farmington, completed his academical and theo- medicine, include " Recherches générales sur les logical course under Dr. Timothy Dwight in Green- blessures causées par les flêches empoisonnées usées field, Conn., and was licensed to preach in 1793. par les Indiens” (Paris, 1803); “ Traité des simples He served in the 1st Presbyterian church of Morris- et des poisons des Indiens” (1805); Monographie town, N. J., from 1794 till 1797, when he became de la fièvre jaune" (1806); and “ De la contagion de its pastor, and in 1809 was charged with the Presby- la fièvre jaune" (1807), in which the author defends terian church of Newark, N. J. In 1823 he be- the theory that yellow fever is not contagious. came professor of theology in Auburn theological RICHÅRDS, Benjamin Wood, mayor of Phila- seminary, which chair he held until his death. He delphia, b. in Burlington county, N. J., in Novem- was a trustee of Princeton college and seminary, ber, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 July, 1851. and received the degree of A. M. from Yale in 1794, After graduation at Princeton in 1815 he settled in and that of D. D. in 1815. A selection of his Philadelphia, which he represented in the legisla- Lectures” was published, with a memoir, by the ture. In that body he offered the first resolutions Rev. Samuel H. Gridley (New York, 1846), and a to make appropriations for the organization and volume of his sermons, with an essay on his charac- support of public schools, and was one of the first ter, by the Rev. William B. Sprague (Albany, 1849). members of the board of control. He was ap- RICHARDS, John William, clergyman, b. pointed by President Jackson a director of the U.S. at Reading, Pa., 18 April, 1803; d. there, 27 Jan., bank, which office he resigned to become mayor of 1854. Ilis father, Matthias Richards, was for many Philadelphia in 1830-'1. Subsequently he visited years an associate judge of the courts in Berks Europe, and on his return formed an association county, and his mother was a daughter of Henry with Nathan Dunn, John Jay Smith, Frederick Melchior Muhlenberg. He received his classical Brown, and Isaac Collins, to purchase and lay ont training in the academy in his native place, began the cemetery that is now known as Laurel Hill. his theological course under his pastor, Dr. Henry He was one of the earliest directors of Girard col- A. Muhlenberg, in 1821, and in 1824 was licensed lege, the originator, founder, and president until by the ministerium of Pennsylvania, with which his death of the Girard life and trust company, and body he was connected until his death, and in which a founder with John Vaughan of the Blind asylum. he held many posts of honor and trust. He even 66 RICHARDS 239 RICHARDS 66 a sermon а 99 .9 was pastor successively of churches in New Hol- | his attention largely to improved metallurgical land, Trappe, Germantown, and Reading, Pa. Dur processes, especially in copper, on which he is an ing his pastorate at Easton he was professor of accepted authority. His papers on that subject the German language and literature in Lafayette. have been contributed to the ** Transactions of the He received the degree of D. D. from Jefferson American Institute of Mining Engineers,” but his college, Pa., in 1852. Dr. Richards was a brilliant earlier publications tended more to chemistry and preacher and a forcible writer. His publications mineralogy and appeared in the “ American Jour- include The Fruitful Retrospect,' nal of Science.”—His wife, Ellen Henrietta, preached at Trappe at the centenary celebration chemist, b. in Dunstable, Mass., 3 Dec., 1842, was of the laying of the corner-stone of the church graduated at Vassar in 1870, and at Massachusetts (Pottstown, Pa., 1843), and "The Walk about Zion," institute of technology in 1873. She continued at à sermon delivered at the close of his pastorate the institute as resident graduate, and married (Easton, 1851). Among his unpublished manu- Prof. Richards in 1875. In 1878 she was made in- scripts is the translation of a large part of “Hal- structor in chemistry and mineralogy in the Wom- le’sche Nachrichten," a work published in two vol- an's laboratory of the institute, and in 1885 she umes (Halle, 1887), which is the primary source of became instructor in sanitary chemistry. Mrs. American Lutheran history:- His son, Matthias Richards has obtained deserved recognition as a Henry, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 chemist by her original investigations in that June, 1841, was graduated at Pennsylvania college, science. Her special work has been that of educa- Gettysburg, in 1860, and at the theological semi- tion, and her influence in developing scientific stud- nary there in 1864, and in the latter year was or- ies among women has been large. The applica- dained to the ministry. He has been successively tion of chemical principles and knowledge to the tutor at Pennsylvania college in 1861–3, pastor at better conduction of the home is one of her chosen South Easton, Pa., in 1864-5, and at Greenwich, fields, and in teaching this subject to women she is N.J., in 1865–’8, professor of the English language probably the pioneer in this country. Mrs. Rich- and literature in Muhlenberg college in 1868–73, ards was the first of her sex to be elected a mem- pastor at Indianapolis, Ind., in 1873–'6, and again ber of the American institute of mining engineers, professor in Muhlenberg college since 1876, and and she is a member of several other scientific secretary of the faculty, Ile has delivered a large bodies. In addition to various chemical papers, she number of lectures, and is a frequent contributor has published" Chemistry of Cooking and Clean- to periodicals. Since 1880 he has been editor of ing" (Boston, 1882); “ Food Materials and their “Church Lesson-Leaves” and “Helper” (Philadel- Adulterations” (1885); “ First Lessons in Miner- phia), and since 1886 the managing editor of the als" (1885); and with Marion Talbot edited “ Home i. Church Messenger" at Allentown. Of his numer- Sanitation " (1887). ous sermons, addresses, and other literary produc- RICHARDS, William, missionary, b. in Plain- tions that have appeared in the various periodicals field, Mass., 22 Aug., 1792 ; d. in Honolulu, 7 Dec., of the church, only three poems have been pub-1847. After graduation at Williams in 1819, and lished separately in pamphlet-form, and “ Church at Andover theological seminary in 1822, he was or- Lesson Leaflet” (Philadelphia, 1887–8). dained, and on 19 Nov., 1822, embarked as a mis- RICHARDS, Maria Tolman, author, b. in sionary to the Sandwich islands. In 1838 he be- Dorchester, Mass., 8 Oct., 1821. Her maiden name came councillor, chaplain, and interpreter to the was Tolman. After graduation at the Female king, and after the recognition of the independence seminary in Townsend, Mass., she married, in 1842, of the islands by foreign powers was sent as am- the Rev. Samuel Richards, who held pastorates in bassador to England, and to other courts. On his Edgartown, Mass., and Providence, R. I. For seven return to Honolulu in 1845 he was appointed minis- years they conducted in the latter city a school ter of public instruction. for girls, which was closed, owing to the impaired RICHARDS, Sir William Buell, Canadian health of Mr. Richards. His death occurred in jurist, b. in Brockville, Ont., 2 May, 1815; d. 1883. Mrs. Richards has been identified with vari- | in Ottawa, Ont., 26 ous departments of philanthropic and missionary Jan., 1889. He en- work, having served as president of the Rhode Isl- tered parliament in and branch of the Woman's Baptist home mission 1848, and became society and of the Rhode Island branch of the a member of the Woman's national Indian aid association, and as a executive council trustee of Hartshorn's memorial college, Richmond, in 1851. He was Va. She has given courses of lectures on English appointed queen's and biblical literature in several cities, and is the counsel in 1850, author of “Life in Judea, or Glimpses of the First puisne judge of the Christian Age" (Philadelphia, 1854), and “ Life in court of common Israel” (New York, 1857). pleas of Ontario in RICHARDS, Robert Hallowell, metallurgist, 1853, and chief jus- b. in Gardiner, Me., 26 Aug., 1844. Be was gradu- tice of that court in ated at Massachusetts institute of technology in 1863. Judge Rich- 1868, was an assistant there until 1871, when he ards became chief was chosen to the chair of mineralogy, and now justice of Ontario holds the professorship of mining and metallurgy. in 1868, arbitrator His introduction of laboratory methods into the for that province teaching of mining and metallurgy has been the in the matter of the great work of his life. Prof. Richards has in- northwestern boun- vented a jet aspirator for chemical and phys- dary in 1874, and chief justice of the supreme court ical laboratories (1874); and an ore-separator foi of Canada in 1875. He was deputy to the governor- the Lake Superior copper-mills (1883). During general of Canada in 1876 and in 1878, was knighted 1886 he was president of the American institute in 1877, and received the confederation medal in of mining engineers, and he is a member of va- 1885.—IIis brother, Albert Norton, Canadian law- rious other scientific societies. He has devoted | yer, b. in Brockville, Ont., 8 Dec., 1822, after re- Am Michando 40 RICHARDSON RICHARDS 66 a ceiving his education at the district-school of Johns- | Happy Hunting Ground" (1854); " Live Oaks of the town, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of South” (1858); “ The French Broad River, N. C." Upper Canada in 1848. He was created queen's (1859); “Sunnyside” (1862); “ The River Rhine counsel in 1863, entered parliament, and was a and "Warwick Castle" (1869); “ Chatsworth, Eng. member of the executive council of Canada, and land” (1870); "Lake Thun, Switzerland” (1871); solicitor-general for Upper Canada. In 1863-'4 he “Italian Lake Scene” (1873); “ Lake in the Adi- sat in the Canada assembly as a representative from rondacks” (1875); “ Lake Winnipiseogee" (1876); South Leeds. He accompanied Willian McDougall “ Lake Brienz, Switzerland" (1879); and “The to the northwest as attorney-general in the provis- Edisto River, S. C.” (1886). He is also well known ional government in 1869, and for several years as an author and illustrator of books, and has pub- was land agent of the Dominion government in lished “ The American Artist” (Baltimore, 1838); British Columbia. He was lieutenant-governor of “ Georgia Illustrated” (Augusta, 1842); “The that province from 1875 till 1881. Romance of American Landscape" (1854); “ Sum- RICHARDS, William Carey, author, b. in mer Stories of the South” (Charleston, S. C., 1852); London, England, 24 Nov., 1818. His father re- and “ Pictures and Painters ” (London, 1870). For moved to this country in 1831, and the son was most of these he furnished both text and illustra- graduated at Madison university in 1840. He tions. He was also engaged on Appletons' “ Hand- then went to the south, and for ten years was en- books of Travel.” gaged in educational and literary work in Georgia. RICHARDS, William Trost, artist, b. in În 1849 he removed to Charleston, S. C., where he Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Nov., 1833. He had some in- resided for two years. During his life in the south struction from Paul Weber, and in 1855 went he edited the “Orion ” magazine and “The School- abroad, remaining about a year. In 1867 he visited fe'low." In 1852 he returned to the north, and soon Paris, and in 1878 he went again to Europe. Dur- afterward entered the ministry. In 1855 he be- ing 1878–'80 he had a studio in London, and ex- came associate pastor of the 1st Baptist church in hibited at the Royal academy and the Grosvenor Providence, R. I. From 1855 till 1862 he was gallery. Mr. Richards has had his studio in Phila- pastor of the Brown street Baptist church in the delphia for many years, and is an associate of the same city, and he subsequently ministered to Pennsylvania academy, and an honorary member churches in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1865–9, and Chi- of the National academy and the American water- cago, Ill., 1876-'7. For twenty-five years he has color society. He gained a medal at Philadelphia given public lectures in the United States and in 1876, and the Temple silver medal in 1885. In Canada on the popular aspects of physical science, his earlier years he was a pronounced pre-Raphaelite, illustrated by an extensive apparatus. He has re- and all of his paintings show a masterly treatment ceived the honorary degree of Ph. D. Prof. Rich- of detail. Of late years his attention has been es- ards has contributed frequently to magazines, and pecially directed to marine painting. Among his is the author of several college and anniversary works in oil are “ Tulip-Trees” (1859); “ Midsum- poems. His principal works are “Shakespeare Cal- mer (1862); “ Woods in June (1864); “ Mid- endar" (New York, 1850); “ Harry's Vacation, or Ocean” (1869); “On the Wissahickon” (1872); Philosophy at Home" (1854); “ Electron ” (1858); “Sea and Sky” (1875); “Land's End" (1880); “Science in Song" (1865); “Great in Goodness, a “Old Ocean's Gray and Melancholy Waste ” (1885); Memoir of George N. Briggs, Governor of Massa- and“ February” and “ A Summer Sea” (1887). His chusetts" (Boston, 1866); Baptist Banquets” work in water-colors has become widely known, (Chicago, 1881); “The Lord is My Shepherd ” and includes Cedars on the Sea-Shore" (1873); (1884); " The Mountain Anthem” (1885); and “ Our * Paradise, Newport ” (1875); “Sand-Hills, Coast, Father in Heaven" (Boston, 1886).—His wife, Cor. N. J.” (1876); King Arthur's Castle, Tintagel, nelia Holroyd (BRADLEY), author, b. in Hudson, Cornwall” (1879); " Mullion Gull Rock, Tintagel, N. Y., 1 Nov., 1822, after graduation at New Hamp- Cornwall” (1882); “ The Unresting Sea” (1884); ton literary and theological institute, married Dr. “ Cliffs of Moruch, Land's End" (1885); “A Sum- Richards on 21 Sept., 1841. She has written un- mer Afternoon” (1886); and “Cliffs of St. Colomb der the pen-name of “ Mrs. Manners,” and is the and “ A Break in the Storm" (1887). In the Met- author of " At Home and Abroad, or How to Be- ropolitan museum, New York, there are forty-seven have" (New York, 1853); “ Pleasure and Profit, or of his landscape and marine views in water-colors. Lessons on the Lord's Prayer" (1853); “ Aspiration, His “ On the Coast of New Jersey” is in the Cor- an Autobiography" (1856); “Sedgemoor, or Home coran gallery, Washington. Lessons" (1857); “ Hester and ), or Beware of RICHARDSON, Albert Deane, journalist, b. Worldliness ” (1860); “Springs of Adion” (1863); in Franklin, Mass., 6 Oct., 1833; d. in New York and “ Cousin Alice," a memoir of her sister, Alice city, 2 Dec., 1869. He was educated at the district B. Haven (1871).-His brother, Thomas Addison, school of his native village and at Holliston acad- artist, b. in London, England, 3 Dec., 1820, came emy. At eighteen years of age he went to Pitts- to the United States at the age of eleven, and from burg. Pa., where he formed a newspaper connection, 1835 till 1845 resided in Georgia. Thence he went wrote a farce for Barney Williams, and appeared a to New York, where for the next two years he was few times on the stage. In 1857 he went to Kan- a pupil at the National academy. He was elected sas, taking an active part in the political struggle an associate of the academy in 1848, and an academic of the territory, attending anti-slavery meetings, cian in 1851. In 1852 he became its correspond making speeches, and corresponding about the is- ing secretary, which post he still (1888) holds. In sues of the hour with the Boston “Journal." He 1838–60 he was director of the Cooper union school was also secretary of the territorial legislature. of design for women, being the first to fill the office. Two years later he went to Pike's peak, the gold Since 1867 he has been professor of art in the Uni- fever being then at its height, in company with versity of the city of New York, which gave him Horace Greeley, between whom and Richardson a the honorary degree of M. A. in 1878. He has re- lasting friendship was formed. In the autumn of sided in New York since 1845, but has travelled 1859 he made a journey through the southwestern much, both at home and abroad. Flis numerous territories, and sent accounts of his wanderings to paintings include Alastor, or the Spirit of Sol- eastern journals. During the winter that preceded itude," and " The Indian's Paradise-a Dream of the the civil war he volunteered to go through the south .. RICHARDSON 241 RICHARDSON 9 were as secret correspondent of the “ Tribune," and re- of the board of management of the New Orleans turned, after many narrow escapes, just before the centennial exposition in 1884–5, and gave $25,000 firing on Sumter. He next entered the field as war toward paying its expenses. correspondent, and for two years alternated between RICHARDSON, Edward, mariner, b. in Bos- Virginia and the southwest, being present at many ton, Mass., in 1789; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 6 April, battles. On the night of 3 May, 1863, he under- | 1876. He was bred a sailor, and for many years took, in company with Junius Henri Browne, a was captain of a line of packet ships that plied be- fellow-correspondent of the " Tribune," and Rich- tween New York and Liverpool. He organized the ard T. Colburn, of the New York “World,” to run Marine temperance society in 1833, and lived to the batteries of Vicksburg on two barges, which see 52,000 names signed to its pledge. He retired were lashed to a steam-tug. After they had been from sea service about 1837, for several years was under fire for more than half an hour, a large shell superintendent of the New York city seaman's struck the tug, and, bursting in the furnace, threw home, and was a vice-president of the New York the coals on the barges and set them on fire. Out port society. At the age of seventy-three he organ- of 34 men, 18 were killed or wounded and 16 were ized the Water street and Dover street missions for captured, the correspondents among them. The sailors, established day- and Sunday-schools in that Confederate government would neither release nor vicinity, and was active in religious meetings for exchange the “ Tribune” men, who, after spending seamen and the residents of those streets. Much eighteen months in seven southern prisons, escaped of his latter life was devoted to the welfare of the from Salisbury, N. C., in the dead of winter, and, poor of New York and Brooklyn. walking 400 miles, arrived within the National RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson, architect, b. lines at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., several months in Priestley's Point, St. James parish, La., 29 before the close of the war. They had had charge Sept., 1838; d. in Brookline, Mass., 28 April, 1886. of the hospitals at Salisbury, where a dreadful mor- His father, Henry D. Richardson, was a planter of tality prevailed, and brought with them a complete American birth, list, so far as procurable, of the deaths there, which but his earlier they printed in the “ Tribune,” furnishing the only ancestors information that kindred and friends in the north Scotchmen, who had of their fate. Richardson's death was the result had moved to of a pistol-shot fired by Daniel McFarland in the England before “ Tribune" office on 26 Nov., 1869. McFarland had the family came lived unhappily with his wife, who had obtained to this country. a divorce and was engaged to marry Mr. Richard His mother was son. A few days before his death they were married, Catherine Caro- the ceremony being performed by the Rev. Henry line Priestley, a Ward Beecher. Richardson's first wife had died granddaughter of while he was in prison. The last four years of his Dr. Joseph Priest- life were passed in lecturing, travel, and writing. He ley. He was at published “ The Field, the Dungeon, and the Es- first intended for cape” (Hartford, 1865); “ Beyond the Mississippi ” West Point and (1866); and “A Personal History of Ulysses s. the army, but the Grant” (1868), all of which sold largely. A collection death of his father of his miscellaneous writings, with a memoir by his changed his plans, widow, Abby Sage Richardson, was printed under and he was gradu- the title “Garnered Sheaves" (1871).—Mrs. Rich- ated at Harvard in 1859. His college career was ARDSON has published “Familiar Talks on English not remarkable for proficiency or promise, but after Literature” (Chicago, 1881), and several compila- his graduation he went to Paris, where he began tions, and she has appeared frequently as a lecturer. the study of architecture, and at once developed RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author, b. remarkable powers and capacity for work. The loss in Hallowell, Me., 29 May, 1851. He was graduated of his property during the civil war obliged him to at Dartmouth in 1871, and was editorially con- serve in an architect's office for his support while nected with the “Independent” in New York city he was pursuing his studies. In 1865 he returned in 1872–8, with the "Sunday-School Times" in to this country and became a partner of Charles D. Philadelphia in 1878-'80, and with “Good Litera- Gambrill in the firm of Gambrill and Richardson. ture," New York city, in 1880–2. Since 1882 he His earliest buildings were in Springfield, Mass., has been professor of the Anglo-Saxon and English where the railroad offices and the Agawam bank at language and literature at Dartmouth. His publi- once gave evidence of his power. The Church of cations include “A Primer of American Litera- the Unity in the same city is a Gothic building, ture” (Boston, 1876); “ The Cross," a volume of and quite unlike the ecclesiastical structures of his poems (Philadelphia, 1879); “The Choice of later years. His strongest work began with the Books" (New York, 1881); and “ American Litera- erection of Brattle street church in Boston in ture” (2 vols., 1887-'8). 1871. The next year he presented his plans for RICHARDSON, Edmund, merchant, b. in Trinity church, Boston (shown in the accom- Caswell county, N. C., 28 June, 1818; d. in Jack- panying illustration), for which he was chosen son, Miss., 11 June, 1886. He attended a common to be the architect, and which occupied much of school for several terms, became a clerk in a store his thought and time till it was finished in 1877. It in Danville, Va., and at sixteen years of age settled is after the manner of the churches of Auvergne in Jackson, Miss., where he gradually engaged in in France, and gets its character from its great cotton-planting, shipping, and manufacturing to a central tower, which, both within and without, is large extent. At the close of the civil war he was the feature of its architecture. Before he had done bankrupt, but he successfully engaged in business with Trinity, Mr. Richardson was already at work again, and became the largest cotton-planter in the upon the Cheney buildings at Hartford, Conn., and world. His fortune was estimated at from $10,000,- not much later on the Memorial library at North 000 to $12,000,000, and he was the owner of forty Easton, the public library at Woburn, and the cotton-plantations in Louisiana. He was chairman state capitol at Albany, on which last building he VOL. V.-16 sex. Richardson 242 RICHARDSON RICHARDSON was employed for many years, in connection with to have my · Fighting Dick' with me again.” A Leopold Eidlitz and Frederick Law Olmsted, to few days afterward he was placed at the head of a carry forward the work which had been begun by brigade with which he covered the retreat of the others. These buildings and others, which belong army at Bull Run, his commission of brigadier- to the same general of volunteers dating from 17 May, 1861. period, show He commanded a division of Gen. Edward V. Sum- the full ripe- ner's corps at the battle of the Chickahominy, ness of his where he acted with great gallantry, became major- powers. They general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, was engaged at have the qual- the second battle of Bull Run, at South Mountain, ities that be- and Antietam, receiving fatal wounds in the latter long to all his fight. He was a lineal descendant of Israel Putnam. future work- RICHARDSON, James, clergyman, b. in Ded- breadth and ham, Mass., in 1817; d. in Washington, D.C., 10 simplicity, the Nov., 1863. He was graduated at Harvard in 1837, disposition to and during his course aided in collecting Thomas produce ef- Carlyle's Miscellanies,” which were published un- fect rather by der Ralph Waldo Emerson's supervision (Boston, the power of 1836). He afterward became a clerk of a county great mass court, taught in New Hampshire, and was principal and form than of a school near Providence, R. I. He was graduated by elabora- at the Harvard divinity-school in 1845, ordained in tion of detail, Southington, Conn., and in 1847 became pastor of the free use the Unitarian society in Haverhill, Mass. He took of conventional types and models, and a freshness charge of the church in Rochester, N. Y., in 1856, and variety that spring from sympathetic feeling but was compelled by the failure of his health to of the meaning and necessities of each new struc- resign in 1859, and returned to his former home in ture. A freely treated Romanesque preponderates Dedham. He continued to preach and lecture for in all his style, and was well suited to his own exu- many years, and constantly contributed to the berant but solid and substantial nature. His influ- press. During the civil war his services were given ence began to be felt very soon and very widely. to the hospitals in Washington, D. C. He pub- Without any effort or desire to create a school, he lished several discourses, which include two fare- drew about him a large number of young men, on well sermons at Southington, Conn. (Boston, 1847). whom the impress that he made was very strong. RICHARDSON, Sir John, Scottish naturalist, After he came from New York to Brookline, in the b. in Dumfries, Scotland, 5 Nov., 1787; d. near neighborhood of Boston, about 1875, his house and Grasmere, Scotland, 5 June, 1865. He studied in working-rooms were thronged with students and the medical department of the University of Edin- alive with work. There he prepared his plans for burgh, entered the navy as assistant surgeon in 1807, Sever Hall and Austin Hall at Harvard; for li- and was at the taking of Copenhagen. He was braries at Quincy, Malden, and Burlington ; for surgeon and naturalist to Sir John Franklin in railroad-stations along the Boston and Albany and his arctic expeditions in 1819–22 and 1825–7, and other roads; for the cathedral at Albany, which, in the latter, with one detachment of the party, ex- however, was not given to him to build; for the plored the coast east of Mackenzie river to the mouth Albany city-hall; for dwellings in Washington and of Coppermine river. He commanded one of the Boston; for the two great buildings that he .left three expeditions that went in search of Sir John unfinished at his death, the Board of trade in Cin- Franklin in 1848, and returned in November, 1849. cinnati and the court-house in Pittsburg, Pa.; for He retired from the navy in 1855. His most im- great warehouses in Boston and Chicago; and for portant work is the “ Farina Boreali Americana,' other structures of many sorts throughout the in which he was assisted by William Swainson and land. The result of them all has been a strengthen- William Kirby (4 vols., London, 1829–'37). He also ing, widening, and ennobling of the architecture is the author of the “ Arctic Searching Expedition, of the country which must always mark an epoch a Journal of Boat Voyage through Rupert's Land in its history. Mr. Richardson was a man of fas- (2 vols., 1851), and "The Polar Regions” (Edin- cinating intelligence and social power. He died in burgh, 1861). See his “Life by the Rev. John the midst of his work, although his last ten years Mellraith (1868). were a long, brave, cheerful fight with feeble health RICHARDSON, John, Canadian author, b. and constant suffering. His life has been written, near Niagara Falls, Ont., in 1797; d. in the United in an illustrated quarto, by Mrs. Schuyler Van States about 1863. He served in the Canadian Rensselaer (Boston, 1888). militia during the war of 1812, and was taken pris- RICHARDSON, Israel Bush, soldier, b. in oner at the battle of the Thames. After his libera- Fairfax, Vt., 26 Dec., 1815; d. in Sharpsburg, Ma., tion he entered the British army, and served in 3 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- Spain, attaining the rank of major. He subse- tary academy in 1841, entered the 3d infantry, and quently resided for several years in Paris, and en- served through the Florida war. He became 1st gaged in literary work. On his return to Canada, lieutenant in 1846, participated in the principal in 1840, he established at Brockville, Ont., “ The battles of the Mexican war, and received the bre- New Era," which continued two years, and in 1843 vets of captain and major for gallantry at Contreras, he began to publish at Kingston, Ont., "The Na- Churubusco, and Chapultepec. His coolness in ac- tive Canadian.” He afterward removed to the tion won him the name of " fighting Dick” in the United States, continued his literary work, and army. He became captain in 1851, resigned in wrote for the press till his death. Though he was 1855, and settled on a farm near Pontiac, Mich. a prolific writer, he does not rank high as an author. At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed His novels are deficient in interest, and his his- colonel of the 2d Michigan regiment, and when he tories are inaccurate. Among other works he pub- reported with his regiment in Washington, D. C., lished “ Écarté, or the Saloons of Paris” (New Gen. Winfield Scott greeted him with “ I'm glad York, 1832); “ Wacousta, or the Prophecy” (1833); : 99 RICHARDSON 243 RICHARDSON “War of 1812” (1842); “ Eight Years in Canada" | ant minister of Christ church, Watertown, in (1847); “ Matilda Montgomerie" (1851): “Wau- 1838–9, and its rector from 1839 till 1845, when man-gee, or the Massacre of Chicago" (1852); and he accepted a call to Christ church, Derby, Conn., * The Fall of Chicago " (1856). and occupied that post for four years. In 1848 he RICHARDSON, John Fram, educator, b. in removed to New Haven, Conn., and founded the Vernon, Oneida co., N. Y., 7 Feb., 1808; d. in “ American Church Review," of which he was editor Rochester, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1868. On his gradua- and proprietor for twenty years. He received the tion from Madison university in 1835 he was made | degree of D. D. from Racine college in 1849. He tutor and then professor of Latin, which place he became rector of St. Paul's church, Bridgeport, in held till 1850. He accepted in that year the same 1868, and labored there until 1881. In 1879 he es- chair in Rochester university, continuing in this tablished a new weekly paper in the interests of the relation until his death. Professor Richardson be- Protestant Episcopal church, called “The Guard- lieved he had discovered the true pronunciation of | ian,” which he edited until his death. Dr. Richard- Latin, as spoken by the ancient Romans, and in son's publications include “ Reasons why I am the face of much opposition taught it to his pupils. a Churchman” (Watertown, 1843) ;, “ Historical It has since been adopted by many of the foremost Sketch of Watertown, Conn.” (New Haven, 1845); educators. He published Roman Orthoëpy: a "Churchman's Reasons for his Faith and Practice" Plea for the Restoration of the True System of (1846); “Reasons why I am not a Papist " (1847); Latin Pronunciation " (New York, 1859), for which and “Sponsor's Gift (1852; new ed., 1867). He he received an autograph letter of thanks from also contributed numerous valuable papers to the William E. Gladstone. “ Church Review." RICHARDSON, John Smythe, jurist, b. in RICHARDSON, Richard, patriot, b. near Sumter district, S. C., 11 April, 1777; d. in Jamestown, Va., in 1704; d. near Salisbury, S. C., Charleston, S. C., 8 May, 1850. He was edu- in September, 1780. He followed the profession of cated in Charleston, studied law under John J. surveyor in Virginia, but in 1725 emigrated to Pringle, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. South Carolina, and settling in Sumter district, While he was a member of the legislature in 1810 which was then called “neutral ground,” became he was the author of the general suffrage bill, a successful farmer, was made a colonel of militia, which became a part of the state constitution, was and in 1775 was elected from his district a member speaker of the house, and resigned to become state of the council of safety of Charleston. He was in- attorney-general.' He was appointed law judge in strumental in the same year in quelling a danger- 1818, declined the nomination of the Republican ous revolt among the loyalist population of what party for congress in 1820, and in 1841' became was known as the " back country," for which he re- president of the law court of appeals. He suc- ceived the thanks of the Provincial congress, and ceeded David Johnson as president of the court of was made brigadier-general. He served in the errors in 1846, and the next year successfully de- legislative council in 1776, and in the Provincial fended himself in an attempt to legislate him out of congress, and assisted in framing the constitution office on account of his alleged inability to perform of South Carolina. He subsequently participated his judicial duties. His son, John Smythe, con- in the defence of Charleston, was made a prisoner gressman, b. in Sumter district, S. C., 29 Feb., 1828, of war at its fall, and sent to St. Augustine. Lord was graduated at the College of South Carolina in Cornwallis made fruitless efforts to win him over 1850, admitted to the Sumter bar in 1852, and, to the royalist cause. His health failing from while practising his profession, also engaged in confinement, he was sent home, but died soon planting. He served in the Confederate army afterward. Col. Tarleton subsequently burned his throughout the civil war, attained the rank of colo- house, and disinterred his body to verify his death. nel, and was a member of the South Carolina legis- –His grandson, John Peter, statesman, b. at lature in 1865–7, of the Democratic national con- Hickory Hill, Sumter district, S. C., 14 April, 1801 ; vention in 1876, and of congress in 1879–83. d. in Fulton, S. C., 24 Jan., 1864, was the son of RICHARDSON, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bil- James, who was governor of South Carolina in lerica, Mass., 1 Feb., 1778; d. in Hingham, Mass., 1802–4. John was graduated at the College of 25 Sept., 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth South Carolina in 1819, admitted to the bar at in 1802, and ordained pastor of the Unitarian Fulton in 1821, and extensively engaged in plant- church in Hingham in 1806, which post he retained ing. He served in the legislature in 1824-36, until his death, surviving every person that was a steadily opposed nullification, and was an active member of his congregation at his settlement. At member of the Union party. He was chosen to his death he was the oldest native citizen of Hing- congress as a Democrat in 1836 to succeed Richard ham. He served in the Massachusetts constitu- Manning, served till March, 1839, and was governor tional convention in 1820-'1, in the lower house of of South Carolina in 1840-2. He then returned the legislature in 1821-3, and in the state senate in to the practice of his profession, in which he con- 1823, 1824, and 1826. He became a member of tinued until his death. He was a delegate to the congress in the latter year, served by re-election till southern convention in 1850, president of the 1831, and was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. Southern rights association in 1851, and a member He devoted his subsequent life to his parochial du- of the South Carolina convention in 1860, in which ties, to lecturing, and to literary work. His church he opposed secession. edifice is said to be the oldest in the United States, RICHARDSON, William Adams, jurist, b. in having been built in 1681. Tyngsborough, Mass., 2 Nov., 1821. He was gradu- RICHARDSON, Nathaniel Smith, clergy- ated at Harvard in 1843, and in the law department man, b. in Middlebury, Conn., 8 Jan., 1810: d. in there in 1846, the same year was licensed to prac- Bridgeport, Conn., 7 Aug., 1883. He was graduated tise, and was judge-advocate and governor's aid in at Yale in 1834, and pursued theological studies at Massachusetts. He was president of the common the Episcopal general theological seminary, but was / council of Lowell in 18533-'4, of the Wameset bank, not graduated. He was ordained deacon in Trinity | and of the Mechanics' association. church, Portland, Conn., 8 July, 1838, by Bishop pointed to revise the statutes of Massachusetts in Brownell, and priest in Christ church, Watertown, 1855, and subsequently chosen by the legislature to Conn., in 1839, by the same bishop. He was assist- | edit the annual supplements of the general 'stat- lle was ap- 244 RICHEPANSE RICHARDSON utes, which he continued to do for twenty-two | life as a slave, but afterward joined the army of years. He became judge of probate in 1856, and the insurrectionists, and took part in the struggle was judge of probate and insolvency from 1858 till for independence that terminated in 1803 after the 1872. He declined a superior court judgeship in surrender of Gen. De Rochambeau (9. v.) to the 1869, and the same year became assistant secretary English. He then attached himself to Henry of the U. S. treasury. He went to Europe as a Christophe, who promoted him general in 1807, financial agent of the government in 1871 to ne- and made him his lieutenant. Riché also took part gotiate for the sale of the funded loan of the in the war against Alexandre Pétion (q. v.), decided United States, and made the first contract abroad the success of the battle of Siebert, 1 Jan., 1807, for the sale of the bonds. He became secretary and commanded the left wing of the army under of the treasury in 1873, resigning in 1874 to accept Christophe that besieged Port au Prince in 1811. a seat on the bench of the U. S. court of claims, of By his readiness in executing the sanguinary orders which he became chief justice in 1885. In 1863-'75 of Christophe he won the confidence of the latter, he was an overseer of Harvard, and he is lecturer who appointed him to the command of the north- and professor in Georgetown law-school, D.C. Co- ern provinces. Here he followed a policy of ex- lumbian university gave him the degree of LL. D. termination against the mulattoes, and even, to in 1873. His publications include - The Banking please Christophe, murdered, according to several Laws of Massachusetts” (Lowell, 1855); “ Supple- historians, his own wife and children. Notwith- ment to the General Statutes of the Commonwealth standing his acknowledged incapacity, he retained of Massachusetts," with George P. Sanger (Bos- | his command under the following administrations, ton, 1860-'82); “ Practical Information concerning which always found him a docile instrument. After the Debt of the United States ” (Washington, D.C., the downfall of the party of Rivière Hérard, the 1872); and “National Banking Laws” (1872); and chiefs of the oligarchic faction of Boyer (9. r.) es- he prepared and edited a “Supplement to the Re- tablished a system of government which continued vised Statutes of the United States” (1881); and to elect to the presidency an old negro general, “ History of the Court of Claims" (1882–’5). noted for his incapacity, under whose name they RICHARDSON, William Alexander, sena- could rule, but, as the newly elected president, Pier- tor, b. in Fayette county, Ky., 11 Oct., 1811; d. in rot, showed a tendency toward reforming the abuses Quincy, 111., 27 Dec., 1875. He was educated at of the administration, they organized an insurrec- Transylvania university, came to the bar at nine- tion in the provinces of Port au Prince and Arbito- teen years of age, and settled in Illinois. He be- nite, and proclaimed Riché president, 1 March, came state attorney in 1835, was in the legislature 1846. Pierrot endeavored at first to resist, but the several terms, serving as its speaker, and was a defection of his army compelled him to make his presidential elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket submission, 24 March. After re-establishing the in 1844. He entered the U.S. army as captain of an constitution of 1816, Riché, incited by the foreign Illinois company in 1846, and was promoted major population, proposed thoroughly to reform the ad- for gallantry at Buena Vista. He was elected to ininistration, when, on returning from a journey of congress as a Democrat in 1846, served in 1847–56, inspection in the department of the north, he died when he resigned, and in 1863 was chosen U. S. suddenly, poisoned, according to several historians, senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. by the same men to whom he owed his elevation. Douglas. He was a delegate to the New York RICHEL, Nicolas Antoine (re-shel), Haytian Democratic convention in 1868, but after that date naturalist, b. in Jacmel in 1745; d. in Cape Français retired from public life. in 1799. He was one of the founders of the Acade- RICHARDSON, William Merchant, jurist, b. my of the Philadelphes, and a member of the in Pelham, N. H., 4 Jan., 1774; d. in Chester, N, H., Scientific society of Cape Français, and the privy 3 March, 1838. He was graduated at Harvard in council of Gov. Blanchelande. He also took an 1797, studied law, and settled in Groton, Mass. He active part in the troubles in Santo Domingo after was elected to congress as a Federalist in 1811, and the revolution of 1789, but was always on the side served one year, when he resigned and removed of the royal authority. At the arrival of the com- to Portsmouth. He was at once appointed chief missioners of the Directory he raised a band of par- justice of New Hampshire, and discharged the tisans, and once nearly succeeded in kidnapping duties of that office for twenty-two years. He was Étienne Polverel (9. v.), but was taken prisoner a jurist of great industry, talent, and information, afterward and transported to France, where he was and was highly regarded for his inflexible integri- kept in confinement for several years. Toward the ty. Dartmouth gave him the degree of LL, D. He close of 1798 he obtained permission to return to is the author of the “New Hampshire Justice” his country, where he lived in retirement till his (Concord, 1824) and “The Town Officer” (1824) death. His works include " Histoire et description and was co-reporter of the “ New Hampshire Supe- de l’ile de Saint Domingue" (1785); “Tableau de la rior Court Cases," of which the reports of several flore de Saint Domingue” (6 vols., 1785–90); and volumes are his alone (11 vols., 1819–’44). See Exposé de la théorie d'acclimatation des plantes his “Life” (Concord. 1839). Européennes dans les îles Antilles" (1791). RICHÉ, George Inman, educator, b. in Phila- RICHEPANSE, Antoine (reesh-pahns), French delphia, 21 Jan., 1833. He was graduated at the soldier, b. in Metz, 25 March, 1770; d. in Basse- Philadelphia high-school in 1851, studied law, and Terre, Guadeloupe, 8 Sept., 1803. He was a ser- was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1854. geant at the beginning of the French revolution, During the civil war he was paymaster of U. S. and soon rose by his valor to high rank. He volunteers, and in 18647 he was a member of was appointed in 1802 captain - general of the the common council. He was for several years French possessions in South America, and, landing president of the Republican Invincibles, a political in Guadeloupe, forced the entrance of Pointe å organization in Philadelphia. Mr. Riché is best Pitre, compelled the northern provinces to make known for his educational work. In 1867-'86 he their submission, and, after defeating Magloire was the principal of the Philadelphia high-school. Pélage (9. 1.), restored the exiled governor, La- RICHÉ, Jean Baptiste (re-shay), president of crosse (9. 2.). After suppressing a new insurrec- Hayti, b. in Cape Haytien in 1780; d. in Port au tion, and compelling the rest of the insurgents to Prince, 28 Feb., 1847. He was a negro, and began make their submission at Anglemont, he pre- 65 a RICHERY 245 RICHMOND pared to pass to Santo Domingo to co-operate in mitted to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1850, became the conquest of the island, when he died of yellow queen's counsel in 1873, and received the honorary fever. Richepanse was held in high esteem by degree of D. C. L. from Mount Allison Wesleyan Napoleon, who gave his name to a street in Paris. college in 1884. He was a member of the Do- RICHERY, Joseph de (reesh-ree), French na- minion parliament for Halifax from 1878 until 4 val officer, b. in Alons, Provence, 13 Sept., 1757; July, 1883, when he was appointed lieutenant-gov- d. there, 21 March, 1799. He enlisted as a cabin- ernor of Nova Scotia. He was mayor of Halifax boy in 1766, became midshipman in 1774, and lieu- in 1864-'7 and 1875–8, and has been a member of tenant in 1778, and co-operated in the capture of the senate of the university of that city. Newport by Count d'Estaing, taking part in the RICHINGS, Peter, actor, b. in London, Eng- engagement with the English fleet as commander land, 19 May, 1797; d. in Media, Pa., 18 Jan., 1871. of the long boats that were ordered to destroy the His full name was Peter Richings Puget, and his fire-ships at the entrance of the bay. He served father was Vice-Admiral Puget, of the British navy. afterward at Savannah in October, 1779, was pres- The son was educated for the ministry at Pem- ent at the capture of St. Vincent and Grenada, and broke college. Later he became successively clerk took part in most of the engagements in the West in the India service at Madras, à lieutenant in the Indies till 1781, when he was attached to the British army, and a student of law in Lincoln's squadron of Bailli de Suffren, and served in the Inn. None of these pursuits proving congenial, he Indian ocean till the conclusion of peace. He was figured for a time as a comedian at several minor promoted captain in 1793 and rear-admiral in 1795, theatres in the British provinces. In 1821 he came and appointed to the command of a fleet to destroy to this country, where he made his first appearance the fisheries of Newfoundland. Sailing from Tour at the New York Park theatre, on 25 Sept., 1821, lon, 14 Sept., 1795, with five ships of the line and as Harry Bertram in Bishop's opera “Guy Manner- two frigates, he attacked, on 7 Oct., an English mer- ing.” Here he remained among the stock-company chant fleet escorted by three ships of the line, took until 1839. In the autumn of that year he became one of the latter and captured thirty other vessels, stage-manager of the National theatre, Philadel- which he sold at Cadiz. He left Cadiz, 2 Aug., phia. In 1843 he was lessee of the Holliday street 1796, and, arriving on 28 Aug. upon the great bank theatre, Baltimore, and from 1845 until 1854 he of Newfoundland, ruined all the fisheries, not only was connected with the Walnut street theatre, upon the coast but also at Saint Pierre and Mique- Philadelphia, both as stage-manager and manager. lón island, while he detached Capt. Georges Alle- From that time onward, for about eleven years, mand with two ships and one frigate to destroy the he conducted the Richings opera troupe, a travel- fishing stations along the coast of Labrador. In ling company, appearing on frequent occasions as fifteen days he sank or captured upward of 100 an operatic artist. At the close of this venture he vessels, destroyed the settlements in Full bay, and retired permanently to a farm. Richings was one when he left for France the fishing industry was of the time-honored galaxy of the old Park theatre, ruined in Newfoundland for several years. He and in romantic plays and melodramas became a arrived safely with his prizes at Rochefort on 5 general favorite. Fops, military officers, eccentric Nov. in time to take part in the expedition to Ire- characters, and stage-villains were equally well land. Declining health compelled him to retire represented by him, but he had no hold on the le- from active service in 1797. gitimate drama. His voice was a baritone, and RICHET, Jules César (re-shay), West Indian was used judiciously on many occasions. Dandini author, b. in St. Pierre, Martinique, in 1697; d. in " Cinderella,” Beppo in “Fra Diavolo," Pietro there in 1776. He was for many years civil judge in “ Masaniello," and Olifour in “La Bayadere,” of the tribunal of St. Pierre. His works include were rendered by him with remarkable effect.- “ Essai sur l'art de la culture de la canne à sucre" Caroline Mary, his adopted daughter, came to (St. Pierre, 1748); “ Recueil de jurisprudence, à this country from England in her infancy. She l'usage des îles du vent" (Paris, 1761); " Traité first appeared in public as a pianist, and subse- de législation coloniale” (2 vols., 1766); “ Mémoire quently became leading soprano of the Richings sur le cannellier de la Martinique” (1767); “ Ob- English opera troupe. In 1867 Miss Richings servations sur la culture du café” (1769); and married Pierre Barnard, and retired from the stage, " Description abrégée de la Martinique” (2 vols., St. but returned in 1883. Her later life was spent at Pierre, 1772). Richmond, Va., where she died in 1884. RICHEY, Matthew, Canadian clergyman, b. in RICHMOND, Charles Gordon Lennox, fourth Ramelton, Ireland, 25 May, 1803; d. in Halifax, Duke of, governor-general of Canada, b. in 1764 ; Nova Scotia, 24 Oct., 1883. He was educated in d. in Richmond, Lower Canada, 28 Aug., 1820. Ireland, and afterward came to Canada, where he His father, Lieut.-Gen. Lord George Henry Len- was principal of the Methodist academy at Cobourg nox, was a grandson of the first Duke of Richmond, in 1836–9. He was subsequently stationed as a a son of Charles II. and the Duchess of Portsmouth. minister of the Methodist church at various places. Charles entered the army in his youth, and in 1806 Mr. Richey was superintendent of Methodist mis- succeeded to the dukedom at the death of his uncle. sions in Canada and Hudson bay in 1846–²7, presi- In 1808 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ire- dent of Canada conference in 1849, and president land, where his administration of affairs was pro- of the conference of eastern British America in ductive of the happiest results in quieting the pub- 1856-'60. He was eminent as a pulpit orator, and lic discontent. lle succeeded Gen. Sherbrooke as published “ Memoir of Rev. William Black, includ- governor-general of Canada, 29 July, 1819, and ad- ing an Account of the Rise and Progress of Meth- ministered its government till his death. He was ovism in Nova Scotia" (Halifax, 1836), and a vol- very popular, and though by nature conciliatory, ume of sermons. The degree of D. D. was con- was determined and energetic, and did not hesitate ferred upon him by Wesleyan university, Conn., in to draw upon the funds in the hands of the re- 1847.-His son, Matthew Henry, Canadian jurist, ceiver-general when the legislature refused to b. in Windsor, Nova Scotia, 10 June, 1828, was i grant supplies to defray the civil list. While mak- educated at the collegiate school, Windsor, at ing a tour of Canada he purchased a tame fox, ['pper Canada college, Toronto, and at Queen's which, becoming rabid, bit him on the hand, and university, Kingston. He studied law, was ad- i hydrophobia resulted, causing his death. In 1789 9 246 RICKETTS RICHMOND Jane Belleza he married Charlotte, daughter of the fourth Duke | Cincinnati, and in 1860 entered the American col- of Gordon. Charles Gordon-Lennox, the present lege in Rome, being graduated at the Propaganda Duke of Richmond, is his grandson.-His uncle, as D. D., and receiving his ordination in 1865. Re- CHARLES LENNOX, third Duke of Richmond (1735- turning to Cincinnati in that year, he was made 1806), was appointed in 1765 ambassador to France, vice-president of Mount St. Mary's seminary, where in 1766 was constituted chief secretary of state, and he was professor of dogma, philosophy, and litur- in 1782 master-general of the ordnance. He was gy until 1870. He founded the Church of St. Lau- a man of superior talents, a friend of liberty and rence, and was director of the Academy of Mount reform, and 'in 1778 proposed to recognize tħe in- St. Vincent. On the establishment of the diocese dependence of the revolted American colonies. of Grand Rapids he was consecrated its first bishop, RICHMOND, Dean, capitalist, b. in Barnard, on 22 April, 1883, which diocese contains about 100 Vt., 31 March, 1804; d. in New York city, 27 Aug., churches, 60 priests, and 32 parish schools. 1866. His ancestors were farmers, living in and RICKETTS, James Brewerton, soldier, b. in about Taunton, Mass., but his father, Hathaway, New York city, 21 June, 1817; d. in Washington, removed to Vermont. In 1812 the family removed D. C., 22 Sept., 1887. He was graduated at the again to Salina, N. Y. Business reverses overtook U. S. military academy in 1839, assigned to the the elder Richmond, and he went to the south and 1st artillery, and soon afterward died in Mobile. At the age of fif- served during the teen years Dean entered upon the business of manu- Canada border dis- facturing and selling salt at Salina with success. turbances on gar- Before he had attained his majority he was chosen rison duty, and in a director in a Syracuse bank. In 1842 he estab- the war with Mexi. lished himself in business in Buffalo, N. Y., as a co, taking part in dealer and shipper of western produce, with his the battle of Mon- residence at Attica, and subsequently at Batavia. terey, and hold- He won a reputation for upright dealing and re- ing the Rinconada sponsibility that was not surpassed by any resident pass during the in the lake region. He became interested in rail- battle of Buena ways, was a leader in the movement to consolidate Vista. He had the seven separate corporations that subsequently been made 1st lieu- constituted the New York Central railroad, and tenant, 21 April, chiefly by his personal efforts procured the passage 1846, became cap- of the act of consolidation by the legislature. Upon tain on 3 Aug., the organization of the company in 1853 Mr. Rich- 1853, and served mond was made vice-president, and in 1864 he was in Florida against chosen president, which post he held till his death. the Seminole In- Mr. Richmond did not have the advantages of an dians, and subsequently on frontier duty in Texas. early education, but his extensive and careful read. At the beginning of the civil war he served in the ing in later years, and his observation of men and defence of Washington, D. C., commanded a bat- things, made him most intelligent. Early in life tery in the capture of Alexandria, Va., in 1861, was he espoused the cause of the Democratic party, and wounded and captured at Bull Run on 21 July, and while yet a boy he enjoyed the confidence of the on that day was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and leaders that constituted the “ Albany regency." made brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He was He became the leader of his party in the state of confined as a prisoner of war, and afterward was on New York, and for several years he was chairman sick leave of absence until June, 1862, when he en- of the Democratic state committee, but he never gaged in operations in the Shenandoah valley, and sought nor held public office. participated with the Army of the Potomac in the RICHMOND, James Cook, clergyman, b. in northern Virginia, the Maryland, and the Rich- Providence, R. I., in 1808; d. in Poughkeepsie, mond campaigns, fighting in all the chief battles. N. Y., 20 July, 1866. After graduation at flar- On 1 June, 1863, he became major of the 1st artil- vard in 1828, he studied in Göttingen and Halle, lery, and he received the brevet of colonel, U. S. and was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episco- army, for gallant and meritorious services at Cold pal church in Providence, R. I., on 12 Oct., 1832, Harbor, Va., 3 June, 1864. He served in the siege and priest on 13 Nov., 1833. In 1834–5 he served of Petersburg, Va., in that year in the defence of as a missionary in Maine and Illinois, subsequently Maryland against Gen. Jubal Early's raid, and in held pastorates in various cities, and succeeded his the Shenandoah campaign, receiving the brevet of brother, William, as rector of St. James church, major-general of volunteers on 1 Aug., 1864, for New York, remaining till 1842. While he was in gallant conduct during the war, particularly in the Milwaukee in 1861 he became chaplain of the 20 battles of the campaign under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Wisconsin regiment. He travelled extensively in and Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. He was severely Europe, and was the author of a “ Visit to Iona in wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., 19 Oct., 1864, and was 1846”; “A Midsummer Day Dream "; and “Meta- on sick-leave from that date until 7 April, 1865. On comet,” the first canto of an epic poem.-His elder 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general, brother, William, clergyman, b. in Dighton, Mass., U. S. army, for gallant services at Cedar Creek, and 11 Dec., 1797; d. in New York city, 19 Sept., 1858, major-general, U. S. army, for gallant and merito- was graduated at Brown in 1814, was ordained in rious service in the field. On 28 July, 1865, he was the Episcopal church and held various pastorates assigned to the command of a district in the De- in New York city.-William's wife, Sarah Abigail partment of Virginia, which post he held until 30 Adams, b. in Maine in 1821 ; d. in New York city, April, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volun- 1 Jan., 1866, founded the House of mercy, and the teer service. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, New York infant asylum. 21st infantry, on 28 July, 1866, but declined this RICHTER, Henry Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in post. He was retired from active service on 3 Jan., Neuenkirchen, Oldenburg, Germany, 9 April, 1838. 1867, for disability from wounds received in battle, He came to this country in 1854, was educated at and served on courts-martial from that date untii St. Paul's school and Mount St. Mary's college, 22 Jan., 1869. RICKOFF 247 RICORD 66 66 RICKOFF, Andrew Jackson, educator, b. in (1888) librarian of the New Jersey historical soci- Mercer county, N. J., 23 Aug., 1824. After receiv- ety. Judge Ricord received the degree of A. M. ing his education in Woodward college, Cincinnati, from Rutgers in 1845 and Princeton in 1861. He he taught, and has been superintendent of schools is one of the editors of the “ New Jersey Ar- in Portsmouth, Cincinnati, and Cleveland, Ohio, chives,” and has published a “History of Rome” and Yonkers, N. Y. The credit is awarded him of (New York, 1852); ** The Youth's Grammar" (1853); reorganizing the schools both of Cincinnati and · Life of Madame de Longueville," from the French Cleveland, and largely influencing the school sys- of Victor Cousin (1854); * The Henriade," from tems in Ohio. The radical changes that he car- Voltaire (1859); English Songs from Foreign ried into effect in organization and methods of in- Tongues" (1879); and - The Self-Tormentor, from struction have been widely approved by adoption the Latin of Terentius, with more English Songs” throughout the north and west. The systein of (1885). He has ready for publication “The Gov- schools in Cleveland was commended, by the Eng- ernors of New Jersey," which gives the history of lish commissioners to the International exposition the state from its settlement to the Revolution.- in Philadelphia in 1876, as superior to any other in Jean Baptiste's brother, Alexander, physician, b. the United States. At this exposition Mr. Rickoff in Baltimore, Md., in 1798; d. in Paris, France, 3 received a medal as the designer of the best plans Oct., 1876, was educated in his native city, removed for school-buildings. In their report to the gov- to France in order to study under Cuvier, and re- ernment, the French commissioners pronounced ceived his diploma as doctor in medicine in Paris these buildings the best in the country. Since in 1824. He was assistant surgeon in the French 1888 Mr. Rickoff has held charge of Felix Adler's navy, and correspondent of the Academy of medi- workingman's school, established in 1880. He is cine, but devoted his life chiefly to natural history, the author of many school-books, and has edited a received the decoration of the Legion of honor in series of six readers, which are extensively used. 1845, and contributed largely to scientific journals. RICORD, Jean Baptiste (ree-cor), physician, b. – Another brother of Jean Baptiste, Philippe, in Paris, France, in 1777; d. in the island of Guade- French surgeon, b. in Baltimore, Md., 10 Dec., 1800; loupe, W. I., in 1837. He was educated in France d. in Paris, France, 22 Oct., 1889, was the grandson and in Italy, whither his father had fled during the of a distinguished physician of Marseilles, and the French revolution, and subsequently accompanied son of a member of the Compagnie des Indes, the latter to this country, and settled in Baltimore, who came to the United States in 1790 in the hope Md. After graduation at the New York college of of retrieving his fortunes. After pursuing a course physicians and surgeons in 1810, he went to the of scientific studies with his brother, Jean B. West Indies to make researches in botany and natu- Ricord, Philippe began the study of medicine in ral history, and travelled and practised medicine Philadelphia. In 1820 he visited Paris , taking with extensively in the islands until he returned to New him a collection of animals and plants as a present York. He was an accomplished scholar, musician, to the National museum. In March, 1826, he re- and painter, and a member of various learned so- ceived the degree of M. D., and began to practise at cieties in France and the United States. Many of Olivet, near Orléans, afterward removing to Crouy- his writings were signed “Madiana," the name of sur-Ourcq. In 1828 he returned to Paris, and de- his homestead in France. In addition to contri- | livered a course of lectures on surgery, and in 1831 butions to scientific and other journals, Dr. Ricord he was appointed surgeon-in-chief to the Hôpital published “ An Improved French Grammar” (New des vénériens du Midi. At this hospital, from York, 1812), and Recherches et expériences sur which he retired on account of age in 1860, he les poissons d'Amérique,” illustrated by his own gained a great reputation as a specialist. By a de- pencil (Bordeaux, 1826). He left many manu- cree bearing date, 28 July, 1862, he was appointed scripts, which have not been published.- His wife, physician in ordinary to Prince Napoleon, and on Elizabeth, educator, b. in New Utrecht, L. I., 2 26 Oct., 1869, he was named consulting surgeon to April, 1788; d. in Newark, N. J., 10 Oct., 1865, was Napoleon III., whom he had assiduously attended the daughter of Rev. Peter Stryker. She was edu- during a recent illness, and who in return had pre- cated by private tutors, married Dr. Ricord in sented him with a snuff-box and 20,000 francs. He 1810, and accompanied him in his expeditions to was promoted commander of the Legion of honor, the West Indies. In 1829 she opened a young 12 Aug., 1860, and grand officer, 23 June, 1871, for ladies' seminary in Geneva, N. Y., of which she services as president of the ambulance corps during was principal until 1842. The great religious re- the siege of Paris. He also received many foreign vival that spread through western New York in decorations. Besides writing the works mentioned 1832 originated in her seminary. In 1845 she below. Dr. Ricord devised and first performed many moved to Newark, where she became interested in surgical operations, several of which have since works of charity, and was a founder of the Newark been “crowned” by the Academy of sciences. Dr. orphan asylum, and its directress until her death. Ricord in his eighty-ninth year was still engaged She contributed largely to magazines and journals, in the practice of his profession, daily visiting was the author of Philosophy of the Mind” his numerous patients, and during his office hours (Geneva, 1840), and “Zamba, or the Insurrection, receiving the crowds that came to consult him. a Dramatic Poem (Cambridge, Mass., 1842), and for many years he was known in Paris as “the left several manuscripts.— Their son. Frederick great American doctor,” and he ever cherished William, author, b. in Guadeloupe, W. I., 7 Oct., a warm affection for his native land. He pub- 1819, was educated at Hobart and Rutgers, and lished - De l'emploi du speculum,” treating of his studied law in Geneva, N. Y., but did not practise invention of the “ bivalvular speculum”, (Paris, his profession. He taught for twelve years in 1833); “ De la blennorrhagie de la femme" (1834); Newark, N. J., was a member of the board of edu- “ Emploi de l'onguent mercuriel dans le traite- cation of that city from 1852 till 1869, serving as ment de l'érésipèle" (1836); “ Monographie du president in 1867–9. He was state superintendent chanere," being a thorough explanation of his of public schools of New Jersey in 1860–'3, sheriff system (1837); “ Théorie sur la nature et le traite- of Essex county in 1865–7, mayor of Newark in ment de l'épididymite” (1838); “ Traité des mala- 1870-'3, and associate judge of the various county dies vénériennes.” (8 vols., 1838; new ed., 1863); courts of Essex county in 1875–9. lle is now " De l'ophthalmie blennorrhagique" (1842); “ Cli- 66 248 RIDDLEBERGER RIDDELL ܪ ܕܕ 66 6 7 nique iconographique de l'hôpital des vénériens” | reader in Boston in that year, and in 1875 made (1842–51); "De la syphilisation, etc." (1853); “ Let- his debut as an actor in that city, playing Romeo tres sur la syphilis (1854; 3d ed., 1857); and a after which he became connected with stock-com- great number of · Mémoires, Observations," - Re- panies in Boston, Montreal, and Philadelphia. cherches," Communications,” etc., contributed From 1878 till 1881 he was instructor in elocution principally to the “ Mémoires.”, and “ Bulletins” of at Harvard. He appeared as Edipus in the the Academy of medicine (1834'50). • (Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles at Harvard RIDDELL, John Leonard, physician, b. in in May, 1881, which was the first production in Leyden, Mass., 20 Feb., 1807; d. in New Orleans, this country of a Greek play in the original. Mr. La., 7 Oct., 1867. He was graduated at Rensselaer Riddle has given readings in the principal cities of institute, in Troy, N. Y., and in 1835 at the Medical the United States, the most successful of which are college of Cincinnati, where he became professor of Shakespeare's “ Midsummer-Night's Dream” with botany and adjunct professor of chemistry. He Mendelssohn's music, Byron's “ Manfred” with occupied the chair of chemistry in the medical de- Schumann's music, and the “Edipus Tyrannus partment of the University of Louisiana from 1836 with the music of John K. Paine. till 1865. Dr. Riddell was melter and refiner at RIDDLE, George Reade, senator, b. in New- the U. S. mint in New Orleans, the inventor of a castle, Del., in 1817; d. in Washington, D. C., 29 binocular microscope and magnifying-glass, and March, 1867. He was educated at Delaware col- discovered the microscopical characteristics of the lege, studied engineering, and engaged in locating blood and black vomit in yellow fever. He first and constructing railroads and canals in different brought to notice the botanical genus “Riddellia,” states. He then studied law, was admitted to the which was named for him. He contributed to the bar in 1848, and was deputy attorney-general of " London Microscopical Journal,” the “ American Newcastle county till 1850. In 1849 he was ap- Journal of Science and Arts," and other periodicals, pointed a commissioner to retrace Mason and Dix- and published “Synopsis of the Flora of the West-on's line. (See Mason, CHARLES.) He was elected ern States” (Cincinnati, 1835); “ Memoir advo- to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., cating the Organic Nature of Miasm and Conta- 1851, till 3 March, 1855, and was afterward chosen gion” (1836); " A Monograph on the Silver Dollar” | U. S. senator in place of James A. Bayard, serving (New Orleans, 1845); “A Memoir on the Constitu- from 2 Feb., 1864, till 29 March, 1867. Mr. Riddle tion of Matter” (1847); and a “ Report on the Epi- was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- dernic of 1853" (1854). tions of 1844, 1848, and 1856. RIDDLE, Albert Gallatin, lawyer, b. in Mon- RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, clergyman, b. in son, Mass., 28 May, 1816. His father removed to Pittsburg, Pa., 17 Oct., 1836. He was graduated Geauga county, Ohio, in 1817, where the son re- at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1852, and at the New ceived a common-school education, studied law, Brunswick theological seminary in 1859, after which was admitted to the bar in 1840, practised law, and he studied at Heidelberg. In 1861 he was chaplain was prosecuting attorney from 1840 till 1846. He of the 2d New Jersey regiment, and in 1862–9 served in the legislature in 1848–9, and called the he was pastor successively of Dutch Reformed first Free-soil convention in Ohio in 1848. In 1850 churches in Iloboken and Newark, N. J. He he removed to Cleveland, was elected prosecuting travelled in Europe from 1869 till 1871, and in the attorney in 1856, defended the Oberlin slave-res- latter year was appointed professor of New Testa- cuers in 1859, and was elected to congress as a Re- ment exegesis in the theological seminary of Hart- publican, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, ford, Conn. In 1887 he accepted the same chair 1863. He made speeches then in favor of arming in Western theological seminary, Alleghany, Pa. slaves, the first on this subject that were delivered Franklin and Marshall college, Pa., gave him the in congress, and others on emancipation in the Dis- degree of D. D. in 1870. He was an original mem- trict of Columbia and in vindication of President ber of the New Testament revision committee Lincoln. In October, 1863, he was appointed U.S. formed in 1871, translated and edited the epistles consul at Matanzas. Since 1864 he has practised to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, and Colos- law in Washington, D. C., and, under a retainer sians in the American edition of Lange's “Commen- of the state department, aided in the prosecution of tary” (New York, 1869; new ed., 1886); contributed John II. Surratt for the murder of President Lin- to Rev. Dr. Philip Schaff's “ Popular Illustrated coln. In 1877 he was appointed law-officer to the Commentary on the New Testament" (4 vols., New District of Columbia, which office he now (1888) York and Edinburgh, 1878–’83), and to his “Inter- holds. For several years, from its organization, he national Revision Commentary” (New York, 1882); had charge of the law department in Howard uni- edited the gospels of Mark and Luke for the Amer- versity. Mr. Riddle is the author of “Students and ican edition of H. A. W. Meyer's " Commentary Lawyers,” lectures (Washington, 1873); “ Bart (New York, 1884); revised and edited Edward Rob- Ridgely, a Story of Northern Ohio" (Boston, 1873); inson's " Greek Harmony of the Gospels” (Boston, “ The Portrait, a Romance of Cuvahoga Valley 1885), and Robinson's " English Harmony" (1886); (1874); “ Alice Brand, a Tale of the Capitol " (New and edited parts of Bishop Arthur Cleveland Coxe's York, 1875); “Life, Character, and Public Ser- | edition of the “ Ante-Nicene Fathers," contributing vices of James A. Garfield ” (Cleveland, 1880); “ The the “ Teaching of the Twelve Apostles " and the House of Ross" (Boston, 1881); “ Castle Gregory * Second Clement” (Buffalo, 1886); Augustine's (Cleveland, 1882); “ Hart and his Bear” (Wash- “ Harmony of the Gospels” (New York, 1888); and ington, 1883); “The Sugar. Makers of the West Chrysostom's “ Homilies on Matthew," in " Nicene Woods” (Cleveland, 1885); The Hunter of the Fathers” (1888). With Rev. John E. Todd, 1. D., Chagrin (1882); Mark Loan, a Tale of the he prepared the notes on the International Sunday- Western Reserve” (1883); “ Old Newberry and the school lessons for the Congregational publishing Pioneers” (1884); "Speeches and Arguments society of Boston in 1877-'81. (Washington, 1886); and Life of Benjamin F. RIDDLEBERGER, Harrison Holt, senator, Wade” (Cleveland, 1886). b. in Edinburg, Vit., 4 Oet., 1844; d. in Woodstock, RIDDLE, George, elocutionist, b. in Charles- | Va., 24 Jan., 1890. After receiving a common- town, Mass., 22 Sept., 1853. Ile was graduated at school education he studied at home under a tutor. Harvard in 1874, made his first appearance as a During the civil war he served for three years in RIDEING 249 RIDGELEY 66 " zona. the Confederate army as lieutenant of infantry and Evanston, Ill., and in 1884 he was transferred to captain of cavalry. At the close of the war he the chair of practical theology. He was fraternal studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to delegate to the Methodist Episcopal church, south, practise at Woodstock, Va., where he continued to in 1882, and was one of the regular speakers in the reside. His first civil office was that of common- Centennial conference at Baltimore in 1881. He is wealth's attorney for his county, which he held for the author of "The Life of Alfred Cookman" (New two terms. He was then elected and re-elected to York, 1871); " The Lord's Land: A Narrative of the state house of delegates, serving for four years, Travels in Sinai and Palestine in 1873–'4" (1876); and subsequently sat in the senate of Virginia for “The Life of Bishop Edward S. Janes" (1882); the same period. Since 1870 he has edited three “ Bishop Beverly Waugh" (1883); and “Bishop local newspapers, “The Tenth Legion," "The Mathew Simpson” (1885). Shenandoah Democrat," and " The Virginian." He RIDGE, Major, Cherokee chief, b. in Highwas- was a member of the state committee of the Con- see, in what is now the state of Georgia, about servative party until 1875, a presidential elector on 1771; d. on the Cherokee reservation, 22 June, 1839. the Democratic ticket in 1876, and on the “Read From his early years he was taught patience and juster” ticket in 1880. He was commonwealth's self-denial, and to undergo fatigue; on reaching attorney and state senator when, in 1881, he was the proper age he was initiated as one of the warri- elected to the U. S. senate as a Readjuster in the ors of the tribe with due solemnities. At fourteen place of John W. Johnston, Conservative. His he joined a war-party against the whites at Chees- ierm of service expired on 3 March, 1889. toyce, and afterward another that attacked Knox- RIDEING, William Henry, author, b. in ville, Tenn. When he was twenty-one years old he Liverpool, England, 17 Feb., 1853. His father was was chosen a member of the Cherokee council. He an officer in the service of the Cunard line of proved a valuable counsellor, and at the second steamers. After the death of his mother the son session proposed many useful laws. Subsequently went to Chicago, Ill., where he remained until he won the confidence of his people, and became 1870. He early began writing for the press, and one of the chief men of the nation. When the soon became connected with several journals. In question of deporting the Cherokees from the state 1874 he gave up newspaper work to devote himself of Georgia to a reservation west of Mississippi was entirely to literature and magazine writing. He mooted, it was found that the nation was divided made several trips to Europe and elsewhere with into two hostile camps, one of which bitterly op- different artists to obtain material on special sub- posed removal, while the other favored it. The jects. In 1878 he served as special correspondent former was headed by John Ross, the principal with the Wheeler surveying expedition in Colo- chief, while the other was represented by Major rado, New Mexico, Nevada, California, and Ari- Ridge, his son John, Elias Boudinot, Charles Vann, In 1881-3 Mr. Rideing edited “Dramatic and others. Two commissioners on the part of Notes” in London, England. On his return he the United States held several meetings with both again entered journalism in Boston, where he parties, and finally made a treaty, the negotiations still remains (1888). Among his publications are extending over a period of three years. The west- " Pacific Railways Illustrated” (New York, 1878); ward journey of 600 or 700 miles was performed in “ A-Saddle in the Wild West » (London, 1879); four or five inonths, during which time, on account “ Stray Moments with Thackeray (New York, of the intense heat and other discomforts, over 4,000 1880); - Boys in the Mountains” (1882); “ Boys Indians perished. In June, 1839, Major Ridge, his Coastwise" (1884); " Thackeray's London" (Lon- son John, and Elias Boudinot were assassinated don, 1885); “ Young Folks' History of London by members, it is supposed, of the party that were (Boston, 1885); “ A Little Upstart” (1885); and opposed to removal. Major Ridge was waylaid - The Boyhood of Living Authors ” (1887). about fifty miles from his home and shot.-His RIDER, George Thomas, clergyman, b. in son, John, Indian chief, was the second of five Rice City, R. I., 21 Feb., 1829. He was graduated children. He received a good education, being first at Trinity in 1850, studied divinity, and took orders taught by Moravian missionaries, then at an acad- in the Protestant Episcopal church. From 1853 emy at Knoxville, Tenn., and finally in the foreign till 1855 he was rector of St. John's, Canandaigua, mission-school in Connecticut. On returning home N. Y., and from 1856 till 1860 of St. John's, Pitts- he began his career as a public man, and devoted all burg, Pa., which latter church edifice was built his energies to endeavoring to organize the Cherokee under his supervision. In 1860 he removed to nation into an independent government. Having Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he conducted the taken an active part in negotiating the unpopular Cottage Hill seminary for young ladies till 1874. treaty at New Echota, by which the removal of his He has since devoted his time to literary labor, nation was finally agreed upon, he was taken from and has been a contributor to many journals his bed in the early morning and nearly cut to and periodicals. At present (1888) he is on the pieces with knives. -John's son, John R., journal- editorial staff of the New York “ Churchman.” ist, d. in Grass Valley, Nevada co., Cal., 5 Oct., Mr. Rider has published Plain Music for the 1867, was a writer of much ability, and possessed Book of Common Prayer” (New York, 1854); some poetic talent. He was at different times con- " Lyra Anglicana, or a Hymnal of Sacred Poetry, nected with several California journals. selected from the Best English Writers, and ar- RIDGELEY, Charles Goodwin, naval officer, ranged after the Order of the Apostles' Creed ”; b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1784; d. there, 8 Feb., 1848. and: “Lyra Americana, or Verses of Praise and He entered the navy as midshipman, 10 Oct., 1799, Faith from American Poets" (1864). cruised in the Mediterranean with Preble in the RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, clergyman, b. Tripolitan war in 1804–5, and received a vote of in Talbot county. Md., 7 Sept., 1830. He was thanks and sword for his gallant conduct. He graduated at Dickinson in 1849, studied theology, was commissioned lieutenant, 2 Feb., 1807, served and was ordained a minister of the Methodist Epis- on the lakes, was commissioned master-comman- copal church. He held pastorates successively in dant, 24 July, 1813, and commanded the brig - Jef- Virginia, Baltimore, Portland, Me., New York city, ferson” on Lake Ontario in 1814, and the ** Erie" and Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1882 he became professor and “ Independence" in Bainbridge's squadron of historical theology in Garrett biblical institute, I during and after the Algerine war in 1815–17. He 66 99 250 RIDGWAY RIDGELY was made captain, 28 Feb., 1815, and was flag- North Atlantic blockade, and assisted in both at- officer, commanding the West India squadron, in tacks on Fort Fisher. In the year 1865 he was 1827–'30, protecting the commerce of the United on the “ Powhatan" with Admiral Rodgers's squad- States and suppressing piracy. He was in charge ron in the Pacific ocean, and returned in com- of the Brooklyn navy-yard from 1832 till 1839, mand of the steamer “ Lancaster” in 1867. Capt. served as flag-officer, commanding the Brazil squad- Ridgely was promoted to the rank of commodore, ron from 1840 till 1842, and then on waiting orders 25 July, 1866, and was a inember of the board of until his death in 1848. naval examiners at Philadelphia in the year 1867 RIDGELY, Charles, physician, b. in Dover, and at the time of his death. Del., 26 Jan., 1738; d. there, 25 Nov., 1785. He RIDGELY, James Lot, author, b. in Balti- was educated at the Philadelphia academy, studied more, Md., 27 Jan., 1807; d. there, 16 Nov., 1881. medicine under Dr. Phineas Bond, and began to He was educated at St. Mary's college, Baltimore, practise in 1758 at Dover, Del., where he passed and at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg, his life. From 1765, with few intervals, till his Md., studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, death he was a member of the Delaware legisla- and began to practise in his native city. He was ture. He was presiding judge in Kent county of a member of the city council in 1834-5, of the the court of common pleas, and before the Revolu- state house of delegates in 1838, and of the Consti- tion of the quarter sessions. He was elected a dele- tutional conventions of 1849 and 1864. He was for gate to the State constitutional convention, and twelve years register of wills for Baltimore county, was afterward called again to the bench, which he several years president of the board of education, occupied during the remainder of his life.- His son, and aided in establishing the present public school Nicholas, jurist, b. in Dover, Del., 30 Sept., 1762; system in 1848. He was appointed by President d. in Georgetown, Del., 1 April, 1830, studied law, Lincoln collector of internal revenue, and for many was admitted to the bar of his native state, and years was president of a fire-insurance company. after practising several years became successively He became an Odd-Fellow in 1829, was a member attorney-general and member of the legislature. In of the Grand lodge of Maryland in 1830, and of the 1801 he was appointed chancellor of the state of Grand lodge of the United States in 1831. In 1836 Delaware, and held that office for twenty-nine he was elected grand sire by the latter, and in 1842 years until his death, that event occurring while he became grand recording and corresponding sec- the court over which he presided was in session. retary. He is the principal author of the various –His half-brother, Henry Moore, senator, b. in rituals that are now in use. He has also written Dover, Del., in 1778; d. there, 7 Aug., 1847, re- • Odd-Fellowship-What is It?" • The Odd-Fel- ceived a good education, studied law, was ad- low's Pocket Companion” (Philadelphia, 1853); mitted to the bar, and began to practise at Dover. and many other works of a similar character. He He was elected and re-elected to congress as a Fed. was the editor of “ The Covenant," the official eralist, serving from 4 Nov., 1811, till 2 March, magazine of the order. 1815. He then returned to Dover and continued RIDGWAY, Robert, ornithologist, b. in Mount to practise his profession until he was elected U.S. Carmel, I., 2 July, 1850. He was educated at senator from Delaware in place of Nicholas Van common schools in his native town, where he Dyke, deceased. He held the seat from 23 Jan., showed a special fondness for natural history. A 1827. till 3 March, 1829, when he retired and re- correspondence with Spencer F. Baird in 1864 led sumed the practice of his profession. to his appointment, three years later, as naturalist RIDGELY, Charles, governor of Maryland, b. to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th 6 Dec., 1762; d. at Hampton, his estate, Baltimore parallel, under Clarence King. Since that time he co., Md., 17 July, 1829. His name was originally has been chiefly occupied in government work, and Charles Ridgely Carnan, but he was adopted by his in 1879 he was appointed curator of the depart- uncle, Capt. Charles Ridgely, who left him for- ment of birds in the U. S. national museum, which tune at his death in 1790, on condition that he place he now (1888) holds. Mr. Ridgway received should change his name. He served in the state the degree of M. S. from the Indiana state univer- senate, and was chosen governor of Maryland three sity in 1884, and has been vice-president of the Or- times successively, in 1815–'17. He was also briga- nithologists' union since its organization in 1884. dier-general of Maryland militia. Gov. Ridgely He is also corresponding member of the Zoological was the owner of about 400 slaves, all of whom he society of London, and the Academies of science manumitted by his will. of New York, Davenport, and Chicago, foreign RIDGELY, Daniel Boone, naval officer, b. member of the British ornithologists' union, and near Lexington, Ky., 1 Aug., 1813; d. in Philadel- member of the permanent ornithological commit- phia, Pa., 5 May, 1868. He entered the navy as tee (Vienna), also honorary member of the Nuttall midshipman, 1 April, 1828, and was commissioned ornithological club of Cambridge, Mass., the Brook- lieutenant, 10 Sept., 1840. During the Mexican ville, Ind., society of natural history, and of the war he was attached to the sloop - Albany,” and Ridgway ornithological club of Chicago, Ill. His participated in the bombardment and capture of published papers exceed 200 in number. Many of Vera Cruz, Tuspan, Alvarado, and Tampico in them have appeared in the “ Proceedings of the 1816-'9. He was attached to the naval observa- | U. S. National Museum and are descriptive of tory at Washington in 1850–2, cruised in the sloop new species and races of American birds, as well as “Germantown in 1854 in the West Indies, and several catalogues of North American and other was commissioned commander, 14 Sept., 1855. In birds contained in the museum. He was joint 1857-'8 he commanded the steamer “ Atalanta” in author with Spencer F. Baird and Thomas M. the Paraguayan expedition. He was on leave when i Brewer of “ A History of North American Birds the civil war began, but volunteered for active ser- ! (3 vols., Boston, 1874), and of “The Water Birds of vice promptly, commanded the steamer “Santiago | North America” (2 vols., 1884), in which he wrote de Cuba" in the West Indies during the early part the technical parts. He is the author of “ Report of the contest, from 1861 till 1803, and was suc- on Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel" (Washing- cessful in capturing blockade-runners. He was ton, 1877); "A Nomenclature of Colors for Natu- commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862. In 1864–5 ralists" (Boston, 1886); and “ Manual of North he commanded the steamer “Shenandoah ” on the American Birds” (Philadelphia, 1887). 9 9 RIDPATH 251 RIEL 99 RIDPATH, John Clark, educator, b. in Put- rout; and, had his suggestions been carried out nam county, Ind., 26 April, 1840. His parents were after the action of 7 Oct. , Burgoyne would, in all from West Virginia, and began life under circum- probability, have made good his retreat into Can- stances of great discouragement and hardship. ada. He was made prisoner at Saratoga on 17 The son had no early educational advantages be- Oct., exchanged in 1779, and in November of that sides those that he obtained at frontier schools, year received from Gen. Clinton a command on but his appetite for books was insatiable, and at Long Island, with headquarters on what are now seventeen he was a teacher. At nineteen he entered Brooklyn heights. He returned to Germany in Asbury (now De Pauw) university, where he was the summer of 1783, was advanced to the rank graduated with the highest honors of his class. of lieutenant-general in 1787, and appointed to Before graduation he had been elected to an in- the command of the Brunswick contingent that structorship in the Thorntown, Ind., academy, and was sent into Holland to support the cause of the in 1864 he was made its principal. This office he stadtholder. In 1794 he was appointed comman- held until 1867, when he was chosen to fill the chair dant of the city of Brunswick, which office he held of languages at Baker university, Baldwin City, until his death. His “ Memoirs, Letters, and Mili- Kan. During the same period he served as su- tary Journals,” edited by Max von Eelking, have perintendent of the Lawrenceburg, Ind., public been translated by William L. Stone (2 vols., Al- schools. In 1869 he was elected professor of Eng. bany, 1868). — His wife, Frederica Charlotte lish literature in Asbury university, and two years Louisa, b. in Brandenburg in 1746; d. in Berlin, later he was assigned to the chair of belles-lettres 29 March, 1808, was a daughter of von Massow, and history of the same institution. In 1879 he commissary-in-chief of Frederick II., and married was elected vice-president of the university, and he Baron Riedesel, after was largely the originator of the measures by which a romantic courtship, that institution was placed under the patronage of in 1762. She followed Washington C. De Pauw, and took his name. In her husband to Can- 1880 he received the degree of LL. D. from the ada in 1777, and was University of Syracuse, N. Y. He has published with him during the “ Academic History of the United States " (New Burgoyne campaign, York, 1874-5); “Popular History of the United and wherever he was States" (1876); “Grammar-School History” (1877); afterward stationed “ Inductive Grammar of the English Language in this country. She (1878–9); “ Monograph on Alexander Hamilton tenderly nursed Gen. (1880); * Life and work of Garfield” (1881–2); Simon Fraser on his · Life of James G. Blaine," and a History of death-bed, and, while Texas” (1884); and a “ A Cyclopædia of Universal the British army were History ” (3 vols., 1880–’4). besieged by Gen. Ho- RIEDESEL, Baron Friedrich Adolph (re'- ratio Gates, minis- deh-zel), German soldier, b. in Lauterbach, Rhine- tered to the sick and Hesse, 3 June, 1738; d. in Brunswick, 6 Jan., 1800. wounded after shar- His father, John William, was government assessor ing her own scanty at Eisenach, and his mother, Sophie Hedwig, was the rations with the hall- daughter of Baron von Borke, a Prussian lieutenant- starved soldiers and general and governor of Stettin. He was educated their wives. Her let- at the law-school of Marburg, but while attending ters to her husband that school became an ensign in a Hessian battalion before joining him in of infantry in garrison in that city, which soon Canada, and to her afterward was received into the English establish- mother while she was in this country, have become ment. He served as general aide on the personal classic. She was handsome, and rendered herself staff of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the an object of wonder by riding in thick boots, and seven years' war, and, having acquitted himself what was then called “ the European fashion.” She gallantly in the execution of an important commis- visited some of the principal families near Char- sion at the battle of Minden, was rapidly promoted. lottesville, Va., being always a welcome guest. Of He became captain of the Hessian hussars in 1760, her nine children, three were living in 1856. FRED- lieutenant-colonel of the black hussars in 1762, ERICA, the second daughter of Madame Riedesel, adjutant-general of the Prussian army in 1767, and who accompanied her in her wanderings in this colonel of carbineers in 1772. Soon after the be- country, became one of the most distinguished ginning of the American Revolution, England women of her day. She married Count Reden, having hired of the petty German sovereigns 20,- who died in 1854, and resided at Buchwald, which 000 troops, of which 4,000 were from Brunswick, was the resort of many celebrated men. After her Col. Riedesel was at once advanced to the rank of death the king of Prussia, Frederick William, major-general and given the command of the caused a beautiful monument to be erected to Brunswickers. On his arrival at Quebec, 1 June, her memory. She left one daughter, who married 1776, he drilled his men to meet the American Baron von Rotenhan, at Reutweinsdorf, in Ba- style of fighting, exercising them on snow-shoes in varia, with whom this branch of the family of Rie- winter and making them fire at long range and desel dies out. Madame Riedesel's letters were from behind bushes and trees. After spending a published in Berlin in 1800, and a defective Eng- year in Canada, he accompanied Burgoyne on his lish translation in New York in 1827. A complete unfortunate expedition. He rendered special ser- translation was made by William L. Stone with the vice at the taking of Ticonderoga, and, by bringing title “Letters and Journals relating to the War of up re-enforcements, in dispersing the Americans at the American Revolution" (Albany, 1867). Hubbardton; and, had his advice been followed, RIEL, Louis, Canadian insurgent, b. in St. the disastrous raid on Bennington would not have Boniface, Manitoba, 23 Oct., 1844 ; d. in Regina, occurred. At the battle of 19 Sept., 1777, he alone, Northwest territory, 16 Nov., 1885. He was the by bringing up his Brunswickers at a critical mo- son of Louis Riel, a popular leader of the Metis ment, saved the English army from a complete race, or Franco-Indians of the northwest, who in de Riedesel heu de Meslene 252 RIGDON RIEL a 9 1849 led a revolt against the authority of the not recommending the commutation of his sen- Hudson bay company. The son was a protégé of tence. It also led to a serious, though only tempo- Archbishop Taché, and after completing his edu- rary, defection of supporters of the administration; cation at the Jesuit college in Montreal he re- but finally Riel's French-Canadian sympathizers turned to Red river. In October, 1869, he became generally recognized the justice of his sentence, secretary of the “Comité national des Metis," an and admitted that his mental aberration was not organization formed in the interests of the native of such a character as to render him irresponsible. people to resist the establishment of Canadian RIGAUD, Antoine, Baron (re-go), French sol- authority in the territories, which had then been dier, b. in Agen, France, 14 May, 1758; d. in New lately acquired from the Hudson bay company. Orleans, La., 4 Sept., 1820. He enlisted in early life, Riel, on behalf of the half-breeds, demanded part served in this country under Rochambeau during of the money that had been paid by Canada to the the Revolution, was promoted a colonel in 1796, company, and when this was refused he opposed, and major-general in 1807, and created baron, 19 at the head of a band of his countrymen, the entry March, 1808. He served afterward in Spain and of William McDougall, the first lieutenant-gov- Germany, and at Waterloo. After the fall of Na- ernor under the Dominion government. On 8 Dec., poleon I., he refused to make his submission and 1869, he was elected president of a provisional tried to incite a rebellion in behalf of his former government that was established at Fort Garry, chief. He was sentenced to death, 16 May, 1816, but after his followers had taken possession of that escaped to the United States, and vas a promoter place, and captured Dr. John Christian Schultz of the Champ d'Asile in Texas that was founded and 44 Canadians. In February, 1870, Archbishop by exiled French officers. In 1828 he removed to Taché, who had been sent for from Rome, was New Orleans, and was attached to the U. S. en- authorized to promise Riel and his followers a gineering department. He executed some works general amnesty. On 17 Feb., Riel captured Maj. in Mississippi river, and then went to Mexico, where Bolton and 47 men, and on 4 March one of his he took part in a revolution. At the time of his prisoners, Thomas Scott, an Ontario Orangeman, death he was a teacher of mathematics in New Or- was executed by his order. On the approach of the leans. Napoleon, in his “Mémorial de Saint Hélène," expeditionary force under Sir Garnet (now Lord) names him “the martyr of glory," and left him in Wolseley, Riel evacuated Fort Garry and escaped his will $20,000. from the country. A reward of $5,000 was offered RIGAUD, Benoit Joseph André (re-go), Hay- by the Ontario government for his apprehension, tian soldier, b. in Les Cayes, Hayti, in 1761; d. for his share in the execution of Thomas Scott. there in 1811. He was a mulatto, and held a sub- He soon afterward returned to Manitoba, but was ordinate command in the militia of the colony at not arrested, and in October, 1873, he was elected the time of the revolution of 1789. At first he to the Dominion parliament for Provencher, but fought against the French, but he afterward es- was not permitted to take his seat. At the ensuing poused their cause, was made a brigadier-general, election in January, 1874, he was re-elected, and and in 1798 became commander against the British, suddenly appeared in Ottawa and signed the roll In association with Alexandre Pětion (q. v.), he de- of membership, after which he disappeared. He feated Dessalines at Grand Goave, took Jacmel, and was expelled from parliament on 16 April, but was defeated Toussaint L'Ouverture near that place; again returned for the same constituency by ac- but, his resources being exhausted and his army clamation on 3 Sept., 1874. On 15 Oct. following reduced to a few hundred men, he abandoned the a warrant of outlawry was issued against him by colony in August, 1800, and passed to France, the court of Queen's bench of Manitoba, and in where he lived in retirement. In 1810 he landed February, 1875, he was sentenced to five years' at Port au Prince, and was appointed by Pétion banishment and forfeiture of political rights. In commander of the Cayes; but he had scarcely ar- 1877 he was confined for several months in Beau- rived in the latter place when he proclaimed him- fort lunatic asylum, Quebec, under an assumed self dictator of the southern counties. Pétion's name, but whether this was owing to insanity, advisers urged an expedition against the rebel, but or for 'concealment and protection, is doubtful. the president, being afraid of the popularity and He afterward removed to Montana, where, in the military talents of his rival, acknowledged his in- summer of 1884, a deputation of half-breeds in- dependence. Rigaud died a few months later after vited him to lead them in an agitation for their thoroughly organizing the administration of his rights in Manitoba. On 8 July, 1884, Riel arrived republic. He was noteworthy for his magnanimity at Duck Lake with his family, and at once began in contrast with the useless cruelties of the other a systematic agitation among the half-breeds and Haytian chiefs. Indians. On 5 Sept. he stated the claims of his RIGDON, Sidney, Mormon elder, b. in St. followers, which were not granted, and in March, Clair township, Alleghany county, Pa., 19 Feb., 1885, he established for the second time a provisional 1793 ; d. in Friendship, N. Y., 14 July, 1876. He government in the northwest. On the 18th the worked on a farm till 1817, and after some expe- rebels made prisoners of the Indian agent at Duck rience as a printer studied for the ministry, and Lake and several teamsters, and on the 25th they was licensed to preach by the Baptist church on seized the government stores. The following day 1 April. 1819. In January, 1822, he became pastor a collision occurred between the insurgents and a of the first church in Pittsburg, Pa., where he la- party of mounted police and volunteers under the bored successfully. Following the example of Ales- command of Maj. L. N. F. Crozier, in which the ander Campbell and Walter Scott, he withdrew from former were successful. After the arrival of Maj.- that church and assisted in establishing the Disci- Gen. Frederick D. Middleton with Canadian troops, ples, or Campbell denomination. He began preach- the rebellion was speedily suppressed. Riel, who ing the new doctrine in Bainbridge, Ohio, in 1828, had been taken prisoner after the capture of Ba- and a year later went to Mentor, where he was very toche, was conveyed to Regina, where he was tried successful. In the autumn of 1830 four Mormon and convicted of treason-felony, and sentenced to elders, Parley P. Pratt, Ziba Peterson, Oliver Cow- death. The execution of Riel was followed by dery, and Peter Whitmer, on their way to Missouri, great public excitement in the province of Qnebec, stopped at Mentor. Mr. Pratt, who had been a and the government was bitterly denounced for | Baptist clergyman, obtained permission to preach RIGGS 253 RIGGS Elias Riggo W in Mr. Rigdon's church, and the latter became in- | theological seminary in 1832. He was a mission- terested, read portions of the “ Book of Mormon," ary at Athens and Argos, Greece, for the American was converted to the doctrine of the Latter-day board, from 1832 till 1838, and in Smyrna, Asia saints, and baptized in October, 1830. He at once Minor, from 1838 till 1853. Since the latter date became zealous, and in December, 1830, met Joseph he has labored at Smith at Fayette, N. Y. It has been claimed that, Constantinople. He through Rigdon's agency (and there is no doubt of visited the United their association in the scheme), Smith became States in 1856, taught possessed of a copy of Solomon Spaulding's manu- Hebrew in Union script, which he read from behind a blanket to his theological seminary amanuensis, Oliver Cowdery, with such additions in 1857–²8, and was as suited the purposes of Rigdon and himself. (See invited to become SPAULDING, SOLOMON.) Rigdon transferred to Smith professor there, but as many of his followers as he could influence, and preferred to return the two men were thenceforth partners in all their to his foreign field. enterprises, even to the practice of polygamy, and The translation of both claimed to have received revelations. When the Scriptures into Smith removed to Kirtland, Ohio, in January, 1831, the Turkish language Rigdon went with him, and was his most efficient was placed in 1873 preacher. Subsequently they preached in Hiram, by the British and Ohio, where, on the night of 25 March, 1832, they foreign Bible society were dragged from their beds by a mob and tarred and the American and feathered. They returned to Kirtland, and a Bible society in the year later a church hierarchy was established, con- hands of a commit- sisting of Smith, Rigdon, and Frederick G. Will- tee, of which he was iams, who were elected presidents and styled “ the a member. As a result of its labors, the entire first presidency.” They established a mill and a Bible was published in both Arabic and Armenian store, and set up a “wild-cat” bank without a char- characters in 1878. A revision was made by a ter, Smith appointing himself president and mak-larger committee, including Dr. Riggs, and the ing Rigdon cashier. The neighboring country was new work was issued in 1886. Mr. Riggs received soon flooded with notes of doubtful value, and, in the degree of D. D. from Hanover college, Ind., in consequence of this and other business transactions, 1853, and that of LL. D. from Amherst in 1871. the partners were accused of fraudulent dealing. He is the author of “A Manual of the Chaldee At the same time it was said that "a revelation Language, etc.” (Andover, 1832; revised ed., New from the Lord” had declared that the sins of Rig- York, 1858; and several later editions); “ The don and Williams were forgiven, and that hence- Young Forester, a Brief Memoir of the Early forth they were "to be accounted as equal with Life of the Swedish Missionary, Fjelstedt” (1840); Joseph Smith, Jr., in holding the keys of His last - Translation of the Scriptures into the Modern Ar- kingdom.” In 1838, the bank having failed in No- menian Language," completed with the aid of na- vember, 1837, Smith and Rigdon fled in the night tive scholars (Smyrna, 1853; reprinted in many edi- to avoid arrest, pursued by their creditors, and tions in Constantinople and New York);“Grammat- took refuge in Missouri . Large numbers of Mor- ical Notes on the Bulgarian Language ” (Smyrna, mons had preceded them, and, having become in- 1844); " Grammar of the Modern Armenian Lan- volved in quarrels with the inhabitants, had been guage, with a Vocabulary” (1847; 2d ed., Constan- driven by mobs from place to place until they set- tinople, 1856); “Grammar of the Turkish Lan- tled in Caldwell county, in the town of Far West. guage as written in the Armenian Character”; Here the fugitives joined them, and Rigdon became Translation of the Scriptures into the Bulgarian noted for the vigor of his denunciations against Language" (1871; several editions, Constantinople the persecutors of “God's chosen people.” After and Vienna); “Suggested Emendations of the Au- spending some time in jail, having been arrested thorized English Version of the Old Testament” by the state authorities on charges of treason, mur- (Andover, 1873); “A Harmony of the Gospels in der, and felony, Smith and Rigdon were found Bulgarian " (Constantinople, 1880); “Suggested guilty, but after some months' imprisonment were Modifications of the Revised Version of the New allowed to escape, and joined the Mormon exodus Testament" (Andover, 1883);“A Bible Dictionary,” to Illinois. When the church was established at in Bulgarian (Constantinople, 1884); and minor Nauvoo, Rigdon was still one of its presidents. In publications, including tracts, hymns, and collec- the course of his connection with that body he had tions of hymns, in Greek, Armenian, and Bulgarian. been twice tarred and feathered, and several times RIGGŠ, George Washington, banker, b. in imprisoned for his alleged conspiracies and misde- Georgetown, D. C., 4 July, 1813; d. at Green Hill, meanors. When Joseph and Hyrum Smith were Prince George's co., Md., near Washington, 24 shot at Carthage, Ill., 27 June, 1844, Rigdon aspired Aug., 1881. He was educated at Yale, and in 1836, to the leadership of the sect, but the twelve a pos- with William W. Corcoran, formed the banking- tles preferred Brigham Young. Rigdon refused to house of Corcoran and Riggs, which acquired a submit to his authority, and, for his contumacy, national fame during the Mexican war by taking was declared to be "cut off from the communion up the entire loan that was called for by the gov- of the faithful , and delivered to the devil, to be ernment in 1847 and 1848. This proved a profita- buffeted in the flesh for a thousand years.” Thus ble transaction from the large commission that was cast out, he left the town of Nauvoo in the autumn received and indirectly by bringing the firm into of 1844 and went to Pittsburg, Pa., and thence to great publicity. When Mr. Corcoran retired from Friendship, N. Y., where he died declaring firm business Mr. Riggs formed the present firm of belief in the doctrines and truthfulness of the Riggs and Co. He also entered largely into the “ Book of Mormon." purchase of real estate in Washington and other RIGGS, Elias, missionary, b. in New Provi- parts of the District of Columbia. Mr. Riggs took dence, Union co., N. J., 19 Nov., 1810. He was a great interest in the management of the affairs graduated at Amherst in 1829, and at Andover of the District, and in 1873 he acted as chairman of 254 RILEY RIGGS the committee that presented a petition to congress | Rev. C. N. Righter, Agent of the American Bible asking for an investigation into the conduct of the Society in the Levant," by Rev. Samuel I. Prime, board of public works. The result of the investiga- D. D. (New York, 1859). tion was that the congressional committee reported RIKER, James, historian, b. in New York city, in favor of abolishing the existing territorial gov- 11 May, 1822; d. in Waverly, N. Y., 15 July, 1889. ernment, and a new system was inaugurated, which He traced his lineage from Abraham Rycker, of vested all authority in congress itself. Mr. Riggs Amsterdam, who came to this country with Wil- possessed literary and artistic taste, and collected a helm Kieft in 1638. After receiving his education library of valuable books and many works of art. at Cornelius institute, he taught in 1850–8, and RIGGS, Stephen Return, missionary, b. in served in the office of the American home mission- Steuben ville, Ohio, 23 March, 1812: d. in Beloit, ary society in 1858–63 and in the U. S. revenue Wis., 24 Aug., 1883. He was graduated at Jeffer- service in 1864–7. In 1869 he removed to Waver- son college, Pa., in 1834, and after spending a year ly, where he lived twenty years. He established a in Western theological seminary at Allegheny, Pa., library there, which was opened in 1885, and of was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Chilli- which he was made librarian. He was a member cothe. Having been sent out as a missionary by of the historical societies of New York and Massa- the American board, he proceeded to Lake Harriet chusetts, and of other similar associations. In mission, near Fort Snelling in 1837. Here he addition to addresses and brochures upon the his- spent several months in studying the Dakota tory of the Dutch settlers of New York, Mr. Riker language, and subsequently joined the mission at is the author of " A Brief History of the Riker Lac-qui-parle, where, in 1839, he entertained John Family” (New York, 1851); “ The Annals of New- C. Frémont and Jean Nicollet (9. v.). In 1843 he town" (1852); “ Harlein; its Origin and Early An- opened a new mission station at Traverse des Sioux, nals" (1881); and “The Indian History of Tioga and was in charge of it until December, 1846, when County," in a gazetteer of that county (Syracuse, he returned to Lac-qui-parle, and remained there 1888). At the time of his death he was preparing until 1854. In that year he removed to Hazelwood a “ Dictionary of the First Settlers of New Nether- station, near the mouth of Yellow Medicine river, land Prior to the Year 1700."--His brother, John and built a boarding-school for Dakota children. Lafayette, a colonel in the National army, was Here, assisted after 1858 by his son, Alfred, he killed at the battle of Fair Oaks, 31 May, 1862. labored until the summer of 1862, when his work RIKER, Richard, lawyer, b. in Newtown, Long was interrupted by the Indian insurrection of that Island, N. Y., 9 Sept., 1773 ; d. in New York city, year. (See LITTLE Crow.) Mr. Riggs and his family 26 Sept., 1842. He was educated under Dr. John left their home on 19 Aug., and, after travelling sev- Witherspoon, studied law, and was admitted to the eral days and after many hair-breadth escapes, suc- bar in 1795. From 1802 till 1840 he was district ceeded in reaching a place of safety. Hastening attorney for New York, Westchester, and Queens to St. Paul, Dr. Riggs offered his services to Gov. counties, and he was recorder of the city in 1815-'19, Ramsey, of Minnesota, who commissioned him 1821-3, and 1824–38. Mr. Riker was an earnest chaplain of the military expedition that was sent Republican, and on 14 Nov., 1803, was wounded in out to protect the frontier and punish the hostile a political duel with Robert Swartwout. He was Indians. After the campaign closed, Dr. Riggs known for his geniality and patience on the bench, employed his summers in visiting mission sta- and possessed a profound knowledge of criminal tions, and his winters in completing the transla- law. ' Fitz-Greene Halleck made Mr. Riker the tion of the Bible into the Dakota language, which subject of his poem The Recorder." was published before his death. Nearly fifty books, RILEY, Bennett, soldier, b. in Alexandria, Va., consisting of translations and original writings in 27 Nov., 1787; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 9 June, 1853. connection with Dakota history, customs and lan- He entered the army from civil life at an early guage, represent the literary work of his lifetime. period, being appointed from Maryland an ensign He received the degree of D.D. from Beloit college of rifles, 19 Jan., 1813, and continued in the service in 1873 and that of LL. D. from Jefferson. He until he died. He became lieutenant on 12 March, also wrote “ The Dakota First Reading-Book," with served in the war of 1812, and was promoted captain, Gideon H. Pond (Cincinnati, 1839) ; Wowapi 6 Aug., 1818, major, 26 Sept., 1837, and lieutenant- Mitawi, Tamakece Kagu: My Own Book” (Bos- colonel, 1 Dec., 1839. He served with gallantry in ton, 1842); “ Dakota Tawoonspe, or Dakota Les 1823 in an action with the Arickaree Indians, and sons" (Louisville, 1850); and “ Dakota Vocabulary” for his services at Chakotta, Fla., 2 June, 1840, he (New York, 1852); and edited “A Grammar and was brevetted colonel. In the Mexican war of Dictionary of the Dakota Language, collected by 1846–7 he was given important commands. He the Members of the Dakota Mission ". (Washing- led the 20 infantry under Scott, and the 2d brigade ton, 1852, being vol. iv. of “Smithsonian Contri- of Twiggs's division in the valley of Mexico. He butions; revised ed., 1883); “ Tahkoo Wakan, or received the brevet of brigadier-general, 18 April, the Gospel among the Dakotas” (1869); “ The Bi- 1847, for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and that of ble in Dakota," with Dr. J. S. Williamson " (1879); | major-general, 20 Aug., 1847, for Contreras. After and · Forty Years among the Sioux” (1880). He i one of his successful engagements with the enemy also edited, with Rev. J. P. Williamson, “ Hymns Gen. Winfield Scott assured him that his bravery in the Dakota Language” (New York, 1869). had secured a victory for the American army. At RIGHTER, Chester Newell, missionary, b. in the conclusion of the war Gen. Riley was placed in Parsippany, Morris co., N. J., 25 Sept., 1824 ; d. in command of the Pacific department, with head- Diarbekir, Turkey, 16 Dec., 1856. İle was gradu- quarters at Monterey. He was appointed military ated at Yale in 1846, and subsequently studied the governor of California, and served as the first chief ology at New Haven and Andover. After travel magistrate of the territory and until the admission ling in Europe for his health, he was ordained, 22 of the state into the Union. He became colonel Sept., 1854, and sailed for the Levant the same of the 1st infantry on 31 Jan., 1850. year, where, on his arrival, he acted as an agent of RILEY, Charles Valentine, entomologist, b. the American Bible society. Extracts from his in London, England, 18 Sept., 1843. He attended letters and journals will be found in “ The Bible schools at Chelsea and Bayswater until he was in the Levant; or, The Life and Letters of the i eleven years old, was then sent to the College of RILEY 255 RILEY St. Paul in Dieppe, France, and three years later | labored as a missionary. He devoted his strength went to Bonn, Germany. In 1860 he came to the and his fortune to building up an Episcopalian or- United States and settled on a farm in Illinois, ganization in that country, which was called the where he acquired a practical knowledge of agri- Church of Jesus, and was consecrated bishop of the culture. Subsequently he became editorially con- valley of Mexico in 1879. Differences arose be- nected with the Evening Journal” and the “ Prai- tween him and other clergymen interested in the rie Farmer” in Chicago. He relinquished these ap- undertaking, and in 1884 he resigned his office. pointments in May, 1864, to serve with the 1341h RILEY, Henry Hiram, lawyer, b. in Great Bar- Illinois volunteers; and when his regiment was rington, Mass., 1 Sept., 1813 ; d. in Constantine, disbanded, toward the close of the war, he resumed Mich., 8 Feb., 1888. He was left an orphan at the his connection with the ** Prairie Farmer.” In 1868 age of ten, received a common-school education in he accepted the office of state entomologist of Mis- New Hartford, N. Y., learned the printer's trade in souri, which he held until 1877, and then he was Hudson, N. Y., worked in New York city as a jour- appointed chief of the U.S. entomological commis- neyman printer from 1834 till 1837, and from 1837 sion that had been formed under the auspices of till 1842° edited the “Seneca Observer," a Demo- the department of the interior for the purpose of cratic paper, at Watertown, N. Y., at the same time investigating the Rocky mountain locust. He was pursuing the study of law. He sold this and went made entomologist to the department of agricul- to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he was admitted to ture in 1878, but soon gave up this office and re- the bar, and entered nto practice in Constantine, turned to his work in the entomological commis- taking a high rank in his profession. He was sion, for which he edited and wrote the more im- prosecuting attorney for St. Joseph county for six portant original and practical portions of its four years, a member of the state senate in 1850–'1, a large reports (1877–86). In 1881 he organized the delegate to the Democratic convention of 1860 at entomological division of the department of agri- Charleston, where he supported the candidacy of culture, to which the work of the commission was Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency, a state sena- transferred, and he has since continued in charge of tor again in 1862, an active member of the commis- that division, also holding the office of curator of sion that revised the state constitution in 1873, and insects in the U. S. national museum, to which he afterward judge of the circuit court. He contrib- presented his private entomological collection of uted to the “ Knickerbocker Magazine,” under the more than 115,000 mounted specimens, including pen-name of “Simon Oakleaf,” a series of articles about 15,000 species. This is now the largest gen. called “ Puddleford Papers, or Humors of the eral collection in the United States. He has lec- West," which were followed by “ Puddleford and tured on entomology at Cornell university, Kansas its People.” The latter was issued in book-form state agricultural college, Washington university, (New York, 1854), and the earlier papers, which and Missouri state university, which institution were partly humorous and partly descriptive of conferred on him, in 1873, the honorary degree of nature, were subsequently published in a volume Ph. D. Prof. Riley's great services to the com- in a revised form, and attained popularity (1857). munity have been accomplished by his valuable RILEY, James, mariner, b. in Middletown, researches on the insects most injurious to Ameri. Conn., 27 Oct., 1777; d. at sea, 15 March, 1840, He can agriculture, including the Rocky mountain became a sailor at the age of fifteen, was soon made locust, the army worm, the chinch-bug, the canker- master of a vessel, and commanded in 1808 the worm, the cotton-worm, the potato-beetle, and the “ Two Marys," which was seized and confiscated phylloxera. His researches on the latter attracted by the French. In April, 1815, he sailed from the attention of the French authorities, and in 1873 | Hartford in the brig - Commerce.” On the course he was presented by that government with a gold from Gibraltar to the Cape Verde islands he was medal that was designed for the occasion. In shipwrecked on the coast of Africa in August, 1884 he received a gold medal for a collection of 1815. He was kept as a slave by the Arabs for insects that he made at the International forestry eighteen months, and suffered such hardships and exhibition in Edinburgh. He is a member of many cruelties that his weight was reduced from 240 to scientific societies in the United States and abroad, 60 pounds. He was finally ransomed, with his was general secretary of the American association companions, by W. Willshire, the British consul at for the advancement of science in 1881, and vice- Mogadore, whom the U.S. government reimbursed president of the section of biology in 1888, presi- during the presidency of James Monroe. Riley dent of the St. Louis academy of sciences in settled in 1821 in Vån Wert county, Ohio, where 1876-'8, and first president of the Entomological he founded the town of Willshire, and in 1823 was society of Washington in 1883. In 1878, with elected to the legislature. During that important Benjamin D. Walsh, he founded “ The American session he assisted in maturing the measures for Entomologist," but it was discontinued at the end improving the state by navigable canals, establish- of its second volume. It was resumed in 1880, but ing an ad valorem system of taxation, providing a given up again at the close of the voluine. Prof. sinking fund for the debt, and advancing the com- Riley has contributed largely to the press and to mon-school system of the state. In 1831 he re- cyclopædias. The titles of his separate papers are sumed a seafaring life, and traded between Moga- about 200 in number, and he has published in book- dore and American ports till his death. During form" Reports on the Noxious. Beneficial, and his last visit to Morocco he received from the em- other Insects of the State of Missouri” (9 annual peror a license to trade with people of the seaports volumes, Jefferson City, 1869-'77); “ Potato Pests" that was more favorable than any that had before (New York, 1876); “The Locust Plague in the been granted to a Christian merchant. After his United States " (Chicago, 1877); and “ Annual Re- escape from captivity an “ Authentic Narrative of ports as Entomologist of the Department of Agri- the loss of the American Brig • Commerce' on the culture”; also a number of bulletins from the ento- Western Coast of Africa, with a Description of mological division (Washington, 1881 et seq.). Tombuctoo” was prepared from his journals and RILEY, Henry Chauncey, P. E. bishop, b. in log-books by Anthony Bleecker (New York, 1816), Santiago, Chili, 15 Dec., 1835. He was graduated and was reprinted in England, obtaining a wide at Columbia in 1858, studied theology in England, 'circulation in both countries, though it was sup- was ordained in 1866, and went to Mexico, where he | posed to be a fiction until others of the crew arrived a 256 RINGGOLD RILEY to corroborate the story. Another survivor of the RINALDINI, Benito (ree-nal-dee'-nee), Spanish shipwreck, Archibald Robbins, published a narra- missionary, b. in Brijia, province of Valencia, 15 tive (Hartford, 1842). Riley's son, William WilL- June, 1695; d. in Michoacan about 1760. He en- SHIRE, published a “Sequel” to his narrative, em- tered the Jesuit order in 1712, and was sent to bracing the story of his life, voyages, and travels Mexico about 1730, and assigned to the missions of after the shipwreck (Columbus, 1851). the Tepehuan Indians. He wrote “ Arte para RILEY, James Whitcomb, poet, b. in Green- aprender la lengua Tepehuana” (Mexico, 1745). field, Ind., about 1852. He acquired a knowledge RINCON, Antonio del (reen-con'), Mexican of men and a taste for a wandering life by trav- missionary, b. in Tezcoco in 1541; d. in San Mar- elling with his father, an attorney, and early left tin, Texmelucan, 2 March, 1601. He entered the school and adopted the calling of a vagabond sign- Jesuit order in Tepotzotlan in 1573, taught in their writer, sometimes simulating blindness in order to colleges of Mexico and Puebla, and afterward gave attract custom. For some time he performed in a his life to the teaching and conversion of the na- theatrical troupe, and became proficient in recasting tives. Although paralytic, he continued exercising plays and improvising songs. About 1875 he be his ministry, was carried by his converts from one gan to contribute to the local papers verses in the village to the other, and died while preaching to western dialect, which he found more popular than the Indians. He wrote “Gramática ó Arte de la serious poetry. He exhibited his imitative powers lengua Mexicana” (Mexico, 1595; reprinted by An- also by writing a short piece called “Leonainie,” tonio Peñafiel, 1885). which many literary critics were deluded into ac- RINEHART, William Henry, sculptor, b. cepting as a poem of Edgar A. Poe. He finally near Union Bridge, Carroll co., Md., 13 Sept., 1825; obtained regular employment in the office of the d. in Rome, Italy, 28 Oct., 1874. His youth was Indianapolis - Journal," and in that paper, and passed at the homestead, and he attended school latterly in the magazines, he has published nu- until he was nearly eighteen years of age, when he merous dialect and serious poems. His collected began to work on his father's farm, but became the works are “ The Old Swimmin’-Hole, and ’Leven assistant of a stone-cutter in the neighborhood. More Poems,” by “ Benj. F. Johnson, of Boone" By strict attention to duty he soon excelled his (1883); “ The Boss Girl, and other Sketches," con employer, and in 1844 secured an apprenticeship in sisting of stories and poems (Indianapolis, 1886); a Baltimore marble-yard, where he also took up “ Afterwhiles (1887); and “ Character Sketches drawing and other studies in his leisure hours. His and Poems” (1887). energy and talent attracted the attention of his RILEY, John Campbell, physician, b. in employers, who not only advanced him, but built Georgetown, D. C., 16 Dec., 1828; d. in Washing- a studio for him on their own premises. Many of ton, D. C., 22 Feb., 1879. He was graduated at the works that he produced during this time still Georgetown college in 1848, studied in the Na- exist in Baltimore." But after several years he de- tional medical college at Washington, taking his cided to devote himself wholly to the art to which degree in 1851, and entered into practice in that he had become attached, and in 1855 went to Italy city. In 1859 he became professor of materia to continue his studies. While there he executed medica and therapeutics in the National medical two bas-reliefs in marble, “Night” and “ Morning.” college. He was secretary to the National conven- On his return, two years later, he opened a studio tion for revising the pharmacopeia, and is the au- in Baltimore, where he executed, besides numerous thor of a “ Compend of Materia Medica and Thera- busts, a fountain-figure for the post-office at Wash- peutics” (Philadelphia, 1869). ington, and two figures, “ Indian Back- RIMMER, William, artist, b. in Liverpool, woodsman,” to support the clock in the house of rep- England, 20 Feb., 1816; d. in South Milford, resentatives. In 1858 he settled in Rome. During Mass., 20 Aug., 1879. His family emigrated to the succeeding eight years there came from his stu- this country in 1818, and he began early to carve dio “ Hero and Leander”; “Indian Girl”; “St. Ce- figures in gypsum and to paint. In 1846 he be- cilia”; “Sleeping Babes":"Woman of Samaria"; gan the study of medicine, going to Bridgewater “Christ” and the “ Angel of Resurrection " (both and then to South Boston, and supporting himself now in Loudoun cemetery); and the bronze statue, by painting. He remained in the profession six- “Love, reconciled with Death,” in Greenmount cem- teen years, and it was not until 1860 that he pro- etery, Baltimore. He completed also the bronze duced his first important work of art. This was a doors of the capitol, which Thomas Crawford left colossal head of “St. Stephen,” carved directly unfinished at his death. He made visits to this from granite without a model. It was followed by country in 1866 and in 1872, bringing with him in the "Falling Gladiator” (1861), which is now in the latter year his statue of Chief-Justice Roger B. the Museum of fine arts, Boston, and which at- Taney, which in the same year was unveiled in tracted wide attention. It was remarkable espe- Annapolis, Md. In 1873 he set sail once more for cially as showing his profound knowledge of the Italy with a large number of orders. A desire to fill construction and movement of the human figure. these all in time induced him to remain in Rome He was urged to come to Boston and open an art- longer than usual during the summer, and he fell a school, which he did, lecturing also before the victim to malaria. Besides those already mentioned, Lowell institute and at Harvard on art anatomy. Rinehart's principal works include "Antigone”; In 1867 he became director of the School of design "Nymph”; “ Clytie,” which he has called his mas- for women in the Cooper institute, New York city, terpiece, and which is owned by the Peabody insti- where he remained four years, after which he re- tute; “ Atalanta”; “ Latona and her Children"; turned to Boston. Ilis other works include a statue ** Diana and Apollo”; “ Endymion” (1874); and of Alexander Hamilton, in Boston, and “Lions Rebecca," in the Corcoran gallery at Washington. Fighting" (1874). Dr. Rimmer also executed nu- RINGGOLD, Samuel, congressman, b. in Ches- merous paintings, but he felt too deeply the want tertown, kent co., Md., 15 Jan., 1770 ; d. in of opportunity and of a proper appreciation of his Frederick county, Md., 18 Oct., 1829. advanced ideas to produce many original works. educated by private tutors, served in the state His life was mainly devoted to teaching. He pub- senate for several years, was elected to congress as lished Elements of Design” (Boston, 1872 ; re- a Democrat in 1810 in place of Roger Nelson, re- vised ed., 1879) and “ Art Anatomy” (Boston, 1877). / signed, served till 1815, was re-elected in 1816, and " and : 64 He was . RINGGOLD 257 RIO DE LA LOZA served till 1821. After his marriage with his first RIO, Antonio del (ree'-o), Spanish soldier, b. in wife, Maria, daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader, La Mancha in 1745; d. in Guatemala about 1789. he settled on his estate in Washington county, He came in 1775 to this country as a captain, and where he built one of the handsomest residences in was serving in Central America when, in 1786, the the state. His second wife, Elizabeth, was the king of Spain appointed him commander of an daughter of Col. Edward Lloyd, of Talbot county, expedition to make an examination of whatever Md.-His son, Samuel, soldier, b. in Washington ruins might be found in the territory of Guatemala, county, Md., in 1800; d. in Point Isabel, Tex., 11, in order to settle the question, which was then May, 1846. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- greatly discussed, of whence America derived its tary academy in 1818, served for several years as inhabitants. Rio undertook his task in the same aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott, became 1st year with great zeal, and found the ruins of an an- lieutenant in 1822, and was brevetted captain in cient city near Palenque, in the present state of 1832. He became captain in 1836, participated in Chiapas, Mexico, the splendor of which suggested the Florida war, and was brevetted major * for ac- to him the idea that it was built by the first Phæ- tive and efficient conduct” during hostilities. He nician adventurers that are thought by some to then organized a corps of flying artillery, and was have sailed across the Atlantic ocean. Rio died mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of shortly after his return to Guatemala, but left a the Mexican war. He introduced flying artillery manuscript about his explorations, which some into this country, invented a saddle-tree, which years afterward fell into the hands of Dr. Pablo was subsequently known as the McClelland saddle, Felix Cabrera, who translated it into English and and a rebounding hammer made of brass for ex- published it under the title of “Description of the ploding the fulminating primers for field-guns, that Ruins of an Ancient City discovered near Palenque, prevented the blowing away of the hammer.-An- in the Kingdom of Guatemala” (London, 1794). other son, Cadwalader, naval officer, b. in Wash- The volume also contains an investigation into the ington county, Md., 20 Aug., 1802; d. in New history of the American races, by Cabrera. York city, 29 April, 1867. He entered the navy as RIÓ, Diego del (ree'-o), Spanish missionary, b. midshipman, 4 March, 1819, served in Com. Por- in Burgos about 1580; d. in Tlajiaco, Mexico, in ter's “ mosquito fleet” in the West Indies in 1644. He went to Mexico in 1595 with the family. 1823–4 for the suppression of piracy, and was of the viceroy, the Count of Monterey, studied in commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828. In 1838 the Jesuit college, and entered the Dominican he was appointed to command the brig“ Porpoise” order in Puebla de los Angeles in 1603, when his in Lieut. Charles Wilkes's exploring expedition, protector was promoted to the viceroyalty of Peru. and participated in making the discovery of the Soon afterward he was sent to the missions of Antarctic continent. In August, 1840, he took Qajaca, and began to study the Mistec language, part in an attack on the natives of Suahib, Feejee until he was able to preach fluently to the Indians islands, where two of the officers of the exploring in that tongue. He was guardian of several expedition had been killed by cannibals. He as- convents, including the chief one of his order at sisted in the survey of Columbia river, Puget Oajaca, and is buried in the church of the convent sound, the harbor of San Francisco and Sacramento of Tlajiaco. He wrote Diccionario copioso y river, and among the South sea islands. He re- erúdito de la Lengua Misteca and “Tratados turned to New York in June, 1842, by way of the espirituales y Sermones en Misteco," the manu- Cape of Good Hope, after circumnavigating the scripts of which, according to Burgoa, were in the globe, and collected valuable scientific information library of the convent of Tlajiaco, but were re- concerning the Pacific and Antarctic oceans. On moved on the secularization of the monastic orders. 16 July, 1849, he was commissioned a commander. RIO DE LA LOZA, Leopoldo (ree'-o-day-lah- He was on special duty in California in 1849–51, lo'-thah), Mexican chemist, b. in the city of Mexico and in the bureau of construction at the navy de- in November, 1807; d. there, 2 May, 1873. His partment in 1852, and took command of the North father was an apothecary, and from early youth Pacific exploring expedition, sailing in the “Vin- the boy assisted him in the laboratory, thus acquir- cennes,” but feeble health compelled him to re- ing a taste for chemistry. After finishing his turn home. In September, 1855, he was placed on primary education, he entered the College of San the reserved list, and on 2 April, 1856, he was pro- Ildefonso, and was graduated in surgery in 1827, moted to captain on the active list. He had spe- but he continued his scientific studies, and was cial duty in Washington in 1859-'60. When the graduated in 1830 in pharmacy, and in 1833 in civil war began he was placed in command of the medicine. In that year, when the cholera ravaged frigate “Sabine.” Ile was commissioned commo- the country, Rio de la Loza received a public testi- dore, 16 July, 1862, and placed on the retired list, monial from President Gomez Farias for his ser- 20 Aug., 1864. He was promoted to rear-admiral vices. In 1835 he began to give private lessons in on the retired list, 25 July, 1866.- Their half- chemistry and natural history, and in 1843 he was brother, George Hay, soldier, b. in Hagerstown, appointed professor of chemistry in the Medical Md., in 1814; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 4 April, school and the College of mines. He became suc- 1864, was graduated at the U. S. military academy cessively professor of inorganic chemistry and in 1833, and became 2d lieutenant, 6th infantry, on chemistry applied to trades and agriculture in 15 Aug., 1836. He resigned from the army in 1837 five different colleges, and in 1868 professor and engaged in farming. He was reappointed with of analytical chemistry in the National school the rank of additional paymaster in 1846, and be- of medicine. During the American invasion came major on the staff, and paymaster in 1847. of 1847, Rio de la Loza, as lieutenant of the He served in the pay department during the Mexi- academical company, took part in the battles of can war, became lieutenant-colonel and deputy pay- Peñon, Churubusco, and San Antonio. During the master-general in May, 1862, and was in charge of French intervention and the empire he was pre- the paymasters of the Department of the Pacific vented by sickness from leaving the capital, but from 1861 till his death. He was an accomplished refused to accept any public employment. He was scholar, draughtsman, and painter, and published a member of many scientific societies in Europe, Fountain Rock, Amy Weir, and other Metrical the United States, and the Spanish-American re- Pastimes” (New York, 1860). publics, and in 1856 received from the Society for TOL, V.-17 . 66 258 RIPLEY RIONS 99 66 the protection of industrial arts in London a gold was wounded in the attack on York ( now Toronto), medal for his chemical discoveries. He was one of Canada, 13 April, 1813. He was actively engaged the principal members of the commission for pre- on the frontier till 14 April, 1814, when he was ap- paring the new Mexican pharmacopeia (1874). His pointed brigadier-general, commanded the second works include “ Introducción al estudio de la Quí- brigade of Gen. Jacob Brown's army in July fol- mica" (Mexico, 1849); “Estudio sobre el estafiate lowing, and led it with gallantry in the battles (1850); “Sobre los pozos artesianos y las aguas of Chippewa and Niagara, winning the brevet of naturales de mas uso en la ciudad de México" .major-general for his conduct, and receiving se- (1854); “Un vistazo al lago de Texcoco; su influ- vere wounds in the latter engagement. In the de- encia en la salubridad de México; sus aguas; y fence of Fort Erie, 15 Aug., and the sortie of 17 procedencia de las sales que contiene” and “El Sept., 1814, in which he was shot through the neck, Ahuautli” (1864); " El líquido tintóreo de la Baja he bore a gallant part, and for his services during California” and “ Dictámen sobre el aerólito de la that campaign he received a gold medal from con- Descubridora” (1873); and scientific pamphlets. gress, on which was inscribed Niagara, Chippewa, RIONS, François Charles Hector d'Albert, Erie.” At the reduction of the army in 1815 he Count de (re-ong), French naval officer, b. in was retained in the service, but he resigned in 1820 Avignon, 10 Feb., 1728; d. in Paris, 3 Oct., 1802. and removed to Louisiana, where he practised law, He entered the navy in 1743, served in Canada and was a member of the state senate. He was during the war of 1756-63, and was placed in elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat in 1834, charge of the station of Santo Domingo in 1769, and served until his death, which was the result of where he made a survey of the coast of the Leeward his old wounds. He published a Fourth-of-July islands. He served under D'Estaing at Newport, oration (1805). in the campaign of the Antilles in 1778–'81, and RIPLEY, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Woodstock, under Vaudreuil in the engagement with Admiral Conn., 1 May, 1751 ; d. in Concord, Mass., 21 Sept., Arbuthnot in Chesapeake bay. He continued to 1841. He was graduated at Harvard in 1776, serve under De Grasse in the following campaign, taught, and subsequently studied theology, and in assisted in the battles off St. Christopher and Do- 1778 was ordained to the ministry in Concord, minica in April, 1782, and joined Vaudreuil at Mass., where he continued for sixty-three years, Boston. He emigrated in 1792, serving in Ger- preaching his last sermon the day after his nine- many in the army of Condé, returned to France in tieth birthday. Harvard gave him the degree of 1800, and was pensioned in 1802. His works in- D. D. in 1818. Dr. Ripley was a leader in the clude " Résumé des opérations de l'armée navale du temperance cause. At the time his settlement Comte de Grasse pendant les années 1781-1782 ” in Concord the town was divided into two religious (Toulon, 1786). factions, but he quickly succeeded in binding them RIORDAN, Patrick William, R. C. arch- in a union that existed for nearly fifty years. He bishop, b. in Ireland, 27 Aug., 1841. He was married the widow of the Rev. William Emerson, taken by his parents to Chicago, Ill., in 1848, and and his stepson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, said of was educated at the University of St. Mary's of the him: “With a limited acquaintance with books, Lake in that city. He was then sent to the Ameri- his knowledge was an external experience, an In- can college at Rome, but, being attacked by malaria, dian wisdom. In him perished more personal and he completed his studies in Paris and Louvain. local anecdote of Concord and its vicinity than is He was ordained a priest in Belgium in 1865 by possessed by any survivor, and in his constitu- Cardinal Sterckx, and on his return to the United tional leaning to their religion he was one of the States was appointed professor of ecclesiastical rear-guard of the great camp and army of the history and canon law in the theological seminary Puritans.” He gave the land in 1836 upon which of St. Mary's of the Lake. In 1867 he was trans- the monument is built to commemorate the battle ferred to the chair of dogmatic theology. From of Concord, 19 April, 1775. From the Revolution 1868 till 1871 he was engaged in missionary work for fifty years there was a controversy between at Joliet, III., after which he became rector of St. Concord and Lexington for the honor of " making James's church, Chicago. There he devoted him- the first forcible resistance to British aggression.' self to sustaining and extending the parochial Dr. Ripley wrote an interesting pamphlet on that schools under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy. subject, entitled a “ History of the Fight at Con- While he was thus engaged he received notice of cord,” in which he proved that, though the enemy his appointment as titular bishop of Cabasa, and had 'fired first in Lexington, the Americans fired coadjutor, with the right of succession, to Arch- first in his own town (Concord, 1827). He also bishop Joseph S. Alemany, of San Francisco. He published several sermons and addresses, and a was consecrated at St. James's, 16 Sept., 1883, ar- Half-Century Discourse ” (1828). rived in San Francisco in the following November, RIPLEY, George, scholar, b. in Greenfield, and at once, by visitations and in other ways, re- Mass., 3 Oct., 1802; d. in New York city, 4 July, lieved his superior of many of the heavier burdens | 1880. He was the youngest but one of ten chil- of the episcopate. After taking part with Dr. dren, four boys and six girls, all of whom he sur- Alemany in the 311 plenary council of Baltimore, vived. His father, Jerome Ripley, was a merchant, he succeeded to the archbishopric on the resigna- a justice of the peace for nearly half a century, a tion of the former in 1884. representative in the legislature, and one of the RIPLEY, Eleazar Wheelock, soldier, b. in justices of the court of sessions. His mother was a Ilanover, N. H., 15 April, 1782: d. in West Feliciana, formal, precise, stately, but kind-hearted woman, a La., 2 March, 1839. His father, Sylvanus, was pro- connection of Benjamin Franklin. She was ortho- fessor of divinity for many years in Dartmouth, dox in religion, and her husband was a Unitarian, where the son was graduated in 1800. Ile then which accounts for the singular mingling of con- began the practice of law, settled in Portland, Me., servative feeling with radical tendencies in their was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in child. George loved to hear the old tunes at Brook 1810-'12, its speaker, and state senator the latter Farm, and always had on his table a copy of Dr. year. At the beginning of the second war with Watts's hymns, even when he was writing philo- Great Britain he was appointed lieutenant in the sophical articles for the “ Tribune,” and worship- 21st infantry, became colonel in March, 1813, and ping in New York with an independent society of RIPLEY 259 RIPLEY Geo. Ripley the most liberal type. He was graduated at Har- | ing to practice, the fulfilment of a dream that Dr. vard in 1823, the first scholar in a class that in- Channing had long entertained, of “ an association cluded men of some intellectual distinction. His in which the members, instead of preying on one only rival was John P. Robinson, who might have another and seeking to put one another down, outstripped him, but was suspended for the part after the fashion of this world, should live togeth- he took' in a “rebellion," and so lost his degree. er as brothers, seeking one another's elevation and At Cambridge young Ripley was known as an ex- spiritual growth.” The name of the community cellent scholar, espe- was “The Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture cially in languages and Education," and its aim was to establish an and literature. He agricultural, literary, and scientific school or col- was also proficient lege, “in order to live a religious and moral life in mathematics, worthy the name.” A stock company was formed, which he taught for and a farm and utensils were purchased. The best some time at the col- minds were attracted, and the plan at first seemed lege while he was full of promise. The freedom from care, the spon- studying theology. taneousness of labor, the absence of all signs of toil Three years were and anxiety, the sense of equality in condition, and spent at the divin- the abolition of all class distinctions, made work a ity-school, and on 8 delight. There was exhilaration, joy, gayety. The Nov., 1826, he was new earth had come. Wealth was nothing, fame ordained pastor of a was nothing: natural development was all. Mr. new religious socie- Ripley was over, in, and through the whole. He ty in Boston, Presi- taught intellectual and moral philosophy and mathe- dent Kirkland, of matics, administered, wrote letters, milked cows, Harvard, preach- drove oxen, talked, lent a cheerful temper to every ing the sermon, Dr. part of the arrangement, animated the various Charles Lowell of- groups, and sent his ringing laugh to all corners of fering the prayer of ordination, and Dr. Henry the institution. When the Brook Farm undertak- Ware, Jr., giving the charge. The corner-stone of ing failed, in 1847, from several causes, chief among the new meeting-house, at the junction of Pur- which were financial embarrassments, infertility of chase and Pearl streets, was laid on 7 Sept., 1825, the soil, and want of public interest in the scheme, and the dedication took place on 24 Aug. 1826. Mr. Ripley went to Flatbush, L. I., for several In the same year Mr. Ripley married Sophia Wil- months, where his wife taught and he labored at lard Dana, daughter of Francis Dana, of Cam- journalism. In 1848 they came to New York. She bridge. He was devoted to his work, and it was became an enthusiastic Roman Catholic, and died not his fault that his ministry was unsuccess- in 1861, after a painful, lingering illness, arising ful in a material point of view. The population from an accident that induced cancer. The hus- moved to other parts of the town, and in less than band went into retirement, busy in the mean time twenty-five years the building was sold to the with various literary enterprises. His ventures Roman Catholics. The fire of 1872 swept it out of were too many to mention. The “ New American existence. Business occupied the spot, and every Cyclopædia,” of which he was joint editor with trace of it was lost. At this time Mr. Riplėy was Charles A. Dana, begun in 1857, was finished in a student of philosophical questions, a disciple 1863, and under the same editors it was completely of the intuitional school, a theoretical sympathizer revised in 1873-6. Late in 1861 he emerged from with reformers, and a warm friend of advanced seclusion in Brooklyn, came again to New York, opinions. The first meeting of the Transcendental went into society moderately, read for the press, club was at his house, on 19 Sept., 1836. His library wrote for the “ribune” and other papers, spent was large and fine, especially rich in German and hours daily in his study, noticed, planned, helped French books. He wrote articles on Degerando," edit books. There was the same earnestness in the “ Religion in France,” “ Pestalozzi," Ethical cause of humanity, but now his aim was to elevate Philosophy,” and “Martineau's .Rationale of Re- the intellectual standard, refine the taste, purify ligious inquiry,'” thus going over the whole ground the sentiments of the community. In 1865 he mar- of philosophical speculation. In 1838 Ralph Waldo ried Augusta Schlossberger, a young widow, Ger- Emerson delivered his famous address before the man by birth, Parisian by education. She married alumni of the divinity-school which led to the con- Alphonse Pinede after Mr. Ripley's death, and troversy between the old and the new orders of lives in Agen, France. The union with Mr. Ripley thought, Andrews Norton speaking for the former, was entirely happy; the new life was bright and George Ripley for the other. In 1838 appeared the prosperous. He travelled abroad, saw many peo- first two volumes of the “ Foreign Standard Lit ple, lived in the world, did a vast amount of lit- erature," a series that extended to fourteen. This erary labor, was hearty and cheerful, the honored publication exerted a large influence on the edu- centre of a brilliant intellectual circle. The Uni- cated mind of New England, and the opening vol-versity of Michigan conferred on him the degree umes, entitled “ Philosophical Miscellanies,” were of LL. D. in 1874. He died of angina pectoris, republished in 1857 in Edinburgh. In 1840 the Besides his work as a critic, in which he endeavored "Dial” was established, in conjunction with Mr. to raise the level of literary achievement and en- Emerson and Margaret Fuller, who conducted it courage talent, George Ripley was the friend of after his short editorship was closed. He wrote aspiring young men, poets, prose-writers, thinkers, but two papers, one on " Orestes A. Brownson” without regard to creed or nationality. He was a and one a " Letter to a Theological Student.” The cheery companion, a warm-hearted, genial, loyal Brook Farm experiment, begun immediately on his comrade; modest, unassuming, ready to serve. To leaving the pulpit, in the spring of 1841, was a strangers he seemed formal, reserved, and cold, but practical continuation of the ministry, its transfer- to his intimates he was frank and jovial, fond of rence from the speculative to the working domain, jokes and laughter, responsive, and sympathetic. the literal interpretation of the New Testament, as he left no extended work, though he projected a Mr Ripley understood it, a reduction of his preach- series of critical and biographical sketches. As a 66 66 260 RISING RIPLEY 66 66 9 promoter of sound learning he will be gratefully | South Carolina and its coast defences. He was in remembered. His “Life” has been written for the charge of the 2d military district of that state “ American Men of Letters ” series, by Octavius B. from December, 1861, till May, 1862, commanded Frothingham (Boston, 1882). a brigade that was composed of two Georgia and RIPLEY, Henry Jones, clergyman, b. in Bos- two North Carolina regiments in the defence of ton, Mass., 28 Jan., 1798; d. in Newton Centre, Richmond, Va., in June, 1862, and with it partici- Mass., 21 May, 1875. From the Boston Latin- pated in the battles of Mechanicsville. Gaines's school, where he was a “medal scholar,” he passed Mills, Malvern Hill, South Mountain, Antietam, to Harvard, where he was graduated in 1816. On and Fredericksburg. He then returned to South closing his course in Andover theological seminary, Carolina in charge of the 1st military district of he was ordained to the Baptist ministry in Boston that state, constructed the defences of Charleston, in November, 1819. The early years of his minis- and met the naval attack on 7 April, 1863. After try were spent in preaching to the colored people the evacuation of that city he joined Gen. Robert of Georgia. In 1826 he was elected professor of E. Lee in Richmond, and continued with him till biblical literature and pastoral duties in Newton the surrender. He went abroad after the war, re- theological institution, where he continued until sided in Paris for several years, and subsequently his resignation in 1860. After his resignation he returned and engaged in business in Charleston, labored again for some time among the colored S. C... He published a “ History of the Mexican people of Georgia. He received the degree of D. D. War” (2 vols., New York, 1849). from the University of Alabama in 1844 and from RISING, Johan Claesson, colonial governor, b. Harvard in 1845. Besides numerous articles for in Sweden about 1600. He was secretary of the magazines and reviews, Dr. Ripley was the author College of commerce at Stockholm, and was sent of " Memoir of Rev. Thomas S. Winn” (Boston, over in 1654 to act as commissary and assistant 1824); Christian Baptism” (1833); Notes on governor in New Sweden, taking with him a com- the Four Gospels” (2 vols., 1837-8); " Notes on the pany of emigrants in the “Örnen,” which arrived Acts of the Apostles" (1844); “Sacred Rhetoric” in Delaware bay on 18 May. He expelled the (1849); Notes on the Epistle to the Romans' Dutch garrison from Fort Casimir, forced the (1857); “Church Polity” (1867); and “Notes on Dutch settlers to take the oath of allegiance to the Epistle to the Hebrews" (1868). Sweden, concluded a treaty of friendship with the RIPLEY, James Wolfe, soldier, b. in Wind- Indians on 17 June, and denied to the English the ham, Conn., 10 Dec., 1794; d. in Hartford, Conn., privilege of buying lands in Swedish territory, at 16 March, 1870. He was graduated at the U. S. the same time inviting Swedes who had gone to military academy in 1814, entered the artillery, Virginia to return to the Delaware. As soon as served in the second war with Great Britain, and Queen Christina knew of the departure of Gov. participated in the defence of Sackett's Harbor. Johan Printz (q. v.), she sent to Rising a commis- He became battalion quartermaster of artillery in sion as temporary governor, dated 28 Feb., 1654. 1816, 1st lieutenant in 1818, was engaged during In August, 1655, Gov. Peter Stuyvesant, of New the Seminole war in the seizure of Pensacola and Amsterdam, conducted an expedition against the the capture of San Carlos de Barrancas, and was Swedish colony, recaptured the fort that he had commissioner for running the boundary-line of the erected on the west bank of the Delaware, invested Forida Indian reservations in 1823–4. He became the town of Christina, and demanded that the captain in 1825, was in command at Charleston Swedes should evacuate the country, except such harbor during the threatened South Carolina as were willing to accept Dutch rule. The direc- nullification disturbances in 1832–3, and became tor-general paid no attention to the proposal to major in 1838. He was superintendent of the have the territorial dispute settled by commission- Springfield armory in 1841-'54, and in May, 1848, ers, and, on 15 Sept., Rising was compelled to yield was brevetted lieutenant-colonel “ for the perform to his ultimatum. The Dutch offered to permit ance of his duty in the prosecution of the Mexican the Swedes to retain possession of the lands higher war.” He became full lieutenant-colonel in 1854, up the river, but Rising and his counsellors were was chief of ordnance in the Department of the unwilling to compromise the claim of their sor- Pacific in 1855–7, and became colonel and chief of ereign to the whole of New Sweden. The governor ordnance, U. S. army, which he held till his re- and other officials, the soldiers, and such colonists tirement in 1863. He received the brevet of briga- as were unwilling to become Dutch subjects, were dier-general, U. S. army, in July, 1861, and in taken back to Europe. Rising presented a plan in August was promoted to the full rank. From 1656 for the reconquest of New Sweden, but the his retirement until his death he was inspector of government was occupied with other projects, and the armament of fortifications on the New England contented itself with presenting a fruitless demand coast. In March, 1865, he received the brevet of for indemnification to the states-general. major-general, U. S. army, for “ long and faithful RISING, Willard Bradley, chemist, b. in service.”—His nephew, Roswell Sabine, soldier, Mecklenburg, N. Y., 26 Sept., 1839. He was grad- b. in Worthington, Franklin co., Ohio, 14 March, uated at Hamilton college in 1864, and at the Uni- 1823; d. in New York city, 26 March, 1887, was versity of Michigan as a mining engineer in 1867. graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1843, After a short experience as instructor in the chem- served in the Mexican war, where he was engaged | ical laboratory in Ann Arbor, he was called in 1867 at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, to the chair oi natural science in the University of Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the California, where he remained for two years. Prof. capture of the city of Mexico, and was brevetted Rising then spent some time at the University of captain for Cerro Gordo and major for Chapulte- Heidelberg, where in 1871 he received the degree pec. He engaged in the Florida war in 1849, but of Ph. D., and at the University of Berlin, where resigned from the army in 1853 and engaged in he made a specialty of chemistry under the direc- business in Charleston, S. C. At the beginning of tion of August W. Hofmann. On his return in the civil war he entered the Confederate service, 1872 he was appointed professor of chemistry in directed the fire on Fort Sumter, 13 April, 1861, the University of California, and he has since filled and in August of that year was appointed briga- that chair. For several years he was consulting dier-general, with command of the Department of analyst to the state viticultural commission, and RISLEY 261 RITCHIE 66 was entrusted with important studies connected | lished himself in 1846 in the practice of his pro- with the chemistry of wine. In 1885 he was ap- fession in New York city, where he has since con- pointed state analyst of California, with charge of tinued. Among his important works in New York the examination of various food-products. Prof. city are the Bank of commerce, the Union dime Rising is a member of the Chemical society of Ber- savings bank, the buildings of the American ex- lin, and of similar societies in this country. His press company and the Merchants' despatch com- writings include accounts of original investigations pany, St. Luke's hospital, the State emigrant hos- in scientific journals, and, in addition to his official pital, the Nursery and child's hospital, and the reports, he has published the results of his special artificial islands and Quarantine hospital in the studies prepared at the instance of the state board lower bay. He also designed and erected the of health and other state bodies. bridge that crossed Broadway at Fulton street RISLEY, Samuel Doty (riz-ly), physician, b. in from 1867 till its removal two years later. During Cincinnati, Ohio, 16 Jan., 1845. He entered the Na- 1847-'8 he edited the “ American Architect.” tional army in 1862 as a private, served three years, RITCHIE, Alexander Hay, artist, b. in Glas- and attained the rank of sergeant. He was gradu- gow, Scotland, 14 Jan., 1822. He studied drawing ated at the University of Iowa in 1868, at the medi- under Sir William Allan at the Royal institution, cal department of the University of Pennsylvania receiving a premium during the first year. In in 1870, and settled in Philadelphia. After his 1841 he came to New York, whence, after several appointment as surgeon to the dispensary staff of years, he removed to Brooklyn, where he has since the Episcopal hospital he abandoned general prac- resided. He was elected an associate of the Na- tice, devoting himself to eye and ear diseases, be- tional academy in 1863 and an academician in 1871, carne chief of the dispensary for these diseases on and has exhibited frequently at the academy since the opening of the hospital of the University of 1848. Mr. Ritchie is known both as a painter and Pennsylvania in 1875, lecturer on ophthalmoscopy as an engraver. His works in oil include " Mercy in its medical department in 1877, and subse- knocking at the Gate" (1860); “ Fitting out Moses quently assistant surgeon there in the same branch. for the Fair" (1862); “ Death of Lincoln” (1869); He is a member of various medical societies, and “ Baby, who's that?” (1871); and numerous por- has invented an optometer with perimeter attach- traits, among which are those of Prof. Charles ment for measuring errors of refraction in the Hodge (1863) and Dr. James McCosh (1870). human eye and mapping the field of vision, and Among his numerous engravings, mostly executed an ophthalmoscope with cylindrical lenses, seci ng in the mezzo-tinto manner, are Amos Kendall "; a wide range of spherico-cylindrical lenses. He “ Mercy's Dream” (1850): “George Washington," has published numerous papers on his specialty, after a painting by Peter F. Rothermel (1852); and which include "The More Frequently Occurring “Lady Washington's Reception-Day," after Daniel Forms of Conjunctival Disease" (1877), and the Huntington : "On the March to the Sea,” after “ Mydriatics Compared” (1884). Felix 0. C. Darley (1868); and “Henry Clay" (1848), RISTORI, Adelaide, Italian actress, b. in Civi- Washington and his Generals,” and Death of dale, Friuli, 29 Jan., 1822. Her parents, who were Lincoln," after his own paintings. He has en- comedians, placed her upon the stage at a very early graved a large number of portraits. age, and she soon gained reputation in comedy, RITCHIE, David, revenue officer, b. in Eng- Soldoni's plays being her favorite pieces. She land in 1836; d. in Bay Shore, L. I., 3 March, 1874. subsequently turned to tragedy, and attained emi- He was appointed to the U.S. revenue service from nence in that line. After her marriage with the the District of Columbia in 1862 as 3d lieutenant, Marquis Giuliano Capranica del Grillo she with- and became 1st lieutenant in 1867, and captain in drew from the stage for several years. In 1855 she 1871. While in command of the revenue steamer made her debut in Paris, where she met with great • Moccasin,” 30 Aug., 1872, he went to the rescue success. During the succeeding ten years Ristori of the passengers and crew of the steamer “ Metis," made various tours in Europe, visiting all of the which was wrecked off Watch Hill, R. I. He and principal cities. In September, 1866, she began his crew picked up forty-two persons out of a her first American tour, which lasted until May of rough and dangerous sea and recovered seventeen the following year, and during 1869 she travelled dead bodies. For this service Capt. Ritchie and through South America. In May, 1874, she began his command received the thanks of congress by a journey around the world, in the course of which joint resolution, 24 Jan., 1873. she appeared again in South America and in RITCHIE, John William, Canadian jurist, b. Mexico, going thence to the United States. Her in Annapolis, Nova Scotia, 26 March, 1808. He is last visit to this country was during the season of the son of Thomas Ritchie, a Nova Scotia judge, 18845, and lasted seven months. During this of Scottish origin. He was educated at Pictou, time, besides appearing in her principal rôles, she studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Nova played in “ Macbeth” with Edwin Booth, and gave Scotia in 1832, and to that of Prince Edward isl- also one performance of “ Mary Stuart” at the and in 1836. In 1850 he was a commissioner for Thalia theatre, speaking English, while the other consolidating the statutes of Nova Scotia, and sub- actors spoke German. The tragedies in which she sequently to adjust the tenant's right question in especially excels are “Queen Elizabeth,” “ Marie Prince Edward island. In 1864 he became a mem- Antoinette," Maria Stuart," " Myrrha,” “ Fran-ber of the executive council of Nova Scotia, and in cesca de Rimini,” “ Macbeth,” “ Pià dei Tolomei,” 1867 he was appointed to the Canadian senate. In and “ Meden.” Her autobiography, which is largely June, 1870, Mr. Ritchie was appointed judge of made up of analyses of her acting in some of her the supreme court of Nova Scotia, and in 1873 he best rôles, has been translated and published un- became judge in equity.—His brother, Sir William der the title “Studies and Memoirs" (London, Johnston, Canadian jurist, b. in Annapolis, N. S., England, 1888) and in the Famous Women" 28 Oct., 1813, was educated at the Picton academy, series (Boston, Mass., 1888). studied law with his brother, and was admitted to RITCH, John Warren, architect, b. in Putnam | the bar of New Brunswick in 18:38. He was ap- county, N. Y., 22 June, 1822. He came to New pointed queen's counsel in 1854, and was a member York in 1831, and, after spending eleven years in of the executive council of the province from Octo- the office of William Hurry, the architect, he estab- | ber, 1854, until he was appointed puisne judge of 66 . 66 262 RITTENHOUSE RITCHIE a the supreme court of New Brunswick, 17 Aug., | largely the deficiencies of his early education. In 1855. He held this place on the bench till 6 Dec., 1820 he was elected to the legislature, and he served 1865, when he became chief justice of New Bruns- there till 1827. He was the unsuccessful candidate wick. He was appointed a puisne judge of the of the anti-Masons for governor of Pennsylvania in supreme court of the Dominion, 8 Oct. , 1875, and 1829, but was elected to that office in 1835, and served chief justice of Canada, 11 Jan., 1879. He repre- four years. He was nominated again for governor sented the city and county of St. John in the New by the anti-Masons in 1838, but was defeated. Gov. Brunswick assembly from 1846 till 1851, when he Ritner was one of the originators of the school retired, and served again from 1854 till his eleva- system of Pennsylvania, and was an earnest oppo- tion to the bench. He was knighted by the queen, nent of slavery and intemperance. In 1849 he was 1 Nov., 1881. Sir William was deputy governor of for a short time director of the mint at Philadelphia, Canada during the absence of Lord Lorne in Eng- and he was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the land, from July, 1881, till January, 1882, and National Republican convention that nominated again from 6 Sept. till December, 1882. On 5 John (. Frémont for president. March, 1884, he was appointed deputy of the gov- RITTENHOUSE, William, paper-maker, b. in ernor-general, Lord Lansdowne. the principality of Broich, Holland, in 1644; d. in RITCHIE, Robert, naval officer, b. in Phila- Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708. He was delphia, Pa., 21 Jan., 1798 ; d. there, 6 July, 1870. a Mennonite preacher, and with his sons, Claus He entered the navy as midshipman, 1 Feb., 1814, and Gerhard, and his daughter, Elizabeth, came and cruised in the sloop “ Peacock,” in the Medi- to this country from Amsterdam, Holland, and terranean squadron, in 1814-'18, and in the “Guer- settled at Germantown, Pa., in 1687–8. His an- rière,” on the same station in 1819–20. In 1821-2 cestors for many generations had been paper-makers he was attached to the Philadelphia navy-yard. in Arnheim, and he built in 1690 the first paper- He served in Com. Porter's “mosquito fleet” for mill in this country, on Paper-mill run, a branch the suppression of piracy in the West Indies in of Wissahickon creek, in Roxborough township. 1823–4, in 1827 was in the “Grampus” on the The mill was owned by a company, among whom West India station, and was commissioned lieuten- were, besides himself, Robert Turner, Thomas ant, 13 Jan., 1825. In 1830 he was on surveying Tresse, Samuel Carpenter, and William Bradford, duty. He cruised in the frigate “Java," on the the first printer in the British colonies south of Mediterranean station, in 1830-'1, and commanded New England. In 1700-'1 this mill was carried the schooner “Grampus” in a cruise in the West away by a freshet, but, with the aid of William Indies in 1833–5. He was commissioned com- Penn, was rebuilt of stone in 1702. Rittenhouse mander, 8 Sept., 1841, assigned to the frigate “ Co- became the sole owner of the paper-mill in 1704, lumbia," on the Brazil station, in 1845, and attached and before his death gave it to his son, Claus or to the Philadelphia navy-yard in 1848–51. On 13 Nicholas (1666–1734). The business increased, and Sept., 1855, he was placed on the reserved list, but soon an additional mill of stone was added. From he was restored to the active list and commissioned paper that was made at this place William Brad- captain, 14 Sept., 1855. He was on leave until ford was supplied, and Gabriel Thomas writes: August, 1859, when he took command of the All sorts of very good paper are made in the steamer “Saranac,” in the Pacific squadron, until German Town.”. The business was carried on by March, 1862. He was retired 21 Dec., 1861, and direct descendants of William at the same place after his return from the last cruise in the Pacific until well into the 19th century. William con- resided at Philadelphia. He was promoted to com- tinued his preaching in this country, being the modore on the retired list, 4 April, 1867. first Mennonite minister in Pennsylvania, and he RITCHIE, Thomas, journalist, b. in Essex coun- and his son were granted naturalization papers by ty. Va., 5 Nov., 1778; d. in Richmond, Va., 12 July, Thomas Lloyd, the deputy governor, on 7 May, 1691. 1854. His father, a native of Scotland, died when -Among Claus's children was Matthias (1703- the son was six years old. The latter received an 1779), who became a farmer and settled in Norri- academic education and studied medicine, but ton township, Montgomery co., Pa., and the lat- abandoned it to become a teacher in Fredericks- ter's eldest son was David, astronomer, b. in Rox- burg, Va., where he remained till he removed to borough, Pa., 8 April, 1732 ; d. in Philadelphia, Richmond in 1804. He became editor in that city 26 June, 1796. He of the “Examiner” the same year, whose name he was early trained changed to the “Enquirer,” and he continued to to work on a farm, edit and publish it for forty years, exercising an but an uncle, dying influence that was not surpassed by any other jour- when the boy was nal in the Union. At the request of President about twelve years Polk he resigned the “ Enquirer” to his two sons old, left him a chest in 1845, and, removing to Washington, assumed of tools, together the editorial control of the “ Union,” the organ of with a few books the adminstration, but retired in 1849. Mr. Ritchie that contained the was a Democrat of the extreme state-rights faction, elements of arith- and believed that nothing so became an editor as metic and geome- to be at war with all his rival contemporaries. He try, and was a well-known figure in social and diplomatic mathematical cal- circles, in which he was welcome for his simple and culations. These generous though irascible nature and his Virginian seem to have de- peculiarities of speech and dress. termined the bent RITNER, Joseph, governor of Pennsylvania, b. of his life, for he in Berks county, Pa., 25 March. 1780: d. in Car- covered the handle lisle, Pa., 16 Oct., 1869. His father came to this of his plough, and country from Alsace. The son attended school the fences during only six months, but while working on a around the fields, with mathematical calculations. farm he had access to a good library of German He was not without considerable mechanical abil- books, by which he profited so much as to supply ity, as he had made a complete water-mill in 1 some Dar? Rättenhouse even a RITTENHOUSE 263 RITTENFOUSE miniature when he was eight years old, and at trical properties of the gymnotus, or electric eel. seventeen he made a wooden clock, and later one In 1772 he was engaged to survey and ascertain the in metal. In 1751 he persuaded his father to ad- levels of the lands between the Susquehanna and vance money with which he purchased in Phila- Delaware rivers, and in 1773 he was chief of a com- delphia an outfit of tools, and then established misison to make the Schuylkill river navigable. himself in Norriton as a clock- and mathematical. He was commissioner from Pennsylvania in 1774 to instrument-maker. His days were spent in fol- determine the northwestern extremity of the boun- lowing his trade, and his nights were given to dary between New York and Pennsylvania. In study. He solved abstruse mathematical and as- March, 1775, the American philosophical society tronomical problems, discovering for himself the presented for the consideration of the Pennsylvania method of fluxions, and for a long time believing assembly a plan for the erection of an observatory that he was its originator. He mastered an English under state control, with a view of tendering the translation of Newton's “ Principia,” also devoting appointment of director to Mr. Rittenhouse. The himself to the study of optics. In 1751 he became Revolutionary war prevented the carrying out of acquainted with Thomas Barton (q. v.), who supplied this project, and he was ordered - to prepare moulds him with books, from which he gained a knowledge for the casting of clock-weights, and send them to of Latin and Greek. His clocks became celebrated some iron-furnace, and order a sufficient num- for their accuracy: he obtained a local reputation ber to be immediately made for the purpose of ex- for astronomical knowledge, and through Mr. Bar- changing them with the inhabitants of this city for ton, who became his brother-in-law, he was intro- their leaden clock-weights.” In October, 1775, he duced to men of learning. In 1763 he was called was appointed engineer to the committee of safety, on to determine the initial and most difficult part and in that capacity he was called upon to arrange of the boundary-line between Pennsylvania and for casting cannon of iron and brass, to view a site Maryland, and this task was so well accomplished for the erection of a Continental powder-mill, to that he was offered extra compensation on its com- conduct experiments for rifling cannon and musket- pletion. Although the instruments were of his balls, to fix upon a method of fastening the chain own manufacture, when the official astronomers, for the protection of the river, to superintend the Charles Mason and Jonathan Dixon, arrived in 1763, manufacture of saltpetre, and to locate a magazine they accepted his observations without change. He for military stores on Wissahickon creek. He was was appointed in 1769, at the request of a commis- appointed one of the committee of safety in April, sion that was selected by New York and New Jer- 1776, its vice-president in August, and in Novem- sey, to settle the boundary-lines between these colo- ber the proclamations that were issued bore his nies. Meanwhile he continued his scientific re- name as presiding officer. In March, 1776, he was searches, studied the variations in the oscillations elected a member of the assembly from Phila- of the pendulum that are caused by the expansion delphia, and later he became a member of the con- and contraction of the material from which it was vention that met on 15 July, 1776, and drafted the made, and devised a satisfactory plan of compen- first constitution for the state of Pennsylvania. He sation; also about this time he made a thermome- was one of the board of war for the state of Penn- ter on the principle of the expansion and contrac- sylvania, and later one of the council of safety, tion of metals. Later he constructed an orrery on to whom the most absolute powers were temporarily a new and more perfect plan than had ever before granted. In January, 1777, he was elected first been attempted, which, when it was finished in 1770, state treasurer under the new constitution, and he was regarded by John Adams as “a most beautiful was unanimously elected to the same office for machine. İt exhibits almost every motion in twelve years, until finally, in 1789, he declined to the astronomical world.” Princeton purchased it serve any longer. On several occasions he was ap- for £300, and later Rittenhouse made a larger in- pointed to act on various boundary commissions, strument from the same model for the University and in 1792 he was appointed first director of the of Pennsylvania, for which he received £400. In mint, which place he filled for three years. From January, 1768, he was elected a member of the 1779 till 1782 he was professor of astronomy in American philosophical society, and in June of that the University of Pennsylvania, and also a trustee year he addressed the society on the transit of Ve- and vice-provost of the same institution. In 1772 nus that occurred on 3 June, 1769, in consequence he received the honorary degree of A. M. from of which three committees were appointed by that Princeton, and in 1789 the same college conferred body to make observations. One of these, under on him the degree of LL. D. He was elected a fellow Rittenhouse, was stationed at his observatory in of the American academy of arts and sciences in Norriton, and all of the preliminary arrangements 1782, and in 1795 he was chosen an honorary fellow were left to him. He set to work with great zeal ; 1 of the Royal society of London. In 1771 he was Thomas Penn sent a reflector from Europe, and elected one of the secretaries of the American other apparatus was secured, all of which Ritten- philosophical society, of which he became vice- house mounted. The observations, according to president in 1786, and, on the death of Benjamin the testimony of the astronomer royal of England, Franklin in 1790, he was chosen its president, which were excellent, and, according to another authority, 1 office he then held until his death. The early vol- " the first approximately accurate results in the umes of the transactions of that society were en- measurement of the spheres were given to the world, riched by his scientific contributions, about twenty not by the schooled and salaried astronomers who in number; his most elaborate paper, “ An Ora- watched from the magnificent royal observatories | tion on Astronomy” (Philadelphia, 1775), was de- of Europe, but by unpaid amateurs and devotees | livered on 24 Feb., 1775. Thomas Jefferson, who to science in the youthful province of Pennsylva- succeeded him as president of the Philosophical so- nia." In 1769 he observed the transit of Mercury, ciety, wrote: We have supposed Mr. Rittenhouse and a year later he calculated the elements of the second to no astronomer living; that in genius he motion and the orbit of a comet. In 1770 he re- must be first, because he is self-taught.” See “ Life moved to Philadelphia, where he continued to en- of David Rittenhouse," by James Renwick, in gage in mechanical pursuits, and also for some years Sparks's “ American Biography” (Boston, 1834), hal charge of the state-house clock. He continued ! and “ Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse” his experiments, and in 1771 investigated the elec- í by William Barton (Philadelphia, 1813). 264 RIVA AGÜERO RITTER a 99 9 RITTER, Abraham, author, b. in Philadelphia | 1881); “ Madrigals” (1882); and a volume of poems, in September, 1792; d. there, 8 Oct., 1860. His “Songs and Ballads” (New York, 1888). She is father, Jacob, was a soldier in the Revolutionary also known as the possessor of an excellent mezzo- war, and the son became a merchant in his native soprano voice, and in the winter of 1869-'70 began city. He was for fifty years a member of the board a series of historical recitals." of elders of the Moravian church. He published a RITTER, Henry, Canadian artist, b. in Mon- “ History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia, treal, Canada, in 1816; d. 21 Dec., 1853. He was 1742-57” (Philadelphia, 1857), and “ Philadelphia designed by his father for a commercial career, but, and her Merchants" (1860). his love for art early asserting itself, he obtained RITTER, Frédéric Louis, musician, b. in permission to visit Europe and pursue professional Strassburg, Alsace, in 1834. His father came studies. He first went to Hamburg. but finally from a Spanish family, and the name was origi- settled in Düsseldorf, where he obtained the high- nally Caballero. He began the study of music at est prizes in the local academies. His favorite sub- an early age under Ilauser and Hans M. Schlet- jects were connected with the sea. Mr. Ritter terer. When sixteen years old he received some possessed a certain originality of invention, his instruction from Georges Kastner in Paris, whence coloring was good, and his execution showed great he went to Germany to continue his studies there. care. Among his principal works are " Sinugglers In 1852 he received the appointment of professor struggling with English Soldiers (1839); “Le of music in the Protestant seminary of Féné- Fanfaron"; and “A Marriage Proposal in Nor- strange, Lorraine. Later he was also called to mandy” (1842). One of his best works is his Bordeaux to conduct a series of concerts. About Young Pilot Drowned,” which was purchased by 1856 he came to the United States. For several the art society of Prussia. His health having years after his arrival he resided in Cincinnati, failed, he was not able to complete his largest can- doing much to advance the cause of music dur- vas, “ The Poacher,” till 1847. Ilis “Indians fly- ing his stay in that city. He organized the Ce- ing before a Burning Prairie” contains some of his cilia and the Philharmonic societies, and under most conscientious drawing. At his death Ritter his leadership many works were produced for the left unfinished a large number of small pictures. first time in this country. In 1861 he went to He also made many sketches for purposes of illus- New York and became conductor of the Sacred tration, among them a series for an edition of the harmonic society and of the Arion, a choral society. works of Washington Irving that was not pub- In 1867 he organized and conducted at Steinway lished until after his death. hall the first musical festival that was held in the RITZEMA, Johannes, clergyman, b. in Holland city. He was appointed professor of music at Vas- in 1710; d. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 1795. He arrived sar college the same year, and since 1874 he has in New York pending the negotiations for a coetus resided in Poughkeepsie. The University of New in connection with the Reformed Dutch church of York conferred the degree of doctor of music upon New York, and was a prominent member in all the him in 1878. As a writer on musical topics he is meetings of that body. He was senior minister of well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Besides the Reformed Dutch church of New York city, numerous articles in English, German, and French held pastoral relations there from 1744 till 1784, periodicals, he has written “ A History of Music in and frequently preached at Harlem, Philipsburg, the Form of Lectures" (Boston, 1870-'4; 2d ed., Fordham, and Cortlandt. He was one of the origi- London, 1876); “ Music in England” (New York, nal trustees of King's (now Columbia) college, and 1883); Music in America” (1883); “ Manual of a disagreement between him and other members Musical History, from the Epoch of Ancient Greece of the coetus regarding a professorship there and to our Present Time” (New York, 1886); and other matters led to his withdrawal from that “ Musical Dictation” (London, 1888). He edited body. He published Ware Vryheyt tot Vrede the English edition of “ Das Reich der Töne ”— (New York, 1761); “ Aan den Eerwarden Do. Jo- “ The Realm of Tones "—(New York, 1883), for hannes Leydt” (Philadelphia, 1763); and “ Met een which he wrote the appendix, containing sketches nodige voor Afspraak aan de nederduitse Gemeen- of American musicians. He is also well known as tens in de provincien van Niew-York en Niew- a composer. His instrumental works include sev- Jersey, door Johannes Ritzema" (New York, 1765). eral symphonies and overtures for full orchestra, a - His son, RUDOLPH, was graduated at King's col- septet for flute, horn, and string quintet, string lege in 1758, and became a lieutenant-colonel in quartets, and compositions for the piano and organ. the British army. Nany of these have been rendered by the principal RIVA AGÜERO, José (re'-vah-ah-goo-ay'-ro), orchestral organizations and clubs for chamber president of Peru, b. in Lima, 3 May, 1783; d. music in New York, Brooklyn, and Boston. His there, 21 May, 1858. He belonged to an illustrious sacred music includes the 230 and the 95th Psalm, family, received an excellent education and went both for female voices, the 4th Psalm, " () Salu- to Spain, where he entered the military service. taris," and an “Ave Maria.” His compositions In 1808 he went to Buenos Ayres, where he be- for the voice include more than one hundred Ger- came attached to the cause of South American in- man songs, and he has published also a Practical dependence. He returned to Lima in 1809, and Method for the Instruction of Chorus Classes," was appointed comptroller of the court of accounts, and compiled, with the Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, but resigned in 1813 to join the Independents. He D. D., “ The Woman's College Hymnal," contain- maintained a correspondence with the patriots of ing tunes arranged for female voices only (Boston, Buenos Ayres ard Chili , and in 1820 was appoint- 1887).—His wife, Fanny Raymond, is also well ed colonel . After the landing of Gen. San Martin known as a writer on musical topics. She has he was elected, 4 Aug., 1821, first prefect of Lima, published translations of Louis Ehlert's " Letters For his military services he was rewarded the on Music to a Lady” (London, 1877) and Robert unanimous vote of the army with an election as Schumann's - Music and Musicians ” (1877). Her president of the republic, 28 Feb., 1823, and on 4 other writings include the pamphlets - Woman as March congress raised him to the rank of grand a Musician” (New York, 1877); “Some Famous marshal. Soon afterward Gen. Canterac, at the Songs” (London, 1878); “ Troubadours and Min- head of a strong Spanish army, marehed upon nesingers"; " Haydn's Seasons'" (Poughkeepsie, Lima, and the government retired to Callao. Riva RIVADAVIA 265 RIVERA Agüero re-enforced his army and organized a navy, | ing a new system of direct taxation, which soon but the disagreements between the chiefs caused put the state treasury in a flourishing condition, general discontent. He began negotiations with and redeemed the credit of the state, by paying the Spanish authorities, and on 19 Aug. was de- all its accumulated debts.. He built the public posed by congress. By order of Bolivar he was ar- market of Toluca, the prison, the court-house, rested on 25 Nov., sent to Guayaquil and exiled to and the city sewers, established a savings-bank, Europe, whence he began to write hostile pam- and began the penitentiary in Real del Monte. phlets against Bolivar. In 1831 congress revoked He was re-elected, and with the greatest difficulty his sentence of exile, and he returned in 1833, was obtained permission from the legislature to re- elected in 1834 deputy to congress for Lima, and sign, when, in August, 1851, he was called by reinstated in his military rank, but did not appear Gen. Arista to form a ministry, in which he took again in politics. the portfolio of the treasury. After the fall of RIVADAVIA, Bernardino (re-vah-dah'-ve-ah), Santa-Anna's administration Gen. Martin Car- president of the Argentine Republic, b. in Buenos rera called Riva Palacio to form a ministry on Ayres in 1780; d. in Cadiz, Spain, 2 Sept., 1845. 16 Aug., 1855; but the latter declined and frankly After acquiring his primary education he entered told Carrera that as provisional president he ought the College of San Carlos, and during his studies not to appoint ministers. In December of that the first English invasion took place. After the year, together with Luis de la Rosa, he accepted reconquest of Buenos Ayres he took part as a lieu- from Gen. Alvarez a commission to form a cabinet, tenant in the defence of the city during the sec- but would not take the portfolio, and retired to ond English invasion under Whitelock. In 1811 private life. In 1857 he was again elected govern- he was appointed secretary of war and the treas- or of the state of Mexico, established a mounted ury, in which place he subdued two revolts against police to suppress the increasing brigandage, be- the government. In 1812 the government to which gan to drain the lagoon of Lerma, and projected a he belonged was deposed, and he retired to private railroad to connect Toluca with the city of Mexico. life till 1814, when he was appointed envoy to sev- Afterward he was president of the municipal coun- eral European courts, and commissioned to solicit cil of Mexico, where he introduced gas-lights, con- a protectorate from England, France, Austria, the structed new public markets, and established many United States, or in case of need from a prince of other reforms. When the Republican government the house of Bourbon, in order to found a South abandoned the capital, 31 May, 1863, before the American monarchy, as the conservative element French invasion, Riva Palacio was prevented by did not believe that the country was ready for a sickness from following, but refused to form part republic. After his negotiations for a protectorate of the "junta de notables" that was formed in July had failed he returned in 1820 to Buenos Ayres. of that year. In July, 1864, the emperor Maximil- In 1821 Gov. Rodriguez appointed him secretary ian invited him by a special commissioner to ac- of the interior, in which place he accomplished cept the portfolio of the interior; but he declared many reforms and established the university. that as a republican he could never take part in a Rodriguez's successor, Las Heras, offered him the monarchical and foreign administration. After the same place, but he refused and went as minister to fall of Queretaro, in May, 1867, Maximilian ap- Great Britain. On 18 Feb., 1826, he was elected pointed Riva Palacio, with Martinez de la Torre, to president of the Argentine Republic, in which place defend him before the council of war. Without a he greatly aided the material progress of the re- moment's hesitation, Riva Palacio hurried to Quere- public and sustained the war against the Brazilian taro, and, after consultation with the prisoner, went invader of Uruguay, contributing to the independ- to San Luis Potosi to see Juarez; but, notwithstand- ence of that republic. When the Federal party ing his brilliant defence, he could not save his un- began to oppose him, and several provinces rose in fortunate client. Later he received from the im- arms, Rivadavia resigned on 29 June, 1827, retir- perial family a silver table-service. After the re- ing into private life. After the fall of Dorrego and turn of the national government to Mexico, Riva Lavalle, he went to Europe in 1829, but returned Palacio was elected president of the municipal in 1834, to answer his impeachment, was exiled to council, and in 1868 he became deputy to congress, Montevideo, and went in 1842 to Europe. being permitted by a special law to retain his place RIVA PALACIO, Mariano (re'-vah-pah-lah'- in the municipality. In August, 1869, he was elect- the-o), Mexican statesman, b. in the city of Mexi-ed president of congress, and in October of that year co, 4 Nov., 1803 ; he was made governor of the state of Mexico, but d. there, 20 Feb., returned, in December, 1871, to his seat in con- 1880. He studied gress. In 1876, after the triumph of the revolution in the seminary of Tuxtepec, he was appointed director of the na- of his native city, tional Monte de Piedad. He was one of the few and, although he public men of Mexico that had no enemy in either was graduated of the political parties. with honors, never RIVERA, Antonio de (re-vay'-rah), Spanish sought admission soldier, b. in Soria about the end of the 15th cen- to the bar, but tury; d. in Los Angeles, Peru, about 1560. He entered polities. took part in the conquest of Cartagena in 1532 He was chosen with Pedro de Heredia (q. v.), and in the several ex- deputy con- peditions to the interior achieved great renown. gress for the term În 1538 he went to Peru with the expedition that of 1833-'4, and was commanded by the magistrate Juan de Badillo, from that time and in 1540 he accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro as his was almost con- lieutenant in the expedition to discover the country M. Oliver Palacio tinually either of the cinnamon-tree. Rivera was a partisan of deputy or senator. Gonzalo Pizarro against the viceroy Nuñez Vela, In 1819 he was but, when Pedro de la Gasca arrived in 1547, he elected governor of the state of Mexico, where served under the latter's orders in the battle of he introduced many important reforms, includ- Xaquixaguana, and till the country was pacified. to 266 RIVERS RIVERA and was rewarded with the government of Los / 8 Jan., 1852, and Rosas was defeated at Monte Angeles, where he died shortly afterward. Caseros on 3 Feb. Juan Francisco Giro was elect- RIVERA, José Fructuoso (re-vay-rah), presi- ed president, 1 March, 1852, and Rivera aided Gen. dent of Cruguay, b. in Paysandu in 1790; d. in Venancio Flores in an insurrection. President Montevideo, 13 Jan., 1854. He was a "gaucho,” Giro fled to a neutral man-of-war, and Flores, de- began to serve under Artigas against the Spaniards claring the executive chair vacant, instituted a tri- in 1811, and when, in 1814, hostilities between that umvirate composed of himself, Lavalleja, and Ri- chief and the Argentine general, Alvear, began, vera; but the two latter soon died. The two chief Rivera, in command of a division, defeated Dorre- towns of the department of Tacuarembo have been go, 10 Jan., 1815, at Guayabos, and entered Monte- named after him, Rivera and Fructuoso. video, of which he was appointed commander by RIVERO, Mariano Eduardo de (re-vay'-ro), Artigas. During the Portuguese invasion Rivera Peruvian scientist, b. in Arequipa in 1799; d. in was his lieutenant, but in 1820 he capitulated on Paris, France, 6 Nov., 1857. At the age of twelve condition that his rank of colonel should be rec- he was sent to Europe and entered the college at ognized, and that he should be kept in command of Highgate, near London, studying chemistry under a regiment of gaucho cavalry: On the invasion of Sir Humphrey Davy. In 1816 he went to Par- the province by Jose Antonio Lavalleja (q. v.), he is, where, after many difficulties, he was admitted was surprised by that chief, on 29 May, 1825, but in 1818 to the Royal college of mines. In 1820 he immediately went over to him with all the forces went to Germany to study the metallurgical dis- at his command, and took a brilliant part in the trict of Freiberg, and discovered a new substance, battle of Sarandi on 12 Oct., for which he was re- which he called Humboltina. He made known in warded by the Argentine congress with a pension. Europe the sodium nitrate of Tarapaca, which soon In August, 1826, when Rivadavia appointed Gen. became one of the principal exports of Peru. Af- Alvear chief of the Argentine auxiliaries, there terward he made a scientific trip to Spain, visiting were disagreements, and Rivera, refusing his aid, the mines, especially those of mercury at Almaden. was outlawed and fled to Corrientes. But on 21 He returned to Paris in 1822, and there met Zea, April, 1827, he returned with 100 adventurers from the Colombian minister, by whom he was commis- Santa Fé, invaded the Brazilian missions, and, gath- sioned to go to Bogota to establish a mining-school. ering and disciplining a force of 1,800 Indians, kept He selected some of his college companions to aid the Brazilian army in check. For this he was par- him; and on their arrival in Venezuela, where they doned, and when, after the independence, Laval- were well received by Gen. Bolivar, they began leja assumed the provisional presidency, 25 April, work, obtaining good results and making many 1829, he appointed Rivera commander-in-chief. discoveries. After three years he was called by his After the proclamation of the constitution, con- family to Peru, and resigned the charge of director gress elected Rivera president, 24 Oct., 1829; but of the school, Gen. Bolivar appointing him instead Lavalleja plotted against him, and began an armed general director of mines and public instruction of rebellion in 1832, but was defeated, 20 Sept., and Peru, which appointment was confirmed by Gen. forced to take refuge in Brazil. As president, Ri- La Mar, president of that republic. After his ar- vera paid little attention to the constitution, in- rival in 1825 he devoted his time to science, and, troducing a purely personal and arbitrary govern- | together with Nicolas de Pierola (9. v.), published, ment. Although he was not dishonest for his own from 1826 till 1828, the “ Memorial de Ciencias Nat- gain, he allowed his friends and former officers urales." In 1829, during the civil war, he was de- to pilfer the treasury, yet the commercial pros- posed and obliged to retire to Chili, where he made perity of the country increased greatly. Lavalleja extensive geological studies. On his return to Peru tried the fortunes of war once more in 1834, but the government appointed him director of the Mu- was defeated and again took refuge in Brazil. In seum of natural history and antiquities of Lima. the elections of that year the opposition or Federal In 1832 he was a member of the national congress, party obtained the victory, and on 1 March, 1835, as deputy for the province of Cailloma; but in Gen. Oribe was installed president; but he appoint- 1834, on account of his health, he retired to Are- ed Rivera commander-in-chief. By instigation quipa. In 1840 Gen. Gamarra reinstated him in of the dictator Rosas (9. r.), Oribe persecuted the the direction of the museum and public works. In unionist chiefs, and finally, being authorized by 1851 he accepted the charge of consul-general in congress, called Rivera before a court of inquiry Belgium, but he returned to Peru in 1852. In 1854 for some arbitrary measures. The latter rose in he again occupied his place in Belgium. Rivero rebellion, 16 July, 1836, declared the president a was a member of many foreign scientific societies. traitor to the nation for his connivance with Rosas, He wrote “ Memoria sobre las aguas minerales de and, aided by the gauchos, the unionists, and the Yuro y otros puntos cercanos á Arequipa” (Lima, foreign colony, began a struggle against the gov- 1827); “ Antigüedades Peruanas," with Dr. von ernment. After a long civil war, Oribe resigned, Tschudi (Vienna, 1851); “ Apuntes estadísticos del 20 Oct., 1838, and Rivera was elected president. Departamento de Junin” (Brussels, 1855); and The former took refuge with Rosas, who gave him “ Colección de memorias científicas, agrícolas é in- the command of an army to subdue the revolution dustriales” (2 vols., 1856–'7). of Lavalle and La Madrid (q. 1.), and declared war RIVERS, Richard Henderson, clergyman, b. against Uruguay in 1842. Rivera invaded the in Montgomery county, Tenn., 11 Sept., 1814. He province of Corrientes, but was defeated by Oribe was graduated at La Grange college, Ala., in 1835, at Arroyo Grande on 6 Nov. The victorious army the same year was chosen assistant professor of lan- in its turn invaded Uruguay, and in February, 18433, guages in that institution, and in 1836-'41 was full the famous siege of Montevideo began. Rivera, professor. In 1843 he was elected president of the leaving Gen. Paz in charge, left with the cavalry to Athens female seminary, and in 1848 became pro- open a campaign in the interior, and held part of fessor of moral science in Centenary college, Jack- Rosas's army in check for two years, till it was re- son, La., and in 1849 was elected its president, which enforced by Gen. Urquiza with 40,000 men, and oflice he held till 1854. In that year he became Rivera was defeated at India Muerta, 28 March, president of La Grange college, of which he retained 1845. But finally Brazil signed a treaty with Uru- charge till the civil war, and he subsequently as- guay, 29 May, 1851, Oribe was killed in battle on | sumed the presidency of Centenary college, Sum- RIVERS 267 RIVINGTON 99 con- 64 merfield, Ala., where he remained during the war. minister to France, where he negotiated the in- In 1865 he undertook the management of a small demnity treaty of 4 July, 1831. On his return in school for young ladies at Somerville, Tenn., and 1832 he was chosen U. S. senator, in place of Lit- afterward of other schools in the southwest. Since tleton Tazewell, as a Van Buren conservative, but his twentieth year Mr. Rivers has preached as well he resigned in 1834 in consequence of his unwilling- as taught, has been pastor of various Methodist ness to participate in the senate's vote of censure Episcopal churches, and is now (1888) pastor of the on President Jackson's removal of the U. S. bank Shelby street (Louisville, Ky.) Methodist Episcopal deposits, of which he approved, but which the church. In 1850 La Grange gave him the degree Virginia legislature reprobated. The political of D. D. He has contributed largely to periodicals, character of that body having changed, he was re- and published text-books on “ Mental Philosophy" turned to the senate in 1835 in place of John Tyler, (Nashville, 1860); “Moral Philosophy” (1866); who had resigned, and held office till 1845. In “Our Young People” (1880); “Life of Bishop January, 1837, he voted for Thomas H. Benton's Robert Paine (1884); and edited a volume of “expunging resolution,” which erased from the sermons (1872). journal of the senate the resolution of censure for RIVERS, William James, educator, b. in the removal of the bank deposits. He was again Charleston, S. C., 18 July, 1822. After graduation minister to France in 1849–53. In 1861 he was at the College of South Carolina in 1841, he con- one of the five commissioners to the “peace ducted a large private school for several years. In gress in Washington. After the secession of Vir- 1856 he was elected professor of Greek literature in ginia, with which he was not in sympathy, he the College of South Carolina, and, upon the reor- served in the first and second provisional Confed- ganization of that institution in 1865, he became erate congresses. Mr. Rives possessed extensive professor of ancient languages and literature, and in culture, and a pleasing and popular address. He 1873 became president of Washington college, Md. published numerous pamphlets and addresses, and He has local reputation as a poet, contributed to the · Life and Character of John Hampden” (Rich- periodical press of South Carolina, and published mond, 1845); “Ethics of Christianity” (1855); and “ A Catechism of the History of South Carolina” “History of the Life and Times of James Madison" (Charleston, 1850), and “ A Sketch of the History (4 vols., Boston, 1859–69). In the preparation of of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary this work he had the advantage of a long and inti- Government by the Revolution of 1719” (1856). mate acquaintance with its subject, and the use of RIVES, John Cook (reeves), journalist, b. in all his manuscripts and papers. His wife, Judith Franklin county, Va., 24 May, 1795; d. in Prince Page Walker, author, b. at Castle Hill, Albe- George county, Md., 10 April, 1864. He removed marle co., Va., 24 March, 1802; d. there 23 Jan., to Kentucky at eleven years of age, was brought 1882, was educated in Richmond, Va., and at sev- up by his uncle, Samuel Casey, acquired a good enteen years of age married Mr. Rives. She ac- education, and in 1824 removed from Edwardsville, companied him on both his missions to France, Ill. (in which city he had been connected with a and on her return embodied her recollections of bank), to Washington, D. C., where he became a Paris in “Souvenirs of a Residence in Europe ” clerk in the fourth auditor's office. During the (Philadelphia, 1842) and “ Home and the World” early part of President Jackson's administration, (New York, 1857). Her other publications in- with Francis Blair, senior, he founded the “ Con- clude “ The Canary-Bird” (Philadelphia, 1835) and gressional Globe,” of which he was sole proprietor “Epitome of the Holy Bible” (Charlottesville, Va., till 1864. He possessed much humor, and was gen- 1846).—Their son, Alfred Landon, engineer, b. in erous in the extreme in his public and private bene- Paris, France, 25 March, 1830, studied at Virginią factions. Altogether he gave about $30,000 to the military institute and at the University of Virginia, wives of soldiers who had enlisted in the National and in 1854 was graduated at the École des ponts army from the District of Columbia, besides innu- et chaussées, Paris. He was an assistant engineer merable smaller amounts to private individuals, and in completing the U. S. capitol building, Washing- he subsequently gave $12,000 toward the equipment ton, D. C., and in building the aqueduct there, in of two regiments in the District of Columbia. charge of the U. S. survey in improving Potomac RIVES, William Cabell, senator, b. in Nelson river, and designed and constructed the Cabin county, Va., 4 May, 1793; d. at his country-seat, John bridge, near Washington, which at the time called Castle Hill, near Charlottesville, Va., 25 of its completion was the largest single-arch stone April, 1868. He was bridge in the world. Since the civil war he has educated at Hamp- been general manager of the Mobile and Ohio rail- den Sidney and Will. road, and a vice-president and general manager of iam and Mary, and the Richmond and Danville railroad, and he is now studied law and poli- (1888) superintendent of the Panama railroad. - ties under Thomas His daughter, Amélie, author, b. in Richmond, Jefferson. He served Va., 23 Aug., 1863, was educated by private tutors. in 1814-'15 with a In June, 1888, she married John Armstrong (han- body of militia that ler, of New York city. Her first work was a story was called out for in the “ Atlantic Monthly,” which has since ap- the defence of Vir- peared with others in book-form under the title ginia during the sec- of " A Brother to Dragons, and Other Old-Time ond war with Great Tales” (New York, 1888). Her subsequent work Britain, and was a includes stories and poems, and a novel entitled member of the State “The Quick or the Dead?” (Philadelphia, 1888). constitutional RIVINGTON, James, journalist, in Lon- vention in 1816 and don, England, about 1724; d. in New York city es of the legislature in in July, 1802. Early in life he acquired wealth 1817-'19. He was in London as a bookseller, which he lost at New- elected to congress in market, and, sailing to this country in 1760, re- 1822 as a Democrat, served three successive terms, sumed his occupation in Philadelphia, and in the and in 1829 was appointed by President Jackson next year in New York, where he opened a shop in 66 - con- Whened 268 ROACH RIVINGTON 66 JáRivingston > 66 Wall street. In 1773 he published “at his ever | cis Hopkinson, Philip Freneau, and John Wither- open and uninfluenced press” the first number of spoon. Freneau wrote several epigrams at his ex- a newspaper entitled “ The New York Gazetteer; pense, the best of which was “Rivington's Last or the Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson's River. Will and Testament,” including the stanza : and Quebec Weekly Advertiser." He advocated Provided, however, and nevertheless, the measures of That whatever estate I enjoy and possess the British govern- At the time of my death (if it be not then sold) ment with great Shall remain to the Tories, to have and to hold." zeal, and attacked Alexander Graydon, in his “ Memoirs,” says of the patriots so se Rivington: “This gentleman's manners and ap- verely that in 1775 pearance were sufficiently dignified ; and he kept the Whigs of New- the best company. He was an everlasting dabbler port resolved to in theatrical heroics. Othello was the character in hold no communi- which he liked best to appear.” Ashbel Green cation with him. speaks of Rivington as the greatest sycophant In consequence of imaginable; very little under the influence of any his repeated at- principle but self-interest, yet of the most courteous tacks upon the manners to all with whom he had intercourse." Sons of Liberty, The accompanying portrait is from the original and especially painting by Gilbert Stuart, in the possession of Capt. Isaac Sears, William H. Appleton, of New York.-His son, that officer came John, a lieutenant in the 83d regiment, died in to New York from England in 1809. Connecticut with ROACH, Isaac, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., seventy-five horse- 24 Feb., 1786 ; d. there, 29 Dec., 1848. "He was men, and, enter- commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d artillery, 2 ing Rivington's July, 1812, and served in the detachment under office, destroyed his press and converted the types Capt. Towson in cutting out the British brigs into bullets. Rivington's conduct was examined by Caledonia” and “ Detroit,” lying under the guns the Provincial congress, which referred the case to of Fort Erie, 8 Oct., 1812. Lieut. Roach was the Continental congress, and while the latter was among the first to board the captured brig, the considering it the publisher wrote a remonstrance, Detroit,” and, in the words of Winfield Scott, declaring “that however wrong and mistaken he “certainly no one surpassed him in intrepidity and may have been in his opinions, he has always meant efficiency.” He was wounded in the assault on honestly and openly to do his duty as a servant of Queenstown heights, 13 Oct., 1812, promoted cap- the public.” He then made his peace with the tain, 13 April, 1813, and in this capacity had com- Whigs, and was permitted to return to his house, mand of a piece of artillery, and formed a part of but, having incurred suspicion he afterward went the advance-guard in the capture of Fort George, to England, where he was appointed king's printer 27 May, 1813, when he was again wounded. On 24 for New York. In 1777, after the British occupa- June following, at the Beaver dam, he held his tion of that city, he returned with a new press, and position for hours against a greatly superior force, resumed the publication of his paper under the which he repeatedly drove back, but toward the title of “Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette.” close of the day, through the misconduct of his which he changed on 13 Dec., 1777, to “ The Royal commanding officer, he was obliged to surrender. Gazette.” On the day when Maj. John André was He was held prisoner until the close of the war, taken prisoner his “ Cow Chase was published by when, after escaping and being recaptured, he was Rivington. About 1781, when the success of the liberated. On the reduction of the army upon the British was becoming doubtful, Rivington played peace establishment, he was transferred with his the part of a spy, furnishing Washington with im- full rank to the corps of artillery. He was bre- portant information. His communications were vetted major for ten years' service, 13 April, 1823, written on thin paper, bound in the covers of books, and resigned, 1 April, 1824. In 1838 he was elected and conveyed to the American camp by agents that mayor of the city of Philadelphia, and he was were ignorant of their service. When New York treasurer of the mint in that city in 1844–7. was evacuated, Rivington remained in the city, ROACH, John, ship-builder, b. in Mitchells- much to the general surprise, removed the royal town, County Cork, Ireland, in 1815; d. in New York arms from his paper, and changed its title to city, 10 Jan., 1887. At the age of fourteen he came · Rivington's New York Gazette and Universal penniless to New York, and obtained work from Advertiser.” But his business rapidly declined, his John Allaire, in the Howell iron-works, New Jer- paper ceased to exist in 1783, and he passed the re- sey. In 1840 he went to Illinois to buy land, but mainder of his life in comparative poverty. There he returned to New York, and worked as a ma- is a complete set of his journal in the library of chinist for several years, and then established a the New York historical society. Rivington of- foundry with three fellow-workmen. The explo- fended his readers by the false statements that ap- sion of a boiler nearly ruined him financially, but peared in his paper, which was called by the peo- he rebuilt his works, which were known as the Etna ple“ The Lying Gazette," and which was even cen- iron-works. Here he constructed the largest en- sured by the royalists for its utter disregard of gines that had been built in the United States at truth. The journal was well supplied with news that time, and also the first compound engines. from abroad, and replenished with squibs and In 1868 he bought the Morgan iron-works in New poems against the leaders of the Revolution and York city, and also the Neptune, Franklin Forge, their French allies. Gov. William Livingston in and Allaire works, and in 1871 the ship-yards in particular was attacked, and he wrote about 1780: Chester, Pa., that were owned by Rainer and Sons. "If Rivington is taken, I must have one of his ears; He established a ship-building plant that covered Governor Clinton is entitled to the other; and Gen- 120 acres, and was valued at $2,000,000, under the eral Washington, if he pleases, may take his head." name of the Delaware river iron ship-building and Rivington provoked many clever satires from Fran- , engine works, of which he was the sole owner, and ROANE 269 ROBBINS " Odun Moach where he built sixty-three vessels in twelve years, Europe and fifteen to the island of Cuba. He chiefly for the U.S. government and large corpora- built the first gas-works in the city of Havana in tions. Among these were six monitors that were or- 1840 and was president of the Spanish gaslight dered during Gen. company, sharing the capital with Maria Christina, Grant's administra- the queen-mother of Spain. He was active in es- tion. The last ves- tablishing eight banking-houses and commercial sels that he built for firms and agencies in New Orleans, Philadelphia, the U.S. navy were New York, San Francisco, and Liverpool, four of the three cruisers which were in existence in 1857. He was presi- · Chicago," “ At- dent of the railroad convention that met in New lanta," and Bos- Orleans in 1851, and built the first railroad that ton," and the de- connected New Orleans with the north. Mr. Robb spatch-boat Dol- was a member of the Louisiana senate. In 1859 phin.” On the re- he removed to Chicago, where he was interested in fusal of the govern- railroad matters, declined the military governor- ment to accept the ship of Louisiana which was offered by President Dolphin" in 1885, Lincoln, and the post of secretary of the treasury, Mr. Roach made to which Andrew Johnson wished to appoint him. an assignment, and Afterward he established in New Orleans the Lou- closed his works; isiana national bank, of which he was president in but they were re- 1866-'9. His residence, standing in the centre of opened when the vessel was accepted. He con- a block, was the finest in that city. In 1871 he re- structed altogether about 114 iron vessels, and also tired from business, and from 1873 until his death built the sectional dock at Pensacola, Fla., and the he resided in “ Hampden Place," near Cincinnati, iron bridge over Harlem river at Third avenue, Ohio. He was a regent of the University of Louisi- New York city, in 1860. ana, and was the author of several reports, essays, ROANE, John Selden, governor of Arkansas, and pamphlets on politics and political economy. b. in Wilson county, Tenn., 8 Jan., 1817; d. in His son, James Hampden, banker, b. in Phila- Pine Bluff, Ark., 7 April, 1867. He was graduated delphia, Pa., 27 Oct., 1846, was graduated at Har- at Cumberland college, Princeton, Ky., and served vard in 1866, and studied also in Switzerland, after in the legislature of Arkansas as speaker in 1844. which he engaged in banking and in the cotton Participating in the Mexican war as lieutenant- business. He was a member of the legislature of colonel of Col. Archibald Yell's Arkansas cavalry, New York in 1882 and state senator in 1884–5, he served with gallantry at Buena Vista, and com- where he was active in securing the State reserva- manded the regiment after Col. Yell was killed, tion at Niagara, of which he was a commissioner being made colonel on 28 Feb., 1847. From 1848 from 1883 till 1887. He was also appointed com- till 1852 he was governor of Arkansas. Gov. Roane missioner of the parks of New York city, and is served in the civil war, being appointed brigadier- now (1888) president of the board. general in the provisional Confederate army on 20 ROBB, James Burch, lawyer, b. in Baltimore, March, 1862, commanding the district of Little Md., 14 April, 1817; d. in Boston, Mass., 3 Nov., Rock, Arkansas. 1876. In his early years he removed to Washing- ROANE, Spencer, jurist, b. in Essex, Va., 4 April, ton, D. C., was graduated at Georgetown college in 1762; d. in Sharon Springs, Va., 4 Sept., 1822. He 1831, and then entered the U.S. military academy, studied law with George Wythe, and also in Phila- but left, owing to impaired health. He was clerk delphia, after which he was a member successively of the U. S. circuit court in Boston, Mass., from of the Virginia assembly, council, and senate. He 1845 till 1849, when he resigned and became a pat- was appointed a judge in 1789 of the general court, ent lawyer, in which profession he was successful, and in 1794 of the court of errors. In 1819 he practising in Springfield, Mass., where his father was one of the commissioners for locating the was superintendent of the National armory for University of Virginia. His wife was the daugh- several years. Mr. Robb prepared and published ter of Patrick Henry. Judge Roane was a Jeffer- a valuable compilation of “ Patent Cases in Su- sonian Republican, and wrote several essays under preme and County Courts of the United States to the name of “ Algernon Sidney,” asserting the su- 1850” (2 vols., Boston, 1854). premacy of the state in a question of conflicting ROBBINS, Ashur, senator, b. in Wethersfield, authority between Virginia and the United States, Conn., 26 Oct., 1757'; d. in Newport, R. I., 25 which were published in the “ Richmond Enquirer.” Feb., 1845. After his graduation at Yale in 1782, ROANE, William Harrison, senator, b. in he was tutor at the College of Rhode Island (now Virginia in 1788; d. at Tree Hill, near Richmond, Brown university) from 1783 till 1788, studied Va., 11 May, 1845. After receiving an acadernical law, was admitted to the bar, and began to prac- education he was a member of the state executive tise in Providence. He removed to Newport in council and the house of representatives, and was 1795, was appointed U. S. district attorney, and elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 was a member of the legislature from 1818 till Dec., 1815, till 3 March, 1817. He was afterward 1825. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a chosen U. S. senator in place of Richard E. Par- Whig in place of James D'Wolf, serving from 5 ker, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1841. Dec., 1825, till 3 March, 1839, after which he served ROBB, James, banker, b. in Brownville, Fay- again in the Rhode Island legislature. Brown ette co., Pa., 2 April, 1814; d. near Cincinnati, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1835. He was an Ohio, 30 July, 1881. His father died in 1819, and, accomplished classical scholar and orator, and after receiving a common-school education, the published_several addresses and orations.-His son left his home at the age of thirteen to seek his nephew, Royal, clergyman, b. in Wethersfield, fortune, walking in the snow to Morgantown, Va., Conn., 21 Oct., 1788; d. in Berlin, Conn., 26 where he was employed in a bank and became March, 1861, was graduated at Yale in 1806, stud- its cashier. In 1837 he went to the city of New ied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Con- Orleans, La., where he remained for twenty-one gregational church at Kensington parish, Berlin, years, during which time he made six visits to I Conn., in 1816, serving until 1859. He contributed 66 270 ROBBINS ROBBINS He 9 99 66 6 77 to the “ Christian Spectator" and other journals,' eral History” (1815); and edited the first and sec- to several works compiled by Samuel G. Goodrich, ond American editions of Cotton Mather's “ Mag- and was the author of brief biographies of the nalia Christi Americana ” (1820 and 1853). poets James G. Percival and John G. C. Brainard, also issued anonymously a work on " All Religions prefixed to editions of their writings; many pub- and Religious Ceremonies” (1823). — Chandler's lished sermons; a text-book entitled “ Outlines of grandson, Chandler, clergyman, b. in Lynn, Mass., Ancient and Modern History” (Hartford, 1839); 14 Feb., 1810; d. in Weston, Mass., 11 Sept., 1882, and a “ History of American Literature," intended was graduated at Harvard in 1829, and at the di- as a supplement to Robert Chambers's “ History of vinity-school in 1833, when he was ordained pas. English Literature” (Hartford, 1837). tor of the Second church in Boston, of which Ralph ROBBINS, Chandler, clergyman, b. in Bran- | Waldo Emerson had been in charge. He remained ford, Conn., 24 Aug., 1738; d. in Plymouth, Mass., there until his resignation in 1874, when he was 30 June, 1799. He was the son of Rev. Philemon the oldest settled pastor in Boston, and during his Robbins, pastor of a church in Branford, Conn., pastorate a new church edifice was erected in Boyl- from 1732 till 1781, and was graduated at Yale in ston street. He was chaplain of the Massachusetts 1756, taught in an Indian school in Lebanon, stud- senate in 1834 and of the state house of representa- ied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Con- tives in 1845, and was largely interested in phi- gregational church in Plymouth, Mass., remaining lanthropy, and was a founder of the Children's hos- there until his death. The degree of D. D. was pital in 1869. Harvard gave him the degree of conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1792, and by D. D. in 1855. Dr. Robbins was a member of the the University of Edinburgh in 1793. He published Massachusetts historical society, an editor of its “A Reply to John Cotton's Essays on Baptism proceedings, a frequent contributor to periodicals, (1773); -- An Address at Plymouth to the inhabi- and the author of " A History of the Second or tants assembled to celebrate the Victories of the Old North Church in Boston ” (Boston, 1852); “Lit- French Republic over their Invaders" (1793); “ An urgy for the Use of a Christian Church" (1854); Anniversary Sermon on the Landing at Plymouth" Hymn - Book” (1854); “Memoir of Maria É. (1793); and other discourses.—His brother, Ammi Clapp” (1858); Memoir of William Appleton Ruhamah, clergyman, b. in Branford, Conn., 25 | (1863); " Memoir of the Hon. Benjamin R. Curtis, Aug., 1740'; d. in Norfolk, Conn., 30 Oct., 1813, LL. D.” (1878); and sermons and addresses. was graduated at Yale in 1760, on 28 Oct., 1761, ROBBINS, Francis Le Baron, clergyman, b. was ordained pastor of a Congregational church in in Camillus, Onondaga co., N. Y., 2 May, 1830. He Norfolk, Conn., and remained there until his death. was graduated at Williams in 1854, studied theol- In March, 1776, he joined Gen. Philip Schuyler's ogy at Auburn seminary, and in 1860 was ordained brigade at Albany as chaplain. He published sev- to the ministry and installed as pastor of a Pres- eral sermons, including a Half-Century Sermon” byterian church in Philadelphia. He founded the (1811).- Ammi Ruhamah's son, Thomas, clergy- Oxford Presbyterian church in that city, which man, b. in Norfolk, Conn., 11 Aug., 1777; d. in was dedicated in 1869, and became the pastor, re- Colebrook, Conn., 13 Sept., 1856, was graduated at signing the office in 1883. During his pastorate Williams in 1796, had charge of the academy in the church edifice, one of the handsomest in the Danville, Conn., city, and which had been constructed through his from 1799 till 1802, efforts, was destroyed by fire. Through Dr. Rob- and labored as a bins's efforts a new building was erected. After missionaryin Ohio resigning he travelled extensively in Europe, and in 1803–6. He on his return took up, the work of founding a was then pastor church in Kensington, the centre of the manufac- of Congregational turing district of Philadelphia. In this he succeed- churches in Easted, and in 1886 the Beacon Presbyterian church Windsor, Conn., in was dedicated. Connected with it is a reading- 1809–27, in Strat- room, and a hall where lectures on travel, art, sani- ford, Conn., in tation, and other popular and timely themes are 1830–'1, in Matta- delivered, and class-rooms for instruction in me- poisett in 1831, chanical arts, music, drawing, oratory, and a dis- and in Rochester, pensary, in which more than 3,000 patients received Mass., from 1832 free medical attention in 1887. He has received till 1842. Subse- from Union college the degree of D. D. quently he resided ROBBINS, Horace Wolcott, artist, b. in Mo- in Hartford, Conn. bile, Ala., 21 Oct., 1842. He went to Baltimore Thannus Robbins Harvard gave him with his family at the age of six, and eleven years the degree of D.D. later came to New York, where he studied paint- in 1838. He was ing under James M. Hart. In 1865 he made a visit a founder of the Connecticut historical society, of with Frederick E. Church to the West Indies, and which he was librarian in 1844, and to which he thence went to Europe. Here he studied for three gave his private library. This was deposited in years, after which he returned to New York. He the Wadsworth athenæum at Hartford, and was was elected an associate of the Academy of design valued at $10,000. It contains a pine chest that in 1864, and an academician in 1878, and in 1882 was brought over in the “ Mayflower," on the lid of he became recording secretary. He is also a mem- which the passengers signed their compact. His ber of the Water-color society and the New York diary has been edited by Increase N. Tarbox (2 vols., etching club, and was president of the Artists Boston, 1886-'7). He delivered an oration on the fund society during 1885–7. Many of his works “Death of Gen. Washington" at Danbury on 2 Jan., are pictures of mountain and lake scenery, in the 1800. In addition to many sermons he was the au- delineation of which he has, perhaps, been most thor of a “ Historical View of the First Planters successful. His oil-paintings include " Blue Hills of New England," written for the “Connecticut of Jamaica" (1874); “ Passing Shower, Jamaica" Evangelical Magazine" (Hartford, 1815); revised (1875); “Roadside Elms” and “ Harbor Islands, and continued James Tytler’s “ Elements of Gen- | Lake George" (1878); “ Lake Katahdin, Maine" a 7 ROBBINS 271 ROBERT 9 (1882); “ Early Autumn, Adirondacks (1883); } public meeting in Philadelphia that had reference "Sunset on the Tunxis” and “- Darkening in the to monopolizers and the depreciation of the cur- Evening Glory" (1885); and “ The Lane.” Among rency. In 1783-'4 he spent a year in England. his water-colors are “ After the Rain,” “ New Eng. It is related of Roberdeau that, while travelling land Elms,” and “ New England Homestead," a view in his carriage across Blackheath, near London, he at Simsbury, Conn., which last was bought by the was attacked by highwaymen, who surrounded the French government at the exhibition of 1878. carriage. He seized the leader, threw him down in ROBBINS, Rensselaer David Chanceford, the bottom of the carriage, and called to the coach- linguist, b. in Wardsborough, Vt., 23 Dec., 1811 ; man to drive on and fire right and left. He drove d. in Newton Highlands, Mass., 3 Nov., 1882. into London in this manner with the robber's feet He was graduated at Middlebury college, Vt., in hanging out of the carriage, and delivered him up 1835, and at Andover theological seminary in 1841, to justice. After the war Gen. Roberdeau removed serving there as librarian until 1848, after which from Philadelphia to Alexandria, Va., where he he was professor of languages at Middlebury until often entertained Gen. Washington. A short time 1872, and received from this college the degree of before his death he removed to Winchester, Va. D. D. in 1882. Dr. Robbins contributed to the -His eldest son, Isaac, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, * Bibliotheca Sacra," translated " Egypt and the Pa., 11 Sept., 1763 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C., 15 Jan., Books of Moses” from the German of E. W. Heng- 1829, was educated in this country and in England. stenberg (Andover, 1843 ; 2d ed., with notes by His first public services were at the instance of Gen. W. Cooke Taylor, Edinburgh, 1845), and Xeno- Washington as as- phon's " Memorabilia of Socrates," with notes sistant engineer (New York, 1853), and edited the 3d and 4th edi- in laying out the tions of Prof. Moses Stuart's “ Commentaries on city of Washing- the Epistles to the Romans, Hebrews, and Eccle- ton in 1791. În siastes” (Andover, 1854). 1792 he was en- ROBERDEAU, Daniel, soldier, b. in the island gaged as engineer of St. Christopher, W. I., in 1727; d. in Winches- in building canals ter, Va., 5 Jan., 1795. He was the son of Isaac in Pennsylvania. Roberdeau, a French Huguenot, and Mary Cunyng- He resided for ham, a descendant of the Earl of Glencairn, in some time in New Scotland. He came to Philadelphia with his Jersey, and, as mother's family in his youth, became a merchant, major of brigade, and was a manager of the Pennsylvania hospital in delivered an ora- 1756–8 and 1766—'76. He was an early Mason in tion on the death Philadelphia, associated in 1752-'4 with Franklin, of Gen. Washing- Alexander Hamilton, and others. Roberdeau was ton, 22 Feb., 1800. elected to the Pennsylvania assembly in 1756 and Only a few copies served till 1760, when he declined further election. I of this are known He was an elder in the Presbyterian church in 1765, to exist; one of and a friend of George Whitefield, who baptized them is in the li- his eldest son. When the Revolution approached brary of congress. he joined the Pennsylvania associators, was elected On 29 April, 1813, he was appointed major and topo- colonel of the 20 battalion in 1775, and made presi- graphical engineer in the regular army, this corps dent of the board of officers that governed the as- being then just constituted by the appointment of sociators. He presided at a public meeting at the four majors and four captains. At the close of the state-house on 20 May, 1776, which had great in- war with Great Britain he was ordered to survey the fluence in favor of the Declaration of Independ- boundary between the United States and Canada, ence. While in command of his battalion he fitted | under the treaty of Ghent. The treaty of 1783 had out, in partnership with his friend, Col. John fixed the boundary in the middle of ihe lakes and Bayard, two ships as privateers, one of which rivers, and the treaty of Ghent provided for a sur- captured a valuable prize, with $22,000 in silver, vey to determine the location of that line. Col. which he placed at the disposal of congress. He Roberdeau was the engineer in charge of the survey, was chosen a member of the council of safety, and which was nearly 900 miles in length, through St. on 4 July, 1776, was elected 1st brigadier-general Lawrence river and the great lakes. In 1818 Col. of the Pennsylvania troops, James Ewing being Roberdeau was ordered to organize the bureau of made 2d brigadier-general. All the associators topographical engineers in the war department, were now called out to the aid of Washington, who and was made its chief, which post he held until was in a critical position in New Jersey. In Feb- his death. He was a friend of President John ruary, 1777, Gen. Roberdeau was elected a mem- | Quincy Adams, and of John C. Calhoun, then secre- ber of the Continental congress. He was active in tary of war, and usually travelled with him on his supporting the Articles of Confederation and af- official visits to military posts. He entertained fixed his name to that document on the part of Lafayette during the latter's visit to this country in Pennsylvania. He was three times elected to con- 1825. See - Genealogy of the Roberdeau Family," gress, and served till 1779. In April, 1778, there by Roberdeau Buchanan (Washington, 1876). being a scarcity of lead in the army, Gen. Rober- ROBERT, Christopher Rhinelander, philan- deau received leave of absence from congress in thropist, b. in Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y., 23 order to work a lead - mine in Bedford county, March, 1802; d. in Paris, France, 28 Oct., 1878. where he was obliged to erect a stockade fort as a His father, Daniel, a physician, practised for sev- protection against the Indians. Most if not all eral years in the island of Santo Domingo. The of the expense of this fort he paid out of his pri- son became a merchant's clerk in New York city, vate purse. Samuel Hazard's * Register of Penn, and after five years entered business for himself, sylvania” and Peter Force's “ American Archives” carrying it on chiefly in New Orleans, La. In 1830 contain much information about this fort and lead he became head of the firm of Robert and Williams mine; the former was styled Fort Roberdeau. On in New York, and he also held the presidency 24 and 25 May, 1779, Gen. Roberdeau presided at a of a large coal and iron company. lle retired T Roberdrau 272 ROBERTS ROBERT from business in 1862. Mr. Robert gave large military academy in 1835, and assigned to the 1st sums to Hamilton college and Auburn theological dragoons, but after several years of frontier service seminary, but his chief benefactions were to the he resigned on 28 Jan., 1839, and as principal en- American college in Constantinople, which was gineer built the Champlain and Ogdensburg rail- named Robert college in his honor. He gave it road. He was assistant geologist of New York in $296,000 in his lifetime, and left it $125,000 in his 1841, and in 1842 aided Lieut. George W. Whistler will, besides real estate valued at $40,000.-His in constructing the Russian system of railways. wife, Ann Maria, b. in New York city, 1 Aug., He then returned to the United States, was ad. 1802; d. there, 9 April, 1888, was a daughter of mitted to the bar, and in 1843 began to practise in William Shaw, a merchant of New York city. She Iowa. He became lieutenant-colonel of state mi. married Mr. Robert in 1829, accompanied him on litia in 1844, and on 27 May, 1846, was reappointed his Eastern travels, and aided in the organization in the U. S. army as a 1st lieutenant of mounted and support of numerous orphan asylums, homes rifles, becoming captain, 16 Feb., 1847. During for aged colored women, and other religious and the war with Mexico he served at Vera Cruz, Cerro philanthropical institutions. Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, where he led an ROBERT, Joseph Thomas, clergyman, b. in advance party of stormers and for which he was Beaufort district, S. C., 28 Nov., 1807; d. in At- brevetted major, and the capture of the city of lanta, Ga., 5 March, 1884. He was graduated at Mexico. He then took part in the actions at Mata- Brown in 1828 and at South Carolina medical col- moras and the Galajara pass against guerillas, and lege in 1832, after studying two years at Yale. In was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. At the close of 1834 he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church the war he received, 15 Jan., 1849, a sword of honor in Robertsville, S. C., but he soon removed to Ken- from the legislature of Iowa. From this time till tucky. After several brief pastorates he became in the civil war he served on the southwestern fron- 1864 professor of languages in lowa state uni- tier and on bureau duty at Washington, with fre- versity, and in 1869 he was made president of quent leaves of absence on account of feeble health. Burlington university in the same state. In 1871 At the beginning of the civil war he was in New he took charge of the Augusta institute for the Mexico, and after his promotion to major, on 13 training of colored ministers, and when this insti- May, 1861, he was assigned to the command first tute was removed in 1879 to Atlanta, and incor- of the northern and then of the southern district of porated with the Atlanta Baptist seminary, he was that territory, being engaged in the defence of made its president. In this service he continued Fort Craig against the Texan forces under Gen. until his death. The degree of LL. D. was given Ilenry H. Sibley in 1862, the action at Valverde in him by Denison university in 1869. — His son, the same year, where he was brevetted colonel for Henry Martyn, soldier, b. in Beaufort district, gallantry, and the combats at Albuquerque and S. C., 2 May, 1837, was graduated at the U. S. mili- Peralta. On 1 June, 1861, he was ordered to Wash- tary academy in 1857. He received his commis- ington, and on 16 July he was commissioned briga- sion with the rank of lieutenant in the corps of dier-general of volunteers, and assigned as chief engineers, and has ever since remained in that of cavalry to Gen. John Pope, with whose Army service. Soon after his graduation he was ap- of Virginia he served during its campaign in 1862, pointed assistant professor of natural philosophy acting also as inspector-general. In the latter at West Point, but he was subsequently trans- part of the year he was acting inspector-general of ferred to the department of practical engineer- the north western department, and led an expedi- ing. In 1858 he was stationed at Fort Vancouver, tion against the Chippewa Indians, and in 1863 he and during the northwest boundary difficulties be- was in command first of the upper defences of tween this country and Great Britain he had charge Washington and then of an independent brigade of the construction of defences on San Juan island. | in West Virginia and Iowa. In 1864, after leading At the beginning of the civil war, though of south- a division of the 19th corps in Louisiana, he was ern birth and with all his relatives in the south, Col. chief of cavalry of the Gulf department, till he was Robert unhesitatingly espoused the Union cause. ordered, early in 1865, to the charge of a cavalry He served on the staff of Gen. McClellan, and as- division in western Tennessee. At the close of sisted in building the fortifications around Wash- the war he was brevetted brigadier-general in the ington. He was subsequently employed in similar regular army for services at Cedar Mountain, and services at Philadelphia and New Bedford, Mass. major-general of volunteers for that action and He was promoted captain in 1863, and at the close the second battle of Bull Run. He became lieu- of the war he was placed again at the head of the tenant-colonel of the 3d cavalry on 28 July, 1866, department of practical engineering at West Point, served on frontier and recruiting service till 1868, where he remained till 1867. In that year he was and then as professor of military science at Yale made major, and in 1871, with headquarters at till his retirement from active service on 15 Dec., Portland, he had charge of the fortifications, light- 1870. He was the inventor of the Roberts breech- houses, and harbor and river improvements in loading rifle, to the perfection and introduction of Oregon and Washington territory. He was trans- which he devoted many years of his life. In 1870 ferred in 1873 to Milwaukee, and assigned to a like he formed a company for its manufacture, which duty on Lake Michigan. He was promoted lieu- finally failed, though Gen. Roberts had secured a tenant-colonel in 1883, and is now (1888) superin- contract in Europe. tendent of river and harbor improvements and de- ROBERTS, Charles George Douglas, Cana- fences in the district of Philadelphia. Col. Robert dian poet, b. in Douglas, York co., New Brunswick, is the author of "Robert's Rules of Order" (Chi- 10 Jan., 1860. He was graduated at the University cago, 1876) and has supervised the preparation of of New Brunswick, Fredericton, in 1879, became " An Index to the Reports of the Chief Engineers principal of the Chatham grammar-school in 1879, of the U. S. A. on River and Harbor Improve- and of the York street school in 1882. He as- ments” (vol. i., to 1879, Washington, 1881; vol. ii., sumed the editorship of the Toronto “ Week” in to 1887, in preparation). December, 1883, and was appointed professor of ROBERTS, Benjamin Stone, soldier, b. in English and French literature and political econo- Manchester, Vt., in 1811; d. in Washington, D. C., my in the University of King's college, Windsor, 29 Jan., 1875. He was graduated at the U. S. Nova Scotia, in October, 1885. Those of his poeti- ROBERTS 273 ROBERTS 9 cal compositions that are distinctively Canadian | the author of "The Planting and Growth of the are regarded as being specially excellent. He has Empire State" in the “ American Commonwealth published “Orion, and other Poems” (Philadel- Series" (Boston, 1887). phia, 1880); “In Divers Tones” (Boston and Mon- ROBERTS, George Washington, soldier, b. treal, 1887); and edited “Poems of Wildlife" in in Chester county, Pa., 2 Oct., 1833; d. near Mur- the series of Canterbury poets (1888). Mr. Roberts freesborough, Tenn.. 31 Dec., 1862. After gradu. has also contributed to periodical literature, and is ation at Yale in 1857, he studied law and practised an earnest advocate of Canadian nationalism. in his native county, and in Chicago after 1860. He ROBERTS, Edmund, diplomatist, b. in Ports- was commissioned major of the 420 Illinois volun- mouth, N. H., 29 June, 1784; d. in Macao, China, teers on 22 July, 1861, and participated in the 12 June, 1836. Waiving an appointment as mid-march of Gen. John C. Frémont to Springfield, shipman at the age of thirteen in the O. S. navy, Ill. He became lieutenant-colonel and colonel. he entered upon a mercantile career, living in He won honor in the campaign of 1862, command- Buenos Ayres, and then in London until he was ing a brigade of the Army of the Mississippi, twenty-four years old. He was an extensive ship- served at the siege of Corinth in April and May, owner, and lost heavily by the Spanish and French 1862, and at Farmington, Tenn., 7 Oct., 1862. At privateers. In 1827 he chartered the ship “ Mary the battle of Stone River, Tenn., 31 Dec., 1862, he Anne " and sailed to Zanzibar, meeting the sultan had the advance of the 20th army corps, drove the and establishing a friendship that afterward de enemy to their breastworks, and was killed while veloped into treaty relations with the United States. leading the 42d Illinois in a successful charge. Making further voyages to ports on the Indian ROBERTS, Howard, sculptor, b. in Philadel- ocean, he studied the possible openings to Ameri- phia, Pa., 9 April, 1843. He first studied art un- can trade. On his return, with the assistance of der Joseph A. Bailly at the Pennsylvania academy. Levi Woodbury, his suggestions were brought be- When twenty-three years of age he went to Paris, fore congress, and in consequence the U. S. vessels where he studied at the École des beaux-arts , and ** Peacock” and “ Boxer" were sent out, with Mr. also under Dumont and Gumery. On his return Roberts as special diplomatic agent, to make trea- he opened a studio in Philadelphia, and produced ties with Muscat, Siam, and Cochin-China. His there his first work of note, the statuette “ Hester successes during a voyage of twenty-six months and Pearl," from Hawthorne's “Scarlet Letter” are detailed in his posthumous volume, “ Embassy (1872). It was exhibited at the academy in Phila- to the Eastern Courts” (New York, 1837). Leav- delphia, where it attracted much attention, and ing again in 1835 in the “ Peacock," to exchange gained him an election to membership. In 1873 ratifications of the treaties that had been made he went again to Paris, and while there modelled with Muscat and Siam, and to visit Japan with like “La première pose ” (1876), which received a medal purpose, he died at Macao of fever that he had at the Philadelphia centennial exhibition of 1876. contracted in Siam. A monument over his grave, Among his other works are " Hypatia” (1870); erected by Americans in China, and a memorial "Lucille," a bust (1873); "Lot's Wife," a statuette; window in St. John's church, Portsmouth, N. H., and numerous ideal and portrait busts. His statue presented by his granddaughter, Mrs. John V. L. of Robert Fulton is in the capitol at Washington. Pruyn, of Albany, N. Y., keep alive the memory of ROBERTS, James Booth, actor, b. in New- the first American diplomatist in Asia, whose un- castle, Del., 27 Sept., 1818. He was educated at finished work was consummated by Matthew Perry the Newcastle academy, and made his first appear- and Townsend Harris. His wife was the young- ance at the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia est daughter of Woodbury Langdon. Of his eight on 18 Jan., 1836, as Richmond to Junius Brutus daughters who survived him, Catharine Whipple Booth's Richard III. In 1851 he went to Eng- became the wife of Rev. Andrew P. Peabody, D. D., land and played at Drury lane theatre, London, in of Harvard University; Sarah, author of several the characters of Sir Giles Overreach, King Lear, volumes and various poems, married Dr. James and Richard III. He wrote a version of Goethe's Boyle, of Canada; and Harriet Langdon married Faust,” which he produced in Philadelphia, play- the late Amasa J. Parker, of Albany, N. Y. ing Mephistopheles. ROBERTS, Ellis Henry, journalist, b. in ROBERTS, Job, agriculturist, b. near Gwynedd, Utica, N. Y., 30 Sept., 1827. He was prepared for Philadelphia (now Montgomery) co., Pa., 23 March, college at Whitestown seminary and was graduated | 1757; d. there, 20 Aug., 1851. From 1791 till 1820 at Yale in 1850, was principal of the Utica acad- he was justice of the peace. He encouraged me- emy, taught Latin in the female seminary, bechanical and agricultural enterprise, improved the came editor and proprietor of the Utica “ Morning methods of farming, planted hedges, introduced Herald " in 1850, served in the legislature in 1867, green fodder in the feeding of cattle, and the use and was a delegate to the National Republican con- of gypsum as a fertilizer; was among the first to ventions of 1864, 1868, and 1876. He was elected introduce and breed merino sheep in Pennsylvania, to congress as a Republican, serving on the com- and promoted the manufacture of silk. In 1780 he mittee of ways and means from 4 March, 1871, till drove to the Friends' meeting in Gwynedd in a 3 March, 1875, after which he resumed the control carriage that was made by himself, which was said of his paper in Utica, which he now (1888) con- to have been, at that time and for twenty-five years tinues, and to which he contributed in 1873 a series afterward, the only one in that county. He pub- of letters entitled "To Greece and Beyond.” He lished “ The Pennsylvania Farmer, being a Selec- was a defeated candidate for congress in 1876. tion from the most approved Treatises on Hus- Hamilton college gave him the degree of LL. D. bandry” (Philadelphia, 1804). in 1869, and Yale in 1884. He has been president ROBERTS, Jonathan, senator, b. in l'pper of the Fort Schuyler club, and is now (1888) presi- Merion, Montgomery co., Pa., 16 Aug., 1771; d. in dent of the Oneida historical society. He delivered Philadelphia, 21 July, 1854. His father, of the an address in Elmira, N. Y., on 29 Aug., 1879, at same name, served many years in the assembly, the Centennial celebration of the battle of New- and was one of the delegates to the convention town, and a course of lectures on “ Government that ratified the constitution of 1787. The son Revenue" at Cornell and Hamilton in 1884, which developed unusual literary taste, but, on the com- were published (Boston, 1884). Mr. Roberts is also i pletion of his education in his seventeenth year, VOL. V.-18 274 ROBERTS ROBERTS was apprenticed to a wheelwright. On attaining | abandoned it and engaged in commercial pursuits. his majority he returned home and assisted his These proving financially successful, he found time father in the work of the farm, devoting his leisure to gratify his desire for metaphysical investiga- time to study. In 1798-9 he was chosen to the tions. He also took an interest in politics, being assembly, and in 1807 to the state senate. He was an enthusiastic Whig and strongly opposed to then elected to congress, serving from 4 Nov., slavery. He was a delegate to the Free-soil con- 1811, till 28 Feb., 1814, and attaining note, particu- vention at Buffalo, N. Y., that nominated Martin larly in his support of measures relating to the war Van Buren for president in 1848, and subsequently of 1812. Pending the consideration of a declaration canvassed New Jersey for that candidate. When of war he made an able speech, closing with the the so-called spiritual manifestations at Rochester, words: “I repose safely on the maxim, Never to N. Y., first attracted public attention, Mr. Roberts despair of the republic. Mr. Roberts had the earnestly protested against the possibility of their entire confidence of Mr. Madison, who availed him- having a supernatural origin. After several years self of his services in many important emergencies. of patient inquiry he came to the conclusion that During this period he wrote largely for public they were facts that could be explained on scien- journals, many of his letters appearing in the tific principles and resulted from the operation of * Aurora,” his writings, notably a series of letters natural causes. This conviction led to his estab- addressed to John Randolph, of Roanoke, attract- lishing an organ of the new faith at Philadelphia ing general public attention. When, in May, 1812, in 1878 under the title of “ Mind and Matier." the president informed congress that there was no His fearless advocacy of his peculiar views involved hope that Great Britain would abandon her ag- him in litigation and caused his imprisonment. gressions, and an effort was made to adjourn con- Finding the publication of a journal too great a gress, it was largely due to Mr. Roberts that an ad- tax on his resources, he abandoned it, and devoted journment was prevented, and his call for the pre- the rest of his life to study and authorship. Among vious question forced the vote on the war bill , 18 his manuscript, of which he left a large amount, June, 1812. He urged a vigorous prosecution of is “ A Life of Apollonius of Tyana” and “ A Hise the war, was a member of the committee of ways tory of the Christian Religion,” which he completed and means, and came to be regarded as the repre- just before his death. sentative of Albert Gallatin, secretary of the treas- ROBERTS, Joseph, soldier, b. in Middletown, ury, on the floor of the house. While serving his Del., 30 Dec., 1814. He was graduated at the U.S. second term he was chosen to the senate, and en- military academy in 1835, assigned to the 4th artil- tered on his duties, 28 Feb., 1814. In the senate lery, and served in the Florida war of 1836-'7 as he became notable for the part that he took in the captain in a regiment of mounted Creek volunteers. famous controversy growing out of the bill to ad- From 1837 till 1849 he was assistant professor of mit Maine into the Union. When the bill was re- natural and experimental philosophy at the U. S. ported with an amendment admitting Missouri military academy, and he was made 1st lieutenant also, Mr. Roberts moved the further amendment on 7 July, 1848, and captain on 20 Aug., 1848. In that slavery should be prohibited in the latter 1850–8 he was engaged in hostilities against the state. The debate on this motion, which lasted Seminoles in Florida and on frontier duty in Texas, through three weeks, is historic. On its defeat Kansas, and Nebraska, and in 1859 he was assigned came that of Mr. Thomas, of Illinois, known as the to the artillery-school for practice at Fort Monroe, “ Missouri compromise,” which Mr. Roberts ably Va., where he was a member of the board to ar- and determinedly opposed. After completing a range the programme of instruction in 1859-'61. full term of service in the senate, he was chosen He was appointed major on 3 Sept., 1861, became again to the state assembly, and he was subse- chief of artillery of the 7th army corps on 19 Sept., quently appointed by the governor one of the canal 1862, and commanded Fort Monroe in 1863-'5 commissioners. For twenty years he took a chief and Fort McHenry, Md., in 1865–6, receiving the part in Pennsylvania in the opposition to Andrew appointments of colonel of the 3d Pennsylvania Jackson, both before and after the latter became heavy artillery, 19 March, 1863, and lieutenant- president. Mr. Roberts was an early and an active colonel, 4th artillery, 11 Aug., 1863. He was bre- supporter of the protective tariff. In this interest vetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. army, he was a member of the national conventions that to date from 13 March, 1865, and brigadier-general met at Harrisburg in 1827 and at New York in of volunteers on 9 April, 1865, for meritorious and 1830. He was a delegate in 1840 to the convention distinguished services during the war. On 9 Nov., that nominated Gen. Harrison for the presidency, 1865, he was mustered out of the volunteer service. giving his support to Henry Clay, and on behalf From 1 May, 1867, till 1 April, 1868, he was acting of the Pennsylvania delegation he nominated John inspector-general of the Department of Washing- Tyler for the vice-presidency. When, on the death ton, when he was made superintendent of theoreti- of Harrison, Tyler succeeded to the presidency, he cal instruction in the artillery-school at Fort Mon- appointed Mr. Roberts collector of the port of roe, Va., serving until 13 Feb., 1877. He was pro- Philadelphia, which post he filled from April, moted colonel in the 4th artillery on 10 Jan., 1877, 1841, till the following year. In the contest that and was placed on the retired list on 2 July, 1877. arose between Mr. Tyler and the Whig party, the Gen. Roberts is the author of a Hand-Book of president asked Roberts to remove about thirty Artillery” (New York, 1860). officials in the customs department and to replace ROBERTS, Joseph Jenkins, president of Li- them with partisans of the president. This Mr. beria, b. in Norfolk, Va., 15 March, 1809; d. in Mon- Roberts refused to do, nor would he resign. Mr. rovia, Liberia, 24 Feb., 1876. He was a negro and Roberts had been a member of the Society of the son of “ Aunty Robos," as she was familiarly Friends, but was disowned by them because of the called in Petersburg, Va.,whence she emigrated with part he had taken in furthering the war of 1812. her three sons to Liberia in 1829. When the colony – His son, Jonathan Manning, investigator, b. in of Liberia was founded by the American colonization Montgomery county, Pa., 7 Dec., 1821 ; d. in Bur- society he was first lieutenant-governor and then lington, N. J., 28 Feb., 1888. studied law, was ad- governor of the colony, and, upon the formation of mitted to the bar at Norristown, Pa., in 1850, and the republic in 1848, he was elected its first presi- practised his profession for about a year, but | dent, serving four years. When there was a revolt ROBERTS 275 ROBERTS a a against President Edward J. Roye (q. v.) in 1871, year he was made professor of law in the Univer- he was again made president, serving until 1875. sity of Texas, which post he now (1888) holds. He He encouraged agriculture, promoted education, has published a description of Texas entitled “Gov: favored emigration from the United States, and Roberts's Texas” (St. Louis, 1881). placed his people on friendly terms with European ROBERTS, Robert Ellis, author, b. in Utica, nations. From 1856 until his death he was president N. Y., 3 June, 1809; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 Feb., of Liberia college.—His brother, John Wright, 1888. He was educated by his father, the Rev. M. E. bishop, b. in Petersburg, Va., in 1815; d. in John Roberts, a Congregational clergyman, and in Monrovia, Liberia, 30 Jan., 1875, was educated in 1827 went to Detroit, where he engaged in business. Liberia, entered the Methodist ministry in 1838, In 1832 he was a volunteer in the Black Hawk served as pastor, presiding elder, and secretary, war, after which he again entered mercantile life. and was made bishop in 1866. He was identified with the interests of Detroit, be- ROBERTS, Marshall Owen, merchant, b. in ing active in causing the thoroughfares to be paved, New York city, 22 March, 1814; d. in Saratoga in organizing the fire department, of which he was Springs, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1880. His father, a phy- the first president, and in establishing the water- sician, came from Wales and settled in New York works. He served on the board of education, es- in 1798. The son received a good education, and tablished the public library, and held local offices. would have been sent to college, as his father Mr. Roberts contributed to the Detroit “Free wished him to adopt his own profession, but the Press," and was the author of “Sketches of the boy preferred a mercantile life. After leaving City of Detroit” (Detroit, 1855), and “The City of school he became first a grocer's clerk, but soon the Straits," illustrated by his daughter, Cornelia afterward secured a place with a ship-chandler. H. Roberts (1884). By the time he was of age he had saved enough ROBERTS, Robert Richford, M. E. bishop, money to begin business for himself, and in two .b. in Frederick county, Md., 2 Aug., 1778; d. in years he obtained a contract to supply the U. S. Lawrence county, Ind., 26 March, 1843. His father navy department with whale-oil, on which he real- was of Welsh and his mother of Irish ancestry, and ized a handsome profit. He was among the first they were communicants of the Church of Eng- to recognize the advantage of finely equipped land. They removed in 1785 to Ligonier Valley, steamers for Hudson river, and built the “Hen- Westmoreland co., drik Hudson.” He next turned his attention to Pa. The son united railroads, was one of the early advocates of the with the Methodist Erie, and projected the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Episcopal church Western railroad. When the “California fever” when he was four- began in 1849 he made a contract with the U. S. teen years old. Un- government to transport the mails to California by til he was twenty- the Isthmus of Panama. He owned the “Star of one he lived a thor- the West,” which was sent with provisions to Fort oughly frontier life, Sumter, and when Fort Monroe was threatened with few books and in the spring of 1861 he raised 1,000 men at his simple habits. Be- own expense and sent them in his steamer “ Amer- ing drawn gradual- ica" to re-enforce the garrison. He took a great ly toward the min- interest in the Texas Pacific railroad, and invested istry, he began to nearly $2,000,000 in the enterprise, and he was also study, and in 1802 largely interested in other railroads throughout entered upon that the United States and Canada. He was also one work, being licensed of the earliest friends of the Atlantic telegraph at Holmes's meet- cable. In 1852 he was nominated for congress by ing-house, near Ca- the Whig party, but was defeated. In 1856 he diz, Ohio. About was a delegate to the first National convention of the same time he was admitted to the Baltimore the Republican party which met in Philadelphia conference and put in charge of a circuit including and nominated John C. Frémont for the presi- Carlisle, Pa., and twenty-nine other appointments, dency. In 1865 he was nominated for mayor of requiring a month to visit them all. He studied New York by the Union party, but again was un- constantly, and in 1804 a senior colleague reported successful. The value of his gallery of pictures that “his moral character was perfect and his head was estimated at $750,000. a complete magazine.” On 14 May, 1816, he was ROBERTS, Oran Milo, governor of Texas, b. elected bishop, and he passed through all the dis- in Laurens district, S. C., 9 July, 1815. He was cussions that culminated in the establishment of graduated at the University of Alabama in 1836, the Methodist Protestant church. Bishop Simpson, studied law, began to practise, and served in the writing of him, says: “ While during these excite- Alabama legislature in 1839–40. Removing to ments severe and exciting denunciations of the Texas in 1841, he was appointed district-attorney bishops were publicly made-while they were called in 1844 and district judge in 1846, holding this popes' and usurpers’—the patriarchal appear- office for five years. In 1857 he was elected to the ance and the humble and loving manner of Bish- supreme bench as associate justice, which post he op Roberts disarmed prejudice wherever he went.” held until the beginning of the civil war in 1861. He emigrated to Indiana, and accomplished much He was elected president of the Secession conven- for the western missions. He was a man of fine tion, and was colonel of a regiment in the Confed- presence, simple and benevolent, and an eloquent erate army from 1862 till August, 1864, when he preacher. He is buried at Greencastle, Ind., on was called from the field to become chief justice the grounds of De Pauw university. See his “ Life,” of the supreme court. In 1866 he was elected to by Rev. Charles Elliott (New York, 1853). the U. S. senate, but was not allowed to take his ROBERTS, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, seat. From 1868 till 1874 he taught law in private Pa., 8 Sept., 1763; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 13 Dec., schools. In 1874 and 1876 he was again elected 1830. He was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia chief justice of the Texas supreme court. He was in 1785, and after practising law there for a short governor of Texas from 1879 till 1883, in which time removed to Lancaster, and thence to Sunbury. hasohats a a 276 ROBERTS ROBERTS 9 In 1803 he was appointed president judge of the Presbyterian general assembly, and as a represent- 5th judicial district of Pennsylvania, which office ative in councils of the alliance of the Reformed he held until his death. He published " A Digest churches. The University of the city of New York of Select British Statutes, etc., which appear to be gave him the degree of D. D. in 1863. He edited in Force in Pennsylvania,” a work of value (Pitts- the “ Traethodydd” in New York from 1857 till burg, 1817: 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1847). 1861, and has conducted the “ Cyfaill ” in Scranton, ROBERTS, Solomon White, civil engineer, b. Pa., and Utica, N. Y., since 1871. He is the author in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Aug., 1811; d. in Atlantic of “ The Abrahamic Covenant” (New York, 1858), City, N. J., 20 March, 1882. He was educated at and " The Election of Grace" (1859), both of which the Friends' academy in Philadelphia. When he are written in Welsh. was sixteen years old he became an assistant to his ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman, b. uncle, Josiah White, who was directing the works in Alltmai, near Aberystwith, Wales, 23 Sept., 1832. of the Lehigh coal and navigation company in the He was educated in the Evans high-school in Wales, construction of the Mauch Chunk railway, the sec- and was graduated at Princeton in 1855, at the ond of importance that was built in the country: Theological seminary in 1858, and in that year be- He also assisted in the construction of the canal came pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church in Wil- from Mauch Chunk to Easton. Entering the state mington, Del. He was called in 1862 to the 1st service, he had charge of building a division of a Presbyterian church, Columbus, Ohio, to a church canal on Conemaugh river, and then was principal in Elizabeth, N.J., in 1864, and to the Westminster assistant to Sylvester Welch in locating and con- church in that city in 1866. He was elected cor- structing the Portage railroad over the Alleghany responding secretary of the board of home mis- mountains. Mr. Roberts's division was on the west sions in 1881, was chairman of the committee that side, including a tunnel 900 feet long, the first laid the foundations of Wooster university, Ohio, railroad tunnel in the United States, and the fine and declined the presidency of Rutgers college in stone viaduct over Conemaugh river, near Johns- 1882. In 1887 he became president of Lake Forest town, is his design and construction. While this university, II. He was a member of the first and road was in operation it was one of the wonders of third councils of the Reformed churches that met the country. David Stephenson, the English en- in Edinburgh and Belfast. From 1859 till 1863 he gineer, says of it in his “Sketch of the Civil En- was a trustee of Lafayette college, and he has held gineering of North America (London, 1838) : the same relation to Princeton since 1866. He has "America now numbers among its many wonder- travelled extensively in Europe, including Pales- ful artificial lines of communication a mountain tine, Turkey, and Egypt. Union college gave him railway which, in boldness of design and difficulty the degree of D. D. in 1872, and Princeton that of of execution, I can compare to no modern work I LL. D. in 1887. Dr. Roberts is the author of let- have ever seen, excepting, perhaps, the passes of ters on the great preachers of Wales (Ųtica, 1868); the Simplon and Mont Cenis in Sardinia.” Re- a translation of the shorter catechism into Welsh; maining in the state service several years, Mr. numerous occasional sermons; and magazine arti- Roberts became in 1838 chief engineer of the Cata- cles in English, Welch, and German. wissa railroad, in 1842 was president of the Phila- ROBERTS, William Milnor, civil engineer, delphia, Germantown, and Norristown railroad, b. in Philadelphia, 12 Feb. 1810; d. in Brazil , and from 1843 to 1846 president of the Schuylkill South America, 14 July, 1881. His father was navigation company. During the latter year he was Thomas P. Roberts, treasurer of the Union canal, chosen to the legislature, and from 1848 till 1856 the first work of that kind undertaken in Pennsyl. he was engaged in locating, constructing, and op- vania. In 1825 the son was employed as chainman erating the railroad from Pittsburg to Crestline, a on canal surveys under Canvass White. At the distance of 188 miles. He located and named the age of eighteen he was given charge of the most towns of Crestline and Alliance. In 1856 he was difficult division of the Lehigh canal, and two years chosen chief engineer and general superintendent later he was appointed resident engineer in charge of the North Pennsylvania railroad, which post he of the Union railroad and Union canal feeder. În resigned in 1879. He was a member of many 1831-'4 he was senior principal assistant engineer learned societies, contributed numerous papers on the Allegheny Portage railroad. In 1835 he to the transactions of the American philosophi- planned and built the first combined railroad and cal society and to scientific journals, and wrote highway bridge in this country. It crossed the “ Reminiscences of the First Railroad over the Al- Susquehanna at Harrisburg, and was nearly a mile leghany Mountains," in the “ Pennsylvania Maga- long. The piers are still used to support the great zine of History" (1878). He also published - The iron bridge of the Cumberland Valley railroad. In Destiny of Pittsburg and the Duty of her Young 1835 he was made chief engineer on the Harris- Men” (Pittsburg, 1850).—His wife, Anna Smith, burg and Lancaster railroad, and during the same poet, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Dec., 1827; d. year he was also appointed chief engineer of the there, 10 Aug., 1858, was the daughter of Randall | Cumberland Valley railroad, which work was com- H. Rickey, and married Mr. Roberts in 1851. She pleted by him. After 1836 he was chief engineer contributed poems to the “ Columbian and Great in charge of the Monongahela river slackwater West” in 1850–'1, which were collected in “ Forest navigation, the Pennsylvania state canal, and the Flowers of the West” (Philadelphia, 1851). Erie (anal of Pennsylvania. In 1841–2 he was a ROBERTS; William, clergyman, b. in Llaner-contractor on the Welland canal enlargement, in chymedd, Wales, 25 Sept., 1809. He was educated 1845–7 chief engineer and agent for the trustees at the Presbyterian collegiate institute in Dublin, of the Sandy and Beaver canal company. Ohio, in Ireland, after which he was pastor and principal of 1847 chief engineer of the Pittsburg and Connells- the academy at Holyhead, Wales, pastor of the ville railroad. In 1849 he declined the appoint- ('ountess of Huntingdon's chapel in Runcorn, Eng- ment of chief engineer of the first proposed rail- land, in 1848–55, and had charge of Welsh Pres- road in South America (in Chili), to take that of byterian churches in New York city from 1855 till the Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad, which he 1868, in Scranton, Pa., from 1868 till 1875, and in held until 1851. In 1852–4 he was chief engineer Utica, N. Y., since 1875. Several times he has of the Allegheny Valley railroad, consulting en served as moderator of the United States Welsh i gineer of the Atlantic and Mississippi railroad, a ROBERTS 277 ROBERTSON contractor for the whole Iron Mountain railroad of ROBERTSON, Archibald, artist, b. in Mony- Missouri, and chairman of a commission of three musk, near Aberdeen, Scotland, 8 May, 1765; d. in appointed by the Pennsylvania legislature to ex- New York city, 6 Dec., 1835. During 1782–91 he amine and report upon routes for avoiding the old studied and practised art in Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Allegheny portage inclined planes. In 1855–7 he and London. In 1791 he came to this country, was contractor for the entire Keokuk, Des Moines, and, soon after his arrival, went to Philadelphia and Minnesota railroad, consulting engineer for the to deliver to Gen. Washington a box made of wood Pittsburg and Erie, and Terre Haute, Vandalia, from the oak-tree that sheltered Sir William Wal- and St. Louis railroads, and chief engineer of the lace after the battle of Falkirk. It had been com- Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant, and Muscatine railroad. In mitted to his charge by the Earl of Buchan. At 1857 he went to Brazil to examine the route of the the earl's request Washington sat to Robertson, Dom Pedro II. railroad, and, in company with who first painted a miniature, and then a larger Jacob Humbird, of Maryland, and other Americans, portrait, for Lord Buchan. From 1792 till 1821 undertook the construction of that work. He re- Robertson followed his profession as a painter and turned to the United States in 1865, and at once instructor in New York, working mostly in water- took the field in the interests of the Atlantic and colors and crayons. In 1802 he assisted in the pro- Great Western railroad for a proposed extension ject of forming an art academy, and in 1816, on through northern Pennsylvania. In 1866 he was the founding of the American academy, he was appointed U. S. civil engineer and given charge elected a director. Though not an architect by the improvement of the Ohio river, which work he profession, he furnished several plans for public relinquished in 1868 to accept the appointment buildings. He was also the author of a book on of associate chief engineer with James B. Eads drawing:- His son, Anthony Lispenard, jurist, b. on the great bridge across the Missouri at St. in New York city, 8 June, 1808; d. there. 18 Dec., Louis. During Mr. Eads's absence in Europe of 1868, was graduated at Columbia in 1825, studied a year and more, Mr. Roberts had entire charge law, was admitted to the bar, and gained a high of the work at its most arduous and difficult stage. professional reputation. He was assistant vice- In 1870 he accepted the chief engineership of the chancellor in 1846–8, surrogate of New York city Northern Pacific railroad, and in 1874 was ap- in 1848, and in 1859 was elected a judge of the su- pointed on the commission of civil and military perior court. In 1864 he was elected for a second engineers to examine and report upon plans for term, and in 1866 was chosen chief justice by his the improvement of the month of the Mississippi , associates. In 1867 he was a member of the State visiting the various rivers in Europe where jetties constitutional convention, and took an active part had been constructed. In 1879 he was appointed in its proceedings.- Archibald's brother, Alexan- by the emperor of Brazil chief of the commission der, artist, b. in Monymusk, near Aberdeen, Scot- of hydraulic engineers to examine and report upon land, in 1768; d. in New York, 27 May, 1841, fol- the improvement of harbors and navigable rivers lowed his brother to the United States in 1792, of that empire. He had nearly completed the after having some instruction in miniature-paint- period of his service when he died of fever on the ing from Shelly in London. He painted land- head-waters of San Francisco river. Mr. Roberts scapes in water-color, and, like his brother, was was a contributor, generally anonymously, to news- well known as a teacher. papers and scientific magazines." In 1879 he was ROBERTSON, Charles Franklin, P. E. elected president of the American society of civil bishop, b. in New York city, 2 March, 1835; d. in engineers, and at the same time he became a mem- St. Louis, Mo., 1 May, 1886. He obtained a good ber of the English institute of engineers and a education, and at first intended to enter upon fellow of the American geographical society. In a mercantile career, but, having his mind di- 1836 he married a daughter of Chief-Justice rected toward the ministry, he went to Yale, John Bannister Gibson, of Pennsylvania (q. v.). where he graduated in 1859. He then entered the - His son, Thomas Paschall, civil engineer, b. Episcopal general theological seminary, and was in Carlisle, Pa., 21 April, 1843, was educated at graduated in 1862. He was ordained deacon in Pennsylvania agricultural college and at Dickin- the Church of the Transfiguration, New York son college, and in 1863 joined his father in Brazil, city, 29 June, 1862, by Bishop Horatio Potter, and where he was employed as an engineer on the Dom priest in St. Mark's church, Malone, N. Y., 23 Oct., Pedro II. railway. He returned to the United 1862, by the same bishop. He was rector of St. States late in 1865. In the autumn of 1866 he Mark's church, Malone, from 1862 till 1868, when he was appointed principal assistant engineer on the accepted a call to St. James's church, Batavia, N. Y. United States improvement of the Ohio river, which Immediately afterward he was elected second bishop post he retained until October, 1870, when he be- of Missouri, and was consecrated in Grace church, came assistant engineer of the Montana division of New York city, 25 Oct., 1868. He received the the Northern Pacific railway. He made the first degree of S. T. D. from Columbia in 1868, that of examination of the route that was finally adopted D. D. from the University of the south, Lewanee, through the Rocky mountains for that road, and Tenn., in 1883, and that of LL. D. from the Uni- also examined and reported upon the navigability versity of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in 1883. Bishop of the upper Missouri river. His report, with maps, Robertson was vice-president of the St. Louis social was printed by the war department in 1874. lle science association, and also of the National con- was appointed in 1875 by the U. S. government to ference of charities and corrections. He published the charge of the surveys of the upper Mononga- several special sermons and charges, and was the hela river in West Virginia, and in 1876–8 was author of valuable papers on “ Historical Societies chief engineer of the Pittsburg southern railroad. in Relation to Local Historical Effort” (St. Louis, Subsequently he was engaged as chief engineer in 1883); “ The American Revolution and the Mis- charge of the construction of several southern sissippi Valley” (1884); “The Attempt to separate roads until 1884, when he was appointed chief en- the West from the American Union " (1885); and gineer of the Monongahela navigation company, " The Purchase of the Louisiana Territory in its and he has since been engaged in the extension of Influence on the American System” (1885). new locks for double locking this important system ROBERTSON, George, jurist, b. in Mercer of steamboat navigation. county, Ky., 18 Nov., 1790; d. in Lexington, Ky., 278 ROBERTSON ROBERTSON 16 May, 1874. He received a classical education | ton in July, 1775, and at its evacuation connived at Transylvania university, studied law, was ad- at acts of rapine and shared in the plunder. He mitted to the bar in 1809, and began practice at took command of the 60th regiment on 11 Jan., Lancaster. In 1816 he was elected to congress, 1776, commanded a brigade at the battle of Long and he served two terms, being chairman of the Island, and in February, 1777, returned to England land committee and a member of the judiciary on leave of absence, and intrigued against Gov. committee. He was re-elected a second time, but William Tryon and Sir William Howe. He was resigned his seat in order to resume the practice of commissioned as major-general on 29 Aug., 1777, law He drew up the bill for the establishment of was appointed civil governor of New York on 11 a territorial government in Arkansas, in the dis- May, 1779, and arrived in New York city on 21 cussion of which the house was equally divided on March, 1780. He brought a letter of instructions the question of prohibiting slavery, an amendment from Lord George Germaine, secretary of the colo- to that effect being carried, but afterward re- nies, ordering that the deserted property of rebels scinded by the casting vote of Henry Clay as should be leased, and the rents appropriated to a speaker. "The system of selling public lands in fund for the aid of loyalist refugees. 'He was di- small lots to actual settlers at a cash price of $1.25 rected to restore the civil law; yet, instead of re- per acre was projected by him. After his retire- opening the constitutional courts of justice, he ment from congress he was offered the attorney; established arbitrary police courts with summary generalship of Kentucky, but declined this and jurisdiction in all classes of cases, first on Long other appointments in order to devote himself to Island, then on Staten Island, and in December, his profession; yet in 1822 he was elected against 1780, in New York city, where, however, the new his desire to the legislature, and remained in that court could not decide civil cases involving more body until the settlement of the currency question than £10. He ordered the neighboring farmers to in the session of 1827, being a leader of the party deliver up half of their hay, and afterward seized that opposed the relief act that made the depreci- a part of the remainder, had the wood cut on large ated notes of the state banks legal tender for the estates near New York city, sequestrated the reve- payment of debts. He was speaker of the assem- nue of the markets and ferries, and committed bly from 1823 till 1827, except in 1824, when the many extortions in connivance with the military inflationists, having gained a large majority in authorities, profiting greatly in his purse by all both houses, sought to abolish the court of appeals, these acts, yet alienating many who might have which had decided against the relief bill, by creat. been won over to the royal cause. When Maj. ing a new court. He drew up a protest in 1824 John André was captured, Gov. Robertson con- that contributed greatly to the final triumph of ferred with Gen. Nathanael Greene, but, instead of the anti-relief or old court party, and wrote and accepting the release of the British spy in ex- spoke frequently on the exciting questions at issue. change for Benedict Arnold, sealed his fate by He was also the author of a manifesto that was showing a letter from Arnold threatening retali- signed by the majority of the legislature in 1827. ation on the Americans. On the death of Gen. He was offered the governorship of Arkansas, the William Phillips, he obtained the command in Vir- mission to Colombia in 1824, and in 1828 the Pe- ginia, and set out for the field, but returned when ruvian mission, but he declined all these appoint- he heard of the arrival of Lord Cornwallis. He ments. For a time he filled provisionally the office was made a lieutenant-general, 20 Nov., 1782, and of secretary of state in 1828. In the same year returned to England on 15 April, 1783. he was made a justice of the court of appeals, and ROBERTSON, James, pioneer, b. in Bruns- in 1829 he became chief justice, which post he held wick county, Va., 28 June, 1742; d. in the Chickasaw till 1843, when he resigned and resumed active country, Tenn., 1 Sept., 1814. He was of Scotch- practice. From 1834 till 1857 he was professor of Irish descent, and his father, a farmer, removed ſaw in Transylvania university. The degree of to Wake county, N. LL. D. was conferred on him by Centre and Au-C., about 1750, where gusta colleges. His published works include " In- the son worked on a troductory Lecture to the Law Class” (Lexington, farm, receiving no ed- 1836) ; Biographical Sketch of John Boyle ucation. In 1759 he (Frankfort, 1838); and “Scrap-Book on Law, Poli- accompanied Daniel tics, Men, and Times” (1856). A collection of his Boone on his third ex- speeches, law lectures, legal arguments, and ad- pedition beyond the dresses has been published. Alleghanies. He dis- ROBERTSON, James, royal governor of New covered a valley, wa- York, b. in Fifeshire, Scotland, about 1710; d. in tered by the Watauga England, 4 March, 1788. He was in his youth a river, which he ex- private and then a sergeant in the British army, plored while Boone and in 1740, at Cartagena, New Granada, gained an went to Kentucky, ensigncy. He came to the American colonies in 1756 planted corn, and then as major of the royal American troops that were returned to North raised at that time, was deputy quartermaster under Carolina, after losing Abercrombie Lake Champlain in 1759, and took part in the expe- hunters. In the fol- dition to Martinique in 1762. He was for many lowing spring Robertson led sixteen families to years barrack-master in New York, in which post the west. The settlers were upon the hunting- he acquired a fortune by various methods of pecu- grounds of one hundred thousand savages, but they lation and extortion. He paid for government planted and harvested their corn in peace for supplies in clipped half-joes and moidores, which fully four years. The emigrants supposed they came to be known as “Robertsons," until the were within the limits of the province of Vir- Chamber of commerce resolved that such coins ginia, but when the line was run in the year 1772 should be accepted only at their intrinsic value. it was found to be thirty miles to the northward, He was promoted colonel in 1772, ordered to Bos- and they were therefore on the land of the Chero- colonel.com July, accompanied Lord Amherst to saved" from death big Lap Robertson ROBERTSON 279 ROBERTSON 92 kees. A lease was concluded with the Indians, but I gap in their ranks, through which the settlers fled. in the midst of the festivities that followed a war- Robertson's wife, mounted on the lookout, rifle in rior was murdered by a white man, and the savages hand, seeing the stampede of the horses and the left the ground with threatening gestures. Hostili- break in the Indian line, ordered the sentry to ties were averted by Robertson, who went alone to * open the gates and set the dogs upon them.” pacify the savages, and they continued to be friends The dogs flew at the savages, who drew toma- with the whites until 1776. In July of that year hawks upon them, and thus the whites were en- Oconostota (q. v.) invested a fort that John Sevier abled to escape. She is reported to have said to had built at Watauga; but Sevier and Robertson, her husband : " Thanks be to God, who gave to the with 40 men, withstood a siege of twenty days, and Indians a dread of dogs and a love for horses.” beat him off with a heavy loss in killed and wound. She shared all of her husband's perils, and was ed. After the Cherokees were subjugated the gov- much esteemed for her noble qualities.-His grand- ernor of North Carolina appointed Robertson to son, Edward White, lawyer, b. near Nashville, reside at the Indian capital to hold Oconostota in Tenn., 13 June, 1823; d. in Washington, D. C., 2 check and to thwart the designs of the British. In Aug., 1887. His parents remored to Iberville parish, the spring of 1779 he explored the Cumberland re- La., in 1825, and he was educated at Nashville uni- gion, and afterward emigrated there with others, versity, but not graduated. He began to study law mostly froin the Watauga settlement, of which he in 1845, but served in the war with Mexico in 1846 left Sevier in charge. One division of the settlers as orderly sergeant of the 2d Louisiana volunteers, founded Nashville, Tenn., on 25 Dec., 1779, and a six-months regiment. In 1847-9 he was a mem- after several months they were joined by the other ber of the legislature, and after his graduation at division, and organized themselves into a civil and the law department of the University of Louisiana military body with Robertson at their head. The in 1850 he practised in Iberville parish, served in handful of pioneers had a long conflict with four the legislature, and was state auditor of public savage nations, outnumbering them more than one accounts in 1857–62. He entered the Confederate hundred to one. Of 256 men, 39 fell within 60 days service in March, 1862, as captain, and partici- before the tomahawk of the Cherokee, and in a very pated in the engagements around Vicksburg and few months 67 had perished. The crops were de- the siege of that place, after which his regiment stroyed by a freshet and starvation was before was not in active service. After the war he re- thein. Settlers began to leave, and of the original sumed practice in Baton Rouge, and was elected to 250 persons only 134 remained. These tried to in- congress as a Conservative Democrat, serving from duce their leader to abandon his post, but he re- 15 Oct., 1877, till 4 March, 1883. In 1886 he was plied: " Each one should do what seems to him his chosen again, serving until the day of his death. duty. As for myself, my station is here, and here -Edward White's son, Samuel Matthews, law- I shall stay if every man of you deserts me.' With yer, b. in Plaquemine, La., 1 Jan., 1852, was gradu- his eldest son, Isaac Bledsoe, and a faithful negro, ated at the University of Louisiana in 1874, studied he made his way to Daniel Boone, at Boonesbor- law, was admitted to the bar, and served in the ough, Ky., who gave him powder and shot. On legislature. In 1880 he was made a member of the 2 April, 1781, the fort of Nashville was besieged faculty of the State university and agricultural and by 1,000 Indians, and Robertson's life was saved by mechanical college, where he served as professor of the heroism of his wife. At the close of the Revo- natural history and commandant of cadets until he lutionary war he was able to bring into the field was elected to the 50th congress as a Democrat, to about 500 men experienced in Indian warfare, and fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. by his diplomacy he had made friends with the ROBERTSON, John Parish, Scottish author, Choctaws and Chickasaws, severed their alliance b. in Kelso or Edinburgh, Scotland, about 1793;d. with Great Britain, and effected peace with the in Calais, France, 1 Nov., 1843. He accompanied Cherokees. The half-breed Creek chief, Alexander his father on a commercial voyage to La Plata, and McGillivray (9.v.) concluded a treaty with the gov- soon returned alone to South America and became ernor of Louisiana to exterminate the Americans , a clerk at Rio Janeiro when he was only fourteen west of the Alleghanies, and made war against years old. At twenty-one he was sent as a mer- Robertson in 1784, continuing at intervals for cantile agent to Asuncion. In 1815 Dr. José Fran- twelve years. Robertson constantly performed cia (q. v.) ordered him and his brother, William P., heroic deeds and beat him back with small num- who had joined him, to leave Paraguay. He re- bers. Robertson was continually offered by the mained more than a year at Corrientes, and, with Spanish governor peace and the free navigation of the help of an Irish lieutenant of Artigas, named the Mississippi if he would but cut loose from the Campbell, established a large trade in hides, and Union and establish, with Watauga and Kentucky, was thus instrumental in reviving the prosperity of an independent government. In 1790 he was ap- the province. From 1817 till 1820 he was engaged pointed a brigadier-general by Washington, and in Great Britain in enlarging his commercial con- his military services did not end till 1796. He nections. He purchased a large tract near Buenos shared with Sevier the honor and affection of the Ayres, and settled on it a colony of Scotch agricul- Tennesseeans, and held the post of Indian commis- turists. When his political friends had conquered sioner until his death. See • The Life and Times the independence of Peru and Chili, he was the first of Gen. James Robertson,” by Albigence W. Put- to open those countries to commerce. He went to nam (Nashville, 1859), and " The Rear-Guard of England in 1824 in the capacity of a political agent the Revolution," by James R. Gilmore (New York, for several of the republies. Ilis large possessions 1886).-His wife, Charlotte Reeves, pioneer, b. were swept away in the financial crisis of 1826, and in Virginia, 2 Jan., 1751; d. in Nashville, Tenn., after spending four years in South America in the 11 June, 1843, married Robertson in 1767, and ac- endeavor to recover some part of his fortune, he companied him to Watauga on its first settlement. entered Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, and She was one of the number that made the perilous passed through the university course. He devoted journey down the Holston and Tennessee in 1780, i himself for most of his remaining years to literary and was in the fort of Nashville when it was at- labor. He published, jointly with his brother, “ Let. tacked by 1,000 Cherokees, some of whom, in their ters on Paraguay" (London, 1838); a continuation attempt to capture the horses of the whites, made a entitled “ Francia’s Reign of Terror" (1839); and 280 ROBERTSON ROBERTSON 66 The Merton “ Letters on South America ” (1843). “Solomon | lawyer, and removed to New Orleans on receiving Seesaw "(1839) appeared under his name only.—His the appointment of secretary for the territory of brother, William Parish, b. about 1795, was the Louisiana. He was elected as the first congress- author of another book of travel entitled “ Visit to man from that state Mexico” (London, 1853). by the Democrats, ROBERTSON, John Ross, Canadian journalist, and was returned for b. in Toronto, 28 Dec., 1841. He was educated at the three succeeding Upper Canada college, and founded the Upper terms, serving from Canada College Times” in 1859, in connection with 23 Dec., 1812, till this institution. About 1860 he issued “Young 1818, in which year Canada," a somewhat similar publication, the name he resigned his seat. of which he afterward changed to the “ Young Soon afterward he Canada Sporting Life,” and still later to “The was elected govern- Sporting Life.” At this time he published “Rob- or. Resuming prac- ertson's Railway Guide,” the first of the kind that tice in New Orleans was issued in Canada. In 1862–4 he published on the expiration of ** The Grumbler,” a weekly journal of satire which his term, he was soon had been issued for some years before by Erastus made attorney-gen- Wiman. Mr. Robertson was city editor of the eral, and shortly af- Toronto “ Globe” from 1864 till 1866, and in May terward appointed of the latter year, in conjunction with a partner, he U. S. judge for the issued the “ Evening Telegraph,” which became the district of Louisiana. chief paper in the Conservative interest. In 1872 While visiting Paris Mr. Robertson became agent of the Globe printing during the last days of the empire, he wrote letters company in London, England, but he afterward re- to his family, which were published in the Rich- turned to Canada and assumed the management of mond “Enquirer," and in book-form under the the “Nation” newspaper. In 1876 he founded the title of “ Events in Paris” (Philadelphia, 1816).— Toronto “ Daily Telegram,” of which he is now His brother, John, jurist, b. near Petersburg, Va., (1888) the proprietor and managing editor, as well in 1787; d. in Mount Athos, Campbell co., Va., 5 as publisher. He founded an annual prize in con- July, 1873, was educated at William and Mary, nection with Upper Canada college, and was one of studied law, was admitted to the bar, early gained a the founders of the Lakeside home for little chil- good position in his profession, and was appointed dren in 1883. He has written “History of Craft attorney-general of the state. He was elected to and Capitular Masonry in Canada ” (Toronto, 1888), congress for three successive terms, serving from 8 and “ History of Cryptic, Templar, and A. & A. Rite Dec. , 1834, till 3 March, 1839. He was judge of the Masonry in Canada” (1888). circuit court for many years. Although a strong ROBERTSON, Joseph Gibb, Canadian states- believer in the doctrines of the Jeffersonian school, man, b. in Stuartfield, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1 he deprecated civil war, and at the beginning of Jan., 1820. He was educated in Canada, engaged the secession troubles was sent by Virginia to dis- in business as a merchant, and is now (1888) presi- suade the southern states from extreme measures at dent of the Quebec Central railway company. He the same time that John Tyler was despatched on was for many years secretary and treasurer of the a similar errand to President Buchanan. He pub- county of Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was mayor of lished a tragedy called “Riego, or the Spanish Sherbrooke for about twenty years. In 1869 he Martyr" (Richmond, 1872), and a volume of occa- was appointed a member of the executive council sional verses under the title of “ Opuscula.”—An- of the province of Quebec, and he was treasurer other brother, Wyndham, governor of Virginia, b. from that date till September, 1874, when he retired in Manchester, Chesterfield co., Va., 26 Jan., 1803; from the government. He was reappointed treas- d. in Washington county, Va., 11 Feb., 1888, was urer in De Boucherville's administration, 22 Sept., educated at William and Mary, studied law, was 1874, and held this portfolio till 14 Jan., 1876, admitted to practice in 1824, and established him- when he resigned. He was appointed treasurer of self in Richmond. He was chosen a councillor of the province in October, 1879, resigned this office state in 1830, and in 1833 was again elected to the in January, 1882, and was a member of the execu- council, which was reduced to three members. tive council and provincial treasurer from 1884 He became lieutenant-governor on 31 March, 1836, till 1887. He held office in the Taillon administra- and on the same day succeeded to the governor- tion from 25 to 27 Jan., 1887. Mr. Robertson was ship for one year through the resignation of Little- a delegate to England on public business in 1874. ton W. Tazewell. In 1838 he was elected to the Since he entered public life he has represented Sher- legislature, and represented the city of Richmond brooke, and is a Liberal-Conservative. until he removed to the country in 1841. Return- ROBERTSON, Robert Henderson, architect, ing to the capital in 1858, he was again elected to b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 April, 1849. He was the legislature, and took an active part in its delib- educated at Rutgers college, studied architecture, erations during the period of the civil war. He and established himself in New York city. Among resisted the proposal of South Carolina for a many buildings of his design are the Madison avec southern convention in 1859, and after the seces- nue Methodist church, St. James's Episcopal church, sion of that state and others he still urged the re- the Young women's Christian association building, fusal of Virginia to join them. As chairman of a the Church of the Holy Spirit, Phillips Presbyte- committee, he was the author of the anti-coercion rian church, the New York club building, the Rail resolution, in which Virginia, while rejecting se- road men's building, St. Augustine chapel, Grace cession, declared her intention to fight with the chapel, and the Mott Haven railroad station, all in southern states if they were attacked. He opposed New York city. the regulation of the prices of food in 1863, and ROBERTSON, Thomas Bolling, governor of offered his resignation in 1864 when the public de- Louisiana, b. near Petersburg, Va., in 1773; d. in manded such a measure, but resumed his seat on White Sulphur Springs, Va., 5 Nov., 1828. He was receiving a vote of approval from his constituents, graduated at William and Mary in 1807, became a He was the author of “ Pocahontas, alias Matoaka, a . ROBERTSON 281 ROBINS and her Descendants through her Marriage with he did not receive. He then led an unsuccessful John Rolfe” (Richmond, 1887). He left in manu- expedition into the interior of the country, losing script a Vindication of the Course of Virginia fifty-eight men at Quebec, and one ship. Instead throughout the Slave Controversy.” of sending Roberval aid, the king ordered Cartier ROBERTSON, Thomas James, senator, b. in to bring him home, as his services would be valu- Fairfield county, S. C., 3 Aug., 1823. He was gradu- able in the war in Picardy. He performed several ated at South Carolina college in 1843, and studied gallant exploits, but in 1547 sailed a second time medicine, but became a planter. He was Gov. Rob- for Canada with a large and valuable expedition, ert F. W. Allston's aide-de-camp in 1858–9. Dur- but was wrecked on the passage, and all perished. ing the civil war he was a decided and open Union- ROBESON, George Maxwell, secretary of the ist. He was a member of the State constitutional navy, b. in Warren county, N. J., in 1827. He was convention that was held after the passage of the graduated at Princeton in 1847, studied law, was reconstruction acts of congress, and was elected as admitted to the bar in 1850, and began practice in a Republican to one of the vacant seats in the Newark, N. J., removing afterward to Camden, U. S. senate. He was re-elected for a full term, where he was appointed prosecuting attorney for serving altogether from 22 July, 1868, till 3 March, the county in 1859. He took an active part in 1877, and held the chairmanship of the committee organizing the state troops at the beginning of on manufactures. the civil war, holding a commission as brigadier- ROBERTSON, William, Scottish historian, b. general under the governor. In 1867 he became in Borthwick, Scotland, 19 Sept., 1721 ; d. in Edin- attorney-general of New Jersey, but he resigned on burgh, Scotland, 11 June, 1793. He studied the receiving the appointment of secretary of the navy ology at the University of Edinburgh, where he was in the cabinet of President Grant on 25 June, graduated in 1741. He held various livings, be- 1869. He held this office till March, 1877, and came, in 1762, principal of the University of Edin- was subsequently a member of congress from 18 burgh, and was appointed royal historiographer of March, 1879, till 3 March, 1883. Scotland in 1764. He devoted many years to writ- ROBIDAUX, Joseph Emery, Canadian edu- ing a “History of Scotland” (London, 1758-'9), cator, b. in St. Philippe, Laprairie, Quebec, 10 which brought him fame and advancement, and March, 1844. He was educated at the Montreal encouraged him to apply the same degree of care and Jesuits' colleges, and graduated in law at and industry to a “ History of the Emperor Charles McGill university in 1866. He was admitted to V.” (1769). He then undertook a “ History of the bar in that year, was appointed queen's coun- America,” and published the first eight books, sel, and has been professor of civil law at McGill dealing with the settlement and history of the university since 1877. In 1879 he was a commis- Spanish colonies (1777), but the Revolutionary war sioner to report on the administration of justice in deterred him from carrying out his plan. The Montreal, and a member of the commission to in- ninth and tenth books, containing the history of quire into matters connected with the building of Virginia until 1688 and that of New England up the parliament house in Quebec. Mr. Robidaux to 1652, were published from his manuscripts by was elected to the Quebec legislative assembly, his son William (1796). Numerous collective edi- 26 March, 1884, and re-elected in December, 1886. tions of Robertson's works have appeared. His ROBIE, Thomas, author, b. in Boston, Mass., biography has been written by Dugald Stewart 20 March, 1689; d. there, 28 Aug., 1729. He was (1801) and by Lord Brougham in his " Lives of Men graduated at Harvard in 1708, studied theology, of Letters" (1857). and afterward took up the study of medicine, and ROBERTSON, William H., jurist, b. in Bed- obtained the degree of M. D. He was librarian of ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 10 Oct., 1823. He the college in 1712-'13, and from 1714 till 1723 received a classical education, studied law, and was a tutor. He published a book entitled “ The was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was elected Knowledge of Christ " (Boston, 1721), and in the superintendent of the common schools of Bedford, “ Transactions” of the Philosophical society a pa- and in 1849 and 1850 was a member of the state per on “Alkaline Salts” (1720) and one on “ The assembly. In 1854 he was sent to the state senate, Venom of the Spider" (1724). and he was elected county judge for three succes- ROBIN, Claude C., French clergyman, b. in sive terms, holding the office twelve years. In France about 1750. He accompanied Count Ro- 1860 he was a presidential elector on the Repub- chambeau to the American colonies as chaplain. lican ticket. Judge Robertson was a delegate to His experiences and observations in this country, the Baltimore convention of 1864 and again an with remarks on some of the actors and events of elector, and was then elected to congress, and the Revolution, were given in “Nouveau voyage dans served from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1869. In l'Amérique septentrionale en 1781 et campagne de 1872 he returned to the state senate, and was one l'armée de M. le Comte de Rochambeau” (Paris, of the leaders of that body till 1881, when he was 1782; English translation, Philadelphia, 1783). appointed collector of the port of New York. His Abbé Robin was the author also of Voyages nomination to the office by President Garfield dans l'intérieur de la Louisiane” (Paris, 1807). without consultation with the senators from New ROBINS, Henry Ephraim, clergyman, b. in York, Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Platt, led Hartford, Conn., 27 Sept., 1827. His education to the defection of the so-called Stalwart wing of was received at the Literary institute, Suffield, the Republican party. Conn., and at Newton theological seminary, where ROBERVAL, Jean François de la Roque, he was graduated in 1861. In the same year he Sieur de, French colonist, b. about 1500; d. at sea was ordained, and in 1862 he became pastor of the in 1547. He was a nobleman of Picardy, and the Central Baptist church, Newport, R. I. In 1867 first person that attempted to colonize New France he took the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church, after Cartier. He had gained distinction as an Rochester, N. Y., and he remained there until officer in the army, and, having obtained the king's 1873, when he was called to the presidency of Colby consent to govern and colonize Canada, he sailed university, Waterville, Me. For nearly ten years for that country in 1542. He reached his destina- he administered the affairs of this college with tion in safety, wintered at Stadacona (now Quebec), success. In 1882 he was elected to the chair of and sent two vessels to France for provisions, which Christian ethics in Rochester theological seminary, 282 ROBINSON ROBINS which place he still (1888) occupies. Dr. Robins has father passed from the family. As a compensation spent much time in study and travel in Europe. for this loss the British government granted her ROBINS, Thomas, banker, b. at South Point, husband the sum of £17,000 sterling. She died at his father's plantation, Worcester county, Md., 1 Thornbury in 1822, aged ninety-four years. Their Jan., 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 April, 1882. son, Beverly, b. in New York state about 1755; He received an academic education in Maryland, d. in New York city in 1816, was graduated at and in 1815 removed to Philadelphia, where he Columbia in 1773, and at the beginning of the engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1852. Mr. Revolution was a student of law in the office of Robins was then called to the presidency of the James Duane. He was a lieutenant-colonel in Philadelphia bank, resigning in 1879, having extri- the Loyal American regiment, and at the evacu- cated it almost from bankruptcy, and carried it ation of New York was placed at the head of a safely through two panics, and leaving it the most large number of loyalists, who embarked for prosperous in the city. He held many places of Nova Scotia. He afterward went to New Bruns- trust, and was at one time president of the com- wick, and resided principally at and near the city mon council of Philadelphia. . Mr. Robins was the of St. John, receiving half-pay as an officer of the author of “ Notes of Travel” (printed privately, crown. He was a member of the council of New Philadelphia, 1873). Brunswick, and on the occurrence of the war be- ROBINSON, Annie Douglas, poet, b. in Plym- tween Great Britain and France, was given com- outh, N. H., 12 Jan., 1842. Her maiden name mand of a regiment that had been raised in the was Green. Under the pen-name of “ Marian colony. Col. Robinson did much to advance the Douglas ” she has contributed many poems to interests of the city of St. John. He died while magazines and newspapers, and published in book on a visit to two of his sons that remained resi- form “ Picture Poems for Young Folks” (Boston, dents of New York city.-Another son of the first 1871) and a story in prose entitled “ Peter and Beverly, Morris, b. in the Highlands of New Polly, or Home Life in New England a Hundred York in 1759; d. at Gibraltar in 1815, served as a Years Ago” (1876). captain in the queen's rangers during the war of ROBINSON, Beverly, soldier, b. in Virginia the Revolution, and after the restoration of peace in 1723; d. in Thornbury, England, in 1792. He was continued in commission. At the time of his was the son of John Robinson, president of the death he was a lieutenant-colonel and assistant council of Virginia in 1734, and afterward speaker barrack-master-general in the British army.- An- the house of burgesses. The son served under other son, John, b. in New York state in 1761 ; Wolfe as a major at d. in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1828, was a the storming of Que- lieutenant in the Loyal American regiment dur- bec in 1759, and be- ing the Revolution, and when the corps was dis- came wealthy by his banded he settled in New Brunswick and received marriage with Su- half-pay. He became a successful merchant, was sanna, daughter of deputy paymaster-general of the king's forces in Frederick Phillipse. the colony, a member of the council, treasurer Though he opposed of New Brunswick, mayor of St. John, and presi- the measures that dent of the first bank that was chartered in that led to the separation city and in the colony.-- Another son, Sir Fred- of the colonies from erick Phillipse, soldier, b. in the Highlands of the mother-country, New York in September, 1763; d. in Brighton, he joined the loyal- England, 1 Jan., 1852, was attached to his father's ists when independ regiment, and in February, 1777, was commissioned was declared, an ensign. He was wounded and taken prisoner removed to New at the battle of Stony Point, but was exchanged, York, and raised the and left this country. He was promoted to the Bev. Robinson Loyal American regi- rank of captain in 1794, served in the West Indies ment, of which he under Sir Charles Gore, and was present at the was colonel, also commanding the corps called the siege of Fort Bourbon in the island of Martinique. guards and pioneers. Col. Robinson was also em- In 1795 he returned to England, and in 1812 he ployed to conduct several matters of importance served as brigadier-general in the peninsula. After on behalf of the royalists, and figured conspicu- the termination of the peninsular war he went ously in cases of defection from the Whig cause. to Canada as commander-in-chief of the troops in He opened a correspondence with the Whig lead the upper province. He commanded the British ers of Vermont relative to their return to their force in the attack on Plattsburg under Gen. allegiance, and was concerned in Arnold's treason. Prevost, and protested against the order of his His country mansion was Arnold's headquarters superior officer when he was directed to retire. while the latter was arranging his plan. (See illus- From 1 July, 1815, till 1816, he administered the tration on page 95, vol. i.) After the trial and con- government of Upper Canada during the absence viction of André, Col. Robinson, as a witness, ac- of Francis Gore. He soon afterward removed to companied the commissioners that were sent by Sir the West Indies, where he took command of the Henry Clinton to Washington's headquarters to forces. He became a lieutenant-general in 1825, and plead with him for André's life. Col. Robinson had in 1841 was promoted to the full rank of general. previously addressed Washington on the subject of On 2 Jan., 1815, he was made a knight commander André's release, and in his letter reminded him of of the Bath, and in 1838 he became a knight their former friendship. At the termination of the grand cross of that order. - Another son, Sir war he went to New Brunswick, and was a member William Henry, b. in the Highlands of New of the first council of that colony, but did not take York in 1766 d. in Bath, England, in 1836, ac- his sert. Ne subsequently went to England with companied his father to England, was appointed part of his family, and resided in retirement at to a place in the commissariat department of the Thornbury, near Bath, till his death. His wife was British army, and was its head at the time of his included in the confiscation act of New York, and death. He was knighted for his long services. the whole of the estate that was derived from her , Ilis wife, Catherine, daughter of Cortlandt Skin- ence ROBINSON 283 ROBINSON ner, attorney-general of New Jersey, d. at Wis- | Songs for Church and Choir” (1878); “ Studies in thorpe House, Marlow, England, in 1843. the New Testament” (1880); “Spiritual Songs for ROBINSON, Charles, governor of Kansas, b. Social Meetings.” (1881); “Spiritual Songs for in Hardwick, Mass., 21 July, 1818. He was educat- Sunday-Schools” (1881); “Studies of Neglected ed at Hadley and Amherst academies and at Am- Texts” (1883); “Laudes Domini” (1884); “Ser- herst college, but was compelled by illness to leave mons in Songs" (1885); “ Sabbath Evening Ser- in his second year. He studied medicine at Wood- mons” (1887); “ The Pharaohs of the Bondage and stock, Vt., and at Pittsfield, Mass., where he re- the Exodus" (1887); and “Simon Peter, his Life ceived his degree in 1843, and practised at Belcher- and Times” (2 vols., 1888). town, Springfield, and Fitchburg, Mass., till 1849, ROBINSON, Christopher, soldier, b. in West- when he went to California by the overland route. moreland county, Va., in 1760; d. in York (now He edited a daily paper in Sacramento called the Toronto), Upper Canada, in 1798. He was a de- "Settler's and Miner's Tribune" in 1850, took an scendant of Christopher Robinson (1645–²90), elder active part in the riots of 1850 as an upholder of brother of Dr. John Robinson, bishop of Bristol squatter sovereignty, was seriously wounded, and, and London, who came to America in 1660 and while under indictment for conspiracy and murder, was afterward secretary of the colony of Virginia. was elected to the legislature. He was subsequently The younger Christopher was educated at William discharged by the court without trial. On his re- and Mary, and early in the Revolution fled to New turn to Massachusetts in 1852 he conducted in York, where he received a commission in the Fitchburg a weekly paper called the “ News” till Loyal American regiment under his relative, Bev- June, 1854, when he went to Kansas as confiden- erly Robinson. He served at the south, and was tial agent of the New England emigrants’ aid wounded, and at the peace went to Nova Scotia society, and settled in Lawrence. He became the and received a grant of land at Wilmot. He soon leader of the Free-state party, and was made chair- removed to Upper Canada, was appointed inspector man of its executive committee and commander- of the reserves of the crown, and finally settled in in-chief of the Kansas volunteers. He was a mem- York. In 1796 he represented the counties of Len- ber of the Topeka convention that adopted a free- nox and Addington in the assembly.—His son, Sir state constitution in 1855, and under it was elected John Beverly, bart., b. in Berthier, Lower Can- governor in 1856. He was arrested for treason and ada, 26 July, 1791 ; d. in Toronto, 30 Jan., 1863, usurpation of office, and on his trial on the latter studied law, meanwhile serving as a clerk of the charge was acquitted by the jury. Ile was elected assembly, and, on being admitted to the bar in again by the Free-state party in 1858, and for the 1812, was appointed attorney-general of l'pper third time in 1859, under the Wyandotte constitu- Canada, which office he held till 1815. He was tion, and entered on his term of two years on the solicitor-general in 1815–’18, attorney-general in admission of Kansas to the Union in January, 1818–29, and chief justice of Upper Canada from 1861. He organized most of the Kansas regi- 15 July, 1829, till his death. He was for eighteen ments for the civil war. He afterward served years a member of the legislature, serving about an one term as representative and two terms as sena- equal length of time in each chamber. When the tor in the legislature, and in 1882 was again a can- war of 1812 began he was one of a company of 100 didate for governor. In 1887 he became superin- volunteers that followed Sir Isaac Brock in the ex- tendent of Haskell institute in Lawrence.—His pedition that led to the capture of Detroit, and he wife, Sarah Tappan Doolittle, author, b. in was present at the battle of Queenstown Heights. Belchertown, Mass., 12 July, 1827, was educated In November, 1850, he was appointed a companion at the New Salem academy, and married Dr. Rob- (civil division) of the order of the Bath, and he was inson at Belchertown on 30 Oct., 1851. Her created a baronet, by patent, 21 Sept., 1854. He maiden name was Lawrence. She has published was chancellor of Trinity college, Toronto, and the * Kansas, its Exterior and Interior Life" (Boston, author of several works on Canada.—John Bev- 1856), in which she describes the scenes, actors, and erly's son, Sir James Lukin, of Toronto, suc- events of the struggle between the friends and foes ceeded him as second baronet, 30 Jan., 1863.- An- of slavery in Kansas, during which her house was other son, John Beverly, Canadian lawyer, b. at plundered and burned, and her husband was im- Beverly house, Toronto, 21 Feb., 1820, was educat- prisoned for four months. ed privately and at Upper Canada college, studied ROBINSON, Charles Seymour, clergyman, b. law, and was admitted to the bar of Upper Canada in Bennington, Vt., 31 March, 1829. He was gradu- in 1844. He served during the rebellion of 1837 ated at Williams in 1849, studied theology in as aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head, and 1851-2 at Union seminary, New York city, and in participated in the engagement near Toronto. He 1852–3 at Princeton, and on 19 April, 1855, was began the practice of law at Toronto, was president ordained pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy, of its city council, and was elected mayor in 1857. N. Y. In 1860 he took charge of a church in Mr. Robinson represented Toronto in the legisla- Brooklyn. In 1868–70 he had charge of the Ameri- tive assembly of Canada from 1857 till 1861, and can chapel in Paris. In 1870 he became pastor West Toronto from the latter date till 1863. He of a congregation in New York city, which soon was elected for Algoma to the Dominion parlia- afterward erected the Madison avenue Presbyte- ment in 1872, and sat until the dissolution in 1871. rian church, resigning in 1887. He received the Mr. Robinson was also a member of the executive degree of D. D. from Hamilton in 1867 and that of council of Canada, and president of that body LL. D. from Lafayette in 1885. Dr. Robinson has in the Cartier-Macdonald administration from 27 published volumes of sermons and other works that | March till 21 May, 1862. He was lieutenant-gov- have passed through several editions, and collections ernor of Ontario in 1880-'7. . of hymns and tunes that are extensively used. The ROBINSON, Christopher Blackett, Canadian titles of his publications are “Songs of ihe Church” publisher, b. in Thorah, Ont., 2 Nov., 1837. He (New York, 1862); “ Songs for the Sanctuary was educated at the public schools and by private (1965); “Short Studies for Sunday-School Teachers" tuition, engaged in journalisın in 1857, and edited (1868): · Bethel and Penuel ” (1873); “Church the Canadian Post” in Beaverton. In 1861 he re- Work(1873); “ Psalms and Hymns” (1875); “ Cal- ! moved this paper to Lindsay, where he published rary Songs for Sunday-Schools" (1875); “Spiritual ; it for ten years. In 1871 he sold his interest in the 284 ROBINSON ROBINSON “ Post ” and removed to Toronto, where, in 1872, he indices. It is the only work of the kind in Eng- established " The Canada Presbyterian,” the chief lish, and is virtually a cyclopædia of legal history denominational paper of the country, which he still in the eleven centuries that it covers. (1888) conducts. In conjunction with Prof. Gold- ROBINSON, Edward, biblical scholar, b. in win Smith he also founded at Toronto “ The Week,” Southington, Conn., 10 April, 1794; d. in New the principal literary periodical in the Dominion. York city, 27 Jan., 1863. He was brought up on a Mr. Robinson publishes Sabbath-school papers, the farm, taught at East Haven and Farmington in “ Canada Law Journal," "Rural Canadian,” and 1810-'11, entered Hamilton college, where his un- the “ Dominion Oddfellow," of which he is also cle, Seth Norton, managing editor. He was president of the Cana- was a professor, dian press association in 1884, and has been a di- and was gradu- rector in banking and manufacturing institutions. ated in 1816. Af- ROBINSON, Conway, jurist, b. in Richmond, ter studying law Va., 15 Sept., 1805; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 for a few months, Jan., 1884. T'he first emigrant of this family was he returned to the John Robinson, who settled in Virginia, apparent college as tutor in ly in York county, where his son Anthony was a mathematics and large landed proprietor in 1691. The family is not Greek, and while to be confused with that of the colonial treasurer, there married a or with Christopher Robinson, president of the daughter of Sam- council. Conway Robinson's father, John, was ap- uel Kirkland. His pointed in 1787 clerk of the superior court, Rich- wife died within a mond, and was the author of " Forms in the Courts year. In 1821 he of Law of Virginia.” The son received his education went to Andover at a school in Richmond, and became deputy clerk to superintend the under his father. Here he studied law and issued publication of an Edw. Robinson a new edition of his father's “ Forms” (Richmond, editionof Homer's 1826), which is still valued by clerks in Virginia. “Iliad,” with selected notes. He there began the He secured a large practice soon after entering on study of Hebrew, aided Prof. Moses Stuart in the his profession. He next issued his “Law and Equi- preparation of the second edition of the latter's ty Practice in Virginia” (3 vols., 1832-'9), which * Hebrew Grammar (Andover, 1823), and in has been highly praised. In 1842 Mr. Robinson 1823–²6 was his assistant, and for a part of the became reporter to the Virginia court of appeals, time his substitute, in the chair of sacred litera- but, after publishing two volumes of reports ture in the theological seminary. In 1826 he (1842–’4), he resigned the office in 1844. From went to Germany, and pursued philological studies 1846 till 1849 he devoted himself, with other emi- at Halle and Berlin. He married the daughter of nent lawyers, to a revision of the civil and crimi- Prof. Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob, of Halle, in nal code of Virginia, which went into effect on 1 1828, and after travelling through Europe returned July, 1850. In the same year a constitutional con- home in 1830, and was appointed extraordinary vention met in Virginia, some of whose changes, professor of sacred literature in Andover seminary: such as the election of all judges by the people, In 1831 he began the publication of the “ Biblical were vainly opposed by Mr. Robinson. Further Repository,” which he edited for four years. After changes in the code being necessitated by the new spending three years in Boston, engaged on a constitution, he was chosen by Richmond its rep- scriptural Greek lexicon, he accepted in 1837 the resentative in the house of delegates in 1852, in chair of biblical literature in Union theological order that he might assist in the revision. In 1860 seminary, New York city. He explored Palestine he took up his residence at “The Vineyard” near in 1838 with the Rev. Eli Smith, and in 1839_'40 Washington, D. C., and practised in the supreme remained in Berlin to digest his notes and verify court. He had begun in 1854, and in 1874 com- his discoveries. This work gave the first impetus pleted, “ The Principles and Practice of Courts of to modern biblical research. He returned to the Justice in England and the United States (2 duties of his professorship, and in 1843 edited the vols., Richmond, 1855). This work was preceded first volume of the “ Bibliotheca Sacra," into which by careful researches in England, where its value was merged the “ Biblical Repository.” He revis- has been recognized by high authorities. Conway ited Jerusalem in 1852, being again accompanied Robinson was for many years chairman of the ex- by the Rev. Dr. Smith. He began in 1856 the re- ecutive committee of the Virginia historical society, vision of his works on scriptural geography, but which published his “ Account of the Discoveries did not live to complete it. His biblical library of the West until 1519; and of Voyages to and and maps were purchased after his death for Ham- along the Atlantic Coast of North America, from ilton college, with the exception of many volumes 1520 to 1573" (1848). He made several important that he had given to Union theological seminary. discoveries in history, and in 1853 found in the He received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth state archives in London a MS. journal of the first in 1832. and from the University of Halle in 1842, legislative assembly in Virginia (1619). At the that of LL. D. from Yale in 1844, and received a close of the above-named work on the early voy- gold medal from the London royal geographical ages to America he alluded to a work in prepara- society in 1842. While associated with Prof. Stu- tion, " The Annals of Virginia,” but this was not art, he assisted in making a translation of George published, as the later years of the author were de- B. Winer's “Greek Grammar of the New Testa- voted to his “ History of the High Court of Chan- ment” (Andover, 1825). He published independ- cery, and other Institutions of England; from the ently a "Greek and English Lexicon of the New time of Caius Julius Cæsar until the Accession of Testament” (1825), based on the “Clavis Philo- William and Mary (in 1688–'9).” Of this work the logica ” of Christian A. Wahl; revised Augustine first volume has been published (Richmond, 1882), Calmet's “ Dictionary of the Bible" (Boston, 1832); and the second and concluding volume will proba- translated from the German Philip Buttman's bly appear. The first volume possesses a value in- “Greek Grammar” (1833); compiled a “ Dictionary dependent of the second, and has large annotated of the Holy Bible for the Use of Schools and ROBINSON 285 ROBINSON 9 Young Persons ” (Boston, 1833); prepared a “ Har- | einigten Staaten,” comprising a history of John mony of the Gospels in Greek”' (Andover, 1834); Smith (1845); “ Die Colonisation von New Eng- translated from the Latin of Wilhelm Gesenius the land ” (1847), which was inperfectly translated into “ Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testament, including English by William Hazlitt, Jr.; and three tales the Biblical Chaldee” (Boston, 1836; 5th ed., with that were originally published in Leipsic and trans- corrections and additions, 1854); and produced a lated into English by her daughter, appearing “Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testa- under the titles of “Heloise, or the Unrevealed ment? (Boston, 1836; last revision, New York, Secret” (New York, 1850); “Life's Discipline: a 1850), a work which superseded his translation Tale of the Annals of Hungary" (1851); and “The of Wahl's work, became a standard authority Exiles” (1853), which last was republished as in the United States, and was several times re- · Woodhill, or the Ways of Providence" (1856). printed in Great Britain. The fruit of his first She contributed occasional essays in English on survey of Palestine and historical study of scrip- the subjects that engaged her study to the “ North tural topography was “ Biblical Researches in Palo American Review,” the " Biblical Repository," and estine, Mt. Sinai, and Arabia Petræa, a Journal of other American periodicals. One series of articles Travels in 1838, by E. Robinson and E. Smith, un- was reissued in book-form under the title of “His- dertaken in reference to Biblical Geography” (Bos- torical View of the Languages and Literature of ton and London, 1841; German translation, Halle, the Slavic Nation with a Sketch of their Popular 1841). It was recognized in all countries as the Poetry” (New York and London, 1850). After the most valuable contribution to biblical geography death of her husband, Mrs. Robinson resided in and archæology that had appeared since the days Hamburg, where her son, Edward, was American of Hadrian Reland, and incited other students to consul. Her last work was published in the United enter this then neglected field of investigation. A States under the title of “Fifteen Years, a Picture second “ Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek" from the Last Century” (New York, 1870). A col- (Boston, 1845) was followed by a “ Harmony of the lection of her tales, with her biography by her Gospels in English” (Boston, 1846; London, 1847); daughter, was published (2 vols., Leipsic, 1874). also in French (Brussels, 1851). After his second ROBINSON, Ezekiel Gilman, educator, b. in journey in the East Dr. Robinson published “Later Attleborough, Mass., 23 March, 1815. He was Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent graduated at Brown in 1838, and at Newton theo- Regions: a Journal of Travels in the Year 1852, by logical seminary in 1842. From 1842 till 1845 he Edward Robinson, Eli Smith, and others, drawn up was pastor of the Baptist church in Norfolk, Va., from the Original Diaries, with Historical Illustra- during which period he served for one year, by tions" (Boston and London, 1856; German trans- permission of his church, as chaplain at the Uni- lation, Berlin, 1856). Revised editions of the Greek versity of Virginia. After a short pastorate in and English - Harmonies,” edited by Matthew B. Cambridge, Mass., he became in 1846 professor of Riddle, were published in 1885 and 1886. A “Me- biblical interpretation in Western theological semi- moir of Rev. William Robinson, with some Account nary, Covington, Ky. In 1850 he was chosen pastor of his Ancestors in this Country” (printed private- of the Ninth street Baptist church, Cincinnati, ly, New York, 1859), is a sketch of his father, who Ohio. In 1853 he was elected professor of theology for forty-one years was pastor of the Congrega- in Rochester theological seminary, and in 1860 he tional church in Southington, Conn. Dr. Robin- was made its president. In 1872 he resigned his son's last work, “ Physical Geography of the Holy place at Rochester to become president of Brown Land," a supplement to his “ Biblical Researches." university, which office he still (1888) holds. was edited by Mrs. Robinson (New York and Lon- Under his administration this college has advanced don, 1865). See “ The Life, Writings, and Char- its already high reputation. Dr. Robinson is pre- acter of Edward Robinson," by Henry B. Smith eminently a teacher, broad and full in his scholar- and Roswell D. Hitchcock (New York, 1863).- ship, stimulating and inspiring in his methods. His wife, Therese Albertina Louise von Jakob, while he is faithful to his special educational work, author, b. in Halle, Germany, 26 Jan., 1797; his high reputation as a preacher and lecturer has d. in Hamburg, Germany, 13 April, 1869, went kept him much in the pulpit and on the platform. in 1807 to Russia with her father, whó held He has been a trustee of Vassar college from its high posts under the government, and returned to foundation, and received the honorary degrees of Halle in 1816. In Russia she acquired an intimate D. D. and LL. D. from Brown in 1853 and 1872 re- knowledge of the Slavic languages and literature, spectively. Dr. Robinson's published writings con- and wrote her first poems. After her return to sist chiefly of serions, addresses, and review arti- Germany she translated Walter Scott's “Old Mor- cles. For several years he was editor of the tality” and “ Black Dwarf,” which she published “ Christian Review." His books include a revised under the pen-name of “ Ernst Berthold” (Halle, translation of Neander's “ Planting and Training 1822). All her other works were signed “Talvi,” of the Church” (New York, 1865); “Yale Lectures an anagram formed from the initials of her maiden on Preaching ” (1883); and “ Principles and Prac- She wrote many original tales, some of tice of Morality” (Boston, 1888). which were collected in a volume bearing the title ROBINSON, Fayette, author, b. in Virginia ; of “ Psyche ” (1825). A German translation of the d. in New York city, 26 March, 1859. He was the popular songs of the Servians was issued under the author of “ Mexico and her Military Chieftains” title of “ Volkslieder der Serben” (Halle, 1826; new (Philadelphia, 1847); Account of the Organiza- ed., Leipsic, 1853). After her arrival in the United tion of the Army of the United States, with Biog- States she translated into German John Pickering's graphies of Distinguished Officers " (1848): “ Cali- work - On the Adoption of a Uniform Orthogra- fornia and the Gold Regions” (New York, 1849); phy for the Indian Languages of North America” “Grammar of the Spanish Language” (Philadel- (Leipsic, 1834). Her other works in the German phia, 1850); a romance entitled “Wizard of the language that were published during her residence Wave" (New York, 1853); a translation of An- in this country are " Characteristik der Volkslieder thelme Brillat-Savarin's Physiologie du goût" germanischen Nationen ” (Leipsic, 1840); “Die (Philadelphia, 1854), and novels from the French. Unechtheit der Lieder Ossians” (1840); “ Aus der ROBINSON, George Dexter, governor of Geschichte der ersten Ansiedelungen in den Ver- | Massachusetts, b. in Lexington, Mass., 20 Jan., name. 286 ROBINSON ROBINSON a 9 9 99 66 1834. He was graduated at Harvard in 1856, was den, Holland, about the beginning of March, 1625. principal of the high-school at Chicopee, Mass., for He entered Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1592, nine years, studied law with his brother Charles, and was chosen a fellow, and is supposed to have re- was admitted to the bar in 1866. Hle practised at ceived the degree of M. A. in 1599. He officiated Chicopee, was elected to the legislature in 1874, en- as a minister of the established church near Nor- tered the state senate in 1876, and later in the same wich, but omitted parts of the ritual, having be- year was elected to congress as a Republican, tak- come inclined toward Puritan doctrines at the uni- ing his seat on 15 Oct., 1877. He was thrice re- versity, and was soon suspended from his functions. elected, and resigned his seat in 1883, having been He removed to Norwich, where he gathered about elected governor. In 1884 and 1885 he was re- him a band of worshippers. In 1604 he formally elected, serving till the close of 1886. withdrew from the national church, resigning his ROBINSON, Horatio Nelson, mathematician, fellowship, and connected himself with a body of b. in Hartwick, Otsego co., N. Y., 1 Jan., 1806; d. dissenters in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and the in Elbridge, N. Y., 19 Jan., 1867. He received adjacent district. He was one of ministers of the only a common-school education, but early evinced congregation at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. A a genius for mathematics, making the calculations part of the flock went with the other minister to for an almanac at the age of sixteen. A wealthy Holland. Some months later, Robinson and the neighbor gave him the means to study at Prince- rest of the congregation determined to emigrate, ton, and at the age of nineteen he was appointed an in order to escape persecution. After being de- instructor of mathematics in the navy, which post tained by the police and enduring various hard- he retained for ten years. He then taught an ships, the entire congregation escaped to Amster- academy at Canandaigua, and afterward one at dam, and, after passing nearly a year there, settled Genesee, N. Y., until in 1844 he gave up teaching in Leyden in the early summer of 1609, where because his health was impaired, and removed to Robinson, with three others, in 1611, purchased a Cincinnati, Ohio. There he prepared the first of a large house with an enclosed court. The church series of elementary mathematical text-books, met for worship in the house, and some of the com- which have been adopted in many of the academies pany seem to have built homes within the court. and colleges of the United States. In revising and He was recognized by his opponents as “the most completing the series he had the assistance of other learned, polished, and modest spirit that ever sepa- mathematicians and educators. He removed to rated from the Church of England," and in Leyden Syracuse, N. Y., in 1850, and to Elbridge in 1854. gained a high reputation by his disputations in de- His publications include - University Algebra” fence of Calvinism in 1613 with Episcopius, the (Cincinnati, 1847), with a “ Key” (1847); “ Astrono- successor of Arminius. He became also a member my, University Edition" (1849); “Geometry and of the university in September, 1615. His congre- Trigonometry” (1850); “ Treatise on Astronomy gation was increased by accessions from England, (Albany, 1850); * Mathematical Recreations” (Al- and when, in 1617, the plan of emigration to Amer- bany, 1851); “ Concise Mathematical Operations” ica was discussed, he took the heartiest interest in (Cincinnati, 1854); " Treatise on Surveying and the scheme, and was active in promoting negotia- Navigation ” (1857), which, in its revised form, was tions with the Virginia company. There was diffi- edited by Oren Root (New York, 1863); “ Analyti- culty in bringing the matter to a conclusion, and cal Geometry and Conic Sections” (New York, about the beginning of 1620 he was a party to a 1864); " Differential and Integral Calculus ” (1861), proposition to certain Amsterdam merchants to edited by Isaac F. Quinby (1868). remove to New Amsterdam; but the states-general ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, b. near declined to further the plan, and Robinson and his Mansfield, Ohio, 14 Oct., 1827. He learned the company fell back on their original purpose. And printer's trade in Mansfield, and in 1846 established when the younger inembers of the congregation the Kenton Republican," which he edited for sailed in the Speedwell” in July, 1620, he took eighteen years. In 1856 he was secretary of the leave of them in a memorable sermon, intending to first convention of the Republican party that was follow with the others the next year. A part of held in Ohio. He was for two sessions clerk of the the remainder of the church departed after his state house of representatives. At the beginning death; as also, in 1631, did his son, Isaac, who has of the civil war he enlisted in the 4th Ohio regi- many descendants in the United States. The Ley- ment, and was soon made a captain. He took part den pastor was the author of “ An Answer to a in the operations at Rich Mountain, Va., was pro- Censorious Epistle” (1609); “ A Justification of moted major in October, 1861, served under Gen. Separation from the Church of England against John C. Frémont in the Shenandoah valley, and Mr. Bernard's Invective entitled “The Separatist's became lieutenant-colonel in April, and colonel in Schism'" (1610); “ Of Religious Communion, Pri- August, 1862. He was engaged at the second bat- vate and Public" (1614); "A Manumission to a tle of Bull Run, and at Cedar Mountain and Chan- Manuduction” (1615); " The People's Plea for the cellorsville, and was severely wounded at Gettys- Exercise of Prophecy" (1618); “ Apologia justa et burg. He commanded a brigade under Gen. Joseph necessaria" (1619), which was translated into Eng- Hooker and Gen. Alpheus S. Williams in the At- lish in 1625; “ Defence of the Doctrine propounded lanta campaign and the march to the sea, was com- by the Synod of Dort” (1624); “ Letter to the Con- missioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 gregational Church in London” (1624); “ Appeal Jan., 1865, received the brevet of major-general on on Truth's Behalf” (1624); “ Observations Divine 13 March, and was mustered out on 31 Aug. On and Moral" (1625); “ On the Lawfulness of Hear- his return to Ohio he became chairman of the state ing of the Ministers in the Church of England' Republican committee. In 1879 he was appointed (1634); and “ A Brief Catechism concerning Church by the governor commissioner of railroads and Government," the earliest known edition of which telegraphs. He was elected to congress for two was printed in 1642. The “ Works of John Robin- successive terms, serving from 5 Dec., 1881, till 12 son, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers," have been Jan., 1885, and subsequently held the office of published, with a memoir and annotations by Rob- secretary of state of Ohio. ert Ashton, and an inaccurate account of his de- ROBINSON, John, clergyman, b. probably in scendants by William Allen (3 vols., London and Lincolnshire, England, in 1575 or 1576; d. in Ley- i Boston, 1851). 66 ROBINSON 287 ROBINSON " ROBINSON, John, clergyman, b. in Cabarrus ROBINSON, John M., senator, b. in Ken- county, N. C., 8 Jan., 1768; d. in Poplar Tent, tucky in 1793 ; d. in Ottawa, II., 27 April, 1843. N. C., 14 Dec., 1843. He received an academic When a boy he moved with his parents to Carini, education at Winnsborough, S. C., studied theology, 11., where he afterward resided, engaging in the was licensed to preach on 4 April, 1793, and organ- practice of law. He was chosen to the U. S. sen- ized several churches in Dupin county, N. C. He ate in place of John McLean, deceased, and served accepted the charge of the Presbyterian church at from 4 Jan., 1831, till 3 March, 1841. In the year Fayetteville in 1800, established a classical school, of his death he was elected one of the supreme preached in Poplar Tent in 1801-'5, and then in court judges of Illinois. Fayetteville again till 1818, when he returned to ROBINSON, Lucius, governor of New York, Poplar Tent. The University of North Carolina b. in Windham, Greene co., N. Y., 4 Nov., 1810. gave him the degree of D. D. in 1829. He was one He was educated at the academy in Delhi, N. Y., of the most popular and persuasive preachers of his studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832. faith, and not less eminent as an instructor. He He became district attorney, and was appointed published only a “Eulogy on Washington ” (1800). master of chancery in New York city in 1843 and ROBINSON, John Cleveland, soldier, b. in reappointed in 1845. Leaving the Democratic Binghamton, N. Y., 10 April, 1817. He was ap- party on the formation of the Republican organi- pointed a cadet at the U.S. military academy in zation, he was elected a member of the assembly 1835, left a year before graduation to study law, in 1859 and comptroller of the state in 1861 and but returned to military service in October, 1839, 1863. In 1865 he was nominated for the same of- when he was commissioned as 2d lieutenant in the fice by the Democrats, but failed of election. In 5th U. S. infantry. He joined the army of occu- 1871- 2 he was a member of the constitutional com- pation in Texas at Corpus Christi in September, mission. In 1875 he was elected comptroller by 1845, as regimental and brigade quartermaster, the Democrats. He was chosen governor in 1876. being promoted 1st lieutenant in June, 1846, was In 1879 he was again nominated by the Demo- at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, served with crats for the governorship, but was not elected. distinction at Monterey, and participated in the One of the entrances to the Niagara Falls park is concluding operations of the Mexican war. He was named in his honor. made captain in August, 1850, was engaged against ROBINSON, Matthew, Baron ROKEBY, b. near hostile Indians in Texas in 1853-'4, was ordered in Hythe, Kent co., England, in 1713; d. 30 Nov., 1856 to Florida, where he led expeditions against 1800. He was educated at Westminster and Cam- the Seminoles in the Everglades and Big Cyprus bridge, and elected to parliament from Canterbury swamp, and in 1857–8 took part in the Utah expe- in 1747 and 1754. He led a life of primitive sim- dition. At the beginning of the civil war he was plicity, and was an enthusiast for liberty, and the in command at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, and pre- measures for the coercion of the American colonies vented its capture by the insurgents by means of a were especially repugnant to his sense of justice. successful ruse. Subsequently he was engaged in He succeeded his uncle, Richard Robinson, arch- mustering volunteers at Detroit, Mich., and Colum- bishop of Armagh, as Baron Rokeby in the peerage bus, Ohio, and in September, 1861, he was appoint- of Ireland on 10 Oct., 1794. He published “Con- ed colonel of the 1st Michigan volunteers. He was siderations on the Measures Carrying on with re- promoted major in the U. S. army in February, spect to the British Colonies in North America” 1862, was commissioned as brigadier-general of (2d ed., London, 1774); “ Considerations on the volunteers on 28 April, 1862, and commanded a British Colonies ” (1775); “A Further Examina- brigade at Newport News. He was soon trans- tion of our American Measures” (1776); and ferred to the Army of the Potomac, and com- Peace the Best Policy” (1777). manded the 1st brigade of Gen. Philip Kearny's ROBINSON, Merritt M., lawyer, b. in Louisi- division. He took part in the seven days' battles ana about 1810; d. there, 5 June, 1850. He was the before Richmond, and commanded a division at reporter of the supreme court of Louisiana from Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, 1841 till 1847. He published a useful “ Digest of where he earned the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, the Penal Laws of Louisiana, Analytically Ar- C. S. army, and in the operations at Mine Run and ranged” (New Orleans, 1841). His' “ Reports," in the battles of the Wilderness, receiving the comprising sixteen volumes, including four that brevet of colonel for his services there. At Spott- he edited, were enriched with valuable marginal sylvania Court-House, while leading a galiant notes (New Orleans, 1842–7). charge on the enemy's breastworks, he received a ROBINSON, Samuel, soldier, b. in Cambridge, bullet in his left knee, necessitating amputation at Mass., 4 April, 1707; d. in London, England. 27 the thigh. He received the brevet of major-gen- Oct., 1767. His father, of the same name, was the eral of volunteers on 24 June, 1864. He was un- third son of Williain Robinson, one of the early fit for further service in the field, and subsequently Cambridge colonists, and who, it is said, was a commanded districts in New York state, being kinsman of Rev. John Robinson, of Leyden, pastor brevetted brigadier- and major-general, U. S. army; to the pilgrims that came in the “ Mayflower." In in March, 1865, served as military commander and 1736 Samuel settled in Hardwick, Mass., where he commissioner of the Bureau of freedmen in North was selectman ten years, assessor three years, and Carolina in 1866, was promoted colonel in the regu- town-clerk four years, and a deacon of the church. lar army in July, 1866, mustered out of the volun- From 1755 till 1759 he commanded a company in teer service on 1 Sept., 1866, commanded the De- the French war. On his return to Massachusetts partment of the South in 1867, and the Department from one of his campaigns, mistaking his route, he of the Lakes in 1867-8, and on 6 May, 1869, was passed by accident through what is now Benning- retired with the full rank of major-general. In ton, Vt., and, impressed by the attractiveness of 1872 he was elected by the Republicans lieutenant- the country, determined to settle there. He formed governor of New York on the ticket with Gov. a company at Hardwick, purchased the rights of John A. Dix. He was chosen commander-in-chief the original grantees of lands, and, taking a colony of the Grand army of the republic in 1877 and 1878, with him in 1761, settled Bennington, this being and president of the Society of the Army of the the first town in what is now Vermont. He “was Potomac in 1887. the acknowledged leader in the band of pioneers 288 ROBINSON ROBINSON in the settlement of the town, and continued to Vt., 3 Nov., 1819, received a classical education, exercise a controlling influence in its affairs during studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac- the remainder of his life." Gov. Wentworth com- tised in Bennington. He was town-clerk six years, missioned him, 8 Feb., 1762, a justice of the peace, in the legislature thirteen years, chief justice of and he was then the first person that was appoint- the state from 1801 till 1807, and, when his prede- ed to a judicial office within the limits of that ter- cessor on the bench, Israel Smith, resigned his seat ritory. He was chosen to present a petition to the in the U. S. senate, was elected to serve through king for relief during the controversy between the unexpired term, and on its conclusion was re- New York and New Hampshire regarding jurisdic- elected, serving from 26 Oct., 1807, till 2 March, tion, and reached London in February, 1767. His 1815. In the latter year he became judge of pro- mission was partially successful, but it was left in- bate and held the office for four years, and in 1818 complete by his sudden death from small-pox. He again represented Bennington in the legislature. was buried in the cemetery connected with the The honorary degree of A. B. was conferred on church of his favorite preacher, Rev. George White- him by Dartmouth in 1790, and that of A. M, in field, and a monument with an elaborate inscrip- 1803.— The grandson of Moses, John Staniford, tion was erected to his memory in the cemetery at governor of Vermont, b. in Bennington, Vt., 10 Bennington Centre.- His son, Samuel, soldier, b. Nov., 1804; d. in Charleston, S. C., 24 April, 1860, in Hardwick, Mass., 9 Aug., 1738; d. in Benning- was graduated at Williams in 1824, studied law in ton, Vt., 3 May, 1813, at the age of seventeen was Bennington, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and a member of his father's company, and the next took a high position among the lawyers of the year was adjutant of Col. Ruggles's regiment. He state. He was a member of the legislature for accompanied his father to Bennington, and was many terms, and was elected governor in 1853 as a active in the New York controversy and in the af- Democrat on joint ballot of the two houses, there fairs of the town. He commanded a company in being no choice by the people. His party had not the battle of Bennington, performed other military elected a candidate before for forty years. He was services during the Revolution, and rose to the frequently a Democratic candidate for congress. rank of colonel. In 1777-'8 he had charge, as over- He was a delegate to the National Democratic con- seer, of the Tory prisoners, in 1779–80 he repre- vention in 1860, and died during its sessions. sented the town in the assembly, and he was for ROBINSON, Solon, author, b. near Tolland, three years a member of the board of war. He Conn., 21 Oct., 1803; d. in Jacksonville, Fla., 3 was the first justice of the peace appointed in town Nov., 1880. He received a common-school educa- under the authority of Vermont in 1778, and was tion, and began to learn the carpenter's trade at the also during the same year one of the judges of a age of fourteen, but was not strong enough to con- special court. Col. Robinson was one of the few tinue, and turned to peddling and to other means persons who managed a correspondence with the of gaining a living. He early acquired a literary British general Haldimand during the Revolution reputation by contributing graphic papers to the ary war, securing Vermont from invasion.-An- Albany “ Cultivator,” and became a popular writer other son, Moses, governor of Vermont, b. in on agricultural subjects for newspapers and maga- Hardwick, Mass., 15 March, 1741; d. in Benning- zines. About 1870 he removed to Jacksonville, ton, Vt., 26 May, 1813, removed to Bennington with Fla. While conducting the agricultural depart- his father, and became one of the foremost citizens ment in the New York “Tribune," he occasion- of Vermont. He was chosen town-clerk at the ally wrote sketches of New York city life among first meeting of the town, and served for nineteen the poorer classes, which were printed in the local years; was colonel of the militia, and at the head columns. One of these articles attracted popular of his regiment at Mount Independence on its attention, and was expanded into a book entitled evacuation by Gen. St. Clair, and was a member of “ Hot Corn, or Life Scenes in New York” (New the council of safety at the time of the battle of York, 1853), of which 50,000 copies were sold in six Bennington and during the campaign of that year. months. He was the author also of “ How to Live, He was appointed the first chief justice of the su- or Domestic Economy Illustrated” (1860); Facts preme court of Vermont, which office he held for for Farmers; also for the Family Circle," which ten years. In 1789 he became the second governor had an extraordinary circulation (1864); and “ Me- of the state. In 1782 he was one of the agents of won-i-toc” (1867). Vermont to the Continental congress, and on the ROBINSON, Stillman Williams, civil en- admission of Vermont into the Union he became gineer, b. in South Reading, Vt., 6 March, 1838. in 1791 the first U. S. senator, serving until 1796. He studied at schools in Vermont, and was gradu- He was a warm friend of Madison and Jefferson, ated as a civil engineer at the University of and bitterly opposed Jay's treaty. The degree of Michigan in 1863. Entering the service of the A. M. was conferred on him by Yale in 1789, and U. S. lake survey, he continued so engaged until by Dartmouth in 1790.- Another son, David, sol. 1866, when he was appointed instructor of civil dier, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 4 Nov., 1754; d. in engineering at the University of Michigan. In Verinont, 11 Dec., 1843, removed to Bennington | 1870-'8 he held the chair of mathematics in Illinois with his father in 1761. While his brother Moses | industrial university, and he was then appointed was on duty at the Catamount tavern as one of the professor of physics and mechanical engineering committee of safety, David and his brothers Leon- in Ohio state university, which place he now ard and Silas were in the Bennington battle, as (1888) holds. Among his important inventions are members of the company that was commanded by the Robinson photograph-trimmer; the Templet their brother Samuel. Afterward, by regular pro- odontograph; a wire grip fastening machine; a motion, David attained to the rank of major-gen- boot and shoe nailing machine; and iron piling eral of Vermont militia, which post he held from and substructure machinery—most of which are in 1812 till 1817. He was sheriff of the county for active operation under the control of specially twenty-two years, ending in 1811, after which he organized corporations. Prof. Robinson is a fellow was Ư. S. marshal for Vermont for eight years. He of the American association for the advancement was a member of the Constitutional convention in of science, and a member of the American society 1828. – Another son, Jonathan, senator, b. in of civil engineers, and of the American society of Hardwick, Mass., 24 Aug., 1756; d. in Bennington, mechanical engineers. In addition to chapters in . a ROBINSON 289 ROBINSON 99 66 a railway reports, and numerous scientific papers in entered the Royal academical institution at Bel- periodicals and transactions, he has published “ A fast, but was compelled by sickness to leave. lle Practical Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels" (New emigrated to the United States in 1836, was gradu- York, 1876); “ Railroad Economies, or Notes with ated at Yale in 1841, and studied in the law-school Comments (1882); and “Strength of Wrought- there. While a member of the college he founded Iron Bridge Members" (1882). the “ Yale Banner," and wrote editorial articles for ROBINSON, Stuart, clergyman, b. in Strabane, the daily press. He was engaged as editor of the County Tyrone, Ireland, 14 Nov., 1814; d. in New Haven “ Daily Courier," but left it on account Louisville, Ky., 5 Oct., 1881. The family settled of its Know-Nothing sentiments, and became a in New York city in 1817, and several years later journalist in New York city. His articles, signed removed to Berkeley county, Va. The son was · Richelieu," in the “ Tribune,"established his repu- graduated at Amherst in 1836, studied theology at tation. He was editor for a time of the Buffalo Union seminary, Va., and at Princeton, and was “ Express," and subsequently of the “ Irish World.” ordained as a Presbyterian minister on 8 Oct., He organized the movement for the relief of Ire- 1841. He preached and taught for six years at land in 1847, and procured the authorization by con; Malden, Va. From 1847 till 1852 he was pastor of gress of the sending of the frigate “ Macedonian the church in Frankfort, Ky., where he established with provisions to Ireland. In 1848–9 he edited a a female seminary. He accepted the pastorate of weekly paper called " The People.” An address on an independent church in Baltimore in 1852, but “The Celt and the Saxon” that he delivered before resigned in 1854, and with a large part of the a college society in 1851 at Clinton, N. Y., was pub- congregation organized a regular Presbyterian lished, and provoked animadversions in English church. He established and conducted a periodi- newspapers and reviews and in the debates of par- cal called the “ Presbyterial Critic” (1855–6). In liament. In 1854 he entered on the practice of law 1856-'7 he was professor of church government and in New York city. He was appointed U.S. assessor pastoral theology at Danville seminaryIn 1858 of internal revenue for Brooklyn in 1862, and held he took charge of a church in Louisville, Ky., which that office for five years. He was elected to congress removed soon afterward into a large new edifice. as a Democrat in 1866, and was again elected in 1880, He purchased the “ Presbyterian Herald," changed and continued in his seat by re-election in 1882. its name to the “True Presbyterian,” and in its His management and persistent advocacy secured columns maintained with zeal the doctrine of the the passage in 1868 of a bill asserting the rights of non-secular character of the church, which brought expatriation and naturalization, which resulted in him into sharp conflict with the section of the the abandonment of the doctrine of perpetual alle- Presbyterians in Kentucky who upheld the con- giance by Great Britain and Germany. Besides his trary view. His loyalty being called in question, political writings in the daily press, he has pro- his paper was suppressed in 1862 by the military duced popular poems and delivered lectures and authorities, and the editor removed to Canada, addresses on literary subjects. He is preparing for where he preached to large audiences in Toronto publication a book on Irish-American genealogies. till the close of the war. In April, 1866, he re- ROBINSON, William Stevens, journalist, b. in turned to his church in Louisville, and resumed Concord, Mass., 7 Dec., 1818; d. in Malden, Mass., the publication of his paper, changing the title | 11 March, 1876. He was educated in the public to the “ Free Christian Commonwealth.” schools of Concord, learned the printer's trade, at expelled from the general assembly of 1866 at St. the age of twenty became the editor and publisher Louis on account of his action in signing what of the “ Yeoman's Gazette” in Concord, and was was known as the “ Declaration and Testimony," afterward assistant editor of the Lowell “ Courier.” which protested against political deliverances by He was an opponent of slavery while he adhered to that body. Dr. Robinson and his colleagues of the the Whig party, and when the Free-soil party was presbytery of Louisville were, by an order of that organized he left the “ Courier," and in July, 1848, body, debarred from seats in the courts of the took charge of the Boston “ Daily Whig." His church, and, after an earnest controversy with the vigorous and sarcastic editorials increased the cir- Rev. Dr. Robert J. Breckenridge, he induced the culation of the paper, the name of which was synod of Kentucky to unite with the general assem- changed to the “ Republican”; yet, after the presi- bly of the Southern Presbyterian church in 1869, dential canvass was ended, Henry Wilson, the pro- of which he was chosen moderator by acclamation. prietor, decided to assume the editorial manage- He was instrumental in inducing the Southern ment and moderate the tone of his journal. Rob- church to join in the Pan-Presbyterian alliance at inson next edited the Lowell “ American," a Free- Edinburgh in 1877, which he attended as a dele- soil Democratic paper, till it died for lack of gate, and in securing the adoption of a revised book support in 1853. He was a member of the legisla- of government and discipline. From the period of ture in 1852 and 1853. In 1856 he began to write his ministry in Frankfort he was accustomed to letters for the Springfield Republican" over the expound the Old Testament on Sunday evenings. signature * Warrington," in which questions of the These lectures were widely read in pamphlet-form day and public men were discussed with such bold- and subsequently published in a volume. One of ness and wit that the correspondence attracted wide these discourses, delivered in Toronto in February, popular attention. This connection was continued 1865, on the subject of “Slavery as Recognized by until his death. From 1862 till 1873 he was clerk the Mosaic Civil Law, and as Recognized also and of the Massachusetts house of representatives. Allowed in the Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Christian * Warrington,” by his articles in the newspapers Church," was expanded and published (Toronto, and magazines, was instrumental in defeating Ben- 1865). He was also the author of " The Church jamin F. Butler's effort to obtain the Republican of God as an Essential Element of the Gospel” nomination for governor in 1871, and in 1873 he (Philadelphia, 1858), and of a book of outlines of was Butler's strongest opponent. Besides pam- sermons entitled Discourses of Redemption phlets and addresses, he published a Manual of (New York, 1866). Parliamentary Law” (Boston, 1875). His widow ROBINSON, William Erigena, journalist, b. published personal reminiscences from his writings near Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, 6 May, entitled Warrington Pen-Portraits," with a me- 1814. He attended Cookstown classical school, and | moir (Boston, 1877).-His wife, Harriet Hanson, VOL. V.-19 He was 290 ROCAFUERTE · ROBITAILLE b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Feb., 1825, was one of the in- | but was surprised by Velalcazar at Loma de las tellectual circle of factory-girls that composed the Coles, carried to Armas, and executed there. staff of the “ Lowell Offering.” She is a sister of ROBLES PEZUELA, Manuel (ro-bles-pay- John W. Hanson. She contributed poems to the thway'-lah), Mexican soldier, b. in Guanajuato about Lowell “ Courier” while Mr. Robinson was its edi- 1810; d. in Chalchimocula, 24 March, 1862. He tor, and from this introduction sprang a friendship entered the Military college in his youth, and in that resulted in their marriage on 30 Nov., 1848. 1832 the engineer corps. In 1842 he became cap- She was his assistant in his editorial work, and was tain, and was appointed professor in the Military as devoted as himself to the anti-slavery cause. college, and in 1846 he became lieutenant-colonel. She has also taken an active part in the woman's- In the same year he was engineer-in-chief of the rights movement, and in 1888 was a member of fortifications of Vera Cruz during the siege and the International council of women at Washing- bombardment by the U. S. forces. He also forti- ton, D. C. Her works include “ Massachusetts in fied the passes of Cerro Gordo and Peñon Viejo, and the Woman Suffrage Moveinent” (Boston, 1881); from 11 till 13 Sept., 1847, served under Santa- Early Factory Labor in New England” (1883); Anna at Chapultepec. After the evacuation of and “ Captain Mary Miller,” a drama (1887). the capital by the Mexican forces he retired with ROBITAILLE, Theodore, Canadian states the army to Queretaro, and in the next year served man, b. in Varennes, Quebec, 29 Jan., 1834. He under Bustamante against the revolution of Pare- was educated at the Seminary of Sainte Thérese, des in Quanajuato. Afterward he took part in the Laval university, and McGill college, where he was whole campaign of Sierra Gorda. In 1852 Gen. graduated in medicine in 1858. He became a suc- Arista made him secretary of war, and in the same cessful physician, and represented Bonaventure in year he marched to the northern frontier to subdue the Canada assembly from 1861 till 1867, and in the revolutionary forces of Carbajal. After the the Dominion parliament from 1867 till July, 1878. accession of Santa Anna he was banished, and He also represented that place in the Quebec as- travelled through the United States and Europe sembly from 1871 till January, 1874, when he re- to study fortification, being present during part of tired in order to confine himself to the Dominion the Crimean war. He returned to Mexico in Sep- parliament. He became a member of the privy tember, 1858, joined Gen. Echeagaray against the council of Canada, and was receiver-general from government of Zuloaga, and, after the fall of that 30 Jan., 1873, till 5 Nov. of that year, when he re- president, Robles took charge of the executive. signed with the administration. He was lieuten- His government was of short duration, as he did ant-governor of the province of Quebec from 26 not receive the necessary support from the other July, 1879, until September, 1884. He became a generals, and resigned the executive, 21 Jan., 1859. member of the Canadian senate, 28 Jan., 1885.- In the same year he was appointed by Miramon His brother, Louis, Canadian physician, b. in Va- commander of the forces that were besieging Vera rennes, Quebec, 30 Oct., 1836, was educated at the Cruz, and he took part with that general in the Seminary of Sainte Therese and at McGill uni- campaign against the constitutional forces until versity, where he was graduated as a physician in the battle of Calpulalpam, 23 Dec., 1860. He then 1860. He established himself at New Carlisle, and lived in retirement until the foreign invasion in was successful in his practice. Dr. Robitaille was December, 1861, when, as the Republican govern- appointed in January, 1869, surgeon of the regi- ment distrusted him, he was confined to the inte- mental division of Bonaventure, in 1871 commis- | rior and ordered to reside in Zacatecas; but he sioner for the census for the county of Bonaven- disobeyed, and was on his way to join the French ture, and in 1875 vice-consul of France for the army when he was arrested at Tuxtepec on 20 district of Gaspé. He was collector of customs at March, carried to San Andres, and condemned by New Carlisle in 1873–83, and was a member of the court-martial to be shot. The sentence was exe- Dominion senate from 8 Feb., 1883, till 25 Jan., cuted, notwithstanding the intervention of Gen. 1885, when he resigned. In 1885 he was appointed Prim, and the envoys of France, Belgium, and the inspector of customs, and vice-president of the Baie United States. des Chaleurs railway. In 1879 he was elected to ROCAFUERTE, Vicente (ro-cah-foo-air'-tay), the Dominion parliament for Bonaventure, but de- South American statesman, b. in Guayaquil , Ecua- clined. He has travelled extensively. Both the dor, 3 May, 1783 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 16 May, 1847. brothers are Conservatives in politics. In 1812 he was elected deputy for his province to ROBLEDO, Jorje (ro-blay-do), Spanish soldier, the Spanish cortes, where his opposition to the ar- b. in Spain in the beginning of the 16th century; bitrary government of Ferdinand VII. caused him d. in Santiago de Armas, Colombia, 1 Oct., 1546. to be persecuted, and he fled to France. In 1819 He went to New Granada with the expedition of he went to Lima and the United States, where he Pedro de Heredia (9. v.) in 1533, and in 1537 ac- published, by order of the Mexican patriots, a work companied the expedition of the governor of Carta- advocating independence. In 1824 he went to gena, Pedro Badillo, for the conquest of the prov- Mexico and became secretary of Gen. Michelena on ince of Antioquia, which had been discovered by a diplomatic mission to England. In December of Francisco Cesar. After the unsuccessful return of that year the British government recognized the Badillo, Robledo, with part of the former's followers independence of Mexico. Soon afterward Miche- and fresh troops, penetrated again to the interior lena returned, and Rocafuerte, remaining as chargé in 1539, and founded in the valley of Aserma the d'affaires, concluded in 1826 a commercial treaty city of Santa Ana de los Caballeros. In 1541 he left with Great Britain. In 1830 he resigned and re- Santa Ana with 160 men for the conquest of turned to Mexico, where he was co-editor of the pa- Antioquia, and, after defeating the Pastusos and per • Fénix de la Libertad," attacking the despotic Pijaos Indians, founded the city of Santa Cruz de administration of Gen. Bustamante. For this he Antioquia. He went to Spain in 1542 to obtain a was persecuted, and he resolved to return to Guaya- royal commission as governor, and during his ab- quil, where he arrived in 1833. Soon after his ar- sence Pedro de Heredia and Velaleazar disputed rival he was appointed deputy to congress for the the title to the province, the latter remaining at province of Pichincha, but he was exiled for his last in possession. On Robledo's return from opposition to the administration. The province of Spain in 1546 he tried to reconquer the territory, Guayaquil now declared against the government ROCHA 291 ROCHAMBEAU was SELGGGGGGGGGGGG arms of Gen. Flores, and appointed Rocafuerte supreme | graphia elementaria offrecida ao Governo de sua chief. He was taken prisoner by Flores, but they majestada é acceptada por ellos para el uso dos were reconciled, and Rocafuerte promised to co- volumnos do Collegio Imperial Pedro 11.” (1838); operate in the reorganization of the republic. He and translations of French novels (1839–45). was appointed chief of the provinces of Guayaquil ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Donatien and Manabi, and de Vimeure, Count de (ro-sham-bo), French sol- in 1835 was elect- dier, b. in Vendome, 1 July, 1725 ; d. in his castle ed constitutional at Thoré, 10 May, 1807. His father was a lieuten- president of the ant-general and governor of Vendome. The son republic. He in- was destined for the church, and received his edu- troduced many re- cation in the college of the Jesuits at Blois, when forms, especially the death of his elder brother left him sole heir in the public treas- to the paternal estate. He entered the army in ury. In 1839 he | 1742 as cornet in the regiment of Saint Simon, and appointed served across the Rhine, and in Bavaria and Bo- governor of the hemia. He was promoted as colonel in March, province of Guay- 1747, was present at the siege of Maestricht in aquil, and in 1843 1748, and after the conclusion of peace won for his he was a deputy to regiment a great reputation for precision in drill. the convention On 1 June, 1749, he succeeded his father as gov- that was held in ernor of Vendome. At Minorca, in April, 1756, Quito. The pro- he led his regiment to the assault of Fort St. visional govern-Philippe, and greatly contributed to the capture of ment of 6 March, Port Mahon. He was then created a knight of St. 1845, appointed Louis, promoted brigadier-general, and served with him minister to great credit in Germany in 1758–61. He became Peru, whence he inspector-general of cavalry in 1769, and lieuten- sent and ant-general, 1 March, 1780. Count Rochambeau other implements was appointed to the command of the army that of war. In 1845 was destined to support the American patriots, and he was elected sen- obtained from Louis XVI. permission to increase it ator by four provinces, and in the congress of 1846 to 6,000 men. He embarked at Brest, 2 May, 1780, he became president of the senate. On account of and sailed immediately under the escort of Cheva- the expedition that Gen. Flores was preparing in lier de Ternay with five ships of the line. Off Ber- Europe, Rocafuerte was appointed minister to Chili, muda a British fleet attacked them; but it was Peru, and Bolivia, to arrange for means of defence driven back, and on 12 July they landed safely in against that invasion. Although he was ill, he Rhode Island. Rochambeau began immediately accepted this patriotic mission, but died soon after to erect fortifications by which he prevented Sir his arrival in Lima. The illustration represents his Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot from mak- tomb in Lima. He wrote “Idéas necesarias á todo ing an attack that they had concerted. After es- pueblo independiente, que quiere ser libre” (Phila- tablishing his headquarters at Newport, he wrote delphia, 1820); " Bosquejo ligerísimo de la revolu- to Lafayette, on 27 Aug., urging the adoption of a ción de Méjico, desde el grito de Iguala hasta la pro- cautious plan of operations, and in an interview clamación imperial” (1821); “ El sistema Colom- with Washington at Hartford, on 22 Sept., con- biano popular, electivo y representativo, es el que certed the operations of the following campaign. más conviene á la América independiente" (1823); He established a “ Cartas de un Americano sobre las ventajas de los severe discipline gobiernos republicanos federativos”(London, 1825); among his troops, Ensayo sobre cárceles” and “Ensayo sobre toler- and sent his son ancia religiosa, bajo el aspecto político, y como me- to Paris on 28 dio de colonización y de progreso" (Mexico, 1831). Oct. to urge the ROCHA, Justiniano José da (ro'-chah), Bra- forwarding of zilian journalist, b. in Rio Janeiro, 8 Nov., 1812 ; | money, supplies, d. there in 1863. He received his education in and re-enforce- France, at the College of Henry IV., and returned ments. After re- to S. Paulo, where he was graduated in law. In ceiving tidings of 1836 he founded the periodicals “Atlante and the arrival of " Chronista,” the last in opposition to the regent, Count de Grasse Diego Antonio Feijo. In 1839 he became a mem- with 3,000 men, ber of the Conservative party, and, ceasing to pub- he had another lish the “ Chronista,” founded the · Brazil" in 1840, interview with in which he opposed the declaration of the majority Washington. in of the emperor. When the ministry of the major- which the plan of ity was organized on 24 July, his journal became the the organ of the opposition. In 1838 he had been campaign was de le de Do Rochambeau appointed professor of ancient history and geogra- termined. He phy in the Imperial college of Pedro II. În 1841 left his quarters, 18 June, 1781, and, marching to- he obtained the chair of law in the Military college ward Hudson river, defeated on Manhattan island of Rio Janeiro, and in 1850 he taught Latin and a detachment of Clinton's army, and crossed the French in the same institution. He was also an river as if he intended to enter New Jersey, but, in- of the at , "Consideraçãos sobre a justica criminal no Brazil nine miles from Kingsbridge. This skilful move- é specialmente sobre á juridicção en que son dem- ment compelled Clinton to abandon his proposed onstrado os defeitos radicales de esta tan reputada expedition for the relief of Cornwallis, and obliged Instituição " (Rio Janeiro, 1835); Conciso de geo- the latter to retire from Virginia. After crossing 66 292 ROCHE ROCHAMBEAU Delaware river at Trenton, the united armies were tress of St. Pierre for forty-nine days, and obtained, reviewed by congress at Philadelphia, and Rocham- on 22 March, an honorable capitulation. In 1796 beau and Washington, taking the advance with a he was again appointed governor-general of Santo small escort, arrived at Williamsburg. Va., on 14 Domingo: but, being opposed by the commissioners Sept., where they met Lafayette and Count de of the Directory, he was removed and transported Saint Simon, who had just landed. They concerted to France, where he was imprisoned in the fortress the plan of campaign, and the siege of Yorktown of Ham. He was appointed in 1802 deputy com- was begun on 29 Sept. Two assaults were led mander of the expedition to Santo Domingo, and, against the place by Saint Simon and Rochambeau, landing on 2 Feb. at Fort Dauphin, defeated Tous- and Count de Grasse having driven back the Eng- saint l'Ouverture (9. 20.) at Crête de Pierrot, in the lish fleet, Cornwallis understood that further resist- valley of Artibonite, and at Ravine de Couleuvre, ance was impossible, and he surrendered. After and, pursuing his success, destroyed the insurgent returning to his winter-quarters, Rochambeau sent army in the passes of the Cohas range. After the Lauzun's legion to the aid of Gen. Greene, and, in death of Victor Leclere (9. 2'.), 2 Dec., 1802, he April, 1782, marched to invest New York, but the continued the war with vigor; but his severity and plan was abandoned. After visiting Washington the heavy taxes he imposed upon the country dis- he went to Providence, R. I., and arranged for the pleased the wealthy population, and his army di- embarkation of his army at Boston. He paid again minished daily by desertions, famine, and yellow fe- a visit to Washington at New Windsor, and em- ver. Nevertheless, he recaptured Fort Dauphin, de- barked in Chesapeake bay, 14 Jan., 1783, upon the feated Dessalines and Christophe, and twice relieved frigate “ Émeraude,” arriving in Brest in March the garrison of Jacmel, but was besieged at last in following. After the surrender at Yorktown, con- Cape Français by Dessalines, who was supported gress presented him with two cannons that had by an English fleet. Provisions being exhausted, been taken from the enemy, upon which were en- he evacuated the city, 30 Nov., 1803, and surrendered graved his escutcheon and a suitable inscription. to the English admiral. He was transported to Louis XVI, created him a knight of the Saint Jamaica, and in 1805 was sent to England and Esprit, appointed him governor of Picardy and Ar- imprisoned in a fortress till 1811, when he obtained tois, and presented him with two water-color paint his release by exchange. He took part in the cam- ings by Van Blarenberghe, representing the cap- paign of 1813 in Germany, and commanded a ture of Yorktown, and the English army defiling division of the corps of Lauriston in the battles of before the French and Americans. Before he left Lutzen and Bautzen, and at Leipsic, where he was Boston, congress had presented him with resolu- killed toward the close of the action. tions that praised his bravery, the services he had ROCHE, Alexandre de la, French colonizer, rendered to the cause of independence, and the se- b. in Dieppe in 1594; d. in Le Moule, Guadeloupe, yere discipline he had maintained in his army, and in 1667. He was the younger son of a wealthy had also instructed the secretary of foreign rela- family, early entered the army, and in 1627 joined tions to recommend him to the favor of Louis the expedition of Diel d'Énambue to St. Christo- XVI. He was deputy to the assembly of the nota- pher. He took an honorable part in the contest bles in 1788, repressed riotous movements in Al- between the English and the Spanish in that isl- sace in 1790, was created field-marshal, 28 Dec., and, and in 1635 accompanied Diel du Parquet to 1791, and, after refusing to become secretary of war, Martinique. le assisted in the establishment of was appointed to the command of the Army of the the colony, and was afterward a lieutenant of North, but resigned, 15 June, 1792, and retired to Houel in Guadeloupe. There he founded the city his castle. He was imprisoned in the Conciergerie of Le Moule, in Grande Terre, and built a fort, at Paris in 1793 and narrowly escaped the scaffold. which he successfully defended against the Span- In 1804 he was created a grand officer of the Legion ish. He was granted hereditary letters of nobility of honor by Napoleon and given a pension. One by Louis XIV., with a concession of land that now of the four statues forming a part of the Lafayette forms the counties of Le Moule and Saint François. monument to be erected in Washington by the U. S. ROCHE, James Jeffrey, author, b. in Queen's government, will be that of Rochambeau. Luce county, Ireland, 31 May, 1847. His parents re- de Lancival wrote at his dictation his " Mémoires moved to Prince Edward island when he was an du Maréchal de Rochambeau” (2 vols., Paris, 1809; infant, and he was educated in St. Dunstan's col- translated into English by William E. Wright, lege in that province. He went in 1866 to Boston. London, 1838). His wife died 17 May, 1824.— Mass. In 1883 he joined the editorial staff of the His son, Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeure, • Pilot," and he is still (1888) connected with that Viscount de, French soldier, b. in the castle of journal. Ile has contributed to periodicals and Rochambeau, near Vendome, 7 April, 1750; d. published “Songs and Satires ” (Boston, 1887); near Leipsic, Saxony, 18 Oct., 1813, became in ROCHE, Troilus de Mesgouat, Marquis de la, 1767 a lieutenant in the regiment of Bourbonnois, French colonizer, b. in Nantes, France, in 1549; d. was promoted captain in 1773 and colonel in 1779, in Paris in 1606. He had already attained fame as and in 1780 accompanied his father to the United a general, when he received a commission from States as assistant adjutant-general. On 28 Oct. Henry IV. in 1598, by virtue of which he was em- he was sent to France with cipher despatches for powered to found establishments in New France the king, and in Mareh following he rejoined his and on the coast of North America, of which he father at Newport. He was promoted major-gen- was appointed governor and lieutenant-general. eral in 1791, and lieutenant-general, 9 July, 1792, Hle fitted out three vessels and sailed from Dieppe, appointed in August following governor-general of bringing with him 120 emigrants, most of whom the Leeward islands, and pacified Santo Domingo, were drawn from the French prisons. Champlain but in Martinique he was opposed by the royalist speaks of this expedition and attributes its failure army, under the Count de Behagues, the former to the scant knowledge that his pilot, Guillaume governor-general, who was also supported by the Chetodel, had of the American coast. British. Rochambeau compelled the latter to re-em- gestion of the latter, he landed forty of his men bark; but they returned, 14 Feb., 1794, with 14,000 on Sable island, where they remained nearly seven men. Although his forces numbered only about years without succor, and then explored the shores 700 men, Rochambeau sustained a siege in the for- of Acadia. After obtaining such information as At the sug- ROCHIEFORT 293 ROCHESTER 66 N Pochester he desired, he sailed for France, intending to take great popularity, which caused the royalists to on board those that he had left on Sable island, but give him the mock surname of the “ Saint Vincent he was prevented by head-winds from landing. On de Paul of the liberal party." His life has been his arrival in France his pilot was ordered by the written by his son (1829). His works include parliament of Rouen to go in search of his follow- “ Études sur les prisons de Philadelphie” (Phila- ers, who would have perished of cold and hunger delphia, 1796), and “ Voyage dans les États-Unis" if they had not chanced to discover some wrecked (8 vols., New York, 1795–"7). vessels on the coast. The marquis was imprisoned ROCHESTER, Nathaniel, pioneer, b. in Cople for a year by the Duke de Mercæur, lieutenant of parish, Westmoreland co., Va., 21 Feb., 1752; d. in the king in the provinces of Brittany and Nor-Rochester, N. Y., 17 May, 1831. He was a descend- mandy. After his release he endeavored to obtain ant of Nicholas Rochester, who came to the colony supplies in Paris for his colony, but the contempt of Virginia from the county of Kent, England, in and indifference of the court were insurmountable 1689, and bought obstacles to his enterprise, and he is said to have land in Westmore- died from vexation at not being allowed to com- land county. When plete his discoveries. Narratives of Roche's expe- he was two years of dition are inserted in the - Voyages” of Champiain age his father died, and in the histories of Lescarbot and Charlevoix. and when he was Some writers assign an earlier date for the discov- seven his mother eries and imprisonment of the marquis. married Thomas ROCHEFORT, César de (rosh-for), French au-Critcher, and the thor, b. in Belley in 1630; d. there in 1691. His family removed to real name appears to have been Louis de Poincy. Granville county, He lived for some time in the Antilles, and wrote N. C., in 1763. His * Histoire naturelle et morale des îles Antilles, means of education avec un dictionnaire caraïbe” (Rotterdam, 1658; were limited, but he translated into Dutch, 1662; German, Munich, lost no opportunity 1664; and English, London, 1666), and “ Tableau of his busy life to de l'île de Tabago, ou de la Nouvelle-Oualchre, make good any early l'une des Antilles de l'Amérique” (Leyden, 1665). deficiencies. In 1768 ROCHEFOUCAULD . LIANCOURT D'ES. he became a clerk in TISSAC, François Alexandre Fréderic, Duke Hillsboro, N. C., and de la (rosh-foo-co), French publicist, b. in La in 1773 entered into partnership with his employer. Roche-Guyon, 14 Jan., 1747; d. in Paris, 28 March, In 1775 he was appointed a member of the com- 1827. He was known in his youth as Count de mittee of safety for Orange county, and in August, la Rochefoucauld, but in 1767 took the title of 1775, he attended, as a member, the first provincial Duke de Liancourt, and on 28 May, 1783, succeeded convention in North Carolina, and was made pay- his father as a peer. He rose to be a lieutenant- master, with the rank of major, of the North Caro- general in 1790, and was knighted in 1784. As ear- lina line, consisting of four regiments. On the re- ly as 1775 he carried on agricultural improvements assembling of the convention in May, 1776, the on his estate of Liancourt, and in 1780 founded provincial force was increased to ten regiments, there, at his own expense, a school of mechanical and a resolution was passed, 10 May, “ that Na- arts for soldiers' sons, which has become the school thaniel Rochester, Esquire, be appointed a Deputy of " Arts et métiers" of France. He was a favorite Commissary-General of military and other stores of Louis XVI., who reposed much confidence in in this county for the use of the Continental army.” him, and sought his advice before concluding a He entered upon his duties at once; but his health treaty of alliance with the United States, which the failed, and he was compelled to resign. The same duke urged him to sign. He was deputy to the as- year he was elected to the legislature of North sembly of notables in 1788, and to the states-gen- Carolina. He filled other useful offices, and was eral in 1789, presided over the constituent assem- a commissioner to establish and superintend a bly during the night of 4 Aug., 1789, in which the manufactory of arms at Hillsboro, the iron for abolition of titles of nobility was voted, was mili- which had to be drawn from Pennsylvania in wag- tary commander at Rouen in 1792, and endeavored ons. In 1778 he began business again with Col. to save the king. He was dismissed, 12 Aug., 1792, Thomas Hart, father-in-law of Henry Clay, and and passed to England, where he sojourned till James Brown, afterward minister to France, and 1794, when he came to the United States. After in 1783, in connection with the former, he began travelling through the principal states, he devoted the “ manufacture of flour, rope, and nails himself to the study of the agricultural methods of Hagerstown, Md. . While living in that place he the country, and bought a farm in Pennsylvania, became in succession a member of the Maryland where he spent some time in experiments. In 1798 assembly, postmaster, and judge of the county he visited Denmark and Holland, and in 1799 he court, and in 1808 he was chosen a presidential returned to live on his estate of Liancourt, which elector, and voted for James Madison. He became Bonaparte restored to him; but he steadily refused the first president of the Hagerstown bank that to accept any office at the imperial court, though year, and at that time was conducting large mer- he was a member of the corps legislatif during the cantile establishments in Kentucky as well as in whole of Napoleon's reign. At the restoration of Maryland. In 1800 he first visited the “Genesee Louis XVIII. he was created a peer, and afterward country," where he had previously bought 640 acres, he devoted himself to the prosecution of useful and in September of that year he made large pur- arts and to benevolent institutions. He established chases of land in Livingston county, N. Y., near in Paris the first savings-bank, and was also influ- Dansville, in connection with Maj. Charles (ar- ential in introducing vaccination in France. To- roll, Col. William Fitzhugh, and Col. Hilton. In ward the close of his life he became an eager op- | 1802 he purchased, jointly with Carroll and Fitz- ponent of the government, advocating American hugh, the 100-acre or Allan Mill tract," in Falls principles and American institutions, and acquired Town (now Rochester), and in May, 1810, he re- through his benevolence and philanthropic actions moved from Hagerstown and settled near Dans- at 294 ROCKWELL ROCKINGHAM Rohingham ville, where he remained five years, building a ' by the king and was not supported by his col- paper-mill and making various improvements. In leagues. The ministry made a show of carrying 1815 he removed to Bloomfield, Ontario co., and the stamp-act into execution, but recoiled from the in April, 1818, took up his residence in Rochester, work of enforcing it with the bayonet, and when the which had been named for him. In 1816 he was manifestations in America had made clear the state a second time chosen a presidential elector, in of feeling there, Rockingham was able, in March, January, 1817, he was secretary of a convention 1766, to secure the held at Canandaigua to urge the construction of repeal of the stamp the Erie canal, and in the course of the year he duties. Before he went to Albany as agent of the petitioners for the succeeded in redeem- erection of Monroe county, but did not succeed in ing his promise to re- his mission until 1821. He was the first clerk of move the restrictions the new county, and its first representative in the on commerce or to state legislature of 1821-2. In 1824 he was promi- carry further meas- nent in organizing the Bank of Rochester, and was ures of conciliation made its first president. Shortly afterward he re- he was compelled, by signed the post and retired from active life. He the defection of the was in religion an Episcopalian, and was one of Duke of Grafton and the founders of St. Luke's church in Rochester. the ill will of the -His grandson, Thomas Fortescue, physician, king, to give up the b. in Rochester, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1823; d. in Buffalo, seals of office in May. N. Y., 24 May, 1887, was graduated M. A. at Ho- During the minis- bart (then Geneva) college in 1845, and studied tries of the Duke of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He Grafton and Lord was graduated M. D. in 1848, and after serving North he combated for a year as interne in Bellevue hospital, New the errors of his suc- r York, continued his studies in Europe for a year cessors, and led in op- and a half longer, and then began practice in position the younger New York city. He married, on 6 May, 1852, statesmen that finally repaired them. At the Margaret Munro, daughter of Bishop William H. height of the crisis, when England, distracted by De Lancey. In 1853 he established himself in faction, had to face a coalition of France, Spain, and Buffalo, where he took the chair of the principles the United States, Rockingham was again called to and practice of medicine, together with that of the direction of affairs, but had scarcely taken up the clinical medicine, in the Medical department of work when he died. He accepted office on the ex- the university of Buffalo. From 1853 till 1883 he press condition that peace should be concluded with was attending physician to the Sisters of Charity the United States, and began negotiations with the hospital, and in 1861 he became consulting physi- belligerents. In the earlier stages of the conflict cian to the Buffalo general hospital. In March, Rockingham and his secretary, Edmund Burke, 1863, he was appointed a special inspector of field were not inclined to accept the claims of the colo- hospitals. He was president of the New York nists to immunity from taxation and from parlia- state medical society in 1875–6, and its delegate to mentary control that were supported by William the International medical congress at Philadelphia Pitt. Rockingham was the representative of the in 1876. Besides many technical papers on profes- aristocratic traditions of the Whig party, while sional topics, he published “The Army Surgeon Pitt was the precursor of Democratic ideas. He (Buffalo, 1863); and “ Medical Men and Medical was not an orator, and as a man of affairs was Matters in 1776” (Albany, 1876).- Another grand- hampered by a timid disposition. Yet his good son, William Beatty, soldier, b. in Angelica, N. Y., sense and his uprightness in a period of corruption 15 Feb., 1826, entered the U. S. service as major and intrigue aided in regenerating the Whig party. and additional paymaster of volunteers on 1 June, Burke, in eulogizing his patron, said that “in op- 1861. He was transferred to the permanent estab- position he respected the principles of government, lishment as paymaster on 17 Jan., 1867, and on 17 and in the ministry protected the liberties of the Feb., 1882, was appointed paymaster-general of the people.” See the Earl of Albemarle's " Memoirs of army, with the rank of brigadier-general. See the Marquis of Rockingham and his Contempora- “ Early History of the Rochester Family in Ameri- ries” (London, 1852). ca," by Nathaniel Rochester (Buffalo, 1882). ROCKWELL, Alphonso David, physician, b. ROCKINGHAM, Charles Watson Went. in New Canaan, Conn., 18 May, 1810. He was worth, Marquis of, English statesman, b. in Eng- educated at Kenyon college and graduated in medi- land, 19 March, 1730; d. in Wimbledon, Surrey, cine at Bellevue medical college, New York city, England, 1 July, 1782. He attached himself with in 1864. Entering the army as assistant surgeon ardor to the Whig party in his youth, escaping of the 6th Ohio cavalry, he was soon promoted from home in December, 1745, to bear arms in the surgeon of brigade with the rank of major, and army of the Duke of Cumberland against the last served through the campaigns of 1864 and 1865 in of the Stuarts. The Hanoverian princes rewarded Virginia. In 1866 he associated himself with Dr. his devotion with distinctions and honors. In 1750 George M. Beard for the study of the uses of elec- he succeeded his father in the marquisate. The tricity in the cure of nervous diseases. He was reactionary course of George III. impelled him to electro-therapeutist to the New York state women's resign his office of lord chamberlain, and on the hospital from 1874 till 1884, and has since been death of the Duke of Devonshire in 1764 he became professor of electro-therapeutics in the New York the recognized chief of the Whig party, and was post-graduate medical school and hospital. With called on 30 June, 1765, to preside over a cabinet. Dr. Beard, he was the originator of important meth- The principal task that he set before himself was ' ods of using electricity, especially general faradiza- to restore a harmonious feeling between the mother tion as a tonic agent, and the pioneer in establish- country and the colonies in North America, exas- ing electro-therapeutics on a scientific basis in the perated as they had been by the measures of the United States, where electricity had been neglected preceding ministry. In this object he was opposed by the profession and had fallen into the hands of ROCKWELL 295 RODDEY 66 cer 66 charlatans. He described the constitutional effects claims he was the chief originator of the court of of general electrization in the “ New York Medical claims in Washington, to which he mainly con- Record " in 1866, and subsequently wrote, with Dr. fined his practice after his service in congress. lle Beard, five articles on “Medical Uses of Elec- was the author of a standard treatise on “Spanish tricity" which attracted much attention and were and American Law in Relation to Mines and Titles translated into various European languages. In to Real Estate” (2 vols., New York, 1851-2). 1868 he published an article on “General Electri- ROCKWELL, Julius, jurist, b. in Colebrook, zation in certain Uterine Disorders,” and in 1869 Conn., 26 April, 1805; d. in Lenox, Mass., 19 May, he issued a monograph on Electricity as a Means 1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1826, studied of Diagnosis." He also published an article on at the law-school, was admitted to the bar in 1829, the ** Comparative Value of the Galvanic and Fara- and settled in Pittsfield, Mass., in the following dic Currents” in 1870; in 1871 one on “ Electroly- year. He was elected a member of the Massachu- sis and its Application to the Treatment of Disease." setts legislature in 1834, its speaker in 1835–8, and There appeared also an exhaustive treatise, by him then served as bank commissioner for three years. conjointly with Dr. Beard, on the “ Medical and He was a representative in congress from 2 Feb., Surgical Uses of Electricity” (New York, 1872; 1844, till 3 March, 1851, having been elected as a revised ed., 1875; new ed., with much additional Whig for four successive terms. He was a delegate matter, 1878; 6th revised ed., New York, 1888). to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in Among his other monographs and papers are 1853. On Edward Everett's resignation of his seat “ Clinical Researches in Electro-Surgery” (1873); in the U.S. senate, Mr. Rockwell was appointed to " Application of Electricity to the Central Nervous fill the vacancy, and served from 15 June, 1854, till System” (1873); “ Electrolytic Treatment of Can- Henry Wilson was elected by the legislature and (1874); “ Physiological and Therapeutical took his seat on 10 Feb., 1855. He was a presi- Relations of Electricity to the Nervous System” dential elector on the Frémont ticket in 1856, was (1875); “ Aphasia" (1876); “ Intermittent Hemi- again elected to the state house of representatives plegia" (1877); a volume of ". Lectures on the Re, in 1858, and was chosen speaker, which office he lation of Electricity to Medicine and Surgery” had held when in the legislature before. In 1859 (1878); “Use of Electricity in the Treatment of he was appointed one of the judges of the superior Epilepsy" (1880); “ Differential Indications for the court of Massachusetts, serving till 1871, when he Use of the Dynamic and Franklinic Forms of resigned. He has since resided in Lenox, Mass., and Electricity” (1882); and “Successful Treatment of been connected with various banks.-His cousin, Extra-Uterine Pregnancy" (1883). Charles, author, b. in Colebrook, Conn., 22 Nov., ROCKWELL, James Otis, poet, b. in Lebanon, 1806; d. in Albany, N. Y., 17 April, 1882, was Conn., 3 Nov., 1808 ; d. in Providence, R. I., 7 graduated at Yale in 1826, taught for five years in June, 1831. His family removed to Manlius, N. Y., the American deaf and dumb asylum, Hartford, when he was about fourteen years old. He was Conn., and then studied theology at Andover semi- apprenticed to a printer in Utica, and soon began nary, where he was graduated in 1834. He was or- to write poems that gained for him more than dained on 30 Sept., 1834, as a Congregational min- a local reputation. Going to Boston at the age ister, was a chaplain in the U.S. navy for the next of eighteen, he worked at his trade, and subse- three years, and from 1838 till 1845 was pastor of a quently obtained editorial employment in the office church at Chatham, Mass. He afterward preached of the “Statesman.” In the autumn of 1829 he in Michigan and Kentucky and in New England became editor of the Providence “ Patriot.” Some towns, taught in Boston, Mass., and Brooklyn, of his poetry is preserved in Rufus W. Griswold's N. Y., in 1856-'9, was pastor of the Reformed church * Poets and Poetry of America (Philadelphia, at Kiskatom, N. Y., in 1860-'6, and afterward sup- 1842), and in Charles W. Everest's “ Poets of Con- plied various pulpits. He was the author of necticut” (Hartford, 1843). *Sketches of Foreign Travel and Life at Sea” (2 ROCKWELL, Joel Edson, clergyman, b. in vols., Boston, 1842), and “ The Catskill Mountains Salisbury, Vt., 4 May, 1816; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., and the Region Around” (New York, 1867). 29 July, 1882. He was graduated at Amherst in ROCKWOOD, Charles Greene, mathematician, 1837, and in 1841 at Union theological seminary, b. in New York city, 11 Jan., 1843. He was gradu- New York city, ordained on 13 Oct., 1841, and was ated at Yale in 1864, where in 1866 he received ihe pastor of the Presbyterian church at Valatie, N. Y., degree of Ph. D. in course for advanced scientific till 1847, and then for four years in Wilmington, studies. In 1868 he was called to the professorship Del. He next had charge of the Central church in of mathematics and natural philosophy at Bowdoin, Brooklyn, N. Y., till 1868, and subsequently of the and in 1873 he accepted that of mathematics and church at Stapleton, on Staten island. From 1852 astronomy at Rutgers, whence in 1877 he passed till 1860 he edited the “Sabbath-School Visitor" in to the chair of mathematics in Princeton, which he New York city. He received the degree of D. D. now (1888) holds. Prof. Rockwood was a member from Jefferson college in 1859. He published of the Princeton eclipse expedition that was sent to * Sketches of the Presbyterian Church” (Phila- Colorado in 1878, is a fellow of the American as- delphia, 1854); " The Young Christian Warned sociation for the advancement of science, and a (1857); “ Visitors' Questions” (1857); “Scenes and member of the American metrological society, of Impressions Abroad” (New York, 1859); and “ My which he was the first secretary. lle has acquired Sheet-Anchor” (Philadelphia, 1864). considerable reputation by his studies of American ROCKWELL, John Arnold, jurist, b. in Nor- earthquakes, on which subject he has , , contributed wich, Conn., 27 Aug., 1803; d. in Washington, papers to the “ American Journal of Science" since D. C., 10 Feb., 1861. He was graduated at Yale in 1872. The annual summaries of progress in vul- 1822, and studied and practised law in Norwich. canology and seismology in the reports of the Fle was a state senator in 1838–²9, became judge of Smithsonian institution for 1884-'6 were his. the New London county court in 1840, and in 1845 RODDEY, Philip Dale, soldier, b. in North Was elected to congress, serving two terms. Among Carolina in 1818. He was for many years owner the measures that he introduced was one for com- and captain of steamboats in the navigation of muting the spirit ration in the navy for its equiva- Tennessee river. He organized a company of scouts lent in money. As chairman of the coinmittee on early in 1861 for the Confederate service, and sub- 19 296 RODGERS RODENBOUGII John Rodges sequently a brigade, and was commissioned briga- the close of February, 1776, he removed his family dier-general, 31 Aug., 1863. His command was from New York, and did not return till its evacua- clothed, armed, and subsisted without cost to the tion by the British at the end of the war. During Confederate government. He was one of the most the summer of 1776 he acted as chaplain to Gen. successful of partisan officers, and was engaged in William Heath's brigade. The following winter he many of the great battles. Since 1870 he has re- spent in the south, sided chiefly in London, England. and was reported as RODENBOUGH, Theophilus Francis, soldier, engaged in an at- b. in Easton, Pa., 5 Nov., 1838. He was educated tempt to win over at Lafayette college, engaged in mercantile busi- the Regulators of ness, and on 27 March, 1861, was appointed 2d North Carolina to lieutenant in the 2d U. S. dragoons. He was pro- the American cause. moted 1st lieutenant on 14 May, was engaged at He was chaplain of Gaines's Mills and the subsequent operations of the New York pro- the peninsular campaign of 1862, being promoted vincialcongress, and captain on 17 July, was captured at Manassas, but afterward of the was immediately exchanged. and commanded a council of safety, squadron in Stoneman's raid and a regiment at and of the first legis- Gettysburg. He was engaged in the cavalry opera- lature in 1777. Dur- tions of 1864, was wounded at Trevillian's Station, ing the war he and again at Winchester, losing his right arm preached at Amenia, while leading his regiment in a charge. He was N. Y., Danbury, brevetted major for his bravery on this occasion, Conn., and Laming- and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct dur- ton, N.J. The Brit- ing the war, was appointed colonel of the 18th ish used the church Pennsylvania cavalry on 29 April, 1865, and re- in Wall street for ceived the brevets of brigadier-general' of volun- barracks, and the brick church on Beekman street teers for services during the war, of colonel, U. S. for a hospital, and left both in ruins. While they army, for bravery at Todd's Tavern, and of briga- were rebuilding, the vestry of Trinity church per- dier-general, U. S. army, for gallant conduct at mitted the Presbyterians to worship in St. Paul's Cold Harbor. He was mustered out of the volun- church and St. George's chapel. The united Pres- teer service on 31 Oct., 1865, became major of the byterian congregations decided to employ but one 42d U. S. infantry on 28 July, 1866, and was re- minister, and he remained the sole pastor till a tired from active service on 15 Dec., 1870, on ac- coadjutor was engaged in 1789. Dr. Rodgers was count of wounds received in the line of duty, with moderator of the first general assembly held in the full rank of colonel of cavalry. He became 1789. He was vice-chancellor of the New York secretary of the Military service institution in state university from its creation in 1787, and was 1879, and as assistant inspector-general of the state chosen president of the Missionary society, which of New York in 1880–'3 was efficient in improving was established in 1796. A contemporary says: the militia organization. Gen. Rodenbough is the - Dr. Rodgers is certainly the most accomplished author of “From Everglade to Cañon with the gentleman for a clergyman, not to except even Dr. Second Dragoons" (New York, 1875); “ Afghanis- Cooper, that I have ever been acquainted with. He tan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute” (1886); and lives in elegant style, and entertains company as Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor" (1887). genteelly as any gentleman in the city.” RODES, Robert Emmett, b. in Lynchburg, RODGERS, John, naval officer, b. in Harford Va., 29 March, 1829; d. in Winchester, Va., 19 county, Md., 11 July, 1771; d. in Philadelphia, Sept. , 1864. He was graduated at Virginia mili- Pa., 1 Aug., 1838. His father was a Scotchman, tary institute in 1848, and was professor in the in- and served as colonel of militia in the war of inde- stitute for several years. He then moved to Mo- pendence. The son entered the merchant marine bile, Ala., entered the Confederate army as colonel when he was thirteen years old, and was a captain of the 5th Alabama infantry in 1861, and was pro- in 1789. He entered the navy as lieutenant, 9 moted brigadier-general, 21 Oct., 1861, and major- March, 1798, and was executive of the “ Constella- general, 2 May, 1863. His brigade was composed tion” at the capture of the French frigate “ L'In- of six Alabama regiments of infantry, in Gen. Dan- surgente ” off Nevis, W. I., 9 Feb., 1799, receiving iel H. Hill's division, Jackson's corps, Army of a silver medal and vote of thanks to Capt. Trur- Northern Virginia. His division was composed of tun and his officers for this capture. He took the the brigades of Gens. Doles, Daniel, and Ramseur. Insurgente" to port and suppressed an attempt He was killed at the battle of Winchester. of the captured crew to rise against his prize crew RODGERS, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, of eleven men. Obtaining leave, he bought a ves- Mass., 5 Aug., 1727; d. in New York city, 7 May, sel and sailed to Santo Domingo, where he saved 1811. His parents removed in 1728 to Philadel- many lives in an insurrection of slaves. He was phia, Pa. He was fitted for the ministry by Rev. promoted to captain, 5 March, 1799, and in March, Samuel Blair at New Londonderry, Pa., and on 16 1801, carried despatches to France. He was as- March, 1749, was installed as pastor of the Presby- signed the " John Adams” in 1802, sailed to Trip- terian church at St. George's, Del. In September, oli, and in May, 1803, captured the Moorish ship 1765, on the death of David Bostwick, he assumed Meshonda” in an attempt to run the blockade. the pastoral charge of the latter's congregation in On 21 July, 1803, he destroyed a Tripolitan corsair, New York city, which rapidly grew in numbers, after engagement with nine gun-boats, in which and in 1767 erected a second building, on the cor- the “ Enterprise" co-operated. He returned home ner of Beekman and Nassau streets. In 1768 he in December, 1803, but in July, 1804, again sailed received the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh uni- to Tripoli in command of the “ Congress," joining versity. He was an antagonist of the Episcopalians, the squadron under Com. Barron, whom he suc- through whose influence an act of incorporation, ceeded in command on 22 May, 1805. Rodgers was refused to his society, and throughout the Revo- continued the operations, and on 3 June, 1805, ob- lution he was an ardent and active patriot. Near tained a treaty with Tripoli abolishing the tribute 0 RODGERS 297 RODGERS 66 99 that had been exacted of European powers and formation. He was commissioned commander, 14 forbidding slavery of Christian captives. In Sep- Sept., 1855, and continued on special duty in con- tember, 1805, he compelled the bey of Tunis to nection with the report of the exploring expedition. sign a similar treaty, after which he returned home. In 1861 he was among the first to ask for duty in He was then in charge of gun-boats at New York the civil war, and in May, 1861, was ordered to until 1809. From February, 1809, till 1812 Rod- superintend the building of the “ Benton" class of gers commanded the home squadron, cruising on western river iron-clads. In November he joined the Atlantic coast to prevent impressment of the expedition to Port Royal, where he hoisted the Americans by British cruisers. At 8 P. M., on 16 flag on Fort Walker after the engagement. In May, 1811, in his flag-ship, the “ President,” near May, 1862, he commanded an expedition in James New York, he hailed a strange vessel, who repeated river, leading in the attack on Fort Darling, 15 the hail and fired a gun, the shot from which struck May, 1862, during which his vessel, the “ Galena," the President's " main-mast. The shot was an- an iron-clad steamer, was hit 129 times, two thirds swered and several broadsides were exchanged, of his crew were killed or wounded, and all his am- which demonstrated the stranger's inferiority. munition was expended, when he withdrew. He was At daylight Rodgers boarded the crippled vessel, commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862, and in 1863 which was the British ship“ Little Belt,” whose sailed in command of the monitor - Weehawken' captain declined assistance. This episode widened from New York, encountering a heavy gale off the breach between the countries, and contra- the Delaware breakwater, where he declined to dictory reports were made, but a regular court ac- take refuge because he wished to test the sea-going quitted Rodgers of all blame. The British made qualities of monitors. On 17 June, 1863, he fought no investigation. Three days after the declaration the powerful Confederate iron - clad “ Atlanta," of war in 1812 he sailed in the “ President,” in which he captured, after an engagement of fifteen command of a squadron, to intercept the British minutes, in War- West India fleet, and on 23 June, 1812, he met the saw sound, Ga., British frigate “ Belvidera,” which escaped after during, which a running fight of eight hours. Rodgers was the Weehawk- wounded in the engagement by the bursting of a en” fired only gun on the “ President.” The captain himself fired five shots. Con- the first gun—the first shot in the war. He made gress gave him four cruises, searching for British men-of-war, in a formal vote of the “ President," and on the third visited Irish thanks for his channel, capturing twelve vessels, including the “eminent zeal “ Highflyer. His prizes numbered twenty-three and ability," and in all, and applause and honors greeted his return. he was promoted In June, 1814, he went to assist in the defence of to commodore Baltimore, where he rendered valuable service in from 17 June, command of the sailors and marines that, co-oper- 1863, the date of ating with the military, defeated the British in the his victory. He battle of North Point and the attack on Fort commanded the McHenry. The naval forces under Rodgers de monitor “ Dicta- fended the water battery, the auxiliary forts Cov- tor" in 1864–5, ington and Babcock, and the barges of the naval on special ser- flotilla. At a critical moment several vessels were vice. In 1866 he sunk in the channel to prevent the larger British took the double- frigates from passing. After the war he declined turret monitor “ Monadnock” through the Straits the office of secretary of the navy, but was ap- of Magellan to San Francisco. He stopped at Val- pointed president of the naval commissioners, which paraiso just before its bombardment by the Span- office he held from 1815 till 1837, except for the ish, which, with Gen. Kilpatrick, the U. S. min- years 1824-'7, when he commanded the Mediter- ister, he strove to prevent. He proposed joint ranean squadron. His father's male descendants armed interference to the English admiral, but the are numerous, and, as a rule, have entered the army latter refused to co-operate. These negotiations or navy. — Ilis son, John, naval officer, b. in added to his reputation as a diplomatist. He Harford county, Md., 8 Aug., 1812; d. in Wash- had charge of the Boston navy-yard in 1866–9, ington, D. C., 5 May, 1882, entered the navy as was commissioned rear-admiral, 31 Dec., 1869, and midshipman, 18 April, 1828, served in the “Con- commanded the Asiatic fleet in 1870–2, when he stellation” in the Mediterranean in 1829–32, at- rendered great service by suppressing outrages on tended the naval school at Norfolk in 1832–²4, and American commerce by the Coreans. Admiral became passed midshipman in the last-named year. Rodgers was commandant of Mare island navy- After a year's leave, during which he attended the yard, Cal., in 1873–7, and superintendent of the University of Virginia, he was in the brig “ Dol-U. S. naval observatory at Washington from 1 May, phin," on the Brazil station, in 1836–’9, and com- 1877, until his death. His services at the observa- manded the schooner Wave” on the coast of tory contributed to the advancement of science, Florida in 1839. He was commissioned lieutenant, and under his administration Prof. Asaph Hall 22 Jan., 1840, had charge of the schooner “ Jeffer- discovered the moons of Mars. Admiral Rodgers son” in surveying the Florida Keys, and in hos- was also successful in his efforts to have a new tilities with the Seminoles in 1840–'3, and was site selected for a future observatory. He was again surveying on the coast of Florida in 1849–’52. president of the transit of Venus commission. In The charts and sailing directions for this coast 1863 he had been one of the fifty corporate mem- bear witness to his faithful work. He commanded bers of the National academy of sciences that the steamer “John Hancock” and the U. S. sur- were named by congress in that year. On 23 June, veying and exploring expedition in the North Pa- 1878, he was elected to succeed Prof. Joseph Henry cific and China seas in 1852–5. In April, 1855, he as chairman of the light-house board, and per- took the “Vincennes ” into the Arctic ocean, and sonally superintended and participated in experi- obtained valuable commercial and scientific in- ments in optics and acoustics to improve the ser- John Rodgers 66 298 RODMAN RODGERS vice. His able counsels were in constant demand | Admiral Rodgers presided over the international on advisory boards, especially for reconstructing conference at Washington in 1885 for the purpose the navy, and for the “Jeannette" relief expedition, of fixing a prime meridian and universal day.- for which his personal knowledge of the Polar sea Another son, George Washington, naval officer, was valuable." See a memoir by Prof. J. Russell b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 30 Oct., 1822; d. off Charles- Soley, U. S. navy, (printed privately, Annapolis, ton harbor, S. C., 17 Aug., 1863, entered the navy 1882).—The first John's brother, George Wash: as midshipman, 30 April, 1836, became passed mid- ington, naval officer, b. in Harford county, Md., 22 shipman, 1 July, 1842, and was in the steamer“ Col. Feb., 1787; d. in Buenos Ayres, South America, 21 Harney” and the frigate " John Adams” during May, 1832. entered the navy as midshipman, 2 the Mexican war, at Vera Cruz, Tuspan, Alvarado, April, 1804, was commissioned lieutenant, 24 April, and other points on the Gulf coast, where he served 1810, and served in the sloop “Wasp" in the cap- as acting master from 4 Nov., 1846. He was on ture of the “Frolic," 18 Oct., 1812, for which he the U. S. coast survey in 1849–50, was commis- was included in a vote of thanks by congress, and sioned lieutenant, 4 June, 1850, cruised in the received a silver medal. He commanded the brig “Germantown” on the home station in 1851–3, “ Firefly” in the Algerine war in 1815, was com- and was at the naval academy in 1861-2. In missioned master-commandant, 27 April, 1816, and April, 1861, he saved the “ Constitution” from a had charge of the ship “ Peacock” in 1816–'18 in threatened attack by secessionists at Annapolis, the Mediterranean. He was commissioned cap- and took the naval academy to Newport, R. I. He tain, 3 March, 1825, was on the board of examiners was commissioned commander, 16 Jan., 1862, and in 1828–'30, and at his death was commodore com- in October commanded the monitor “ Catskill,” in manding the Brazil squadron. His wife, Anna which he participated in the attacks on Charles- Maria, sister to Com. Perry, d. in New London, ton. On 7 April , 1863, he impetuously took her Conn., 7 Dec., 1858, aged sixty.—Their son, Chris. almost under the walls of Fort Sumter. Admiral topher Raymond Perry, naval officer, b. in Dahlgren appointed him chief of staff, 4 July, Brooklyn, N. Y., 14 Nov., 1819, was appointed a 1863, and, still commanding the “ Catskill," he midshipman on 5 Oct., 1833, and while serving on was distinguished by the cool and deliberate man- the schooner “Flirt” in 1839 and in command ner in which he fought his ship. In the attack on of the schooner “ Phænix” in 1840–'1, was active- Fort Wagner, 17 Aug., 1863, he took command ly engaged in the of his vessel as usual, and while in the pilot-house Seminole war. He he was instantly killed by a shot that struck the was promoted lieu- top of the house and broke it in. It was of Com- tenant on 4 Sept., mander Rodgers that Miles O'Reilly wrote one of 1844, was engaged his most admired stanzas: in blockading the “Ah me! George Rodgers lies coast of Mexico in With dim and dreamless eyes, 1847, and was in the He has airly won the prize trenches at the siege Of the sthriped and starry shroud." of Vera Cruz and RODMAN, Isaac Peace, soldier, b. in South the capture of Ta- Kingston, R. I., 18 Aug., 1822; d. in Sharpsburg, basco and Tuspan. Md., 30 Sept., 1862. He received a common-school In 1856–'? he com- education, entered into partnership with his father, manded the steamer and became a prominent woollen-manufacturer. “ Bibb” and the He sat in both houses of the legislature for several schooner“Gallatin” terms. At the first call for troops in 1861 he in the coast sur- raised a company, which was incorporated in the vey. He was com- 2d Rhode Island regiment, and was engaged at missioned as com- Bull Run. For gallantry in that action he was mander on 15 Oct., made lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Rhode Island 1861, and served with distinction on the “ Wabash," volunteers, 25 Oct., 1861, and soon afterward was and as fleet-captain of Rear-Admiral Samuel F. promoted colonel. He served with great credit at Du Pont's fleet at the battle of Port Royal and in Roanoke island and New Berne, and in the capture command of the naval force in the trenches at the of Fort Macon, and in July, 1862, was commis- capture of Fort Pulaski. He directed the move- sioned as brigadier-general of volunteers, to date ments of a fleet of gun-boats that was engaged in from 28 April . At the Antietam he commanded occupying strategic points on the coast south of the 3d division of the 9th corps, and was mortally Port Royal, commanding an expedition to St. wounded while leading a charge. Augustine and up St. Mary's river in March, 1862, RODMAN, Thomas Jefferson, soldier, b. in and was fleet-captain in the “ New Ironsides” in Salem, Ind., 30 July, 1815; d. in Rock Island, II., 7 the attack of 7 April, 1863, on the defences of June, 1871. He was graduated at the V'. S. mili- Charleston and in the subsequent operations of tary academy in 1841, assigned to the ordnance de- the South Atlantic blockading squadron, till in the partment, and served at Alleghany arsenal till 1848, autumn of 1863 he was assigned to the command of going to Richmond, Va., in 1845 to prepare machine the steam sloop “ Iroquois,” in which he was em- ery for testing gun-metal and supervise the manu- ployed on special service till the end of the war. facture of cannon, and to Boston in September, He was commissioned as captain on 25 July, 1866, 1846, for the purpose of experimenting with Col. commanded the “ Franklin " in the Mediterranean George Bomford's columbiads of 12-inch calibre. in 1868–70, became a commodore on 28 Aug., He invented a method of casting guns on a hollow 1870, was on special service in Europe in 1871, core, through which a stream of cold water is kept then chief of the bureau of yards and docks till running, greatly improving their tenacity. In 1847 1874, was commissioned as rear-admiral on 14 he supervised the manufacture of columbiads on June, 1874, and was superintendent of the naval this system at Pittsburg, Pa. During the Mexican academy, except in 1878–80, when he commanded war he served as ordnance officer at Camargo and the naval forces in the Pacific, until on 14 Nov., Point Isabel depots. Returning to Alleghany ar- 1881, he was placed on the retired list. Rear: senal, he continued his experiments. He was in C.R.P. Rodgers RODNEY 299 RODNEY besar daney command of the arsenal in 1854, and of the one at 1707 was appointed justice of New Castle. Cæsar Baton Rouge, La., in 1855–6. Although colum- inherited a large estate from his father, Cæsar biads made by his method showed greater power of (1707-'45). In 1755—'8 he was high sheriff of Kent resistance than those that were cast solid, yet they county, and at the expiration of his term he was failed under severe tests, and, as the result of a made a justice of the series of experiments at Pittsburg in 1856, he recom- peace and judge of mended that no more guns of large calibre should all the lower courts. be made of that pattern. In 1857–18 he experi- In 1756 he was a cap- mented with a pressure-gauge of his invention, con- tain in the county sisting of a piston working in a hole bored into the militia. In 1759 he wall of a gun and acting on an indenting tool, for was a superintendent the purpose of determining the pressure in the for the printing of bore at different points. He devised a new form of £27,000 of Delaware columbiad which was determined on the hypothesis currency, and commis- that the pressure is inversely as the square root of sioner for the support the space behind the shot. The first 15-inch Rod- of a company raised man gun was completed in May, 1860. In the trials, for the French and In- mammoth (or very large-grained) powder, and pow- dian war. In 1762–'3 der in perforated cakes, were also tested, and in the he represented Kent following year the mammoth powder was adopted county in the assem- for heavy ordnance. The perforated cake powder bly, was recorder in for rified cannon of large calibre was at once 1764, and justice of the adopted by the Russian government, which ob- peace in 1764–’6. In tained specimens from Fortress Monroe in 1860, 1765 he was sent as a and soon afterward came into use in Prussia, and delegate to the stamp- more recently the military authorities in England act congress at New York, and on the repeal of that decided on using the mammoth powder, there act he was one of three commissioners that were called pebble powder, in their big rifled guns. appointed by the legislature of Delaware to frame Rodman, who had reached the grade of captain of an address of thanks to the king. In 1766 he was ordnance on 1 July, 1855, and was promoted major made register of bills, and in 1767, when the tea- on 1 June, 1863, was in command of Watertown act was proposed by the British parliament, the arsenal during the civil war, being detached at in- Delaware assembly appointed him, with Thomas tervals for various services, especially to supervise McKean and George Read, to formulate a second the manufacture and trials of 12-inch rifled and address to the king, in which armed resistance to 20-inch smooth-bore cannon. Many 13- and 15-inch tyranny was foreshadowed. In 1769 he was super- Rodman guns were made during the war for the intendent of the loan office, and from 1769 till 1773 monitors and the forts along the coast. The meth- was an associate justice. In 1770 he was clerk of od of casting about a hollow core and cooling the the peace, and in 1770-'4 Dedimus potestatimus. metal from the inside was applied to shells as well In 1772 he was a commissioner to erect the state- as to cannon, and from 27 Sept., 1864, he was en- house and other public buildings in Dover. A bill gaged in supervising the manufacture of ordnance having been introduced into the colonial assembly and projectiles by this method. He originated the for the better regulation of slaves, Mr. Rodney idea of making heavy guns without preponderance warmly supported a motion that the bill be so at the breech, on which plan all the heavy cast-iron amended as to prohibit the importation of slaves cannon were subsequently constructed in the Unit- into the province. The amendment was negatived ed States. In March, 1865, he was brevetted lieu- by only two votes. When fresh aggressions of the tenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general for British ministry disappointed the expectations of his services in the ordnance department. He was the colonists, Mr. Rodney and his former col- placed in command at Rock Island on 4 Aug., 1865, leagues were assigned the task of presenting the and promoted lieutenant-colonel on 7 March, 1867, complaints of the freemen of Delaware to the sov- served on various boards for testing inventions in ereign. These pacific measures failing to secure a fire-arms, and at the time of his death was engaged redress of grievances, the colonies entered into a in completing the arsenal at Rock Island, which correspondence regarding their common defence. was constructed at his suggestion and under his Mr. Rodney became chairman of the committee of superintendence. safety of Delaware, and in 1774, meetings of the RODNEY, Cæsar, signer of the Declaration of people having been held at New Castle and Dover Independence, b. in Dover, Del., 7 Oct., 1728; d. to demand the assembling of a convention, he there, 29 June, 1784. An old family manuscript issued a call as speaker of the assembly for the says: “It hath been a constant tradition that we representatives of the people to meet at New Castle came into England with Maud, the empress, from on 1 Aug. He was chosen chairman of the con- foreign parts; and that for service done by Rode- vention, and was elected a delegate to the Conti- ney, in her wars against King Stephen, the usurper, nental congress, in which he was a member of the she gave them land within this kingdom."' A general committee to make a statement of the painted monument in the village of Rodney-Stoke, rights and grievances of the colonists. In March, Somerset co., bears the arms of this family. His 1775, he was again elected to congress after the grandfather, William Rodney (1652–1708), came assembly, by a unanimous vote, had approved of from Bristol, England, to Philadelphia soon after his action, and that of his colleagues, at the 1st William Penn had settled Pennsylvania, located at congress. In May he was appointed a colonel, and Lewes on the Delaware, where in 1689 he was elect- in September he became brigadier-general, of Dela- ed sheriff of Sussex county, and removed to Dover, ware militia. In 1776 he was alternately in his Kent co., Del., where he held local offices. In seat in congress, and at work in Delaware, stimu- 1698–9 he was a member of the assembly and again lating the patriots and repressing the royalists. in 1700_'4, serving as speaker in the last year, when When the question of independence was introduced he was made justice of the peace. In 1698-9 he in congress, Mr. Rodney, having obtained leave of was a member of William Penn's council, and in i absence, went through the southern part of Dela- 300 RODNEY RODNEY ware preparing the people for a change of govern- pointed by President Jefferson attorney-general of ment. His colleagues, Thomas McKean and George the United States, which place he resigned in 1811. Read, were divided on the question, and the former, During the war with Great Britain in 1812 he com- knowing Rodney to be favorable to the declaration, manded a rifle corps in Wilmington which was urged him by special message to hasten his return. afterward changed to a light artillery company, He did so, and by great exertion arrived just in which did good service on the frontiers of Canada, season for the final discussion. His affirmative vote In 1813 he was a member of the Delaware commit- secured the consent of the Delaware delegation to tee of safety. He was defeated for congress and in the measure, and thus effected that unanimity 1815 was state senator from New Castle county. among the colonies that was so essential to the In 1817 he was sent to South America by President cause of independence. The opposition of the roy- Monroe as one of the commissioners to investigate alists, who abounded in the lower counties, pre- and report upon the propriety of recognizing the vented his election the succeeding year; but as a independence of the Spanish-American republics, member of the councils of safety and inspection he which course he strongly advocated on his return displayed great activity in collecting supplies for to Washington. In 1820 he was re-elected to con- the troops of the state that were then with Wash- gress, and in 1822 he became a member of the U.S. ington in Morristown, N. J. He went to Trenton, senate, being the first Democrat that had a seat in where Lord Stirling made him post commandant, that body from Delaware. He served till 27 Jan., and then to Morristown, but, by Washington's 1823, when he was appointed minister to the United permission, he returned home in February, 1777. provinces of La Plata. With John Graham he pub- He refused the appointment as a judge of the su- lished “ Reports on the Present State of the United preme court, organized in February, 1777, and on Provinces of South America ” (London, 1819). 5 June, 1777, was chosen judge of admiralty, but RODNEY, Daniel, senator, b. in Delaware in retained his military office, suppressed an insurrec- 1764; d. there, 2 Sept. , 1846. He was the great- tion against the government in Sussex county, and grandson of William Rodney, the first of the fam- when, in August, the British advanced into Dela- ily to come to this country, and a second cousin ware, he collected troops, and, by direction of Gen. of Cæsar Augustus Rodney. He was a presiden- Washington, placed himself south of the main tial elector in 1809, and governor of Delaware in army to watch the movements of the British at the 1814–17. He received the electoral vote of that head of Elk river, Md., and, if possible, to cut them state for vice-president in 1821, was elected to off from their fleet. During this period he was in congress, serving from 2 Dec., 1822, till 3 March, correspondence with Gen. Washington, with whom 1824. He was appointed United States senator he had long been on terms of friendly intimacy. from Delaware, to fill the uncompleted term of In September he became major-general of militia, Nicholas Van Dyke, deceased, and served from 4 and in December he was again elected to congress; Dec., 1826, till 23 Jan., 1827. but he did not take his seat, as in the mean time RODNEY, George Brydges, Baron, English he had been elected president of Delaware, which naval officer, b. in Walton-upon-Thames, Surrey, office he held for four years, till January, 1782, 19 Feb., 1718; d. in London, 21 May, 1792. At when he declined re-election. He was then chosen the age of twelve he left Harrow school and en- to congress, and again in 1783, but did not take his tered the navy, becoming seat. He had been suffering for many years from a lieutenant in 1739. cap- a cancer on the face, which ultimately caused his tain in 1742, and in 1748 death. As a public man he displayed great integ- governor and command- rity and elevation of character, and, though a firm er-in-chief of the station Whig, never failed in the duties of humanity toward of Newfoundland. On those that suffered for adhering to opinions that his return to England in differed from his own. — His brother, Thomas, 1752 he was elected to jurist, b. in Sussex county, Del., 4 June, 1744; d. in parliament for Saltash, Rodney, Miss., 2 Jan., 1811, was a justice of the and he was promoted rear- peace in 1770 and again in 1784, a member of the admiral in 1759, and ap- assembly in 1774 to elect delegates to the first Con- pointed in 1761 stitutional congress, and in 1775 a member of the mander-in-chief of Bar- council of safety. He was colonel of the Delaware badoes and the Wind- militia and rendered important services to the Con- ward islands, capturing tinental army during the Revolutionary war. In St. Pierre, Grenada, and 1778 he was chief justice of Kent county court, in St. Lucia. He was pro- 1779 register of bills, and was a delegate from moted vice-admiral in the Delaware to the Continental congress in 1781–3 following year, created a and in 1785-'7. In 1787 he was made speaker of baronet in 1764, appoint- the assembly, and in 1802 was appointed superin- ed master of Greenwich tendent of the Kent county almshouse and Dedi- hospital in 1765, and re- mus potestatimus. He was appointed in 1803 U.S. turned to parliament for Northampton in 1768. judge for the territory of Mississippi, and became a He resigned his governorship of Greenwich in 1771, land-owner in Jefferson county, where the town of on being appointed commander-in-chief at Jamaica, Rodney was named in his honor.—Thomas's son, which post he held till 1774, when he returned to Cæsar Augustus, statesman, b. in Dover, Del., 4 England, but, failing to make arrangements with Jan., 1772; d. in Buenos Ayres, South America, 10 his creditors, he sought refuge from them in June, 1824, was graduated at the University of France. Obtaining money to pay his debts, he re- Pennsylvania in 1789, studied law, was admitted turned to England in 1779, was promoted admiral, to the bar in 1793, and practised at Wilmington, and when Spain joined France in the war against Del. He was elected to congress from Delaware as England he sailed to the West Indies as com- a Democrat, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till 3 March, mander-in-chief of the station, with a fleet of 1805, was a member of the committee of ways and twenty-two ships-of-the-line and eight frigates. On means, and one of the managers in the impeach- 16 Jan., 1780, off Cape St. Vincent he fell in with ment of Judge Samuel Chase. In 1807 he was ap- a Spanish division of eleven ships and two frigates a com- Whitney RODRIGUEZ 301 RODRIGUEZ under Juan de Sangara, and after an obstinate in the Literary academy. He wrote “ Tratado action captured five vessels and destroyed two. etheorológico sobre el Cometa aparecido en México After relieving Gibraltar and Minorca, he sailed en 1652 " (Mexico, 1652); “ Tractatus Proæmia- again for this country, and met the French fleet, lium disciplinarum Mathematicarum, et de Com- under Count de Guichen, near Martinique, 15 and mendatione Elementorum Euclidis”; “Geometría 17 April. Although no general battle was fought, especulativa”; “ De Aritmética”; “Tratado de he broke through the enemy's line and was re- Ecuaciones, con Tabla Algebráica discursiva"; and warded by parliament with a vote of thanks and “ Arte de fabricar Relojes horizontales, verticales, a pension of £2,000. He was elected to parliament etc., con declinaciones y sin ellas." All but the for Westminster, created a K. B., and in December, first are in manuscript. They were taken from the 1780, made an unsuccessful attack on St. Vincent, convent of Merced to the National library, and but in 1781 captured the Dutch colonies of St. they are to be published soon to show the early Eustatius, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice. Re- development of mathematics in Mexico. turning to England in the autumn of 1781, he was RODRIGUEZ, Manuel, Chilian patriot, b. in appointed vice-admiral of England, and assigned Santingo in 1786; d. in Tiltil, 26 May, 1818. In to command in the West Indies. In April, 1782, 1811 he began to take part in the struggle for in- he met, in the channel of Dominica, with Count dependence, and during the government of Gen. de Grasse, who was escorting a convoy of 150 sail Carrera in 1814 he served as secretary of the lat- that carried an invading army to Jamaica. On 9 ter. After the disaster of Rancagua he emigrated April a partial engagement was fought, and on 12 to the Argentine, and was secretly sent to Chili to April , Rodney, having the advantage of the wind, foment the revolution there. The province of Col- attacked the French. The battle lasted nearly chagua was the centre of his operations, and the twelve hours, and was one of the most obstinate Spanish government vainly tried to surprise him, that was ever fought in those waters. As Vau- offering large rewards for his capture. After the dreuil's division was unable, on account of the triumph of San Martin in Chacabuco, Rodriguez wind, to co-operate in the action, and De Grasse's continued to serve the cause of the republic till flag-ship was sinking, the latter was compelled to the defeat of Cancha Rayada, when he proclaimed lower his flag, the French losing seven ships and himself chief of Santiago. The reorganized forces two frigates, and the English three vessels. Vau- obtained the victory of Maypu, in which Rodri- dreuil abandoned the expedition to Jamaica, owing guez took part as chief of the Husares de la to subsequent orders, and a truce was signed, whic) Muerte. The other chiefs, especially O'Higgins, led to the peace of 1783. The Whigs, who had began to be jealous of the popularity of Rodriguez, meanwhile come into office, had despatched, before and, in order to remove him, he was offered the the victory was known, an officer to supersede mission to the United States. On his refusal his Rodney, who arrived in England, 21 Sept. , 1782. death was decreed by the Lautaro secret society, He was greeted with enthusiasm, elevated to the and soon afterward he was imprisoned and sent to peerage as Baron Rodney, and received an addi- Quillota, to be tried by a court-martial. He was tional pension of £2,000, made revertible to his delivered to an officer, Navarro, who on the road heirs. *Owing to infirmities, he retired from active ordered him to be shot without any trial. On the service. Jamaica, which he saved, voted £1,000 place of his execution a granite column has been for the erection of a monument over his grave, and erected, which was dedicated on 26 May, 1863. his portrait, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, is at Green- RODRIGUEZ, Manuel del Socorro, Cuban wich. Rodney's son-in-law, Gen. Godfrey Basil scientist, b. in Bayamo, Cuba, in 1758; d. in Bogo- Mundy, published - Life and Correspondence of ta, Colombia, in 1818. Being of poor parentage, Lord Rodney" (2 vols., London, 1830). he was obliged to work for a living from early life, RODRIGUEZ, Cayetano José (ro-dre-geth'), and received only a scanty education; but he sup- Argentine clergyman, b. in Rincon de San Pedro plied this deficiency by his energy and love for in 1761; d. in Buenos Ayres, 21 Jan., 1823. He study, and without any teacher obtained a pro- entered the Franciscan order in 1777, and was or- found knowledge of science, history, and literature. dained priest in 1783. During twenty years he He followed Jose de Ezpeleta in 1789 to New was director of the convents of Santa Catalina and Granada, and, being appointed director of the pub- Santa Clara, and he also taught philosophy and lic library of Bogota, began at once to aid the in- theology in the convent of Buenos Ayres and the tellectual development of the country, associating University of Cordova. From the beginning of his name with many literary and scientific enter- his career as a teacher he foresaw the future inde- prises for that purpose. At his suggestion the pendence of his country, and when the Spanish | viceroy founded the ** Papel periódico de Santa Fé yoke was thrown off in 1810 he was one of the de Bogotá," the first newspaper in the colony, the most ardent followers of the patriotic cause. As editorship of which was assigned to Rodriguez in a representative of his native province he was a January, 1791. He suggested also the idea of member of the congress of Tucuman in 1816, and creating an astronomical and meteorological ob- as secretary of that body signed the act of inde- servatory, and was appointed one of its directors. pendence on 25 July of that year. When, in 1822. He founded several scientific and literary newspa- the ecclesiastic reform was initiated, Rodriguez pers and reviews. When the country revolied defended the rights of the church in the paper against the Spanish rule in 1810, Rodriguez sided * Oficial del Dia' with great force, and he is with the patriots and shared their fortunes. Al- considered one of the most powerful writers of though he wrote much, especially on scientific sub- that period. He was also a poet of great merit, ljects, many of his works are lost. The principal and many of his compositions appeared in maga- manuscript that is preserved is ** Historia de la zines, but no collection has been issued. | Fundación de la Enseñanza.” Humboldt praises RODRIGUEZ, Diego, Mexican mathematician, , him in several parts of his numerous writings. b. in Ititati in 1597; d. in Mexico in 1668. He RODRIGUEZ, Manuel Domingo, Argentine entered the military order of Merced, in Mexico, statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres in 1780; d. there in on 8 April, 1613, and rose to be commander of 1840. He served in the war of independence, and that order and professor of theology in its college. ' was a colonel at the time of the establishment of In 1637 he was appointed professor of mathematics, the republic by the congress of Tucuman, 9 July, 302 ROE ROE 66 66 66 1816. After the fall of the last director, Rondeau, brought him into notice as a successful speaker. in January, 1820, the municipality of Buenos He visited the ruins of Chicago after the great fire, Ayres gave the military command successively to and wrote “ Barriers Burned Away,” a novel, which various chiefs, but anarchy reigned everywhere, so was published as a serial in the New York - Evan- that the governors of Santa Fé and Entrerios gelist,” and afterward appeared in book-form (New easily routed the forces of Buenos Ayres in Cañada York, 1872). Of the cheap edition (1882), 87.500 de la Cruz, and occupied the city. In this emer- copies were sold. The great success of his book, gency Rodriguez was elected governor of Buenos together with impaired health, induced Mr. Roe to Ayres, 9 May, 1820, and, re-establishing order, resign his pastorate and to settle at Cornwall-on- signed a treaty of peace with Lopez, governor of the-Hudson in 1874. At this place he devoted his Santa Fé, by which the independence of the prov- time to literature and the cultivation of small fruits. inces was recognized. In 1821 he called to his cabi- He was a very prolific writer, and the sales of his net Bernardino Rivadavia (q. v.) as secretary of the books in this country alone have largely exceeded interior, and Dr. Manuel Garcia as secretary of the one million copies. They have been republished in treasury, and with their co-operation many reforms England and other countries, where also the sales were introduced in the administration. Liberty have been large. In addition to the work already of the press and separation of church and state mentioned, Mr. Roe published - Play and Profit in were decreed, convents were suppressed, with the My Garden” (New York, 1873); “ What can She exception of two in Buenos Ayres, the emigration Do?" (1873); " Opening a Chestnut Burr” (1874); of foreigners was promoted, and numerous savings - From Jest to Earnest” (1875); “ Near to Nature's banks, the national bank, an academy of sciences, Heart" (1876); “ A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen- and the University of Buenos Ayres were estab- tury" (1877): “ A Face Ilumined" (1878); “ A Day lished in 1823. Rodriguez was a member of the of Fate” (1880); “Success with Small Fruits * cabinet of both his successors. When, after the (1880); “Without a Home (1880); “His Sombre proclamation of a unitarian constitution by con- Rivals ” (1883); “ A Young Girl's Wooing” (1884); gress, 24 Dec., 1826, there was general discontent “ Nature's Serial Story” (1884); An Original and revolt in the interior provinces, President Riva- Belle" (1885); “ Driven Back to Eden " (1885); * He davia resigned with his cabinet, 29 June, 1827, and fell in Love with his Wife" (1886); and “The Earth Rodriguez retired to private life. Trembled" (1887). ROE, Azel Stevens, author, b. in New York ROE, Francis Asbury, naval officer, b. in city, 16 Aug., 1798 ; d. in East Windsor Hill, Conn., | Elinira, N. Y., 4 Oct., 1823. He entered the nary 1 Jan., 1886. He received an academic education, as midshipman, 19 Oct., 1841, and was at the naval and, after serving as a clerk in a mercantile house academy at Annapolis in 1847–8. He left the ser- in New York, became a wine-merchant in that city. vice for eleven months from June, 1848. In 1851-2 He finally retired from business and settled at he served in the mail-steamer “Georgia," on the Windsor, Conn. Having lost most of his property New York and West India line. He was attached by freely indorsing for persons that subsequently to the brig “ Porpoise" in the North Pacific ex- failed, he applied himself successfully to literature. ploring expedition. He was commissioned master, He published - James Montjoy, or I've been Think; 8 Aug. 1855, and lieutenant, 14 Sept., 1855. In ing” (New York, 1850); “ To Love and be Loved” 1857–8 he served in the coast survey. In 1862 he (1852); Time and Tide, or Strive and Win” was executive officer of the " Pensacola " in Far- (1852); " A Long Look Ahead” (1855); “ The Star ragut's squadron, and, on account of the illness of and the Cloud" (1856); “ True to the Last” (1859); his commanding officer, took charge of the ship in ** How could He Help it ?” (1860); “ Looking passing Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. He was Around” (1865); “Woman our Angel ” (1866); commissioned lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, “ The Cloud in the Heart” (1869); and Resolu- had charge of the steamer“ Katahdin " in 1862-3 tion, or the Soul of Power" (1871). Most of his in the operations on Mississippi river, defeated Gen. works were republished in London. John C. Breckinridge's attack on Baton Rouge, and ROE, Edward Payson, author, b. in Moodna, assisted in the destruction of the Confederate ram New Windsor, Orange co., N. Y., ? March, 1838; “ Arkansas," 7 Aug., 1862. In 1864 he commanded d. in Cornwall, N. | the steamer“ Sassacus”in the North Atlantic block- Y., 19 July, 1888. ading squadron, and captured and destroyed ser- He was educated eral blockade runners in the sounds of North at Williams, but Carolina, and co-operated in the defeat of the Con- not graduated, federate iron-clad ram Albemarle,” 5 May, 1864. owing to an affec- In this engagement Roe gallantly rammed the tion of the eyes. iron-clad, which then fired a 100-pound rifle-shell In after years through the “ Sassacus,” killing and scalding many the college gave of the crew by exploding in the boiler. In the con- him the degree of fusion that was caused by escaping steam, Roe B. A. He studied skilfully handled his ship and compelled the “ Al- at Auburn and bemarle's "consort, the “* Bombshell," to surrender. at Union theo- After the war he commanded the steamer Michi- logical seminary, gan? on the lakes in 1864-6. He was commis- New York city, sioned commander, 25 July, 1866, and in 1866-7. and in 1862 be- commanded the steamer - Tacony” on a special came a chaplain mission to Mexico. His firmness as senior Officer in the volunteer prevented a bombardment of Vera Cruz. On 3 1 service, where he Ang., 1867, he was detached, and in recognition of remained till Oc- his services was ordered as fleet-captain of the Asi- tober, 1865. He atic station, where he served until December, 1871. then became pas- He was commissioned captain, 1 April, 1872, and tor of a Presbyterian church at Highland Falls, was attached to the Boston navy-vard in 1872-3. N. Y., where his lectures on topics connected with His last cruise was in command of the "Lancaster” the civil war, to raise funds for a new church, first on the Brazil station in 1873-'5. He was attached Edward P. Roer ROE 303 ROEBLING 66 to the naval station at New London in 1875–6, on Central railroad with the Canadian railway systems. special duty at Washington in 1879–80, and pro- This structure, the first of the great suspension- moted to commodore, 26 Nov., 1880. In 1883-'4 he bridges with which his name is connected, was was governor of the Naval asylum at Philadelphia. built in four years, and, when it was finished, was He was commissioned rear-admiral, 3 Nov., 1884, ' regarded as one of the wonders of the world. It and placed on the retired list, 4 Oct., 1885. was the first suspension-bridge that was capable of ROE, Henry, Canadian educator, b. in Henry- bearing the weight of railroad-trains. The span ville, Missisquoi co.. Quebec, 22 Feb., 1829. He was 825 feet clear, and it was supported by four was educated at McGill college and Bishop's col- 10-inch cables. His next undertaking was a wire- lege, and was graduated at the latter in 1854. He cable bridge for common travel over Alleghany was ordained a priest in the Anglican church in river at Pittsburg, which is considered one of the 1852, became rector of St. Matthew's church, Que- , best pieces of bridge engineering in existence. In bec. in 1855, and of St. Ann's, Richmond, in 1868, 1856 he began the building of the great bridge be- and was appointed examining chaplain to the tween Cincinnati and Covington, but the work was bishop of Quebec in 1864. He became professor not finished until 1867. Its success showed engi- of divinity in the University of Bishop's college neers throughout the country that the problem of in 1873, and is now vice-principal and dean of the suspension-bridge making was solved upon a prin- faculty of divinity in that institution. In 1879 ciple that could not be superseded. According to he received the degree of D. D. from Bishop's col- Gen. John G. Barnard, “ to Mr. Roebling must be lege. Dr. Roe has been for twenty-five years the conceded the claim of practically establishing the Canadian correspondent of the London “Guard- sufficiency of the suspension principle for railroad ian.” Besides sundry sermons, he has published bridges and of developing the manner of their con- Pamphlet on Episcopal Veto” (1859); - Treatise struction.” His eminent success in this line of on Purgatory, Transubstantiation, and the Mass” work led in 1868 to his being chosen chief engineer (1862); “Pamphlet on Clerical Studies ” (1864); of the East river bridge, connecting Brooklyn and - Tract on the Place of Religious Giving in the New York. He at once prepared plans for the Christian Economy” (1880); and “ Pamphlet on structure, which received the approval of the Na- the Place of Laymen in the Spiritual Work of the tional authorities, and in 1869 the company for the Church" (1887). construction of the bridge was duly organized and ROEBLING, John Augustus (ray'-hling), civil work was at once begun. While he was making engineer, b. in Mühlhausen, Prussia, 12 June, 1806; observations his foot was crushed between the pil- d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 22 July, 1869. He was ing and rack of one of the ferry-slips during the graduated at the Royal polytechnic school in Ber- abrupt entry of a ferry-boat. Mr. Roebling was lin with the degree of C. E. in 1826, paid spe- then removed to his residence, but, in spite of medi- cial attention to suspension-bridges during his cal skill, his death occurred from lockjaw sixteen course, and wrote his graduating thesis on this sub-ı days later. Mr. Roebling published "Long and ject. After spending the three years required by Short Span Railway Bridges” (New York, 1869). law in government service, during which time he – His son, Washington Augustus, civil engineer, was engaged chiefly as an assistant on the construc- b. in Saxenburg, Pa., 26 May, 1837, was gradu- tion of military roads in Westphalia, he came to the ated as a civil engineer at Rensselaer polytechnic United States. He settled near Pittsburg, Pa., where institute in 1857, and began his professional work he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, and at once under his father on the Alleghany suspen- determined to build a village of frontiersmen. The sion-bridge. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in various systems of canal improvements and slack- the 6th New York artillery, and served a year with water navigation were then in course of develop- that battery in the Army of the Potomac. In 1862 ment, and to these his services were attracted. he was transferred to the staff of Gen, Irvin Mc- Later his attention was given to new railroad en- Dowell, and assigned to various engineering duties, terprises. One of his earliest engagements was in notably the construction of a suspension-bridge surveying the lines of the Pennsylvania railroad across Rappahannock river. Later he served on across the Alleghany mountains from Harrisburg Gen. John Pope's staff, and was present at South to Pittsburg. He then entered upon the manu- Mountain, Antietam, and the campaign that ended facture of iron and steel wire, from which he in the second battle of Bull Run, during which time gained the valuable knowledge of the nature, capa- he built a suspension-bridge across Shenandoah bilities, and requirements of wire that enabled him river at Harper's Ferry. He was also engaged on to revolutionize the construction of bridges. The balloon duty, and was in the habit of ascending first specimens of that wire that was ever produced every morning in order to reconnoit re the Confed- in the United States were made by him, and his erate army. By this means he discovered, and was belief in its efficacy for bridge-construction was the first to announce, the fact that Gen. Lee was soon put to the test. During the winter of 1844–5 moving toward Pennsylvania. From August, 1863, he had charge of the building of a wooden aque- till March, 1864, he was attached to the 20 corps, duct across the Alleghany river at Pittsburg, and serving op engineering duty and then on staff duty proposed that it should consist of a wooden trunk with the 5th corps during the overland campaign. to hold the water, supported on each side by a He attained the rank of major on 20 April, 1864, continuous wire cable seven inches in diameter. In also receiving three brevets, including that of colo- spite of ridicule from the engineering profession, i nel, and resigned in January, 1865. Col. Roebling he succeeded in completing his bridge, which com- then assisting his father on the Cincinnati and Cov- prised seven spans, each of 162 feet. His next | ington bridge, of which he had almost the entire undertaking was the construction in 1846 of a charge. . He then went abroad to study pneumatic suspension-bridge over Monongahela river at Pitts- foundations before sinking those of the East river burg. In 1848 he built four similar works on the bridge, to the charge of which he was called on the line of the Delaware and Hudson canal. On the i death of his father, but before any of the details completion of these bridges he settled in Trenton, had been decided on. In 1869 he settled in Brook- N. J., whither he removed his wire-manufactory. lyn, and gave his attention almost exclusively to In 1851 he was called to build a suspension-bridge i the sinking of the caissons, His devotion to the across the Niagara river to connect the New York , work, with the fact that he spent more hours of the 304 ROEMER ROEBUCK twenty-four in the compressed air of the caissons | the bar, and practised for several years in Boston. than any one else, led to an attack of caisson fever In 1856 he removed to the city of New York, and early in 1872. He soon rallied and resumed his entered the firm of Laur and Roelker. He soon work, but he was so weak that he was unable to established a large practice among the Germans, leave his room. Nevertheless, he prepared the most and when his partner died he had gained a repu- minute and ex- tation as an authority on wills and contracts. "In act directions 1863 he won the suit of Meyer vs. Roosevelt, the for making the first of the legal-tender cases before the U. S. su- cables, and for preme court, which attracted general attention. the erection of He continued to practise until advancing age com- all the compli- pelled him to relinquish a large part of his business. cated parts of His last important argument was made before the the superstruc- New York court of appeals in October, 1887. Mr. ture. In 1873 Roelker was a personal friend of Samuel J. Tilden, he was com- and was associated with him in the organization pelled to give of the Prairie du Chien railroad. He published up work entire- Constitutions of France" (Boston, 1848): “ Argu- ly, and spent ment in favor of the Constitutionality of the Le- several months gal-Tender Clause in the Act of Congress, Feb. 25, in Europe, but 1862" (New York, 1863); and “ Manual for the Use on his return of Notaries Public and Bankers” (3d ed., 1853 ; he resumed edited by J. Smith Homans, New York, 1865). He charge of the also translated from the Swedish “ The Magic bridge, which Goblet,” a novel, and made a German adaptation he held until of Cushing's “ Manual of Parliamentary Practice." its completion ROEMER, Jean, author, b. in England about in 1883. The 1815. He was taken in infancy to Hanover, and structure he afterward to Holland. His early education was built, which is conducted by private tutors under the guardian- the longest sus- ship of William I., king of the Netherlands, and pension-bridge Frederica Louisa Wilhelmina, Princess of Orange, in the world, cost about $13,000,000. The picture and wife of Charles George Augustus, heir-apparent shows it before completion. Its total length, in- of the crown of Brunswick. He was destined for cluding approaches, is 5,989 feet, of which the the army, and served on the Dutch side throughout middle span takes up 1,596 feet, while the length the war of secession between Holland and Belgium, of the suspended structure from anchorage to an- at the close of which he visited the great military chorage is 3,456 feet. He has since spent his establishments of France, Prussia, and Austria, time in directing the wire business in Trenton, and completed his studies in Lombardy under the N. J., and in the recuperation of his health. Be- guidance and auspices of Field - Marshal Count sides various pamphlets on professional subjects, Radetzky. Subsequently he resided in Naples, he is the author of Military Suspension-Bridges" where a close intimacy with the Prince of Syracuse, (Washington, 1862). ex-viceroy of Sicily, and some articles that were ROEBUCK, John Arthur, English politician, attributed to him, caused much comment. They b. in Madras, India, 29 Dec., 1802; d. in England, gave umbrage to King Ferdinand II., whose dis- 30 Nov., 1879. His grandfather, Dr. John Roe- trust of the liberal tendencies of his brother lent buck, wrote “ An Inquiry on the War in Ameri- to this friendship a political significance. It be- ca” (London, 1776). From 1815 till 1824 the son came the subject of diplomatic correspondence, resided in Canada; then going to London, Eng- and led to the visitor's recall from Italy early in land, he studied law, and in 1831 he was admit- 1845. Some time after the death of William I., ted as a barrister. In 1832 he was elected to par- whose successor on the throne appears to have been liament, and became prominent as a radical re- influenced by a different spirit from that of his former. In 1835 he was appointed agent for the father concerning Mr. Roemer, the pretensions of Lower Canada assembly during the contest between the latter began to take a definite form, setting that house and the executive. His advocacy of the forth claims to titles and estates, the right to which Confederate states and his opposition to trades- was denied him on special grounds, which ever since unions led to his defeat in 1868. In 1877–8 he have been maintained against him. Strong efforts vigorously supported the policy of Earl Beacons made in his behalf have not availed, and even at the field, and was sworn a privy councillor in 1878. congress of German sovereigns, held in Frankfort He was one of the stanchest supporters of the in 1863, a well-supported attempt at compromise rights of Canada against what he regarded as the and conciliation remained without result. Since aggressions of the crown. Besides numerous arti- 1846 he has resided in the United States. In 1848 cles in the “ Westminster Review” and the “Edin- he accepted the post of professor of the French burgh Review," he wrote • Existing Difficulties in language and literature in the New York free the Government of the Canadas.” (London, 1836); academy, and in 1869 he was appointed vice-presi- - Plan for the Government of the English Colo- dent of the College of the city of New York, which nies" (1849); and “ History of the Whig Ministry place he occupies at present (1888). In addition of 1830” (1852). to articles and pamphlets on agriculture, education, ROELKER, Bernard, lawyer, b. in Osnabrück, and linguistics, he has published a “ Dictionary of Hanover, Germany, 24 April, 1816; d. in New York English-French Idioms" (New York, 1853); “ Pols- city, 5 March, 1888. He was graduated in 1835 at glot Readers ” (5 vols., 1858); "Cavalry: its His- the University of Bonn, where he had devoted him- tory, Management, and Uses in War" (1863); self to the study of law and philology. Later he “ Cours de lecture et de traduction” (3 vols., 1881); came to this country, and after teaching German Principles of General Grammar” (1881); and and music in Bridgeport, Conn., was appointed to "Origins of the English People and of the English a tutorship at Harvard in 1837, was admitted to Language” (1888). 1 99 66 ROGER 305 ROGERS 99 ROGER, Juan, Spanish missionary, b. in Pam- Mather, made him “ famous through the country.” plona, Spain, about 1540; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexico, It advocated that the same man should not be in 1618. He was a Jesuit, and sailed from San chosen chief magistrate for two successive years; Lucar for this country in 1566. The vessel on 1 but, in spite of his efforts, Gov. John Winthrop was which he had embarked was driven on the coast of re-elected. The demands upon his time were so Florida and several of his companions were killed great that he soon received an assistant. He be- by the natives, but he escaped and went to Havana, queathed his library to Harvard college, and his where he spent several inonths in studying the i house and lands to the town of Rowley. language of the part of Florida near Cape Caña- ROGERS, Fairman, civil engineer, b. in Phila- veral. With the aid of natives that were then in delphia, Pa., 15 Nov., 1833. He was graduated at Havana, whom he converted, he drew up vocabu- the University of Pennsylvania in 1853, and two laries and then returned to the province. The In- years later became professor of civil engineering, dians among whom he labored were a branch of which chair he held until 1870, also lecturing on the Creeks and of a very degraded type, and, not mechanics in the Franklin institute from 1853 till meeting with much success, he went to Havana, 1865. Prof. Rogers served as a volunteer in the where he established an Indian school. In 1569 he National cavalry in 1861, and then became a sailed again for Florida, landing at the post of volunteer officer in the U. S. engineers. Under the Santa Helena, on Port Royal harbor, and he was auspices of the U. S. coast survey in 1862 he com- the first resident priest in South Carolina. Here pleted the survey of Potomac river northward from he attended to the religious wants of the garrison Blakiston island. In 1871 he was elected a trustee for some time, and then advanced about forty miles of the University of Pennsylvania, and he is a into the interior, finding a race of Indians that member of the American society of civil engineers were superior to any he had previously encountered, and of the American philosophical society. He probably the Cherokees. He entered their town of was one of the original members of the National Orista and was well received; but, although he per- academy of sciences, and has served on its com- suaded the natives to plant corn, which he dis- mittees and its council. Among his more impor- tributed among them, and to build houses, he did tant scientific papers are “ Combinations of Mech- not make many converts. Ilis visits to other tribes anism representing Mental Processes" (1874); were equally fruitless, and he returned to Santa • Notes on Grant's Difference Engine (1874); Helena in 1570. He then went to Havana to ob- and “ Terrestrial Magnetism and the Magnetism tain relief for the colony, which was suffering from of Iron Ships" (New York, 1883). hunger, taking with him Indian boys from the ROGERS, Franklin Whiting, artist, b. in various tribes to educate. Ile was again in Florida Cambridge, Mass., 27 Aug., 1854. Ile became a in 1572, and his last missionary act in the country pupil of J. Foxcroft Cole in 1874, and later studied was to convert eight Indians that had been con- also with Wm. M. Hunt and Thomas Robinson. He demned to death for murder. He then returned has devoted himself especially to the painting of with the other missionaries of his order to Havana, dogs. Among his works are * The Two Friends," and afterward went to Mexico, where he labored “Steady," " Resignation,” “ Loo," and " Mischief." for many years with great success. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, b. in Pier- ROGERS, Ebenezer Platt, clergyman, b. in mont, Grafton co., N. H., 22 Nov., 1838. Ile was New York city, 18 Dec., 1817; d. in Montclair, educated in Vermont and Illinois, whither he re- N. J., 23 Oct., 1881. He was graduated at Yale in moved in early life, began the study of the law 1837, and, after spending a year at Princeton theo- while teaching, and was admitted to the bar in logical seminary, finished his studies in Hartford, 1860. He earnestly supported Stephen A. Douglas Conn. In June, 1810, he was licensed to preach in during the presidential canvass of 1860, in which Litchfield county, Conn., and he was ordained in he made a reputation as an extemporaneous speaker. November. He held Congregational pastorates in He was the first to raise a company in Lake county, Chicopee Falls, Mass., in 1840–3, in Northampton II., at the opening of the civil war, became 1st in 1843–6, and had charge of Presbyterian churches lieutenant, 24 May, 1861, and soon afterward cap- in Augusta, Ga., till 1854, and Philadelphia till tain. At the battle of Shiloh he received four 1856. He then became pastor of the 1st Reformed wounds, but refused to leave the field, and led his Dutch church of Albany, and in 1862 accepted the regiment in the final charge. He was at once pro- charge of the South Reformed church in New York moted to lieutenant-colonel for his gallant conduct, city, where he continued until a few months before and soon afterward was commissioned colonel for his death. He received the degree of D. D. from gallantry at the battle of the Hatchie. At Cham- Oglethorpe college in 1853. Besides various minor pion Hills he received three wounds, from one of publications, he was the author of " Earnest Words which he has never fully recovered. To the engi- io Young Men in a Series of Discourses” (Charles-neering skill of Col. Rogers were due the works at ton, S. C., 18:37), and “ Historical Discourse on the Allatoona, Ga., where Gen. John M. Corse (9. ?'.) Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Albany” checked Gen. Ilood in his flank movement after (New York, 1858). the capture of Atlanta le commanded a brigade ROGERS, Ezekiel, clergyman, b. in Wethers- nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, field, Essex, England, in 1590; d. in Rowley, Mass., and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier- 23 Jan., 1660. He was graduated at Cambridge, general of volunteers. He has practised law in England, in 1604, and became chaplain to Sir Ilinois and Kansas since the war, and was three Francis Barrington, who bestowed on him the times a delegate to National Democratic conven- benefice of Rowley in Yorkshire. He exercised his tions. He was made chairman of the board of ministry there for about twenty years, when he was pension appeals on 15 June, 1885. silenced for non-conformity, and in 1638 came with ROGERS, Henry J., inventor, b. in Baltimore, many of his Yorkshire friends to this country. Ile Md., in 1811; d. there, 20 Aug., 1879. He devised was urged to settle in New Haven, but preferred to the code of signals by means of flags that is known begin a new plantation, which he named Rowley. by his name, which was adopted by the United He was ordained in December, 1639, and attained States navy in 1846 and modified in 1861. Mr. great reputation as a preacher. In 1643 he deliv- Rogers also devised a code of signals by means of ered a sermon on election that, according to Cotton colored lights, which was the first pyroiechnic sys- VOL. 1.-20 306 ROGERS ROGERS " tem in the United States. He was one of the prac- ! he was called to the same chair in the medical tical advisers of Samuel F. B. Morse in the con- department of Cincinnati college, where he re- struction of the first electro-magnetic recording mained until 1839, spending his summer vacations telegraph-line in the United States which was es- in field-work and chemical investigations in con- tablished in 1844 between Washington and Balti- nection with the geological survey of Virginia, more. When the experiment had reached a suc- which was then under the charge of his brother cessful issue he was appointed superintendent of William. In 1840 he settled permanently in the line, with his office in Baltimore, and there Philadelphia, where he became an assistant to his made numerous improvements in the system. Sub- brother Henry, at that time state geologist of Penn- sequently he invented several important telegraphic sylvania, and in 1841 he was appointed lecturer on instruments, and he was one of the incorporators, chemistry in the Philadelphia medical institute, a on 15 March, 1845, of the Magnetic telegraph com- summer school. He was elected professor of gen- pany, the first telegraph company in the United eral chemistry at the Franklin institute in 1844, States. He was associated in 1848 in the incorpo- and held that chair until his election in 1847 to ration of the American telegraph company, and had succeed Robert Hare as professor of chemistry in charge of its lines from Boston to New York. Mr. the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Rogers was Rogers was its first superintendent, and was like a representative at the National medical conven- wise superintendent of the Western union, Bank- tion in 1847, and a delegate to the National con- ers and brokers', and Southern and Atlantic lines. vention for the revision of the U. S. Pharmacopeia During the civil war he was acting master in the in 1850, and a member of various learned societies. volunteer navy, and he afterward returned to He contributed papers to scientific journals, and Baltimore, where he spent the remaining years of with his brother Robert prepared the seventh edi- his life. Mr. Rogers published " Telegraph Diction- tion of Edward Turner's Elements of Chemis- ary and Seaman's Signal-Book" (Baltimore, 1845); try” and William Gregory's “Outlines of Organic American Semaphoric Signal - Book” (1847); Chemistry,” in one volume (Philadelphia, 1846). “ American Code of Marine Signals ” (1854); and, See“ Memoir of the Life and Character of James B. with Walter F. Larkins, edited • Rogers's Commer- Rogers,” by Dr. Joseph Carson (Philadelphia, 1852). cial Code of Signals for all Nations ” (1859). -His brother, William Barton, geologist, b. in ROGERS, Horatio, lawyer, b. in Providence, Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Dec., 1804; d. in Boston, R. I., 18 May, 1836. His grandfather, John Rogers, Mass., 30 May, 1882, was educated by his father and two of his great-uncles, were officers in the and at William and Revolution. The grandson was graduated at Mary. In 1827 he Brown in 1855, admitted to the bar, served with delivered a series of great credit during the civil war, and was brevetted lectures on science brigadier - general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. before the Maryland Gen. Rogers has served for several years as attor- institute, and in ney - general of Rhode Island. He is a prolific 1828 he succeeded newspaper and magazine writer, and has delivered his father in the several orations on public occasions, the most nota- chair of physics and ble being at the unveiling of the equestrian statue chemistry at Will- of Gen. Burnside in Providence, R. I., 4 July, 1887. iam and Mary,where He also published " The Private Libraries of Provi- he remained for dence" (Providence, 1878), and annotated and pub- seven years. At this lished the “ Journal of Lieut. James M. Hadden, time he carried on Chief of the English Artillery during the Burgoyne investigations Campaign ” (Albany, 1884), the prefatory chapter dew and on the vol- and the notes to which work are characterized by taic battery, and great research. prepared a series of Mount Charles, Donegal, Ireland, 11 July, 1826. sand and calcareous He was ordained a priest in 1851, became professor marl of eastern Vir- at St. Mary's college, Halifax, in 1859, and was ginia and their value as fertilizers. He then ac- consecrated the first Roman Catholic 'bishop of cepted the professorship of natural philosophy Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1860. and geology in the University of Virginia, where ROGERS, James Blythe, chemist, b. in Phila- he remained until 1853, attaining a high reputa- delphia, Pa., 11 Feb., 1802 ; d. there, 15 June, 1852. tion as a lecturer. In 1835 he was called upon to He was the eldest son of Patrick Kerr Rogers, who organize the geological survey of Virginia, mainly was graduated at the medical department of the in consequence of his printed papers and addresses. University of Pennsylvania in 1802, and in 1819 His brother, Henry D. Rogers, was at that time was elected professor of natural philosophy and state geologist of Pennsylvania, and together they mathematics at William and Mary, where he re- unfolded the historical geology of the great Appa- mained until his death. James was educated at lachian chain. Among their joint special investi- William and Mary, and, after preliminary studies gations were the study of the solvent action of with Dr. Thomas E. Bond, received the degree of water on various minerals and rocks, and the dem- M.D. from the University of Maryland in 1822. onstration that coal - beds stand in close genetic Subsequently he taught in Baltimore, but soon relation to the amount of disturbance to which afterward settled in Little Britain, Lancaster co., the inclosing strata have been submitted, the coal Pa., and there practised medicine. Finding this becoming harder and containing less volatile mat- occupation uncongenial, he returned to Baltimore ter as the evidence of the disturbance increases. and became superintendent of a large manufactory Together they published a paper on “The Laws of of chemicals. He devoted himself assiduously to Structure of the more Disturbed Zones of the the study of pure and applied chemistry, and Earth's Crust," in which the wave theory of became professor of that branch in Washington mountain-chains was first announced. This was medical college, Baltimore, also lecturing on the followed later by William B. Rogers's statement of same subject at the Mechanics' institute. In 1835 the law of distribution of faults. In 1842 the on , brilliam B Pogere ROGERS 307 ROGERS 99 work of the survey closed, and meanwhile he had | Finding that the work could be done less expen- published six “ Reports of the Geological Survey sively abroad, he transferred his residence to Edin- of the State of Virginia” (Richmond, 1836–40), burgh and issued “ The Geology of Pennsylvania, which have since been edited and issued in one a Government Survey” (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1858). volume as “ Papers on the Geology of Virginia” In 1858 he was appointed professor of natural his- (New York, 1884). He resigned his professorship tory in the University of Glasgow, and he contin- at the University of Virginia in 1853, and removed ued in that chair until his death. Prof. Rogers to Boston, where he became active in the scientific also delivered a series of lectures on geology in movements under the auspices of the Boston so- Boston during 1844. He received the degree of ciety of natural history and the American acade- A. M. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1834, my of arts and sciences, in whose proceedings and and that of LL. D. from the University of Dublin the American Journal of Science” his papers of in 1857. During his residence in Philadelphia he this period were published. About 1859 he began was active in the American philosophical society to interest the people of Boston in his scheme for and in the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, technical education, in which he desired to have and he was a member of other American societies, associated, on one side research and investigation and of the Geological society of London, a fellow on the largest scale, and on the other agencies for of the Royal society of Edinburgh, and president the popular diffusion of useful knowledge. This of the Philosophical society of Glasgow in 1864–6. project continued to occupy his attention until in He edited - The Messenger of Useful Knowledge 1865 it culminated in the organization of the in 1830-'1, and later was one of the conductors of Massachusetts institute of technology, of which he the “ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.” His became first president. Three years later, failing published papers are about fifty in number, and health made it necessary for him to relinquish that pertain chiefly to geology. In addition to his geo- office, which he resumed in 1878; but he gave it up logical reports, he published “ A Guide to a Course again in 1881, and was made professor emeritus of of Lectures in Geology," and is the author of a geo- physics and geology, which chair he had held in logical map of the United States and a chart of connection with the presidency. He delivered a the arctic regions in the “ Physical Atlas." In course of lectures before the Lowell institute on conjunction with William and Alexander K. John- " The Application of Science to the Arts” in 1862, son, he published a geographical atlas of the Unit- and in 1861 had been appointed inspector of gas ed States (Edinburgh, 1857).-Another brother, and gas-meters for the state of Massachusetts. Robert Empie, chemist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 29 Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1866. March, 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Sept., 1884, Prof. Rogers was chairman of the American as- was educated first under the care of his father, and sociation of geologists and naturalists in 1845 then by his elder brothers. It was intended that and again in 1847, also calling to order the first he should be a civil engineer, and for a time he meeting of the American association for the ad- acted as assistant in the survey of the Boston and vancement of science, of which body he was Providence railroad, but he abandoned this in 1833, president in 1875, and elected its first honorary and was graduated at the medical department of fellow in 1881, as a special mark of distinction. the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, where he He was active in founding the American social followed a full course of chemistry under Robert science association and its first president; also he | Hare. The active practice of medicine not being was one of the corporate members of the Na- congenial to him, he was appointed chemist to the tional academy of sciences, and its president from geological survey of Pennsylvania in 1836, and con- 1878 until his death. Besides numerous pa- tinued so for six years. In 1841-2 he was tempo- pers on geology, chemistry, and physics, contrib- rary instructor in chemistry at the University of uted to the proceedings of societies and techni. Virginia and was elected, in March, 1842, to the cal journals, he was the author of “Strength chair of general and applied chemistry and ma- of Materials” (Charlottesville, 1838) and “ Ele- teria medica in that institution. He continued in ments of Mechanical Philosophy” (Boston, 1852). this place until 1852, when he was called to suc- -Another brother, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. ceed his brother James as professor of chemistry at in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Aug., 1808; d. near Glas- the University of Pennsylvania, where he became gow, Scotland, 29 May, 1866, was educated in Bal- dean of the medical faculty in 1856. In 1877 he timore, Md., and Williamsburg, Va., and in 1830 resigned these appointments to accept the profes- was elected professor of chemistry and natural phi- sorship of chemistry and toxicology in Jefferson losophy at Dickinson college, Pa. In 1831 he went medical college, which he then retained till 1884, to Europe and studied science in London. During when he was made professor emeritus. During the the winter of 1833-'4 he delivered a course of lectures civil war he served as acting assistant surgeon, in on geology at the Franklin institute, and in 1835 he 1862–'3, at the West Philadelphia military hospital. was elected professor of geology and mineralogy at Prof. Rogers was appointed in 1872 by the U. S. the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained treasury department one of a commission to exam- until 1846. In 1835 he was chosen to make a geo- ine the melters' and refiners' department of the logical and mineralogical survey of New Jersey, U. S. mint in Philadelphia. He visited the mint and, in addition to a preliminary report in 1836, he in San Francisco in 1873, and in 1874 the assay- published - Description of the Geology of the State office in New York, and subsequently until 1879 he of New Jersey" (Philadelphia, 1840). On the or- was frequently engaged on government commis- ganization of the geological survey of the state of sions for the various mints, making valuable re- Pennsylvania in 1836, he was appointed geologist ports, in addition to which he served on the annual in charge, and engaged in active field-work until assay commissions in 1874-9. From 1872 until his 1841, when the appropriations were discontinued. death he was one of the chemists that were em- During the ten ensuing years his services were re- ployed by the gas-trust of Philadelphia to make tained as an expert by various coal companies, but analyses and daily photometric tests of the gas. the field-work of the survey was resumed in 1851 The degree of LL. İ). was conferred on him by and continued until 1854. Six annual reports were Dickinson in 1877. He was a fellow of the College published between 1836 and 1842, and in 1855 the of physicians and surgeons, member of various sci- preparation of a final report was contided to him. I entitic societies, one of the incorporators of the . 308 ROGERS ROGERS National academy of sciences, and president of the applied to the town authorities to mitigate his treat- Franklin institute in 1875–9. Besides various arti- ment. He finally escaped in a boat to Long Island, cles in the transactions of the societies of which he went to New York, and begged the protection of was a member, and in scientific journals, he was as- Gov. Hunter. On his return to New London he sociated with his brother James (q. v.) in editing prosecuted his judges, but was nonsuited and " Elements of Chemistry” (Philadelphia, 1846), and charged with a heavy fine. He wrote many books edited Charles G. Lehman's Physiological Chemis- on theology, including “ The Midnight Cry.” try” (2 vols., 1855). See “The Brothers Rogers,” by ROGERS, John, congressman, d. in Annapolis, William S. W. Ruschenberger (Philadelphia, 1885). Md., 23 Sept., 1789. His parentage and the date ROGERS, James Webb, lawyer, b. in Hills- of his birth are unknown. He was a member of borough, N. C., 11 July, 1822. He was graduated the committee of safety in 1774–5, a trustee of the at Princeton in 1841, and then studied for the Lower Marlborough academy in 1775, a delegate to ministry. After taking orders in the Protestant the Continental congress in 1775–6, one of the Episcopal church, he became pastor of St. Paul's executive council on the organization of the state parish in Franklin, Tenn., and while in that state government in February, 1777, and chancellor of was instrumental in building six churches. He Maryland from 10 March, 1778, until his death. was a partisan of the south at the beginning of ROGERS, John, sculptor, b. in Salem, Mass., the civil war, and served in the Confederate army 30 Oct., 1829. He received his education at the under Gen. Leonidas Polk. Subsequently he went Boston high-school, and afterward worked, first in to England, remaining there for some time, and in a dry-goods store and later in a machine-shop, at 1878 he became a Roman Catholic, but could not Manchester, N. H. While at this latter place his be admitted to the priesthood on account of his attention was first drawn to sculpture, and he be- being married. On his return to the United States gan to model in clay in his leisure hours. In 1856 he settled at first in New York city, afterward in he sought work in Ilannibal, Mo., and in 1858 he Indianapolis, Ind., where he edited - The Central visited Europe. On his return in 1859 he went to Catholic," and then removed to Washington, where Chicago, where he modelled, for a charity fair, he studied law. After being admitted to practice, “ The Checker-Players," a group in clay, which at- he became associated with his son as attorney in tracted much attention. He produced also some the protection and sale of the latter's inventions. other groups, but “ The Slave Auction,” which was His publications include " Lafitte, or the Greek exhibited in New York in 1860, first brought him Slave” (Boston, 1870); “ Madame Surratt, a Drama to the notice of the general public. This was the in Five Acts” (Washington, 1879); “ Arlington, forerunner of the well-known war series of statu- and other Poems” (1883); and “ Parthenon” (Bal- ettes (1860–5), which included, among others, the timore, 1887).- His son, James Harris, electrician, “Picket Guard,” “One more Shot" (1864), “ Taking b. in Franklin, Tenn., 13 July, 1850, was educated the Oath and drawing Rations" (1865), and “ Union in this country and abroad. In 1877 he was ap- Refugees,” * Wounded Scout," and " Council of pointed electrician at the U. S. capitol in Wash- War" (1867–8). His works on social subjects, most ington, D. C., and he continued in that office until of which have been produced since the war, have 1883. He was the inventor of the secret telephone also been very popular. Among these are " Com- that was sold in New York for $80,000, also of the ing to the Parson " (1870); Checkers up at the national improved telephone, and of the pan-elec- Farm”; “The Charity Patient”; “ Fetching the tric system, comprising patents on electric mo- Doctor"; and “Going for the Cows" (1873). He tors, lights, telegraphs, telephones, and telemorphs, has produced also several statuettes in illustration which attracted greater attention from the circum- of passages in the poets, particularly Shakespeare. stance that Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Senator Au- | They include Ha! I like not that," from "Othel- gustus II. Garland, Senator Isham G. Harris, and lo”; “Is it so nominated in the Bond ?” from the other government officials capitalized the inven-“ Merchant of Venice" (1880): “Why don't You tions at $15,000,000, and secured, it was alleged at speak for Yourself?” from “ Miles Standish "; and the time, the interposition of the government to a series of three groups illustrating Irving's - Rip defend some of the patents. He has lately devised Van Winkle" (1870). These statuette groups, about what he calls “ visual synchronism.” fifty in number, and each from eighteen to twenty ROGERS, John, founder of a sect, b. in New inches in height, have nearly all been reproduced London, Conn., in 1648 ; d. there in 1721. He be in composition, and have had large sales. He has came a dissenter from the Congregational church, been most successful in illustrating every-day life assumed the ministerial offices of preaching and in its humorous and pathetic aspects, and · Rogers's baptizing, and, having gained a few disciples, Groups " have had a large share in elevating the founded a sect whose members were called Roger- artistic taste of the masses. Mr. Rogers has also enes, and also Rogerene Baptists or Quakers. He executed an equestrian statue of Gen. John F. Rey- and his followers were frequently fined and im- nolds (1881–'3), which stands before the city-hall, prisoned for profanation of the Sabbath, for, al-Philadelphia, and in 1887 he exhibited “Ichabod though they worshipped on that day, they regard-Crane and the Ileadless Horseman," a bronze group. ed themselves free to labor. Rogers was put in ROGERS, Mary Cecilia, b, about 1820; d. the stocks for an insult to the assembled congrega- in Weehawken, N. J., 25 July, 1811. She was tion, and upon his release from prison rushed into the daughter of a widow that kept a boarding- the meeting-house and disturbed the services, for house in Nassau street, and was engaged by John which he was sent to Hartford for trial and was Anderson as a shop-girl in his tobacco-store on seated on a gallows with a halter around his neck Broadway, near Duane street, where young men of for several hours. He frequently came into collision fashion bought their cigars and tobacco. No sus- with the town authorities, and aggressive spirit picion had ever been attached to her character, and did not cease with his old age, for in 1711 he was much excitement was manifested when she sud- fined and imprisoned for misdemeanor in court, denly disappeared. A week later she reappeared at contempt of its authority, and vituperation of the her accustomed place behind the counter, and in judges. Upon his release he was charged with in- reply to all inquiries said that she had been on sanity and confined in a dark prison. The popu- a visit to her aunt in the country. Several years lace became enraged, and several English oflicers | afterward she left her home one Sunday morning ROGERS 309 ROGERS & to visit a relative in another part of the city. She for such a trade, turned his attention to art, for requested her accepted suitor, who boarded with which he had always had a predilection. After her mother, to come for her in the evening; but, as painting by himself for some time, he went to it rained, he concluded that she would remain over New York in 1811 and became a pupil of Joseph night, and did not call for her. The next day she Wood. Not long afterward he opened a studio failed to return, and it was ascertained that she for himself, and soon took high rank as a painter had not visited her relative. Four days later her of miniatures. Among these were admirable por- body was found floating in Hudson river, near traits of the friends and literary partners, Fitz- Weehawken, with marks that showed beyond doubt Greene Halleck and Joseph Rodman Drake. His that she had been murdered. Every effort was professional life was spent principally in New York, made to determine by whom she had been killed, but and he was one of the founders of the National without success. A few weeks later, in a thicket academy in that city. on the New Jersey shore, part of her clothing ROGERS, Nathaniel Peabody, editor, b. in was found, with every evidence that a desperate Portsmouth, N. H., 3 June, 1794; d. in Concord, struggle had taken place there; but these appear- N. H., 16 Oct., 1846. He was graduated at Dart- ances were believed, on close inspection, to have mouth in 1816, and practised law until 1838, when been arranged to give it that aspect. Subsequent- he established in ('oncord, N. H., the “ Herald of ly it was shown that she had been in the habit of Freedom," a pioneer anti-slavery newspaper. He meeting a young naval oflicer secretly, and it was also wrote for the New York - Tribune” under the alleged that she was in his company at the time of signature of “ The Old Man of the Mountain.” His her first disappearance. He was able to account fugitive writings were published, with a memoir, by for his whereabouts from the time of her leaving the Rev. John Pierpont (Concord, 1847). home until the finding of her body, and the murder ROGERS, Randolph, sculptor, b. in Waterloo, would have been forgotten had not Edgar Allan near Auburn, N. Y., 6 July, 1825. Until the age Poe revived the incident of the crime in his “ Mys- of twenty-three he was engaged in mercantile pur- tery of Marie Roget.” With remarkable skill he suits in Ann Arbor, Mich., and in New York city. analyzed the evidence, and showed almost conclu- He then went to Italy and studied with Lorenzo sively that the murder had been accomplished by Bartolini, at Rome, from 1848 till 1850. On his one familiar with the sea, who had dragged her return he opened a studio in New York, where he body to the water and there deposited it. Many remained until 1855. In that year he returned to persons were suspected of the crime, and, among Italy, where he has resided since that time. Among others, John Anderson, whose last years, he claimed, his earlier works are “ Ruth," an ideal bust (1851); were haunted by her spirit. · Nydia” (1856); “ Boy Skating,” “ Isaac," full- ROGERS, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Haver- length, and the statue of John Adams, in Mt. hill, England, in 1598; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 3 July, Auburn cemetery (1857). One of his best-known 1655. He was the son of the Rev. John Rogers, of works, the bas-reliefs on the doors of the capitol Dedham, who has been supposed, but on insulficient at Washington, representing scenes in the life of evidence, to have been a grandson of John the mar- Columbus, was designed in 1858, and cast in bronze tyr, was educated at Cambridge, and preached in at Munich. In 1861 he completed the Washington Bocking, Essex, and Assington, Suffolk. Through monument at Richmond, which had been left un- the influence of Thomas Ilooker he came to Massa- finished by Thomas Crawford, adding the statues chusetts, 16 Nov., 1636. In 1637 he was a member of Marshall, Mason, and Nelson, for which Craw- of the synod that met in Cambridge to settle the ford had made no design, as well as some allegori- Antinomian controversy. He was invited to Dor- cal figures. His other works include Angel of chester, but found his followers could not be accom- the Resurrection," on the monument of Col. Samuel modated there, and went to Ipswich, where he was Colt, Hartford, Conn. (1861–2); " Isaac,” an ideal ordained on 20 Feb., 1638, with Rev. John Norton bust (1865); memorial monuments for Cincinnati as colleague, serving until his death. Cotton Mather (1863–’4), Providence (1871), Detroit (1872), and said that Mr. Rogers “ might be compared with the Worcester, Mass. (1874); " Lost Pleiad” (1875); very best of the true ministers which made the best Genius of Connecticut," on the capitol at Hart- days of New England," and his son-in-law, Thomas ford (1877); and an equestrian group of Indians, in Hubbard, said " he had eminent learning, singular bronze (1881). He has also executed portrait statues piety, and zeal.” He published a letter on the of Abraham Lincoln, for Philadelphia (1871), and * Cause of God's Wrath against the Nation” (Lon- William H. Seward, for New York (1876). don, 1644), and left in manuscript a vindication in ROGERS, Robert, soldier, b. in Londonderry, Latin of the Congregational form of church gov- N. 11., in 1727; d. in England about 1800. He en- ernment, of which Cotton Mather has preserved a tered the military service during the old French considerable extract.-His son, John, clergyman, war, for which he raised and commanded “ Rogers's b. in Coggeshall, England, in January, 1031; d. rangers,” a company that acquired reputation for in Cambridge, Mass., 2 July, 1684, came with his activity, particularly in the region of Lake George. father to New England, was graduated at Ilarvard His name is perpetuated there by the precipice in 1649, and studied both medicine and theology. that is known as “ Rogers's slide," near which he He first preached in Ipswich in 1656, and subse- escaped from the Indians, who, believing that he quently shared the duties of the ministry there. had slid down the steep defile of the mountain From 1682 till 1684 he was president of Harvard. under the protection of the Great Spirit, made no The provincial records say that in December, 1705, attempt at further pursuit. On 13 March, 1758, the legislature ordered two pamphlets, that were with 170 men, he fought 100 French and 600 In- sent them by John Rogers and his son John, to be dians, and, after losing 100 men and killing 150, burned by the hangman in Boston. These prob- he retreated. In 1759 he was sent by Sir Jeffrey ably expressed disapproval of the opposition of the Amherst from Crown Point to destroy the Indian legislature in regard to the governor's salary. village of St. Francis near St. Lawrence river, which ROGERS, Nathaniel, artist, b. in Bridge- service he performed, killing 200 Indians, and in hampton, L. I., in 1788; d. 6 Dec., 1844. He was 1760 he was ordered by Amherst to take possession apprenticed to a ship-carpenter when he was a of Detroit and other western posts that were ceded boy, but, having been disqualified by an accident i by the branch after the fall of Quebec. Ascending 66 310 ROGERS ROGERS the St. Lawrence with 200 rangers, he visited Fort | 1784, learned printing, and for many years pub- Pitt, had an interview with Pontiac, and received lished and edited a political newspaper. He was the submission of Detroit. He visited England, elected to congress from Pennsylvania as a Demo- and suffered from want until he borrowed money crat, serving from 24 March, i818, till 26 April, to print his journal, which he presented to the 1824, when he resigned, having been appointed king, who in 1765 appointed him governor of recorder of deeds for Northampton county, Pa. Mackinaw, Mich.; but while holding this office he He was the author of "A New American Bio- was accused of plotting to plunder his own fort and graphical Dictionary; or, Remembrancer of the to deliver it to the French, and was consequent Departed Heroes, Sages, and Statesmen of Ameri- ly sent to Montreal in irons and tried by court- ca” (Easton, Pa., 1813 ; last ed., 1829). martial. In 1769 he revisited England, but was ROGERS, William, clergyman and educator, soon imprisoned for debt. Afterward he returned b. in Newport, R. I., 22 July, 1751; d. in Philadel- to this country. Dr. John Wheelock, of Dart- phia, Pa., 7 April, 1824. He was graduated in mouth college, wrote at this period : " The famous 1769 at Rhode Island college (now Brown), where Maj. Rogers came to my house from a tavern in the he was the first and for several days the only stu- neighborhood, where he called for refreshment. I dent. He afterward became principal of an acad- had never before seen him. He was in but an ordi- emy at Newport, and in 1772–5 was pastor of the nary habit for one of his character. He treated me 1st Baptist church in Philadelphia. In April, with great respect; said he came from London in 1776, he was chosen chaplain to Col. Samuel July, and had spent twenty days with the congress Miles's Pennsylvania rifle regiment, and served in Philadelphia, and I forget how many at New until June, 1778, when he was made brigade chap- York; had been offered and urged to take a com- lain in the Continental army, retiring from the mission in favor of the colonies, but, as he was on service in June, 1781. After quitting the army he half-pay from the crown, he thought it proper not received calls from three churches, of different to accept it”; and also “ that he had got a pass, or denominations, to settle in the ministry. In 1789 license to travel, from the Continental congress.” he was chosen professor of oratory and English Maj. Rogers's accounts of himself were probably literature in the College of Philadelphia, and in not accurate, but he had been a prisoner of con- 1792 to the same post in its successor, the Univer- gress, and was released on parole, promising that sity of Pennsylvania, which place he resigned in he would bear no arms against the American colo- 1811. He was chosen in 1790 vice-president of nies. Soon after leaving Dr. Wheelock wrote the Pennsylvania society for the gradual abolition to Gen. Washington: “I love America; it is my of slavery, in 1797 vice-president of the Philadel- native country, and that of my family, and I in- phia society for alleviating the miseries of public tend to spend the evening of my days in it.” It is prisons, in 1802 one of the correspondents and believed that at this very moment he was a spy. editors of the London “ Evangelical Magazine,” in Being suspected by Washington, he was secured in 1805 chaplain to the Philadelphia militia legion, 1776, and during his examination, pretending that in 1816-'17 to the legislature of Pennsylvania, and he had business with congress, was sent to Phila- in 1819 vice-president of the Religious historical delphia under the care of an officer. That body society of Philadelphia. He received the degree decided that he should be disposed of by the Pro- of A. M. from the University of Pennsylvania in vincial congress of New Hampshire. 'Notwith- 1773, Yale in 1780, and Princeton in 1786, and in standing his parole, he accepted the commission of 1790, from the first named, the degree of D. D. colonel in the British army, for which he raised He published" A Circular Letter on Justification the Queen's rangers, a corps that was celebrated (1785; reprinted in London, 1786): “An Introduc- throughout the contest. To encourage enlistments tory Prayer," at the request of the Pennsylvania he issued a printed circular promising to the re- society of the Cincinnati (1789); A Sermon on the cruits "their proportion of all rebel lands.” On Death of Rev. Oliver Hart” (1796); “ An Introduc- 21 Oct., 1776, he escaped being taken prisoner by tory Prayer, occasioned by the Death of General Lord Stirling at Mamaroneck. Soon afterward he Washington " (1800); “ A Čircular Letter on Chris- went to England, and in 1778 he was proscribed tian Missions”; and various moral, religious, and and banished. His subsequent history is lost. political articles in newspapers and magazines. Rogers was the author of "A Concise Account of ROGERS, William Augustus, astronomer, b. North America” (London, 1765); “ Journals,” giv- in Waterford, Conn., 13 Nov., 1832. He was grad- ing an account of his early adventures as a ranger uated at Brown in 1857, taught in Alfred academy, (1765; Dublin, 1770); and “ Ponteach, or the where he had been prepared for college, and in Savages of America," a tragedy in verse (1766). 1858 was given its chair in mathematics and as- This was printed anonymously, and is now very tronomy, which he held for thirteen years. Mean- His ** Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the while, during leaves of absence, he passed a year War with Pontiac” was published, with other nar- at the Sheffield scientific school of Yale as a stu- ratives and with notes, by Franklin B. Hough dent of theoretical and applied mechanies, one year (Albany, 1860; new ed., 1883). The names of the as a special student of astronomy in the Harvard officers of Rogers's rangers are given in the “Re- observatory, which was followed by six months' port of the Adjutant-General of New Hampshire,” experience as an assistant, and spent fourteen and his exploits are chronicled in Gen. John Wins- months in the l'. S. naval service during the civil low's unpublished “ Journal," and in manuscript war. The observatory at Alfred was built and letters in the Massachusetts archives. The “ Jour- equipped by him. İn 1870 he was appointed nals" mentioned above are condensed in Remi- assistant in the Harvard observatory, and he be- niscences of the French War,” edited by Caleb came in 1877 assistant professor of astronomy. In Stark (Concord, 1831), and also appear in an 1886 he was called to the chair of astronomy and abridged form in a “ Memoir of John Stark” by physics at Colby university. His special work at the same author (1860). The best edition is that the Harvard observatory consisted in observing edited by Franklin B. Hough (Albany, 1883). and mapping all the stars down to the ninth mag- ROGERS, Thomas J., congressman, b. in nitude in a narrow belt, a little north of our Waterford, Ireland, in 1781; d. in New York city, zenith. The observations on this work extended 7 Dec., 1832. He came to the United States in over a period of eleven years, and required fifteen rare. ROGERS 311 ROLANDER years for their reduction. Four volumes of these / age in the South Sea and Around the World, made in observations have already been issued, and two the Years 1708-'9-'10-'11" (1712). more are in preparation. While Prof. Rogers has ROHDE, Lewin Jörgen (ro'-deh), West Indian severed his connection with Harvard, he still re- naval officer, b. in St. Thomas, 28 Oct., 1786 ; d. tains supervision of his unfinished work at the in Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Aug., 1857. He was observatory. One of the earliest difficulties that the son of a governor of St. Thomas, entered the he met with was the finding of micrometer spider- Copenhagen naval school in 1803, and served cred- webs that were suitable for his work. After nu- itably at the bombardment of that city. In 1821 merous experiments he succeeded in etching glass he was promoted harbor-master of St. Thomas, and plates with the moist fumes of hydrofluoric acid sent to inake a nautical survey of the coast of the so satisfactorily that the U. S. government ordered colony. His charts are still considered standards. the plates, which were used by the expeditions In 1835 he was retired with the rank of captain. that were sent out from this country to observe His works include “ Historie og befolkning af Oeen the transit of Venus. His study of this subject, St. Thomas” (2 vols., Copenhagen, 1822), and“ Ful- extending over sixteen years, has made him a staendig Signal System til Brug for alle nationers universally acknowledged authority in all that per- Skibe " (1835; revised ed., 1840), which has been tains to micrometrical work. He has specially translated into all European languages. studied the construction of comparators for the ROJAS, Gabriel de (ro'-has), Spanish soldier, b. determination of differences in length, and has in Cuellar in the 15th century; d. in Charcas, Peru, established useful working standards of measure- 17 Dec., 1548. He came to South America in 1514 ment for practical mechanical work, resulting in with Pedrarias Davila, in 1524 took part in the con- the Rogers-Bond universal comparator, built by guest of Nicaragua with Cordova, commanded in the the Pratt and Whitney company of Hartford, campaign against Gil Gonzales Davila, and assisted who were thus enabled to make their system of in the discovery of the Desaguadero, and the foun- standard gauges. In 1880 he was sent abroad to dation of Gracias a Dios. În 1533 his old friend, obtain authorized copies of the English and Francisco Pizarro, solicited his aid, and Rojas French standards of length. These were used as armed two ships and 200 men; but Pedro Alvarado, the basis of comparison for the bars that he con- who was planning an expedition of his own, took structed and that now serve as standards of length possession of the ships and the forces. Rojas es- for Ilarvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, the U.S. caped with only a few followers and sailed to Peru, signal service, the Lick observatory, and other im- landing at San Miguel de Piura. With an escort portant institutions. Prof. Rogers's micrometer that was provided by Sebastian de Velalcazar, he rulings, both on metal and glass, are known to joined Pizarro in the valley of Pachacamac, took microscopists for their accuracy as regards divis- part in the foundation of Jauja, and was appointed ions, and also for the character and beauty of the lieutenant-governor of the town. He assisted after- lines. In 1880 he was made a fellow of the Royal ward in the defence of Cuzco, during the siege by society of London, and he has since been advanced Manco Inca Yupanqni (9. v.), and in the civil wars to the grade of honorary fellow. Ile was eiected between the Pizarros and the Almagros. He was in 1885 to the National academy of sciences, and then commissioned by Vaca de Castro to settle was vice-president of the American association for Charcas, and when, on his return to Cuzco, he the advancement of science in 1882–'3, presiding found Gonzalo Pizarro at the head of a rebellion, over the section in mathematics and astronomy. he fled to Lima. On his arrival the viceroy Nuñez In 1886 he was chosen president of the American de Vela was already imprisoned, and Rojas narrow- society of microscopists. The degree of A. M. was ly escaped being killed by Francisco de Carvajal, conferred on him by Yale in 1880, and that of but Gonzalo Pizarro pardoned him on account of his Ph. D. in 1886 by Alfred university. His pub- former services. When President De la Gasca ar- lished papers, nearly fifty in number, relate to rived, Rojas joined the royal forces, and was ap- his specialties, and have been published in scien- pointed commander of the artillery, which he di- tific journals or in the transactions of the learned rected at the battles of Huarinas and Xaquixaguana. societies of which he is a member. In recompense he was appointed magistrate of ROGERS, Woodes, English navigator, b. in Potosi, but he died shortly afterward. Derbyshire, England, about 1665; d. in London ROJAS, Juan Ramón, Argentine poet, b. in in 1732. He was a commander in the navy when Buenos Ayres in 1784; died at sea, 9 Sept., 1824. he was chosen in 1708 as captain of an expedition He studied in the College of San Carlos, and as an that was sent by merchants of Bristol, at the sug- officer of artillery was present at the sieges of Mon- gestion of William Dampier, to explore the Pacific tevideo in 1812 and 1816. In 1813 he was pro- He sailed from Bristol on 1 Aug., with moted commander of the squadron of grenadiers, two ships, with Dampier as pilot. After advancing and as such took part in the battle of Sipe-Sipe. far to the south, disappointed in not finding a great He served in the staff of the armies of the United southern continent, they steered to the north, and Provinces in 1818. In the first days of the revolu- landing, 1 Feb., 1709, at Juan Fernandez island, tion he began to write poetry, and published “ Can- rescued Alexander Selkirk (9. 2.). On the southern ción heróica al sitio de Montevidéo” (1811), and " Á coast of Peru, Rogers secured some rich Spanish la apertura de la Sociedad patriótica” (1812). In the prizes, attacked the city of Guayaquil, exacting collection of “ Poesias pátrias” (Buenos Ayres, from the citizens an enormous ransom, and sailed 1820) his best patriotic compositions were published. along the coast as far as Cape San Lucas in Lower He perished in a shipwreck. California. After visiting Batavia he passed the ROLANDER, Daniel (ro'-lan-dair), Swedish Cape of Good Ilope, and anchored in the Downs, naturalist, b. in the province of Smaaland in 1720; 2 Oct., 1711. In 1717 he was commissioned gov- d. in Lund in 1774. After receiving his education ernor of New Providence in the Bahamas, and in Upsala he became preceptor of the children of was sent with a division against the pirates that Linnæus, and engaged later in botanical researches had ravaged the neighboring islands. He published under the direction of the great naturalist. At Narrative of a Cruise around the World" (Lon- Linnæus's suggestion, he accompanied to Surinam don, 1712). Edward Cook, who commanded one of a wealthy citizen of the colony, and on his arrival, the ships in Rogers's expedition, published " Voy- / 20 June, 1755, began immediately to explore the a ocean. 66 ນ 312 ROLLINS ROLFE 9 6 country. After studying the flora of the province herited estate, was elected to the house of com- of Paramaribo, he sojourned several months on mons, was high sheriff, and devoted much time to the banks of Commewyn river, where he engaged improving the condition of the lower classes. in geological and botanical researches. Being de- ROLLIN, Ambroise Lucien (rol-lang), West feated in an attempt to explore the interior of Gui- Indian historian, b. in Trois Rivières, Guadeloupe, ana, through an uprising of the slaves, he went to St. in 1692; d. in Pointe à Pitre in 1749. His family Eustatius, in February, 1756, and made a thorough was among the early settlers in Guadeloupe and study of the flora of the island, returning to Stock- contributed much to the improvement of the colo- holm, 20 Oct., with rich collections and a herbari- ny. In 1725 he was appointed deputy lieutenant um of 1,500 plants. As he had difficulties with of the king in the colony, which post he retained Linnæus, who wished to make free use of the col- till his death. Devoting his leisure time to re- lections, and the privilege of printing his works searches upon the Caribes and other Indians, who having meanwhile been refused by the government, formerly inhabited the West Indies, he wrote some Rolander sold his manuscripts and collections remarkable works, which are yet considered as to Prof. Rottboell, of Copenhagen, and retired to authorities. They include “ Histoire des Indiens" private life. His works include “ Descriptio et (2 vols., Paris, 1739); “Les Indiens et la conquête iconum rariorium et, pro maxima parte, novas Espagnole” (1740); “ Histoire et description des plantas, illustrium " edited by Prof. Rottboell (Co- Caraïbes, leur condition avant la conquête" (1743); penhagen, 1773); “ Observationes ad genera quip- " De la civilisation Indienne comparée à leur état dam rariora exoticarum plantarum ” (1776); and social” (1745); and “Les incas du Pérou et la con- " Descriptiones rarium plantarum in Guiana cres- quête Espagnole” (1748). centium” (1776). The two last works were pub- ROLLINAT, André (rol-le-nah), French his- lished by the Médical society of Copenhagen. The torian, b. in Bordeaux in 1741; d. in Nantes in Danish government afterward bought, from the 1793. He was early appointed librarian of the city heirs of Prof. Rottboell, Rolander's manuscripts of Nantes and devoted himself to researches upon and collections, which are now preserved in the the early navigators that have been credited with museum at Copenhagen. His journal has been the discovery of America before Columbus. His published, “ Diarum Surinamense” (2 vols., 1840). works include • Recherches sur les précurseurs de ROLFE, William James, editor, b. in New- Christophe Colomb en Amérique" (Nantes, 1785): buryport, Mass., 10 Dec., 1827. His youth was "Les Sagas norvégiennes et les navigateurs scan- spent in Lowell, Mass., and in 1845 he entered Am-dinaves (1788); “ Tableau des dimes payées au herst. Although he was not graduated, the college denier de Saint Pierre pendant le treizième et le authorities afterward enrolled his name among the quatorzième siècle par le pays du vin " (1790); regular graduates of 1849. On leaving college he Histoire des navigateurs normands" (1791); and taught in Maryland and Massachusetts, finally “Recherches sur la découverte du Brésil par un settling in Cambridge, Mass., in 1862, as master of navigateur dieppois du xv. siècle” (1791). the high-school, which post he resigned in 1868.. ROLLINS, Alice Wellington, author, b. in Since 1869 he has been an editor of the “ Popular Boston, Mass., 12 June, 1847. She was taught by Science News,” formerly the “ Boston Journal of her father, Ambrose Wellington, and completed Chemistry,” and for several years he has had her studies in Europe. She taught for several charge of the Shakespeariana in the “Literary years in Boston, and married Daniel M. Rollins, World." The degree of A. M. was conferred on of New York, in 1876. She is the author of "The him by Ilarvard in 1859 and by Amherst in 1865, Ring of Amethyst," poems (New York, 1878); “ The and that of Litt. D. by Amherst in 1887. With Story of a Ranch” (1885); “ All Sorts of Children" Joseph H. Hanson he published a Hand-Book of (1886); and “ The Three Tetons" (1887). Latin Poetry” (Boston, 1865); “Selections from ROLLINS, Daniel G., lawyer, b. in Great Falls, Ovid and Virgil” (1866 ; 2d ed., 1867); and with N. H., 18 Oct., 1842. He was graduated at Dart- Joseph A. Gillet " The Cambridge Course of Phys- mouth in 1860, studied law in his native place and ics," including “Chemistry," " Natural Philosophy,” | at Harvard, and practised for some time in Port- and“ Astronomy” (6 vols., 1867–8). In 1867 he pub- land, Me., but afterward removed to New York lished an edition of George L. Craik's “ English of city. He was assistant U. S. attorney for the Shakespeare,” which led to the preparation of “The southern district of New York in 1866-'9, assistant Friendly Edition” of Shakespeare (40 vols., New district attorney of New York county in 1873-80, York, 1870-'83). Mr. Rolfe has also edited - Select then district attorney till 1 Jan., 1882, and then Poems of Goldsmith" (1875); “ Select Poems of surrogate of the county till 1 Jan., 1888. In 1887 Gray” (1876); Tennyson's “ Select Poems ” (1884); he was Republican candidate for a supreme court Young People's Tennyson (1886); “Select judgeship: Mr. Rollins has won reputation as a Poems of Browning ” (1887); “ Enoch Arden, und lawyer. He has been associated in practice for other Poems” (1887); Scott's “ Complete Poems” some time with James C. Carter. (1887); “ Blot in the Scutcheon, and other Dramas ROLLINS, Edward Henry, senator, b. in Som- of Browning” (1887); Byron's "Childe Harold ” ersworth (now Rollinsford), N. H., 3 Oct., 1824; d. on (1887); “ Minor Poems of Milton” (1887); “ Tales Isle of Shoals, N. H., 31 July, 1889. Several of his of Chivalry, from Scott" (1888); ** Tales from Eng- ancestors, of New Hampshire, served in the Rerolu- lish History” (1888): “Select Poems of Words- tionary army, and his great-grandfather, Ichabod, worth" (1888); and Thomas Babington Macaulay's was an active patriot and a member of the state “ Lavs of Ancient Rome" (1888). convention that resolved itself into an independent ROLLE, Dennis, colonist, b. in Devonshire, government on 5 Jan., 1776. His name was given England, about 1730 ; d. in England in 1797. In to the portion of Somersworth in which he resided, 1766 he purchased a district in Florida, and led Edward Ilenry was educated in Dover, N. H., and there 1,000 persons to form a colony; but, owing to South Berwick, Me., became a druggist's clerk in the unhealthfulness of the climate and the deser- | Concord and Boston, and subsequently entered tion of those that escaped disease, he soon was left business there on his own account. In 1855–7 he without colonists and without money, and was was a member of the legislature, serving in the last compelled to work his passage back to England in year as speaker, and he was chairman of the New an American vessel. He then settled on his in- | Hampshire delegation to the National Republican " ROLLINS 313 ROMANS a are . a convention of 1860. He served in congress from others determined at a secret meeting to capture 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1867, and was a firm Toronto on 7 Dec., and then to summon a popular opponent of the measure that was adopted in July, convention to which would be submitted a consti- 1864, doubling the land-grant of the Union Pacific tution that had already been drafted. In carrying railroad company, and making the government out these plans Dr. Rolph was to be the sole ex- security a first instead of a second mortgage upon ecutive authority, while Mackenzie was to arrange the road. From 1868 till 1876 he was secretary and the details. Rolph, fancying that the government treasurer of the company, and from 4 March, 1877, had heard of the proposed attack on Toronto, till 4 March, 1883, he was U. S. senator. Ile was changed the date to 4 Dec., which so disarranged a founder of the First national bank in Concord, Mackenzie's plans that the attack on the city an owner of Fort George island, Fla., and was for utterly failed. In the mean time Dr. Rolph, though several years president of the Boston, Concord, and suspected, was sent by the governor as one of the Montreal railroad company. bearers of a flag of truce to the insurgents. At ROLLINS, Ellen Chapman, author, b. in the same time Rolph induced Mackenzie to delay Wakefield, N. H., 30 April, 1831; d. in Philadel- the attack until nightfall , when he promised that phia, Pa., 29 May, 1881. Her maiden name was the disaffected in the city would join them. After Hobbs, and in 1855 she married Edward Ashton the failure of the attempt upon Toronto, Dr. Rollins (brother of Daniel G.), who was U. S. com- | Rolph, despairing of success, fled to the United missioner of internal revenue from 1864 till 1869, States, and subsequently went to Russia, where he and afterward president of the Centennial national resided for several years. He returned to Canada bank of Phịladelphia. She wrote under the pen- after the amnesty had been declared, and prac- name of "E. H. Arr,” and her chief publications tised law and medicine in Toronto. He was a New-England Bygones” (Philadelphia, 1880), member of the Canadian parliament, and founded and « Old-Time Child Life” (1881). the “ People's school of medicine,” which is now ROLLINS, James Sidney, lawyer, b. in Rich- (1888) a department of Victoria college, Cobourg. mond, Madison co., Ky., 19 April, 1812; d. near ROLPH, Thomas, Canadian author, b. about Columbia, Mo., 9 Jan., 1888. After graduation at 1820; d. in England in 1883. He practised as a the University of Indiana in 1830 and at the law- physician at Ancaster, Upper Canada, and was ap- school of Transylvania university, Ky., in 1834, he pointed emigration commissioner for the govern- practised law in Boone county, Mo. 'He served on ment of Canada. He wrote “ A Brief Account of the staff of Gen. Richard Gentry during the Black the West Indies and United States” (Dundas, Hawk war, and in 1836 became an editor of the 1836); “Emigrant's Manual” (1843); and “ Emi- Columbia " Patriot,” a Whig journal. From 1838 gration and Colonization” (1844). till 1844, and again in 1854-6, he served in the ROMAN, Andrew Bienvenue, governor of Missouri house of representatives, and he was a Louisiana, b. in Opelousas, La., 5 March, 1785; d. member of the state senate from 1846 till 1850, in New Orleans, La., 26 Jan., 1866. His ancestors boldly opposing the extension of slavery into the emigrated from Provence, France. After his territories. He was defeated as the Whig candi- graduation at St. Mary's college, Md., in 1815, he date for governor in 1848 and 1857. Mr. Rollins settled as a sugar-planter in St. James's parish, and was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of represented it many years in the legislature, of 1844, which nominated Henry Clay for president, which he was speaker for four terms, and parish and was active in the canvass that followed. Ile judge in 1826–18. He was governor of Louisiana was elected to congress as a Conservative, taking in 1831–5, and again in 1839–41, and during his his seat in the special session that was called by administration founded Jefferson college, cleared President Lincoln, serving from 4 July, 1861, till the state water - courses of rafts, and formed a 3 March, 1865. In 1862 he introduced a bill to company to drain the swamp lands around New aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph Orleans and protect it from overflow. He was a line from the Missouri river to the Pacific, which, member of the State constitutional convention in with a few amendments, became a law in July, 1845, and was sent to Europe in 1848 as agent of a 1862, and under its provisions the Union Pacific, financial company. He was a member of the Con- Central Pacific, and Kansas Pacific railroads were stitutional convention of 1852, and of the Secession built. He voted for the adoption of the thirteenth convention of 1861. He had been a Whig in poli- amendment to the constitution, although at the tics throughout his career, and used all his influ- time he was one of the largest slave - owners in ence to prevent disunion. With John Forsyth Boone county. He was a delegate to the Phila- and Martin J. Crawford he was appointed by the delphia Union convention in 1866, and in that year Confederate provisional congress to confer with served again in the legislature of Missouri, where the U. S. government in Washington for the pur- he introduced and secured the passage of a bill to pose of securing a peaceable separation. establish a normal department in the state uni- ROMANS, Bernard, engineer, b. in Holland versity. He was appointed a director of the Union about 1720; d. probably at sea in 1784. He was Pacific railroad company, but resigned, and again educated in England, and sent to this country by served in the state senate, introducing a bill to the government as a civil engineer about 1755. He establish an agricultural and mechanical college. was also its botanist in Florida, receiving a pension He was also the author of many important meas- of £50 a year for his services. He was early im- ures that were passed by the legislature to advance | bued with the Revolutionary spirit, and enjoyed the interests of the state university, and from 1869 the acquaintance of Washington, who suggested till 1887 was president of its board of curators, that the New York committee of safety engage which in 1872 declared him “Pater Universitatis him as their engineer. He entered that service in Missouriensis." 1775 in the hope of obtaining a commission in the ROLPH, John, Canadian physician, b. in Thorn- ' Continental army, and on 18 Sept. submitted his bury, England, 4 March, 1792; d. in Toronto, Can- , plans and estimates of the expenses of erecting the ada, 19 Oct., 1870. He emigrated to Canada, prac- proposed fortifications on the Ilighlands, opposite tised as a physician in Toronto, and took part West Point, offering to complete the same for in the insurrection of 1837. On 18 Nov. of that $5,000, the ordnance only excepted. The com- year Rolph, William L. Mackenzie (q. 1.), and mittee decided to employ him at a salary, and his a 314 ROMERO ROMAY M. Romero. . are application for a colonelcy was subsequently re- cal and practical law, and was admitted to the bar fused. He succeeded in entering the Pennsylvania in 1857. In the revolution of that 'year he sided artillery with the commission of captain in Febru- with the government, and after the abandonment ary, 1776, and with his regiment invaded Canada. of Mexico he retired to Guadalajara, where Juarez In May of the same year he was tried for various appointed him to an office in the department of alleged offences, but was acquitted, and remained foreign affairs. He in the Continental service till 1779, when he was continued to follow captured by the British and taken to England. the fortunes of the Although his exchange was refused, he pursued constitutional gov- his profession there with great success. He set ernment in its mi- out to return to this country in 1784, but is sup- grations, and at Vera posed to have been murdered at sea for a large sum Cruz served as secre- of money which he carried with him. In a diary tary to Melchor Ocam. of the principal part of his life, Romans claims to po (q. v.), and chief have been the first surveyor in Florida. He was clerk of the several de- a mathematician, an artist, and an author. In 1771 partments under that he became a member of the American philosophi- statesman's charge. cal society, to which he contributed various papers. In December, 1859, His publications include “ A Concise Natural His- he was appointed sec- tory of East and West Florida,” which, though it retary of the Mexican contains curious typographical errors, such as print- legation in Washing- ing the pronoun I as a small letter, and is composed ton, and he was subse- in a grandiloquent style, is full of minute and well- quently chargé d'af- arranged information, illustrated with twelve cop- faires until April , per-plates and two whole-sheet maps, and is rare 1863. The period and valuable (New York, 1775). His other works during which he was Map of the Seat of War” (1775); “ Annals in office at the legation was probably the most dif- of the Troubles in the Netherlands” (English trans- ficult in the annals of Mexican diplomacy, involving lation, 2 vols., Hartford, 1778); and Compleat grave and complicated questions from the capture Pilot of the Gulf Passage” (1779). of the Spanish vessel "Maria Concepcion " down ROMAY, Tomás (ro-mi'), Cuban physician, b. to the French intervention in Mexico. On his re- in Havana 'in 1769 ; d. there in 1849. He studied turn to Mexico in 1863 he resigned his diplomatic in his native city, was graduated in medicine in post, and, soliciting an appointment in the army, 1791, and soon afterward was appointed to a profes- was commissioned colonel, and became chief of sorship in the University of Flavana. In 1798 he staff to his college friend, Gen. Porfirio Diaz. He published an interesting memoir on the yellow was employed on several military missions of a diplo- fever, which was soon translated into English and matic nature, and in September returned to Wash- French and is still one of the best essays on the ington as minister to the United States. This subject. The Madrid academy of medicine made place he then held until July, 1868, and negotiated him one of its honorary members. In 1802 he pub- several important treaties with this country after lished a memoir against the custom of burying the the downfall of the empire in Mexico. He accept- dead in churches and cities, and advocated the es- ed the treasury portfolio in Juarez's cabinet in tablishment of a public cemetery outside of Ha- August, 1868, and for five years administered the vana, which was arried into effect soon afterward. finances of his native country with skill and judg- In 1804 he published another memoir advocating ment. His health failing, he retired to the Soco- the introduction of vaccine virus in the island of nusco district and engaged in agricultural pursuits, Cuba. The members of his family were the first also serving as a member of congress from that that were vaccinated, and during forty-five years part of Mexico. In 1876 he was a member of the he was one of the most constant advocates of vac- senate, and on the election of Gen. Diaz to the cination. In 1808 he published also an extensive presidency he returned to his post in the treasury memoir on the culture and propagation of apiaries, department, which he then held until 1 April, 1879. contributing in great part to the development of He was appointed postmaster-general in February, this industry in the island. During the first chol- 1880, but on the inauguration of Gen. Manuel Gon- era epidemic in Havana, in 1833, Romay devoted zalez was retired from that office. In the spring of all his time and energy to restraining the disease, 1881 he became interested in the Mexican Southern and published several pamphlets upon the subject. railway company, and accompanied Gen. Grant on The Madrid government rewarded his services by his tour of inspection through Mexico. From May, appointing him honorary physician of the royal 1881, till February, 1882, he was general superin- chamber, a distinction that was very seldom con- tendent of the company in Mexico. During Presi- ferred in those times. He was also elected director dent Garfield's administration the boundary ques- of the Royal economical society of Havana, and in tion between the United States and Mexico became this capacity gave his attention to the promotion a matter of public consideration, and also that be- of public education by the foundation of public tween Mexico and Guatemala, and he was again schools. Besides the publications noticed above, sent as minister from Mexico. Both difficulties he was the author of "Conjuración de Bonaparte.” were adjusted by him and a treaty of reciprocity (1808), and his complete works were published between the United States and Mexico was signed. after his death (Havana, 1858). He resigned his post at Washington on the expira- ROMERO, Matias (ro-may'-ro), Mexican states- tion of Gonzalez's presidential term, but was re- man, b. in Oaxaca, Mexico, 24 Feb., 1837. He was appointed by Gen. Diaz in 1884, and still (1888) educated at the Institute of arts and science in his retains the office. Romero has published upward native town, where he studied philosophy and then of fifty volumes, but they are chiefly official reports. law. In 1853 he settled in the city of Mexico, and Among the more important are "Circulars and through the influence of Benito Juarez was enabled other Publications made by the Mexican Legation to enter the foreign office. Meanwhile he con- at Washington during the French Intervention," tinued his legal studies at the Academy of theoreti- | 1862–"7 (2 vols., Mexico, 1868); “ Coffee-Culture on ROMEYN 315 RONAYNE 9 the Southern Coast of Chiapas” (1875); “Corre- | address before the students of the New York col- spondence of the Mexican Legation at Washington lege of physicians and surgeons on “The Ethnolo- during the French Intervention " (9 vols., 1870-'85); gy of the Red Man in America“ (New York, 1808). * Fistorical Sketch of the Annexation of Chiapas – Nicholas's brother, Jeremiah (Romeyn), clergy- and Soconusco to Mexico" (1877); and “ The State man, b. in New York city, 24 Dec., 1768; d. in of Oaxaca” (Barcelona, Spain, 1886). Woodstock, Ulster co., N. Y., 17 July, 1818, was ROMEYN, Theodoric (called Dirck) (ro-mine'), educated by Dr. Peter Wilson in Hackensack, clergyman, b. in Hackensack, N. J., 12 June, 1744; N. J., studied theology under Dr. Direk Romeyn, d. in Schenectady, N. Y., 16 April, 1804. His an- and was pastor successively of Dutch Reformed cestor, Claas Janse, a native of Holland, emic churches in Livingston Manor and Red Hook, grated to this country from Rotterdam in 1661. N. Y., from 1788 till 1806, after which he took Direk was graduated at Princeton in 1765, studied charge of the church in Harlem till 1814. He was theology, and was ordained in 1766, subsequently an eminent linguist, and from 1797 till his death becoming pastor of the Reformed Dutch churches was professor of Hebrew in the Dutch Reformed in Hackensack and Schraalenburgh, N. J. Dur- church.-Another nephew of Dirck, James Van ing the Revolution he suffered from the depreda- Campen, clergyman, b. in Minisink, N. Y., 14 tions of the British, but continued to serve his Nov., 1765; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 27 June, 1840, congregation at great personal risk. He declined was educated at Schenectady academy, studied the presidency of Rutgers in 1784, and again in theology under his uncle Dirck, and was ordained 1791, became pastor of the church in Schenec- in 1787. From 1788 till 1799 he was pastor of the tady, N. Y., in May of the former year, and con- Reformed Dutch church of Greenbush, N. Y., hav- tinued in that charge until his death. He was one ing charge also of the churches of Schosack and of the founders of the academy that subsequently Wynantskill, N. Y., at different periods. In 1799– became Union college, and from 1797 till 1804 was 1834 he was pastor of the united congregations of professor of theology in the general synod of the the Dutch Reformed church in Hackensack and Reformed Dutch church. Rutgers gave him the Schraalenburgh, N. J. He was a trustee of Rut- degree of D. D. in 1789.-His brother, John Brod- gers from 1807 till his death, and one of the most head, clergyman, b. in Marbletown, Ulster co., successful collectors for the theological professional N. Y., 8 Nov., 1777; d. in New York city, 22 Feb., fund. He published an “ Address to the Students 1825, was graduated at Columbia in 1795, and in of the Theological Seminary.”—James Van Cam- 1798 was licensed to preach. He became pastor of pen's son, James, clergyman, b. in Greenbush, the Reformed Dutch church in Rhinebeck, N. Y., N. Y., in 1797; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 7 Sept., in 1799, and of the Presbyterian church in Sche- 1859, was graduated at Columbia in 1816, licensed nectady in 1803, was in charge of the church in to preach in 1819, and was successively pastor of Albany for the succeeding four years, and then ac- Reformed Dutch churches in Nassau, N. Y., Six cepted the charge of the Cedar street church, New Mile Run and Hackensack, N. J., Catskill, N. Y., York city, which he held until his death. Prince- Leeds, N. Y., and Bergen Neck, N.J. He abandoned ton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1809. Dr. preaching in 1852 on account of the failure of his Romeyn was one of the most popular preachers of health. Columbia gave him the degree of S. T. D. his day, and an able theologian. ^ Ile declined calls in 1838, but he refused it. He published “The to numerous wealthy parishes, and the presidencies Crisis," a sermon (New Brunswick, 1842), and a of Transylvania university and Dickinson college. “Plea for the Evangelical Press” (1843).—His son, He was one of the founders of Princeton theologi. Theodore Bayard, clergyman, b. in Nassau, N. Y., cal seminary, a trustee of that institution and of 22 Oct., 1827; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 29 Aug., Princeton college, and at the age of thirty-three 1885, was graduated at Rutgers in 1846, and at the was moderator of the general assembly of the Pres- New Brunswick theological seminary in 1849. He byterian church. He published a large number of was pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in Blaw- occasional discourses, which were collected and re-enburg, N. J., in 1850-'65, and from the latter published (2 vols., New York, 1816).—Dirck's neph- date until his death of the 1st Reformed church ew, Nicholas, physician, b. in Hackensack, N. J., at Hackensack. Rutgers gave him the degree of in September, 1756; d. in New York city, 21 July, D. D. in 1869. He contributed regularly to the re- 1817, wrote his family name Romayne. He was ligious press, and, besides sermons and addresses, the son of a silversmith, and received great educa- published “ Historical Discourse on the Reopening tional advantages. At the beginning of the Revo- and Dedication of the 1st Reformed (Dutch) Church lution he went to Edinburgh, where he was known at Hackensack, N. J., May 2, 1869" (New York, as an able scholar, and took the degree of M. D., 1870), and “The Adaptation of the Reformed presenting a thesis entitled “De Generatione Puris," Church in America to American Character” (1876). which was at one time famous. He subsequently See “ Memorial,” published by the consistory (New studied in Paris, London, and Leyden, and on his York, 1885). return settled in Philadelphia, and then in New York RONAYNE, Maurice, clergyman, b. in Castle- city, where he practised his profession. He em- martyr, County Cork, Ireland, in 1828. He was barked in the William Blount conspiracy in insti- educated by private tutors, and at Carlow college, gating the Cherokee and Creek Indians to aid the and entered the ecclesiastical college of Maynooth, British in their attempt to conquer the Spanish but left before completing his course in theology, territory in Louisiana in 1797, was seized and im- and became a Jesuit in 1853. He finished his theo- prisoned, and subsequently again visited Europe. logical studies in Laval seminary, France, and He was the first president of the New York medi- came to the United States in 1856. He taught in cal society, and of the New York college of physi- St. John's college, Fordham, and in St. Francis cians and surgeons, of which he was a founder, ånd Xavier's, New York, up to 1868, and then went to in which he taught anatomy and the institutes of Rome, returning in the following year. He is at medicine. Dr. John W. Francis says of him: “ He present (1888) professor of history in St. Francis was unwearied in toil and of mighty energy, dex- Xavier's college. He has written articles in Roman terous in legislative bodies, and at one period of Catholic publications, and especially in the Phila- his career was vested with almost all the honors the delphia “Catholic Quarterly Review,” principally medical profession can bestow.” He published an on the labor question, and on the social and moral . 316 ROOD RONCKENDORFF 66 condition of Roman Catholic nations. He is the book published in the English language by a mem- author of "Religion and Science: their Union His- ber of the Reformed Dutch church in America. It torically considered” (New York, 1879), and is was prepared before the call of Laidlie, to meet the preparing for the press a work entitled “God growing necessity for instruction in English, and Knowable and Known." De Ronde offered to preach in English if the con- RONCKENDORFF, William, naval officer, b. sistory thought him qualified. He also published in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Nov., 1812. He entered the • True Spiritual Religion” (New York, 1767), and navy as midshipman, 17 Feb., 1832, became passed numerous “ Letters to Holland.” midshipman, 23 June, 1838, was commissioned RONDEAU, José (ron-do'), Argentine soldier, lieutenant, 28 June, 1843, and in June, 1845, was b. in Buenos Ayres in 1773; d. there in 1834. He bearer of despatches to the commander-in-chief of was educated in Montevideo, entered the military the Pacific squadron, with which he served during service in 1793, and when Montevideo was captured the Mexican war. He was in the “Savannah” at by the British, 7 Feb., 1807, he was taken prisoner the capture and occupation of Monterey and points and sent to England, but he was liberated in July on the coast of California, and returned to New of that year. Going to Spain, he served in the York in September, 1847. He commanded the peninsula against the French invasion, but in steamer “ M. W. Chapin ” in the Paraguay expedi- August, 1810, he returned to Buenos Ayres, and tion of 1859 and on coast survey duty in 1860, was joined the patriots soon afterward. He succeeded commissioned commander, 29 June, 1861, and had in April, 1811, to the command of the Argentine charge of the steamer “Water Witch” from 1 forces that were operating against Montevideo, March till 12 Oct., 1861, in the Gulf squadron. On gained the victory of Las Piedras, 18 May, 1811, 27 Dec., 1861, he took command of the steamer and in June began the siege of that city, which “ San Jacinto," with which he was present in was raised on 23 Oct. of that year by a treaty with Hampton Roads to fight the “ Merrimac," and par- the Spanish general Elio. After the hostilities ticipated in the attack on Sewell's Point, 15 May, against Montevideo had begun again, Rondeau, in 1862, and in the capture of Norfolk on 18 May. command of the vanguard, gained, on 31 Dec., 1812, He was in the "Ticonderoga," searching for priva- the victory of Cerrito, and in January, 1813, super- teers in 1863, and in February, 1864, he commanded seded Sarratea in the command of the Argentine the monitor “Monadnock” in operations in James forces, and began the second siege of Montevideo, river until the evacuation of Richmond, when he but in 1814 he was superseded by Alvear, and pro- cruised to Havana in search of the “Stonewall.” moted to the command in upper Peru. In Decem- In July, 1865, he was transferred to the monitor ber of that year he refused obedience to Alvear, Tonawanda.”. He was commissioned captain, 27 who intended to deprive him of his command, and Sept., 1866, and was at Philadelphia until 1 Oct., when that general was removed, 15 April, 1815, 1870, when he took charge of the iron-clads at New Rondeau was chosen supreme director; but he re- Orleans until 8 April, 1872. He commanded the mained in command of the army, routing Gen. steamer Canandaigua,” of the North Atlantic Pezuela at Puesto del Marquez, 14 April, 1815, and squadron, in 1872–3, was promoted to commodore, occupying Potosi, but suffering defeat at Sipe-Sipe, 12 Sept., 1874, and was placed on the retired list 28 Nov., 1815. On 10 June, 1819, he was elected on 9 Nov., 1874, by reason of his age. director of the republic, but was deprived of office, RONDE, Lambertus de, clergyman, b. in IIol- 12 Feb., 1820, when the supreme power was vested land in the 18th century. He was pastor of Dutch in a commission of the municipal body, and the Reformed churches in Surinam, British Guiana, in separation of the different provinces was virtually 1746, New York and Harlem in 1751-'84, and consummated. Rondeau retired to private life, but Schaghticoke in 1784–95. In 1749 he proposed to took part in the campaign for the liberation of the classis to publish a book of first trutlis in Ne- Uruguay, and on 17 Sept., 1828, was elected pro- gro-English and Dutch. The classis requested visional president, resigning on 25 April, 1829. him to transmit it to them for approval, and in RONDTHALER, Edward, clergyman, b. in 1751 complained that he had been installed over York, Pa., 6 Sept., 1817; d. in Nazareth, Pa., 5 the church of New York without their knowledge, March, 1855. He was graduated at the Moravian and that he had signed the letter of the coetus theological seminary, and from 1841 till 1853 was without any explanation of his new relationships. in the active ministry. In 1853-'4 he was president He became a member of the conferentie party of Nazareth Hall. He was the author of a “ Life of after the disruption in 1755, and was never absent John Heckewelder” (Philadelphia, 1847). from their meetings. Though he was one of the ROOD, Ogden Nicholas, physicist, b. in Dan- committee that procured Dr. Laidlie to preach in bury, Conn., 3 Feb., 1831. He was graduated at English, he afterward turned against him, and was Princeton in 1852, and then studied at the Sheffield the leading spirit in the “ Dutch party” in the scientific school of Yale, and at the universities of famous lawsuit that grew out of this matter. Munich and Berlin, making a specialty of science. Many were determined not to submit to the inno- In 1858, soon after his return, he was chosen pro- vation of English preaching. The “ Dutch party” fessor of chemistry and physics at Troy university, lost the suit and paid £300 costs. During the where he remained for nearly five years. He was Revolution, De Ronde preached in Schaghticoke, called in 1863 to the chair of physics in Columbia, N. Y., and in 1780 represented the churches of Red and has since delivered lectures there and in the Ilook and Saugerties in the classis of Kingston. School of mines of that institution. His original Ilis publications are " De gekruisige Christus, als investigations have been numerous, and include het voornaemste toeleg van Gods gebrouwe Krins- special studies of questions in mechanics, opties, gesanten, in hunne prediking," or The Christ acousties, and electricity. Prof. Rood was one of Crucified as the Principal Subject of God's Faith- the first to apply photography to the microscope, ful Servants of the Cross in their Sermons” and to take binocular pictures with that instru- (New York, 1751); " De ware gedachniss," an ac- Ilis studies of the nature of the electric count of the death of the Rev. Gualterus Du Bois spark and of the duration of the flashes are par- (New York, 1951): “ A System containing the Prin- ticularly interesting, involving the determination ciples of the Christian Religion Suitable to the of much more minute intervals of time than any Heidelberg Catechism” (1763). This is the first that were ever measured before. In 1880 he de- ment, ROORBACH 317 ROOSEVELT vised a mercurial air-pump giving an exhaustion London and translated into German (1866); “A of the millionth of an atmosphere, a degree that Doctor's Suggestions" (1880); and “On the Neces- has not been attained by other pumps up to the sity of Wearing Glasses” (Detroit, 1887). present time (1888). The methods of photometry ROOSEVELT, Nicholas J, inventor, b. in New that he has originated, and his investigations of York city, 27 Dec., 1767; d. in Skaneateles, N. Y., phenomena that depend on the physiology of vision, 30 July, 1854. His ancestors were early citizens of are very ingenious, and he was the first to make New York. His father, Isaac, was a member of the quantitative experiments on color-contrast. Al- New York provincial congress, the legislature, and though not an artist by profession, he paints in the city council, and for inany years was president water-colors, is frequently represented at the an- of the Bank of New York. Nicholas was carefully nual exhibitions, and has been a member of the educated. His connection with the invention of American water-color society since its foundation vertical steamboat paddle-wheels is described by in 1866. He was elected to the National academy John H. B. Latrobe in his “ Lost Chapter in the His- of sciences in 1865, and in 1867 was vice-president tory of the Steamboat" (Baltimore, Md., 1871). Mr. of the American association for the advancement Latrobe's investigations show that, soon after the of science. The results of his various researches evacuation of New York by the British, Roosevelt are included in about sixty memoirs that have returned to New York from Esopus, where he then appeared in scientific journals, both in the United resided, and where he had made a small wooden States and abroad, but chiefly in the “ American boat, across which was an axle projecting over the Journal of Science." Sixteen of his most important sides with paddles at the ends, made to revolve by a memoirs were originally read before the National tight cord wound around its middle by the reaction academy of sciences. Prof. Rood has published of hickory and whalebone springs. În New York “ Modern Chromatics," a work that, besides pre- he engaged in manufacturing and inventing in that senting the fundamental facts as to perception of city, subsequently became interested in the Schuy- color, contains the results of numerous original in- ler copper-mines in New Jersey on the Passaic vestigations on the subject (New York, 1881). river, and from a model of Josiah Hornblower's at- ROORBACH, Orville Augustus, publisher, mospheric machine completed a similar one, built b. in Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 20 Jan., 1803; engines for various purposes, and constructed those d. in Schenectady, N. Y., 21 June, 1861. He was for the water-works of Philadelphia. He was also educated in Albany, opened a book-store in Charles- at the same time under contract to erect rolling- ton, S. C., about 1826, and was engaged in business works and supply the government with copper there till 1845. During the latter part of that drawn and rolled for six 74-gun ships. In 1797, time he also carried on the book trade in New with Robert R. Livingston and John Stevens, he York city, whither he removed in 1845, and con- agreed to build a boat on joint account, for which tinued in that business till 1855, when he began to the engines were to be constructed by Roosevelt, publish and edit the “ Booksellers' Medium. He and the propelling agency was to be that planned compiled and arranged the “ Bibliotheca Ameri- by Livingston. This experiment failed, the speed cana," a catalogue of American publications, in attained being only equivalent to about three miles cluding reprints and original works from 1820 till an hour in still water. On 6 Sept., 1798, Roose- 1861 (4 vols., New York, 1852–61). velt had fully described to Livingston a vertical ROOSA, Daniel Bennett St. John (ro'-zah), wheel, which he earnestly recommended. This is physician, b. in Bethel. Sullivan co., N. Y., 4 April, the first practical suggestion of the combination 1838. His ancestor, Isaac, was a captain in the that made steam navigation a commercial success, Continental army during the Revolution. Daniel although four years later Robert Fulton believed entered Yale in 1856, but left on account of the that chains and floats were alone to be relied on. failure of his health, subsequently studied chemis- Livingston, however, had replied to Roosevelt's try under Dr. John W. Draper in New York city, was proposition on 28 Oct., 1798, that "vertical wheels graduated at the medical department of the Univer- are out of the question.” But in the spring of 1802, sity of New York in 1860, and became resident phy- Livingston having communicated Roosevelt's plan sician in the New York hospital in 1862. He stud- to Fulton, they adopted the former's view, and in ied abroad in 1863, devoting himself especially to January of the next year launched a boat that was ophthalmology and otology, and in 1864 settled in propelled by Roosevelt's vertical wheels. Roose- practice in New York city. He was professor of velt in the mean time became greatly embarrassed the diseases of the eye and ear in the medical de- financially, the government failed to fulfil its con- partment of the University of the city of New York | tract with him, and he was unable to put his plans from 1863 till 1882, occupied the same chair in the in operation. In 1809 he associated himself with Cniversity of Vermont in 1875–'80, was a founder Fulton in the introduction of steamboats on the of the Manhattan eye and ear hospital, and is now western waters, and in 1811 he built and navigated (1888) professor of those diseases in the New York | the “ New Orleans," the pioneer boat that descend- post-gravluate medical school, of whose faculty heed the Ohio and Mississippi rivers from Pittsburg is president. Dr. Roosa is a successful practitioner, i to New Orleans in fourteen days, he having pre- eminent as a surgeon, and an acknowledged au- viously descended both rivers in a flat-boat to ob- thority in the branch of his profession to which he tain information. In January, 1815, he applied to has devoted himself, having performed the most the legislature of New Jersey for protection as the difficult and delicate operations that occur in the inventor of vertical wheels, for which he had ob- prosecution of his specialty. He was president of tained letters-patent from the United States in De- the International otological society in 1876, and of cember, 1814. The legislature, after discussion, de- the New York state medical society in 1879. Yale cided that it was inexpedient to make any special gave him the honorary degree of A. M. in 1872, and provision in connection with the matter in contro- the University of Vermont that of LL. D. in 1880. versy before the body," and there the matter rested. He has translated from the German * Tröltsch on Roosevelt's papers came into the possession of the Ear" (New York, 1863), and, with Dr. Charles Richard S. Cox, his executor, from whom they were E. Hackley, “Stellwag on the Eye" (1867); and is obtained in 1828, and from these, with others from the author of " Vest-Pocket Medical Lexicon” (New the papers of Chancellor Livingston, a case was York, 1865); “ Treatise on the Ear," republished in i prepared and submitted to Roger B. Taney, which 318 ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT " 9 66 had been already submitted to William Wirt, and, though the pressure of anti-Tammany Democratic both opinions being favorable, a suit was about to organizations forced Tammany Hall to approve his be begun when the consideration of the great ex- nomination, he denounced the measures of the cor- pense involved in its prosecution caused the whole rupt clique. In May, 1888, he was appointed U. S. matter to be abandoned. Roosevelt had by this minister to the Netherlands, whereupon he re- time retired from active life, residing with his fam- signed the office of fish commissioner, giving, in ily at Skaneateles. In the case submitted for Mr. his letter to the governor, a review of what had Wirt's opinion, it is said that Fulton never made been accomplished during his twenty years of oath to the application for a patent for vertical service. He was instrumental in establishing paid wheels over the sides; and that the application fire and health departments in New York city, itself was signed by another person—a statement was a commissioner of the Brooklyn bridge, and that would seem to be corroborated to a great ex- for many years served as president of the Fish tent by Fulton's own account of his invention in culture association, of that for the protection of an interview with B. H. Latrobe on 7 Feb., 1809, game, of the New York sportsman's club, of the when the latter was endeavoring to bring about International association for the protection of what subsequentlytook place—a connection between game, of the Holland trust company, a founder Fulton and Roosevelt in regard to the introduction of the Lotus and Arcadian clubs, and a member of of steamboats on the western waters. "I have no the American association for the advancement of pretensions,” said Fulton, “to be the first inventor science. He has published “The Game Fish of of the steamboat. Hundreds of others have tried North America " (New York, 1860); “The Game it and failed. Neither do I pretend to the right to Birds of the North" (1866); “ Superior Fishing navigate steamboats, except in New York. (1866); “ Florida and the Game Water Birds” That to which I claim an exclusive right is the (1868); “Five Acres too Much," a satire on ama- so proportioning the boat to the power of the en- teur farming that was provoked by Edmund Mor- gine and the velocity with which the wheels of the ris's “Ten Acres Enough” (1869); “ Progressive boat, or both, move with the maximum velocity Petticoats,” a humorous illustration of modern attainable by the power, and the construction of medical habits (1871); and edited the Political the whole machine.” In the same conversation Works of Charles G. Halpine,” with a memoir Mr. Fulton said: “ As to Mr. Roosevelt, I regard (1869).—Another son of Cornelius, Theodore, mer- him as a noble-minded, intelligent man, and would chant, b. in New York city, 22 Sept., 1831; d. there, do anything to serve him that I could.” — His 9 Feb., 1878, joined the firm of Roosevelt and Co., nephew, Cornelius Van Schaik, merchant, b. in glass importers, and continued in that business New York city, 30 Jan., 1794; d. in Oyster Bay, till 1876, when he established a banking-house. L. I., 17 July, 1871, inherited a large fortune, stud- President Hayes appointed him collector of the ied at Columbia, but was not graduated, and, en- port of New York, but he was not confirmed by gaging in business, was a successful merchant the senate. For many years he devoted much of for forty-seven years. During the latter part of his fortune to charity, contributed large sums to his life he devoted a portion of his large income the Newsboys' lodging-house and the Young men's to charity.—Cornelius's son, Robert Barnwell, Christian association, was a founder of the Orthopæ- congressman, b. in New York city, 7 Aug., 1829, dic hospital, under the care of the Children's aid so- was admitted to ciety, organized the Bureau of united charities, and the bar in 1850. was a commissioner of the State board of charities. While in prac- He was a director of the Metropolitan museum of tice he also con- art and of the Museum of natural history.—Theo- tributed to the dore's son, Theodore, author, b. in New York city, magazines, was 27 Oct., 1858, was graduated at Harvard in 1880, an enthusiastic and the next year was elected to the New York as- sportsman, and sembly as a Republican. He led the minority dur- organized several ing the session of 1882, was active in reform meas- clubs to restrain ures, and on his re-election in 1883 was largely in- the indiscrimi- strumental in carrying out the state civil-service nate slaughter of reform law, and an act for regulating primary game. During the elections. As chairman of the committee on cities civil war he was in 1884, he succeeded in abolishing the fees of the an active Demo- county clerk and register, and in providing for crat, and a found their payment by salaries, curtailing abuses in the er of the allot- sheriff's and surrogate's offices, and securing the ment commission passage of a bill that deprived aldermen of the pow- and the Loyal na- er to confirm appointments to office, and centred tional league. He in the mayor the responsibility of administering founded the New York state fishery commission municipal affairs. He was chairman of the New in 1867, and was appointed one of the three fish York delegation to the National Republican con- commissioners, on which he has served without vention in 1884, and an unsuccessful candidate for a salary: The reports of that body were prepared mayor of New York in 1886. He has spent much chiefly by him, and have led to the appoint- of his time in the west, exploring the country and ment of similar commissions in other states. Ilis hunting big game. He is the president of the Boone first experience in politics was in the organiza- and Crockett club, of New York, and a member tion of the Citizens' association at the time of the of the London Alpine club, and is a trustee of the Tweed ring administration in New York city. He American museum of natural history, and on the was a founder of the Committee of seventy, and board of the State charities aid association. To- first vice-president of the Reform club. With gether with his brother he has continued his father's Charles G. Halpine he edited the “ Citizen," the work in the Newsboys' lodging-house. He has pub- organ of that association, and after Halpine's death lished “History of the Naval War of 1812" (New succeeded to the sole charge of the paper. In 1870 York, 1882); Hunting Trips of a Ranchman” he was chosen to congress as a Democrat. Al-i (1883); “Life of Thomas H. Benton” (Boston, mousevedy ROOSEVELT 319 ROOT was 1887); and “Life of Gouverneur Morris,” in the applied to organ-manufacture. On his return to ** American Statesmen Series ” (1888); also“ Ranch New York he engaged in business to a large ex- Life and the Hunting Trail ” (New York, 1888).— tent, established factories in that city, Philadel- Cornelius's brother, James John, jurist, b. in New phia, and Baltimore, and built some of the largest York city, 14 Dec., 1795; d. there, 5 April, 1875, organs in the United States, including that in Ğar- was graduated at Columbia in 1815, admitted to den City cathedral, ng Island, Grace church, the bar in 1818, and became the partner of Peter New York city, each of which contains twenty Jay. He early identified himself with the Demo- miles of electric wire, that in Trinity church, New cratic party, and was active in the canvass of Gen. York, and the organ in the main building of the Jackson for the presidency in 1828. He retired Philadelphia centennial exposition. He was widely temporarily from professional life in 1830, went to known among electricians, invented several impor- Europe, and was in Paris during the disturbances tant details of the telephone, enjoyed a royalty for that followed the revolution. He resumed practice many years in the telephone-switch, and was largely on his return in 1831, was a member of the legis- interested in the Bell telephone company. lature in 1835 and 1839–40, and in 1841-'3 sat in ROOT, David, clergyman, b. in Pomfret, Vt., congress, but declined renomination in 1844. He in 1790; d. in Chicago, Ill., 30 Aug., 1873. He then went abroad again and studied foreign law was graduated at Middlebury in 1816, entered the in the courts of England, Holland, and France. ministry, and was pastor successively of Presbyte- He became a justice of the state supreme court in rian churches in Georgia and Cincinnati, Ohio, and 1851, during one term was ex-officio judge of the of the Congregational church in Dover, N. H. In state court of appeals, resigned in 1859 to become the latter city he identified himself with the Anti- U. S. district attorney for southern New York, slavery party, which he served with such devotion and retired in 1860.–His wife, CORNELIA, was the that he suffered persecution both there and in Wa- daughter of Cor- terbury, Conn., whence he subsequently removed. nelius P.Van Ness, He then held pastorates in Guilford and New Ha- of Vermont, and ven, Conn., till 1852, when he retired. He gave a leader in New $10,000 to endow a professorship in Beloit college, York society. She Wis., $20,000 to Yale theological seminary, and did good service $5,000 to the American missionary society. in organizing hos- ROOT, Elihu, lawyer, b. in Clinton, Oneida co., pital and charita- N. Y., 15 Feb., 1845. His father, Oren, was pro- bleassociations for fessor of mathematics in Hamilton college from the aid of the Na- 1849 till 1885. The son was graduated there in tional troops dur- 1864, adopted the profession of law, and settled in ing the civil war, New York city, where he has attained high reputa- and subse- tion. In 1883–5 he was U. S. district attorney for quently active in the southern district of New York. benevolent enter- ROOT, Erastus, congressman, b. in Hebron, prises in New York Conn., 16 March, 1773; d. in New York city, 24 city. – Cornelius's | Dec., 1846. He was graduated at Dartmouth in cousin, James 1793, studied law in Jast. Roosevelt thropist , b. In New in 1796 settled in York city, 10 Nov., practice in Delhi, 1800; d. there, 30 Nov., 1863, was graduated at N. Y. He was in the Columbia in 1819, and studied law, but was pre- legislature in 1798– vented by delicate health from practising. He 1802, and a never married, and the fortune that he inherited ber of congress in was not large, but by investments in real estate, and 1803-'5, in 1809-'11, a simple and unostentatious manner of living, he in 1812–'15, and in accumulated the sum that he intended from his 1831–3. He was sub- early manhood to leave for some charitable object. sequently returned re- By the terms of his will he left the principal part peatedly to the as- of his estate to found a noble hospital in New York sembly, was lieuten- city which bears his name, and was formally opened, ant-governor in 1820– 2 Nov., 1871. The property left by him was valued 2, and state senator at about $1,000,000, but, in the interval of eight in 1840–4. For many years between his death and the opening of the years he was major- hospital, the estate had been so administered by general of state mili- the trustees that the principal aggregated at least tia. Mr. Root was an $1,000,000 exclusive of the ground upon which the ardent Democrat of buildings were erected in West 59th street, and, as the George Clinton school and an able and popu- the buildings themselves represented an expendi- lar politician. Halleck celebrated him in one of ture of about $950,000, the property is now (1888) the Croakers.” Mr. Root published " Addresses worth $2,000,000. On the tablet that is placed to to the People" (New York, 1824). his memory in Roosevelt hospital is inscribed : “ To ROOT, George Frederick, musician, b. in Shef- the memory of James Henry Roosevelt, a true son field, Berkshire co., Mass., 30 Aug., 1820. While of New York, the generous founder of this hospital, working on his father's farm he found opportunity a man upright in his aims, simple in his life, and to learn unaided to play several musical instru- sublime in his benefaction.”—Cornelius's grandson, ments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Bos- Hilborne Lewis, organ-builder, b. in New York ton, where he soon found employment as a teacher city, 21 Dec., 1849; d. there, 30 Dec., 1886, entered of music. From 1839 till 1814 he gave instruction an organ-factory in early youth, and subsequently in the public schools of the city and was also di- studied his trade in Europe from an artistic stand- rector of music in two churches. He then went to point, especially in regard to electric inventions as New York and soon was occupied in teaching mu- mem- Erastus root 320 ROSAS ROOT 66 sic at various educational institutions. In 1850 he ROSA OF LIMA, Santa, Peruvian nun, b, in went to Paris, where he spent a year in study. Lima, 30 April, 1586; d. there, 24 Aug., 1617. After his return he published in 1853 his first Her secular name was Isabel Flores, and she was song, “ Hazel Dell,” which became very popular. the daughter of a member of the viceroyal guard It appeared as the work of “ Wurzel,” the German of arquebusiers. She showed great piety in early equivalent of his family name, and the same pen- life, and, to avoid bearing the praises of her beauty, name appeared on many of his later pieces. Many disfigured her face with oil of vitriol. By her ex- of the numerous songs that Dr. Root has written emplary conduct she won the admiration of the have achieved a national popularity. Among them church authorities, and was permitted to enter a are “Rosalie, the Prairie-Flower” (1855); “ Battle convent without the usual dowry. She united with Cry of Freedom " (1861); “ Just Before the Battle, the Dominican order in 1602, and led for fifteen Mother (1863); Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the years an austere life, which brought about her early Boys are Marching” (1864); “ The Old Folks are death. Her funeral was attended by all the au- Gone”; “A Hundred Years ago”; “Old Potomac thorities of Lima, and the archbishop pronounced Shore”; and the well-known quartet, “ There's a panegyric on her in the cathedral, 26 Aug., 1617. Music in the Air.” His cantatas include “The Soon after her death, efforts were made by the Flower - Queen" (1852) and “ The Haymakers" The Haymakers" Peruvian church to push claims for her canoniza- (1857). He was the originator of the normal mu- tion, and it was decreed by Clement X. in 1671. sical institutes, and when the first one was held at See“ Vita Sanctæ Rosæ," by the Dominican Hansen New York in 1852 was one of the faculty. Since (2 vols., Rome, 1664-8), and “Concentus Domini- 1860 he has resided in Chicago, where in 1872 the cano, Bononiensis ecclesiæ in album Sanctorum degree of Doctor of Music was conferred on him by Ludovici Bertrandi et Rosæ de Sancta Maria, ordi- the university of that city. By his compositions nem prædicatorum," by Vicente Orsini, afterward and his work as a teacher he has done much to- Pope Benedict XIII. (Venice, 1674). ward elevating the standard of music in this coun- ROSAS, Juan Manuel de (ro'-sas), Argentine try. Besides his numerous songs he has composed dictator, b. in Buenos Ayres, 30 March, 1793; d. much sacred music and published many collections in Swathling, Southampton, England, 14 March, of vocal and instrumental music. He is also well | 1877. lle belonged to à noble family that owned known as an author, his work in that line com- | large cattle farms, but he received only a limited prising“ methods” for the piano and organ, hand- education, and from his youth took part in the books on harmony and teaching, and innumerable work of his father's farm. During the English articles for the musical press.- His son, Frederic invasion he served until the evacuation of Buenos Woodman, musician, b. in Boston, 13 June, 1846, Ayres and Montevideo, when he returned to the began his musical education under his father, and country to take charge of his father's property. studied also with William Mason and James Flint, When Gov. Rodriguez, of Buenos Ayres, was threat- and took vocal lessons with Carlo Bassini, of ened with invasion in 1820 by the governors of New York, and Vannuccini, of Florence. During Santa Fé and Entre Rios, he appointed Rosas cap- 1869-'70 he studied and travelled in Europe, and tain of militia, and the latter, with a force of 600 since his return he has been occupied in teaching, gauchos, assisted in the battles of San Nicolas and composing, and conducting. From 1866 till 1871 Pavon. Afterward he was appointed commander- he was in the employ of Root and Cady, the Chicago in-chief of the southern frontier against the Pam- music publishers. His compositions include songs, pas Indians. Under President Rivadavia he was cantatas, an operetta, and other pieces. He has appointed commander-in-chief of all the forces of been very successful as a teacher of vocal music, the province of Buenos Ayres, but later he joined and has published Root's School of Singing the insurrectionary forces against the government, (Cincinnati, 1873). From 1871 till 1875 he edited and Rivadavia resigned in consequence. He was the Song Messenger.” a sustainer of the Federal administration of Dor- ROOT, Jesse, member of the Continental con- rego, and when the government of the latter was gress, b. in Coventry, Conn., 28 Dec., 1736; d. there, overthrown by Lavalle, Rosas joined the forces of 29 March, 1822. He was graduated at Princeton Gov. Lopez against Lavalle. "The legislature of in 1756 and preached several years, but in 1763 Buenos Ayres appointed Rosas governor on 6 Dec., was admitted to the bar and settled in Hartford, 1829. Although nominally he sustained the Fed- Com. Early in 1777 he raised a company, with eral principle, his government soon became arbi- which he joined Washington's army at Peekskill, trary, and numerous executions of his political and was made lieutenant-colonel . Jle was a dele- enemies took place by his orders. At the expira- gate to the Continental congress in 1778–'83, tion of his term in December, 1832, he resigned in was appointed a judge of the superior court in the expectation of being re-elected, but the legisla- 1789, and was chief justice of Connecticut in 1796- ture took him at his word and chose Gen. Balcarec. 1807. He subsequently was a member of the legis- Rosas immediately began an active opposition, and, lature and of the American and Connecticut acade- tired of continual strife, Balcarec resigned in 1833, mies of arts and sciences. He published "Reports as also did his successor, Col. Viamonte, soon after- of Cases Adjudged in the Courts of Errors of Con- ward. Several other governors were elected by necticut” (2 vols., Hartford, 1789-1802). the legislature, but, fearing the vengeance of Rosas, ROPES, John Codman, author, b, in St. Pe- were afraid to accept, so that the president of the tersburg, Russia, 28 April, 1836. His father, a legislature, Manuel Vicente Maza, took charge pro- merchant, resided in St. Petersburg in 1832–7. visionally of the executive. The representatives of The son was graduated at Harvard in 1857 and at the province elected Rosas governor in 1835 with the law-school in 1861, and since has practised his extraordinary powers, and on 13 April he began a profession. Mr. Ropes has taken much interest in tyrannical dictatorship, which ended only with his military history. He has contributed to the pub- flight in 1852. Soon he formed alliances with some lications of the Military historical society of Nas- of the governors of the interior, and those that re- sachusetts and to periodicals, and is the author of sisted his authority he vanquished, so that he be- “ The Army under Pope,” in “Campaigns of the came arbiter of the destiny of all the Argentine Civil War" (New York, 1881), and - The First Na Republic. Two of the principal Federal chiefs, poleon, a Sketch, Political and Military" (1885). i Quiroga and Lopez, died suddenly, and it was sus- ROSATI 321 ROSCIO that pected that Rosas caused their death. He now re- own hands. It was ready to receive students in mained undisputed chief of his party, and turned 1819, and he was appointed its first superior, at the his attention against the ('entralization party, or same time filling the chairs of logic and theology. Unitarians, whom he persecuted cruelly. When From this beginning was developed St. Mary's Oribe's government fell there, in October, 1838, and college and seminary at the Barrens, which after- President Rivera favored the Argentine refugees, ward took high rank. He was made superior of Rosas declared war against him, and in July, 1839, the Lazarists in the United States in 1820, and in invaded the territory of that republic with 7,000 1823 rebuilt his seminary on a larger scale. The men. Although his army was at first defeated, and same year he obtained a colony of Sisters of Loretto Gen. Lavalle invaded the Argentine at the head to take charge of an academy and a home for In- of an army, Rosas organized a force the command dian girls. In March, 1824, he was made coadjutor of which he gave to Gen. Oribe, and began a war of Bishop Dubourg, and in 1827 he was appointed against the Unitarian chiefs of the interior, and a bishop of St. Louis, which had been erected the price was set on their heads. A law was promul- previous year into an episcopal see. He was also gated that every one, male and female, should use for some time administrator of the diocese of New a red ribbon as the badge of the Federal party, Orleans, and retained the post of superior of the and all political documents were headed with the Lazarist order up to 1830. He co-operated with words "Long live the holy federation : death to the the Jesuits in founding St. Louis university and savage Unitarians." In January, 1843, Gen. Oribe, the House of novices at Florissant, and introduced at the head of an Argentine army of 14,000 men, various sisterhoods. By his aid and patronage St. invaded the republic of Uruguay again, and the Louis hospital, said to have been the first of its siege of Montevideo, which lasted for nearly nine kind in the United States, was established, and years, began. France and England interfered, and he also built a fine cathedral, which he consecrated the blockade of Buenos Ayres began on 18 Sept., in October, 1834. He attended the first four pro- 1845, but Rosas resisted the demands of the allies vincial councils of Baltimore, and exercised much until, in November, 1849, a treaty favorable to the influence in their deliberations. Bishop Rosati was dictator was signed. This treaty left the naviga- very successful in making converts to his church. tion of La Plata, Uruguay, and upper Parana In 1840 he sailed for Europe, and on his arrival in rivers entirely in the hands of the province of Bue- Rome he was appointed apostolic delegate to Hayti, nos Ayres, excluding even the interior provinces, to settle a controversy that had arisen between and this caused general dissatisfaction, especially republic and the court of Rome, and also to bring in the river provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes. about a reorganization of the Haytian church. On The governor of the former, Gen. Urquiza, pub- his return to Rome the pope expressed his approval lished a manifesto on 1 May, 1851, inviting all the of the diplomacy of Bishop Rosati, who prepared provinces to throw off the yoke of the dictator, and to sail for the United States from a French port, on 29 May he concluded an offensive and defensive but he fell sick in Paris, and was advised by his alliance with Brazil and Uruguay. Assisted by the physicians to go back to Rome, where he died money and army of Brazil, he marched against shortly after his arrival. Rosas's army in Uruguay, and after he had de- ROSBRUGH, John (rose'-bruh), clergyman, b. feated Oribe the troops of the latter joined him. in Scotland in 1714; d. in Trenton, N. J., 2 Jan., Re-enforced in this manner, and assisted by the 1777. He came to this country about 1740, and Brazilian fleet, he marched with 30,000 men against after the death of his wife taught for some time Buenos Ayres. Rosas, with an army of about and then entered Princeton, where he was gradu- equal force, was intrenched at Palermo and Santos ated in 1761. He studied theology under the Rev. Lugares, but at the first attack of Urquiza his John Blair, and was licensed to preach on 16 Aug., troops wavered. They were defeated, 3 Feb., 1852, 1763. His first field of labor was in Warren county, at Monte Caseros, and Rosas escaped on board a N. J., where in October, 1764, he was called to Mans- foreign vessel to England, where he afterward field, Oxford, and Greenwich, and was ordained lived in retirement. In 1859 the Argentine con- at the latter place on 11 Dec. For five years gress ordered proceedings to be instituted against he remained with this parish, but in 1769 he was him, and on 17 April, 1861, sentence was pro- transferred to the Forks of Delaware, Pa., where nounced, condemning him to death as a “ pro- he remained for the rest of his life. During the fessional murderer and famous robber.” In this Revolutionary war he joined with his neighbors in trial 2,034 assassinations, by his personal orders, the formation of a military company, and on reach- were proved against him, while the historian, Jose ing Philadelphia was commissioned chaplain of the Rivera Indarte (9. v.), gives a detailed account of 3d battalion of the Northampton county militia. 22,405 victims of Rosas's policy. He served during the campaign in New Jersey, and ROSATI, Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Sora, Italy, was taken prisoner in Trenton by a party of Hes- 30 Jan., 1789; d. in Rome, 25 Sept., 1843. He be- sians, who brutally murdered him. See “Ros- came a member of the Lazarist order, and studied | brugh: A Tale of the Revolution,” by the Rev. philosophy and theology in their seminary of Monte John C. Clyde, D. D. (Easton, Pa., 1880). Citorio, Rome. He devoted himself with great ROSCIO, Juan German (ros'-se-o), Venezuelan zeal to the spiritual improvement of the prisoners statesman, b. in Caracas in 1769 ; d. in ('ucuta in in the city, and at the same time became noted as 1821. He was graduated in law at the University a pulpit orator. He gave his leisure to the study of Caracas in 1795, joined the revolutionists in of the English language, and when Bishop Dubourg, 1810, and was elected deputy to the congress of of New Orleans, invited him to come to the United 1811, edited the manifesto of the confederation of States, he accepted without hesitation, and landed in Venezuela, assisted in forming the Federal consti- Baltimore on 23 July, 1816. After spending nearly tution, and in 1812 was appointed a member of a year in Louisville, Ky., he went to St. Louis on 17 the Federal executive. On the surrender of Gen. Oct. , 1817, designing to found a Lazarist college, Miranda to the Spanish general, Monteverde, but, after consultation with Bishop Dubourg, it was Roscio and other members of the executive were decided to establish the institution in the Barrens, sent as prisoners to Cadiz. In 1814 he and three Perry county, Mo. Here Father Rosati and his others escaped, and took refuge in Gibraltar, but brother Lazarists erected a rude building with their ) the governor delivered them up to the Spanish VOL. V.-21 322 ROSE ROSE 60 ness. authorities. In 1816 he regained his liberty and of at least $500,000. In 1874 it was organized as went to Jamaica, and in 1818 to Philadelphia, the Terre Haute school of industrial science, with where he wrote a work entitled “ Triunfo de la Mr. Rose as president of its board of managers, and Libertad sobre el Despotismo.” He returned to in 1875 it assumed its present designation. Its South America in 1818, and wrote for a Republican chief purpose is to provide higher education in paper called “ Correo del Orinoco.” He was soon mechanical engineering, and it is the only separate appointed director of the revenues, and elected to school of its character in the western states. the congress of 1819. At his death he was vice- ROSE, Ernestine Louise Lasmond Potow. president of Colombia. sky, reformer, b. in Peterkoff, Poland, 18 Jan., ROSE, Aquila, poet, b. in England in 1695; d. 1810. She was born of Jewish parentage, but early in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Aug., 1723. He is de- abandoned that creed. In 1829 she visited Enga scribed by Benjamin Franklin in his “ Autobiogra- land, became a disciple of Robert Dale Owen, and phy” as an ingenious young man of excellent soon afterward married William E. Rose. In 1836 character, much respected in the town, secretary she came to New York and circulated the first pe- to the assembly, and a pretty poet.”. His writings tition for the property rights of married women, were issued as “Poems on Several Occasions, by there being in 1837 a bill pending in the New York Aquila Rose: to which are prefixed some other legislature on this subject. Mrs. Rose lectured in Pieces writ to Him, and to his Menory after his the chief cities of the United States, and was a Decease. Collected and published by his Son, delegate from the National woman suffrage asso- Joseph Rose” (Philadelphia, 1740). ciation to the Woman's industrial congress in ROSE, Chauncey, philanthropist, b. in Wethers- Berlin on 9 Nov., 1869. Later she attended all of field, Conn., 24 Dec., 1794; d. in Terre Haute, the woman's-rights conventions, and she has re- Ind., 13 Aug., 1877. He was educated in the peatedly addressed legislative assemblies. She has common schools of his district, and during the lived for some time in France and England, and autumn of 1817 visited the states of Indiana, Illi- frequently speaks on religious topics, temperance, nois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, looking and the enfranchisement of women. for a place in ROSE, George Maclean, Canadian publisher, which to re- b. in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, 14 March, side and en- 1829. He was educated at the Presbyterian acade- gage in busi- my in his native place, and learned the printing After trade in the office of the “ John O'Groat Journal." spending the In 1851 he came to Canada, and in 1853, with his winter in Mt. brother Henry, he established a small job-printing Sterling, Ky., office in Montreal. In 1856 the partnership was he settled in dissolved, and George, removing to Upper Canada, April in Terre aided in founding the Merrickville “Chronicle, Haute, and and was also city editor of the London “ Proto- after- type." Since 1858 he has been in the printing busi- ward moved to ness in Toronto and Montreal as manager or pro- Parke county, prietor, and with his brother Daniel he now (1888) where for six has the most extensive publishing and printing es- years he de- tablishment in the Dominion. Mr. Rose has long voted his at- been an active temperance reformer in the Cnited tention tomill. States as well as in Canada. He was president of ing. In 1825 he returned to Terre Haute and en- the Toronto board of trade in 1882, and for five tered business, becoming one of the most successful years a director of the Ontario bank. Among other merchants of that region. His profits were judi- books he has edited - The Life of Henry Ward ciously invested in land, and he acquired a large Beecher” (Toronto, 1887). fortune. He was active in securing railway trans- ROSE, Sir John, bart., Canadian statesman, b. portation in Indiana, and was the principal pro- in Turriff, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 2 Aug., 1820. moter of the Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad. He was educated at King's college, Aberdeen, and On the death of his brother John, he found that in 1836 he accompanied his parents to Canada, and the will, if it were executed under the laws of New settled with them in Lower Canada. He took an York, would not accomplish the clearly defined in- active part in suppressing the rebellion of 1837, tentions of the testator. He accordingly instituted taught for a time in the eastern townships, after- legal proceedings to have it set aside, and after six ward studied law in Montreal, was admitted to the years of litigation succeeded in doing so. The bar in 1842, and soon had the largest commercial estate was then valued at $1,600,000, to which he practice in the city. Mr. Rose was a member for became sole heir. Although legally entitled to Montreal in the Canada assembly from 1857 till the money, he at once endeavored to carry out his 1861, and for Centre Montreal from 1861 till the brother's wishes and expended about $1,500,000 union, when he declined to be a candidate for that in charities, principally in New York. Besides constituency, and was elected for lluntingdon. other sums, he contributed $12,000 to endow an which he continued to represent until his retire- academy in Wethersfield, and his gifts for philan- ment in 1869. He was solicitor-general for Lower thropic purposes in Terre Haute and vicinity ex- ('anada from November, 1857, till August, 1858, a ceed $1,000,000. Among the special objects of his member of the executive council of Canada from interest were the Providence hospital, the Free dis- 6 Aug., 1858, till June, 1861, and became receiver- pensary, and the Rose orphan asylum, which he general, 6 Aug., 1858. He was a second time s- endowed with sufficient money to assure its per- licitor-general for Lower Canada from 7 Aug., 1878 manency. Ilis chief benefaction was the build- till 10 Jan., 1859, and commissioner of public works ing and equipment of Rose polytechnic institute from 11 Jan., 1859, till 12 June, 1861, when he re- (of which the principal building is shown in the tired, owing to feeble health. In 1864 he was ap- accompanying illustration), to which he left the pointed by the British government a commissioner greater part of his estate, so that this institution for the settlement of claims that arose under the has a productive capital, exclusive of the buildings, | Oregon treaty with the l'. S. government. He be- soon ROSE 323 ROSECRANS Sandse came a member of the privy council, 30 Nov., 1867, having been completed, a working-party of fifteen and held the portfolio of minister of finance from men was organized, under the command of Col. that date until his retirement from public life in Rose, who undertook the most dangerous and 1869. He was a delegate to London, England, dur- arduous part of the task. They cut through the ing the sitting of the stone wall of the cellar, and dug a tunnel fifty feet colonial conference in long through an earthen embankment, emerging 1867, representing the at a point where the sentry could not see them, Protestant educational whence they found easy access to the street. This interests of Lower Can- work occupied nearly three months, and during ada, and again in 1868 much of the time Col. Rose and Maj. Hamilton as minister of finance worked alone. On the night of 9 Feb., 1864, the on public business. lle tunnel was completed, and 109 soldiers escaped, of was requested by the whom 48 were retaken, including Col. Rose.' Rose governor - general, on was suffering from a broken ankle, and was in sight behalf of the British of the National lines when he was recaptured. He government, to make a was again confined in Libby prison, but left there confidential examina- on 30 April, 1864, and was ordered to Columbus, tion into the alleged Ohio, where he was formally exchanged on 20 May, grievances of the prov- 1864, rejoined his regiment, and served with it from ince of Nova Scotia 6 June, 1864, until the close of the war, participat- relative to the financial ing in the engagements around Atlanta and in the terms that were grant- battles of Columbia, Franklin, and Nashville. He ed it on its entering was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers “for the Dominion, and rec- gallant and meritorious service during the civil ommended the extend- war” on 22 July, 1865, and major and lieutenant- ing of large financial colonel in the regular army on 2 March, 1867, for concessions to the province. In 1869 he was selected Liberty Gap and Chickamauga. He became cap- by the government of Canada to confer with the U.S. tain in the 11th infantry in 1866, and in 1870 was government on the subject of reciprocal trade, the transferred to the 16th infantry. fisheries, copyright, patent laws, the navigation of ROSEBRUGH, Abner Mulholland (rose- the St. Lawrence, and the extradition of criminals. brew), Canadian physician, b. near Galt, Ont., 8 Nov., In 1869 he removed to England, where he became a 1835. He was educated at Victoria college, Toron- partner in the banking firm of Morton, Rose and to, and studied medicine in New York and Lon- Co., London, and was for several years afterward don. He practised successfully in Toronto, and in recognized as the unofficial representative of Can- 1863 revived the Free dispensary of that city, which ada in the British isles. Sir John Rose was re- had been closed for want of funds, establishing it quested in 1870 by the British government to go on upon a firm basis, and in 1867 he organized the a confidential mission to the United States, which Toronto ear and eye infirmary. He has devoted led to the treaty of Washington. Since his resi- his attention to medical electricity and ophthal- dence in London he has been a member of various mology, and delivered lectures on the latter sub- royal commissions, and was chairman of the finance ject at Victoria college in 1870-'1. In 1864 he in- committee of the Colonial and Indian exhibition of vented a new demonstrating ophthalmoscope, and 1886. He was appointed by the Prince of Wales a in that year he photographed the living fundus trustee of the Royal college of music, and became oculi. In 1865 he photographed the inverted reti- a member of the council of the duchy of Cornwall, nal image of an object placed in front of the eye. and on 24 July, 18833, its receiver-general. In con- In 1878 he, in association with a friend, Mr. G. sideration of his public services he was created (in Black, anticipated Van Rysselberghe in rendering 1870) a knight commander of the order of St. practical the simultaneous transmission of tele- Michael and St. George, advanced to the dignity of phonic and telegraphic messages on the same wire. knight grand cross of the same order in 1878, cre- He has published "An Introduction to the Study ated a baronet of the United Kingdom in 1872, and of the Optical Defects of the Eye" (1866); “ Chlo- made a privy councillor in 1886. In 1843 he mar- roform and a New Way of Administering It” ried Charlotte, daughter of Robert Emmet Temple, (New York, 1869); “A Hand-Book of Medical of Rutland, Vt., and after her death he married (2 Electricity” (1885); and a pamphlet on Recent Jan., 1887) Julia, Marchioness of Tweeddale. Advances in Electro-Therapeutics” (1887). ROSE, Thomas Ellwood, soldier, b. in Bucks ROSECRANS, William Starke, soldier, b. in county, Pa., 12 March, 1830. He was educated in Kingston, Ohio, 6 Sept., 1819. He was graduated the common schools, entered the National army at the U. S. military academy in 1842, standing as a private in the 12th Pennsylvania regiment in fifth in his class, and entered the corps of engineers April, 1861, became captain in the 77th Pennsyl- as brevet 2d lieutenant. He served for a year as vania in October of the same year, was engaged at assistant engineer in the construction of fortifica- Shiloh, the siege and battles of Corinth and Mur- tion at Hampton Roads, Va., and then returned to freesboro', became colonel in January, 1863, and the military academy, where he remained until 1847 fought at Liberty Gap and Chickamauga, where as assistant professor, first of natural and experi- he was taken prisoner. He escaped at Weldon, mental philosophy, and then of engineering. Sub- N. C., was retaken the next day, and sent to Libby sequently he served as superintending engineer in prison, Richmond, Va., on 1 Oct. , 1863. He almost the repairs of Fort Adams, R. I., on surveys of immeliately began preparations to escape. With Taunton river and New Bedford harbor, improve- the aid of Naj. Archibald G. Hamilton, of the 12th ments of Providence and Newport harbors, and at Kentucky cavalry, he cut a hole in the solid ma- the Washington navy-yard until 1 April, 1854, sonry of the kitchen fire-place large enough to ad- ¡ when he resigned, after attaining the rank of 1st mit a man's body into the cellar below, their only lieutenant. He then established himself in Cin- implements being a broken jack-knife and an old cinnati as an architect and civil engineer. In chisel found in the prison, and their time of work- 1855 he took charge of the Cannel coal company, ing between the hours of 10 P. M. and 4 A. M. This i Coal river, W. Va., becoming also in 1856 presi- a 324 ROSECRANS ROSECRANS a dent of the Coal river navigation company, and in | in a general action, the Confederate army retreated 1857 he organized the Preston coal-oil company, to the line of Duck river, and the Army of the manufacturing kerosene. At the beginning of the Cumberland occupied Murfreesboro'. This battle civil war he volunteered as aide to Gen. George B. was one of the bloodiest in the war, and resulted McClellan, who was then commanding the De- in a loss of 9,511 by the National forces and 9,236 partment of the Ohio, and assisted in organizing by the Confederates. As soon as Vicksburg was and equipping home-guards. He was appointed beyond the reach of possible succor from Bragg, chief engineer of by a brilliant flank movement Rosecrans dislodged Ohio, with the rank him from his intrenched camps at Shelbyville of colonel, on 9 June, and Tullahoma, and in fifteen days, 24 June to 7 1861, and on 10 June July, 1863, drove him out of middle Tennessee. was made colonel of As soon as the railway was repaired, he occupied the 23d Ohio volun- Bridgeport and Stevenson. From 7 July till 14 teers. Soon after Aug. railway bridges and trestles were rebuilt, organizing Camp the road and rolling-stock put in order, supplies Chase, at Columbus, pushed forward, and demonstrations made to con- Ohio, he received a ceal the point of crossing Tennessee river. From commission as brig- 14 Aug. till 1 Sept. he crossed the Cumberland adier-general in the mountains and the Tennessee river, and, threatening regular army, to date Bragg's communications, compelled him to with- from 16 May, 1861; draw from impregnable Chattanooga, 9 Sept., and he took the field with retire behind the Chickamauga until Gen. Joseph command of a pro- E. Longstreet's arrival with his corps. Rosecrans visional brigade un- concentrated his forces with the utmost despatch nd. Raseeraus der Gen. McClellan to meet the inevitable combat. The battle was in western Virginia. opened on the 19th by an attempt to gain posses- His first important sion of the road to Chattanooga, continued through action was that of Rich Mountain, which he won the day, and resulted in Rosecrans defeating the on 11 July, 1861. After Gen. McClellan's call to attempt and planting Gen. George H. Thomas's higher command, Rosecrans succeeded him, on 25 corps, re-enforced by Gen. Richard W. Johnson's July, in the Department of the Ohio, which con- and Gen. John M. Palmer's divisions, firmly upon sisted of western Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, and that road; but during the night Longstreet came Indiana. He had command of the National forces, up, and was immediately given command of the and defeated Gen. John B. Floyd at Carnifex Fer- Confederate left. On the following morning the ry, 10 Sept., 1861, and thwarted all Lee's attempts contest was renewed by a determined attack on to gain a footing in western Virginia. These ser- the National left and centre. At this moment, vices were recognized by unanimous votes of thanks by the misinterpretation of an order, Gen. Thomas of the legislatures of Ohio and West Virginia, and J. Wood's division was withdrawn, leaving a gap in May he was ordered to report to Gen. Henry in the centre, into which Gen. Longstreet pressed W. Halleck, before Corinth, and given command his troops, forced Jefferson C. Davis's two bri- of Gen. Eleazar A. Paine's and Gen. David Stan- gades out of the line, and cut off Philip H. Sheri- ley's divisions in the Army of the Mississippi, with dan's three brigades of the right, all of which, which he participated in the siege of Corinth. He after a gallant but unsuccessful effort to stem this succeeded Gen. John Pope in the comm the charge, were ordered to re-form on the Dry Val- Army of the Mississippi, and with four brigades ley road at the first good standing-ground in rear fought the battle of luka on 19 Sept., where he of the position they had lost. The two divisions defeated Gen. Sterling Price, after which he re- of Horatio P. Van Cleve and Davis, going to suc- turned to Corinth, where, anticipating an attack, cor the right centre, were partly shattered by this he fortified the town, and on 3 and 4 Oct. defeated break, and four or five regiments were scattered the Confederate army under Gen. Earl Van Dorn through the woods, but most of the stragglers and Gen. Sterling Price, which he pursued for stopped with Sheridan's and Davis's commands. forty miles when he was recalled. On 25 Oct. he The remainder, nearly seven divisions, were un- was sent to Cincinnati, where he found orders broken, and continued the fight. The gallant Gen. awaiting him to supersede Gen. Don Carlos Buell, George H. Thomas, whose orders the night before, and was made commander of the Department of reiterated a few moments before this disaster, were the Cumberland, which was to consist of whatever to hold his position at all hazards, continued the territory south of the Cumberland he should wrest fight with seven divisions, while Gen. Rosecrans from the enemy. This command he held from 27 | undertook to make such dispositions as would Oct., 1862, till 19 Oct., 1863, and during that time most effectually avert disaster in case the enemy conducted a campaign remarkable for brilliant should turn the position by advancing on the Dry movements and heavy fighting. After reorgan- Valley road, and capture the remaining commis- izing his army and providing twenty days' rations sary stores, then in a valley two or three miles to at Nashville, he advanced on the Confederate forces the west. Fortunately, this advance was not made, under Gen. Braxton Bragg, on Stone river, 30 Dec., the commissary-train was pushed into Chattanoo- 1862. On the following morning the Confederates ga, the cavalry, ordered down, closed the ways attacked the right wing of the National army and behind the National right, and Gen. Thomas, after drove it back, while the left wing engaged the Con- the most desperate fighting, drew back at night to federate right. Meanwhile Rosecrans was obliged to Rossville in pursuance of orders from Gen. Rose- re-enforce his right, and personally directed the re- On the 22d the army was concentrated at formation of the wing, thereby saving it from rout, Chattanooga. The battle was a victory to the although not without very hard fighting, in which Confederates only in name; for Chattanooga, the both sides lost heavily. I'wo days later the battle objective point of the campaign, remained in the was renewed by a furious assault on the National possession of the National forces. The total Na- lines, but after a sharp contest the enemy was tional loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, was driven back with heavy loss. Unwilling to engage | 16.179; the Confederate loss, 17,804. Gen. Rose- crans. ROSECRANS 325 ROSELIUS crans was relieved of his command on 23 Oct., and cathedral, which post he held till 1859. A col- he was assigned to the Department of the Missouri lege was opened in that year for the education of in January, 1864, with headquarters in St. Louis, Roman Catholic youths, of which Dr. Rosecrans where he conducted the military operations that was made president. He continued to reside in terminated in the defeat and expulsion from the this institution until made bishop of Columbus. state of the invading Confederate forces under He also edited the “Catholic Telegraph," and spent Gen. Price. He was placed on waiting orders at much time in instructing the theological students Cincinnati on 10 Dec., 1864, mustered out of the of his diocese. On 25 March, 1862, he was conse- volunteer service on 15 Jan., 1866, and resigned crated as auxiliary of the archdiocese of Cincin- from the army on 28 March, 1867, after receiving nati, under the title of bishop of Pompeiopolis. the brevet of major-general in the regular army In 1868 the archdiocese was divided and a new for his services at the battle of Stone River. Later see was erected at Columbus. Dr. Rosecrans was in 1867 he was offered the Democratic nomination nominated first bishop, and took possession of his for governor of California, but declined it. He see on 3 March of the same year. Shortly after- was appointed minister to Mexico on 27 July, 1868, ward the Academy of St. Mary's of the Springs and held that office until 26 June, 1869, when he was founded near Columbus, and the bishop began returned to the United States, and declined the St. Mary's cathedral, one of the first buildings in Democratic nomination for governor of Ohio. Sub- the city. He also erected St. Aloysius's seminary, sequently he resumed the practice of engineering, and through his initiative numerous other schools and in 1872–'3 was engaged in an effort to initiate were founded. He was taken suddenly ill on Sun- the construction of a vast system of narrow-gauge day, 20 Oct., 1878, as he was about to enter his railways in Mexico, at the instance of President cathedral for vesper service, and died on the fol- Juarez. He became president in 1871 of the San lowing day. Bishop Rosecrans's life was one of Jose mining company, and in 1878 of the Safety great simplicity and self-denial. He lived in the powder company in San Francisco. He was also orphan asylum, taught daily in the Academy of intrusted with a charter for an interoceanic rail- the Sacred Heart, and went several times weekly way from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific, made to St. Mary's of the Springs for the same purpose. by the Mexican republic under considerations urged All that he had he gave to the poor, and he was by him when envoy to Mexico, and he was requested often obliged to walk long distances, even when to use his influence to induce American railway in delicate health, because he had not the money building skill and capital to undertake the work. to pay his car-fare. All the money that was in his He memorialized congress to cultivate friendly and possession at his death was two silver half-dollars. intimate commercial relations with Mexico, and to ROSELIUS, Christian, lawyer, b. near Bre- encourage and assist the material progress of that men, Germany, 10 Aug., 1803 ; d. in New Orleans, country: and at the instance of American and Eng- 5 Sept., 1873. His early education was limited to lish railway builders, and of President Juarez, he the elementary branches, and at sixteen he left his went to Mexico. He had for fifteen months so ably native land on board the bark “Jupiter" for New discussed in the newspapers the benefits of railway Orleans, having secured his passage by the sale of construction to Mexico that the legislatures of his services for a stated period after his arrival, seventeen of the Mexican states passed unanimous which was in July, 1820. He was employed for resolutions urging their national congress to enact several years in a printing-office, and in 1825, with a the legislation advocated, and the governors of six partner, established other states sent official recommendations to the and edited the first same effect. In 1876 Gen. Rosecrans declined the literary journal pub- Democratic nomination for congress from Nevada. lished in Louisiana. He was elected as a Democrat to congress from It was called “The California, served from 5 Dec., 1881, till 4 March, Halcyon," and, fail- 1885, and was appointed register of the U. S. ing to prove remu- treasury in June, 1885, which office he still (1888) nerative, was aban- holds. For a full account of the Tennessee cam- doned for the study paigns, see Gen. Henry M. Cist's “ Army of the of the law, Mr. Cumberland”. (New York, 1882); “ Rosecrans's Roselius supporting Campaign with the 14th Army Corps, or the Army himself at this pe- of the Cumberland,” by W. D. Bickham (Cincin- riod by teaching. nati, 1863); and Van Horne's “ History of the His legal studies Army of the Cumberland” (2 vols., Cincinnati, pursued in 1875). — His brother, Sylvester Horton, R. C. company with his bishop, b. in Homer, Licking co., Ohio, 5 Feb., friend, Alexander 1827; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 21 Oct., 1878, was Dimitry, in the of- graduated with distinguished honor at Kenyon fice of Auguste De- college, Ohio, in 1845. A letter from his brother, vesac, beginning in Gen. Rosecrans, announcing the conversion of the December, 1826, and terminating in March, 1828, latter to the Roman Catholic church, turned his at which time he was admitted to practice by the thoughts in the same direction. He became a supreme court, consisting of Judges Martin, Mat- Roman Catholic in 1845, and entered St. John's thews, and Porter. His love of the civil law college, Fordham, N. Y., where he was graduated became a passion, and soon placed him in the in 1846. He then affiliated himself with the dio- front rank and eventually at the head of the cese of Cincinnati, and was sent by Bishop Purcell Louisiana bar. In 1841 he was appointed attor- to study theology in the College of the propa- ney-general of the state and served for a term ganda, Rome, where he received his doctor's de- of two years. During the same decade he was gree in 1851. He was ordained in 1852, and re- honored with an invitation to become the law turned immediately to the United States. For partner in Washington of Daniel Webster, which several months after his arrival he acted as pastor he, however, declined, preferring to remain in the of the Church of St. Thomas in ('incinnati, and south. For many years he was dean of the faculty he was then appointed one of the pastors at the of the University of Louisiana, and for the last : were eRoselins 326 ROSS ROSENGARTEN 66 66 . 66 twenty-three years of his life professor of civil and has become widely known for his work, which, law. In 1863 he was offered the highest place in like that of his father, includes numerous por- the reconstructed supreme court of the state; but traits of American historical characters. He is a he declined to accept the appointment unless the member of the Academy of fine arts, the Sketch court should be secured from military interference.club, and the Art students' union. Mr. Roselius possessed one of the finest private ROSENTHAL, Toby Edward, artist, b. in libraries in the south. It was particularly rich in New Haven, Conn., 15 March, 1848. He removed the Latin classics, of which he was a constant with his family to San Francisco in 1855, and began reader, and in Shakespeariana, of which he was a the study of art there under Fortunato Arriola in devoted student. He conversed equally well in 1864. The following year he went to Munich and English, French, and German. His house and became a pupil at the Royal academy, then studied spacious grounds at Carrollton, a suburb of the under Carl Raupp, and later (1868–74) again at great city, was noted for its generous hospitality, the academy, under Carl von Piloty. He gained few persons of distinction visiting New Orleans medals in Munich in 1870 and 1883, and in Phila- during the last two decades of his life without be- delphia in 1876. Excepting some visits to his ing entertained by Mr. Roselius, who was a cheery home, his professional life has been spent in Eu- and charming host. His hand and purse were rope. His more important works are “Love's Last always open to the unfortunate, and one of several Offering” and “Spring's Joy and Sorrow”. (1868); visits to his native land was for the sole purpose of Morning Prayers in Bach's Family,” which was aiding some of his less prosperous kinsmen. bought by the Saxon government, and is now in ROSENGARTEN, Joseph George, lawyer, b. the museum of Leipsic (1870); Elaine” (1874); in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 July, 1835. He was gradu- Young Monk in Refectory” (1875); “ Forbidden ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852, Longings," " Who laughs Last laughs Best,” and studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1856, “Girls' Boarding-School Alarmed (1877); “A studied in Heidelberg in 1857, and practised after Mother's Prayer" (1881); “ Empty Place" (1882); his return to his native city. During the civil war - Trial of Constance de Beverley” (1883); “ De- he served on the staff of Gen. John F. Reynolds in parture from the Family”.(1885); and Dancing the Army of the Potomac. He has delivered nu- Lesson during the Empire.” “Out of the Frying- merous addresses before various literary and chari- | Pan into the Fire," executed in 1871, is one of the table associations, including one before the Penn- most popular of his works, and has been frequent- sylvania historical society on the “ Life and Public ly engraved. He has also painted some sixty por- Services of Gen. John F. Reynolds” (Philadelphia, traits, in Europe, and, during his visits in 1871 and 1880), and contributed frequently to periodicals. 1879–'80, in San Francisco. Very few of his works He is the author of “The German Soldier in the have been exhibited in this country. Wars of the United States ” (Philadelphia, 1881). ROSIER, James, explorer, b. in Norfolk, Eng- ROSENTHAL, Lewis, author, b. in Baltimore, land, about 1575; d. about 1635. He was gradu- Md., 10 Sept., 1856. He was graduated at Dart- ated at Cambridge, and was engaged by Lord mouth in 1877, went to Paris, and was for four Arundel, of Wardour, to accompany Capt. George years a journalist and tutor. He has been a fre- Waymouth on his voyage, during which Rosier quent writer for magazines and the daily press, and explored the coast of Maine and Penobscot river. has published“ America and France: the Influ- On his return he published “ A True Relation of ence of the United States in France in the Eight- the most properous voyage made this present yeare eenth Century” (New York, 1882). by Captaine George Waymouth in the Discovery ROSENTHAL, Max, artist, b. in Turck, Russian of the Land of Virginia: where he discovered 60 Poland, 23 Nov., 1833. In 1847 he went to Paris, miles of a most excellent River; together with a where he studied lithography, drawing, and paint- most fertile land," written by James Rosier, “a ing with M. Thurwanger, with whom he came to Gentleman employed on the voyage” (London, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1849, where he completed his 1605), which is reprinted in volume iv. of " Purchas studies. He made the chromo-lithographic plates his Pilgrimmes" (1625). for what is believed to be the first fully illustrated ROSS, Alexander, British soldier, b. in Scot- book by this process in the United States, “Wild land in 1742; d. in London, 29 Nov., 1827. He Scenes and Wild Hunters.” In 1854 he drew and entered the army as an ensign in the 50th foot in lithographed an interior view of the old Masonic February, 1760, served in Germany, came to this temple in Philadelphia, the plate being 22 by 25 country as a captain in May, 1775, and was present inches, the largest chromo-lithograph that had been at the principal battles of the war of the Revolu- made in the country up to that time. He designed tion. He became brevet major in 1781, was aide- and executed the illustrations for various works, de-camp to Lord Cornwallis, and represented him and during the civil war followed the Army of the as commissioner to arrange the details of the sur- Potomac, and drew every camp, up to the battle of render of Yorktown. He afterward served as Gettysburg. These drawings he reproduced at the deputy adjutant-general in Scotland, went thence time. Up to 1884 he did miscellaneous works, to India, and served in a similar capacity while including about 200 lithographs of distinguished Cornwallis commanded in that country. He at- Americans. After 1884 he turned his attention to tained the rank of general, 1 Jan., 1812.-His son, etching, and he has since executed 150 portraits of Charles, published “ Correspondence of Charles, eminent Americans and British officers, together First Marquis Cornwallis; Edited with Notes with numerous large plates, among which are (London, 3 vols., 1859). This work throws much "Storm Approaches," after the painting by Henry light on the services of the marquis in this country. Mosler, illustrations for several of Longfellow's ROSS, Alexander, author, b. in Nairnshire, poems, and original etchings entitled - Doris, the Scotland, 9 May, 17833 ; d. in Colony Gardens (now Shepherd's Maiden," and " Marguerite." He is a in Winnipeg, Manitoba), Red river settlement, Brit- member of the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts, ish North America, 23 Oct., 1856. He came to and one of the founders of the Sketch club. His Canada in 1805, taught in Glengarry, U. C., and in son, Albert, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 30 Jan., 1863, 1810 joined John Jacob Astor's 'expedition to studied art under his father and at the Pennsylva- Oregon. Until 1824 he was a fur-trader and in the nia academy. He turned his attention to etching, service of the Iludson bay company. About 1825 . ROSS 327 ROSS he removed to the Red river settlement and was a Valentine Mott, in New York, and after four years member of the council of Assineboia, and was of unremitting toil, working as a compositor dur- sheriff of the Red river settlement for several ing the day and studying medicine at night, he years. He was for fifteen years a resident in the received his degree of M. D. in 1855. Soon after territories of the Hudson bay company, and has his graduation he was appointed a surgeon in the given the result of his observations in the works forces in Nicaragua, under William Walker. In Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon 1856 he became actively engaged in the anti-slavery or Columbia River; being a Narrative of the Expe- struggle in the United States, becoming a personal dition fitting out by John Jacob Astor to establish friend of John Brown. During the civil war the Pacific Fur Company, with an Account of some he served for a short time as a surgeon in the Na- Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific” (Lon- tional army, and afterward he was employed by don, 1849); "The Fur-Hunters of the Far West, a President Lincoln as confidential correspondent Narrative of Adventures in the Oregon and Rocky in Canada, where he rendered important services Mountains” (2 vols., 1855); and “ The Red River to the U. S. government, receiving the thanks of Settlement, its Rise, Progress, and Present State” the president and Sec. Seward. At the close of (1856).-His son, James, b. in Red river settle- the war Dr. Ross offered his services to President ment, Manitoba, 9 May, 1835; d. in Winnipeg: Juarez of Mexico, and received the appointment of Manitoba, 20 Sept., 1871, was educated at St. John's surgeon in the Mexican army. After the over- college, Red river, and at Toronto university, throw of the empire he returned to Canada and where he was graduated with honors in 1857. In began to collect and classify the fauna and flora of 1858 he taught as assistant classical master in that country, a work that had never before been Upper Canada college, Toronto. In 1859, return- attempted by a native. He has collected and clas- ing home, he was appointed post master, sheriff, sified hundreds of species of birds, eggs, mammals, and governor of the jail at Red river, was con- reptiles, and fresh-water fish, 3,400 species of insects, nected as part proprietor and editor with the and 2,000 species of Canadian flora. After his re- “ Nor-Wester" in 1860–4, subsequently as asso- turn to Canada he became a member of the Col- ciate editor of the Hamilton “Spectator," and was lege of physicians and surgeons of Quebec and also a writer on the Toronto “Globe.' He was Ontario, and was one of the founders of the So- afterward admitted to the bar of Manitoba, in ciety for the diffusion of physiological knowledge 1870 was appointed chief justice of the provisional in 1881. Dr. Ross has been appointed treasurer government under Louis Riel, and is said to have and commissioner of agriculture for the province drawn up the petition of right. He was opposed of Ontario, and he has removed from Montreal to Riel's violent and arbitrary acts. to Toronto. He was knighted by the emperor of ROSS, Alexander Coffman, merchant, b. in Russia, and by the kings of Italy, Greece, and Sax- Zanesville, Ohio, 31 May, 1812; d. there, 25 Feb., ony in 1876, and by the king of Portugal in 1877. 1883. He became a merchant in his native place, He was appointed consul in Canada by the kings sang in a church choir, and in the presidential can- of Belgium and Denmark, and received the decora- vass of 1840 was a member of a Whig glee-club. tion of the “ Académie Française” from the govern- A friend having suggested that the tune "Little ment of France in 1879. He is a member of many Pigs” would be a suitable chorus for a political scientific societies, and is the author of " Recollec- song, Ross set himself to compose the song, and tions of an Abolitionist " (Montreal, 1867); “ Birds one Sunday during sermon-time produced “ Tippe- of Canada” (1872); “ Butterflies and Moths of Can- canoe and Tyler too." This was sung by his glee- ada” (1873); “ Flora of Canada” (1873): “ Forest club at a mass-meeting in Zanesville, and at once Trees of Canada " (1874); “ Ferns and Wild Flow- became popular. When he went to New York in ers of Canada" (1877): “Mammals, Reptiles, and September, to buy goods, he sang it at a great Fresh-water Fishes of Canada” (1878); “ Vaccina- meeting in Lafayette hall, the audience took up tion a Medical Delusion " (1885); and “ Medical the chorus, after the meeting it was repeated by Practice of the Future" (1887). crowds in the streets and about the hotels, and ROSS, David, congressman, b. in Maryland thenceforth it was the most successful song of a about 1750. He was a delegate from that state to canvass in which Gen. Harrison was said to have the Continental congress in 1786–7. On 11 May, been sung into the White House. From a boy 1787, he voted on the motion to amend the article Mr. Ross was interested in scientific inventions, and passed on 29 Aug., 1786, making it read “that the he is said to have produced the first daguerreotype proceedings of congress do not authorize the secre- ever made in this country. He was one of the tary of the United States for the department of most enterprising business men in Zanesville, and foreign affairs to enter into any stipulation with accumulated a large property. See “Our Familiar the minister of his Catholick majesty.” He also Songs, and Those who Made Them,” by Helen K. voted on 27 Sept., 1787, to offer a resolution of Johnson (New York, 1881). thanks to John Adams for his service as min- ROSS, Alexander Milton, Canadian natural- ister to England, and on 13 Oct., 1787, voted for ist, b. in Belleville, Ont., 13 Dec., 1832. He at- Mr. Pierce Butler's motion that it was the de- tended school at Belleville till his eleventh year, sire of congress to entertain the friendship exist- when the death of his father compelled his re- ing between the United States and his “Catho- moval. He evinced a great love for natural his- liek majesty.” tory at an early age. In his boyhood he came ROSS, Edmund Gibson, senator, b. in Ash- to New York city, and after struggling with many land, Ohio, 7 Dec., 1826. He was apprenticed at adversities became a compositor on the “ Evening an early age to a printer, received a limited educa- Post." William Cullen Bryant, its editor, was, tion, and in 1847 removed to Wisconsin, where he much interested in him, and remained his friend was employed in the office of the Milwaukee “ Sen- ever afterward. During this period he became tinel” for four years. He went to Kansas in 1856, acquainted with Garibaldi, who was then a resi- was a member of the Kansas constitutional con- dent of New York; and in 1874 Ross was in- vention in 1859, and served in the legislature until strumental in securing a pension for Garibaldi 1861. He was also editor of the Kansas "State from the Italian government. In 1851 he began Record” and the Kansas - Tribune," which was the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. I the only Free-state paper in the territory at that 99 328 ROSS ROSS time, the others having been destroyed. In 1862 | set of instructions by which his conduct and that he enlisted in the National army as a private, and of his colleagues were to be guided. He was among in 1865 became major. On his return to Kansas, the foremost leaders in the provincial legislature after the war, he was appointed to succeed James in espousing measures for the defence of the com- H. Lane in the U. S. senate, and was elected to fill munity against British aggression, and in 1775 out the term, serving from 25 July, 1866, till 4 drew up a reply to a message of Gov. Penn that March, 1871. He voted against the impeachment deprecated any defensive measures on the part of of President Johnson, thus offending the Republi- the colonies. He was also the author of the report can party, with which he had always acted, and urging vigorous action for putting the city of was charged with having adopted this course from Philadelphia in a state of defence. On 14 April, mercenary and corrupt motives. After his term 1779, he was appointed judge of the court of ad- ended he returned to Kansas, united with the miralty for Pennsylvania, which post he filled un- Democratic party, and was defeated as their candi- til his death three months later. Judge Ross pos- date for governor in 1880. In 1882 he removed to sessed a benevolent disposition, which often led him New Mexico, where he published a newspaper, and to espouse the cause of the Indians and to save in May, 1885, was appointed by President Cleveland that people from the consequences of the frauds governor of that territory. that were practised on them by the whites. As a ROSS, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, b. in lawyer he was early classed among the first of Cobham, Cumberland co., Va., 25 Dec. , 1796: d. in the profession, and as a judge he was learned and Huntsville, Ala., 13 April, 1883. He was educated upright, and remarkable for the ease and rapidity at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., entered the Pres- with which he despatched business. He was the byterian ministry, emancipated his slaves, and from last man of the Pennsylvania delegation to sign the 1825 till 1851 was pastor of a church in Kings- Declaration of Independence. His half-brother, ford, Tenn., where he had removed in 1818. In John, lawyer, b. in New Castle, Del., in 1714 ; d. in 1828 he labored as an evangelist in Kentucky and Philadelphia, 8 May, 1776, was admitted to the bar Ohio. At the division of the Presbyterian general of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, 27 Aug., assembly in 1837–8 he adhered to the new school 1735, and so rapidly rose in his profession that in branch, and in 1855 he became pastor of the 1st 1743 he was the chief rival of Andrew Hamilton Presbyterian church in Huntsville, Ala., holding before the courts. In 1744 he engaged in the this charge until 1875 and continuing pastor emeri- manufacture of pig-iron in Berks county with John tus until his death. With James Gallaher and Lesher, and he continued his interest in the same David Nelson he edited a monthly publication en- until his death. In 1759, with others, he was con- titled “ The Calvinistic Magazine," founded in sulted by the governor and council in relation to a 1826, and he published a book entitled “Slavery as law for recording warrants and surveys, and thus ordained of God” (Philadelphia, 1857). render the title to real estate more secure. In 1760 ROSS, George, signer of the Declaration of In- he took part in the organization of St. Paul's Epis- dependence, b. in Newcastle, Del., in 1730; d. in copal church, and was its first warden. Alexander Lancaster, Pa., in July, 1779. His father, George Graydon says: “ Mr. John Ross, who loved ease (1676–1754), left the Presbyterian ministry for that and madeira much better than liberty and strife, of the Church of Eng- declared for neutrality, saying that, 'let who would land and came from be king, he well knew that he should be subject'" "; Scotland to Delaware and John Adams writes of him in his diary, 25 about 1703. He very Sept., 1775, as “a lawyer of great eloquence and soon rose to promi- heretofore of extensive practice, a great Tory, but nence, becoming one now they say beginning to be converted." He was of the pillars of the a friend and correspondent of Benjamin Franklin, Episcopal church in and an early member of the American philosophi- the American colonies, cal society. and acting as chaplain ROSS, George William, Canadian statesman, to several of the pro- b. near Nairn, Middlesex co., Ont., 18 Sept., prietary governors of 1841. His family came from Ross-shire, Scotland. Pennsylvania. The in 1832. He was educated at his native place and son at the age of at the Toronto normal school, and taught from eighteen began the 1857 till 1871, when he was appointed inspector of study of the law, and public schools for the county of Lambton. He on his admission to was active in the movement for the creation of the bar, in 1751, set- county model schools, and did much to perfect tled in Lancaster, Pa. them when they were established, preparing the He was a member of syllabus of lectures, and serving for a time as in- the Pennsylvania assembly in 1768–70, and ap- spector of model schools. He was a member of pointed by the convention that assembled, after the central committee of examiners from 1876 till the dissolution of the proprietary government, to 1880. Mr. Ross was elected to the Dominion par- prepare a declaration of rights. Mr. Ross was liament in 1872, re-elected by acclamation in 1874, elected to the 1st general congress at Philadel- and chosen again in 1878 and 1882, but he was phia in 1774, and continued to represent his state unseated in October, 1883, for bribery by agents until June, 1777, when, through failing health, he during his canvass. He was appointed minister of resigned his seat. On this occasion, the citizens education for Ontario, 23 Nov., 1883, elected to the of Lancaster having voted him a piece of plate legislative assembly of Ontario, 15 Dec., 1883, and worth £150, he declined the gift on the ground re-elected in 1886. Mr. Ross has been for many that “ it was the duty of every man, especially of years active in the temperance and prohibitory every representative of the people, to contribute movements in Canada. He was an honorary com- by every means within his power to the welfare missioner at the Colonial and Indian exhibition of his country without expecting pecuniary re- in London, England, in 1885. He has edited the wards." On first entering congress he was ap- Strathroy * Age” and the Seaforth “ Expositor," pointed by the legislature to report to that body a and was also one of the conductors of the “ On- Gwo-thof ROSS 329 ROSS tario Teacher.” Mr. Ross studied law, and obtained / vania. While still in the senate, he was nominated, the degree of LL. B. from Albert university in in 1799, as governor of the state. The nomination 1879, but never practised. was esteemed to be equivalent to an election, but ROSS, Henry Howard, lawyer, b. in Essex, Mr. Ross refused to canvass the state in his own N. Y., 9 May, 1790; d. there, 14 Sept., 1862. He behalf and was defeated. At the next election Mr. was graduated at Columbia in 1808, studied law, Ross was again nominated and was again unsuc- was admitted to the bar, practised in Essex for fifty cessful. The same disposition to defend the right, years, and was elected to congress as a Whig, serv- regardless of personal consequences, that had in- ing from 5 Dec., 1825, till 3 March, 1827. In duced him, as a boy at Dr. McMillan's school, to 1847-'8 he was a county judge, and in 1848 was a volunteer against marauding Indians, that had presidential elector. He was adjutant on the staff separated him from friends and neighbors during of Gen. John E. Wool at the battle of Plattsburg, the whiskey war, that in the senate had urged war 11 Sept., 1814, and was afterward appointed major- against Spain to protect the mouths of the Missis- general of the state militia. The University of sippi for the use of the west, induced him to be- Vermont gave him the degree of A. M. in 1813. friend the cause of a party of friendless negro slaves ROSS, James, senator, b. in York county, Pa., who had escaped from their masters and found 12 July, 1762; d. in Alleghany City, Pa., 27 Nov., refuge in Philadelphia. Impassioned oratory gained 1847. He entered the school of the Rev. Dr. John the case. The “ Port Folio,” published in Philadel- McMillan and accepted the post of teacher of Latin. phia in 1816, says that Mr. Ross received the thanks In 1782 Mr. Ross be- of the Abolition society; but the generous act dimin- came a student at ished his popularity. In 1808, for the third time, law, was admitted to he was nominated for governor, and was again un- the bar in 1784, went successful. With this election the power of the Fed- to Washington, Pa., eralists in Pennsylvania was broken, and with it the where he practised political life of Mr. Ross came to an end. He de- until in 1795 he re- clined to connect himself with other parties; only moved to Pittsburg. as a Federalist would he hold public office. Except In 1789 Mr. Ross was a short sketch in the “Port Folio" for 1816, there elected a member of is no published life of James Ross, and even that in the convention to great measure consists of extracts from his speeches. frame a new consti- ROSS, James, Canadian educator, b. in Pictou, tution for the state. Nova Scotia, in July, 1811. His father, who came The ability that he from Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1795, was pastor of displayed in this body the Presbyterian church at Pictou for nearly forty gave him a reputa- years. The son was educated at the Pictoù acad- tion which, with his emy, and had charge of the grammar-school at fame as an orator Westmoreland, New Brunswick, for four years. and lawyer, secured After completing a course in theology he was his election to the licensed to preach in 1835, and became pastor of U.S. senate, in April, the congregation to which his father had ministered 1794, for the unex- at Pictou. In 1842 Mr. Ross became editor of the pired term, ending 3 “ Presbyterian Banner.” He afterward was pro- March, 1797, of Albert Gallatin, who had been fessor of Hebrew and biblical criticism in Dalhousie thrown out because he had not been for nine years college, and upon the opening of the theological a citizen, as required by the constitution. In seminary at West River was placed in charge of it. 1797 he was again elected to succeed himself. To | After Truro college was amalgamated with Dal- Senator Ross undoubtedly belongs the chief cred- housie college Mr. Ross was appointed its president, it of the peaceful ending of the whiskey insur- and also acted as a professor. rection. On 17 July, 1794, Gen. Neville, the chief ROSS, John, merchant, b. in Tain, County excise officer, was attacked, and his house and Ross, Scotland, 29 Jan., 1726 ; d. in Philadelphia other property were destroyed. At a tumultuous in March, 1800. He early removed to Perth, Scot- meeting of the people at Washington, Pa., a rally land, and entered into mercantile pursuits, but in of armed men was called, to be held on 1 Aug., 1763 came to Philadelphia, where he became a at Braddock's Field. Mr. Ross, in a powerful shipping-merchant. At the beginning of the diffi- speech, alone opposed the will of an excited popu- culties with the mother country he espoused the lace. He was told that he had that day destroyed cause of the colonies, and was a signer of the non- all chances of future political preferment, but, importation agreement of the citizens of Philadel- nothing daunted, he attended the Braddock’s Field phia in 1765. He presided at the meeting of the meeting and also that of the delegates from west- mechanics and tradesmen of the city that was held ern Pennsylvania and Virginia, at Parkinson's on 9 June, 1774, to consider a letter from the artifi- Ferry. By his personal appeals and arguments a cers of New York, and was a member of the com- party was formed, which, if not very numerous, mittee to reply to the same. On 16 Sept., 1775, he included many citizens of note, several of whom was appointed muster-master of the Pennsylvania had been active on the other side. While he was navy, which office he resigned, 23 Feb., 1776, on ac- at Parkinson's Ferry a messenger from the capi- count of the importance of his commercial affairs. tal brought Senator Ross the information that he In May, 1776, he was employed by the committee had been appointed by Washington the chief of a of commerce of congress to purchase clothes, arms, commission to compose the insurrection. Senator and powder for the use of the army. This necessi- Ross more than prepared the way for his colleagues, tated the establishment of agencies in Nantes and and the insurrection was virtually at an end before Paris, and repeated visits to France during the war. they joined him. Mr. Ross had been for several | In this duty he advanced or pledged his credit for years intimate with Gen. Washington, being con- £20,000 more than he was supplied with by con- sulted as counsel, and now, at the president's re- i gress, much to his embarrassment and subsequent quest, became his attorney in fact for the sole man- loss. He was on terms of familiar intercourse with agement of his large estates in western Pennsyl- Washington, Franklin, and Robert Morris, and 1 James Rops a 330 ROSS ROSS a there are several entries in the diary of Gen. Wash- search of Sir John Franklin, going as far as Bar- ington, during the sittings of the convention to row strait. In 1841 he was presented with the frame the United States constitution, of engage- founder's gold medal of the London geographical ments to dine with Mr. Ross at his country place, society, and he also received a gold medal from the the Grange, named after the home of Lafayette. Geographical society of Paris, was knighted in ROSS, Sir John, British explorer, b. in Balsar- 1844, and received in that year the degree of D.C.L. roch, Scotland, 24 June, 1777; d. in London, Eng- from Oxford. He was the author of “ A Voyage land, 30 Aug., 1856. He was the son of a clergy- of Discovery and Research in the Southern and man, entered the royal navy in 1986, and was se- Antarctic Regions during the Years 1839-'43” (2 verely wounded four times under the batteries of vols., London, 1847). Bilbao, Spain, receiving a pension of £150 per an- ROSS, John, or KooWESKOOWE, Indian chief, b. num. In 1817 he was offered the command of two in the Cherokee country, Ga., about 1790; d. in vessels for an arctic expedition to ascertain the Washington, D. C., 1 Aug., 1866. He was a half- existence of a northwest passage, and on 25 April, breed, and at an early age acquired a good Eng- 1818, he sailed in the “Isabella,” accompanied by lish education. In 1817-'19 Georgia attempted to Lieut. William E. Parry in the “ Alexander.” He induce the Indians to remove west of Mississippi returned to England in November of that year, and river, and for this purpose a liberal bribe was of- was made post-captain on 7 Dec., 1818. In May, fered to Ross, who became chief of his tribe in 1829, he sailed in the steamer “ Victory,” equipped 1828, by William McIntosh, a half-breed Creek; but by Sir Felix Booth, sheriff of London, and was ac- this was refused and the Creek was publicly dis- companied by a small tender of sixteen tons, the graced. The proceedings of the Georgia legislature “Krusenstein.” In September, 1830, he became with reference to the Cherokees in 1829 led to an ice-bound in the Gulf of Boothia, and he aban- appeal on the part of the Indians to the supreme doned his ship on 29 May, 1832. In August, 1833, court of the United States, Ross acting as their his party was rescued by the “ Isabella,” then en- agent. This resulted in a decision in their favor; gaged on a whaling expedition. He arrived in but Georgia refused to obey, and aggressions upon London in 1833, and was knighted, 24 Dec., 1834, the Indians increased. In 1835 a treaty was con- and made companion of the bath. From 1839 till cluded between an agent of the United States and 1845 he was consul at Stockholm, and in 1850 he the Cherokees, & portion of the latter agreeing to commanded the “ Felix,” a vessel of ninety tons, surrender their lands and remove west within two in search of Sir John Franklin, returning in 1851, years, while nearly 1,200 remained to become citi- in which year he became rear-admiral. His publi- zens of the states in which they resided, and are cations include “ A Voyage of Discovery made known as the Eastern band. Against this treaty under the Orders of the Admiralty for the Purpose Ross and more than 15,000 of his tribe protested in of exploring Baffin's Bay, and inquiring into the an appeal that was written by Ross and addressed probability of a N. W. Passage” (London, 1819); to the president of the United States, saying that * Observations on · Voyages of Discovery and Re- the treaty had been obtained fraudulently. The search within the Arctic Regions,' by Sir John government sent a force under Gen. Winfield Scott, Barrow.” (1819; 2d ed., 1846); " Treatise on Navi- to compel its fulfilment. The Cherokees yielded, gation by Steam” (1828); “ Narrative of a Second and, with Ross at their head, removed to their new Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage, etc., in- home, a moderate allowance being made to them cluding the Reports of Capt. James Clarke Ross for their losses. Ross continued to be chief of the and the Discovery of the Northern Magnetic Pole" | Cherokees. He at first resisted all movements con- (1835); “ Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral nected with the civil war, issuing a proclamation Lord' de Saurey” (2 vols., 1838); " Arctic Expedi- of neutrality on 17 May, 1861, but on 20 Aug.. tion, with a Summary of the Searching Expeditions 1861, he called a council at Talequah and formed for Sir John Franklin " (1850); and a Narrative an alliance with the Confederate states. His wife of the Circumstances and Causes which led to the opposed this union until the last moment, and Failure of the Searching Expeditions sent out by when an attempt was made to raise a Confederate the Government and Others for the Rescue of Sir flag over the council-house her opposition was so John Franklin” (1855).—His nephew, Sir James spirited that the act was prevented. Political ques- Clarke, explorer, b. in London, England, 15 April, tions originating in the sale of lands in Georgia 1800; d. in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England, divided the Cherokees into two parties, between 3 April, 1862, entered the navy in 1812, and accom- which bitter enmity existed. One of these factions panied his uncle on his first arctic expedition in has been always known as the “ Ross party," and 1818. From 1819 till 1827 he was with Capt. Parry was headed by William R. Ross, the son of John, in his voyages in search of a northwest passage, and who was appointed U. S. agent to the confederated also in his expedition of 1827. He was appointed tribes of the Indian territory. Ross was the au- commander on 8 Nov., 1827, sailed with his uncle thor of a “ Letter to a Gentleman in Philadelphia” in 1829, was absent four years, and discovered what (1836). By the act of 3 March, 1883, the Eastern he believed to be the northern magnetic pole. On band of Cherokees was authorized to institute a his return to England he was made post-captain, suit in the court of claims against the United 28 Oct., 1834, crossed the Atlantic in 1836 to search States to determine its rights to stocks and bonds for missing whaling vessels, and after his return held by the United States in trust for the Chero- engaged in a magnetic survey of Great Britain and kees, arising out of the sale of lands west of the Ireland. In April, 1839, he was appointed to com- Mississippi, and also of the permanent annuity mand the “ Erebus," and in September of that year, fund, to which suit the Cherokee nation west was in company with the “ Terror," sailed for the Ant- made a party defendant. Judgment was rendered arctic seas to make magnetic and meteorological against the Eastern band, which was affirioed by observations and investigations. After a success- the U. S. supreme court on 1 March, 1886, the de- ful voyage of four years, in which much valuable cision defining the status of these Indians, whose information regarding this region was gained, he condition became more unsettled. returned to England in September, 1843. In Janu- ROSS, John, Canadian statesman, b. in the ary, 1848, he was appointed to the “ Enterprise" County Antrim, Ireland, 10 March, 1818; d. near and made an unsuccessful voyage to Baffin bay in Toronto, Canada, 31 Jan., 1871. He came to Can- : ROSS 331 ROSS a ada with his parents in infancy, and was edu- | governor. He again became a member of the ex- cated at the district school, Brockville. He then ecutive council and speaker of the legislative coun- studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and cil, 31 Oct., 1879, and was commissioner of agri- soon attained reputation as a practitioner and as a culture and public works from July, 1881, till supporter of the Liberals. In 1848 Mr. Ross be- March, 1882, when he retired from the cabinet. came a member of the legislative council. He de- After the resignation of the Mousseau ministry he clined an executive office in the government, but formed an administration on 23 Jan., 1884, becom- in 1851 accepted that of solicitor-general. In 1852 ing premier and commissioner of agriculture and he went to England to superintend the completion public works. He and the members of his admin- of the contracts for the construction of the Grand istration resigned in January, 1887, and in April Trunk railway, and he was afterward president of of the same year he was appointed a member of this road for ten years. On his return to Canada he the Canadian senate. Dr. Ross is vice-president was attorney-general till 1854, and then speaker of of the Provincial college of physicians and sur- the legislative council till April, 1836; and in the be- geons and a member of the Agricultural council ginning of 1858 he was appointed receiver-general of Quebec, and was elected vice-president of the in the administration of John A. Macdonald, re- North Shore railway company in 1875. taining office until his colleagues were out of power ROSS, Lawrence Sullivan, soldier, b. in Ben- in August of the same year. He resumed office a tonsport, lowa, 27 Sept., 1838. He was graduated few days later as president of the executive coun- at Florence Wesleyan university, Florence, Ala., cil in Cartier's administration. At the time of commanded Texas frontier troops under Gen. Sam- the confederation he became a member of the Do- nel Houston, and became colonel of the 6th Texas minion senate. He was engaged in journalism at regiment of cavalry in the Confederate army on one time, and established a newspaper that advo- 24 May, 1862. He was made brigadier-general 21 cated his favorite political reforms. Dec., 1863, and led a brigade in Wheeler's cavalry ROSS, Sir John, British soldier, b, at Stone- corps of the Army of Tennessee. In 1886 Gen. house, Cumberland, England, 18 March, 1829. He Ross became governor of Texas. entered the army in 1846 as 2d lieutenant in the ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, b. in Fulton rifle brigade. He was present at the battles of the county, Ill., 18 July, 1823. He was educated in Alma and Inkerman in 1854, as adjutant of the 20 the common schools of Illinois and at Jacksonville battalion, and received a brevet majority, with three college, studied law, and was admitted to the bar medals, for his services in the Crimea. He served | in 1845. In 1846 he joined the 4th Illinois volun- during the Indian mutiny, took part in the action teers for the Mexican war, became 1st lieuten- of Cawnpore and the capture of Lucknow, and ant, and was commended for services at Vera Cruz afterward raised a camel corps, which he success- and Cerro Gordo, commanding the body-guard of fully commanded in the Central Indian campaign Gen. James Shields while making a difficult re- under Sir Hugh Rose. For these services he re- connoissance. He also bore important despatches ceived a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy and a medal, from Metamora to Gen. Zachary Taylor and to and was made a companion of the bath. He com- Gen. Robert Patterson in Victoria, Mexico. After manded the Bengal troops in the Perak expedition the war he resumed his practice, and was probate of 1875–6, and in 1878 was chosen to lead the judge for six years. He was chosen in May, 1861, brigade of Indian troops that was sent to Malta colonel of the 17th Illinois regiment, which he had during the Eastern crisis. On his return to India he raised, and served with it in Missouri and Ken- commanded the Calcutta district brigade, until he tucky, bearing himself with great gallantry at was given charge of the reserve division of the Af- Fredericktown, Mo., 21 Oct., 1861, where his horse ghanistan field force, under Sir Frederick Roberts, was shot under him. In 1862 he was in command with whom, in 1880, he marched from Cabul to of Fort Girardeau, Mo. He was commissioned Candahar, in command of the Indian brigades. brigadier-general of volunteers on 25 April, 1862, For his services on this occasion he received the after commanding a brigade since the capture of Afghan medal and star and was made a knight- Fort Donelson, Tenn., 16 Feb., 1862. After the commander of the bath, and received the thanks of evacuation of Corinth, 30 May, 1862, he was pro- parliament. In 1881 he was appointed to the com- moted to the command of a division and stationed mand of the Poonah division of the Bombay army, at Bolivar, Tenn. In 1867 he was appointed by which he relinquished in 1886, when he was pro- President Johnson collector of internal revenue moted lieutenant-general. In the spring of 1888 Sir for the 9th district of Nlinois. He has been three John was appointed general officer commanding times a delegate to National Republican conven- the forces in Canada, and in May of the same year tions, and was twice a defeated candidate for con- he was sworn in as administrator of the government gress. Since 1866 he has given his attention to of Canada, pending the arrival of the newly ap- farming and has been interested in various agri- pointed governor-general, Lord Stanley, of Preston. cultural societies. He has imported fine stock ROSS, John Jones, Canadian senator, b. in into this country, and now (1888) has a large farm St. Anne de la Pérade, 16 Aug., 1832. He was edu- in Iowa. His brother, LEWIS W., was à repre- cated at Quebec college and became a physician. sentative in congress in 1863-'9. Dr. Ross represented Champlain in the Canada as- ROSS, Robert, British soldier, b. in Ross Tre- sembly from 1861 till the union, when he was re- vor, Devonshire, England, about 1770; d. in North turned for that constituency to the Dominion par- Point, Md., 12 Sept., 1814. He was graduated at liament and the legislative assembly. In 1867 he ! Trinity college, Dublin, became an officer in the resigned his seat in the latter on his appointment 20th foot, served in Holland, Egypt, and the pen- to the legislative council of Quebec. He continued insula, and was selected by the Duke of Welling- to represent Champlain in the Dominion parlia- | ton to command the corps that was sent to this ment till 1874, when he retired. Dr. Ross was a country in 1814. He arrived in Chesapeake bay member of the executive council of Quebec and with 3,500 men from Wellington's army, and was speaker of the legislative council from 27 Feb., re-enforced by 1,000 marines from Sir George 1873, till August, 1874. He was reappointed on Cockburn's blockading squadron. The entire force 27 Jan., 1876, and held office till March, 1878, i landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, near Wash- when the ministry was dismissed by the lieutenant- | ington. Ross advanced with caution, and, joining 332 ROST ROSSEL * Cockburn, marched to Bladensburg, where he de- dier-general on 10 Oct., 1863, and was given com- feated the American army, consisting mostly of mand of the Virginia cavalry in the Shenandoah undisciplined militia, on 24 Aug., 1814, and burned valley. In this capacity he served under Gen. and sacked Washington. He was killed while lead- Jubai A. Early when the latter was ordered to ing the advance toward Baltimore, Md. command the Confederate forces in the valley ROSSEL, Elisabeth Paul Edouard (ros-sel), of the Shenandoah, and was present at the bat- Chevalier de, French navigator, b. in Sens, 11 Sept., tle of Cedar Creek. Gen. Rosser was conspicu- 1765; d. in Paris, 20 Nov., 1829. He entered the ous for his services in this campaign, and was marine guards in 1780, served under De Grasse in constantly opposed by Gen. George A. Custer, who the West Indies, fought at Yorktown in October, had been his classmate at the military academy. 1781, and afterward served under Vaudreuil till In November, 1864, he was made a major-general the conclusion of peace in 1783. He was attached of cavalry. After the war he turned his atten- under D'Entrecasteaux to the station of the Indian tion to engineering, and had charge of the Da- ocean in 1785, became lieutenant in 1789, and was kota, Yellowstone, and Missouri divisions of the flag-captain during the expedition in search of Northern Pacific railway from 1870 till 1879. He La Pérouse (9. v.) in 1791-'95, of which he assumed held the office of chief engineer of the Canadian command in 1794 after the death of the two com- Pacific railroad in 1881–2, and is now (1888) presi- manders. After publishing, at the expense of the dent and general manager of the New South min- government, the narrative of D’Entrecasteaux's ex- ing and improvement company, and consulting en- pedition, he succeeded Fleurieu (9, v) in 1811 as gineer of the Charleston, Cincinnati, and Chicago member of the longitude office, and in 1812 Bou- railroad company. gainville (q. v.) in the institute. He was brevetted ROSSITER, Thomas Prichard, artist, b. in rear-admiral in 1822, and became, on 31 Dec., 1826, New Haven, Conn., 29 Sept., 1817; d. in Cold keeper of the logs and charts in the navy depart- Spring, N. Y., 17 May, 1871. He was educated in ment, a post which he held up to the time of his New Haven, and subsequently began the study of death. He was one of the founders of the French art there with Nathaniel Jocelyn. About 1838 he geographical society in 1821, and its first president. began to practise His works include Instructions nautiques pour his profession in les côtes de la Guyane” (Paris, 1808); “ Voyage de his native city, but D'Entrecasteaux à la recherche de La Pérouse” | in 1840–'1 he stud- (2 vols., 1809); “Signaux de jour, de nuit et de ied in London and brume” (2 vols., 1819–21); and Instructions pour Paris. During the la description nautique des côtes de la Martinique next five years he (1823). He was also one of the chief editors of the had & studio in · Collection des voyages et découvertes des Espa- Rome, sketching gnoles dans l'Amérique du Sud" (10 vols., 1840). and painting dur- His name has been given to a small island in the ing the summers in Pacific ocean south of America. Italy, Germany, and ROSSER, Leonidas, clergyman, b. in Peters- Switzerland. On burg, Va., 31 July, 1815. He was graduated at his return to the Wesleyan university in 1838, and then entered the United States he es- New York conference of the Methodist church. In tablished himself in 1839 he was transferred to the Virginia conference, New York, where where he has since been stationed, and was presiding he was chiefly en- in Rich- tural , “ Mi- mond in 1865–9, and Randolph Macon in 1877-'81. riam dancing be- Dr. Rosser was delegate to the general conference fore the Hosts,” “ Return of the Dove to the Ark,” of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, every four “Jeremiah the Prophet," ** Ascension,” “The Ideals," years from 1850 till 1866, and during the civil war and “The Jews in Captivity.” In 1853 he went was general missionary to the Confederate army. again to Europe, making an extended tour. In In 1858 the degree of Ď. D. was conferred on him December of the same year he opened a studio in by Emory and Henry college, and during 1858–9 Paris, where he remained about three years. Dur- he edited the Richmond - Christian Advocate." ing this time he produced “Joan of Arc in Prison," His publications include “ Baptism, its Nature, Ob- Venice," " Wise and Foolish Virgins," and many ligation, Mode, Subjects, and Benefits” (Richmond, other works. At the Universal exhibition of 1855 1843); “Experimental Religion, embracing Justi- he received a gold medal for his " Venice in the fication, Regeneration, Sanctification, and the Wit- 15th Century" (1854), and at the salon of the same ness of the Spirit" (1854); “ Class-Meetings" (1855); year he was awarded a medal of the third class. * Recognition in Heaven” (1856); “ Reply to How- From 1856 till 1860 he was in New York, after ell's • Evils of Infant Baptism '" (1856); and “ Open which he removed to Cold Spring, where he resided Communion” (1858). until his death. He painted a large number of ROSSER, Thomas Lafayette, soldier, b. in pictures, mostly historical or scriptural subjects, Campbell county, Va.. 15 Oct., 1836. He entered and also numerous portraits. Besides those already the U. S. military academy in 1856, but when Vir- mentioned, they include " The Representative Mer. ginia seceded from the Union, although in the chants," " The Home of Washington," painted in graduating class and about to receive a commis- conjunction with Mignot (1858); "The Discover- sion in the U. S. ariny, he resigned and entered ers” (1859); “ Washington's First Cabinet”: and a the Confederate army as 1st lieutenant of artil- series of pictures on the “Life of Christ.”. He lery. His services soon gained him promotion, was elected an associate of the National academy and he was made captain in October, 1861, and in 1840, and an academician in 1849. lieutenant-colonel of artillery in June, 1862. Dur- ROST, Pierre Adolph, jurist, b. in France ing the same month he was given command of a about 1797; d. in New Orleans, La., 6 Sept., 1868. regiment of cavalry and attached to the Army of He was educated at the Lycée Napoleon and the Northern Virginia. He attained the rank of briga- École polytechnic in Paris. With his fellow-stu- elder of the districts of Fredericksburg in 1872-3 gaged on his scrip: Ul. 3.0. Roforting 9 6 ROSTAING 333 ROTHERMEL dents he served in the defence of Paris when Na- his father, who married a daughter of Abbott poleon retired to Elba, and on the restoration of Lawrence, the Rotch travelling scholarship, which the empire he applied for a commission, which annually sends a student of architecture to Europe would have been granted but for the defeat at for two years' study and travel. Waterloo. In 1816 he came to Louisiana and set- ROTCH, Charity Rodman, philanthropist, b. tled at Natchez, Miss., and soon afterwa he stud- in Newport, R. I., 31 Oct., 1766: d. in Kendol, Ohio, ied law with Joseph E. Davis. After his admission 8 Aug., 1824. She was the daughter of a sea-cap- to the bar he settled in Natchitoches, where the tain, and married Thomas Rotch, of Nantucket, in population was largely French, and soon attained 1790. For some time she lived in that town, but a profitable practice. In 1826 he was elected to in 1801 she settled in Hart ford, and in 1811 failing the state senate, and four years later he was nomi- health led her to take up her residence in Kendol, nated for congressman, but was defeated. He then Ohio. Her husband died in 1823 and bequeathed removed to New Orleans, and continued there in to her his personal property to be disposed as she the practice of his profession until 1838, when he should decide. She determined to found a school went to Europe. On his return he was appointed for orphan and destitute children, and a few years judge of the supreme court, but soon resigned to / after her death the fund that she left reached the engage in agricultural pursuits. In 1846, when sum of $20,000. The interest of this money was the reorganization of the court was effected, he subsequently applied to the purchase of a farm of again accepted a seat on the bench. On account 185 acres near Massillon, Ohio, on which was of his ample knowledge of both civil and commer- erected, at a cost of $5,000, a building for educa- cial law, he took rank among the foremost judges tional and dwelling purposes. In this institution that Louisiana has ever possessed. It is said of boys are thoroughly instructed in the art of hus- him that “for clearness of diction and logical per- bandry and girls in culinary duties and the mak- spicacity in the application of legal principles to ing of their own wearing-apparel. The course is the facts of the case in hand, his decisions will four years in length. stand comparison with those rendered by the fore- ROTH, John, clergyman, b. in Sarmund, Prus- most jurists in the land.” On the formation of the sia, 3 Feb., 1726; d. in York, Pa., 22 July, 1791. provisional Confederate government he was ap- He was educated in the Roman Catholic church, pointed its commissioner to Spain, and remained but in 1748 united with the Moravians. In 1756 abroad until after the civil war. He then resumed he was despatched to Pennsylvania, and three his practice, and devoted his ener to the resto- years later he entered the Moravian Indian mis- ration of his property. sion, serving for fifteen years in Pennsylvania and ROSTAING, Just Antoine Henri Marie Ger: Ohio. Returning to Pennsylvania in 1773, he was main, Marquis de, French soldier, b. in the cha- employed in rural congregations till his death. teau of Vauchette, near Montbrison, France, 24 Roth made a special study of the Unami dialect Nov., 1740; d. there in September, 1826. He was of the Lenape language, and composed in it an first attached to the household of the “grand dau- extensive religious work, “ Ein Versuch! der Ge- phin," and afterward was first page to Louis XV. schichte unsers Herrn u. Heylandes Jesu Christi After serving in Germany as a cavalry ollicer, he in die Delawarische übersetzt der Unami, von der joined the musketeers in 1769, and became colonel Marter - Woche an bis zur Himmelfahrt unsers of the Auxerrois regiment. He was transferred to Herrn, im Yahr 1770 u. 1772 zu Tschechschequa- the command of the Gâtinois, and ordered to this nüng an der Susquehanna,” which is still in manu- country under the command of Rochambeau, where | script.-His son, John LEWIS (1773–1841), was the he remained from 1780 till 1783. For his bravery first white male child that was born in Ohio. in the attack on St. Lucia, and at the siege of ROTHERMEL, Peter Frederick, artist, b. in Yorktown, he received the cross of St. Louis, Nescopack, Luzerne co., Pa., 18 July, 1817. He re- was made a member of the Society of the Cincin- ceived a common-school education, and, after study- nati, and promoted brigadier. After his return to ing land-surveying for some time, took up the France he was a delegate to the constituent assein- study of art at the age of twenty-two. He was bly, and on 20 March, 1792, he was commissioned instructed in drawing by John R. Smith, and sub- lieutenant-general. Shortly afterward he retired sequently became a pupil of Bass Otis in Phila- to his estates, where he spent his remaining days. delphia. During 1856-9 he was in Europe, resid- ROTCH, Arthur (roach), architect, b. in Bos- ing for about two years in Rome, and visiting also ton, Mass., 13 May, 1850. He was graduated at the principal cities in England, France, Germany, Harvard in 1871, and then studied architecture for Belgium, and Italy. Since his return he has lived two years in the Massachusetts institute of tech- in Philadelphia, where he was elected a member of nology, and for five years in the École des beaux the Pennsylvania academy, of which institution he arts in Paris. While he was in France he had had been director from 1847 to 1855. He possesses charge of the restoration of the Chateau de Che- much facility of composition, and has produced a In 1880 he became senior member of large number of works, including “ De Soto dis- the firm of Rotch and Tilden, in Boston, and since covering the Mississippi" (1844); " Embarkation that time he has built various churches and the of Columbus,” in the . Pennsylvania academy; Memorial library building in Bridgewater, Mass., - Christian Martyrs in the Colisseum "; a series of gymnasiums of Bowdoin college and Phillips Exeter paintings illustrative of William H. Prescott's academy, Associates' hall, high-school, and academy - History of the Conquest of Mexico" (about in Milton, Mass., the art schools and art museum 1850); • The Virtuoso (1855); “Vandyke and of Wellesley college, and many private houses and Rubens”; King Lear” (1856); “ Patrick Henry business blocks throughout the United States. Mr. before the Virginia House of Burgesses”; “St. Rotch has exhibited water-colors in the Paris salon, Agnes” (1858); Paul at Ephesus”; “ Paul before the London academy, the New York academy of Agrippa ”; “St. Paul preaching on Mars lill to design, and elsewhere. He is chairman of the visit- the Athenians"; " Trial of Sir Henry Vane"; ing committee of fine arts of Harvard university. - Battle of Gettysburg" (finished in 1871), in Me- and is one of the corporation of the Massachusetis morial Hall, Fairmount park, Philadelphia; - The institute of technology. In conjunction with his Landsknecht" (1876); and * Bacchantes" (1884). brother and sisters he founded, as a memorial to ! Very many of his paintings have been engraved. nonceau. 334 ROUARIE ROTHROCK ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, physician, b. ROTTERMUND, Baron de, French geologist, in McVeytown, Pa., 9 April, 1839. He was gradu- b. in France in 1813; d. in Montreux, Switzerland, ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1858. He came to Canada, and was for some in 1864 and at the medical department of the Uni- time in the service of the crown-lands department versity of Pennsylvania in 1868. Dr. Rothrock as an inspector of mines. He is principally re- began practice in Centre county, Pa., but in 1870 membered because of his attacks upon T. Sterry removed to Wilkesbarre, making a specialty of dis- Hunt, the geologist, in 1850, and for his opposition eases of the eye and ear, and in 1876 established to the theory of Sir William Logan that there are the North Mountain school of physical culture in no coal-mines in Lower Canada. The baron held Luzerne county, also during the same year he was that coal existed both at Gaspé and Quebec, having appointed by the American philosophical society discovered particles at the latter place. French lecturer on forestry in execution of the Michaux geologists to whom these particles were submitted legacy, and so has been able to contribute largely agreed with him, but finally the correctness of Sir toward developing the growing forestry sentiment William Logan's opinion was demonstrated. He in Pennsylvania. In 1877 he was called to the wrote a report to the mayor of Quebec on com- chair of botany in the University of Pennsylvania, bustible minerals to be found in that city. which he has since held. During the civil war he ROUARIE, Armand Taffin (roo-ah-ree), Mar- entered the army as a private in the 131st Penn- quis de la, French soldier, b. in the castle of Rou- sylvania regiment, and became a captain in the arie, near Rennes, 14 April, 1756; d. in the castle 20th Pennsylvania cavalry. In 1865–6 he was as- of La Guyomarais, near Lamballe, Brittany, 30 sociated with the exploring party of the Western Jan., 1793. He was admitted in 1975 to the body- Union extension telegraph in British Columbia, guard of the king, but a duel about an actress and in 1873–5 he was botanist and surgeon to the caused his dismissal. Chagrin and anger led him Geographical and geological exploration and sur- to attempt suicide, but his life was saved and he vey west of the 100th meridian under Lieut. George came to the United States, 10 May, 1777, under the M. Wheeler. He is a member of the American assumed name of Count Armand. Congress ac- philosophical society and of other scientific soci- cepted his services and gave him the commission eties. Besides his account in vol. vi. of Lieut. of colonel. He participated in the engagement at Wheeler's reports, he is the author of various pa- Red Bank, was with Lafayette in New Jersey, was pers in medical journals, and of botanical memoirs. active in Westchester county, N. Y., and in Con- ROTOURS, Jean Julien Angot (ro-toor), necticut, and served under Gen. Horatio Gates Baron des, French colonial governor, b. in the castle against Cornwallis. He opposed the forces of Sim- of Rotours, Orme, 2 June, 1773; d. in Paris, 28 coe, Emmerick, and Barremore; he captured the March, 1844. He entered the navy, 11 June, 1791, last-named near King's Bridge, 8 Nov., 1779, and took part in the expedition of 1793 to Santo Do- defeated the others. In the following year his corps mingo, and assisted in the engagement at Cape was incorporated with Pulaski's, and he rendered Français, 21 June, where, although bearing a flag good service at Warren Tavern and in central New of truce, he was taken prisoner by the negroes, but Jersey. Toward the beginning of 1781 he was afterward released, and went on an American mer- called away to France on account of family mat- chant-vessel to Philadelphia, where he was fur- ters, but he returned in time to participate in the nished the means of returning to France. He was victory of Yorktown, and brought with him a sup- promoted commander in 1808, and captain in 1814, ply of clothing and ammunition. He took part in and in 1816-'19 made a successful campaign in the the campaign of 1782 in the south, and was very West Indian waters, for which he was created baron, severe in his denunciation of Gen. Gates on account 25 May, 1819. Afterward he was despatched with of the defeat at Camden. On 26 March, 1783, he a corvette to protect the French fisheries on the was made brigadier-general by congress and be- coast of Newfoundland, when a difficulty with came a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. England threatened to end in war, and was pro- After the conclusion of peace he returned to France, moted rear-admiral in 1821. Rotours was ap- where he lived in private till 1788, when he was pointed governor-general of Guadeloupe in 1826, ar- elected one of the twelve deputies sent by the rived at Basse-Terre on 31 May, and found that the province of Brittany to plead before the king for city had been nearly destroyed by the hurricane of the preservation of its privileges. The king, being 26 July, 1825. He immediately began to rebuild it irritated by his inconsiderate zeal, committed him on a more elaborate plan, and, after inquiring into to the Bastille for a few weeks. On his release in the wants of the colony, proposed to the king a 1789 be bitterly denounced the principles of the plan to unify the colonial administration, by revolution, and planned to unite the provinces of which the island was allowed partial self-govern- Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou, and to raise an army ment through delegates that formed a council-gen- to operate with the allies. His plans were ap- eral. Rotours also provided means to check the proved by the brothers of Louis XVI. at Coblentz, return of yellow-fever epidemies, established a hos- 5 Dec., 1791, and he was appointed high royal com- pital and a camp for the soldiers in Matouba, at missioner in Brittany. On 5 March, 1792, the chiefs the coolest station in the mountains, drained the of the confederacy met at his castle, and every- deadly marshes that surrounded Pointe-a-Pitre, thing was in readiness for action, when the plöt executed great works in that harbor, completed the was revealed to the legislative assembly, and troops canal Vatable, and also constructed in Grande Terre were sent to secure Rouarie. He eluded them for several other canals, which proved of great benefit several months, but he was taken sick and died to the colony. One of these has since received the after a short illness in the castle of Guyomarais. name of Canal des Rotours. He founded the city His papers, which he had buried in an iron box of Bordeaux-Bourg, erected schools, churches, and six feet below the surface of the soil, were discov- bridges, and opened roads. Under his adminis- ered by accident, and their contents caused the ar- tration Guadeloupe attained a high state of pros- rest of the whole family of Guyomarais, of which perity, and when Rotours obtained his recall in twelve members were sent to the scaffold. A few May, 1830, regret was felt at his departure. His weeks later the great uprising of Les Chouans was works include - Mémoire sur le mode de procédure organized in Vendée on the plans that were left by criminelle en vigueur à la Guadeloupe” (Paris, 1826). | La Rouarie. He was a man of great ability, urbane ROULARD 335 ROUS 9 66 and polished in manners, and an eloquent and per- state printing-office at Madison, afterward was in suasive speaker. printing-offices at Milwaukee, Racine, and Buffalo, ROULARD, Charles (roo-lar), West Indian and migrated to Chicago in 1851. Here he engaged poet, b. in the island of St. Martin in 1751; d. in in the printing business, and soon afterward opened Paris in 1787. He went in his youth to Paris, a printers' warehouse, in which was kept in stock where he studied philosophy: His first verses at everything that was needed in the trade. In 1856 tracted the attention of Voltaire, who complimented the business was extended by the addition of the the young poet. In 1781 he became librarian of printers' electrotype-foundry, and the first number the navy department at Paris, which post he held of “ Rounds's Printers’ Cabinet,” still in existence, till his death. His works include “Chants du soir was issued. Extending his business still further, et du matin ” (1774); "Les quatre saisons” (1777); he engaged in the manufacture of printing-presses, and “Le cycle de la conquête,” an original work the first that were made in the northwest. Mr. in prose and verse which narrates the Spanish con- Rounds was appointed public printer in 1881 ; but quest of America (1783). he removed to Omaha in 1885 and was identified ROUMFORT, Augustus Louis, soldier, b. in with the “ Republican” till his death. Paris, France, 10 Dec., 1796; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., ROUQUETTE, François Dominique, poet, b. 2 Aug., 1878. He came with his father to Phila- in New Orleans, La., 2 Jan., 1810. He studied at delphia, Pa., about 1805, was graduated at the the Orleans college in his native city, and then fol- U. S. military academy in 1817, and, after a short lowed classical studies at the College de Nantes in service in the marine corps in Washington and France. In 1828 he returned to the United States Philadelphia, resigned on 18 Aug., 1818. He was and studied law with William Rawle in Philadel- then professor of mathematics at Mount Airy col- phia. The active practice of his profession be- lege, Germantown, till 1826, and from that time ing uncongenial, he returned to France and has till 1834 superintendent of a military school in that since devoted himself to writing. Besides his con- town, where many young men were prepared for tributions to “L'Abeille de la Nouvelle Orleans," West Point. He was reappointed in the army by the “* Propagateur Catholique,” and other journals, Gen. Jackson as military store-keeper of ordnance he has published “Les lleschacébéenes.” (Paris, in 1834, and served at Frankford arsenal till 1841, 1839); The Arkansas" (Fort Smith, Ark., 1850); when he resigned again. Meanwhile he had be- and “Fleurs d'Amérique: Poésies nouvelles” (New come an active Democratic politician, and was in Orleans, 1857). He has also written in French and the legislature in 1843–4, and harbor-master of English a historical work on the Choctaw nation. Philadelphia in 1845–8. He had been made cap--His brother, Adrien Emmanuel, author, b. in tain of Pennsylvania militia in 1820, and in 1843 New Orleans, La., 13 Feb., 1813; d. there, 15 July, had risen to the rank of brigadier-general, in which 1887, was educated at the College de Nantes, and capacity he showed much vigor and prudence in spent ten years thereafter in the capitals of Europe. suppressing the native American riots in 1844. He He then returned to this country and studied law, was connected with railroads from 1850 till 1860, but becoming interested in the Choctaw Indians, and from 1863 till 1866 was mayor of Harrisburg, who were located in the parish of St. Tammany, he where he won reputation by his success in main- devoted his attention to their welfare. Determin- taining order during the crisis of the Confederate ing to spend his life among them, he settled in invasion. After this he engaged in literary pur- their midst, learned their language, and, fixing it suits till his death. in print, taught the Indians to read and write. ROUND, William Marshall Fitts, author, b. As the work progressed he became interested in in Pawtucket, R. I., 26 March, 1845. He received their religious welfare, and in 1845 presented an academic education and entered Harvard medi- himself for orders in the Roman Catholic church. cal school, but was not graduated, owing to ill He continued among the Indians, who called him health. In 1872 he was appointed U. S. commis- “Chatah-iona,” during the troublesome times of the sioner to the World's fair that was held at Vienna civil war, when their territory was alternately over- in 1873, where he had charge of the New England run by the soldiers of both armies. Abbé Rouquette department, and on his return he devoted himself worked in their behalf until the year before his to journalism and literature. He gave attention to death, when failing health compelled him to return the subject of prison reform, and in 1883 became to New Orleans, where he spent his last days, ten- corresponding secretary of the Prison association derly cared for by the Sisters of Charity at the of New York. In 1885, with Franklin B. Sanborn, Ilôtel Dieu. His scholarly attainments were uni- Francis Wayland, and others, he reorganized the versally recognized, and his poetry, written in the National prison association of the United States, emotional and sentimental style of Chateaubriand, and was elected its secretary, and in 1886 he was was commended by Sainte-Beuve and other French sent as a delegate from the United States to the critics. His works include “Les Savanes, poésies International penitentiary congress in Rome, Italy. Americaines” (Paris, 1841), in which “ Souvenir de Mr. Round laid out in 1887-'8 the general scheme Kentucky” is the best known; “Wild Flowers: for the Burnham industrial farm, an institution Sacred Poetry” (New Orleans, 1848); "La Thébaïde for unruly boys, based upon the principles that en Amérique, ou apologie de la vie solitaire et have dominated the similar institution at Mettray contemplative" (1852); "L'Antoniade, ou la soli- in France and the Rauhehaus near Hamburg in tude avec Dieu, poëme érémitique" (1860); “ Poëmes Germany. His books include Achsah, a New patriotiques" (1860); and * Catherine Tegeh- England Life-Study” (Boston, 1876); “Child kwitha" (1873). In 1855 he translated into French Marion Abroad” (1876); “ Torn and Mended” the select poems of Estelle Anna Lewis, and also (1877): “ Hal: the Story of a Clodhopper" (1878); edited - Selections from the Poets of all Coun- and “Rosecroft" (1880). tries." His last work was a satire on George W. ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, printer, b. in Cable's “ Grandissimes," entitled “Critical Dia- Berkshire, Vt., 27 June, 1828; d. in Omaha, Neb., logue between A boo and Caboo on a New Book, or 17 Dec., 1887. At twelve years of age he removed a Grandissime Ascension,” edited by E. Junius, with his parents to what is now Kenosha, Wis., and ROUS, John, naval officer, b. probably in soon entered the printing-office of the “ Southport Massachusetts: d. in Portsmouth, England, 3 American.” He became in 1845 foreman in the | April. 1760. Ile had command of the expedition 336 ROUTH ROUSSEAU .6 from Massachusetts that in 1744 cut out a fleet of November, 1863, till November, 1865, when he re- French vessels from the harbor of Fishotte, New signed, he had command of the districts of Nash- foundland, and laid waste all the French posts on ville, Tenn., and middle Tennessee, and during that coast. In 1745 he had • The Shirley” in the this time made a raid into Alabama, destroying expedition against Cape Breton, and assisted in the the Montgomery and Atlanta lines of railway. In capture of the French frigate - Vigilant” as she 1864 he held the important post of Fort Rosecrans was approaching the coast. After the reduction of in the defence of Nashville against Gen. John B. Louisburg he was sent to England with despatches, Hood. He was elected to congress from Kentucky and for his services was commissioned, on 24 Sept., as a Republican, serving from 4 Dec., 1865, to 21 1745, royal post-captain. He commanded the fleet July, 1866, when he resigned after being censured that conveyed the expedition against the French in by the house for publicly assaulting Josiah B. the Bay of Fundy, and afterward destroyed their Grinnell, of Iowa, in the capitol: but he was re- forts and houses on St. John's river. Two years elected, serving from 3 Dec., 1866, till 3 March, later he had the frigate “Winchelsea ” in the un- 1867. He served on the committee on military successful expedition against Louisburg, but was affairs, and was one of the representatives that successful in the capture of a French sloop of six- were selected to attend the funeral of Gen. Winfield teen guns after a stout resistance. Subsequently Scott in 1866. President Johnson appointed him he had command of the “Sutherland," with which brigadier-general in the regular army on 28 March, he participated in 1758 in the siege of Louisburg, 1867, and he also received at the same time the and in 1759 in that of Quebec. Capt. Rous was a brevet of major-general in the U. S. army for member of the colonial council in 1754. services during the civil war. He was then sent ROUSSEAU, Lovell Harrison, soldier, b. in officially to receive Alaska from the Russian gov- Lincoln county, Ky., 4 Aug., 1818 ; d. in New ernment and to assume control of the territory. Orleans, La., 7 Jan., 1869. He received but little Gen. Rousseau was summoned to Washington to schooling, and in 1833 his father died, leaving a testify in the impeachment trial of President large family in reduced circumstances. On be- Johnson, and was subsequently assigned to the coming of age he command of the Department of the Gulf, with went to Louis- headquarters at New Orleans. He succeeded Gen. ville, Ky., and be- Philip H. Sheridan in this command and continued gan the study of there until his death. law. Subsequent- ROUSSEL, Gabriel Edmond (roo-sel), French ly he removed to explorer, b. in Dinan in 1717; d. in Sceaux in 1781. Bloomfield, Ind., He accompanied La Condamine (q. v.) to South where in Febru- America, and afterward was sent to explore Brazil ary, 1841, he was and the La Plata provinces, returning in 1779 with admitted to the valuable collections, which were deposited in the bar. In 1844–5 Museum of natural history. At the instance of he was elected to the Academy of sciences, Louis XVI. gave $2,000 the Indiana legis- from his privy purse for the publication of Rous- lature, of which sel's works, which include “Voyages d'explorations he became an ac- à travers le Brésil, les Guianes et les contrées tive member. He arrosées par la rivière de la Plata” (2 vols., Paris, raised a company 1781); - Flora Americana, seu genera plantarum svuorhapean during the Mexi- quas in Amazoniâ crescent" (3 vols., 1784): “ Ré- can war, and was sumé de l'histoire et de la découverte du Brésil attached to the 2d (1785); and “ Description générale de l'Amérique Indiana regiment, with which he participated in the du Sud, sa flore et sa faune, ses produits, son état battle of Buena Vista. After losing nearly one politique et social” (3 vols., 1787). third of his men in that contest, he fell back to the ROUSSELOT DE SURGY, Jacques Phili- hacienda, doing good service when the wagon-trains bert (roo-seh-lo), French author, b. in Dijon, 26 were attacked by the Mexicans. In 1847, four days June, 1737; d. in Paris, 11 March, 1791. He held after his return from Mexico, he was elected to the for many years an office in the French treas- Indiana senate, and served for two terms. He ury department, and was afterward royal cen- removed to Louisville, Ky., in 1849, and there fol- sor of new publications. His " Mélanges intéres- lowed his profession, being very successful in the sants et curieux” (10 vols., Paris, 1763-5) treat of management of difficult cases, especially in ad- the natural, civil, and political history of Asia and dressing the jury. At the beginning of the civil America ; the six last volumes are devoted to the war he was earnest in his efforts to restrain Ken- latter country, and contain some interesting infor- tucky from joining the Confederacy, and, resigning mation that is scarcely to be found elsewhere, as his seat in the state senate, began the organiza- the author in his official capacity had access to the tion of troops for the National army, and was ap- French archives of state, many of which have been pointed colonel of the 5th Kentucky volunteers in missing since the revolution of 1789. His other September, 1861. On 1 Oct., 1861, he was commis- works include - Mémoires géographiques, physiques sioned brigadier-general of volunteers and attached et historiques sur l'Amérique du Sud” (2 vols., to Gen. Don Carlos Buell's army. Ile took part 1767), and “Histoire naturelle et politique de la in the battle of Shiloh, where he led a brigade of Pensylvanie, et de l'établissement des Quakers dans Gen. Alexander M. McCook's division, and partici- cette contrée,” in part translated from the German pated in the battle of Perryville on 8 Oct., 1862, of Kalms and Untellberger (3 vols., 1770). where for his bravery he was promoted major- ROUTH, Sir Randolph J., Canadian states- general of volunteers. Subsequently he succeeded man, b. in Poole, Dorset, England, in 1787; d. in Gen. Ormsby M. Mitchel in the command of the London in 1858. His father, Richard Routh, was 5th division of the Army of the Cumberland, serv- at one time chief justice of Newfoundland. The ing with great credit in the battle of Stone River, son was educated at Eton, and served in the Brit- the Tullahoma campaign, the movement at Chatta- ish army thirty-seven years. He was present in nooga, and the battle of Chickamauga. From the peninsula and at Waterloo, and in 1826 was a 56 ROUX DE ROCHELLE 337 ROWAN a made a commissary - general. Having settled in ered the city with his guns. On 25 May, 1861, he Canada, he was a member of the executive council took the “ Pawnee” to Acquia creek and partici- and received the honor of knighthood by patent. pated in the first naval engagement of the war by ROUX DE ROCHELLE, Jean Baptiste the attack on the Confederate batteries there. He Gaspard (roo), French_historian, b. in Lous-le- commanded this Saulnier in 1762, d. in Paris in March, 1849. He vessel in the bom- was consul at New York in 1822-²4, and minister to bardment and the United States from 1830 till 1833. His works capture of the include " Les Turiages," a poem (Paris, 1816);, “La forts at Hatter- Byzanciade," a poem (1822); “Lettres des États- as inlet by the Unis” (1835); “Histoire des États-Unis ” (2 vols., squadron under 1836); and “ Épopée de Fernan Cortes," a poetical Com. Stringham, history of the conquest of Mexico. and fully shared ROWAN, John, jurist, b. in Pennsylvania in the honor of this 1773; d. in Louisville, Ky., 13 July, 1853. He success. Rowan moved with his parents to Kentucky in 1783, and then destroyed was educated in Bardstown. In 1795 he was ad- Fort Ocracoke, mitted to the bar, and in 1799 he became a mem- twenty miles ber of the State constitutional convention. He south of Hatteras. was chosen secretary of state in 1804, and was In January, 1862, elected to congress from Kentucky, serving from he led the vessels 9 Jan., 1807, till 3 March, 1809. During 1819–21 in Goldsborough's he was judge of the court of appeals, and he at- expedition to the tained a high reputation as a lawyer in criminal sounds of North istenen cases. Subsequently he was elected to the U. S. Carolina. The senate, serving from 5 Dec., 1825, till 3 March, “ Delaware” was 1831, during which time he made able speeches on his divisional flag-ship, and, in the attack on Roan- the amendment of the judiciary system and on oke island, 8 Feb., 1862, he directed the movements imprisonment for debt. Later he was appointed of the vessels. After the forts surrendered, the en- commissioner of claims against Mexico under the emy's flotilla was pursued by Rowan with fourteen treaty of 11 April, 1839, and was sent in 1848 as improvised gun-boats into Pasquotank river, where minister to Naples, where he remained until 1850. he completely destroyed the Confederate vessels Judge Rowan was president of the Kentucky his- and defences. Several expeditions were conducted torical society in 1838–43, and published in 1830 by Rowan through the sounds of North Carolina. his speeches in the senate on Henry S. Foote's On 12 March, 1862, he and Gen. Burnside co-oper- resolutions and on imprisonment for debt. ated in the expedition to New Berne, N. C., where ROWAN, Stephen Clegg, naval officer, b. near he compelled the forts to capitulate. He also cap- Dublin, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1808; d. in Washington, tured Fort Macon at Beaufort, N. C., 25 April, D.C., 31 March, 1890. He was appointed midship- 1862, and continued to follow up his successes by man in the navy from Ohio, 15 Feb., 1826, when he expeditions until the authority of the governinent was a student at Oxford college. He became was completely re-established in the waters of passed midshipman, 28 Feb., 1832, and during the North Carolina. Rowan was commissioned cap- Seminole war cruised in the sloop “ Vandalia” on tain, 16 July, 1862, and for his conspicuous gal- the west coast of Florida, conducting boat expe- lantry he was also promoted to commodore on the ditions and participating in operations on shore same day. He next commanded the “New Iron- from November, 1832, till October, 1836. He was sides off Charleston, and in many months of commissioned as lieutenant, 8 March, 1837, served constant conflict with the enemy increased his in the coast survey in 1838-'40, was executive of- reputation. In the spring of 1864 his services in ficer of the sloop • Cyane" in the Pacific squadron the “ New Ironsides " were no longer required, and in 1846-'8, and during the Mexican war took part Rowan was relieved. He received a vote of thanks in the capture of Monterey and San Diego, where from congress, and on 25 July, 1866, was promoted he landed and hoisted the American flag, 29 July, to rear-admiral by selection, in recognition of his 1846. On blockade duty in the Gulf of California eminent services. He commanded the Norfolk the “ Cyane” captured twenty Mexican vessels and navy-yard in 1866–7, was commander-in-chief of caused the destruction of several gun-boats. Lieut. the Asiatic squadron in 1868–'70, and while on Rowan commanded the naval brigade under Com. this duty was promoted to vice-admiral. He was Robert F. Stockton at the victories of San Gabriel in command of the naval station at New York in and La Mesa, 9 and 10 Jan., 1847, was slightly 1872–9, served as president of the board of exam- wounded in the shoulder, and highly commended iners in 1879-'81, was governor of the Naval asylum for his valor and ability. He subsequently com- at Philadelphia in 1881, and became superintendent manded an expedition ten miles into the interior of the Naval observatory in 1882. Admiral Rowan of Mexico, where he routed a large force of Mexi- acted as chairman of the light-house board after cans, who then ceased to attack the U. S. naval January, 1883, at Washington, D. C. garrison. He was on ordnance duty in 1850–'3 ROWAN, Sir William, British general, b. in and again in 1858–61, commanded the store-ship County Antrim, Ireland, in 1789; d. in Bath, Eng- " Relief” in 1853–5, and was promoted to com- land, 26 Sept., 1879. He entered the army as an mander, 14 Sept., 1855. When the civil war opened ensign in the 52d regiment in 1803, and served he was in charge of the steam sloop “ Pawnee,” with it for twenty-five years in the peninsular which he brought to Washington from Philadel- war, at Waterloo, and in North America. He was phia in February, 1861. Rowan was a resident civil and military secretary to Lord Seaton, lieu- of Norfolk, Va., where he had married, but, not- tenant-governor of Upper Canada, from 1832 till withstanding this and his affection to the south, 1839. He was made a major-general, in 1846, and he announced his adhesion to the National govern- in 1849 was appointed commander of the British ment, and was continued in the command of the forces in Canada, which post he held till 1855. “ Pawnee.” At the capture of Alexandria he cov- | During part of this time he was administrator of VOL. 1.-22 66 338 ROWLEY ROWLAND 99 "7 the government of Canada, while the Earl of Elgin the ohm, the absolute unit of electrical resistance. was absent in England. He was knighted in 1856, Among his papers are “On Magnetic Permeabili- and was a field-marshal, and colonel of the 520 ty” (1873); “ On the Magnetic Permeability and foot at the time of his death, Maximum Magnetization of Nickel and Cobalt ROWLAND, Henry Augustus, clergyman, b. (1874); “ Studies on Magnetic Distribution” (1875); in Windsor, Conn., 18 Sept., 1804; d. in Boston, “ On a Magnetic Effect of Electric Connection 4 Sept., 1859. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, (1876); “ Research on the Absolute Unit of Elec- and at Andover theological seminary in 1827. Dur- trical Resistance (1878); “ On the Mechanical ing the three years following he was agent of the Equivalent of Heat” (1880); “On Concave Grat- American Bible society in New York and Con- ings for Optical Purposes" (1883); “ On the Rela- necticut, and he was ordained in the Presbyterian tive Wave-Lengths at the Lines of the Solar Spec- church on 24 Nov., 1830. He was called to Fay- | trum” (1886); and the article on “Screws” in the etteville, N. C., in 1831, and three years later to Encyclopædia Britannica”; also he has published the pastorate of the Pearl street church, New York “On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat” (Balti- city. In 1843 he accepted charge of the Hones- more, 1880), and “ Photographs of the Normal dale, Pa., parish, and from 1855 till his death was Solar Spectrum " (seven plates, 1886). pastor of the Park Presbyterian church in Newark, ROWLANDSON, Mary, captive. She was a N. J. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him daughter of John White, and wife of the Rev. by Union college in 1853. He published many Joseph Rowlandson, the first minister of Lan- single sermons, and, besides contributions to the caster, Mass., who died in 1678. On 10 Feb., 1676, religious press, was the author of “ On the Common during King Philip's war, the Indians surprised Maxims of Infidelity” (New York, 1850); “ The and burned Lancaster, and took her captive. For Path of Life" (1851); “ Light in a Dark Alley" several days she had no food, and after her child (1852); and “ The Way of Peace” (1853). See was frozen to death and buried in the forest, she * Memorial of the Life and Services of the Late was sold by her Narragansett captor to a Sagamore Henry A. Rowland,” by E. R. Fairchild (New York, named Quanopin, in whose wife she found a most 1860). — His son, Henry Augustus, physicist, b. in uncomfortable mistress,” who treated her with Honesdale, Pa., 27 Nov., 1848, was graduated at insolence. The Indians with whom she lived re- Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1870 as a civil mained near the site of Petersham, Worcester co., engineer, and engaged during 1871 in the surveying Mass., until they crossed Connecticut river on hear- of a railroad in western New York. He then taught | ing that they were pursued. Mrs. Rowlandson for a time in Wooster university, but in 1872 re- then met King Philip, who treated her with much turned to the institute as instructor in physics, civility. Soon the Indians returned to Worcester becoming assistant professor in 1874. Prof. Row- countý. Timothy Dwight says: “Mrs. Rowlandson land spent a year abroad studying with Helm- went through almost every suffering but death. holtz in Berlin and in examining physical labora- She was beaten, kicked, turned out of doors, refused tories in Europe. In 1876 he was invited to accept food, insulted in the grossest manner, and at times the chair of physics, with charge of the laboratory, almost starved. Nothing but experience can enable in the newly founded Johns Hopkins university, and us to conceive what must be the hunger of a person he has since held that place. The honorary degree by whom the discovery of six acorns and two chest- of Ph. D. was conferred on him by that university nuts was regarded as a rich prize. At times, in or- in 1880. He was a member of the electrical con- der to make her miserable, they announced to her gress that met in Paris in 1881, and served on the the death of her husband and children.” Her cap- jury of the electrical exhibition there in that year, tivity lasted nearly three months, and was ended and for his services was made a chevalier of the through the agency of a resident of Concord, Mass. Legion of honor. Prof. Rowland is a permanent She was redeemed for about eighty dollars, which member of the International commission for estab- was contributed by several women of Boston. She lishing electrical units, is corresponding member published her experience in a book entitled the of the British association for the advancement of “ Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. science, one of the twelve foreign members of the Mary Rowlandson among the Indians” (Cambridge Physical society of London, and is an associate of and London, 1682; 2d ed., Boston, 1720; new ed., the American academy of arts and sciences, from 1723). The 5th edition was edited by Joseph Wil- which in 1884 he received the Rumford medal for lard (Lancaster, Mass., 1828). his researches in light and heat, and in 1881 he ROWLEY (rhymes with Cowley), Thomas Al- was elected to the National academy of sciences. geo, soldier, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 5 Oct., 1808. In 1883 he presided over the section on physics of He was educated in private schools, held several the American association for the advancement of public offices in Pittsburg, and entered the C. S. science at Minneapolis, and delivered a valuable army as 2d lieutenant of Pennsylvania volunteers address entitled “ À Plea for Pure Science." His to serve in the war with Mexico. He was afterward original work has been extensive, and includes promoted to captain, and served in Maryland and numerous researches that have been made under District of Columbia regiments. From 1857 till his supervision at the Johns Hopkins. While he 1860 he was clerk of the courts of Alleghany county, was in Berlin he showed experimentally that a and at the beginning of the civil war he enlisted as moving charge of statical electricity has the same captain in the 13th Pennsylvania volunteers, and magnetic effect as a current. He has more recently was promoted to be major and colonel. Re-enlist- gained reputation by his large diffraction gratings, ing as colonel of the 102d Pennsylvania volun- which are ruled, by a method of his own, directly teers, he served threo years, was made brigadier- on concave mirrors. An image of the spectrum is general for services at Fredericksburg, Va., on 29 thus produced without the aid of lenses. The pho- Nov., 1862, and resigned his commission on 29 Dec., tographs of the solar spectrum that he has sic- 1864. From 1866 till 1870 he was U. S. marshal ceeded in making with the aid of these gratings for the western district of Pennsylvania, and he surpass anything else of the kind that has ever now (1888) practices law in Pittsburg, Pa. been done. They were exhibited to the National ROWLEY, William Reuben, soldier, b. in academy of sciences in 1883. He has also made an Gouverneur, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 8 Feb., 1824; extremely accurate determination of the value of d. in Chicago, I., 9 Feb., 1886. After teaching in a ROWSE 339 ROYAL Brown county, Ohio, he settled in Galena, Ill., | most popular novel was “ Charlotte Temple, or a where he held various civil offices, and in Novem- | Tale of Truth” (London, 1790). Montraville, the ber, 1861, entered the military service as 1st lieu- hero, was in reality the author's kinsman. Col. tenant in the 45th Illinois regiment. After the John Montresor, while serving in the British army, capture of Fort Donelson he was commissioned persuaded Charlotte Stanley, a descendant of the captain, 26 Feb., 1862, and appointed aide-de-camp Earl of Derby, to embark with him in 1774 to on the staff of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. He distin- New York, where he abandoned her. She died in guished himself at Shiloh by riding from the thick- the Old Tree House on Pell and Doyers streets at est of the fight at the Hornet's Nest toward the age of nineteen years, and was buried in the Crump's Landing with orders to Gen. Lewis Wal- grave-yard of Trinity church. In addition to the lace to bring his troops to the field, for which service inscription, the slab bore the quarterings of the he was promoted major, 1 Nov., 1862. He served house of Derby, and in after years the name of on the staff until the siege of Vicksburg, when he Charlotte Temple was substituted for that of Stan- was temporarily detached from headquarters, and ley. Among Mrs. Rowson's publications are “ The acted as provost-marshal-general of the depart- Inquisitor, or Invisible Rambler" (3 vols., Lon- ments of the Tennessee and Cumberland, with don, 1788; Philadelphia, 1794); “ Trials of the headquarters at Columbus, Ky. When Gen. Grant Human Heart” (4 vols., Philadelphia, 1795); “ Reu- was promoted lieutenant-general, Maj. Rowley ben and Rachel, or Tales of Old Times” (2 vols., was made lieutenant-colonel and military secretary 1798); and “ Miscellaneous Poems" (Boston, 1804). on his staff, which office he held until 30 Aug., 1864, Her sequel to “Charlotte Temple," entitled “Lucy when he resigned, owing to impaired health. He Temple, or the Three Orphans, was published was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on after her death (Boston, 1828). See a memoir by 13 March, 1865. He then returned to Galena, Ill., Elias Nason (Albany, 1870). — Her sister-in-law, was elected county judge in 1877, which office he Charlotte Rowson, b. near London about 1779; held at his death, and was also engaged in real- d. in 1855, came to this country in 1793 and ap- estate business. Before his death he was the only peared on the stage in light characters and sang surviving member of Gen. Grant's military staff popular songs with much effect. She married when he commanded the Army of the Tennessee, William P. Johnston, of Philadelphia, publisher and he died on the day that closed the official term of the first daily paper in that city. Their son, of mourning for Gen. Grant. David Claypoole (9. 1.), became an eminent artist. ROWSE, Samuel Worcester, b. in Bath, Me., ROYAL, Joseph, Canadian statesman, b. in 29 Jan., 1822. He has devoted himself to drawing Repentigny, Quebec, 7 May, 1837. He was edu- in black and white, and his works in crayon, chiefly cated at the Jesuit college, Montreal, studied law, portraits and ideal heads of children, are well and was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in known to the public. Many of them have been | 1864, and to that of Manitoba in 1871, was coun- reproduced by photography and other processes. sel in important cases, retired in 1880, and is Among his portraits are those of Ralph Waldo now the agent for Le crédit foncier Franco-Cana- Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne. dien for Manitoba. He has written much for the ROWSON, Susanna, author, b. in Portsmouth, French Canadian periodical press for many years, England, in 1762; d. in Boston, Mass., 2 March, and edited and established various newspapers. 1824. She was the only daughter of Lieut. William He was elected to the legislative assembly of Mani- Haswell, of the British navy, who, being engaged toba in 1870, and was re-elected in 1875 and 1878. in the revenue service on the American station, In 1879 he was chosen to the Dominion parliament, settled in Nantasket, Mass. Miss Haswell's talents and he was re-elected in 1882 and 1887. He was attracted the attention of James Otis, who was a elected speaker of the first legislative assembly of frequent guest at her father's house, and who called Manitoba in 1871, which post he held till March, her his " little scholar.” During the early part of 1872, when he was appointed a member of the the Revolution, Lieut. Haswell's property was con- executive council and provincial secretary, but re- fiscated, and he and his family were removed on signed in July, 1874. He was minister of public parole to Hingham in 1775, and in 1777 to Abing- works from 3 Dec., 1874, till he was appointed ton. He subsequently sailed in a cartel with his attorney-general in May, 1876, and held the latter family to England, and, after serving as governess, office till the resignation of the government, when Miss Haswell married in 1786 William Rowson, he became minister of public works in the new ad- a musician. In that year she published a novel, ministration. He was appointed a member of the " Victoria ” (London), which was dedicated to executive council of the Northwest territory in the Duchess of Devonshire, who introduced her to 1873, and was the first superintendent of educa- the Prince of Wales, from whom she procured a tion for Manitoba. He has been a delegate to Ot- pension for her father. Her husband became tawa on the subject of obtaining better terms for bankrupt, and in 1792–'3 she appeared on the stage Manitoba, and also regarding the enlargement of with him in Edinburgh. In 1793 they came to her boundaries. In October, 1875, he aided in se- this country, appearing for the first time in An- curing a readjustment of the financial arrange- napolis, Md., and subsequently in Philadelphia ments of Manitoba with the Dominion. Mr. Roval and Baltimore. In 1796 she played in Boston at was a commissioner to consolidate the statutes of the Federal street theatre, appearing in several Manitoba in 1877, and since that year has been 1st of her own plays, and closing with her comedy, vice-chancellor of the University of Manitoba. He “ Americans in England," in May, 1797. She then received the confederation medal in 1885, and in opened a school for girls. She retired in 1822. June, 1888, was appointed lieutenant-governor of Mrs. Rowson possessed many accomplishments, was the Northwest territory. Ile is the author of " Le active in charities, and was a successful teacher. traité de réciprocité" (1864): Vie politique de She edited the Boston “ Weekly Magazine,” and Sir Louis H. Lafontaine” (1864); “Considérations contributed to other periodicals. She wrote numer- sur les nombreux changements constitutionels de ous popular odes and songs. Her plays include l'Amérique Britannique du Nord, l'annexion “ The Volunteers: a Farce," founded on the whis- (1866); ** Notes par un Nicolétain " (1866): “La key insurrection in western Pennsylvania (Phila- colonisation en 1866” (1867): * Le sacrifice et delphia, 1793), and “ The Slaves in Algiers.” Her | l'égoïsme" (1867); and “ Le goût-théorie " (1867). 340 ROYE ROYALL 66 5 ROYALL, Anne, editor, b. in Virginia, 11 June, he participated in an expedition to the headwaters 1769; d. in Washington, D.C., 1 Oct., 1854. She of Conchos river in the following year. In 1859 he was stolen by the Indians in early life, and remained won great credit by a brilliant defence of his cainp with them for fifteen years. Afterward she mar- against hostile Comanches. Escaping from Texas ried a Capt. Royall and settled in Alabama, where in the beginning of the civil war, he was commis- she learned to read and write. Subsequently she sioned as captain, 21 March, 1861, and was engaged removed to Washington, D. C., where she secured at Falling Waters, the siege of Yorktown, Will. an old Ramage printing-press and a font of bat- iamsburg, Hanover Court-House, where he earned tered type, and with the aid of journeymen print- the brevet of major, and Old Church, where he cut ers published on Capitol hill a small weekly sheet through the enemy to escape capture, receiving called the “ Washington Paul Pry,” and afterward sabre wounds which disabled him for several years the Huntress." John Quincy Adams described He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, was made a her as going about “ like a virago-errant in en- major on 7 Dec., 1863, and during the remaining chanted armor, redeeming herself from the cramps period of the war was engaged in recruiting ser- of indigence by the notoriety of her eccentricities vice. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted colonel. and the forced currency they gave to her publica- In 1868 he took the field against the hostile In- tions." She was a prominent character during the dians in Kansas, commanding in a combat at Prai- succeeding administrations, and John W. Forney rie Dog creek. For a part of the time he was the says: “She was the terror of politicians, and espe- commander of the Republican river expedition of cially of congressmen. I can see her now tramp- 1869, and was engaged in several affairs with the ing through the halls of the old capitol, umbrella hostile Indians. He was promoted lieutenant-colo- in hand, seizing upon every passer-by and offering nel on 2 Dec., 1875, and in 1876 took part in the her book for sale. Any public man who refused Yellowstone expedition, and was engaged at Rose- to buy was certain of a severe philippic in her bud creek and in other actions. He was promoteri newspaper, . . She was a woman of great indus- colonel of cavalry on 1 Nov., 1882, and retired try and astonishing memory, but at last she seemed from active service on 19 Oct., 1887. to tire of a vocation which grew more and more un- ROYCE, Josiah, author, b. in Grass Valley. profitable with better times and milder manners.” | Nevada co., Cal., 20 Nov., 1855. He was graduated At last she became so unendurable that she was at the University of California in 1875, studied at formally indicted by the grand jury as a common | Leipsic and Göttingen in 1875–’6, and in 1876-'8 scold, and was tried in the circuit court before Judge was a fellow of Johns Hopkins university, where William Cranch, and sentenced to be ducked, ac- he obtained the degree of Ph. D. in 1878. He was cording to the English law in force in the District instructor in English literature and logic at the of Columbia ; but she was released with a fine. Mrs. University of California in 1878–'82, and from 1892 Royall was the author of “Sketches of History, till 1885 instructor in philosophy at Harvard, and Life, and Manners in the United States by a Trav- since 1885 he has been assistant professor of philoso- eller" (New Haven, 1826); “ The Tennessean, a Nov- phy there. He is the author of “ A Primer of Logi- el founded on Facts" (1827); “The Black Book, or cal Analysis, for the Use of Composition Students a Continuation of Travels in the United States” (San Francisco, 1881); “ The Religious Aspect of (Washington, 1828); “The Black Book, or Sketch- Philosophy: a Critique of the Basis of Conduct es of History, Life, and Manners in the United and Faith” (Boston, 1885); “ California from the States” (3 vols., 1829); “ A Southern Tour, or a Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Com- Second Series of the Black Book” (2 vols., 1830–'1); mittee: a Study of American Character,” in the and “ Letters from Alabama” (1830). American Commonwealth " series (1886); and ROYALL, Isaac, soldier, b. about 1720; d. in “ The Feud of Oakfield Creek: a Novel of Califor. England in October, 1781. He was a wealthy resi- nia Life” (1887). dent of Medford, which he represented for many ROYCE, Stephen, governor of Vermont, b. in years in the general court. For twenty-two years Tinmouth, Vt., 12 Aug., 1787; d. in East Berkshire, he was a member of the executive council.” He Vt., 11 Nov., 1868. He was graduated at Middle- participated in the French war, and was appointed bury in 1807, studied law, and was a member of brigadier-general in 1761, being the first resident the legislature from Sheldon, Franklin county, in of New England to bear that title. During the 1815-'16, and from St. Albans. Franklin county, Revolution he sympathized with Great Britain, in 1822-'4. From 1825 till 1827, and from 1829 and left this country on 16 April, 1775. He was till 1852, he was judge of the supreme court of proscribed, and his estate was confiscated in 1778, Vermont, and he served as chief judge from 1846 and it is said that “to carry on his farm after his till 1852. He was governor of Vermont in 1854-6 departure was found to be some times difficult The University of Vermont gave him the degree for the honest man's scythe refused to cut Tory of LL. D. in 1837.—His nephew, Homer Elihu, grass, and his oxen would not plough Tory ground. jurist, b. in East Berkshire, Vt., 14 June, 1820, Among numerous bequests, he left 2,000 acres of was educated in the common schools, was admitted land in Worcester county, Mass., for the endow- to the bar in 1842, and practised in his native ment of a law professorship in Harvard. This was town. He was a member of the state house of rep- established in 1815, and is known by his name. resentatives in 1846-'7 and 1862, prosecuting attor- The town of Royalston, Worcester co., Mass., was ney for Franklin county in 1848–9, and state sena- named for him. One of his daughters married the tor in 1849-'51, and was elected to congress as a Re- younger Sir William Pepperell. publican, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 3 March, ROYALL, William Bedford, soldier, b. in Vir- 1861. From 1870 till 1882 he was associate judge ginia, 15 April, 1825. He took part in the Mexican of the supreme court of Vermont, and since 1882 war in New Mexico as 1st lieutenant of Missouri he has been chief judge. He was a delegate to mountain volunteers, and did good service at the the National Republican convention of 1868. capture of Puebla de Taos and in the skirmish with ROYE, Edward James, president of Liberia, b. Comanche Indians on Coon creek, 18 June, 1848. in Newark, Ohio, 3 Feb., 1815; d. near Monrovia, He returned to civil life in October, 1848. In recog- Liberia, 12 Feb., 1872. He was educated at the nition of his gallantry he received a commission in high-school in his native town and at Ohio uni- the regular army, dating from 3 March, 1855, and versity, Athens, Ohio. Emigrating to Liberia in ROZE 341 RUFF 9 1846, he became a wealthy merchant, and was the Moore, and priest, in April, 1806, by the same first Liberian to export African commodities to bishop. For a short time he was occupied in mis- Europe and the United States in his own vessel. sionary duty on Long Island, N. Y., but in Decem- He was elected to the Liberian house of representa- ber, 1805, he took charge of St. John's parish, Eliza- tives, serving as speaker in 1849, was chief jus- bethtown, N. J., and in May, 1806, was instituted tice from 1865 till 1868, and was elected fifth presi- as rector. He received the degree of D. from dent of Liberia, entering office in 1870. During the University of Pennsylvania in 1822. Severe his service the people voted on a proposition to and exhaustive labor in striving to build up the change the presidential term from two to four church in Elizabethtown resulted in a loss of years; but it was defeated, and a new president, health and strength, and Dr. Rudd was compelled Joseph J. Roberts, was elected in 1871. Notwith- to resign his charge in 1826. In July of the same standing this, Mr. Roye attempted to remain at year he removed to Auburn. N. Y., and took gen- the head of the government, and he was condemned eral oversight of the academy there. His health to imprisonment. He escaped, and, while endeavor- having improved, he accepted the rectorship of St. ing to swim to a steamer that was bound for Liver- Peter's church in Auburn, and held that post for pool, he was drowned in the harbor of Monrovia. seven years, during which a stone church was ROZE, Pierre Gustave, French naval officer, erected on the spot where the previous edifice had b. in Nîmes in 1812 ; d. in Paris in 1882. He en- been burned. Under Bishop Hobart's advice, Dr. tered the navy as midshipman in 1826, was pro- Rudd, in 1827, began the publication of " The moted post-captain in 1856 and attached to the sta- Gospel Messenger," a religious weekly, representing tions of the West Indies and South America. In the doctrines and advocating the principles of the January, 1862, he was appointed commodore of the Protestant Episcopal church. Ile continued to be fleet to operate in Mexico, and transported to Vera its editor during the rest of his life. Besides his Cruz the division of Gen. Lorencez (q. 2.). In the contributions to church literature in the columns following March he was appointed military com- of the “ Messenger,” Dr. Rudd published a large mander of Vera Cruz and fortified the city, holding number of sermons that he preached on special oc- off the Mexicans after the retreat of Lorencez and casiuns between 1822 and 1837, together with ad- before the arrival of succor from France. For dresses. Among these are a " Tribute to Departed those services he was promoted rear-admiral, 19 Excellence,” an address on the life and character July, 1862, and he remained in command of the of Bishop Hobart (1830), and a “Sermon on the Frei navy in Mexico till the withdrawal of Gen. Reopening of St. Peter's Church, Auburn, with a Bazaine, when he was sent to China. He was pro- Brief Sketch of the History of the Congregation moted vice-admiral, 26 May, 1869, and retired in from its Organization” (1833). Dr. Rudd also 1877. He published “ Résumé des operations na- edited “The Churchman's Magazine" several years vales pendant la guerre du Mexique" (Paris, 1869). previous to 1812, but the second war with England RUCKER, Daniel Henry, soldier, b. in Belle- led to its discontinuance. ville, N. J., 28 April, 1812. In his youth he re- RUDOLPH, Michael, soldier, b. in Maryland moved to Grosse Isle, Mich. He entered the U.S. about 1754; d. after 1794. With his brother John army as 2d lieutenant in the 1st dragoons on 13 he joined Maj. Henry Lee at the head of Elk river Oct.; 1837, became 1st lieutenant, 8 Oct., 1844, and in 1778, holding the rank of captain in his legion, captain, 7 Feb., 1847, and served in Michigan, and and served with gallantry in many of the lesser against the Indians in the west and southwest. He i battles and sieges in the south. After the war he participated in the war with Mexico, and com- settled in Savannah, and was subsequently a col- manded a squadron at Buena Vista, where for gal lector in Sunbury, Ga., where he cultivated a farm. lantry he was brevetted major on 23 Feb., 1847. Entering the army in 1790 as captain of the 1st in- On 23 Aug., 1849, he was transferred to captain as- fantry, he served under Gen. Josiah Harmar in the sistant quartermaster. He declined the post of northwest. He became major of cavalry, 5 March, major of the 6th cavalry on 14 May, 1861, became 1792, and adjutant and inspector of the army in major quartermaster on 3 Aug., 1861, and colonel February, 1703. After his resignation on 17 July, and aide-de-camp on 28 Sept., 1861.' He was ap- 1793, he traded with the West Indies, and subse- pointed brigadier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 23 quently embarked for France to enter its military May, 1863, and on 5 July, 1864, was brevetted lieu- service, after which nothing more was heard of him. tenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U.S. RU DORF, Cornelis van, South American art- army, for diligent and faithful service during the ist, b. in Demerara in 1769; d. in Haarlem, Holland, On 13 March, 1865, he received the brevets in 1813. He studied in Leyden, and afterward ob- of major-gener U. S. army, and major-g al, tained an employment in the administration of L'. S. volunteers, for faithful and meritorious ser- Dutch Guiana, but resigned a few years later and vice during the war. He was appointed colonel and devoted himself to painting the magnificent sce- assistant quartermaster-general on 28 July, 1866, nery of the virgin forest. Among his works are and was mustered out of the volunteer service on “Sunset in a Virgin Forest" (1796); “ Indian La- 1 Sept., 1866. Since that date he has served as borers at the Harvest" (1800); “ A Street of Deme- quartermaster-general at various points, and on 13 rara” (1803); “A Woman Fish-Vender" (1804); Feb., 1882, was appointed quartermaster-general and “ Moonlight in the Forest (1809). of the ariny. He was retired on 23 Feb., 1882, and RUFF, Charles Frederick, soldier, b. in Phila- now (1888) resides in Washington, D. C. delphia, Pa., 10 Oct., 1818; d. there, 1 Oct., 1885. RUDD, John Churchill, clergyman, b. in Nor. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in wich, Conn., 24 May, 1779 ; d. in Utica, N. Y., 15 1838, assigned to the 1st dragoons, served in garri- Nov., 1848. He was prepared to enter Yale, but son and frontier duty in Kansas and lowa, and re- adverse circumstances prevented. He made his signed on 31 Dec., 1843. Until 1846 he practised way to New York city soon afterward, where he law in Liberty, Mo., and on 18 June, 1846, he en- became acquainted with Dr. (afterward Bishop) | listed for the war with Mexico as lieutenant-colonel Hobart, and was baptized and confirmed in the of Missouri volunteers, being made captain in a Episcopal church. He studied for the ministry, regiment of mounted rifles in the U.S. army on chiefly under Dr. Hobart's direction, and was or- 7 July, 1846. He was brevetted major for gallant dained deacon, 28 April, 1805, by Bishop Benjamin i and meritorious conduet at the skirmish at San War. 342 RUFZ DE LAVISON RUFFIN Juan de los Llanos, 1 Aug., 1847, and participated | edited “The Westover Manuscripts, containing the in the battles of Contreras, Molino del Rey (where History of the Dividing-Line betwixt Virginia and he was wounded), and Chapultepec, and in the cap- North Carolina ; a Journey to the Land of Eden, ture of the city of Mexico, after which he served A. D. 1783; and a Progress to the Mines," by on frontier duty in Washington territory. In William Byrd, of Westover (Petersburg, 1841 ; 2d 1852–3 he was superintendent of the cavalry re- ed., 2 vols., Albany, 1866). cruiting service, and in 1853 commanded the cav- RUFFIN, George Lewis, lawyer, b. in Rich- alry-school for practice at Jefferson barracks, Mo. mond, Va., 16 Dec., 1834; d. in Boston, Mass., 19 He was made major of mounted rifles on 30 Dec., Nov., 1886. He was of African descent, but of free 1856, served on the Navajo expedition in 1858–9, parentage, and was educated at the public schools the Comanche expedition in 1860, and was the in Boston. He became a barber, studied law, and bearer of despatches to the war department in after graduation at Harvard in 1869 practised with 1860-'1. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d success in Boston, served in the legislature as a cavalry, 10 June, 1861, was mustering and disburs- Republican, and was appointed by Gov. Benjamin ing officer at Philadelphia, Pa., from 15 April, F. Butler judge of the municipal court in the 1861, till 29 April, 1863, acting inspector-general Charlestown district in 1883, being the only colored of the Department of the Susquehanna from 29 justice that held office in New England. June till 30 Sept., 1863, and retired from active RUFFIN, Thomas, jurist, b. in King and Queen service, owing to impaired health, on 30 March, county, Va., 17 Nov., 1787; d. in Hillsboro', N. C., 1864, having mustered into service more than 15 Jan., 1870. After graduation at Princeton in 50,000 volunteers. He was brevetted colonel and 1805 he studied law, and removed to Hillsboro', brigadier-general, U. S. army, on 13 March, 1865, N. C., in 1807. He served in the legislature in for faithful and meritorious services in recruit- 1813-'16, becoming speaker in the latter year, was ing the armies of the United States. From 1868 judge of the supreme court in 1816-'18, and elected till 1870 he served as professor of military science again from 1825, and was chief justice of the state in the University of Pennsylvania. supreme court from 1829 till 1852, and again in RUFFIN, Armand Gustave (rew-fang), French 1856–18. after which he served as presiding judge of explorer, b. in Landerneau in 1731; d. in New Or- the county court. He was opposed to nullification leans, La., in 1789. He entered the colonial ad- | in 1832 and to secession in 1860, but voted for the ministration in early life, and held offices in St. ordinance of secession in the convention. He was Lucia, Martinique, and Santo Domingo. In 1777 a delegate to the Peace congress that met in Wash- he was king's deputy-lieutenant at Cayenne, and in ington in 1861. The University of North Carolina 1782 was in charge of the administration of Dutch gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1834. Guiana, which had been retaken from the English. RUFFNER, Henry, educator, b. in Page coun- After the conclusion of peace he set out on a voy- ty, Va., 19 Jan., 1789; d. in Malden, Kanawha co., age of exploration through the basins of Amazon Va., 17 Dec., 1861. His father removed to the val- and Orinoco rivers, and during a sojourn of thirty- ley of the Great Kanawha, where he bought large two months made a valuable collection of speci- tracts of land, and was one of the first to manufac- mens in natural history. Toward the beginning ture salt there. The son was graduated at Wash- of 1789 he was sent to explore the upper basin of ington college, Va., in 1814, studied theology, was Mississippi river, but he died in New Orleans of licensed by the presbytery of Lexington in 1819, yellow fever a few days after his arrival in that and held various pastorates in the vicinity. He place. His works include “ Tableau statistique et was professor at Washington college (now Wash- économique des Guianes ” (Paris, 1783): “ Voyage à ington and Lee university) from 1819 till 1837, and travers les déserts de l'Amazonie” (1787); “ Quinze its president from 1837 till 1848, when he resigned mois sur les bords de l'Orénoque” (1787); “ Choix and retired to his farm. The degree of D. D. de plantes et d'insectes peu connus des Guianes was conferred on him by Princeton in 1838 and et du Brésil” (1788); and “ Observations sur les that of LL. D. by Washington in 1849. He was the cannelier de la Guiane" (1788). author of a “ Discourse upon the Duration of Fu- RUFFIN, Edmund (ruf'-fin), agriculturist, b. in ture Punishment” (Richmond, 1823): Inaugural Prince George county, Va., 5 Jan., 1794; d. on his Address” (Lexington, 1837); “ Judith Bensaddi, a estate of Redmoor, in Amelia county, Va., 15 June, Romance" (1840); “ The Fathers of the Desert, or 1865. In 1810-'12 he attended William and Mary an Account of the Origin and Practice of Monk- college. He served in the legislature, was secretary ery” (2 vols., New York, 1850); and several dis- of the state board of agriculture, agricultural sur- courses, among which was an address against sla- veyor of South Carolina, for many years was presi- very, known as the “ Ruffner,Pamphlet" (1847). dent of the Virginia agricultural society, and was RUFZ DE LAVISON, Étienne (roofs), West the discoverer of the value of marl as a fertilizer Indian physician, b. in St. Pierre, Martinique, 14 of poor soil, by the use of which millions of dollars Jan., 1806. He studied medicine in Paris, was ad- were added to the value of the real estate of east- mitted among the pupils of the Hôtel Dieu hospi- ern Virginia. Ile was a state-rights man and a tal, and in 1835 obtained his diploma as doctor. secessionist, and was a member of the Palmetto In 1836 he was sent by the government to Mar- guard of South Carolina. At the beginning of the seilles to inquire into the means of checking an civil war he went to South Carolina, and, by order epidemic of Asiatic cholera. In 1838 he returned of Gen. Beauregard, his company was ordered to to Martinique to practise his profession, and be- open fire on Fort Sumter, and as the oldest mem- came afterward chief surgeon of the hospital of ber he was selected by his comrades to fire the first St. Pierre and superintendent of the lunatic asylum gun, 14 April, 1861. He shot himself because he of the colony. He specially engaged in researches was unwilling to live under the U. S. government. upon the poisons that were used by the negroes and Among other agricultural papers he edited the the extinct tribes of Carib Indians, and presented * Farmer's Register" from 1833 till 1842, and he some interesting memoirs to the French academy also published" Essay on Calcareous Manures" of medicine, which were printed in the annals of (Richinond, 1831); " Essay on Agricultural Educa- that society. After the revolution of 1818 he was tion” (1833); Anticipations of the Future to president of the state council of the colony in serve as Lessons for the Present Time" (1860); and 1848–52. Returning to Paris in 1856, he was " RUGENDAS 343 RUGGLES manager of the Zoological garden of acclimatation in Bridgewater and Syracuse. He was counsel for in 1860–5, was elected delegate of Martinique to the defendants in the “ canal-ring” prosecutions the colonial committee 1867–70, and in 1875 be- that were instituted by Gov. Samuel J. Tilden. He came an associate member of the French academy was a member of the Democratic national conven- of medicine. His works include “ Études histo- tion in 1872, and twice a candidate for congress. riques et statistiques sur la population de Saint In 1876 he was president of the convention in Pierre de la Martinique" (St. Pierre, 1854); “ Mé- Albany at which the State bar association was moire sur la maison des aliénés de Saint Pierre de formed. In 1882 he was elected chief judge of the la Martinique” (Paris, 1858); and “ Enquête sur le New York court of appeals. Bothrops lancéolé, ou vipère fer de lance, le ser- RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, b. in Windham pent de la Martinique" (1860). county, Conn., in 1783; d. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, RUGENDAS, Johann Moritz, German artist, 2 Sept., 1857. He obtained the means for acquir- b. in Augsburg, 29 March, 1802; d. in Weilheim, ing a classical education by teaching during the Würtemberg, 29 May, 1858. He devoted himself winters, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. more particularly to illustrating with his pencil He removed to Marietta, Ohio, and subsequently the life and scenery of Mexico and South America, to St. Clairsville, and in 1810 became president where he travelled at various times between 1821 judge of the court of common pleas for the third and 1847. The sketches that he made in Brazil circuit. In 1815 he was chosen U. S. senator, were lithographed and published with German and he served until 1833, gaining by his habits of text (Paris, 1827-'35), and his portfolios of South industry the name of the “wheel - horse of the American sketches and studies were purchased by senate. In 1836 he was chosen a presidential the government at Munich. His oil-painting, elector on the Whig ticket. “ Columbus taking Possession of the New World RUGGLES, Daniel, soldier, b. in Barre, Mass., (1855), is in the New Pinakothek, Munich. 31 Jan., 1810. He was graduated at the U. S. RUGER, Thomas Howard, soldier, b. in Lima, military academy in 1833, entered the 5th infantry, Livingston co., N. Y., 2 April, 1833. He was and served on frontier and recruiting duty till the graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1854, Mexican war, in which, after his promotion as cap- assigned to the engineer corps, and worked on tain, 18 June, 1846, he won the brevet of major the defences of New Orleans, La., but resigned, for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and 1 April, 1855, and from 1856 till the civil war that of lieutenant-colonel for Chapultepec. He practised law in Janesville, Wis. He became lieu- then served mostly in Texas till his resignation on tenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin regiment, 29 17 May, 1861, for two years before which he had June, 1861, and its colonel on 20 Aug., and com- been on sick leave of absence. He then joined the manded it in Maryland and the Shenandoah val- | Confederate army, was commissioned brigadier- ley till August, 1862, after which he was in the general in the same year, served in New Orleans, northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns. He and led a division at Shiloh and at Baton Rouge. was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, He became major-general in 1863, and commanded 29 Nov., 1862, led a brigade in the Rappahannock the Department of the Mississippi. He repelled campaigns, and commanded a division at Gettys- raids on the northern and southern borders of the burg. In the summer of 1863 he was in New state in 1863–4, and in 1865 was commissary-gen- York city, where he aided in suppressing the eral of prisoners. After the war he took charge of draft riots. He then guarded the Nashville and his large estate near Palafox, Tex., and also re- Chattanooga railroad in Tennessee till April, 1864, sided at Fredericksburg, Va. led a brigade in Sherman's advance into Georgia RUGGLES, John, senator, b. Westborough, till November, 1864, and with a division of the Mass., in 1790; d. in Thomaston, Me., 20 June, 23d corps took part in the campaign against 1874. He was graduated at Brown in 1813, studied Gen. John B. Hood's army in Tennessee, receiv- law, and began to practise in Skowhegan, Me., but ing the brevet of major-general of volunteers, removed to Thomaston in 1818. He served in the 30 Nov., 1864, for services at the battle of i'rark- lower house of the legislature in 1823–'31, as its lin. He then organized a division at Nashville, speaker in 1825–’9 and 1831, and resigned in the led it from February to June, 1865, in North last-named year to become judge of the district Carolina, and then had charge of the depart- court of the state, in place of Samuel E. Smith, ment of that state till June, 1866, when he was who had been chosen governor. He was then mustered out. He accepted a colonelcy in the chosen U. S. senator as a Democrat in place of Peleg regular army, 28 July, 1866, and on 2 March, 1867, Sprague, who had resigned, and served from 6 was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for Feb., 1835, till 3 March, 1841. He afterward re- services at Gettysburg. From January till July, turned to the practice of law. 1868, he was provisional governor of Georgia, and RUGGLES, Samuel Bulkley, lawyer, b. in from 1871 till 1876 he was superintendent of the New Milford, Conn., 11 April, 1800; d. on Fire U. S. military academy. From the last year till island, N. Y., 28 Aug., 1881. He removed at an 1878 he was in charge of the Department of the early age to Poughkeepsie, was graduated at Yale South, and in 1876 he commanded the troops dur- in 1814, studied law in the office of his father, ing the trouble in South Carolina incident to the Philo, who was surrogate and district attorney at claims of rival state governments. (See CHAMBER- Poughkeepsie, and was admitted to the bar in 1821. LAIN, D. H.) He then commanded posts in the south Ile was elected a member of the assembly of 1838, and west, and on 19 March, 1886, was promoted and, as chairman of the committee on ways and brigadier-general. After temporarily commanding means, presented a Report upon the Finances and the Department of the Missouri in April and May, Internal Improvements of the State of New York," 1886, he was placed in of that of Dakota, which led the state to enter upon a new policy in with headquarters at St. Paul, Minn., where he its commercial development. This report proposed is at present (1888) on duty. to borrow sums of money sufficient to enlarge the RUGER, William Crawford, jurist, b. in Erie canal within five years, and not, as had been Bridgewater, Oneida co., N. Y., 30 Jan., 1824. He at first decided, to rely upon part of the tolls to was educated at Bridgewater academy, studied pay for the enlargement while waiting twenty law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practised years. The enlargement was not made at once, 344 RUGGLES RUGGLES ? Somull Ruggles but Mr. Ruggles's views, which were much assailed, I came colonel on the staff on 28 June, 1862, was were amply vindicated by the event. He was a chief of staff of the Army of Virginia in Gen. John commissioner to determine the route of the Erie Pope's campaign, and continued to serve as an railroad, and a director in 1833–’9, a director and additional aide-de-camp throughout the war, some- promoter of the Bank of commerce in 1839, com- times with the Army of the Potomac, of which he missioner of the Croton aqueduct in 1842, dele- was adjutant-general from February till June, gate from the Unit- 1865, and sometimes in Washington. He took part ed States to the In- in the battles of Antietam and South Mountain, ternational statis- and the assault and capture of Petersburg. On 9 tical congresses at April, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of Berlin in 1863 and volunteers for services during the operations that the Hague in 1869, resulted in the fall of Richmond and surrender of U. S. commission- the Army of Northern Virginia under Gen. Robert er to the Paris ex- E. Lee, and he was also given brevet commissions position of 1867, in the regular army to date from 13 March, in- and delegate to cluding that of brigadier-general. Since the war the International he has served as adjutant-general of various de- monetary confer- partments, and on 15 June, 1880, he attained the ence that was held rank of lieutenant-colonel. there. He laid out RUGGLES, Timothy, lawyer, b. in Rochester, Gramercy park, in Mass., 20 Oct., 1711; d. in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, the city of New 4 Aug., 1795. He was a son of Rev. Timothy Rug- York, in 1831, gave gles, of Rochester. He was graduated at Harvard it its name, and in 1732, and began the practice of law in Rochester, presented it to the but removed to Sandwich about 1737, and thence surrounding prop-to Hardwick in 1753 or 1754. At Sandwich he erty-owners. He also had a considerable influence opened a tavern, and personally attended the bar upon shaping Union square, where he resided, and and stable, while continuing to practise his pro- he selected the name of Lexington avenue. He was fession. He was one of the best lawyers in the for a long term of years a trustee of the Astor li- province of Massachusetts, and before his removal brary, and he held the same office in Columbia col to Hardwick the principal antagonist of James lege from 1836 till the end of his life. He was also | Otis, senior, in causes of importance, as at a later a member of the Chamber of commerce of the period he was the chief opponent of James Otis, state of New York, and of the General convention junior, in contests in the general court. In 1757 of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mr. Ruggles's he was commissioned a judge of the court of com- claim to distinction rests chiefly upon his canal mon pleas of Worcester county, and on 21 Jan., policy, and the steadfast attention that he con- 1762, he became its chief justice. The latter office tinued to give to the Erie canal, both as a private he held until the Revolution. He was also ap- citizen during his life and as canal commissioner, pointed, 23 Feb., 1762, a special justice of the su- in which office he served from 1840 till 1842, and perior court of the province. Mr. Ruggles was again in the year 1858. Yale gave him the degree a representative in the general court from Roches- of LL. D. in 1859. Among his numerous printed ter in 1736, from Sandwich for eight years between papers are Report upon Finances and Internal 1739 and 1752, and from Hardwick fifteen years Improvements” (1838); Vindication of Canal between 1754 and 1770. He was speaker of the Policy” (1849); “ Defence of Improvement of house in 1762 and 1763. In 1765 he was chosen Navigable Waters by the General Government' one of the delegates from Massachusetts to the (1852); Law of Burial” (1858); “ Report on State stamp-act congress of that year in New York, and of Canals in 1858" (1859); reports on the Statis- was elected its president, but refused to sign the tical congress at Berlin (1863), the Monetary con- addresses and petitions that were sent by that body ference at Paris (1867), and the Statistical congress to Great Britain, and was censured for the refusal at the Hague (1871); * Report to the Chairman of by the general court of Massachusetts and repri- the Committee on Canals” (1875); and a “Con- manded in his place from the speaker's chair. Nine solidated Table of National Progress in Cheapening years later he accepted an appointment as manda- Food” (1880).-His cousin, Charles Herman, ju- mus councillor, and took the oath of office, 16 Aug., rist, b. in Litchfield county, Conn., 10 Feb., 1789 ; | 1774. Ruggles rendered service in the French war d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 16 June, 1865, received that began in 1753 and ended in 1763. He had a good education, studied law, and began practice the rank of colonel in the expedition of Sir William in Kingston, N. Y. He was a member of the New Johnson against Crown Point in 1755, and in the York legislature in 1820, and was elected immedi- battle of Lake George, where the French, under ately afterward to congress, serving in 1821-3. Baron Dieskau, met with a signal defeat, he was He then served as a judge of the Dutchess county next in command to Johnson. In 1758–60 he circuit court, was again in the legislature, and in served as brigadier-general under Lord Amherst, 1853 became a judge of the court of appeals of and accompanied that general in his expedition the state of New York, but resigned on 30 Aug., against Canada. In recognition of his services a 1855.-Charles Herman's nephew. George David, grant was made to him by the general court of soldier, b. in Newburg, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1833, was Massachusetts in January, 1764, of a farm in Prince- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1855, ton. A few years later he was appointed a surveyor- and assigned to the mounted riflemen. He served general of the king's forests in the province, and in on frontier duty, including three Indian expedi- the northern part of Nova Scotia. Lucius R. Paige, tions, till the civil war, and in 1858 was acting ad- who in his “ History of Hardwick” (Boston, 1883) jutant-general of the Department of the West, at has given the best and latest account of Gen. Rug- St. Louis. In July, 1861, he was made assistant gles, writes that he was “one of the most promi- adjutant-general, with the staff rank of captain, nent citizens of Massachusetts, and indeed of New and assigned to special duty in the war department England, in both military and civil affairs." In in the organization of volunteer forces. He be- / the years that immediately preceded the Revolu- 66 9 RUGGLES 345 RUMFORD .6 tion, Timothy Ruggles had been the leader of the call to St. Paul's church, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1876, king's party in the general court; and when the and held that post for eight years. He received British troops left Boston in 1775 he went with the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college, Ohio, in them, but there is no evidence, however, that he 1879, was clerical deputy from Ohio in the general took an active part in the war against his country- conventions of 1880 and 1883, and president of the men. It has been said of him that “ he applauded standing committee of the diocese of Ohio for six the spirit which led to the Revolution, but regard- years. He was elected assistant bishop of central ed the violent efforts practised to effect the separa- Pennsylvania in the summer of 1884, and was con- tion of the provinces from the mother country as secrated in St. Paul's church, Cleveland, 28 Oct., impolitic and premature." Gen. Ruggles's prop- 1884. Bishop Rulison has published several ser- erty was confiscated by the government of Massa- mons that he has preached on special occasions, chusetts, but Great Britain gave him land in Nova and contributed freely to current religious litera- Scotia, and after the close of the Revolutionary ture in verse as well as prose. He wrote also a war he settled there and spent the remainder of “ History of St. Paul's Church, Cleveland, Ohio" his life in agricultural pursuits. In his new home, (Cleveland, 1877). as before in Hardwick, he rendered lasting ser- RUMFORD, Benjamin Thompson, Count, vice to his neighbors by the use of scientific meth- scientist, b. in Woburn, Mass., 26 March, 1753; d. ods in farming and by the introduction of choice in Auteuil, near Paris, France, 21 Aug., 1814. He breeds of cattle and horses. He was more than received a common-school education and excelled six feet in height, careful in his dress, and had an in mathematics and expressive countenance. He was commanding and mechanics. In 1766 dignified in appearance and fearless in demeanor. he was apprenticed His wit was ready and brilliant, his mind was to John Appleton, a clear, comprehensive, and penetrating. He was a merchant in Salem, forcible and convincing public speaker. Though and continued his abstemious, he was at the same time profuse in studies by devoting hospitality. As a military officer he was noted for his leisure to the cool bravery and excellence of judgment, as well study of algebra, as for knowledge of the art of warfare. * There trigonometry, and were few men in the province,” wrote Joseph Wil- astronomy, so that lard,“ more justly distinguished than Ruggles, and at the age of fifteen few who were more severely dealt with in the bitter he was able to cal- controversies preceding the Revolution.” “Had he culate an eclipse. been so fortunate," wrote Christopher C. Baldwin, Later he began the " as to have embraced the popular sentiments of study of medicine the time, there is no doubt he would have been under Dr. John Hay ranked among the leading characters of the Revo- in Woburn, and at- lution.” See an article by Christopher C. Baldwin tended a few lec- on Timothy Ruggles in the “ Worcester Magazine” tures at Cambridge, (1826), and addresses before the Members of the but spent most of bar of Worcester county, Mass., by Joseph Wil- his time in manufacturing surgical instruments. lard (1829), Emory Washburn (1856), and Dwight Subsequently he returned to Boston, and there Foster (1878); also Emory Washburn's “Sketches engaged as a clerk in the dry-goods business. of the Judicial History of Massachusetts from 1630 The depressed condition of affairs soon threw him to the Revolution in 1775” (Boston, 1840). out of employment, and, with his friend Loammi RUGGLES, William, educator, b. in Roches- Baldwin, he attended the lectures in experimental ter, Mass., 5 Sept., 1797; d. in Washington, D. C., 10 philosophy that were delivered by Prof. John Win- Sept., 1877. He was graduated at Brown in 1820, throp at Harvard. The experiments were repeated in 1822 became a tutor in Columbian college, D. C., by the two students with improvised apparatus on and in 1827 was advanced to the chair of mathe- their return from the lectures. He also taught for matics and natural philosophy. He remained in a short time in Bradford, Mass., and later in Rum- this office until his death, completing the term of ford (now Concord), N. H. In 1771 he married fifty-five years as teacher in one institution. Prof. Sarah Walker Rolfe, a widow of ample means, Ruggles was a generous contributor to charitable about thirteen years his senior. Gov. John Went- objects, especially those of the Baptist denomina- worth, of New Hampshire, recognizing his ability, tion. To Karen theological school, in Burmah, he gave him a commission of major in one of the New gave during his life $15,000, and at his death he Hampshire regiments; but this act met with oppo- left it a legacy of $25,000. He received from Brown sition from those who resented the appointment the honorary degree of LL. D. in 1852. of a younger man over their heads. This feeling of RULISON, Nelson Somerville, P. E. bishop, hostility increased as the active measures of the b. in Carthage, Jefferson co., N. Y., 24 April, 1842. Revolution approached, and knowledge of the in- His early education and training were obtained at tention of tarring and feathering him on account home and at the Wesleyan academy, Gouverneur, of his supposed Tory inclinations caused his abrupt N. Y. He entered the Episcopal general theologi- departure from Concord in November, 1774, leav- cal seminary, New York city, was graduated in ing his wife and infant daughter. He made his 1866, and ordained deacon in Grace church, Utica, way to Boston, where his military feelings led to N. Y., 27 May, 1866, by Bishop Coxe, and priest, his intimate relations with Gen, Thomas Gage. It in the Church of the Annunciation, New York city, is said that after the battle of Bunker Hill he was 30 Nov., 1866, by Bishop Horatio Potter. The first favorably introduced to George Washington, who year of his ministry he served as assistant minister | had just assumed command of the American army, in the Church of the Annunciation, New York city. and who would have given him a commission in In 1867 he became rector of Zion church, Morris, the artillery but for the opposition of the New N.Y. Three years later he went to Jersey City, Hampshire officers. In March, 1775, he returned founded and built St. John's free church, and la- to Woburn, where he was arrested, and, after a bored there for nearly seven years. He accepted a public trial, was not fully acquitted, although not tures at CambridgeBenj Thompson 346 RUMFORD RUMFORD ton. condemned. Unwilling to remain in obscurity at war, and superintendent of the police of the elec- home under a cloud of suspicion, he determined torate, and he was also for a short time chief of the to seek a field of activity elsewhere. Turning his regency that exercised sovereignty during the ab- property into money as far as possible he left his sence of the elector. He received decorations from family in October, 1775, and they did not hear from Poland, and was elected a member of the Acade- him again until after the close of the war. It ap- mies of Munich and Mannheim. In 1790 the elec- pears that he was received on board of the British tor, becoming vicar-general of the empire during frigate - Scarborough” in Newport, and thence the interval between the death of Joseph II. and taken to Boston, where, on the evacuation of the the coronation of Leopold II., availed himself of city, he was given despatches from Gen. William the prerogatives of that office to make him a count Howe to Lord George Germaine, secretary of state of the Holy Roman empire, on which occasion he for the colonies. His behavior so impressed the chose as his title the name of Rumford, the town minister that he was appointed in the colonial in New Hampshire where he had married. While office. He directed immediate attention to mili- engaged with his various reforms in connection tary affairs, improved the accoutrements of the with the army he was led to study domestic econ- horse-guards, continued his experiments on gun- omy. He investigated the properties and manage- powder, and improved the construction of fire- ment of heat, and the amount of it that was pro- arms. These services received the approbation of duced by the combustion of different kinds of fuel, his superiors, and in 1780 he was appointed an by means of a calorimeter of his own invention. under-secretary of state. Meanwhile he investi- By reconstructing the fire-place he so improved the gated various scientific subjects, including the co- methods of warming apartments and cooking food hesion of bodies, a paper on which he submitted to that a saving in fuel of about one half was effected. the Royal society, where, in 1779, he was elected a His studies of cookery still rank high. He im- fellow. In 1781, after the retirement of Lord proved the construction of stoves, cooking-ranges, George Germaine, he returned to this country and coal-grates, and chimneys, and showed that the non- raised in New York the “King's American dra- conducting power of cloth is due to the air that is goons," of which he was commissioned lieutenant- inclosed in its fibers. Among the other benefits in- colonel on 24 Feb., 1782, and was stationed chiefly troduced by him into Bavaria were improved breeds on Long Island, where he built a fort in Hunting- of horses and cattle, which he raised on a farm that Some authorities say that he served in the he reclaimed from waste ground in the vicinity of south, and at one time defeated Gen. Francis Mar- Munich, and changed it into a park, where, after ion's men, destroying their stores. Before the his leaving Bavaria, a monument was erected in his close of the war he returned to England, and on honor. His health failed under the pressure of the establishment of peace he obtained leave of these undertakings, and he obtained leave of ab- absence to visit the continent with the intention sence in 1795. After visiting Italy he spent some of offering his services to the Austrian govern- time in England, and while in that country he was ment, which was then at war with Turkey. At invited by the secretary of state for Ireland to visit Strasburg he met Prince Maximilian of Deux- its charitable institutions with a view of remedying Ponts, who furnished him with an introduction to their evils and introducing reforms. The war be- his cousin, the elector of Bavaria. Col. Thomp- tween France and Austria caused his return to son was received at Munich with consideration, Bavaria, where he maintained its neutrality, al- and invited to enter the Bavarian service, but he though the country was overrun with the soldiers refused to accept any offer until he had visited of both nations. Ilis health again failing, he was Vienna. Finding that the war was near its close, obliged to leave Munich, and he was sent to Eng- he agreed to enter the service of the elector, pro- land as minister of Bavaria, but, being an English vided that he could obtain the consent of the Eng- subject, he could not be received in that capacity lish authorities. In order to secure the requisite at the English court. But he remained in Eng- permission he returned to England, where his res- land as the private agent of Bavaria, and in 1799 ignation of the command of the regiment was ac- was chiefly instrumental in founding the Royal in- cepted, and he was permitted to retain the half- stitution, in which he caused Sir Humphry Davy pay of his rank until his death. The honor of to be called to the chair of chemistry, About this knighthood was also conferred on him. Near the time he was invited to return to the United States, end of 1784 he returned to Munich, where the but, although disposed to do so, he finally removed reigning prince, Charles Theodore, gave him a con- to Paris in 1802, and there married, in 1804, the fidential appointment with the rank of aide-de- widow of the great French chemist Lavoisier, his camp and chamberlain. He reorganized the entire first wife having died on 19 Jan., 1792, after being military establishment of Bavaria, introducing a separated from him sixteen years. The remainder simpler code of tactics and a new system of disci- of his life was spent at the villa of his wife's former pline, also providing industrial schools for the sol- husband in Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific re- diers' children, and improving the construction and searches. His greatest achievements in this direc- mode of manufacture of arms and ordnance. Col. tion were on the nature and effects of heat, with Thompson devoted himself to various other re- which his name will ever be associated. The work forms, such as the improvement of the dwellings that has been done to demonstrate experimentally of the working class, providing for them a better the doctrine of the “ correlation of forces” was be- education and organizing homes of industry. But gun by him in a series of experiments that was his greatest reform was the suppression of the sys- suggested by the heat evolved in boring cannon. tem of beggary that was then prevalent in Bavaria. Count Rumford gave $5,000 to the American acad- Beggars and vagabonds, the larger part of whom emy of arts and sciences, and a similar amount to were also thieves, swarmed over the country, espe- the Royal society of London to found prizes bear- cially in the larger towns. He removed thein from ing his name for the most important discoveries in the cities, provided them with work, and made light and heat, and the first award of the latter was them self-supporting. For his services he was made to himself. The greater part of his private made a member of the council of state, and suc- collection of philosophical apparatus and speci- cessively major-general, lieutenant-general, com- mens, and models of his own invention, were be- mander-in-chief of the general staff, minister of queathed to the Royal institution, and he also left RUMIÑAGUI 347 RUMSEY to Harvard the funds with which was founded the teaching to defray his expenses. He was gradu- Rumford professorship of the physical and mathe- ated at Davidson college in 1850, studied in the matical sciences as applied to the useful arts, which theological seminary at Columbia, S. C., and was was established in October, 1816. He published ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1857. the results of his investigations in pamphlets, and After holding pastorates in Mecklenburg county, essays in French, English, or German, many of he was called in 1860 to Salisbury, N. C., where he which were issued as " Essays, Political, Economi- has since remained. The University of North cal, and Philosophical” (3 vols., London, 1797; Carolina gave him the degree of D. D. in 1882. vol. iv., 1802). See Life of Count Rumford,” by Dr. Rumple has taken an active part in the coun- James Renwick, in Sparks's “ American Biogra- cils of his church, and published "History of Row- phy" (Boston, 1845), and "Rumford's. Complete an County, N. C.” (Salisbury, N.C., 1881), and His- Works,” with a “ Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thomp- tory of the First Fifty Years of Davidson College” son,” by George E. Ellis, published by the Ameri- (Raleigh, 1888). His “ History of Presbyterianism in can academy of arts and sciences (5 vols., Boston, North Carolina” is now (1888) appearing as a serial. 1876).--His daughter, Sarah, Countess of Rum- RUMSEY, Benjamin, Continental congress- ford, b. in Concord, N. H., 18 Oct., 1774; d. there, man, b. about 1730. His grandfather, Charles, 2 Dec., 1852, is said to have been the first Ameri- emigrated from Wales to this country about 1665, can to inherit and bear the title of countess. She and after living in Charleston, S. C., New York, remained in this country after her father went to and Philadelphia, settled in Cecil county, Md. He England, but in January, 1796, she rejoined him was the great - grandfather of James Rumsey, in London at his request. In 1797 she was re- noticed below. Benjamin was elected by the Mary- ceived by the Bavarian elector as countess, and land convention, 29 Dec., 1775, one of a committee was permitted to receive one half her father's pen- of five to prepare a draft of instructions for the sion, with the privilege of residing wherever she deputies of the province in congress. On 1 Jan., chose. Subsequent to the death of the count in 1776, he was chosen one of a similar committee 1814, she divided her time between London and her to report resolutions for raising, clothing, and house in Brompton, making protracted visits to victualling the provincial forces. On 25 May he Paris of two and three years' duration, and to her became one of the council of safety, and on 10 residence in Concord. With her father she estab- Nov. he was chosen by the convention to the Con- lished the Rolfe and Rumford asylums in Concord, tinental congress. N. H., for the poor and needy, particularly mother- RUMSEY, James, inventor, b. in Bohemia less girls. She bequeathed $15,000 to the New Manor, Cecil co., Md., about 1743; d. in London, Hampshire asylum for the insane, and $2,000 each England, 23 Dec., 1792. He was a machinist by to the Concord female charitable society, the Bos- trade, and early turned his attention to inventing, ton children's friend society, and the Fatherless making various improvements in the mechanism and widow's society of Boston. of mills. In 1784 he exhibited to George Wash. RUMIÑAGUI' (roo-meen-yah-ghe'), Peruvian ington the model of a boat for stemming the cur- soldier, b. in Quito in the latter half of the 15th rent of rivers by the force of the stream acting on century; d. in 1534. He was a son of one of the settling poles, which he patented in several states: principal generals of a native prince, and entered and he obtained in March, 1785, the exclusive the military service of the conqueror, Huaina right for ten years “ to navigate and build boats Capac, and of his son, Atahualpa (q. v.). At the calculated to work with greater ease and rapidity time of the invasion of Pizarro in 1532, Rumiñagui against rapid rivers" from the assembly of Phila- was marching with 5,000 men to re-enforce the delphia. Subsequently he succeeded in launching army that was sent against Cuzco, and advised a boat on the Potomac, which he propelled by a Atahualpa not to receive the Spaniards in Caja- steam-engine and machinery of his own construc- marca, but, seeing that his advice was unheeded, tion that secured motion by the force of a stream he retired with his army to Quito, thus escaping of water thrown out by a pump at the stern. In the defeat of the Peruvians, 16 Nov., 1532. In December, 1787, a successful trial trip was wit- Quito, under pretence of electing a regency, he nessed by a large concourse of people, and he was summoned to the royal palace the children, broth- granted the rights of navigating the streams of ers, and principal officers of the emperor, and had New York, Maryland, and Virginia. The Rumsey them all murdered during a banquet that was society, of which Benjamin Franklin was a mem- given in their honor. Then, proclaiming himself ber, was founded in Philadelphia in 1788 for the independent, he began a reign of terror in Quito. purpose of furthering his schemes. He then went When, in 1533, Sebastian de Benalcazar, at the to England, where a similar society was organized, request of the Cañari Indians, marched against and he obtained patents for his inventions in Great Rumiñagui, the latter made a heroic resistance for Britain, France, and Holland. A boat and ma- a long time in the mountain-passes that lead to chinery were built for him, and a successful trip the capital. In Tiocojas a battle was fought, was made on the Thames in December, 1792, but which resulted in favor of the Indians, but in the he died while preparing for another experiment. night an eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi began, The legislature of Kentucky presented in 1839 a which it had been predicted by the priests would gold medal to his son " commemorative of his be fatal to the empire of Quito, and the Indian father's services and high agency in giving to the army dispersed. Rumiñagui, unable to defend the world the benefits of the steamboat.” He published capital, set fire to the palace and the city, and dur- a “Short Treatise on the Application of Steam ing the confusion escaped to the mountains with (Philadelphia, 1788), by which he became involved the emperor's treasures, but was hotly pursued by in a controversy with John Fitch (9. v.). the Spaniards, and, as the Indians despised and RUMSEY, Julian Sidney, merchant, b. in Ba- hated him, they revealed his retreat, and he was tavia, N. Y., 3 April, 1823; d. in Chicago, Ill., 20 killed toward the beginning of 1534. April, 1886. He removed to Chicago in 1837, and RUMPLE, Jethro, clergyman, b. in Cabarrus entered the service of a firm in which he and his county, N. C., 10 March, 1827. He worked on a brother subsequently became partners. This firm, farm, and studied at intervals till he was eighteen then known as Newberry and Dole, sent out in years old, when he began to prepare for college, September, 1839, the first shipment of grain from 348 RUSCHENBERGER RUNDT * Chicago. In 1852 Mr. Dole retired and the firm, counsel for "The Tribune" association.--Cornelius which was for a time known as Rumsey Brothers, A.'s wife, Lucia Isabella, author, b. in North devoted itself exclusively to the grain commission Brookfield, Worcester co., Mass., 20 Aug., 1844. business. Mr. Rumsey was identified with the Her maiden name was Gilbert, and after receiving history of Chicago for more than half a century. her education in Fall River and Worcester, Mass., During that period he was mayor, county treasurer, she removed to New York city. In 1862 she mar- and president of the board of trade. Of the latter ried Mr. Calhoun, and in 1869 Mr. Runkle. For institution he was a charter member, and through many years she was an editorial writer and con- his efforts the present system of grain inspection tributor to the New York “ Tribune,” in which she and grading was adopted. This achievement gave published a brilliant series of articles on “ Cook- him the title of the Father of Grain Inspection.” | ing,” treated from an artistic standpoint, which Mr. Rumsey always took an interest in national attracted much attention. She has also written and state politics. In 1861, during the period that frequently for other journals and for magazines. preceded the civil war, he did much, as mayor, to RUPP, Israel Daniel, author, b. in Cumber- arouse the enthusiasm of his fellow - citizens in land county, Pa., 10 July, 1803; d. in Philadelphia, favor of the preservation of the Union, and at the 31 May, 1878. He was born upon a farm and had mass-meeting in Metropolitan hall a few days after few educational advantages, but at the age of the firing on Fort Sumter, he delivered a stirring twenty he had mastered eight languages, and be- address. He was a member of the rst war finance came a teacher. In 1830 he translated into and committee, and of the Republican state committee from the German a large number of religious the same year. During the panic of 1873 he was works, the principal of which was the " Blutige president of the Corn exchange national bank. Schau-Platz, oder Geschichte der Martyren " (Cin- RUNDT, Charles Godfrey, missionary, b. in cinnati, 1830), which was originally published in Königsberg, Germany, 30 May, 1713; d. in Beth- German by the Ephrata brethren. About 1827 he lehem, Pa., 17 Aug., 1764. He entered the army of began the preparation of the “ History of the Ger- Holstein as a musician, but in 1747 united with mans of Pennsylvania,” which was not complet- the Moravians in Saxony. In 1751 he was sent to ed at his death. While gathering materials for Pennsylvania, and became an itinerant missionary this work he collected a large amount of data re- among the Indians and white settlers. While re- lating to the early history of the different counties siding at Onondaga in 1752 with David Zeisberger in Pennsylvania. In 1836 his first historical com- he was adopted into the tribe, receiving the name pilation was issued from the press, while other of Thaneraquechta. volumes of local history followed in rapid succes- RUNKLĖ, John Daniel, mathematician, b. in sion. He was an indefatigable worker, an excellent Root, Montgomery co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1822. He German scholar, with good conversational powers, worked on his father's farm until he was of age, and in his lifetime collected much historical mate- and then studied and taught until he entered rial. He had the peculiar faculty of obtaining facts Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where he that few possessed, and hence all his local histories was graduated in 1851. Meanwhile his ability as are repositories of zeal and industry. He was not a a mathematician led in 1849 to his appointment as polished writer, and lacked method in his historical assistant in the preparation of the “ American arrangement. He translated, wrote, compiled, and Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac,” in which he prepared for the press about thirty volumes, but continued to engage until 1884. He was called the great work of his life. “The History of the to the professorship of mathematics in the Massa- Germans of Pennsylvania," remains unpublished. chusetts institute of technology, and still (1888) | Apart from his translations, Mr. Rupp's historical holds that chair, being also acting president in writings are “ Geographical Catechism of Pennsyl. 1868–?70, and president in 1870-'8. Prof. Runkle vania” (1836);" History of Lancaster County, Penn- has taken great interest in the subject of manual sylvania” (1844); " History of Religious Denomi- training, and that system was introduced in the nations of the United States ” (Philadelphia, 1844); Institute of technology largely in consequence of “History of Berks and Lebanon Counties” (Lan- his efforts. He received the honorary degrees of caster, 1844); “ History of York County" (1845); A. M. from Harvard in 1851, Ph. D. from Hamilton “ Events in Indian History” (1842); “ İlistory of in 1869, and LL. D. from Wesleyan in 1871. In Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and 1859 he founded the Mathematical Monthly," Schuylkill Counties ” (Harrisburg, 1846); “ History which he published until 1861, and he had charge of Western Pennsylvania" (1846); “ History of of the astronomical department of the “Illustrated Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, Pilgrim's Almanac." Besides many papers, in; and Perry Counties”. (Lancaster, 1848); “ History cluding “ The Manual Element in Education of Somerset, Cambria, and Indiana Counties", in the “Reports of the Massachusetts Board of (1848); “ History of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Education” for 1876–7 and 1880-'1 and “Report Mifllin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata, and on Industrial Education ” (1883), he has published Clinton Counties” (1847): “Collection of Names " New Tables for Determining the Values of the of Thirty Thousand German and other Immigrants Coeflicients in the Perturbative Function of Plane- to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776" (Harrisburg, tary Motion” (Washington, 1856) and “ Elements 1856); “ Genealogy of the Descendants of John of Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry (Boston, Jonas Rupp" (1874). 1888).— Ilis brother, Cornelius A., lawyer, b. in RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., naval Montgomery county, N. Y., 9 Dec., 1832; d. in New surgeon, b. in Cumberland county, N. J., 4 Sept., York city, 19 March, 1888, was graduated at Har- 1807. After attending schools in Philadelphia and vard law-school in 1855, began practice in New New York he entered the navy as surgeon's mate, York city, and was subsequently made deputy 10 Aug., 1826, was graduated in medicine at the collector and given charge of the law division of University of Pennsylvania in 1830, and was com- the New York custom-house. This rendered him missioned surgeon, 4 April, 1831. He was fleet familiar with the legal questions involved in tariff surgeon of the East India squadron in 1835-'7, and internal revenue litigation, and resulted in his attached to the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia devoting himself largely to that class of business. in 1840-2, and at the naval hospital in Brooklyn Mr. Runkle for about twenty-five years acted as in 1843–'7, when he organized the laboratory for 66 RUSH 349 RUSH supplying the service with unadulterated drugs. colonial rights. He was a member of the provin- He was again fleet surgeon of the East India cial conference of Pennsylvania, and chairman of squadron in 1847–'50, of the Pacific squadron in the committee that reported that it had become 1854–7, and of the Mediterranean squadron from expedient for congress to declare independence, August, 1860, till July, 1861. During the inter- and surgeon to the Pennsylvania navy from 17 vals between cruises he was on duty at Philadel- Sept., 1775, to 1 July, 1776.' He was then elected phia. During the civil war he was surgeon of the to the latter body, and on 4 July, 1776, signed Boston navy-yard. He was on special duty at the declaration. He married Julia, a daughter of Philadelphia in 1865–'70, was the senior officer in Richard Stockton, the same year, was appointed the medical corps in 1866–9, and was retired on surgeon-general of the middle department in April, 4 Sept., 1869. He was president of the Academy 1777, and in July became physician-general. Al- of natural sciences of Philadelphia in 1870-'82, though in constant attendance on the wounded and president of the College of physicians of in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, the Brandy- Philadelphia in 1879–’83. He was commissioned wine, Germantown, and in the sickness at Valley medical director on the retired list, 3 March, 1871. Forge, he found time to write four long public let- Dr. Ruschenberger has published some of the ters to the people of Pennsylvania, in which he results of his investigations during his cruises, by commented severely on the articles of confedera- which he has acquired a wide reputation. Among tion of 1776, and urged a revision on the ground his works are " Three Years in the Pacific” (Phila- of the dangers of giving legislative powers to a delphia, 1834; 2 vols., London, 1835); “ A Voyage single house. In February, 1778, he resigned his around the World, 1835–'7” (Philadelphia, 1838; military office on account of wrongs that had been omitting strictures on the British government, 2 done to the soldiers in regard to the hospital stores, vols., London, 1838); “ Elements of Natural His- and a coldness between himself and Gen. Wash- tory” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1850); “ A Lexicon of ington, but, though he was without means at that Terms used in Natural History" (1850); " A Notice time, he refused all compensation for his service of the Origin, Progress, and Present Condition of in the army. He then returned to Philadelphia, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia” resumed his practice and duties as professor, and (1852); and “ Notes and Commentaries during for twenty-nine years was surgeon to the Pennsyl- Voyages to Brazil and China, 1848” (Richmond, vania hospital, and port physician to Philadelphia 1854). He has also published numerous articles in 1790–'3. He was a founder of Dickinson college on naval rank and organization (1845–50), and and the Philadelphia dispensary, and was largely contributed papers to medical and scientific jour- interested in the establishment of public schools, nals, and he edited the American edition of Mrs. concerning which he published an address, and in Somerville's “ Physical Geography,” with additions the founding of the College of physicians, of which and a glossary (1850; new ed., 1853). he was one of the first censors.' fle was a member RUŠH, Benjamin, signer of the Declaration of the State convention that ratified the constitution of Independence, b. in Byberry township, Pa., 24 of the United States in 1787, and of that for form- Dec., 1745; d. in Philadelphia, 19 April, 1813. Ais ing a state constitution in the same year, in which ancestor, John, who was a captain of horse in he endeavored to procure the incorporation of his Cromwell's army, views on public schools, and a penal code on which emigrated to this he had previously written essays. After that ser- country in 1683, vice he retired from political life. While in occu- and left a large pation of the chair of chemistry in Philadelphia number of de- medical college, he was elected to that of the theory scendants. Benja- and practice of medicine, to which was added the min's father died professorship of the institutes and practice of medi- when the son was cine and clinical practice in 1791, and that of the six years old. His practice of physic in 1797, all of which he held until earliest instructor his death. During the epidemic of yellow fever was his uncle, Rev. in 1793 he rendered good service, visiting from 100 Samuel Finley, to 120 patients daily, but his bold and original subsequently pres- practice made him enemies, and a paper edited by ident of Prince William Cobbett, called “ Peter Porcupine's Ga- ton, who prepared zette,” was so violent in its attacks upon him him for that col- that it was prosecuted, and a jury rendered a lege. He was grad. verdict of $5,000 damages, which Dr. Rush dis- uated in 1760, and tributed among the poor. His practice during Rush these medical de is not contagious, and he was the first to pro- subsequently in partment of the claim that the disease is indigenous. From 1799 University of Edin- till his death he was treasurer of the U. S. mint. burgh in 1768, after studying under Dr. John Red- “His name," says Dr. Thomas Young, was fa- man, of Philadelphia. He also attended medical lec- miliar to the medical world as the Sydenham of tures in England and in Paris, where he enjoyed the America. His accurate observations and correct friendship of Benjamin Franklin, who advanced discrimination of epidemic diseases well entitled the means of paying his expenses. In August, him to this distinction, while in the original energy 1769, he returned to the United States and settled of his reasoning he far exceeded his prototype." He in Philadelphia, where he was elected professor of was a member of nearly every medical, literary, chemistry in the City medical college. In 1771 and benevolent institution in this country, and of he published essays on slavery, temperance, and many foreign societies, and for his replies to their health, and in 1774 he delivered the annual oration queries on the subject of yellow fever received a before the Philosophical society on the - Natural medal from the king of Prussia in 1805, and gifts History of Medicine among the Indians of North from other crowned heads. He succeeded Ben- America." He early engaged in pre-Revolutionary jamin Franklin as president of the Pennsylvania movements, and wrote constantly for the press on society for the abolition of slavery, was president Berjamin 350 RUSH RUSH : 19 " of the Philadelphia medical society, vice-president | Nephew," 1873); “Washington in Domestic Life," and a founder of the Philadelphia Bible society, which consists of personal letters from Washing; advocating the use of the Scriptures as a text-ton to his private secretary, Col. Tobias Lear, and book in the public schools, an originator of the some personal recollections (1857); and a volume American philosophical society, of which he was of “ Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic, a vice-president in 1799–1800. He taught, more and Miscellaneous, including a Glance at the Court clearly than any other physician of his day, to and Government of Louis Philippe, and the French distinguish diseases and their effects, gave great Revolution of 1848,"published by his sons (1860). - impulse to the study of medicine in this country, Richard's son, Benjamin, b. in Philadelphia, 23 and made Philadelphia the centre of that science Jan., 1811; d. in Paris, France, 30 June, 1877, was in the United States, more than 2,250 students graduated at Princeton in 1829, studied law, and in having attended his lectures during his professor- 1833 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. In ship in the Medical college of Philadelphia. Yale 1837 he was appointed secretary of legation at Lon- gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1812. His pub- don, where he served for a time as chargé d'affaires. lications include " Medical Inquiries and Obser- He published " An Appeal for the Union” (Phila- vations” (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1789–98; 3d ed., delphia, 1860) and Letters on the Rebellion” 4 vols.. 1809): “ Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philo- (1862). —Another son of the first Benjamin, James, sophical ” (1798; 2d ed., 1806); "Sixteen Introduc- physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 March, 1786; tory Lectures" (1811); and “ Diseases of the Mind” a. there, 26 May, 1869, was graduated at Princeton (1812; 5th ed., 1835). He also edited several medical in 1805, and at the medical department of the Uni- works.-His son, Richard, statesman, b. in Phila- versity of Pennsylvania in 1809. He subsequently delphia, 29 Aug., 1780; d. there, 30 July, 1859, was studied in Edinburgh, and, returning to Philadel. graduated at Princeton in 1797, and admitted to the phia, practised for several years, but afterward re- bar of Philadelphia in 1800, and early in his career linquished the active duties of his profession to won distinction by his defence of William Duane, devote himself to editor of the “ Aurora,” on a charge of libelling scientific and lit- Gov. Thomas McKean. He became solicitor of the erary pursuits. He guardians of the poor of Philadelphia in 1810, and left $1,000,000 to attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1811, comp- the Philadelphia troller of the U. S. treasury in November of the same library company year, and in 1814-'17 was U. S. attorney-general. for the erection He became temporary U. S. secretary of state in 1817, of the Ridgeway and was then appointed minister to England, where branch of the Phil- he remained till 1825, negotiating several impor- adelphia library. tant treaties, especially that of 1818 with Lord His publications Castlereagh respecting the fisheries, the northwest include “ Philoso- boundary-line, conflicting claims beyond the Rocky phy of the Hu- mountains, and the slaves of American citizens that man Voice" (Phil. were carried off on British ships, contrary to the adelphia, 1827); treaty of Ghent. He was recalled in 1825 to ac- · Hamlet, a Dra- cept the portfolio of the treasury which had been matic Prelude in offered him by President Adams, and in 1828 he Five Acts” (1834); was a candidate for the vice-presidency on the “ Analysis of the ticket with Mr. Adams. In 1829 he negotiated in Human Intellect" Holland a loan for the corporations of Washing- (2 vols., 1865); and ton, Georgetown, D. C., and Alexandria, Va. Ne was a commissioner to adjust a boundary dispute trast on Wisdom between Ohio and Michigan in 1835, and in 1836 and Folly” (1869).—His wife, Phæbe Ann, b. in was appointed by President Jackson a commis- Philadelphia in 1797; d. there in 1857, was a daugh- sioner to obtain the legacy of James Smithson ter of Jacob Ridgeway. She was highly educated (q. V.), which he left to found the Smithsonian in- in early life, well versed in the languages and lit- stitution. The case was then pending in the Eng- erature of modern Europe, and by her social tact lish chancery court, and in August, 1838, Mr. Rush and brilliant conversational powers became one of returned with the amount, $508,318.46. He was the most noted American women of her time. Her minister to France in 1847–²51, and in 1848 was house in Philadelphia was one of the finest in this the first of the ministers at that court to recog- country, and her entertainments were on the largest nize the new republic, acting in advance of in- and most luxurious scale.—A brother of the first structions from his government. Mr. Rush began Benjamin, Jacob, jurist, b. in Byberry township, his literary career in 1812, when he was a member Pa., in 1746; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Jan., 1820, of the Madison cabinet, by writing vigorous arti- was graduated at Princeton in 1765, settled in the cles in defence of the second war with England. practice of law in Philadelphia, was a judge of the His relations with John Quincy Adams were inti- high court of errors and appeals of Pennsylvania in mate, and affected his whole career. He became 1784-1806, president of the court of common pleas an anti-Mason in 1831, in 1834 wrote a powerful re- of Philadelphia in 1806–20, and at an earlier date port against the Bank of the United States, and ever was a justice of the supreme court of the state. In afterward co-operated with the Democratic party, the controversy between Joseph Reed and John He was a member of the American philosophical Dickinson as to the character of Benedict Arnold society. His publications include * Codification of (9. v.), Judge Rush espoused the latter's cause. the Laws of the United States” (5 vols., Philadel- Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1804. His phia, 1815); “ Narrative of a Residence at the Court publications include“ Resolve in Committee Cham- of London from 1817 till 1825” (London, 1833); a ber 6 Dec., 1774” (Philadelphia, 1774): “Charges second volume of the same work, “ Comprising In- on Moral and Religious Subjects” (1803); “Char- cidents, Official and Personal, from 1819 till 1825" acter of Christ " (1806); and “ Christian Baptism (1845 ; 3d ed., under the title of the “ Court of Lon- (1819).—His daughter, REBECCA, published - Kel. don from 1819 till 1825, with Notes by the Author's | roy," a novel (Philadelphia, 1812). Rhymes wf.com Phoebe Ann Rush 66 RUSH 351 RUSS RUSH, Christopher, A. M. E. Zion bishop, b. Salkehatchie. He was elected bank comptroller of in Craven county, N. C., in 1777; d. in New York Wisconsin in 1866, which post he held till 1870, city, 16 July, 1873. He was a full-blooded African, was chosen to congress as a Republican in the lat- and born a slave. He went to New York in 1798, ter year, served three terms, and as chairman of the and was subsequently freed, and licensed to preach committee on pensions performed important ser- in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1815. He vices in readjusting the pension rates. He declined was ordained a superintendent or bishop in 1828. the appointment of chargé d'affaires in Paraguay He was largely instrumental in the separation of and Uruguay, and that of chief of the bureau of the colored from the white branch of the Method- engraving and printing, which were offered him ist church, and his address before Bishop Enoch by President Garfield. Since 1882 he has been George finally carried the measure, and he was thus governor of Wisconsin, having been elected for a founder of what is now the African Methodist three successive terms. During the threatened Episcopal Zion church. At that time the African Milwaukee riots in May, 1886, he did good service Methodists numbered only 100, but Bishop Rush by his prompt action in ordering the militia to fire lived to see it a comparatively large and flourish- on the dangerous mob when they attempted to ing organization. He published a history of his destroy life and property. denomination. RUSK, Thomas Jefferson, senator, b. in Cam- RUSH, William, sculptor, b. in Philadelphia, dem, S. C., 8 Aug., 1802; d. in Nacogdoches, Tex., Pa., 4 July, 1756; d. there, 17 Jan., 1833. In his 29 July, 1856. He received an academic education, youth he was apprenticed to Edward Cutbush, a practised law with success in Georgia, and in the carver, and he first became known as a maker of early part of 1835 removed to Texas. He then figure-heads for ships. Especially noticeable among identified himself with the history of that republic, his ship-carvings were the figures “Genius of the was a member of the convention that declared its United States” and Nature” for the frigates independence in March, 1836, was its first secre- • United States” and “ Constellation,” and busts tary of war, participated in the battle of San Ja- and figures of Voltaire, Rousseau, Benjamin Frank- cinto, and became commander of the army after lin, William Penn, and others, for various vessels. Gen. Samuel Houston was wounded, continuing The figure of the "Indian Trader” for the ship to hold that office till the organization of the con- “ William Penn "excited great admiration in Lon- stitutional government in October, 1836. He was don. The carvers there sketched it and took casts again chosen secretary of war, but resigned after of the head. Another figure, that of a river-god, a few months' service, subsequently commanded carved for the ship “ Ganges,” won the admiration several expeditions against the Indians, and was a of the Hindoos, who came in numerous boats to member of the legislature. He was a justice of the reverence this image. But he did not confine supreme court in 1838–42, president of the conven- himself to figure-heads, although he never worked tion that consummated the annexation of Texas to in marble, but always in wood or clay. In 1812 he the United States in 1845, and upon its admission exhibited, at the Pennsylvania academy, figures of to the Union was chosen U. S. senator as a Demo- " Exhortation," " Praise," and cherubim, and busts crat, serving in 1846–56. He had been re-elected of Linnæus, William Bartram, and Rev. Henry M. to a third term, but in a fit of insanity, caused by Muhlenberg. He executed also statues of “ Win- domestic misfortune, he committed suicide. Dur- ter," " Agriculture," a figure of Christ on the cross, ing his senatorial service he was chairman of the which last two were destroyed by fire, several por committee on the post-office, and was interested to trait-busts, including Gen. Lafayette (1824), and a large extent in the overland mail and the wagon- other works. His best-known statue is that of road to the Pacific. Washington (1814), which was bought by the city RUSS, Horace P., inventor, b. in 1821 ; d. in of Philadelphia. Mr. Rush served in the Revolu- Halifax, N. S., 31 Dec., 1863. He invented the tionary army, and was a member of the councils of pavement that bears his name. It consists of his native city for more than a quarter of a century. granite blocks, and was laid in Broadway, New RUSK, Jeremiah McLain, governor of Wis- York city, but proved impracticable on account of consin, b. in Morgan county, Ohio, 17 June, 1830. its being too slippery. Subsequently he turned his He divided his time between farm-work and the attention to metallurgical projects, and for some acquisition of time prior to his death was engaged in gold-min- common-school eding in Nova Scotia. ucation till he at- RUSS, John Denison, physician, b. in Chebacco tained hismajority, (now Essex), Mass., 1 Sept., 1801; d. in Pompton, and in 1853 re- N. J., 1 March, 1881. He was graduated at Yale moved to Wiscon- in 1823, and in the medical department in 1825. sin and engaged After spending a year abroad in hospital practice, in agriculture in he settled in New York city, but in June, 1827, hé Vernon county. went with a cargo of supplies to aid the Greeks in He entered the Nă- their struggle for independence. He remained, su- tional army in 1862, perintending the development of a hospital service was commissioned in Greece, for several years, but the failure of his major of the 25th health compelled his return, and he entered again Wisconsin regi- | upon practice in New York city. Dr. Russ became ment, rose to the interested at once in the condition of the poor that rank of lieutenant- were suffering from ophthalmia in the city hospi- colonel, and served tals, and at his own cost, in March, 1832, made the with Gen. William first attempt in the United States for the instruc- T. Sherman from tion of the blind. He was appointed superintend- the siege of Vicks- ent of the newly chartered New York institution burg till the close for the blind in the same year, and in this office of the war. In introduced many methods of teaching, some of 1865 he received the brevet of brigadier-general of which have been permanently useful. He invented volunteers for meritorious service at the battle of the phonetic alphabet, which consists of forty-one a J. M. Rush 352 RUSSELL RUSSELL 6 characters, sufficiently like the Roman letters to be summer home in Ulster county, opposite Hyde Park, read easily, to which he added twenty-two prefixes N. Y., from 1844 until his death, and was connected and suffixes. This system of writing never was in with the most important internal improvements in troduced generally, but he simplified mathematical that region. He established its present system of characters, and his printed maps, from raised de- common schools, founded the Ulster county sar- signs, in which he used wave-lines for water, are ings bank, and was its president from its establish- still in use. He went abroad for his health, but ment until his death, and built a Presbyterian on his return he engaged in numerous philan- church at his own cost near his country-seat, Glen- thropic schemes. He was one of the founders of Albyn. Mr. Russell married Helen Rutherford, a the New York prison association, its corresponding daughter of Dr. John Watts. He published “ Prin- secretary in 1846–54, and subsequently a vice- ciples of Statistical Inquiry ” (New York, 1839), and president, was superintendent of the New York “ Account of 11,000 Schools in New York” (1847). juvenile asylum in 1851-8, and a member of the RUSSELL, Benjamin, journalist, b. in Boston, board of education in 1848–’51. He also established Mass., 13 Sept., 1761 ; d. there, 4 Jan., 1845. He in 1850 a house of employment for women, which was apprenticed to Isaiah Thomas, at Worcester, institution was under the care of his wife and Mass., but before completing his term enlisted in daughter. During his old age he made further im- the Revolutionary army, and contributed war news provements in printing for the blind. to the “Spy," Thomas's paper. He began the pub- RUSSELL, Lord Alexander George, British lication of the “ Columbian Centinel " about 1784, soldier, b. in England in 1821. lle is a son of the a semi-weekly journal, which had no equal in its sixth Duke of Bedford, entered the army in 1839, control of public sentiment. He was aided by and was promoted captain in 1846, major in 1853, Stephen Higginson, John Lowell, Fisher Ames, lieutenant-colonel in 1856, colonel in 1861, major- | Timothy Pickering, and George Cabot. In 1788 general in 1874, and lieutenant-general in 1877. Russell attended the Massachusetts convention for He was aide-de-camp to the governor-general of ratifying the constitution of the United States, and Canada in 1847, served in the Caffir war in 1852–3 made the first attempt at reporting for any Bos- as deputy assistant quartermaster-general to the 1st ton newspaper. His enterprise was conspicuous in division, and was present at the battle of Berea, collecting foreign intelligence, and, in order to ob- for which he obtained a medal. He took part in tain the latest news, he visited all the foreign ves- the Crimean war, was at the siege of Sebastopol. sels that came into Boston harbor. The "Centi- and for gallant conduct presented with the Crimea nel” kept regular files of the “ Moniteur," which medal and clasp, and with Sardinian and Turkish brought Louis Philippe and Talleyrand frequently medals and the order of the Medjidie. He com- to its office during their stay in Boston. An atlas, manded at Shorncliffe in 1873–²4, and in southeast- which was the gift of the former, was of constant ern England in 1877–8, served in Canada from service to Russell in preparing his summaries of 1883 till 1888, and at the latter date was succeeded military news from the continent. When congress by Gen. Sir John Ross. His headquarters were was holding its first session, Russell wrote to the at Halifax, Nova Scotia. department of state, and offered to publish gratu- RUSSELL, Alexander Jamieson, Canadian itously all the laws and other official documents engineer, b. in Glasgow, Scotland. 29 April, 1807. --the treasury then being almost bankrupt-which He settled with his parents in 1822 in Megantic offer was accepted. At the end of several years county, Can., where his father was crown-lands he was called upon for his bill. It was made out, agent. The son became deputy provincial surveyor and receipted. On being informed of this fact, in 1829, entered the commissariat department in Gen. Washington said: “This must not be. When 1830, served for two years on the construction of Mr. Russell offered to publish the laws without the Rideau canal, and afterward was engaged dur- pay, we were poor. It was a generous offer. We ing eight years in the work of the department at are now able to pay our debts. This is a debt of Quebec. Be resigned in 1841, and became civil honor, and must be discharged.” A few days after- engineer in charge of public works in the mari- ward Mr. Russell received a check of $7,000, the time counties of Lower Canada, where for five years full amount of his bill. In 1795–1830 he published he projected and constructed roads and bridges. a Federalist paper, called the “Gazette," which was In 1846 he was transferred to the crown timber a violent enemy of France, Jefferson, and the Re- office at Ottawa to settle differences between lum- publican newspapers, and held its influence under bermen, and to grant licenses to cut timber on Ot- the same management until 1830. Russell retired tawa river and its tributaries. Afterward the col- from the “ Centinel” in 1828. He originated the lection of the timber revenues and the inspection of phrase the “era of good feeling” on the occasion the other crown timber agencies in Lower and of President Monroe's visit to Boston in 1817, when Upper Canada were added to his duties. He has the chiefs of both parties, the Republicans and published a geographical work (Ottawa, 1869). Federalists, united in the support of the executive. RUSSELL, Archibald, philanthropist, b. in Ed. He represented Boston in the general court for inburgh, Scotland, in 1811; d. in New York city, 12 twenty-four years, served several terins in the state April, 1871. His father, James, was for many years senate, and was a member of the executive council president of the Royal society of Edinburgh. The and of the Constitutional convention of 1820. son was graduated at the University of Edinburgh RUSSELL, Henry, vocalist, b. in London, Eng- in philosophy, law, and medicine, and subsequently land, about 1810. He was the son of a Hebrew studied at the University of Bonn, Germany. He merchant, and in infancy appeared in Christmas settled in New York city in 1836, where he devoted pantomimes. Later he studied music, and subse- his time and fortune to benevolent and educational quently taught. He settled in Rochester, N. Y., in enterprises, founding the Five Points mission, of 1843, as teacher of the piano-forte, and became wide- which he was president for eighteen years, and aid- ly known as a composer and vocalist. For years he ing in establishing the Half-Orphan asylum, of travelled in this country, giving monologue enter- which he was a vice-president. He was an active tainments of his own compositions. He was also member of the Christian commission during the engaged for the concerts of oratorio and philhar- civil war, gave largely to its support, and was chair- monic societies, and recited the soliloquies in - Ham- man of the famine relief committee. He made his / let," " Richard III.,” and “ Macbeth" to his own 9 RUSSELL 353 RUSSELL music. Russell had a heavy baritone voice of small | ant, 15 Sept., 1855, and in 1860-'1, when on ord- compass, but in declamatory delivery it was highly nance duty at the Washington navy-yard, he was impressive. On the singer's return to Europe, he one of two.officers there that remained loyal, not- appeared in many cities of Great Britain and Ire- withstanding that his ties and affections were with land to repeat his American success. Finally he the south. He went to Norfolk to assist in pre- retired from the concert-room, and settled in Lon- venting vessels at the navy-yard from falling into don as an opulent money-lender and bill-broker. the hands of the secessionists, and had charge All his songs were sold at large prices, and for of the last boat that left the yard, 28 April, 1861. years returned him a handsome income. They are He was next attached to the frigate “ Colorado," composed in a manly vein, entirely free from puerile and on 14 Sept., 1861, he commanded a boat expedi- sentimentality, and many of them bid fair to en- tion to cut out the privateer “ Judah" at Pensacola, dure for future generations. They include "The under the protection of shore batteries and about Ivy Green," " The Old Arm-Chair," " A Life on the 9.000 men. Russell boldly approached during the Ocean Wave," "Some love to Roam,” “ I'm Afloat,” night, and after a severe hand-to-hand conflict, in and “ Woodman, spare that Tree." which 20 of his force of 100 sailors were killed or RUSSELL, Israel Cook, geologist, b. near Gar- wounded, himself among the latter, he succeeded in rattsville, N. Y., 10 Dec., 1852. He was graduated destroying the “Judah” and regained the “ Colora- at the University of the city of New York in 1872, do.” Admiral Porter, in his “ Naval History," says after which he spent two years in studying science that “this was without doubt the most gallant cut- at the School of mines of Columbia college. In ting-out affair that occurred during the war.” The 1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out navy department complimented Russell. The state by the U. S. government to observe the transit of of Maryland gave him a vote of thanks, and Presi- Venus, and was stationed at Queenstown, New dent Lincoln personally expressed his gratitude. Zealand. On his return in 1875 he was appointed Russell was then placed in command of the steamer assistant in geology at the School of mines, and in Kennebec" in Farragut's squadron, was present 1878 he became assistant geologist on the U. S. geo- at the surrender of the forts below New Orleans, logical and geographical survey west of the 100th and received the garrison of Fort Jackson as pris- meridian. In 1880 he was appointed to a similar oners on his ship. Farragut thanked him for his office on the U. S. geological survey, which he still service in saving lives of officers and men in the (1888) holds. Besides large contributions on geologi- | flag-ship's boat during a guerilla attack at Baton cal subjects to various scientific periodicals, he has Rouge. He was commissioned lieutenant-com- published scientific memoirs, which have been is- mander, 16 July, 1862, was on ordnance duty at sued by the government in the annual reports of Washington in 1864, and commanded the sloop the survey, or as separate monographs. These in- “Cyane," of the Pacific squadron, in 1864–5. After clude “Sketch of the Geological History of Lake being commissioned commander on 28 Jan., 1867, Lahontan” (1883); “A Geological Reconnoissance he took charge of the steamer “ Ossipee,” of the in Southern Oregon” (1884); “Existing Glaciers Pacific squadron, in 1869-'71, and during a gale in of the United States ” (1885); “Geological History the Gulf of California rescued the passengers and of Lake Lahontan” (1885); “Geological History of crew of the Pacific mail-steamer “ Continental" in Mono Valley” (1888); and “Sub-Aërial Decay of September, 1869. He became captain, 12 Feb., Rocks" (1888). 1874, commanded the sloop “ Plymouth" in 1875, RUSSELL, John Henry, naval officer, b. in and by prompt measures saved the vessels of the Frederick city, Md., 4 July, 1827. He entered the North Atlantic squadron from an epidemic of yel- navy as a midshipman, 10 Sept., 1841, was attached low fever at Key West. In 1876–7 he commanded to the “St. Mary's" in the Gulf of Mexico, 1844-6, the steamer “ Powhatan" on special service. He and participated in the first operations of the Mexi- was made commodore, 30 Oct., 1883, had charge of and the Mare island navy-yard in 1883–’6. was promoted the blockade at rear-admiral, 4 March, 1886, and voluntarily went Vera Cruz prior upon the retired list, 27 Aug., of the same year. to the capture RUSSELL, Jonathan, diplomatist, b. in Provi- of that city. He dence, R. I., in 1771; d. in Milton, Mass., 19 Feb., became a passed 1832. He was graduated at Brown in 1791, and midshipman, 10 educated for the law, but engaged in business, and Aug., 1847, and subsequently in politics. He was U. S. minister to was graduated Norway and Sweden in 1814–’18, and one of the at the naval five commissioners that negotiated the treaty of academy in Ghent in the former year. He settled in Mendon, 1848. He was Mass., on his return to this country, took an active attached to the part in politics, and in 1821–3 was a member of North Pacific congress, having been elected as a Democrat. He exploring expe- was a versatile and graceful writer, but, with the dition in 1853– exception of his diplomatic correspondence while '6, and served in in Paris, London, and Stockholm, and a Fourth-of- the sloop “Vin- July oration that reached its twentieth edition under (Providence, 1800), he published nothing. an appointment RUSSELL, Noadiah, clergyman, b. in Middle- as acting lieu- town, Conn., in 1659; d. there, 3 Dec., 1713. He tenant, and also as navigator. In this cruise the was graduated at Harvard in 1681, taught at Ips- U. S. envoy to China was indebted to Lieut. Rus- wich, and in October, 1688, was ordained minister sell for opening communication with the Chinese, of the church in Middletown, where he remained who had refused all intercourse. Russell boidly until his death. He was one of the twelve found- pushed his way alone to the senior mandarin, and ers of Yale, and a trustee of that college. His delivered despatches by which American and Eng- • Diary” is published in the “ New England His- lish envoys were admitted to audience. He was torical Register” for January, 1853.- His son, commissioned master, 14 Sept., 1855, and lieuten-William, clergyman, b. in Middletown, Conn., 20 VOL. V.--23 9 can war hotspell cennes 66 354 RUSSELL RUSSELL Nov., 1690; d. there, 1 June, 1761, was graduated / at Fredericksburg, Salem, and Beverly Ford, and at Yale in 1709, studied theology under his father, at Gettysburg, for which battle he was brevetted was a tutor in Yale, and from 1713 until his death colonel, 1 July, 1863. During the Rapidan cam- served as pastor of the church in Middletown. He paign he participated in the capture of the Con- declined the presidency of Yale college, was one federate works at Rappahannock station, com- of its trustees, and published a sermon entitled manded a division in the 6th corps in the battles “ The Decay of Love to God in Churches” (New of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and North Anna, London, Conn., 1731). was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army. 6 RUSSELL, Peter, Canadian administrator, b. May, 1864, and participated in the actions at Cold in England about 1755; d. there about 1825. In Harbor and the siege and battles around Peters- 1791 he accompanied Gen. John G. Simcoe, first burg. He was then engaged in the defence of lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, to that prov- Washington, D. C., and in August and September, ince as inspector-general, and became a member of 1864, served in the Shenandoah campaign in com- its first parliament and of the executive council. mand of his former division. He was killed at the After Gen. Simcoe's resignation, in 1796, Gen. Rus- head of his column in the battle of Opequan, Va sell administered the government of the province He was brevetted major-general in the United until the arrival of Gen. Hunter in 1799. During States army, 19 Sept., 1864. Gen. Russell's administration, among other acts RUSSELL, William, soldier, b. in Culpeper passed by the legi were the act incorporating county, Va., in 1758; d. in Fayette county, kv., the legal profession, and that for establishing trade 3 July, 1825. He removed with his father to the with the United States. Virginia frontier in early boyhood, joined Daniel RUSSELL, Richard, colonist, b. in Hereford Boone's Indian expedition when he was fifteen shire, England, in 1612; d. in Charlestown, Mass., years of age, and was appointed lieutenant in the 14 May, 1674. He came to this country in 1640, Revolutionary army the next year, in which capa- was a representative in 1646, speaker of the house in city he served at King's Mountain. In that battle 1648–9, 1654, 1656, and 1658, assistant in 1659-'76, he was the first to reach the summit of the moun- and treasurer of Massachusetts from 1644 until his tain, and to receive a sword from the enemy. He death.-llis son, James, jurist, b. in Charlestown, was then promoted captain, served against the Mass., 1 Oct., 1640; d. there, 28 April, 1709, was a Cherokee Indians, and negotiated a treaty of peace representative in 1679, an assistant in 1680–’6, and with that tribe. He subsequently fought at the one of Gov. Joseph Dudley's council. He was a battle of Whitsell's Mills and at Guilford Court- member of the council of safety in 1689, a leader House. He removed to Kentucky at the end of in the Revolutionary movement of that day, a the war, and bore an active part in almost every councillor under the new charter in 1692, and was general expedition against the Indians until the a judge and treasurer of Massachusetts in 1680–’6. settlement of the country, commanding the ad- “ He discharged all his duties with fidelity, was a vance under Gen. John Hardin, Gen. Charles Scott, liberal friend to the poor, and respected the insti- and Gen. James Wilkinson. In the expedition tutions of religion.”—James's great grandson, under Gen. Anthony Wayne he led a regiment of Chambers, jurist, b. in Boston, 4 July, 1713; d. Kentucky volunteers. He was a delegate to the in Guilford, England, 24 Nov., 1767, was graduated Virginia legislature in 1789 that passed the act at Harvard in 1731, became executive councillor, that separated Kentucky from that state, and on representative, and subsequently judge of the su- the organization of the Kentucky governinent was perior court and of the admiralty.—Chambers's annually returned to the legislature till 1808. At descendant, David, congressman, b. in Massachu- that date he was appointed by President Madison setts in 1800; d. in Salem, N. Y., 24 Nov., 1861, colonel of the 7th U.S. infantry. He succeeded Gen. received a common-school education, removed to William H. Harrison in command of the frontier Salem, N. Y., was admitted to the bar there, and of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri in 1811, and established a practice. He was in the legislature planned and commanded the expedition that was in 1816 and in 1830, subsequently U. S. district sent against the Peoria Indians in 1812. He attorney for northern New York, and in 1835–41 served again in the legislature in 1823, and de- was a member of congress, having been elected as clined a nomination for governor. Russell county, a Whig; He afterward resumed his profession, in Ky., is named in his honor. which he continued until his death.-His son, RUSSELL, William, elocutionist, b. in Glas- David Allan, soldier, b. in Salem, N. Y., 10 Dec., gow, Scotland, 28 April, 1798 ; d. in Lancaster, 1820; d. near Winchester, Va., 19 Sept., 1864, was Mass., 17 May, 1873. He was educated in the Latin- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, school and the university of his native city, and served in the Mexican war, and received the brevet came to this country in 1819, in which year he took of 1st lieutenant in August, 1847, for gallant and charge of Chatham academy, Savannah, Ga. He meritorious conduct in the several atfairs with removed to New Haven a few years later, and guerillas at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and taught in the New Township academy and Hop- Cerro Gordo. He became captain in 1854, was en- kins grammar-school. He then devoted himself gaged in the defences of Washington, D. C., from to the instruction of classes in elocution in An- November, 1861, till January, 1862, when he was dover, Harvard, and Boston, edited the “ American appointed colonel of the 7th Massachusetts volun- Journal of Education" in 1826-'9, and subsequently teers, served with the Army of the Potomac in the taught in a girls' school in Germantown, Pa. He Virginia peninsular campaign, and was engaged at resumed his elocution classes in Boston and An- Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and the seven dover in 1838, and lectured extensively in New days' battles around Richmond. He was brevetted England and New York. He established a teach- lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army, 1 July, 1862, for ers’ institute in New Hampshire in 1849, which he these services, became major of the 8th U. S. in- removed to Lancaster, Mass., in 1853. His sulise- fantry on 9 Aug. of the same year, and participated quent life was devoted to lecturing, for the most in the battles of Crampton's Gap and Antietam. part before the Massachusetts teachers' institutes, In November, 1862, he became brigadier-general of under the care of the state board of education. He volunteers. He commanded a brigade of the 6th published “Grammar of Composition " (New Haven, corps in the Rappahannock campaign, was engaged | 1823); “ Lessons in Enunciation” (Boston, 1830): RUTER 355 RUTHERFOORD 8 > 66 Menny Rutgers. > a “Rudinnents of Gesture” (1838); “ American Elo- | the city, and gave sites for streets, schools, churches, cutionist” (1844); “Orthophony, or Cultivation of and charities. He presided over a meeting that the Voice" (1845); Elements of Musical Articu- was held on 24 June, lation " (1845); “ Pulpit Elocution” (1853); “Ex- 1812, to prepare ercises in Words” (1856); and edited numerous against an expected school-books and several minor educational man- attack of the Brit- uals.-His son, Francis Thayer, clergyman, b. in ish, and contributed Roxbury, Mass., 10 June, 1828, was educated at toward defensive Andover, graduated at the theological department works. From 1802 of Trinity in 1854, and ordained priest'in 1855. till 1826 he was one Afterward he became pastor of Protestant Epis- of the regents of the copal churches in New Britain, Ridgefield, and State university. He Waterbury, Conn., and was professor of elocution gave $5,000 for the at Hobart, Trinity, the Berkeley divinity-school, purpose of reviving and the General theological seminary, New York Queen's college in city. Since 1875 he has been rector of St. Mar- New Jersey, the garet's diocesan school for girls in Waterbury, name of which was Conn. Mr. Russell has won reputation as an elo- changed to Rutgers cutionist, still holding professorships in two theo- college on 5 Dec., logical seminaries. He has published “Juvenile 1825. See memoir Speaker” (New York, 1846), “ Practical Reader" | in “New York Gen- (1853), and edited a revised edition of his father's ealogical and Bio- work under the title of " Vocal Culture” (1882), graphical Record” and is the author of " Use of the Voice" (1882). of April, 1886; and “The Rutgers Family of New RUTER, Martin, clergyman, b. in Charlton, York,” by Ernest H. Crosby (New York, 1886). Worcester co., Mass., 3 April, 1785; d. in Wash- RUTHERFOORD, Thomas, merchant, b. in ington, Tex., 16 May, 1838. He received a common-Glasgow, Scotland, 7 Jan., 1766; d. in Richmond, school education, studied theology, and in June, Va., 31 Jan., 1852. He was designed by his family 1801, was admitted to the New York conference of for the church, but at the age of fifteen years entered the Methodist Episcopal church. He preached in the counting-house of Hawkesley and Rutherfoord, New Hampshire and Montreal, Canada, became an Dublin, Ireland, at the head of which was his eldest elder at the age of twenty, was stationed at Boston, brother, John. In 1784 he was sent to Virginia Mass., Portland, Me., and other places, had charge in charge of two vessels with valuable cargoes, and for a time of New Market academy, and in 1820-'8 went to Richmond, where he established a ware- conducted the Book-concern in Cincinnati, Ohio. house. In 1788 he returned to Dublin and became When Augusta college, Ky., was established in a partner in the firm, but he came again to Rich- 1828 he was selected for the presidency, and he mond in 1789, made that city his home, and married held that office until he resigned in order to return there in 1790. Beginning with a capital of £600, to the ministry in 1832. He preached in Pitts- he accumulated a handsome fortune. He was suc- burg, Pa., for two years, and then became presi- cessful both in the shipping and milling business, dent of Allegheny college. Obtaining the appoint- was public-spirited, and exercised great liberality. ment of superintendent of the mission to Texas, he He gave to the city of Richmond the ground on resigned in July, 1837. He went to the field that which the penitentiary now stands, and made other he had selected, rode more than 2,000 miles through gifts of city property to private citizens. When Texas, organized churches, made arrangements for too old to continue in active business, he collected establishing a college, and laid out the greater part around him his many friends and relatives and of the state into circuits. The fatigues and priva- was the centre of a charming circle, whom he tions that he endured destroyed his health, and he entertained by his bright conversation and witty died after setting out on the homeward journey, sayings. He left a manuscript autobiography in He was the first Methodist clergyman in the United his own handwriting, which is preserved by his States to receive the degree of D. D., which was descendants. During the congressional session of conferred on him by Transylvania university in 1820 the question of a protective tariff was raised 1820. Rutersville, Tex., was named for him, and for the first time. The merchants of Richmond, the college there was founded in his honor. Dr. in September, 1820, adopted a memorial protesting Ruter published a · Collection of Miscellaneous against a course so injurious to their interests, and Pieces"; " Explanatory Notes on the Ninth Chap- Mr. Rutherfoord was selected to draft it. It was ter of Romans”; “Sketch of Calvin's Life and Doc- presented in their behalf by John Tyler; and in trine"; " Letter on Calvin and Calvinism” (1816); after-years, when ex-President Tyler was invited “ Hebrew Grammar”; “ History of Martyrs"; to lecture in Richmond, he selected for his subject “ Ecclesiastical History," which was long a stand- | “Richmond and its Memories ”-one of those ard text-book in theological seminaries; and sev- memories being “ Thomas Rutherfoord, his Anti- eral educational text-books. He left unfinished a Tariff Memorial and other Political Writings.”- “ Plea for Africa as a Field for Missionary Labor" His eldest son, John, b. in Richmond, Va., 6 and a * Life of Bishop Asbury.” Dec., 1792 ; d. at Richmond., Va., in July, 1866, RUTGERS, Henry, patriot, b. in New York received his education at Princeton, and studied city 7 Oct., 1745; d. there, 17 Feb., 1830. He was law, but practised his profession only a short time. graduated at Columbia in 1766, served as a cap- He was for many years president of the Virginia tain in the American army at the battle of White mutual assurance society, the first institution of Plains, and subsequently was a colonel of New this kind in the state, and held this post until York militia. During the British occupation of New his death. He was the first captain of the Rich- York city his house was used as a barrack and hos- mond Fayette artillery and became colonel of the pital. Col. Rutgers was a member of the New York regiment, and was known thenceforth as “ Colo- legislature in 1784, and was frequently re-elected. nel John.” ('ol. Rutherfoord became lieutenant- He was the proprietor of land on East river, in the governor of Virginia in 1840, and, upon the death vicinity of Chatham square, and in other parts of of Gov. Thomas Gilmer in 1841, succeeded him as 356 RUTHERFURD RUTHERFORD governor, which place he filled for more than a Tories had been ravaging the frontier settlements, year. During this period he conducted a corre- and, in co-operation with a force that had been spondence with Gov. William H. Seward, of New raised in South Carolina by Col. Andrew William- York, concerning a demand that he had made, as son, killed a great number of the Indians, destroyed governor of Virginia, upon the latter for the ren- their crops and habitations, and compelled them to dition of fugitives, which discussion of constitu- make peace and surrender a part of their lands. tional obligations won him reputation as a states- He coinmanded a brigade at the battle of Sanders man and as a writer. For years he was associated in Creek, near Camden, 16 Aug., 1780, where he was intimate correspondence with the first public men taken prisoner. He was confined at Charleston of the day, among them ex-President John Tyler and afterward at St. Augustine until he was ex- and his relatives, William C. Rives, and President changed on 22 June, 1781, when he took the field Madison. He was always active in public affairs again, and was in command at Wilmington when and of proverbial integrity, and won friends by his the town was evacuated by the British at the close courteous inanners and profuse and elegant hospi- of the war. He served in the North Carolina sen- tality. His portrait is in the capitol at Richmond ate, with intermissions, till 1786. Subsequently he with those of the other governors and distinguished removed to Tennessee, and in September, 1794, on men of Virginia. At an entertainment at his the creation of the separate territory of Tennessee, house Gen. Winfield Scott pronounced his eulogy was appointed president of the legislative council. upon Robert E. Lee, saying that he was a head RUTHERFURD, John, senator, b. in New and shoulders above any man in the army of the York city in September, 1760; d. in Rutherford, United States, and that in case of war on the N. J., 23 Feb., 1840. His father, Walter, a son of Canada question he would be worth millions to his Sir John, of Edgerston, Scotland, served the country." This expression of opinion had great in- British army from the age of seventeen, and, after fluence in Lee's being called by Virginia to assume taking part in the Canadian campaign of Sir Jef- command of the state forces at the opening of the frey Amherst, resigned his commission, married a civil war. — John's only son, John Coles, b. in daughter of James Alexander, and became a citi- Richmond, Va., 20 Nov., 1825; d. at Rock Castle, zen of New York. The son was graduated at Goochland co., Va., in August, 1866, received a Princeton in 1776, studied law, was admitted to good education, studied one year at Washington the bar, married a daughter of Lewis Morris, college, Va., and was graduated at the University of was elected clerk of the vestry of Trinity church, Virginia in 1842. Subsequently he studied law, and had charge of much of the property of that and practised with success in Goochland and the corporation. In 1787 he removed to Tranquil- adjoining counties. At the age of twenty-seven lity, Sussex co., N. J. He was a member of he was elected to the house of delegates, and he the legislature of New Jersey, and a presidential represented his county for twelve consecutive years. elector in 1788, and was twice elected to the U. S. He was at different times chairman of the most senate, serving from 24 Oct., 1791, till February, important committees of the house, and was favor- 1798, when he resigned to devote his attention to the ably known as a debater and writer. He contrib- management of his estate in New Jersey, engaged uted, under the signature of “Sidney," some able extensively in agriculture, and was a promoter of articles to the press; one, on “Banking,” published public improvements. He was president of the in pamphlet-form, especially gained him literary board of proprie- reputation. He possessed great popularity both tors of eastern as a public man and as a private citizen. He died New Jersey. In within the week after his father's death. 1826 he served on RUTHERFORD, Friend Smith, soldier, b. in a commission to Schenectady, N. Y., 25 Sept., 1820; d. in Alton, 11., adjust the boun- 20 June, 1864. He was the great-grandson of Dr. dary between New Daniel Rutherford, of the University of Edinburgh, York and New Jer- who is regarded as the discoverer of nitrogen. He sey, and in 1829 studied law in Troy, N. Y., removed to the west, and 1833 was one and settled in practice at Alton, Ill. On 30 June, of a joint commis- 1862, he was commissioned as captain and commis- sion to settle boun- sary of subsistence, but he resigned on 2 Sept, in dary questions be- order to assume the command of the 97th Illinois tween those states regiment. He participated in the attack on the and Pennsylvania. Confederate works at Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicks- — His grandson, burg, led the assault on Arkansas Post, and served Lewis Morris, with credit at the capture of Port Gibson and in physicist, b. in the final operations against Vicksburg. He subse- Morrisania, N. Y., quently served in Louisiana, and died from expos- 25 Nov., 1816, was ure and fatigue a week before his commission was graduated at Will- issued as brigadier-general of volunteers. His iams in 1834, and brothers, REUBEN C. and GEORGE V., served also studied law with William H. Seward in Auburn. in the volunteer army during the civil war, and He was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practised as were both made brigadier-general by brevet on the associate of Peter A. Jay, and, after his death, 13 March, 1865. of Hamilton Fish, in New York city. In 1849 he RUTHERFORD, Griffith, soldier, b. in Ireland abandoned the practice of law and thereafter de- about 1731 ; d. in Tennessee about 1800. He set- voted his leisure to science, principally in the di- tled in North Carolina, west of Salisbury, and sat rection of astronomical photography and spectral in the Provincial congress that met in 1775. He analysis. In January, 1863, he published in the was a member of the council of safety, and was “ American Journal of Science" a paper on the appointed a brigadier-general by the Provincial spectra of stars, the moon, and planets, with dia- congress at Halifax on 22 June, 1776. In Septem- grams of their lines and a description of the instru- ber 1776, he marched at the head of 2,400 men ments that he used, which was the first published into the country of the Cherokees, who with the work on star-spectra after the great revelations of John Mutterfund RUTHERFURD 357 RUTLEDGE The son, a J. Rutledge Bunsen and Kirchhoff, and the first attempt to RUTLEDGE, John, statesman, b. in Charles- classify the stars according to their spectra. While ton, S. C., in 1739; d. there, 23 July, 1800. He engaged in making his observations upon star- was the eldest son of Dr. John Rutledge, who spectra Mr. Rutherfurd discovered the use of the came to South Carolina from the north of Ireland star-spectroscope to show the exact state of achro- about 1735, practised medicine in Charleston, and matic correction in an object-glass, particularly for married a lady of the rays that are used in photography. In 1864, fortune, leaving after many experiments in other directions but her a widow with for the same end, he succeeded in devising and seven children at constructing an objective of 114 inches aperture the age of twenty- and about 15 feet focal length, corrected for pho- seven. tography alone. This objective was a great suc- who was sent to cess, and was in constant use in making negatives England to study of the sun, moon, and star-groups, until it was law at the Tem- replaced in 1868 by another, which had about the ple, returned to same focal length but was 13 inches in aperture. Charleston in 1761, This glass was an ordinary achromatic, such as is and acquired used for vision, and was converted into a photo- high reputation as graphic objective by the addition of a third lens an advocate. He of flint glass, which made the proper correction was an earnest op- and could be affixed in a few minutes. Mr. Ruther- ponent of the furd constructed a micrometer for the measure- stamp-act when it ment of astronomical photographs, for use upon was discussed in pictures of solar eclipses or transits and upon the provincial as- groups of stars, of which he has measured several sembly, was sent hundred, showing, as he claims, that the photo to the congress at graphic method is at least equal in accuracy to New York in October, 1765, and with his col- that of the heliometer or filar-micrometer, and far league, Christopher Gadsden, boldly advocated more convenient. The photographs of the moon colonial union and resistance to oppression. He made by Mr. Rutherfurd are of remarkable beauty was a member of the South Carolina convention and have not yet been surpassed. A German writer of 1774, in which he argued in favor of making having suggested that the collodion film was not common cause with Massachusetts, and carried å reliable, Mr. Rutherfurd published in 1872 a series resolution that South Carolina should take part of measurements that conclusively demonstrated in the proposed congress, and that her delegates its fixity under proper conditions. In 1864 he pre- should go unhampered by instructions. He was sented to the National academy of sciences a pho- one of those that were chosen by the planters to tograph of the solar spectrum that he had obtained represent them in the first Continental congress by means of bisulphide of carbon prisms. It con- at Philadelphia. Patrick Henry pronounced him tained more than three times the number of lines“ by far the greatest orator” in that assembly. that had been laid down within similar limits on In 1775 he was again chosen a delegate to con- the chart by Bunsen and Kirchhoff. He construct- gress. He was chairman of the committee that ed a ruling-engine in 1870 which produced inter- framed a constitution for South Carolina in 1776, ference-gratings on glass and speculum metal that and on 27 March was elected president of the new were superior to all others until the recent produc- government, and commander-in-chief of the mili- tions of Prof. Henry A. Rowland. With one of tary forces. When the British fleet arrived in Cape these gratings, containing about 17,000 lines to the Fear river he fortified Charleston, and insisted on inch, he produced a photograph of the solar spec- retaining the post on Sullivan's island when Gen. trum which was for a long time unequalled. In Charles Lee proposed its evacuation. During the 1876 he published a paper describing an instru- battle he sent 500 pounds of powder, and directed ment in which the divided circle was of glass and Col. William Moultrie not to retreat without an showed by readings that it gave a far greater ac- order from him, adding that he would " sooner curacy than could be obtained from divisions on me- cut off his right hand than write one." He was tallic circles of the same dimensions. Mr. Ruther- dissatisfied with changes in the constitution, and furd was named by the president of the United in March, 1778, resigned his office, but in the fol- States one of the American delegates to the Inter- lowing year he was chosen governor again by an national meridian conference that met in Washing- almost unanimous vote of the legislature, super- ton in October, 1885, and he took an active part in seding Rawlins Lowndes. He was clothed with the work and framed and presented the resolution dictatorial powers, and prepared to repel the Brit- that finally expressed the conclusions of the con- ish invasion. When Gen. Augustine Prevost ad- ference. He was invited by the French academy vanced upon Charleston in May, 1779, the city was of sciences to become a member of the Interna- defenceless, Gen. Benjamin Lincoln with the Con- tional conference on astronomical photography in tinental troops being 150 miles away. The latter Paris in 1887, and was appointed by the president hastened to the succor of Charleston by forced of the National academy of sciences as its repre- marches, and state troops were gathered for the sentative, but was obliged to decline on account of same object. It was proposed by the governor's failing health. In 1858 he became a trustee of council that the British should retire, on condition Columbia, but he resigned in 1884, after giving his that South Carolina should remain neutral during astronomical instruments to that institution, in the rest of the war, and that her fate should be de- whose observatory they are now mounted. Mr. termined by the issue of the conflict. This meas- Rutherfurd was one of the original members named ure, which the historian Ramsay thinks was a ruse, in the act of congress in 1863 creating the National devised for the purpose of gaining time, was favored academy of Science, and is an associate of the by Rutledge, but opposed by Gadsden, the younger Royal astronomical society, and his work has been Laurens, and Moultrie. On Lincoln's approach, recognized by the gift of many diplomas, member- the enemy ret reated, and Rutledge, at the head of ships, orders, and medals, both domestic and foreign. the militia, took the field against the invaders. 358 RUTTENBER RUTLEDGE When Charleston was captured by Sir Henry Clin-gress till 1777. On 12 June, 1776, he was appointed ton in 1780, Gov. Rutledge retired into North Caro- on the first board of war. He was delegated, with lina, and until the close of hostilities accompanied John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, to confer the army of Gen. Nathanael Greene, and partici- with. Lord Howe with reference to Howe's pro- pated in its operations. When South Carolina was posals for a reconciliation. The representatives of partly redeemed from the conquerors, he resumed congress met the British admiral on Staten island, the duties of governor, summoning the assembly 11 Sept., 1776, but refused to treat with him ex- at Jacksonborough in January, 1782. He retired cept on the basis of a recognition of American from the governorship in that year, and was elect- independence. In 1779 he was again elected to ed to the Continental congress. In that body he congress, but he was unable to attend on account opposed a general impost, except for the purpose of sickness. As captain in the Charleston artillery, of paying the army. He was returned to congress of which he afterward became lieutenant-colonel, in 1783, and in March, 1784, after declining the he assisted in dislodging British regulars from the mission to the Hague, he was appointed chancellor island of Port Royal in 1779. While Charleston of South Carolina. He was a member of the con- was invested, in May, 1780, he was sent out by vention that framed the Federal constitution, in Gen. Benjamin Lincoln to hasten the march of re- which he was one of a committee of five that re- enforcements, but fell into the hands of the enemy. ported a ratio of representation more favorable to With others who were called dangerous rebels, he the uth than that which was finally adopted, was sent to St. Augustine after the capitulation, and was chairman of the committee of detail. He and confined there for a year. After he was ex- advocated the assumption of all the state debts changed he resided in Philadelphia until the by the Federal government, threatened a secession | British withdrew from South Carolira. He was of the south if the slave-trade were prohibited, pro- a member of the legislature that assembled at posed that congress should elect the president, and Jacksonborough in 1782, and assented to the bill in the discussion of the powers and constitution of of penalties against the Tories that was subse- the judiciary exercised an influential voice. When quently rescinded. On the evacuation of Charles- the constitution went into operation he was nomi- ton he returned to his home and resumed profes- nated a justice of the U. S. supreme court, but de- sional practice, which he continued with success clined in order to accept the chief justiceship of for seventeen years. During that time he was an his native state. On 1 July, 1795, he was appoint- active member of the legislature. He effectually ed chief justice of the U. S. supreme court. He resisted the efforts that were made to revive the presided at the August term, but when the senate slave-trade as long as he had a voice in the public met in December his mind had become diseased, business of the state. He was a member of the and the nomination was rejected.—His brother, State constitutional convention of 1790, and the Hugh, jurist, b. in Charleston, S. C., about 1741; author of the law abolishing the rights of primo- d. there in January, 1811, acquired his legal edu- geniture that was enacted in 1791. He declined cation in London, returned after completing his the office of associate justice of the U. S. supreme term at the Temple, and took high rank at the bar court in 1794, and was elected governor of South of South Carolina. He was appointed judge of Carolina in 1798, but did not live to complete his admiralty at Charleston in 1776, and was speaker term.-John's son, John, member of congress, b. of the legislative council in 1777–8. After Charles- in Charleston, S. C., in 1766; d. in Philadelphia, ton surrendered, he was sent with his brother Pa., 1 Sept., 1819, studied law with his father. Edward and other patriots to St. Augustine. In He was elected to congress as a Federalist, and 1782–5 he was speaker of the state house of repre- twice re-elected, serving from 15 May, 1797, till sentatives. In 1791 he was chosen by the legisla- 3 March, 1803.— The first John's grandson, Ed. ture one of the three judges of the court of equity ward, clergyman, b. in Charleston, S. C., in as reconstituted by a lately enacted law, which 1797; d. in Savannah, Ga., 13 March, 1832, was office he filled till his death.- Another brother, graduated at Yale in 1817, and was admitted to Edward, statesman, b. in Charleston, S. C., 23 orders in Christ church, Middletown, Conn., 17 Nov., 1749; d. there, 23 Jan., 1800, was the young- Nov., 1819, by Bishop Brownell. Several years est of the family. afterward he became professor of moral philosophy After acquiring a in the University of Pennsylvania, and he was classical education president-elect of Transylvania university at the and reading law time of his death. Mr. Rutledge published “ The with his brother, Family Altar” (New Haven, 1822), and a “His- he was entered as tory of the Church of England” (Middletown, a student at the Conn., 1825).—Hugh's son, Francis Huger, P. E. Temple, London, bishop, b. in Charleston, S. C., 11 April, 1799 ; in 1769. He at-d. in Tallahassee, Fla., 6 Nov., 1866, was gradu- tended the courts ated at Yale in 1821, studied at the General of law and the theological seminary, New York city, and was or- houses of parlia- dained deacon in 1823 and priest on 20 Nov., 1825. ment for four He had charge of a church on Sullivan's island in years, and, on be- 1827–39, was rector of Trinity church, St. Augus- ing called to the tine, Fla., in 1839–45, then became rector of St. bar, returned to John's church, Tallahassee, and was consecrated Charleston and bishop of Florida on 15 Oct., 1851. The degree of entered into prac- D. D. was conferred on him by Hobart in 1844. tice. He married He published occasional sermons. Harriet, a daugh- RUTTENBER, Edward Manning, antiquary, ter of Henry Middleton, soon after his arrival. In b. in Bennington, Vt., 17 July, 1824. He learned 1774 he was sent to the Continental congress. He the printer's trade in Newburg, N. Y., and was took an active part in the discussion that preceded the publisher of the Telegraph.” except during the Declaration of Independence, of which he was two years, from 1850 till 1870. He has published one of the signers, and remained a member of con- a “ History of Newburg” (Newburg, 1859); “Ob- Edward puttidye RUXTON 359 RYAN structions to the Navigation of Hudson's River” | time of his death. His most popular poems, besides (Albany, 1866); “ History of the Flags of the Vol- that mentioned above, are “The Lost Cause," " The unteer Regiments of the State of New York” (1865); Sword of Lee,” “ The Flag of Erin," and the epic “ History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River” | “Their Story runneth Thus.". (1867); and a “ History of Orange County” (1875). RYAN, Edward George, jurist, b. at Newcastle RUXTON, George Frederick Augustus, Eng- House, County Meath, Ireland, 13 Nov., 1810; d. lish traveller, b. in Kent, England, in 1820; d. in in Milwaukee, Wis., 19 Oct., 1880. He had been St. Louis, Mo., 29 Sept., 1848. He was educated intended for the priesthood, but began the study at Sandhurst military college, which he left at of law, came to the United States in 1830, and the age of seventeen, and volunteered in the Span- subsequently was a member of the Episcopal ish service during the Carlist war of 1833–²9. He church. He taught and continued his law studies was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British in New York, was admitted to the bar in 1836, army after returning home, went with his regi. and in that year removed to Chicago, where he ment to Canada, resigned soon afterward, and edited a paper called the “ Tribune” from 1839 spent several years among the Indians and trappers till its discontinuance in 1841. He went to Racine, of the west. He subsequently travelled in Africa, Wis., in 1842, and to Milwaukee in 1848, and be- and just before the Mexican war made a tour came one of the most powerful advocates at the through all the provinces of Mexico, and spent the Wisconsin bar. Among the cases in which he won following winter in the region of the Rocky moun- reputation were the impeachment trial of Judge tains, returning to England in August, 1847. He Levi Hubbell in 1853, the Joshua Glover fugitive- set out on a second trip to the far west, but died slave case in 1854, and the case of Bashford 18. on the way. He was the author of “ Adventures Barstow in 1856 to determine the title to the office in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains (London, of governor of the state, in which Coles Bashford, 1847), “Life in the Far West” (1849); a pamphlet Mr. Ryan's client, was successful. He was a dele- on the Oregon question, and papers in the “ Trans- gate to the State constitutional convention of 1846, actions” of the British ethnological society. and to the Democratic national convention in 1848. RUZ, Joaquin (rooth), Mexican linguist, b. in In 1862 Mr. Ryan, as chairman of a committee of Merida in 1772; d. there, 15 Sept., 1850. He en- the Democratic state convention, drew up an ad- tered the order of St. Francis in his native city in dress to the people of Wisconsin that became known 1794, studied philosophy in the convent of his as the “ Ryan Address.” He was city attorney of order in 1805, was graduated there, and in 1810 Milwaukee in 1870-2, and on 17 June, 1874, was became a priest. He was inmediately assigned to appointed chief justice of the state to fill a vacancy. the missions of the Maya Indians, of whose lan- He was elected to the office in the following April, guage he possessed a thorough knowledge. Be- , and served until his death. sides numerous religious works, he wrote in the RYAN, George Parker, naval officer, b. in Maya language " Catecismo histórico y Doctrina Boston, Mass., 8 May, 1842; d. at sea, 24 Nov., Cristiana" (Merida, 1822); “ Gramática Yucateca" 1877. He was appointed a midshipman, 30 Sept., (1844); “ Cartilla ó Silabario de la lengua Maya, 1857, and graduated at the naval academy second para la enseñanza de los niños indíjenas" (1845); in his class in 1860. He was commissioned lieu- * Análisis del idioma Yucateco" (1851); and “Leti tenant, 16 July, 1862, and was navigator of the u cilich Evangelio Jesucristo hebix San Lucas," steamer “ Sacramento on special service in chase edited by W. M. Watts (London, 1865). of the “ Alabama” and “Florida" in 1862-'4. He RYAN, Abram Joseph, poet, b. in Norfolk, was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, Va., 15 Aug., 1839; d. in Louisville, Ky., 22 April, 1866, and attached to the U. S. naval academy as 1886. At an early age he decided to enter the assistant professor of astronomy and navigation in Roman Catholic priesthood, and, after the usual | 1866–9. He was again on duty at the naval acad- classical and theological studies, he was ordained, emy in 1871–4, and was promoted to commander, and shortly afterward became a chaplain in the 3 Oct., 1874. He organized parties for the obser- Confederate army, serving until the close of the vation of the transit of Venus of 1874, and was se- He wrote “ The Conquered Banner” soon lected to take charge of the expedition to Kergue- after Lee's surrender. In 1865 he removed to len islands. He was ordered to take command of New Orleans, where, in addition to his clerical the iron steamer “Huron" in 1876, and on 23 duties, he edited the “Star," a weekly Roman Nov., 1877, he sailed for Havana. The vessel was Catholic paper. From New Orleans he went to wrecked on Body island, N. C., and Ryan, with Knoxville, Tenn., after a few months to Augusta, most of his officers and crew, was drowned. At Ga., and founded the “ Banner of the South," a the time of his death he was one of the most sci- religious and political weekly. This he soon relin entific navigators of the service. quished, and for several years was pastor of St. RYAN, James, R. C. bishop, b. in Thurles, Coun- Vary's church, Mobile, Alał, but in 1880 his old rest- ty Tipperary, Ireland, in 1848. He came to the lessness returned, and he went to the north for the United States when a child, and studied for the twofold object of publishing his poems and lectur- priesthood in the seminaries of St. Thomas and ing. He spent the month of December in Balti- St. Joseph, Bardstown, Ky. He was subsequently more, where his “ Poems, Patriotic, Religious, and professor in St. Joseph's seminary. After his ordi- Miscellaneous,” were published. There also, about nation he was on the Kentucky mission for seven the same time, he delivered his first lecture, the years, principally at St. Martin's, Meade co., and subject being “ Some Aspects of Modern Civiliza- at Elizabethtown, Hardin co. Ile removed to the tion." During this visit he made his home at Peoria diocese in Illinois in 1878, and was ap- Loyola college, and in return for the hospitality pointed pastor at Wataga. He was afterward of the Jesuit fathers he gave a public reading transferred to Danville, and in 1881 he was made from his poems, and devoted the proceeds. $300, to rector of Ottawa, where his administration was found a medal for poetry at the college. His very successful. In 1888 he was nominated to the lecturing tour was not successful, and in a few bishoprie of Alton. months he returned to the south, where he contin- RYAN, Patrick John, R. C. archbishop, b. in ued to lead the same restless mode of life. Father Cloneyharp, near Thurles, Ireland, 20 Feb., 1831. Ryan was engaged on a “ Life of Christ” at the He was educated at Thurles and Dublin, and en- . war. 360 RYDER RYAN 2 Pikach Joh tered Carlow college, with a view of preparing him- crew were tried by court-martial, and all were con- self for the American mission. He was ordained demned to death as pirates. After the sentence deacon in 1853, and set out the same year for St. had been executed on Gen. Ryan and fifty-one Louis, Mo., where he finished his ecclesiastical stud- others, the massacre was arrested through the in- ies in Carondelet seminary, and was raised to the terference of the captain of a British war vessel, priesthood in 1854. and the surviving prisoners were subsequently re- He rose to be vicar- | leased on the demand of the U.S. government. general, on 15 Feb., RYAN, William Redmond, author, b. in Eng, 1872, was elected land. He had resided for many years in the United coadjutorarchbish- States, when in 1847 he joined a body of U. S. vol- op of St. Louis, and unteers, and went with them to California. On consecrated under their arrival they were disbanded, and Ryan en- the title of bishop gaged in gold-mining till his return late in 1849. of Tricomia on 14 He published “ Personal Adventures in California April. Owing to (2 vols., London, 1850), which was illustrated from the great age of his own drawings, and contains many interesting Archbishop Ken- details of early pioneer life in California. rick, most of the RYAN, William Thomas, Canadian author, b. work of governing in Toronto, 3 Feb., 1839. He was educated at St. the diocese fell to Michael's college, Toronto, and, entering the army, his share, and his served during the Crimean war, and subsequently administration was in the 100th royal Canadian regiment. On leaving energetic and suc- the army he devoted himself to journalism and lit- cessful. He was erature. He edited “The Volunteer Review,” pub- nominated arch- lished at Ottawa, " The Evening Mail," of which bishop of Philadelphia on 8 June, 1884. Bishop he was proprietor, the “Daily Free Press” at Ot- Ryan was one of the prelates that were selected in tawa, and the “ Daily Sun," and is now (1888) edi- 1883 to represent the interests of the Roman Catho- tor of the Montreal - Daily Post" and the True lics of the United States in Rome. He was present Witness.” He has contributed poems and articles at the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884, to various magazines, has lectured, and been active at which the opening discourse, “ The Church in as a political speaker on the Liberal side. He her Councils.” was pronounced by him. He went is known as an author under the name of Car- to Rome again in 1887 on business connected with roll Ryan, which he took in 1853. He has pub- the plan of establishing a Catholic university in lished “Oscar, and other Poems” (Hamilton, 1857); Washington. He has published lectures on “What Songs of a Wanderer”, (Ottawa, 1867); “The Catholics do not Believe” (St. Louis, 1877) and Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific "Some of the Causes of Modern Religious Skepti- Railway" (1875); and “ Picture Poems" (1884). — cism” (1883). His wife, Mary Ann MacIver, whom he married RYAN, Stephen Vincent, R. C. bishop, b. near in 1870, has published " Poems” (Ottawa, 1879). Almonte, Upper Canada, 1 Jan., 1825. His parents RYDER, Albert Pinkham, artist, b. in New settled in Pottsville, Pa., when he was a child, and Bedford, Mass., 19 March, 1847. He studied art he entered St. Charles's seminary, Philadelphia, in under William E. Marshall and at the Academy of 1840, and in 1844 became a member of the Lazarist design, where he began to exhibit in 1873. In 1877, order. After studying theology in the Seminary 1882, and 1887 he went abroad, visiting London of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Mo., he was ordained and Paris, and travelling in Holland, Italy, Spain, a priest in St. Louis on 24 June, 1849, and imme- and Germany. His paintings are notable rather diately held professorships in St. Mary's and Cape for color and effect than for form, and he might Girardeau colleges. He was afterward president be classed as a representative of the impressionist of the College of St. Vincent, and in 1857 was school in this country. Among his works are elected visitor of the Lazarist order throughout • Wandering Cow," "Curfew Hour,” “ Pegasus," the United States. He was instrumental in es- * Farm-Yard,” “The Waste of Waters is their tablishing the mother-house and novitiate of the Field ” (1884), Little Maid of Arcady” (1886), community at Germantown, and transferred his “ Temple of the Mind," and "Phantom Ship." residence thither from St. Louis. In 1868 he was RYDER, James, educator, b. in Dublin, Ire- nominated to the bishopric of Buffalo, and conse- land, 8 Oct., 1800; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 crated on 8 Nov. Bishop Ryan has frequently been Jan., 1860. He was brought to the United States called to important missions abroad. when a child, entered the novitiate of the Society RYAN, William Albert Charles, soldier, b. in of Jesus at the age of thirteen, studied for five years Toronto, Canada, 28 March, 1843 ; d. in Santiago, at Georgetown college, and afterward completed Cuba, 4 Nov., 1873. He was educated in Buffalo, his theological studies in Rome, Italy, where he re- N. Y., and at the beginning of the civil war enlisted mained five years. He was ordained a priest in in the New York volunteers, serving through the 1825, and, after teaching theology and the sacred war, and rising to the rank of captain. He volun- scriptures for three years at the College of Spoleto, teered in the service of the Cuban junta in 1869, he returned to the United States, and was for sev- and when Thomas Jordan was made commander- eral years professor of theology and philosophy and in-chief of the revolutionary army became his vice-president of Georgetown college. In 1839 he chief of staff and inspector-general. He displayed became pastor of St. Mary's church, Philadelphia, bravery and military skill in conflicts with the and in the following year he took charge of a Spanish troops, and several times returned to the church in Frederick, Md., which he soon left to United States to recruit new forces for carrying assume the presidency of Georgetown college. on the insurrection. His last expedition was in the From 1843 till 1845 he was superior of the Jesuit “ Virginius," which was captured by the Spanish order in the United States. In 1846 he became man-of-war “Tornado on 31 Oct. , 1873, seven president of the College of the Holy Cross, which days after leaving the port of Kingston, Jamaica, had been established three years before at Worces- and taken into Santiago. The passengers and ter, Mass., but in 1848 he returned to his former 9 1 66 66 66 66 RYDER 361 RYLE post, in which he remained till 1851. He was a | nearly 3,000 miles in the yacht of the Hudson bay popular lecturer and preacher, and published oc- company and in bark canoes, and, before returning, casional addresses and sermons. went to England and arranged for the transfer of RYDER, Platt Powell, artist, b. in Brooklyn, the missions. His journey is described in “Hud- N. Y., 11 June, 1821. He studied under Léon son's Bay, or a Missionary Tour in the Territory of Bonnât in Paris in 1869–70, and also in London. the Hon. Hudson's Bay Company” (Toronto, 1855). Among his genre paintings are “Life's Evening," RYERSON, Martin, benefactor, b. in Paterson, “Spinning,” and An Interior" (1879); Fare- N. J., 6 Jan., 1818; d. in Boston, Mass., 6 Sept., well” (1880); “Spinning-Wheel" (1881); “Read- 1887. His early educational advantages were lim- ing the Cup” (1882); Welcome Step” (1883); ited. At sixteen years of age he left home alone, • Clean Shave," " Washing - Day,” and “ Bill of land in Detroit found employment with a fur-dealer. Fare” (1884): “Fireside" (1885); and “Watching In 1836 he went to Muskegon, Mich., and, while and Waiting ” (1886). He was elected an associate trading with the Indians, learned to speak the Ot- of the National academy in 1868, and was also a tawa and Chippewa languages. In 1841 he em- founder of the Brooklyn academy of design. barked in the lumber business on a limited scale, RYDER, William Henry, clergyman, b. in and in 1851 he established a yard at Chicago, by Provincetown, Mass., 13 July, 1822; d. in Chicago, which his business was greatly increased, and he Ill., 8 March, 1888. He received no collegiate edu- became wealthy. Mr. Ryerson gave freely to chari- cation, but at nineteen years of age began to preach table institutions and public enterprises, and, as a the doctrine of universal salvation. At twenty-one token of his friendship and appreciation of Indian he was pastor of the 1st Universalist society in character, he erected in Lincoln park, Chicago, a Concord, N. H., and he subsequently preached at bronze group in memory of the Ottawa nation, of Nashua two years, after which he travelled two which tribe his wife was a member. He expressed a years in Europe and the Holy Land. On his re- wish to his son that the income from a large busi- turn he became pastor of the Universalist church ness block, valued at $225,000, should be forever in Roxbury, Mass., where he remained ten years. set apart and distributed equally among eight char- He resigned this post to accept a call to St. Paul's itable institutions of Chicago. The family have church, Chicago, in 1860. Lombard university placed the property in trust for this purpose. gave him the degree of D. D. in 1863. Dr. Ryder RYLANCE, Joseph Hine, clergyman, b. near bequeathed more than half a million dollars to Manchester, England, 16 June, 1826. Ile was charitable, educational, and religious institutions. graduated at King's college, London, in 1861, and, Among the bequests is one that provides for free after officiating as a curate in London for two years, annual lectures, to be under the control of the pas- came to the United States in 1863, and became tors of the 1st Universalist, 1st Presbyterian, and rector of St. Paul's church, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1st Congregational churches and the mayor of Chi- 1867–71 he was rector of St. James's church, Chi- cago “in aid of the moral and social welfare of the cago, I., and since 1871 he has been rector of St. citizens of Chicago, upon an anti-sectarian basis." Mark's church, New York city. He received the RYERSON, Adolphus Egerton, Canadian edu- degree of D. D. from Western Reserve college in cator, b. in Charlotteville, Upper Canada, 24 March, 1867. Dr. Rylance belongs to the school of Chris- 1803; d. in Toronto, 19 Feb., 1882. His father, tian rationalists. He is the author of " Preachers Joseph (1760-1854), was an American loyalist from and Preaching ” (London, 1862); “ Essays on Mira- New Jersey. The son received a classical edu- cles” (New York, 1874); “Social Questions : Lec- cation, and in 1829 founded the “Christian Guard-tures on Competition, Communism, Co-operation, ian," of which he was appointed associate editor. and Christianity and Socialism ” (New York, 1880); He was chosen the first president of Victoria col- and Pulpit Talks on Topics of the Time” (1881). lege in 1841, and in 1844 was appointed superin- RYLAND, Robert, clergyman, b. in King and tendent of education for Upper Canada. In 1846 Queen county, Va., 14 March, 1805. He was gradu- he induced the legislature to pass a school act that ated at Columbian college, Washington, I). C., in he had drafted, and he afterward published an 1826, ordained to the Christian ministry in 1827, elaborate report on methods of education (Mon- and in 1827–32 was pastor of the Baptist church treal, 1847). He drafted the bill, in 1850, under in Lynchburg, Va. In 1832 he took charge of the which the public schools of Ontario are still main- Manual-labor school in Richmond, and when that tained. In 1855 he founded meteorological sta- school was chartered in 1844 as Richmond college tions in connection with county grammar-schools, he was made its president, serving until 1866. For and in 1860 drafted a bill for the further develop twenty-five years he acted as pastor of the 1st Af- ment of the system of public instruction. In 1876 rican Baptist church of Richmond, during which he resigned. He received the degree of D. D. from time he baptized into its fellowship nearly 4,000 Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1842, persons. In 1868 he removed to Kentucky, where and that of LL. D. from Victoria college in 1866. he has been engaged in the work of teaching and Dr. Ryerson published " Letters in Defence of Our preaching. Dr. Ryland has been a friend of the School System” (Toronto, 1859) and “ The Loyalists colored people, and a promoter of higher education. of America and their Times—1620-1816” (1880). RYLÉ, John, manufacturer, b. in Bollington, “ The Story of My Life,” an autobiography, which near Macclesfield, England, 22 Oct., 1817; d. in he left unfinished at his death, was completed and Macclesfield, England, 6 Nov., 1887. Ile worked published by John George Hodgins (1883). in the silk-mills of Macclesfield when but five RYERSON, John, Canadian clergyman, b. in years of age, and, having become an expert weaver Norfolk, Ont., 12 June, 1800; d. in Simcoe, Ont., and throwster, emigrated to the United States in 5 Oet., 1878. Ile received a fair education, became 1839, and was engaged to establish a silk-factory at a Wesleyan preacher at the age of eighteen, and Paterson, N. J., of which he became owner in 1816. aided in founding many institutions of the Meth- He was the first to carry on this business with suc- odist Episcopal church. In 1854 the Canadian con- cess in the United States. At first the production ference, with a view to assuming the direction and was limited to twists and floss silks. He tried maintenance of the missions of the London Wes- weaving in 1846, and again in 1859-'60, but was levan committee in the Northwest territory, sent not able to make the manufacture of broad silks Mr. Ryerson to explore the field. He travelled | remunerative until after the civil war. & 1 362 SÁ SAAVEDRA S а SÁ, Estacio de (sah), Portuguese soldier, b. in fluence of the general of the order, permission to Alentejo about 1530; d. in Rio Janeiro, 20 Feb., live in retireinent in his palace of Lisbon, where 1567. He was a nephew of Men de Saa (9. v.). he died nearly a centenarian. During the struggle between the French and Por- SÁ, Simão Pereira de, Brazilian author, b. in tuguese in Brazil the Portuguese government sent Rio Janeiro in 1701; d. there about 1769. He Estacio de Sa, with two galleons but few soldiers, studied in the Jesuit college, and was afterward to expel the invaders. He arrived at Bahia in admitted into the order. He was graduated in 1564, and, after waiting several months to organ- theology and canonical law at Coimbra university, ize a sufficient force, left in 1565 for Rio Janeiro, and by his learning becante one of the most cele but, on examining the fortifications, became con- brated members of his order. He wrote much, and vinced of his inferiority. He then sailed for Santos, among the few of his productions that have been where he remained one year organizing militia and preserved are “Essaio topographico e militar sobre awaiting re-enforcements, and in January, 1566, à Colonia do Sacramento (Rio Janeiro, 1760), sailed again for the Bay of Rio Janeiro. On 1 and “ Descripção chronologica da diocese de Rio March he came to anchor at the bar and landed Janeiro" (1765). his force, fortifying himself between the Pão d'As- SAAVEDRA, Cornelio (sah-vay'-drah), Argen- sucar and the Morro São João, where he laid the tine soldier, b. in Potosi, Bolivia, in 1760; d. in foundations of the future city of Rio Janeiro. The Buenos Ayres in 1829. In 1767 his family removed governor-general, being informed by. Jesuits of the to Buenos Ayres, where he obtained his education. critical condition of his nephew, sent an expedition He filled different posts under the Spanish govern- to his aid. Estacio de Sa began operations imme- ment, and on 6 Sept., 1806, was appointed chief of diately by attacking the fortifications, which were a battalion. When Montevideo was taken by the taken after an obstinate battle, in which Sa was English troops, 2 Feb., 1807, Liniers marched with wounded. The French were completely routed a division of 2,500 volunteers to protect the city, and obliged to retire in their ships to Europe, but and Saavedra took part in the expedition at the Sa died a few days afterward of his wound, and head of 600 patricians. He took possession of all was buried in the church of São Sebastião, on the the arms and ammunition of Colonia, and carried hill afterward called Morro do Castello. them to Buenos Ayres. On 5 July, 1807, he took SÁ, Salvador Corrêa de, Brazilian governor, an active part in the reconquest of the latter city, b. in Rio Janeiro in 1594; d. in Lisbon, 1 Jan., at the head of his battalion. On 25 May, 1810, 1688. He was a grandson of the first governor of after the revolution, of which he was one of the Rio Janeiro after its separation from Bahia in 1573, chiefs, he was appointed president of the govern- and his father, Martin de Sa, also held that office ing junta. Against the advice of Mariano Moreno after it became again a dependency of the general (q. v.) he admitted the deputies of the interior prov- government of Bahia till 1608. Young Salvador inces into the junta in December, 1810, and by this entered the public service in 1612, protecting a con- and other measures caused discontent, and when voy of thirty vessels from Pernambuco to Europe | the patriotic army under Belgrano was defeated, against Dutch privateers. He was afterward sent 20 June, 1811, at Huaqui, Saavedra left for upper to Brazil to prepare an auxiliary force of 500 men Peru to take command of the army. On 23 Sept. and three armed ships to assist the fleet that had the revolution that overthrew the junta took place, been sent under Fadrique de Toledo against the and Saavedra was ordered to deliver the forces Dutch invaders, and, after saving the province of under his command to Gen. Pueyrredon. In 1814 Espirito Santo from an attack by Dutch corsairs, he was accused of being the leader of the mutiny he aided in the recapture of Bahia in 1625. Ile re- of 5 April, 1811, took refuge in Chili, and was er. turned in 1632 to Lisbon, but was sent in 1634 as cluded from the amnesty that was granted after- admiral of the south to suppress a rebellion of the ward. When, in 1816, the congress of Tucuman Calequi Indians in Paraguay, whom he defeated in was established, he presented himself for trial, 1635. He was appointed captain-general of Rio and was acquitted and occupied his former place. Janeiro in 1637, and as such recognized in 1640 the When Balcarce passed to the army of San Martin Prince of Braganza as King John IV., and, when in 1817, Saavedra was appointed his successor as the Jesuits of the south refused to acknowledge the chief of staff, which place he occupied till 1818. new sovereign, Sa left his uncle, Duarte Corrêa, in He served in the Argentine army till 1821, when charge of the government, and sailed on 29 March he retired with his family to a country-seat. for São Paulo, where he soon restored order. In SAAVEDRA, Hernando Arias de, Spanish March, 1644, he was appointed general of the fleet, soldier, b. in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1556; d. there to protect the Brazilian coast against the Dutch, about 1625. He was a son of one of the officers and co-operated with João Fernandes Vieira in the that accompanied Cabeza de Vaca, and at an early attack on Recife. He was appointed in 1645 to age entered a military career, taking part in many establish a government in Angola, and sailed on engagements against the Indians. For his services 12 May for Africa, finishing the conquest of the he was made governor of Asuncion, which post he Congo kingdom by the capitulation of Fort São held three different times, being the first natire to Miguel, 15 Aug., 1648. In 1658 he was again ap- : obtain such an office. In one of his expeditions pointed governor of southern Brazil, and took he advanced 200 leagues to the south of Buenos charge in September, 1659, but, after quelling an in- Ayres, and was taken prisoner by the Indians, but surrection in Nictheroy in October, 1660, he handed ' escaped and returned to Asuncion. Afterward he the government over to his successor in June of invaded the Chaco, and explored the borders of that year, and sailed for Lisbon. When Alphonso Parana and Uruguay rivers. He gained most re- VI. was deposed, 23 Sept., 1667, Sa, whose son had nown by the two reforms that he promoted, of been the favorite of that monarch, was banished to , which the first was the suppression of the encomi- Africa for ten years; but, resolving to finish his endas or system of personal slavery, which would days in a Jesuit convent, he obtained, by the in- have resulted in the destruction of the native race. SAAVEDRA 363 SABIN This reform was approved by King Philip III., and of the last, and was elected to the U. S. senate as a in consequence, in 1609, the Jesuits Mazetta and Republican, to succeed William Windom, for the Cataldini were sent to found the missions of Para- term that will end on 4 March, 1889. guay. The second reform was the division of the SABIN, Elijah Robinson, clergyman, b. in Rio de la Plata into two different governments, Tolland, Conn., 10 Sept., 1776; d. in Augusta, Ga., Buenos Ayres and Paraguay, which was decreed in 4 May, 1818. His ancestor, William, whose name 1617, and took effect in 1620. is written Sabin, Sabine, and Saben, came to this SAAVEDRA, Juan de, Spanish soldier, b. in country in 1645, and held local offices in Rehoboth, Seville, Spain, about the end of the 15th century; Mass., and his father, Nehemiah, served in the Revo- d. in Chuquinga, Peru, 21 May, 1554. He went to lutionary war, and was fatally wounded at Trenton. Peru in 1534 as chief judge of the expedition of In 1784' his family removed to Vermont, and the Pedro de Alvarado, but after his arrival entered son was employed in clearing land, educating him- the service of Diego de Almagro, whom he accom- self in leisure hours. In 1798 he began to preach, panied in the discovery and conquest of Chili in and in 1799 he entered the Methodist Episcopal 1535–6. In the latter year he founded the city of ministry. He was appointed presiding elder of the Valparaiso, and, on his return to Peru, he took Vermont district in 1805, and subsequently of the part in the battle of Abancay, 12 July, 1537. fIe New London district, embracing Rhode Island, acted on behalf of Almagro as commissioner in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and a part of New negotiations of Mala about the boundaries of New Hampshire. He was appointed chaplain of the Toledo, but was not present at the battle of Salinas, Massachusetts house of representatives, being the 6 April, 1538, on account of illness. Although he first of his denomination to hold this office, and always refused the offers of the brothers Pizarro afterward became pastor of a Methodist church in during Almagro's life, after the latter's death Saave- Hampden, Me. He assisted in the military hospi- dra, on account of rivalry with Juan de Rada (q. v.), tal there, and, after the enemy took possession of retired to Lima, and took no part in the battle of the town, was taken prisoner and confined in a Chupas. In 1544, when Gonzalo Pizarro rose in transport. His wife mounted a horse, rode nine rebellion, he appointed Saavedra his substitute at miles to the British commander, and obtained his Huanuco. President Gasca in 1547 induced Saave- release on the plea that he was a non-combatant. dra to re-enter the Loyalist party, appointing him In 1815 he resumed his charge in Hampden. He captain of cavalry, which corps he commanded in died while travelling in the southern states to the battle of Jaquijaguana. In 1549 Gasca ap- regain his health. Mr. Sabin was the author of pointed him governor of Cuzco, but in 1551 he was the “ Road to Happiness,” and “Charles Observa- superseded by the audiencia of Lima. In 1554 the tor.”—His son, Lorenzo (Sabine), historian, b. in city of Cuzco sent him with the rank of captain to New Lisbon, N. H., 28 Feb., 1803; d. in Boston, join the army of Alonso de Alvarado, operating Mass., 14 April, 1877, adopted Sabine as the spell- against the rebellious Francisco Giron (9. v.), and ing of his surname. He was self-educated, and was he met his death at the battle of Chuquinga. employed in various capacities. He was elected to SAAVEDRA GUZMAN, Antonio, Mexican the legislature from Eastport for three successive poet, b. in Mexico about 1550; d. in Spain about terms, and held the office of deputy collector of the 1620. He was a son of one of the conquerors of customs, but returned to Massachusetts in 1849, Mexico, and married a granddaughter of Jorge de and was appointed in 1852 a secret and confidential Alvarado, brother of the founder of the Spanish agent of the U. S. treasury department, with refer- dominion in Central America. His favorite stud- ence to the operation of the Ashburton treaty as ies were poetry and history, especially that of his connected with our commerce with British colonies. native country, in which he was aided by his thor- He was elected to congress as a Whig in place of ough knowledge of the Aztec language. The his- Benjamin Thompson, serving from 28 Dec., 1852, torical data that he accumulated during seven till 3 March, 1853, and was afterward appointed years' labor were molded by him during a seventy secretary of the Boston board of trade. The degree days' passage to Spain in 1598 into his historical of A. M. was conferred on him by Bowdoin in 1846, poem “El Peregrino Indiano” (Madrid, 1599). and by Harvard in 1848. He contributed to the This work, which is now extremely rare, describing North American Review” and “Christian Exam- in twenty cantos the glories of the Aztec court and iner," and was the author of the life of Com. Ed- the conquest of Mexico, is rather a chronicle than ward Preble (1847) in Sparks's “ American Biogra- a poem, and on more than one occasion has solved phy”; “ The American Loyalists, or Biographical difficulties regarding the early history of New Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in the Spain. The Spanish poets, Vicente Espinel and War of the Revolution” (Boston, 1847 : 2d ed., 2 Lope de Vega, praise Saavedra's work highly, and vols., 1864); “ Report on the Principal Fisheries of William H. Prescott calls him the poet-chronicler. the American Seas,” prepared for the U.S. treasury SABIN, Dwight May, senator, b. in Marseilles, department (Washington, 1853); “ Notes on Duels La Salle co., II., 25 April, 1844. His early years and Duelling, with a Preliminary Historical Essay' were spent on a farm, and in 1857 the family re- (Boston, 1855; 2d ed., 1856); and an address before moved to Connecticut. He was educated at Phil- the New England historic-genealogical society, 13 lips Andover academy, which he left in 1863 to Sept., 1859, on the “ Hundredth Anniversary of the enter the National army: but he resigned after Death of Major-General James Wolfe.” three months, owing to impaired health, and pro- SABIN, Joseph, bibliophile, b. in Braunston, cured a clerkship in Washington, D. C. In 1864 Northamptonshire, England, 9 Dec., 1821 ; d. in he entered on farming and the lumber business in Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 June, 1881. His father, a me- Connecticut, and in 1868 he removed to Stillwater, chanic, gave him a common-school education, and Minn., where he engaged in lumbering and manu- apprenticed him to Charles Richards, a bookseller facturing: Mr. Sabin now (1888) owns a large num- and publisher of Oxford. Subsequently young ber of mills, and is the largest stockholder in the Sabin opened a similar store in Oxford and pub- Northwestern car company, having acquired a for- lished The XXXIX Articles of the Church of tune. He served in the state senate in 1870–²1, was England, with Scriptural Proofs and References' a member of the National Republican conventions (1844). In 1848 he came to this country, and of 1872, 1876, 1880, and 1884, serving as chairman / bought farms in Texas and near Philadelphia. In 364 SACKETT SABINE 1850 he settled in New York city, and in 1856 he dragoons, and served in the Mexican war, being went to Philadelphia and sold old and rare books, brevetted 1st lieutenant, 9 May, 1846, for gallant but at the beginning of the civil war he returned and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca to New York and opened book-shops, where he de la Palma, Tex. On 30 June, 1846, he became made a specialty of collecting rare books and 2d lieutenant, and he was made 1st lieutenant on prints. His knowledge of bibliography was ex- 27 Dec., 1848. He tended, and he often travelled long distances to was engaged in secure unique volumes, crossing the ocean as many scouting in 1850, as twenty-five times for this purpose. Two of his and was assistant sons became associated with him in business, and instructor of cav- two others were proprietors of a similar enterprise alry tactics in in London. He prepared catalogues of many the U.S. military valuable libraries that were sold by auction in New academy from 10 York after 1850, among which were those of Dr. Dec., 1850, till Samuel F. Jarvis (1851), William E. Burton (1861), 16 April, 1855. Edwin Forrest (1863), John Allan (1864), and On3 March,1855, Thomas W. Fields (1875). He also sold the collec- he became cap- tion of William Menzies (1877). Mr. Sabin re- tain of 1st cav- published in limited editions on large paper several alry. He was a curious old works of American history, edited member of the and published for several years from 1869 " The board to revise American Bibliopolist: a Literary Register and the army regula- Monthly Catalogue of Old and New Books,” con- tions in Wash- tributed to the “ American Publishers' Circular," ington in 1856- D. B. Sacket and undertook the publication in parts of a "Dic-'7, served on fron- tionary of Books relating to America, from its tier duty in the Discovery to the Present Time,” of which thirteen Kansas disturbances in 1856–'7, and on the Utah volumes were issued, and upon which he was en- and Cheyenne expedition in 1858. He was ap- gaged at the time of his death. pointed major of 1st cavalry on 31 Jan., 1861, lieu- SABINE, Sir Edward, British soldier, b. in tenant-colonel of 2d cavalry on 3 May, 1861, and Dublin, Ireland, 14 Oct., 1788; d. in Richmond, inspector-general on 1 Oct., 1861. Joining the England, 26 June, 1883. After receiving a military Army of the Potomac, he served on the staff of the education, he entered the royal artillery as 2d lieu- commanding general in the Virginia peninsula and tenant in 1803, became captain in 1813, and served the Maryland and Rappahannock campaigns, par- in the war with the United States, commanding ticipating in the chief engagements. He was in the batteries in the siege of Fort Erie in 1814. He charge of the inspector-general's office in Washing- was appointed astronomer in the first arctic ex- ton, D.C., from 10 Jan. till 26 May, 1863, and after- pedition under Sir John Ross in 1818, and accom- ward a member of the board to organize invalid panied Sir William Edward Parry's expedition of corps and treat for retiring disabled officers. From 1819–20 in the same capacity, making important 1 April. 1864, till August, 1865, he was on inspec- researches in terrestrial magnetism. In 1821-²5 he tion duty in the departments of the Tennessee, made a series of voyages ranging from the equa- Cumberland, Arkansas, and New Mexico. On 13 tor to the Arctic circle in quest of data concerning March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general the variations of the magnetic needle, and con- and major-general for gallant and meritorious ser- ducted pendulum experiments, thus laying the vices in the field and during the civil war. After basis for an accurate determination of the figure the war he was inspector-general of the Department of the earth. His discoveries led to the establish- of the Tennessee and of the divisions of the At- ment of magnetic observatories in Great Britain lantic and the Missouri. On the retirement of and the colonies, the latter being under his super- Gen. Randolph B. Marcy on 2 Jan., 1881, he became intendence, and from 1840 till 1860 he published senior inspector-general of the army with the rank reports of observations at the Cape of Good of brigadier-general. Hope, Hobart Town, St. Helena, and Toronto. In SACKETT, William Augustus, congressman, 1818 he became a fellow of the Royal society, of b. in Aurelius, Cayuga co., N. Y., 18 Nov., 1812. which he was vice-president from 1850 till 1861, His ancestors came from England in 1632, settled and president from 1861 till 1871. He was made in Massachusetts, and continued to live in New a knight of the Bath in 1869 and a general in 1870. England until 1804, when his father moved to During one voyage he edited the "North Georgia Cayuga county, N. Y. He received an academic Gazette and Winter Chronicle," a periodical writ- education, studied law in Seneca Falls and Skane- ten by the officers on the Hecla " in 1819–20, ateles, was admitted to the bar in 1834, and soon which was republished (London, 1822). He also secured a lucrative practice. Elected to congress aided in the preparation of a “ Natural History” as a Whig, he served from 3 Dec., 1849, till 3 March, (1824), which was appended to Parry's · First Arc- 1853. Ile took part in the controversy in relation tic Voyage” (1821), and was the author of “ An to the admission of California as a free state, and Account of Experiments to determine the Figure both spoke and voted for admission. He earnestly of the Earth" (1825); “The Variability of the opposed the fugitive-slave law, and was uncom- Intensity of Magnetism upon Many Parts of the promisingly in opposition to slavery and the ad- Globe" (1838); and numerous memoirs and scien- mission of any more slave states. From the com- tific papers. He was engaged in scientific work mittee on claims he made a report on the power until his death, and, with his wife as assistant, pre- of consuls, which had an influence in the final pared reduction tables and charts of all the observa- modification of those powers. He removed to tions that have been made in terrestrial magnetism. Saratoga Springs in 1857, where he still resides. SACKET, Delos Bennet, soldier, b. in ('upe In 1876–8 he travelled extensively in Europe, Vincent, N. Y., 14 April, 1822 ; d. in Washington, Egypt, and the Holy Land, and wrote letters de- D. C., 8 March, 1885. Ile was graduated at the scribing his journeys that were published. He U. S. military academy in 1845, assigned to the 2d has been a Republican since the organization of 66 SACO 365 SADTLER .. was the party, and has been active as a public speaker. I cal” (1886). —Her daughter, Anna Theresa, au- -His son, WILLIAM, was colonel of the 9th New thor, b. in Montreal, Canada, 19 Jan., 1854, was York cavalry, and was killed while leading a charge ! educated partially in New York city, and gradu- under Gen. Sheridan at Trevillian Station, Va. ated at the convent of Villa Maria, near Montreal, SACO, José Antonio (sah'-ko), Cuban publicist, in 1871. She has contributed largely to the Roman b. in Bayamo, Cuba, May, 1797; d. in Madrid, Catholic press, has translated numerous tales and Spain, in 1879. He finished his education in Ha- poems from the French and Italian, and is the vana, where, in 1821, he obtained the professorship author of “ Seven Years and Mair” (New York, of philosophy in the Seminary of San Carlos. From 1878); “ Ethel Hamilton, and other Tales." (1877); 1824 till 1826 he travelled in the United States, • The King's Page” (1877); “ Women of Catholici- and in 1828 he returned to New York, where he ty” (1885); and “ The Silent Woman of Alood” devoted himself to literary labors. He translated (1887). She has also published a compilation en- into Spanish, from the Latin, the celebrated work titled “ Gems of Catholic Thought” (1882). of Heinecius on Roman law, and his translation SADTLER, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Balti- passed through several editions in Spain. In 1832 more, Md., 25 Dec., 1823. He was graduated at he went to Havana, and held the editorship of Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1812, and at the “Revista Bimestre Cubana" until 1834, when the theological seminary there in 1844, and was suc- he was banished from the island on account of his cessively pastor of Lutheran churches at Pine Grove, liberal ideas and anti-slavery principles. In 1836 Pa., in 1845–9; Shippensburg, Pa., in 1849–53; he was elected to represent the eastern part of Middletown, Pa., in 1853–6 : and Easton, Pa., in Cuba in the Spanish cortes, but he did not take his 1856–62. In the last year he became principal of seat, as the Madrid government deprived the colo- the Ladies' seminary at Lutherville, Md., and in nies of representation. He published in Madrid 1875 he accepted the presidency of Muhlenberg • Paralelo entre Cuba y algunas colonias inglesas” | college, Allentown, Pa. He occupied this post (1838). He made afterward an extensive tour in until 1886, when, disabled for life by a fall on the the European continent, and in 1840 fixed his resi- ice, he was compelled to abandon the work. In dence in Paris, where he published " Supresión del 1867 he received the degree of 1. D. from Penn- tráfico de esclavos en Cuba" (1845), which brought sylvania college. He was a trustee of that insti. upon him the wrath of the slave-holders, and di- tution in 1862–77, and has held many offices of minished his chances of being allowed to return to honor and trust in his church. He is a frequent Cuba. In 1848 he published in Paris his “Ideas contributor to the periodicals of his denomination, sobre la incorporación de Cuba á los E. U.," favor- and has published numerous baccalaureate dis- ing the annexation of Cuba to the United States, courses and addresses, including “A Rebellious which was immediately translated into English Nation Reproved” (Easton, Pa., 1861), and “The and French, and assailed by the American press. Causes and Remedies of the Losses of her Popula- ** La situación politica de Cuba y su remedio". tion by the Lutheran Church in America” (Phila- published in 1851, and “La cuestión Cubana” in delphia, 1878).-His eldest son, Samuel Philip, 1853. He was elected by Santiago de Cuba in 1866 chemist, b. in Prine Grove, Pa., 18 July, 1847, was as one of the delegates sent to Madrid to advocate graduated at Pennsylvania college in 1867, studied political reforms for the island, and in 1878 was at Lehigh university in 1867-8, and was gradu- again elected by the same city to the Spanish cor- ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard tes. Saco was a voluminous writer. During the in 1870 with the degree of S. B. He then studied last years of his life he began the publication of chemistry at the University of Göttingen, where his great work “ Historia de la esclavitud desde los in 1871 he received the degree of Ph. D. for original tiempos más remotos ” (Paris, 1876 et seq.), one of researches on iridium salts. On his return he held the most exhaustivé works on this subject, of the professorship of natural science in Pennsyl- which several volumes were published before his vania college until 1874, when he accepted the death. It has been translated into various Euro- chair of general and organic chemistry in the pean languages. Other works of Saco are “ His- University of Pennsylvania. This place he still toria de la esclavitud entre los Indios," and nu- holds, and also that of professor of chemistry in the merous articles and essays on a diversity of sub- Philadelphia college of pharmacy, to which he was jects, which have been collected under the title of appointed in 1879. Prof. Sadtler again visited · Colección de papeles varios ” (Havana, 1882). Europe in 1885 for the purpose of inspecting labo- SADLIER, Mary Anne (MADDEN), author, b. in ratories of applied chemistry in England and on Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland, 31 Dec., 1820. the continent, and on his return made a report of After receiving a private school education she con- his observations to the trustees of the University tributed to London magazines, and in 1844 emi- of Pennsylvania for their guidance in organizing grated to Montreal, Canada, where she published a laboratory of industrial chemistry. He is a fel- by subscription" Tales of the Olden Time.” In low of the Chemical societies of London and Ber- 1846 she married James Sadlier, then of the pub- lin, of the American association for the advancement lishing firm of D, and J. Sadlier and Co., of New of science, and of other societies in the l'nited States. York and Montreal, and became connected edi. Since 1879 he has furnished each month notes on torially with the Roman Catholic press. She has chemistry to the “ American Journal of Pharmacy.” translated several religious works, tales, and dramas Dr. Sadtler was chemical editor of the American from the French, and is the author of stories for reprint of the ninth edition of the “ Encyclo- Roman Catholic Sunday-schools, and several novels. perdia Britannica” (Philadelphia, 1880–'4), and, Her works include Alice Riodan, or the Blind with Joseph P. Remington and Horatio C. Wood, Man's Daughter” (Boston, 1851); " New Lights, or edited the fifteenth and sixteenth editions of the Life in Galway” (New York, 1853); “ The Blakes United States Dispensatory" (1882-'8), having en- and Flanagans” (1855); “ The Confederate Chief. tire charge of the chemical part of that work. Be- tains, a Tale of the Irish Rebellion of 1641” (1859); ' sides numerous addresses and lectures, he has pub- “ Bessy Conway, or the Irish Girl in America lished “ Handbook of Chemical Experimentation (1862); - The Daighter of Tyreonnell” (1863); for Lecturers” (Louisville, 1877), and edited the • Maureen Dhu, the Admiral's Daughter" (1870): eighth edition of Attfield's - Medical and Pharma- and - Purgatory, Doctrinal, Historical, and Politi- | ceutical Chemistry" (Philadelphia, 1879). 9 . SO 366 SAGE SAFFOLD a a SAFFOLD, Reuben, jurist, b. in Wilkes county, | 1854, after which he spent there several years in Ga., 4 Sept., 1788; d. in Dallas countv, Ala., 15 study at the observatory. Between 1850 and 1862 Feb., 1847. After practising law in Georgia he re- he computed the orbits of many planets and moved to Jackson, Ala., in 1813. During the In- comets. In 1863–6 he was connected with the dian troubles he commanded a volunteer company, Harvard observatory, in the last year acting as its and he subsequently served several terms in the director, but he was chiefly employed in observa- legislature of Mississippi territory. He was a mem- tions for a standard catalogue of right ascensions. ber of the State constitutional convention in 1819, In 1865 he was appointed professor of astronomy was made a circuit judge, and was one of the three in the University of Chicago, and director of the judges that were appointed to the supreme bench Dearborn observatory. His first two years there in 1832, serving as chief justice in 1835–6. were devoted to the study of nebulæ, and he dis- SAFFORD, James Merrill, geologist, b. in covered many new ones. From 1869 till 1871 he Putnam (now Zanesville), Ohio, 13 Aug., 1822. He was engaged upon the great catalogue of stars that was graduated at Ohio university in 1844, and is in course of preparation by the co-operation spent a year at Yale, where in 1866 the honorary of European and American astronomers. His degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him. From work was interrupted by the Chicago fire of 1871, 1848 till 1872 he was professor of natural sciences and after that year he was much employed in lati- in Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn., and he tude and longitude work in the territories by the then accepted the chair of chemistry in the medical U. S. corps of engineers, for whom he also prepared department of the University of Nashville, which a star catalogue, which was published by the war since 1874 has also been the medical department department. He published a second in 1879. Since of Vanderbilt university. These appointments, to- 1876 he has been professor of astronomy at Will- gether with the chair of natural history and geolo- iams college, which gave him the degree of Ph. D. gy in Vanderbilt university, which he accepted in in 1878. He is a member of various astronomical 1875, he still (1888) holds. In 1854 he was ap- societies, and has edited volumes iv. and v. of the pointed state geologist of Tennessee, and made a " Annals of Harvard College Observatory,” the preliminary survey of the state. This place he latter one containing the report of Prof. George held until 1860, and he was again made state geolo-P. Bond's discoveries in the constellation of Orion, gist in 1871 and has since continued in that office. which Prof. Safford completed after Prof. Bond's He has also been a member of the Tennessee state death. His other contributions have appeared in board of health since its organization in 1866, the “ Proceedings of the American Academy," and for some time its vice-president. Prof. Saf- the monthly notices of the Royal astronomical ford was one of the judges at the World's fair held society, and other astronomical journals. He is in Philadelphia in 1876, and his reports made at now (1888) preparing a catalogue of polar stars as that time have since been published. The de- a memorial of the 50th anniversary of the observa- •gree of M. D. was conferred upon him by the tory of Williams college. medical department of the University of Nash- SAFFORD, William Harrison, lawyer, b. in ville in 1872. Prof. Safford is a member of scien- Parkersburg, Va., 19 Feb., 1821. He was educated tific societies, to whose transactions he has con- at Asbury academy, Parkersburg, Va., studied law, tributed various papers on geology; and he has was admitted to the bar in 1842, and in 1848 re- published “A Geological Reconnoissance of the moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he has since prac- State of Tennessee (Nashville, 1856); “Second tised his profession. From 1858 till 1860 he served Biennial Report” (1857); and “Geology of Ten- in the state senate, and from 1868 till 1874 he was nessee,” with a geological map of the state (1869). judge of the 2d subdivision of the 5th judicial cir- He assisted in the preparation of " Introduction to cuit of Ohio. He is the author of "Life of Blenner- the Resources of Tennessee” (1874), and as special hassett” (Chillicothe, 1850), and - The Blenner- agent of the census of 1880 he made a “ Report on hassett Papers" (Cincinnati, 1861). the Cotton Production of the State of Tennessee SAGARD-THEODAT, Gabriel, French mis- (Washington, 1884). sionary, lived in the 17th century. He was in a SAFFORD, Truman Henry, mathematician, Recollet Franciscan convent in Paris in 1615 when b. in Royalton, Vt., 6 Jan., 1836. At an early age Hoüel, the secretary of Louis XIII., asked the he attracted public attention by his remarkable superior of that order to send missionaries to Can- powers of calculation. When six years of age, he ada. Sagard entreated to be sent on the mission, told his mother if she knew the number of rods but he was not allowed to leave France until eight it was around a certain meadow he could tell its years afterward. Shortly after his arrival in Quebec circumference in barleycorns, and on hearing that he set out for the Huron country with Father Viel. the number of rods was 1,040 he gave the number He remained there over two years, when his com- mentally as 617,760 barleycorns, which is correct. panion was drowned in Rivière des Prairies (hence He could mentally extract the square and cube called Saut du Récollet), and Sagard returned to roots of numbers of 9 and 10 places of figures, France. His writings include “ Grand voyage du and could multiply four figures by four figures pays des Hurons, situé en l'Amérique, vers la mer mentally as rapidly as it could be done upon Douce, et derniers confins de la Nouvelle-France, paper. In 1815 he prepared an almanac, and at dite Canada, où il est traicté de tout ce qui est du the age of fourteen calculated the elliptic elements pays, des mœurs et naturel des sauvages, de leur of the first comet of 1849. At this time he became gouvernement et façons de faire, tant dans leur widely known as the Vermont boy calculator. By pays qu'allant en voyage, de leur foi et croyance, a method of his own he abridged by one fourth avec un dictiounaire de la langue huronne” (Paris, the labor of calculating the rising and setting 1632), and “ Histoire du Canada et voyage que les of the moon. After long and difficult problems frères mineurs recollets y ont faiets pour la conver- had been read to him once, he could give their re- sion des infidelles" (1636). The works of Sagird sults without effort. Prof. Benjamin Peirce said were very little known until recently. They were of him in 1846 that his knowledge “is accompanied republished and edited by Henry E. Chevalier with powers of abstraction and concentration rare- (4 vols., Paris, 1866). ly possessed at any age except by minds of the SAGE, Gardner Avery, donor, b. in New highest order.” He was graduated at Harvard in | York city, 3 May, 1813; d. in White Sulphur SAGE 367 SAGRA Springs, Va., 22 Aug., 1882. He studied survey- | twenty years, also a director in the Merchants' ing, practised his profession in New York city, trust company and in the Fifth avenue bank of and acquired a fortune. He was an active mem- New York city. ber of the Reformed Dutch church, in which he SAGEAN, Mathieu (sah-zhay-ong). Canadian held many offices of trust, and built and endowed explorer, b. near La Chine about 1655; d. in Biloxi, the library of the theological seminary at New La., about 1710. He early entered the service of Brunswick, N.J., which bears his name, and which Robert Cavalier de La Salle (q. v.), assisted in the he presented to the general synod. This was dedi- building of Fort Saint Louis of the Illinois, and cated on 4 June, 1875, and now (1888) contains was left there under Henry Tonty (q. v.) in 1681. 70,000 volumes. He also founded a chair of Old Being desirous to make new discoveries, he obtained Testament exegesis in the seminary, gave a resi- leave shortly afterward from Tonty and set out at dence for one of the professors, also large sums the head of eleven Canadians and two Mohegan for the maintenance of Hertzog Hall, and made Indians. They ascended the Mississippi about 500 other bequests to aid the institutions of the Re- miles, and then, their provisions being exhausted, formed church in New Brunswick. His gifts stopped a month to hunt. While thus engaged amounted to nearly $250,000. they found another river flowing south southwest, SAGE, Henry Williams, donor, b. in Middle- carried their canoes to it, sailed about 450 miles, town, Conn., 31 Jan., 1814. He is a descendant of and found themselves in the midst of an Indian David Sage, who settled in Middletown in 1652. tribe dwelling in well-built villages and governed His father, Charles, was shipwrecked on the coast | by a chief who claimed descent from Monte- of Florida in 1838, and murdered by Indians. The zuma. On his return to Canada, Sagean was cap- boy's preparation for Yale at Bristol, Conn., was tured by English pirates upon the shores of the interrupted by his removal, to Ithaca, N. Y., and St. Lawrence and compelled to take service among in 1832 he entered mercantile life. In 1854 he them. He followed a life of adventure for about established a lumber-manufactory on Lake Simcoe, twenty years in the East and West Indies, but Canada, and later, with John McGraw, another at toward 1700 he found his way to France and en- Wenona (now West Bay City), Mich., which at that listed in a company of marines at Brest. There time was one of the largest in the world. Mr. he revealed the secret of his discoveries in America. Sage was one of the most extensive landholders His story was written down from his dictation and of Michigan. From 1857 till 1880 he resided in sent to the secretary of the navy, Count de Pont- Brooklyn, and was an active member of Plym- chartrain, who caused inquiries to be made, and, as outh church. He took much interest in founding a result, Sagean was sent to Biloxi, near the mouth Cornell university, and in 1873 erected there a of the Mississippi, with orders that he should be college hall for women, which is known as Sage supplied with the means of conducting a party to college. After the death of Ezra Cornell he was the country he had discovered, and which he rep- made president of the board of trustees of Cornell resented as being rich in gold. But the officers in university. He endowed the Lyman Beecher lec- command neglected their instructions, and suffered tureship on preaching at Yale, and built and pre- the order to remain unexecuted. Sagean's discov. sented to West Bay City, Mich., a public library ery has been contested, inasmuch as he described at a cost of $30,000. Mr. Sage has also endowed the country as a kind of El Dorado, but other au- and built several churches and schools. In 1847 thors contend that, aside from these exaggerations, he served in the New York legislature. Sagean's discovery was real, and that he saw the SAGE, Russell, financier, b. in Oneida county, remains of an ancient Mexican tribe that had N. Y., 4 Aug., 1816. Ile received a public-school edu- emigrated northward after the Spanish conquest, cation, and then engaged in mercantile pursuits in Sagean's story, written from his dictation, is pre- Troy. In 1841 he was elected an alderman, and he served among the manuscripts in the National was re-elected to this office until 1848, also serving library at Paris. It was translated into English for seven years as treasurer of Rensselaer county. and published by John Gilmary Shea in his series He was then elected to congress as a Whig, and of memoirs and narratives concerning the French served, with re-election, from 5 Dec., 1853, till 3 colonies in America (1862). March, 1857. Mr. Sage was the first person to ad- SAGER, Abram, physician, b. in Bethlehem, vocate, on the floor of congress, the purchase of N. Y., 22 Dec., 1810; d. in Ann Arbor, Mich., 6 Mount Vernon by the government. Subsequently Aug., 1877. He was graduated at the Troy poly- he settled in New York city and engaged in the technic school in 1831, studied medicine in Albany business of selling privileges” in Wall street. At and at Yale, and was graduated at the Medical the same time he became interested in railroads, school of Castleton, Vt., in 1835. He settled in and secured stocks in western roads, notably the Detroit and afterward in Jackson, Mich. From Milwaukee and St. Paul, of which he was presi- 1837 till 1840 he assisted in the geological survey dent and vice-president for twelve years. By dis- of Michigan, having charge of the departments of posing of these investments, as the smaller roads botany and zoölogy, of which branches he was pro- were absorbed by trunk-lines, he became wealthy. fessor in the state university from 1842 till 1855. In late years he has been closely associated with In 1850 he was made professor of obstetrics, and Jay Gould in the management of the Wabash, St. in 1854–60 he had the chair of diseases of women Louis, and Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Mis- and children, but he resigned in 1875, when the souri, Kansas, and Texas, the Delaware, Lacka- board of regents introduced homeopathy. He was wanna and Western and the St. Louis and San a member of various medical and scientific socie- Francisco railroads, the American cable company, ties, and was president of the Michigan medical the Western Union telegraph company and the society in 1850–2. Dr. Sager contributed papers Manhattan consolidated system of elevated rail- to medical journals, and published reports on bot- roads in New York city, in all of which corpora- any and zoology in 1839. His collection laid the tions he is a director. Mr. Sage was for many foundation of the present museum of the univer- years closely connected with the affairs of the sity, to which he also presented the “ Sager Her- Union Pacific road, of which he was a director. barium” of 1,200 species and 12,000 specimens. He has been a director and vice-president in the SAGRA, Ramon de la (sah'-grah), Spanish Importers and traders' national bank for the past economist, b. in Coruña in 1798; d. in Cartaillac, 368 ST. CLAIR SAHAGUN Switzerland, 25 May, 1871. After finishing his He also made a fortune of about 400,000 crowns by studies in Madrid he was appointed in 1822 direc- dealing in beaver-skins with his neighbors of New tor of the botanical garden of Havana, which post England. His trading - house was at Pentagoet he retained for twelve years, forming several valu- (now Castine), in the old fort, which he occupied able collections. He also opened a class in agri- or abandoned by turns, according to the needs of cultural botany and founded a model farm, which the time. But his trade involved him in difficul- was of much benefit to the country. In 1834 he ties with the royal governors, and in 1688 the king travelled through the United States. After a required him to establish a permanent settlement sojourn of several years in Paris he returned to and cease all trade with the English. About this Madrid, where he founded a magazine, and devoted time Saint Castin married the daughter of Ma- himself exclusively to the study of political econo- dockawando, chief of the Penobscots, and in the my till 1848, when he went to Paris and took part same year war was renewed, mainly through Saint in the revolution of that year. From 1854 till 1856 Castin's efforts. He attacked the English posts at he was a deputy to the cortes. His works include Port Royal, at the head of 250 Indians, and con- Historia económica, política, y estadística de la tinued for years to plunder the English settlements. isla de Cuba” (Havana, 1831); “ Principios de The authorities of Boston set a price upon his head, Botánica Agrícola” (1833); “ Breve idéa de la as they regarded him as their most insidious ene- administración del comercio y de las rentas, y my, and employed deserters to kidnap him ; but the gastos de Cuba durante los años de 1826 á 1836 plot was discovered, and the deserters were shot at (Paris, 1836); “ Historia física, política y natural de Mount Desert. With his Indians, Saint Castin la isla de Cuba” (2 vols, 1837-42; French transla- landed in 1696 at New Harbor, near Fort Pema- tion, 1844); “ Cinco meses en los Estados Unidos" quid, and, co-operating with the troops of Iber- (1836; French translation, 1837); “ Apuntes des ville, obliged the governor to surrender, and de- tinados á ilustrar la discusión del artículo adicional stroyed the fortress. The French dominions were al proyecto de constitución” (Madrid, 1837); “ His- thus extended over a large part of Maine. The re- toria física, económica, política, intelectual y moral mainder of his history is intimately connected with de la isla de Cuba" (Paris, 1861); “Cuba en 1860' the struggles for the possession of Acadia. He de- (1862); “ Icones plantarum in flora Cubana descrip- fended Port Royal in 1706, and again in 1707, when torum” (1863); and “Los caracoles microscópicos he was wounded, he saved the fort. He is said to de Cuba ” (1866). have gone to France in 1709, but he was in Acadia SAHAGUN, Bernardino de (sah-ah-goon'), / again soon afterward, where he fought to the last Spanish missionary, b. in Sahagun, Leon, late in for the French cause, and was killed in an engage- the 15th century; d. in Mexico, 23 Oct., 1590. He ment in 1712.-Hiş son, Joseph, a half-breed, was studied in Salamanca, entered the Franciscan order a leader of the eastern Indians in their later diffi- about 1520, came to Mexico in 1529, where he was culties with the English. In December, 1721, he a professor in the imperial college of Santa Cruz was surprised at Pentagoet and carried a prisoner de Tlaltelolco, and, after thoroughly learning the to Boston. After five months he was released on Aztec language, was for more than fifty years a account of the hostile feelings that his detention missionary to the natives. His leisure hours were provoked among the Abenakis. occupied in composing a civil, religious, and natu- ST. CLAIR, Arthur, soldier, b. in Thurso, ral history of Mexico in twelve volumes, which were Caithness, Scotland, in 1734; d. in Greensburg, illustrated with drawings by the author and copies Pa., 31 Aug., 1818. He was the grandson of the of the hieroglyphic writings of the Aztecs; but these Earl of Roslyn, was educated at the University of drawings were considered by the provincial of his Edinburgh, and studied medicine under Dr. John order contrary to religion, as perpetuating the Hunter. Inherit- idolatrous customs of the natives, and his working a fortune from was not allowed to be published, but it was sent his mother, he by the viceroy to the chronicler Herrera, who used purchased a com- some of the material in his “ Décadas.” The work inission as ensign was afterward printed under the title of “ Dic- in the 60th foot on cionario histórico universal de Nueva España" | 13 May, 1757, and (Mexico, 1829). He also wrote in the Aztec lan- came to this coun- guage Arte de la Lengua Mexicana” (Mexico, try with Admi- 1576); “ Diccionario trilingüe, Latino, Español y ral Edward Bosca- Mexicano" (1578); “Salmodia cristiana en Lengua wen's fleet. He Mexicana, para que canten los Indios en las Igle- served under Gen. sias " (1583); “ Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana Jeffrey Amherst en Lengua Mexicana” (1583); and, according to at the capture of Betancourt, “ Historia de la venida á México de Louisburg, 26 Ju- los primeros Religiosos Franciscanos," a Spanish ly, 1758, and un- manuscript in two volumes, containing the con- der Gen. James ferences of the missionaries with the native priests Wolfe at Quebec, in Aztec language. 30 Sept., 1758. On SAINT CASTIN, Jean Vincent de l'Abadie 16 April, 1762, he (san - cas - tang), Baron de, French colonist, b. in resigned the com- Lescar, Bearn, in 1650; d. in Acadia in 1712. Ile mission of lieuten- came to Canada in 1665 as an ensign, took part in ant, which he had received on 17 April, 1759, and in the expedition of De Courcelles, and, when his regi- 1764 he settled in Ligonier valley, Pa., where he pur- ment was disbanded in 1668, was among the few chased land, and erected mills and a residence. In officers that chose to remain in the colony, and 1770 he was made surveyor of the district of Cum- was sent to Acadia to command for the king under berland, and he subsequently became a justice of the Chambly. In 1675 Dutchmen from Santo Do- court of quarter sessions and of common pleas, a mingo made the latter prisoner, but Saint Castin member of the proprietary council, a justice, re- escaped and afterward roamed the woods with the corder, and clerk of the orphans' court, and pro- Indians, and gained inuch influence over them. I thonotary of Bedford and Westmoreland counties. а try Claire ST. CLAIR SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE 369 In July, 1775, he was made colonel of militia, and Indians at Fort Harmar in 1789, and in 1790 he in the autumn he accompanied as secretary the fixed the seat of justice of the territory at Cincin- commissioners that were appointed to treat with nati, Ohio, which he named in honor of the Society the western tribes at Fort Pitt. On 3 Jan., 1776, of the Cincinnati, of which he was president for he became colonel of the 2d Pennsylvania regi- Pennsylvania in 1783–9. He was appointed com- ment, and, being ordered to Canada, he joined mander-in-chief of the army that was operating Gen. John Sullivan after the disastrous affair at against the Indians on 4 March, 1791, and moved Three Rivers, and aided that officer by his coun- toward the savages on Miami and Wabash rivers, sel, saving the army from capture. He was ap- suffering so severely from gout that he was carried pointed brigadier-general on 9 Aug., 1776, having on a litter. He was surprised near the Miami vil- resigned his civil offices in the previous January. lages on 4 Nov., and his force was defeated by a Joining Gen. Washington in November, 1776, he horde of Indians led by Blue Jacket, Little Turtle, was appointed to organize the New Jersey militia, and Simon Girty, the renegade. Washington re- and participated in the battles of Trenton and fused a court of inquiry, and St. Clair resigned his Princeton. On the latter occasion he rendered general's commission on 5 March, 1792, but con- valuable service by protecting the fords of the gress appointed a committee of investigation, which Assanpink. He was appointed major-general on exonerated him. On 22 Nov., 1802, he was removed 19 Feb., 1777, and, after serving as adjutant-gen- from his governorship by Thomas Jefferson. Re- eral of the army, succeeded Gen. Horatio Gates in tiring to a small log-house on the summit of Chest- command at Ticonderoga. The works there and nut ridge, he spent the rest of his life in poverty, at Mount Independence on the opposite shore of vainly endeavoring to effect a settlement of his Lake Champlain were garrisoned by less than 2,000 claims against the government. The legislature men, poorly armed, and nearly destitute of stores. of Pennsylvania granted him an annuity of $400 The approach of a force of more than 7,000 men in 1813, and shortly before his death he received under Gen. John Burgoyne warned Gen. St. Clair from congress $2,000 in discharge of his claims, to prepare for an attack. His force was too small and a pension of $60 a month. He published " A to cover all exposed points, and, as he had not Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign discovered Burgoyne's designs, he neglected to for- against the Indians in the Year 1791 was con- tify Sugar Loaf mountain over which the British ducted under the Command of Maj.-Gen. St. Clair, approached. St. Clair and his officers held a coun- with his Observations on the Statements of the cil of war, and decided to evacuate the fort. The Secretary of War” (Philadelphia, 1812). See “The blaze of a house that had been set on fire con- Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair," with trary to orders discovered their movements, and his correspondence and other papers, arranged by immediately the British started in pursuit. St. William H. Smith (Cincinnati, 1882). Clair fled through the woods, leaving a part of ST. COME, John Francis Buisson de, Cana- his force at Hubbardton, which was attacked and dian missionary, b. in France about 1658; d. near defeated by Gen. Fraser on 7 July, 1777, after a Mobile in 1707. He was ordained in 1683. Some well-contested battle. On 12 July, St. Clair reached time before 1700 he was sent from Canada, and be- Fort Edward with the remnant of his men. * The gan a mission among the Natchez Indians. He evacuation," wrote Washington, when the news soon gained the confidence of the chief, who was a reached him, “ is an event of chagrin and surprise woman, and the affection of the people, although not apprehended, nor within the compass of my he was not very successful in converting them. reasoning. This stroke is severe indeed, and has Being obliged to visit Mobile in 1707, he embarked distressed us much.” Gen. St. Clair remained with with three Frenchmen, and while sailing down the his army, and was with Washington at Brandy- river the whole party were slain by the Sitimacha wine, 11 Sept., 1777, acting as voluntary aide. A Indians. The Natchez avenged his death by the court-martial was held in 1778, and he was ac- almost entire destruction of that tribe, and to pre- quitted, “ with the highest honor, of the charges serve his memory gave his name to the “ Lesser against him,” which verdict was approved by con- Sun," or second chief. gress. He assisted Gen. John Sullivan in prepar- ST. CYR, John Mary Irenus, clergyman, b. ing his expedition against the Six Nations, was a near Lyons, France, 2 Jan., 1804; d. in Carondelet, commissioner to arrange a cartel with the British Mo., 21 Feb. , 1883. He studied for the priesthood at Amboy, 9 March, 1780, and was appointed to and received the tonsure in Lyons, 5 June, 1830. command the corps of light infantry in the absence Soon afterward he embarked as a missionary for of Lafayette, but did not serve, owing to the re- the valley of the Mississippi, and was received into turn of Gen. George Clinton. He was a member the vicariate of St. Louis. He was ordained in of the court-martial that condemned Maj. André, the cathedral of St. Louis, 6 April, 1833. He re- commanded at West Point in October, 1780, and ceived his first appointment from Bishop Rosati, aided in suppressing the mutiny in the Pennsyl- 17 April, 1833, who assigned him to Chicago, which vania line in January, 1781. Ile was active in rais- was then a frontier post. After a journey of two ing troops and forwarding them to the south, and weeks he arrived there, and in September, 18:33, he in October joined Washington at Yorktown a few secured the erection of the first church, and became days before the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. In the first resident priest. He remained in Chicago November he was placed in command of a body of till 1837, when he went to Quincy, III., and thence troops to join Gen. Nathanael Greene, and remained to Kaskaskia, Sainte Genevieve, and ('arondelet, in the south until October, 1782. He was a mem- Mo., where he died. ber of the Pennsylvania council of censors in 1783, SAINTE · CLAIRE DEVILLE, Charles, a delegate to the Continental congress from 2 Nov., French geologist, b. in the island of St. Thomas, 1785, till 28 Nov., 1787, and its president in 1787, West Indies, in 1814; d. in Paris, France, 10 Oet., and a member of the American philosophical soci- 1876. After having pursued the regular course of ety. On the formation of the Northwestern terri- studies as out-door pupil at the École des mines tory in 1789 Gen. St. Clair was appointed its gov- in Paris, he undertook a journey of scientific in- ernor, holding this office until 1802. The last vestigation at his own expense, and in 1939–43 words of Washington on his departure were: “ Be- visited the Antilles and the islands of Teneriffe ware of a surprise.” Ile made a treaty with the and Cape Verd. Ilis geological exploration of VOL. V.-24 370 SAINT HILAIRE SAINTE-CROIX Guadeloupe occupied more than a year, and he was d'agriculture coloniale” (1845); and “ Le sucre engaged in it when the island was visited by the aux colonies" (1847). terrible earthquake of 1834. On his return to SAINT GAUDENS, Augustus, sculptor, b. in France he published his work on the Antilles, and Dublin, Ireland, 1 March, 1848. When six months on its appearance set out to explore southern Italy. of age he was brought to New York, and in that For several years he acted as assistant to Élie de city he subsequently followed the profession of a Beaumont, occupant of the chair of the history of cameo-cutter. He began to draw at Cooper insti- inorganic bodies in the Collége de France, and tute in 1861, and in 1865-'6 was a student at the finally became his successor. Prof. Deville was National academy, modelling also in his leisure also deeply interested in meteorology, and estab- hours. In 1867 he went to Paris, where he studied lished a network of meteorological stations over under François Jouffroy at the École des beaux France and Algeria. He was elected a meinber of arts until 1870. He next went to Rome, and there the Paris academy of sciences in 1857 in the place produced, in 1871, his first figure, “ Hiawatha." In of Dufrénoy, and promoted officer of the Legion of the next year he returned to New York, where he honor, 13 Aug., 1862. He published, among other has since resided. Mr. Saint-Gaudens has been works, Voyage géologique aux Antilles et aux president of the Society of American artists. His îles Ténériffe et de Fogo" (7 vols., Paris, 1856–²64) more important works are the bas-relief “ Adora- and “ Recherches sur les principaux phénomènes tion of the Cross by Angels,” in St. Thomas's de météorologie, etc., aux Antilles” (1861). - His church, New York; statues of Admiral David G. brother, Henri Étienne, West Indian chemist, Farragut (1880), in New York, of Robert R. Randall b. in St. Thomas, 11 March, 1818; d. in Paris, 9 (1884), at Sailor's Snug Harbor, Staten island, N. Y., July, 1883, studied in Paris, early acquired reputa- and of Abraham Lincoln (1887), in Chicago: a tion for his chemical researches, and in 1851 was fountain (1886-'7), in Chicago; “The Puritan," a appointed professor of chemistry in the Normal statue of Samuel Chapin (1887), in Springfield, school of Paris, which post he held till 1859, when Mass.: portrait busts of William M.Evarts(1872–3), he was made professor in the University of Paris. He Theodore D. Woolsey (1876), at Yale, and Gen. discovered the anhydrous nitric acid in 1849, a new William T. Sherman (1888); and medallions of method of mineral analysis in 1853, and from 1854 Bastien Le Page (1879) and Robert L. Stevenson to 1865 devoted his labors principally to researches (1887). Mr. Saint-Gaudens assisted John La Farge upon the new metal aluminium. He was also the in the decoration of Trinity church, Boston, and first to make artificial diamonds, which he did at the monument to Le Roy King, at Newport, R. I., an enormous cost, and he discovered new proper- is also the joint work of those two artists.-His ties of several metals. His works include " Mé- brother, Louis, sculptor, b. in New York, 8 Jan., moire sur les carbonates métalliques et leurs com- 1854, studied in the École des beaux arts, Paris, binaisons” (Paris, 1852); “ Mémoire sur les trois in 1879-'80. He has modelled a “Faun," “ St. états moléculaires du silicium” (1855); “ Mémoire John,” for the Church of the Incarnation, New sur la production des températures élevées” (1856); York, and other statues, and has assisted his “ Métallurgie du platine et des métaux que l'accom- brother in most of his works. pagnent” (1857); and “ De l’aluminium, ses pro- ST. GEORGE, Sir Thomas Bligh, British sol- priétés, sa fabrication ” (1859). dier, b. in England about 1765; d. in London, 6 SAINTE-CROIX, Gaetan Xavier Guilhem Nov., 1837. He entered the army as an ensign in de Pascalis (saynt-crwah), Chevalier de, French the 27th foot, became a lieutenant in 1790, captain soldier, b. in Mormoiron, 11 Dec., 1708; d. in Cape in 1794, major in 1804, and in 1805 lieutenant- Français, Santo Domingo, 18 Aug., 1762. He en- colonel in the 63d foot. During the period of tered the French army as a lieutenant in 1731, and these promotions he served in France, Portugal, served for fifteen years in Santo Domingo, Mar- Corsica, and the Mediterranean, and took part in tinique, and Louisiana. He gained credit by his many battles. In March, 1809, he went to Upper defence of the fortress of Belle Isle in June, 1761, Canada, having been appointed inspecting field- was promoted major-general, 20 July, and became officer of militia there. He commanded at Am- commander of the French forces in the Leeward and herstburg when it was attacked by Gen. William Windward islands. In February, 1762, he made Hull, led the militia at the capture of Detroit in an attack upon Martinique, which the English had August, 1812, and at the river Raisin, in Michigan, just captured, but was defeated. After organizing 23 Jan., 1813, when Gen. Winchester was defeated. the defence in Santo Domingo, he exerted himself At this battle Gen. St. George received severe to send re-enforcements and supplies to Havana, wounds. He became colonel in 1813, major-general and prepared an expedition against Jamaica, when in 1819, was nominated a companion of the Bath he died of yellow fever. in 1815, and was knighted in 1835. SAINTE - CROIX, Louis Marie Philibert SAINT HILAIRE, Augustin François César Edgard de Renouard de, West Indian agricul- Prouvençal de, French botanist, b. in Orleans, turist, b. at sea, 22 May, 1809. He studied at the France, 4 Oct., 1799 ; d. there, 30 Sept., 1853. He military school of Saint Cyr, and became a lieu- was sent when a young man to Holland to super- tenant of the general staff, but resigned in 1838 intend a sugar-refinery that belonged to the family, and returned to his home in Martinique, where he and he thus passed several years in an uncongenial engaged in agricultural experiments upon his large employment. On his return to France he devoted estate. He introduced new methods for the eul. himself enthusiastically to the study of natural ture of the sugar-cane and for the fabrication of history, his favorite science, and, refusing the ap- raw sugar, and was also the first to experiment on pointment of auditor of the counsel of the state. he the culture of the cotton-plant in the French West embarked for Rio Janeiro on 1 April, 1816, For Indies. For his services he was made a knight of six years he explored the Brazilian empire. jour- the Legion of honor, and in 1860 he became treas- | neving about 5.600 miles from 13° south latitude urer-general of the department of Mayenne. Dis to the Rio de la Plata. He returned to France in works include Manière d'estimer le rendement 1822 with 24,000 specimens of plants, embracing de la canne à sucre" (Paris, 1841); “ La question about 6,000 species, almost all of them new, and du sucre (1812): " De la fabrication du sucre nearly all analyzed on the spot, grains, 2,000 birds. aux colonies ” (1843); “ Principes fondamentaux 16,000 insects, and 135 quadrupeds, besides reptiles, SAINTIN 371 ST. LEGER fishes, and a few minerals. On reaching home he years he was employed on his father's farm, and devoted himself at once to preparation for publi- was clerk in a grocer's store. In 1853 he went to cation of his elaborate work on the flora of Brazil; California, worked in various capacities, and made but his health, seriously impaired by the fatigues voyages to South America, Mexico, Central Ameri- and trials he had undergone, gave way, and it was ca, and the Sandwich islands, and served in wars only after a long period of rest that he was enabled with the Indians in California and Oregon. In to complete it. He was appointed correspondent 1860 he removed to Charleston, 111., to continue the of the institute in 1819 while absent in Brazil, and study of law, which he had begun in his miner's became an active member after the death of Cheva- cabin. Early in 1862 he enlisted as a private in lier Jean Lamarck, 8 Feb., 1830. He was also a the 68th Illinois volunteers, in which he became a chevalier of the Legion of honor, and of the Por- captain. At Alexandria, Va., he was detached from tuguese Order of Christ. Among his works are his command, and assigned as acting assistant ad- " Aperçu d'un voyage dans l'intérieur du Brésil, la jutant-general under Gen. John P. Slough, in 1864 province Cisplatine et les missions du Paraguay he was placed in command of the troops at Camp (Paris, 1823); " Flora Brasiliæ meridionalis, ou his- Mattoon, II., and on the organization of the 1433 toire et description de toutes les plantes qui crois- regiment he was elected its lieutenant-colonel, serv- sent dans les différentes provinces du Brésil” (3 ing chiefly in the Mississippi valley. At the close vols., 1825); “ Mémoire sur le systême d'agriculture of the war he resumed practice in Charleston, but adopté par les Brésiliens et les résultats qu'il a eus removed afterward to Independence, Mo., where he dans la province de Minas-Geraës ” (1827); “ Voy- practised law four years with success, and won a age dans la province de Rio de Janeiro et Minas- reputation as a political orator. He removed to Geraës” (2 vols., 1830): “ Voyage dans le district Olathe, Kan., in 1869, served in the state senate in des diamants et sur le littoral du Brésil” (2 vols., 1873–²4, and was elected governor of Kansas, as a 1833): and “ Voyage aux sources du San Francisco Republican, in 1878, serving until 1882, when he et dans la province de Goyaz” (2 vols., 1847–8). was defeated as a candidate for a third term. He SAINTIN, Jules Émile, French artist, b. in was the candidate of the Prohibition party for presi- Lemé, Aisne, 14 Aug., 1829. He studied in Paris dent of the United States in 1884, and received a under Michel Martin Drölling, François Édouard vote of 151,809. During the canvass he delivered Picot, and Leboucher. For several years (about addresses in various parts of the United States. 1857–63) he practised his profession in New York. ST. JUST, Luc Letellière de, Canadian states- During his stay there he exhibited frequently at man, b. in Rivière Ouelle, province of Quebec, 12 the Academy of design, and was elected an asso- May, 1820; d. there, 1 Feb., 1881. He studied law, ciate in 1861. He has received several medals in and after practising for a time was elected to the Europe, and became chevalier of the Legion of old parliament in 1850. He was defeated at the honor in 1877. Among the portraits that he general election of 1852, and again in 1857, but in painted while he was in this country are those of 1860 was elected for Granville division to the legis- Paul Morphy (1860); Stephen A. Douglas (1860), lative council, where he sat until the union in 1867. in the Corcoran gallery, Washington; and John F. In 1863 he became minister of agriculture in the Kensett (1863). Sandfield Macdonald administration, retaining the ST. JOHN, Isaac Munroe, engineer, b. in Au- oflice until 1864. In 1867 he was called to the sen- gusta, Ga., 19 Nov., 1827; d. in Greenbrier White ate, and in 1873, when the Liberal administration Sulphur Springs, W. Va., 7 April, 1880. After came into power, he became minister of agriculture. graduation at Yale in 1845, he studied law in New Toward the close of 1874 he resigned his portfolio, York city, and removed to Baltimore in 1847, where and was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec. he became assistant editor of the “ Patriot,” but Ile soon found himself at variance with different chose civil engineering for a profession, and was members of the local government, especially with engaged on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. In the premier, M. de Boucherville. The difference 1855 he removed to Georgia, and was employed on between them gradually became wider, and finally the Blue Ridge railroad until the beginning of the all the members of the administration were parties civil war, when he entered the engineer corps of the to the dispute. On 24 March, 1878, the lieutenant- Confederate army at Richmond, Va., and was as- governor brought matters to a crisis by dismissing signed to duty under Gen. John B. Magruder. He his cabinet, a proceeding that produced the most rendered valuable service in constructing fortifica- violent excitement throughout the country. The tions during Gen. George B. McClellan's first cam- matter was at last considered in parliament, but, as paign. In May, 1862, he was made major and chief the Liberals were in power, and he had only dis- of the mining and nitre bureau, which was the sole missed their political opponents, he escaped even reliance of the Confederacy for gunpowder material. censure. In 1879 the Conservatives came into pow- He was promoted through the various grades to er; the dismissal case was reconsidered, and the the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1865 was ministry advised the dismissal of the lieutenant- made commissary-general, and established a system governor. The governor-general, Lord Lorne, hesi- by which supplies for the army were collected tated, and referred the case to the secretary for the directly from the people and placed in depots for colonies at London, who requested him to take the immediate transportation. After the war he re- advice of his ministers. Consequently, M. de St. sumed his profession in Kentucky, became chief Just was displaced from office. engineer of the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexing- ST. LEGER, Barry, British soldier, b. in 1737; ton railroad, and built the short-line to Cincinnati, d. in 1789. He was a nephew of the fourth Vis- which was considered a great feat in civil en- count Doneraile and fellow of St. Peter's college, gineering. He was city engineer of Louisville in Cambridge, and was of Huguenot descent. He 1870-'1, made the first topographical map of that entered the army, 27 April, 1756, as ensign of the city, and established its system of sewerage. From 28th regiment of foot, and, coming to this country 1871 until his death he was consulting engineer of in the following year, served in the French war, the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, and chief engi- learning the habits of the Indians and gaining neer of the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad. much experience in border warfare. He served ST. JOHN, John Pierce, governor of Kansas, under Gen. Abercrombie in 1757, and participated b. in Franklin county, Ind.. 25 Feb., 1833. In early in the siege of Louisburg in 1758. Accompanying 372 SAINT MÉMIN ST. LUC Wolfe to Quebec in 1759, he was in the battle on him of the consequences, and thus secured im- the Plains of Abraham, where he checked the flight munity for his savage followers. He was accused of the French. In July, 1760, he was appointed by Burgoyne of deserting with his Indians at the brigade-major, preparatory to marching to Mon- critical moment at Bennington, and denounced by treal, and he became major of the 95th foot, him in parliament as a runaway. At the close of 16 Aug, 1762. Maj. St. Leger was chosen by the war he was appointed a member of the legis- George III., at Gen. Burgoyne's recommendation, lative council in Canada, and stoutly defended the to be the leader of the expedition against Fort political rights of the Canadians at an epoch when Stanwix, and justified their confidence in him, in they were not always respected. He was a man his advance from Oswego, by his precautions of education, talent, and courage. His modes of against surprise and by his stratagem at Oriskany, warfare were brutal and sanguinary, and his un- and his general conduct of the siege of that fort up relenting hostility to the colonists manifests the to the panic that was produced by the rumor of most bitter vindictiveness. the approach of Arnold, which forced him to raise ST. LUSSON, Simon François Daumont, it. After the failure of this expedition he was pro- Sieur de, French officer, lived in the 17th century. moted, in 1780, to colonel in the army, the highest He was the deputy of the intendant of the French rank he ever attained, and, becoming a leader of government in Canada, Jean Talon, who on 3 Sept., rangers under the immediate command of Gen. 1670, commissioned him to search for copper-mines Haldimand, he carried on a guerilla warfare, with and confer with the tribes about Lake Superior. headquarters at Montreal. In the summer of 1781 Nicolas Perrot, who had visited the lake country he proposed a plan for the capture of Gen. Philip a few months before, accompanied him as interpre- Schuyler, which, however, failed in its object. In ter. On 5 May, 1675, St. Lusson concluded a treaty, the autumn of the same year, in obedience to the with imposing ceremonies, in the presence of the orders of Haldimand, who was anxious to persuade Jesuit missionaries then in Upper Canada, at Sault Vermont to return to her allegiance, he ascended Ste. Marie, with the principal chiefs of the Sauks, Lake Champlain with a strong force to Ticonder- Menomonees, Pottawattamies, Winnebagoes, and oga, in the expectation of meeting the Vermont other tribes, seventeen in all, and formally took commissioners, Ira Allen and Joseph Fay; but, possession of the region surrounding Lakes Huron hearing a rumor of the surrender of Cornwallis, he and Superior in the name of the king of France. retreated to St. John, without accomplishing his The costly presents to the Indians and other ex- mission. He was commandant of the royal forces penses of the expedition were more than repaid by in Canada in the autumn of 1784, and his name the gifts of furs that he received in return. appears in the army lists for the last time in 1785. SÅINT MÉMIN, Charles Balthazar Julien St. Leger possessed some literary talent, as is shown Févre de, artist, b. in Dijon, France, 12 March, both by his letters to Burgoyne and the British 1770; d. there, 23 June, 1852. He was entered as ministry, and by his volume entitled "St. Leger's a cadet in the military school in Paris, 1 April, Journal of Occurrences in America” (London, 1780). 1784, and appointed ensign, 27 April, 1788. At ST. LUC, La Corne de, French soldier, b. in the opening of the 1712; d. in Montreal, Canada, 1 Oct., 1784. He be- French revolution he longed to a family that was noted in Canadian an- was loyal to the crown, nals for the number of its military members. His and joined the army father was Jean Louis de la Corne, who held the of the princes, serving office of town mayor of Three Rivers, and in 1719 until it was disbanded, was major-general of troops at Quebec, and his when he retired to brother was the Chevalier Pierre la Corne (9. v.), Switzerland, and came but he signed his name La Corne St. Luc. During thence to this country. French supremacy in Canada he was an active par. He landed in Canada tisan leader against the English. He was engaged in in 1793, but soon af- 1746 in scouting in the vicinity of Lake St. Sacra- terward reached New ment and Fort St. Frederick in June, 1747, nearly York. While with the captured Fort Clinton (now Schuylerville, N. Y.), army he had given at- and during the remainder of the old French war tention to drawing and was busily employed in ambuscades against con- painting, and in Swit- voys and small parties of the enemy. He was pres- zerland he had learned ent in 1757 as a captain in Montcalm's expedition to carve and gild wood. against Fort Williain Henry, and led the Indians A compatriot named of the left column. He served with great credit Chrétien had invented at the battle of Ticonderoga in 1758, where he a machine in 1786 carried off a convoy of 150 of Gen. Abercrombie's which he called a physionotrace, by means of which wagons. He took part in the battle on the Plains of the human profile could be copied with mathe- Abraham in 1760, and again at the victory of St. matical accuracy. It had great success in France, Foy, near Quebec, where he was wounded.' When and Saint Mémin determined to introduce it into hostilities began between Great Britain and her this country. He constructed such a machine American colonies, he at once espoused the cause with his own hands, according to his understand- of the crown, and successfully incited the In- ing of it, and also made a pantograph, by which dians of the north and northwest to take up to reduce the original design. His life-size pro- arms against the colonists. He was with the files on pink paper, finished in black crayon, were party that captured Ethan Allen, and with Gen. reduced by the pantograph to a size small enough Carleton when he was repulsed by Col. Seth War- to be engraved within a perfect circle two inches ner. St. Luc was taken prisoner in 1775, and sent in diameter. The machine, of course, only gave to New York, but, returning to Canada in May, the outline, the finishing being done in one case 1777, he became the leader of the Indians in the with crayon, and in the other with the graver and Burgoyne campaign. When Jane McCrea (q. v.) roulette, by which means he took in this coun- was killed, and Burgoyne demanded that the try more than 800 portraits. The drawing and murderers should be given up, St. Luc reminded engraved plate, with a dozen proofs, became the 1 At elemin ST. OURS 373 ST. PALAIS а property of the sitter for the price of $33, the artist erick the Great and Louis XVI. On his return 1 reserving only a few proofs of each portrait. With he took a notable part in the public life of Canada, these proofs he formed two sets, and wrote upon where his influence in affairs was much increased each iinpression the name of the subject. These by his moderation in debate and courtesy to- two complete collections were brought to this coun- ward political opponents.-Ilis kinsman, Francis try in 1859, and one of them is now in the Corcoran Xavier, b. in Canada about 1714; d. in Quebec in gallery, Washington, D. (. While in this country | 1759, entered the military service and rose rapidly Saint Mémin resided principally in Philadelphia in rank. He was one of the commanders of the and New York, but made visits to other cities, tak- militia in the attack on Fort George, and, although ing portraits. While he was in Philadelphia in wounded, he drove back a force of English at the 1798 he secured a profile portrait of Washington, head of a few Canadians. After the battle of which is especially interesting as being the last Carrillon in 1758 he was one of the three officers portrait of him that was taken from life. In 1810 that were specially mentioned for heroism by Mont- Saint Mémin returned to France, where he re- calm. He commanded the right of the French mained two years, at the end of which time he set- army, with De Bonne, at Quebec, and was killed tled again in this country, when he abandoned while charging at the head of his troops. engraving and followed portrait- and landscape- ST. PALAIS, James Maurice de Long d'Aus. painting. In October, 1814, he finally quitted the sac de, R. C. bishop, b. in La Salvetat, France, United States for France, and in 1817 he was ap- 15 Nov., 1811; d. in St. Mary's of the Woods, pointed director of the museum at Dijon, which Vigo co., Ind., 28 June, 1877. He was descended post he occupied at the time of his death. Mathe- from a celebrated mediæval family. He studied matics and mechanics were the pursuits he loved in the College of St. Nicholas du Chardonet in most to follow, the arts being merely a money-mak- Paris, and in 1830 entered the Seminary of St. ing adjunct; but we owe to the physionotrace and Sulpice, to become a priest. He was ordained graver of Saint Mémin the preservation of the in 1836, went to Indiana as a missionary, and, on lineaments of many distinguished citizens. his arrival in Vincennes, was sent to a station ST. OURS, Jean Baptiste de, Sieur d'Es- thirty-five miles east of that town. Here he or- CHAILLONS, French - Canadian soldier, b. in Cana- ganized a congregation, and built St. Mary's da in 1668; d. in Montreal in 1747. His father, church. The first settlers of this country were, as Pierre de St. Ours, was the first of the family a rule, very poor, but, by his ingenuity, which was to come to Canada, rendered great services to displayed in some modest and successful specula- the colony, and obtained extensive grants of land. tions, he found means to build several churches. The son entered the army as soon as he was fit In 1839 he was removed to Chicago, where he de- to bear arms, was made lieutenant in 1702, and voted a great part of his time to the conversion of a little afterward became garde-marine. In 1708 | the Indians, until they were removed across the he was one of the three commanders of the ex- Mississippi. There had been priests in Chicago, pedition against Fort Orange (now Albany). The prior to the advent of Father St. Palais, whose Christian Iroquois having abandoned the expe- conduct had been bad; and, in consequence, he dition, the French were about to retreat, but St. found his flock demoralized, and met with opposi- Ours appealed to the Indians that remained with tion from a portion of them. They burned his lit- him not to return without doing something. About tle cabin, and for two years refused him his salary, 200 swore that they would follow him, and at with the avowed purpose of starving him out. Jie their head he captured the village and fort of remained at his post, however, and with private Haverhill, with its garrison, afterward leading his means built St. Mary's church, which shortly after- men back to Canada, having adroitly extricated ward became the first cathedral of the diocese of them from an ambuscade. He commanded a com- | Chicago. In 1844 Chicago was created an episco- pany in De Ramezay's expedition against the Eng- pal see, and Father St. Palais was removed to lish in 1710. In 1721 he was intrusted with a Logansport. The hardships he underwent at this special mission to various Indian tribes by the station were extraordinary. He rode almost daily, governor, De Vaudreuil. He went by way of De- sometimes for a hundred miles, without seeing a troit, visited Lachine, and endeavored to put a human dwelling. In 1846 he was sent to Madison, stop to the liquor traffic with the Miamis. St. Ours and in 1847 was appointed vicar-general and su- also tried to bring about peace between the Sioux perior of the ecclesiastical seminary at Vincennes. and their enemies, took steps to form the Creeks In 1848 he was administrator of the diocese of into a single village, and essayed to attract to that Vincennes on the death of Bishop Bazin, and in of Gamanistigonve the savages that were scattered the same year was nominated bishop by Pius IX., along Lake Superior. On his return he was made and consecrated in 1849. Ile erected two fine major of Montreal, and he subsequently became orphan asylums-one for boys, at Highland, and the king's lieutenant.--His grandson, Charles Louis other for girls, at Terre Haute. He paid his epis- Roch, b. in Canada in 1753 ; d. there in 1834, on copal visit to Rome in 1849, and persuaded the his entrance into public life decided to support Benedictines to send out a colony of their order to the English government in Canada, and was ap- Indiana. In 1857 his diocese was divided, a new pointed a member of the legislative council. În see being erected at Fort Wayne. Returning from this post he endeavored successfully to give ex- his second visit to Rome in 1859, he travelled pression to the views of his countrymen. He through France, Switzerland, and Germany, in opposed an attempt to have the English language furtherance of the interest of his diocese. He vis- adopted, and also combated a plan for confiscat- | ited Rome again in 1869, and attended the Vatican ing the property of the Jesuits. In 1774 he was council. When he became bishop he had thirty- appointed major of militia, and soon afterward he three priests to assist him in attending about became colonel. The services that he rendered the 30,000 people. The number of Catholic churches English at the head of the Canadian volunteers was fifty, although the diocese of Vincennes com- gained him the friendship , of Gen. Carleton, who prised then the whole state of Indiana. At his made St. Ours his aide-de-camp. He travelled death the diocese of Vincennes, although reduced through Europe in 1787, and was received with from its original extent, contained 90,000 souls, honor not only at the English court, but by Fred- 151 churches, and 117 priests. He established the 374 SAINT VICTOR SAINT PIERRE a Franciscan_Fathers at Oldenburg and at Indian- | company under the Marquis de Bouillé in 1779. apolis, the Fathers O. M. C. at Terre Haute, and the He remained with the French forces, acquitting Brothers of the Sacred Heart. The following fe- himself with gallantry until the surrender at York- male orders also owe their advent in the diocese to town. Like many of his brother French officers, he his administration: the Sisters of St. Francis, the was made a life-member of the Society of the Cin- Nuns of the Order of St. Benedict, the Daughters cinnati. On the voyage home the French squadron, of Charity, the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the under the Comte de Grasse, was defeated by Admi- Little Sisters of the Poor, the Ursuline Sisters, and ral Rodney on 12 April, 1782, and the vessel on the Sisters of St. Joseph. which Saint Simon had embarked surrendered SAINT PIERRE, Legardeur Jacques de (san- and he himself was made a prisoner and taken to pe-air), French soldier, b. in Normandy in 1698; Jamaica, where he remained until the declaration d. near Lake George, Canada, in 1755. He went in of peace in 1783. Before returning to France he early youth to Canada as ensign in a regiment of visited Mexico, and proposed to the viceroy of that marines, served against the Iroquois, and took a country to unite the waters of the Atlantic and commendable part in the war of 1740 against the Pacific oceans by means of a canal; but no notice English. In 1752 he was sent on a journey of was taken of his scheme. On arriving in France discovery toward the Rocky mountains, which he he was made chevalier of St. Louis and colonel of was among the first to explore, and, on his return the Aquitaine regiment. During the Reign of in October, was ordered by Gov. Duquesne to Ohio, Terror he was arrested for being a member of the where the French had just built Fort de Bæuf aristocracy. After an imprisonment of eleven upon French creek, which commanded the route months he was liberated and succeeded in recovering to Alleghany river. On 11 Dec. he received there 150,000 francs as his share of the profits of his pre- George Washington, then adjutant-general of Vir- vious financial operations. He now began to study ginia, who brought a letter from Gov. Dinwiddie sciences and to form plans for a fundamental re- inviting the French to withdraw from English construction of society. He obtained a small territory. According to the journal of Washing- clerkship, and lived in obscurity until his friend, ton, printed at Williamsburg just after his re- Diard, gave him the means to issue his “ Intro- turn, he was extremely well received by Saint | duction aux travaux scientifiques du 19me siècle' Pierre, whom he depicts as an able and courteous (2 vols, Paris, 1808). In 1810 Diard died and Saint commander. In the spring of 1753 Saint Pierre Simon suffered from actual want. Nevertheless, was superseded by, Contrecæur and appointed he continued to pursue his studies, and, in spite commander of the Indian auxiliaries, and in that of feeble health, penury, the coldness of friends, capacity he rendered great services in Baron Dies- and the lack of powerful protectors, he issued his kau's expedition. He was subsequently killed in Réorganisation de la société Européenne". (Paris, the action where Whiting's regiment was routed. 1814) and “ L'Industrie, ou discussions politiques, Saint Pierre's account of his journey to the Rocky morales et philosophiques.” (4 vols., 1817-'18). In mountains is preserved in the National library of 1820 he published a pamphlet entitled “ Parabole," Paris, and has been published in the collection of in which he advanced the most revolutionary ideas, John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1862). It is en- and for which he was tried and acquitted. In 1820 titled “ Mémoire ou journal sommaire de Jacques he attempted suicide, but only succeeded in depriv- Legardeur de Saint Pierre.” ing himself of an eve, and lived long enough to ST. REAL, Joseph Remi Vallières de, Ca- complete his two greatest works, “ Catéchisme in- nadian jurist, b. in Markham, Upper Canada (or, dustriel ” (1824) and “Le nouveau Christianisme according to some accounts, in Quebec), 1 Oct., (1825). See “Saint Simon, sa vie et ses travaux," 1787; d. in Montreal, 17 Feb., 1847. He went to by Nicholas G. Hubbard (Paris, 1857); “ (Euvres, reside with an uncle in Quebec, where his aptitude choisies de Saint-Simon" (3 vols., Brussels, 1859; for learning attracted the attention of Bishop | new ed., Paris, 1861); and the joint works of Saint Plessis, who took the boy to reside with him, and Simon and his editor, Enfantin (20 vols., 1865-'9). personally superintended his education. He after- ST. VALLIER, Jean Baptist De Lacroix ward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, Chevrières de, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Greno- and began practice in Quebec. In 1813 he was ble, Dauphine, France, 14 Nov., 1653 ; d. in Quebec, elected to the assembly for the county of Cham- 26 Dec., 1727. He was chaplain to Louis XIV., plain, and at once allied himself with the Canadian and in 1684, when Laval, bishop of Quebec, went party in the house, then engaged in a struggle for to France to engage a successor, his recommenda- what they regarded as constitutional liberty. Dur- tion by the royal chaplain secured his appoint- ing the absence of M. Papineau on a mission in ment to that office. "He arrived in Canada in England, he was chosen speaker of the assembly, and July, 1685, in his capacity of vicar-general to Bish- during the administration of Sir James Kempt, in op Laval, and remained until November, 1687, 1828, was appointed judge of the district of ſ'hree when he returned to France. He was consecrated Rivers, where he remained for several years. Sir bishop of Quebec, at St. Sulpice de Paris, by Nicho- Charles Bagot appointed him chief justice of Mon- las Colbert, archbishop of Carthage, in January, treal in 1842. From that time until his death he 1688, and returned to Canada in August of the was infirm in health. In 1839 the governor of same year. He founded the general hospital of Canada, Sir John Colborne, had requested Judge Quebec in 1693, and the Ursulines of Three Rivers De St. Real to grant a writ of habeas corpus in the in 1697. While he was bishop, Louis XIV. con- case of Judges Panet and Bedard, suspended by firmed by letters - patent, in October, 1697, the Sir John some time before. Judge De St. Real re- erection of the bishopric of Quebec, and the union fused, and was in consequence suspended from of the rectory to the seminary, as well as of the office, and suffered much loss. revenues of Labbaye de Meubee to the bishoprie. SAINT SIMON, Claude Henri, Count de, SAINT VICTOR, Jacques Benjamin Maxi. French philosopher, b. in Paris, France, 17 Oct., milien, Count de, West Indian author, b. in Fort 1760; d. there, 19 May, 1825. His education, that Dauphin, Santo Domingo, 14 Jan., 1770; d. in of the nobility of his time, was in the direction Paris, 8 Aug., 1858. He studied in the College of philosophy. He entered the army in 1777, and of La Flèche and became a journalist. Under was sent to this country as the commander of a Napoleon he was on the staff of the “Journal des SAJOUS 375 SALAS Débats,” and after 1815 he founded several Ro- | Dearborn's army, who were forced to retreat. Sub- man Catholic and royalist magazines. In 1830 he sequently De Salaberry's corps participated in the revisited his native land, but he went afterward to battle of Chrysler's Farm, which also was disas- the United States, explored the country for two trous to the Americans. He afterward attacked years, and then visited most of the West Indies. His Gen. Wade Hampton's forces at Four Corners, on works include · Tableau historique et pittoresque the Odeltown route, when Hampton decided to join de Paris depuis les Gaulois jusqu'à nos jours.” (3 Dearborn by taking the route leading to Chateau- vols., Paris, 1808–12): “Euvres poétiques" (1822); guay. De Salaberry, anticipating such a movement, * Lettres sur les États-Unis écrites en 1832–33," ascended the left bank of the river and took up which attracted much attention (2 vols., 1835); and advantageous positions and established lines of de- “ Journal de voyage" (2 vols., 1836). fence. On 25 Oct., Gen. Hampton, with 3,500 men, SAJOUS, Charles Euchariste, physician, b. advanced against the British defences, and with in Paris, France, 13 Dec., 1852. He came to this 1,500 men attempted to turn the position, leaving country at the age of nine years, was educated by in reserve the remainder of his troops. De Sala- private tutors, and, after attending lectures in the berry, warned of this movement, placed himself in medical department of the University of Califor- the centre of the first line of defence, leaving the nia and at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, received second in charge of Lieut.-Col. MacDonell. The his diploma in 1878. Remaining in Philadelphia, Americans were foiled in all their efforts, and De he soon obtained a lucrative practice among the Salaberry's men poured in a deadly fire upon the French residents of that city. He was made pro-Americans, when Gen. Hampton ordered a retreat. fessor of anatomy and physiology in the Wagner This action was regarded as so important in Great free institute of science, and lecturer on diseases Britain that a gold medal was struck commemo- of the nose and throat in the Philadelphia school rating it, and De Salaberry received the order of the of anatomy. Having made this class of diseases Bath. He subsequently entered political life, and his specialty, Dr. Sajous became clinical chief in became a legislative councillor in 1818. the throat department of Jefferson college hospi- SALAS, Mariano (sah'-las), Mexican soldier, b. tal, and finally lecturer in the college proper, in the city of Mexico in 1797; d. in Guadalupe, which post he now (1888) occupies. He became 24 Dec., 1867. He entered the army in 1813 as widely known early in his career through his inven- cadet of the Puebla regiment, serving under the tive ability, and has devised numerous instruments Spaniards till that are extensively used in his specialty. Dr. | 14 May, 1821, Sajous is an honorary and corresponding mem- when he pro- ber of a large number of American and foreign nounced for the medical societies, and has received several deco- plan de Iguala, rations froin foreign governments. His contri- and was promot- butions to professional literature include numer- edcaptain by Mi- ous articles in medical journals, and two works, ramon. After- Curative Treatment of Hay Fever” (Philadel- ward he fought phia, 1885) and “ Diseases of the Nose and Throat" under Santa- (1886). In 1888 he edited and brought to a suc- Anna against cessful issue one of the largest medical works of the Spanish in- the time, the “ Annual of the Universal Medical vasion of Bar- Sciences,” having for its object to collate the pro- radas in 1829, in gressive features of the medical literature of the the campaign of world, and collect information relating to medi- Texas in 1836, cine in uncivilized countries. In this he was as being promoted sisted by sixty-six associate editors. colonel, and in SALÁ, George Augustus Henry, English jour- 1839 brigadier nalist, b. in London, England, in 1828. His father for his services was an Italian and his mother a native of the West against the Fed- Indies. The son was educated for an artist, but eral chief, Mejia. embraced the literary profession, becoming a con- In 1844 he was appointed commander of the district tributor to London magazines. In 1863-'4 he was of Mexico, and remained faithful to Santa-Anna in the American correspondent of the London “ Tele- the revolution of 6 Dec., 1844, losing his place in graph.” He has published many books, including consequence. After the fall of Herrera in Janu- America in the Midst of War" (London, 1865) ary, 1846, Salas was reappointed commander and and “ America Revisited” (1882). deputy to the congress, but on 4 Aug. he headed SALABERRY, Charles Michel d'Irumberry a revolt in favor of Santa-Anna, and took charge de, Seigneur de Chambly et de Beaulac, Cana- of the executive as provisional president. When dian soldier, b. at the manor-house of Beauport, Monterey capitulated to Gen. Zachary Taylor, 24 Lower Canada, 19 Nov., 1778; d. in Chambly, 26 Sept., 1846, Salas was active in preparing troops Feb., 1829. His father, descended from a noble and supplies for the army that was to march to the family, was a legislative councillor in Canada, and north under Santa-Anna, and, when the latter was placed his four sons in the army, Charles being the elected president, Salas delivered the executive on 24 only one that attained distinction. He entered the Dec. to the vice-president, Gomez Farias. In May, British service when young, and served for eleven 1847, he was appointed second in command of the years under Gen. Prescott in the West Indies, was Army of the North in San Luis. With it he partici- present at the capture of Martinique in 1785, and pated under Valencia in the actions of Contreras and accompanied Gen. de Rottenburg in the Walch- Churubusco, where he was taken prisoner, and, re- eren expedition as aide-de-camp. When recalled fusing to be paroled, he was released only after the to Canada, he commanded the Voltigeurs, and peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He was appointed became also one of the chiefs of staff of the commander of Queretaro and president of the su- militia. Late in 1812 he and his Voltigeurs, to- i preme military court, and in 1853 was one of the gether with M. D’Eschambault's advance-guard, principal supporters of the dictatorship of Santa- were attacked at Lacolle by 1,400 men of Gen. | Anna, who made him commander-in-chief of the I Map Wally 376 SALCEDO SALAVERRY Departinent of Mexico. After the fall of the SALAZAR, José María, Colombian poet, b. dictator, Salas lived in retirement, till he took in Antioquia in 1785; d. in Paris, France, in Feb- part in the deposition of Zuloaga in December, ruary, 1828. He was graduated as LL. D. in the 1858, and for a few hours was in charge of the College of San Bartolome, soon afterward composed executive before the arrival of Miramon, 21 Jan., two theatrical pieces, which were performed at the 1859. He served under the latter till his fall in theatre of Bogota, and also published several arti- December, 1860, when he was banished; but he re- cles in the “ Semanario.” When the revolution turned in March, 1862, during the French inter- of 1810 began he occupied the place of vice-rector vention, and, when the capital was abandoned by of the College of Mompos, which he abandoned the republican government in 1863, was invested and entered public life. The civil war that fol- by the populace with the provisional command. lowed the revolution obliged him to move to Cara- The junta de notables appointed Salas, on 25 June, cas, where he was well received by Gen. Miranda, 1863, a member of the regency, in which capacity who appointed him minister to the government of he acted till the arrival of Maximilian. But he Cartagena. In that city he conducted the paper received little acknowledgment by the imperial “El Mensajero,” and on the arrival of Morillo he government, and retired from public life. emigrated to Trinidad, where he practised as a SALAVERRY, Felipe Santiago de (sah-lah- lawyer. In 1820 he was appointed minister of the ver'-ree), Peruvian soldier, b. in Lima in 1806; d. supreme tribunal of Venezuela, and in 1827 he in Arequipa, 19 Feb., 1836. He studied in the was sent as minister plenipotentiary to the United College of San Carlos, at Lima, but when, in 1820, States. During his stay in New York he published San Martin arrived in Peru, he left, notwithstand- a political pamphlet in English and Spanish about ing the opposition of his father, and, baffling the the reforms that ought to be introduced in the vigilance of the Spanish forces, arrived in Huaura, constitution of Colombia. He also wrote a poem, presenting himself to the general as a volunteer. “ Colombiada,” which many years afterward was San Martin, pleased with his courage, enlisted him printed in Caracas by his widow. On account of as a cadet of the battalion of Numancia, in which the civil disturbances of his country, he went to he took part in the campaign against the Spaniards. Paris to educate his children, but after his death After the establishment of the republic he rose in his family returned to Caracas. He wrote “ EI the army, until, at the age of twenty-eight, he had Soliloquio de Eneas” and “ El Sacrificio de Ido- obtained the rank of general. When the garrison meneo,” two dramas (Bogota, 1802); “ Placer púb- of Callao revolted in January, 1835, against Orbe- lico de Bogotá” (1803); “ Memoria biográfica de gozo, and pronounced in favor of La Fuente, Cundinamarca ” (Trinidad, 1817); and “La campaña Salaverry defeated the insurgents, and was ap- de Bogotá,” a heroic poem (1818). pointed governor of the fortress. But on 23 Feb. SALAZAR DE ESPINOSA, Juan de, Span- he himself rose in arms against the government, ish soldier, b. in Villa Pomar about the end of the and as Orbegozo abandoned Lima, Salaverry occu- 15th century; d. in Asuncion about 1566. He pied the capital and proclaimed himself supreme sailed with the expedition of Pedro de Mendoza chief of the republic. In a few months he had (q. v.), and assisted in the foundation of Buenos possession of the south, and Orbegozo was reduced Ayres. In 1537 Salazar, with the acting governor, with a small force to the northern provinces, when Galan, and the garrison, removed to Asuncion, and he sought the intervention of Santa Cruz (9.?'.), in 1538 was elected the first mayor of that city. In with whom he concluded a treaty. The Bolivian March, 1542, Salazar fought against the Guaycurus army invaded Peru, Salaverry retired to Arequipa, and Agaces Indians, commanding the infantry, and and on 7 Feb., 1836, was totally routed at Soca- in 1543 he was appointed acting governor at Asun- baya. After wandering for several days, Salaverry cion. On 25 April, 1544, when Cabeza de Vaca surrendered to Gen. Miller, who delivered him to was taken prisoner by Irala, the former proclaimed Santa Cruz, and he was shot. A Chilian author, Salazar as his successor. In order to avoid new Manuel Bilbao, has published his life (Lima, 1853). complications, the latter was sent to Spain, but he SALAZAR, Diego de (sah-lah-thar'), Spanish was absolved by the royal council of the Indies. soldier, b. in the latter half of the 15th century; d. In 1549 the emperor appointed him treasurer of in Florida in 1521. He went to Santo Domingo the provinces of La Plata, and, when the new gov. with one of the expeditions of Columbus, and ernor died, his son appointed Salazar his substi- served there until 1509, when, entering the service tute. The expedition sailed from San Lucar at the of Juan Ponce de Leon, he accompanied the latter beginning of 1550, but Hernando de Trejo de- in the conquest of the island of Porto Rico, and prived Salazar of the command on the voyage, and assisted in the foundation of the city of Caparra. ſanded him at San Vicente, in Brazil, where he In 1511, when the natives, aided by the Caribes, stayed almost two years, but in October, 1555, revolted, Salazar, seeing that one of his companions he arrived at Asuncion and took possession of who had been taken, prisoner was to be executed, his office as treasurer. Salazar was a candidate entered the hostile camp, where about 300 Indians, for governor in 1558, but was defeated. under the cacique Aimanon, were preparing for SALCEDO, Francisco (sal-thay-do), Mexican the execution, charged upon the enemy and liber- monk, b. in Chiapa about 1550. He entered the ated his countryman. This action inspired the Franciscan order, taught theology in the city of Indians with terror, and the Spaniards, taking Mexico, and on account of his profound knowl- advantage of it, thenceforth carried him, even edge of the aboriginal languages, including Aztec, when sick, to the battle-field. In recompense Sala- Quiché, Cakchiquel, and Tzutuhil, was called by zar was appointed captain, and on the night of 25 Bishop Gomez Fernandez de Cordova to the July of the same year, when the Indians surprised University of Guatemala, where he taught these and set fire to the town of Guanica, he saved the tongues for many years to the clergy and mission- rest of the Spaniards in that island and defeated aries. Ile wrote * Arte y Diccionario de la Lengua the cacique Mabodamaca near Aymaco, and Aguey- Mexicana,” “Sermones "Trilingües en Quiché, Caki- naba near Añasco. In 1512 he accompanied Ponce chiquel y Tzutuhil” (2 vols.), and Documentos de Leon in his exploration of Florida, and during | Cristianos en tres Lenguas,” which are still pre- the second voyage to that country he met his death served in manuscript, unpublished, in the Fran- in an encounter with the natives. ciscan convent of Guatemala. SALDANHA 377 SALISBURY 11 a SALDANHA, João Carlos Oliveira, Duke de, | People" (London, 1830), which created a sensation Portuguese statesman, b. in Lisbon, 17 Nov., 1791 ; in Canada, and delayed the union of the provinces. d. in London, England, 21 Nov., 1876. He was a -His brother, Mark Pascal, b. in Baie-du-Febvre grandson of the famous Marquis de Pombal, and in 1792, studied medicine at the University of received his education at the College of the no- Pennsylvania, where he was a pupil of Dr. Benja- bility of Lisbon and the University of Coimbra. min Rush. He obtained his degree in 1812, and When the royal family fled to Brazil, he remained established himself in Quebec. During the war of to serve under the French, but was made a pris- 1812 he served as surgeon-general of the militia of oner by Wellington's forces and transported to Lower Canada, and in 1814 retired from his pro- England. In 1814 he was permitted to go to Bra- fession and took up his residence in his seigneurie zil, where he was appointed commander of the of Éboulements. He was elected a member of the Portuguese forces. He rendered great service in provincial legislature in 1824, and has continued oforwarding troops for the war that resulted in the to take a leading part in Canadian politics. The possession of Uruguay. From 1818 till 1822 he immense and difficult highway through the Lau- was captain-general of the province of Rio Grande rentides, which has brought that coast into commu- do Sul, and, joining the liberal movement, promul- | nication with Quebec, is due to his enterprise. gated the new constitution in 1821, but in 1822 he SALINAS Y CORDOBA, Buenaventura de returned to Europe, as he was unwilling to serve (sah-lee'-nas), Peruvian clergyman, b. in Lima in under the regency of Dom Pedro. Upon his the latter part of the 16th century: d. in Cuerna- arrival in the capital he was appointed captain- vaca, Mexico, 15 Nov., 1653. He belonged to the general of Brazil and commander-in-chief of all Franciscan order, was sent as a commissioner to the forces in the country, but, having learned of Spain and Rome in 1637, and returned in 1646 to the election of Dom Pedro to the empire, he refused Mexico as vicar-general. His works, which are to return to Brazil to foster a civil war, and was mainly devoted to the assertion of the equality imprisoned for about a year. In February, 1825, of Americans of Spanish race with native - born King João VI. appointed him secretary of foreign Spaniards, are " Memorial de las Historias del relations, and after the death of the king he be- Nuevo Mundo del Pirú, y memorias y excelencias came, during the regency of the Infanta Isabel de la ciudad de Lima” (1630; Madrid, 1639), and Maria, governor of Oporto, where he suppressed · Memorial al Rey Nuestro Señor” (Madrid, 1645). the first movements of the partisans of Dom The latter work is not only an apology for himself Miguel. For a short time he was secretary of war, and those born of Spanish race in the Indies, but but, on account of disagreements with the regent, also a strong plea for the liberty of the Indians. he resigned and went to London in 1827. After SALISBURY, Edward Elbridge, philologist, several unsuccessful attempts against the reaction- b. in Boston, Mass., 6 April, 1814. He was gradu- ary party, he took an active part in the struggle ated at Yale in 1832, studied theology there for between Dom Pedro and Don Miguel, on the side three years, and in 1836-'9 prosecuted the study of of the former, and was rewarded with the rank of oriental languages under Silvestre de Sacy, a part field-marshal and commander-in-chief, and hence- of whose library he brought with him to the United forth his career was a series of political intrigues States, and also with Garcin de Tassy in Paris and and revolutions, sometimes at the head of the gov- Franz Bopp in Berlin. A professorship of Arabic ernment, and then again exiled, or ambassador in and Sanskrit was created for him at Yale in 1841. France and England. The last revolution in which and, after spending another year in the study of he took part was in 1870, when he presided for a Sanskrit at Bonn, he entered on the duties of his short time over the cabinet, and in February, 1871, professorship with the delivery of an “ Inaugural he was sent as ambassador to London, where he Discourse on Arabic and Sanskrit Literature died. He left memoirs in manuscript. (printed privately, 1843). In 1854 he gave up the SALES, Francis, educator, b. in Roussillon, chair of Sanskrit to William D. Whitney, pro- France, in 1771; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Feb., viding the endowment and subsequently giving to 1854. He emigrated to the United States during the university his oriental library. He acted as one of the political convulsions of France, and was professor of Arabic for two years longer, and then instructor at Harvard in French and Spanish from spent another year in Europe. He had meanwhile 1816 till 1839 and afterward in Spanish alone till been elected corresponding secretary of the Ameri- the year of his death. He edited and enlarged can oriental society, and for several years he con- Augustin E. Josse's “Grammar of the Spanish ducted the “ Journal” and labored for the pros- Language” (Boston, 1822), and published critical perity of the society, of which he became presi- and annotated editions of the Spanish dramatists, dent in 1863. Prof. Salisbury was elected a mem- “ Don Quixote” (1836), and other Spanish classics, ber of the Asiatic society of Paris in 1838, and a the - Fables” of Fontaine, with notes, and treatises corresponding member of the Imperial academy on the French and Spanish languages. of sciences and belles-lettres at Constantinople in SALES LATERRIERE, Peter de, b. in Cana- 1855, and of the German oriental society in 1859, da in 1789; d. there, 15 Dec., 1834. The studied besides being a member of other learned societies, medicine in London under Sir Astley Cooper, and and was given the degree of LL. D. by Yale in on his return to Quebec soon became distinguished 1869 and by Ilarvard in 1886. Besides oriental as a surgeon. Ile took part in the war of 1812 as papers in the “Journal of the American Orien- surgeon-in-chief of the Canadian voltigeurs. In tal Society," he has published articles in the 1814 he visited France and England, where he New Englander,” and has printed privately an married the daughter of Sir Fenwick Bulmer, in account of the Diodati family (New Haven, 1871); the following year returned to Canada, and resided a lecture on the “ Principles of Domestie Taste," in Quebec up to 1823. Ilere he took a prominent delivered before the Yale school of the fine arts part in Canadian politics, giving expression to his (1877); and a large volume of “Genealogical and views in the public journals, and denouncing the Biographical Monographs” (1885). Two addi- oligarchical régime that then prevailed. In 1823 tional volumes are now (1888) in press. — His he went to England, where he published " A Po- wife, Evelyn, b. in Lyme, Conn., 3 Nov., 1823, a litical and Historical Account of Lower Canada, 'daughter of Charles J. McCurdy, began and has with Remarks on the Present Situation of the aided him in the completion of the latter, which 9 378 SALNAVE SALISBURY treat of her lines of descent, as the former work | Maximilian's execution he returned to Europe, re- did of the lines of his descent, and that of the entered the Prussian army as major in the grena- Phillips family, to which his first wife belonged. dier guards, and was killed at the battle of Grave- SALISBURY, James Henry, physician, b. in i lotte. He published “My Diary in Mexico in Scott, Cortland co., N. Y., 13 Oct., 1823. He was 1867, including the Last Days of the Emperor educated at Homer academy, and in 1846–8 was Maximilian, with Leaves from the Diary of the assistant, and in 1849–52 principal, chemist of the Princess Salm Salm” (London, 1868).— Ilis wife, New York state geological survey. He received Agnes, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1842; d. in the degree of M. D. from Albany medical college Coblentz, Germany, about 1881, is said to have in 1850. In 1851-2 he lectured on elementary been adopted when a child in Europe by the wife and applied chemistry in the New York state nor- of a member of the cabinet at Washington, but, mal school at Albany. He conducted experiments after receiving a good education in Philadelphia, and microscopical examinations, the results of to have left her home and become a circus-rider which were published in the “ Transactions” of and then a rope-dancer. Afterward she acquired a the American association for the advancement of reputation as an actress under the name of Agnes science, and devoted himself later to the study of Leclercq, and lived several years in Havana, Cuba. the causes and treatment of chronic diseases, pub- She returned to the United States in 1861, and lishing his therapeutical discoveries in the New married Prince Salm Salm on 30 Aug., 1862. She York * Journal of Medicine.” In 1864 he settled accompanied her husband throughout his military in Cleveland, Ohio, where he assisted in establish- campaigns in the south, performing useful service ing the Charity hospital medical college, before in connection with the field-hospitals, and was which he lectured till 1866 on physiology and his with him also in Mexico. After the fall of Quere- tology. He has been president of the Institute of taro she rode to San Luis Potosi and implored micrology since 1878. Among his publications President Juarez to procure the release of Maxi- are a prize essay on the “ Anatomy and History of milian and of his aide, who underwent imprison- Plants” (Albany, 1848); one on the “ Chemical ment with him. She also sought the intervention and Physiological Examinations of the Maize Plant of Porfirio Diaz and of Mariano Escobedo, and ar- during the Various Stages of its Growth,” which ranged a conference between the latter general and was published in the New York agricultural re- the archduke. After the death of her husband she port for 1849, and reprinted in the Ohio state re- raised a hospital brigade, which accomplished much ports; and “ Microscopic Examinations of Blood good during the Franco - Prussian war. Subse- and Vegetations found in Variola, Vaccina, and quently she married Charles Heneage, an attaché Typhoid fever” (New York, 1865). of the British embassy at Berlin, but soon sepa- SALISBURY, Sylvester, British soldier, b. in rated from him. She published “ Ten Years of England; d. in Albany, N. Y., about 1680. He My Life" (New York, 1875). was a captain in the force that captured New Am- SALNAVE, Sylvain (sal-nahv), president of sterdam in 1664, and was placed in command of Hayti, b. in Cape Haytien in 1832; d. in Port au Fort Orange, the name of which he changed to Prince, 15 Jan., 1870. He enlisted in 1850, and Fort Albany. He married a Dutch lady named was captain of cavalry when Geffrard overthrew Marius, and held the offices of high sheriff and Soulouque in January, 1859, being rewarded for justice of the peace at Albany. When New Am- his aid with the rank of major. In 1861 he was sterdam was retaken by the Dutch in 1673, he was bitter in his denunciation of Geffrard for what he carried as a prisoner of war to Spain, then an ally called the latter's subserviency in the matter of the of the Netherlands in the war against France and occupation of the Dominican territory by Spain, England. On his release, he was restored to his and Geffrard, whose popularity began to decline, post at Albany. Sir Edmund Andros sent him to was powerless to punish Salnave. The latter pro- England in 1675 with a petition to King James moted and encouraged frequent insurrections on for the annexation of Connecticut to New York. the borders, and in 1864 he abetted an insurrection SALM SALM, Prince Felix, soldier, b. in An- in the northern part of Hayti, but the movement holt, Prussia, 25 Dec., 1828; d. near Metz, Alsace, was put down with the aid of the Spanish. In 18 Aug., 1870. He was a younger son of the reign- July, 1866, he led a new rising at Gonaïves, and, al- ing Prince zu Salm Salm, was educated at the though he was again defeated, the revolt continued cadet-school in Berlin, became an officer in the to increase, and, aided by a pronunciamento in his Prussian cavalry, and saw service in the Schleswig- favor at Port au Prince, 22 Feb., 1867, he entered Holstein war, receiving a decoration for bravery at the capital on 13 March. A triumvirate was now Aarhuis. He then joined the Austrian army, but appointed, composed of Nissage-Saget, Chevalier, was compelled to resign, extravagant habits having and Salnave, and the last was elected president on brought him into pecuniary difficulties. In 1861 14 June. His first act was to promulgate the new he came to the United States and offered his ser- constitution that had been voted by the senate, but vices to the National government. He was given a his despotic rule soon occasioned sullen discontent. colonel's commission and attached to the staff of In 1869 a general insurrection, headed by Nis- Gen. Louis Blenker. In November, 1862, he took sage-Saget and Domingue, began in the counties command of the 8th New York regiment, which of the north and the south. Salnave collected his was mustered out in the following spring. He was forces and fought desperately, even after his chief appointed colonel of the 68th New York volunteers general, Chevalier, had gone over to the enemy, in- on 8 June, 1864, serving under Gen. James B. Steed- trenching himself in Port au Prince, where he was man in Tennessee and Georgia, and toward the end soon besieged by the rebel army under Gen. Brice. of the war was assigned to the command of the ! The defence was obstinate, and Salnave refused to post at Atlanta, receiving the brevet of brigadier- ! surrender even after his fleet had been captured, general on 15 April, 1865. Ile next offered his Port au Prince had been bombarded, and the grand services to the Emperor Maximilian, embarked for palace had been completely destroyed by an ex- Mexico in February, 1866, and on 1 July was ap- plosion. At the instance of the British consul he pointed colonel of the general staff. lle became i endeavored on 19 Dec. to escape to Dominican ter- the emperor's aide-de-camp and chief of his house- | ritory, but was captured by Gen. Cabral on 10 Jan., hold, and was captured at Queretaro. Soon after 1870, and by him surrendered to Nissage-Saget, SALOMON 379 SALTONSTALL who had assumed command at Port au Prince. On | tolic of Arizona three years afterward, and conse- his arrival in the capital, Salnave was tried and crated by the title of bishop of Doryla in partibus sentenced to death by a court-martial on charges on 20 June, 1869. His vicariate included Arizona, of bloodshed and treason, and was immediately with part of Texas and New Mexico. He immedi- executed on the steps of the ruined palace. ately set about building churches, organizing new SALOMON, Frederick, soldier, b. near Halber- congregations, and founding schools and hospitals. stadt, Prussia, 7 April, 1826. After passing through The number of priests had increased to eighteen the gymnasium, he became a government surveyor, when Dr. Salpointe was transferred to Santa Fé as later a lieutenant of artillery, and in 1848 a pupil coadjutor to Archbishop Lamy, and the churches in the Berlin school of architecture. Emigrating had increased from about half a dozen to twenty- soon afterward to the United States, he settled in three, besides fifteen chapels. He succeeded Arch- Manitowoc, Wis., as a surveyor. He was for four bishop Lamy as archbishop of Santa Fé in 1885. years county register of deeds, and in 1857–9 chief SALTER, Richard, clergyman, b. in Boston, engineer on the Manitowoc and Wisconsin rail- Mass., in 1723; d. in Mansfield, Conn., 14 April, road. He entered the volunteer service in the 1789. He was graduated at Harvard in 1739, stud- spring of 1861 as a captain in the 5th Missouri ied medicine, and then theology, supplied a pulpit volunteers, and served under Gen. Franz Sigel, be- in Boston for some time, and on 27 June, 1744, was ing present at Wilson's Creek. After the three- ordained pastor of the Congregational church at months' term of service had expired he was ap- Mansfield, where he remained till his death. He pointed colonel of the 9th Wisconsin infantry, gave to Yale college in 1781 a farm, which was sold which he commanded in the southwest until he for $2,000, for the purpose of promoting the study was made a brigadier-general, 16 June, 1862, and of Hebrew and other oriental languages. He was assigned to the command of a brigade in Kansas. proficient in Greek, Hebrew, and other branches of On 30 Sept. he made an unsuccessful attempt to scholarship: The degree of D. D. was conferred on capture Newtonia, Mo. He served through the war, him by Yale in 1782. He published an “ Election receiving the brevet of major-general in March, Sermon” (1768), and began a “ Commentary on the 1865, and was mustered out on 25 Aug., 1865. New Testament,” but abandoned his design, when Gen. Salomon was subsequently for several years the work was in great part written. surveyor-general of Utah territory, where he now SALTER, William D., naval officer, b. in New (1888) resides.-His brother, EDWARD, b. near Hal- York city in 1794; d. in Elizabeth, N. J., 3 Jan., berstadt, Prussia, in 1828, came with him to this 1869. He entered the navy as midshipman on 15 country, became a lawyer, was governor of Wis- Nov., 1809, was attached to the frigate “ Constitu- consin in 1862–3, and now practises in New York tion" under Com. Isaac Hull during the action with city. He has gained a high reputation as a politi- the British frigate “Guerrière," on 19 Aug., 1812, cal speaker, especially in the German language. and was the last survivor of those who participated SALOMON, Haym, financier, b. in Lissa, Prus- in that action. He became lieutenant on 9 Dec., sian Poland, about 1740; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1814, was made master-commandant on 3 March, in 1785. He settled in Philadelphia some years 1831, captain on 3 March, 1839, and commodore on before the Revolution as a merchant and banker, the retired list on 16 July, 1862. He was in com- and succeeded in accumulating a large fortune, mand of the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1856–9, and which he subsequently devoted to the use of the in 1863 was on a commission to examine vessels, American government during the war for inde- from which duty he was relieved in 1866. pendence. He negotiated all the war subsidies ob- SALTONSTALL, Sir Richard, colonist, b. in tained during that struggle from France and Hol- Halifax, England, in 1586; d. in England about land, which he indorsed and sold in bills to Ameri- 1658. He was a nephew of Sir Richard, who was can merchants at a credit of two and three months lord mayor of London in 1597. The nephew was on his personal security, receiving for his commis- justice of the peace for the West Riding of York- sion one quarter of one per cent. He also acted as shire and lord of the manor of Ledsham, near paymaster - general of the French forces in the Leeds. He was one of the grantees of the Massa- United States, and for some time lent money to chusetts company under the charter that was ob- the agents or ministers of several foreign states tained from Charles I. On 26 Aug., 1629, Salton- when their own sources of supply were cut off. It stall, Thomas Dudley, Isaac Johnson, John Win- is asserted that over $100,000 thus advanced have throp, and eight other gentlemen signed an agree- never been repaid. To the U. S. government Mr. ment to pass the seas and to inhabit and continue Salomon lent about $600,000 in specie, and at his in New England, provided that the patent and death $400,000 of this amount had not been re- whole government of the plantation should be turned. This was irrespective of what he had lent transferred to them and other actual colonists. to statesmen and others while in the discharge of The proposition was accepted by the general court public trusts. His descendants have frequently of the company, which elected Sir Richard the petitioned for remuneration, and their claims have' first-named assistant of the new governor. several times been favorably reported upon by com- rived with Gov. Winthrop in the “ Arbella” on 22 mittees of congress. June, 1630, and began, with George Phillips, the SALPOINTE, Jean Baptist, R. C. archbishop, settlement of Watertown, but, owing to the illness b. in St. Maurice, Puy-de-Dôme, France, 21 Feb., of his two young daughters, who, with his five 1825. He received his preparatory education in sons, had accompanied him, he returned with them a school in Ajain, and subsequently studied the ' and two of the sons to England in 1631, where he classics in the College of Clermont and philoso- ' continued to display in all ways the greatest inter- phy and theology in the Seminary of Clermont est in the colony, and to exert himself for its ad- Ferrand. He was raised to the priesthood on 20 vancement. He was one of the patentees of Con- Dec., 1851, and, after spending about eight years necticut, and sent out a shallop to take possession in parochial duties and as professor in the pre-, of the territory. The vessel, on the return voyage, paratory seminary of Clermont, he came to the was wrecked on Sable island in 1635. In 1644 he United States in 1859, and was parish priest of was sent as ambassador to Holland. A portrait Mora, N. M., until he was appointed vicar-general that was painted by Rembrandt while he was there of Arizona in 1866. He was nominated vicar apos- is reproduced in the illustration. Ile was one of He ar- 380 SALTONSTALL SALTONSTALL the judges of the high court that sentenced the and was active in the arrangements for establish- Duke of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and others to death ing Yale college, influencing the decision to build for treason in 1649. In 1651 he wrote to John at New Haven instead of at Hartford, making the Cotton and John Wilson a letter of remonstrance plans and estimates, and during the early years of in regard to their persecution of the Quakers.- the college taking the chief part in the direction of His son, Richard, b. in Woodsome, Yorkshire, its affairs. He was continued in the office of gov- England, in 1610; d. in Hulme, Lancashire, 29 ernor by annual election till his death.-Gurdon's April, 1694, was matriculated at Emanuel college, nephew, Richard, jurist, b. in Haverhill, Mass., Cambridge, in 1627, and emigrated to Massachu- 24 June, 1703; d. 20 Oct., 1756, was graduated at setts with his father in 1630. He was among the Harvard in 1722, and in 1728 was chosen to repre- first settlers of Ipswich, and was chosen one of the sent Haverhill in the general court. Subsequently governor's assistants in 1637. In 1642 he pub- he was a member of the council. From 1736 till lished a polemic against the council appointed for he resigned a few months before his death he was life. In July, 1643, he signed a letter urging the a judge of the superior court. He was chairman colonial authorities to take warlike measures against of a commission that was appointed in 1637 to the French in Acadia. He befriended the regicides trace the boundary-line between Massachusetts and that escaped to New England in 1660, and protested New Hampshire.-Gurdon's son, Gurdon, soldier, against the importation of negro slaves. In 1672 b. in New London, Conn., 22 Dec., 1708; d. in Nor- he returned to England. The second Richard's wich, Conn., 19 Sept., 1785, was graduated at Yale son, Nathaniel, councillor, b. in Ipswich, Mass., in in 1725. He was appointed colonel of militia in 1639; d. in Haverhill, Mass., 21 May, 1707, was 1739, served at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, and graduated at Harvard in 1659. He was an assist- was one of the commissioners for fitting out expe- ant from 1679 till 1686, and was offered a seat in ditions against Canada. He was a member of the the council by Sir Edmund Andros, but declined. general assembly in 1744-8, then of the house of After the deposition of that governor he was chosen assistants till 1754, and afterward was sent to the one of the council under the charter of William assembly again at intervals till 1757. From 1751 till and Mary. In 1692 he was appointed one of the his death he was judge of probate at New London. judges in a special commission of oyer and terminer In September, 1776, he was appointed brigadier- to try the persons accused of practising witchcraft general of militia, and reported to Gen. Washing- in Salem. Reprobating the spirit of persecution ton at Westchester with nine regiments. The sec- that prevailed, and foreseeing the outcome of the ond Gurdon's nephew, Dudley, naval officer, b. in trials, he refused to accept the commission.-Na- New London, Conn., 8 Sept., 1738; d. in the West thaniel's son, Gurdon, governor of Connecticut, Indies in 1796, commanded the “Alfred” in Com. b. in Haverhill, Mass., 27 March, 1666; d. in New Esek Hopkins's squadron in February, 1776, and London, Conn., 20 Sept., 1724, was graduated at on 10 Oct., 1776, was appointed fourth in the list Harvard in 1684, of captains of the Continental navy. He was com- studied theology, and modore of the fleet that left Boston in July, 1779, was ordained minis- to reduce a British post on Penobscot river. Sal- ter of New London, tonstall was desirous of attacking as soon as they Conn., on 19 Nov., arrived, but Gen. Solomon Lovell, the commander 1691. He was dis- of militia, was unwilling. When Sir George Col- tinguished not only lier appeared off the coast with a formidable naval for learning and elo- force, the Americans re-embarked. Saltonstall quence, but for knowl. drew up his vessels in order of battle at the mouth edge of affairs and of the river, but was greatly overmatched, and his elegance of manners. men were demoralized. As soon as the enemy He was one of a com- came near, his ship, the “Warren,” was run on mittee that was de- shore and burned. Other vessels were deserted in puted by the Connec- the same manner, while the rest were captured by ticut assembly to wait the enemy. The crews and the land-forces fled to upon the Earl of Bel- the woods, and made their way by land to Boston. lomont when he ar- A court of inquiry, wishing to shield the state rived in New York in militia, and, perhaps, establish a claim on the Con- 1698, and was fre- tinental government for a part of the expenses by quently called on to inculpating a Continental officer, blamed Salton- assist in public busi- stall for the disastrous termination of the expedi- While Gov. tion, which had involved Massachusetts in a debt Fitz John Winthrop of $7,000,000, and on 7 Oct., 1779, he was dismissed was ill, Saltonstall, who was his pastor, acted as his the service. He afterward commanded the priva- chief adviser and representative, and on the death of teer “Minerva,” and among the prizes taken by the governor was chosen by the assembly to be his him was the “ Hannah," a merchant ship bound successor, entering on his functions on 1 Jan., 1708. for New York with a valuable cargo.—The third In the following May he was confirmed in the office Richard's son, Richard, soldier, b. in Haverhill, at the regular election. His first official act was to Mass., 5 April, 1732; d. in England, 6 Oct., 1785, propose a synod for the adoption of a system of was graduated at Harvard in 1751. He com- ecclesiastical discipline. The Saybrook platform, manded a regiment in the French war, and soon which was the outcome of his suggestion, was by after the peace of 1763 was appointed sheriff of his influence made to conform in some essentials Essex county. In the beginning of 1776 he emi- to the Presbyterian polity. Gov. Saltonstall was grated to England. While sympathizing with the appointed agent of the colony in 1709 for the pur- Tories, he refused to take a command in the royal pose of conveying an address to Queen Anne urg- army to fight against his fellow-countrymen.- An- ing the conquest of Canada, and raised a large con- other son, Nathaniel, physician, b. in Haverhill , tingent in Connecticut for the disastrous expedi- Mass., 10 Feb., 1746; d. there, 15 May, 1815, was tion of Sir Hovenden Walker. He set up in his graduated at Harvard in 1766. He was a skilful house the first printing-press in the colony in 1709, physician, possessed high scientific attainments, G Sultonsfall ness. SALTUS SALZMANN 381 n and during the Revolution was a firm Whig.–An- periors, he sailed on 10 Oct., 1697, for Lower Cali- other son, Leverett, b. in Haverhill, Mass., 25 fornia, where, on 19 Oct., he laid the foundation of Dec., 1734; d. in New York city, 20 Dec., 1782, ac- the mission of Loreto. He soon learned the lan- companied the British army from Boston to Hali- guage of the natives, whom he propitiated by his fax, was given a commission, and served as a cap- kindness, and in seven years established six other tain under Lord Cornwallis.- The second Nathan- missions along the coast. In 1704 he was appointed iel's son, Leverett, lawyer, b. in Haverhill, Mass., provincial of his order, and resided in Mexico, but 13 June, 1783; d. in Salem, Mass., 8 May, 1845, when his term was concluded in 1707 he returned was graduated at Harvard in 1802, studied law, to his missions in California. In 1717 he was and entered into practice at Salem in 1805. He called to the capital by the viceroy, the Marquis de was speaker of the state house of representatives, Valero, to give material for the ** History of Cali- president of the state senate, the first mayor of fornia,” which King Philip V. had ordered to be Salem in 1836–8, a presidential elector on the written. Although suffering from illness, Salva- Webster ticket in 1837, and was elected to con- tierra obeyed, and, crossing the Gulf of California, gress to fill a vacancy, serving from 5 Dec., 1838, continued his voyage along the coast, carried on till 3 March, 1843. Harvard gave him the degree the shoulders of the Indians, till he died in Guada- of LL. D. in 1838. He was an active member of lajara. He wrote “Cartas sobre la Conquista espi- the Massachusetts historical society, the American ritual de Californias”. (Mexico, 1698), and “ Nuevas academy of arts and sciences, and other learned cartas sobre Californias” (1699), which have been bodies. When he died, he left a large part of his used by Father Miguel Venegas in his “Historia library to Phillips Exeter academy, where he had de Californias.” Salvatierra is still known as the received his early education, and a bequest of apostle of California. money to purchase books for the library at Har- SALVERT, Perier du, colonial governor, b. in vard. He was the author of an Historical Sketch France about 1690. He was an officer in the of Haverhill,” printed in the “ Collections” of the French navy, and a knight of St. Louis. On the Massachusetts historical society.-A descendant of recall of the Sieur de Bien ville in 1724, he was sent Gurdon, William Wanton, b. in New London, out as governor of Louisiana. His administration Conn., 19 Jan., 1793; d. in Chicago, II., 18 March, was lax and inefficient, and the Natchez Indians, 1862, was on his mother's side a great-grandson of exasperated by the deeds of evil-disposed persons, Joseph Wanton. He was an early settler in Chi- rose against the French, and on 29 Nov., 1729, cago, and during the last twenty years of his life slaughtered all the male inhabitants of the post in held the post of assignee in bankruptcy. The sec- their country. Their example was followed by the ond Leverett's grandson, Leverett, lawyer, b. in Yazoos. Perier formed an alliance with the Choc- Salem, Mass., 16 March, 1825, was graduated at taws, and, after the latter bad met the enemy in Harvard in 1844, and at the law-school in 1847, the field several times, marched into the Natchez and practised in Boston till 1864. In December, country, and laid siege to the fortified village of 1885, he was appointed collector of customs for the Indians until they withdrew across the Missis- the port of Boston and Charlestown. He is an sippi. In order to restore the prestige of French active member of the Massachusetts historical so- arms, the governor sent an expedition of 1,000 ciety and of other learned bodies, and is compiling men against the Natchez in the following winter, a genealogical history of his family. which succeeded in capturing their fort and taking SALTUS, Edgar, author, b. in New York city, several hundred prisoners, who were sent to Santo 8 June, 1858. He was educated at St. Paul's Domingo and sold as slaves. In 1733 Bienville school, Concord, N. H., studied later at the Sor- was reinstated, and Perier returned to France, bonne, Paris, and in Heidelberg and Munich, Ger- where he was made lieutenant-general. In 1755 many, and after his return at Columbia college law- he was sent in command of a fleet for the protec- school, where he was graduated in 1880. His ear- tion of Santo Domingo, and during the war of liest literary efforts were in poetry. His first book 1756–63 he commanded a squadron. was “ Balzac," a biography (Boston, 1884). He next SALVINI, Tommaso, Italian tragedian, b. in devoted himself to the presentation of the pessi- Milan, Italy, 1 Jan., 1830. His father and mother mistic philosophy, a history of which he published were actors of ability. He performed children's under the title of " The Philosophy of Disenchant- parts at the age of thirteen, later joined the troupe ment” (1885), which was followed by an analytical of Adelaide Ristori, and shared her triumphs. exposition entitled “ The Anatomy of Negation” After fighting in the Italian war for independence (London, 1886; New York, 1887). He is the author in 1849, he returned to the stage, and, by his im- also of Mr. Incoul's Misadventure” (1887); “ The personation of the title-rôles of Giuseppe Nicolini's Truth about Tristrem Varick” (1888); and “ Eden” Edipo” and Vittorio Alfieri's “Saul,” achieved an (1888).— His brother, FRANCIS S., is the author of European reputation. He was also successful as Honey and Gall," a book of poems (Philadelphia, Orosmane in Voltaire's Zaire,” first essayed 1873), and was engaged on a "Life of Donizetti.” Othello in 1857, created the part of Conrad in · La SALVATIERRA, Juan María de (sal-vah-te- morte civile,” and added to his repertoire Romeo, er'-rah), Italian missionary, b. in Milan, 15 Nov., Hamlet, Ingomar, Paolo in Silvio Pellico's “ Fran- 1648 ; d. in Guadalajara, Mexico, 18 July, 1717. cesca di Rimini,” which he played at the Dante Ile studied in the Jesuit college of Parma, entered celebration in 1865, and the Gladiator in Alexandre that order in Genoa, and went to Mexico, where he Soumet's tragedy of that name, Sullivan in “ David studied theology, and was for several years profes- Garrick," Torquato Tasso, Samson, Essex in “ Eliza- sor of rhetoric in the College of Puebla. Later he beth," Maxime Odiot in the “ Romance of a Poor obtained permission to convert the Tarahumaro Young Man," and other characters. In 1871 he Indians of the northwest, among whom he lived visited South America, and in 1873–4 he made a for ten years, founding several missions. He was tour in the United States, giving 128 performances, subsequently appointed visitor of the missions in besides 28 in Havana. In New York city. Edwin Sinaloa and Sonora, and there formed a project for Booth played the ghost to his Ilamlet. In 1881 the spiritual conquest of California, as all the mili- he again visited the United States. tary expeditions to that country had been without SALZMANN, Josephi, clergyman, b. in Munz- result." After obtaining permission from his su- / bach, Austria, 17 Aug., 1819; d. in Milwaukee, а 66 . 382 SAMPSON SAMOSET a Soon Wis., 17 Jan., 1874. He studied at the University grant of lands. She published a narrative of her of Vienna, where he won his doctor's degree, and life in the army, under the title of " The Female was ordained a priest in 1842. He came to the Review” (Dedham, 1797), of which a new edition United States in 1847, and was appointed pastor was issued by the Rev. John A. Vinton, with an of St. Mary's church, Milwaukee. He succeeded introduction and notes (Boston, 1866). Archbishop Henni as president of the Theological SAMPSON, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Middle- seminary of St. Francis, the success of which is in borough, Mass., 12 Feb., 1749 ; d. in New York city, a great measure due to his efforts. He was one of 12 Dec., 1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1773, the founders of the “Seebote,” a German periodi- studied' theology, and was settled in Plympton, cal published at Milwaukee, to which he was a Mass., on 15 Feb., 1775. In that year he officiated frequent contributor. as chaplain in the camp at Roxbury, and by his SAMOSET, Indian chief, b. in New England vigorous discourses encouraged the patriotic de- about 1590. He was a chief of the Pemaquids on termination of the militia. He retained his charge the Maine coast, and learned English from the colo- until, at the end of twenty years, his voice failed, nists of Monhegan island, sent out by Sir Ferdi- when he resigned, removed to Hudson, N. Y., nando Gorges. Three months after the landing of afterward, and, in company with Harry Croswell, the Pilgrims, Samoset entered their settlement at began the publication in 1801 of the “ Balance,” Plymouth with the salutation “Welcome, English- from which he withdrew in 1803. He was editor men!” He informed them that Patuset, where of the “ Connecticut Courant” at Hartford in 1804, they had planted their village, was ownerless land, and continued to write for the paper till 1817. In because its former inhabitants had been carried off 1814 he was appointed a judge of Columbia coun- by pestilence. A week later he brought Squanto, ty, N. Y., but he soon. resigned. He published who had been taken to England, to act as their in- Sermon before Col. Cotton's Regiment” (1775); terpreter, and showed his friendly interest in en- Thanksgiving Discourse” (1795); “ The Beauties deavoring to bring about a treaty of peace with of the Bible (1802); “ The Sham Patriot Un- Massassoit, the chief sachem of the Wampanoags. masked ” (1803); “ Historical Dictionary” (1804); SAMPLE, Robert Fleming, clergyman, b. in and “ The Brief Remarks on the Ways of Man, Corning, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1829. He was graduated a collection of moral essays originally published at Jefferson college,Cannonsburg, Pa., in 1849, and in the “ Courant" (1817; new ed., 1855). at Western theological seminary, Allegheny City, in SAMPSON, Francis Smith, Hebraist, b. in 1853. He was pastor of a Presbyterian church at Goochland county, Va., 5 Nov., 1814; d. at Hamp- Mercer, Pa., in 1853–'6, and then at Bedford, Pa., den Sidney, Va., 9 April, 1854. He entered the Uni- till 1866, when he removed to Minneapolis, Minn., versity of Virginia in 1831, was graduated M. A. in and after supplying a pulpit for two years was 1836, and after studying two years at Union theo- called to the pastorate of another, in which he con- logical seminary in Virginia, was appointed teacher tinued until, in 1887, he exchanged it for a charge of Hebrew there. He was ordained as an evange- in New York city. He is a member of various list in 1841. He performed all the duties of pro- church boards, and a director of the McCormick fessor of oriental languages and literature, but was theological seminary, Chicago, I. He received not given the title of professor till 1849, when he the degree of D. D. from Wooster university, Ohio, returned from a year's study at Halle and Berlin. in 1876. In 1884 he was sent as a delegate to the Hampden Sidney college gave him the degree of Presbyterian alliance at Belfast, Ireland. He has D. D. in 1849. He prepared a “ Commentary on been a frequent contributor to the religious press. the Epistle to the Hebrews” (New York, 1856). Besides numerous pamphlets and sermons, he has SAMPSON, John Patterson, author, b. in published several books for the young on Christian Wilmington, N. C., 13 Aug., 1837. He is of mixed experience, and also a Memoir of Rev. John C. Scottish and African descent, was graduated at Thom" (1868). Comer's college, Boston, Mass., in 1856, was for some SAMPSOŃ, or SAMSON, Deborah, heroine, time a teacher in New York city, and during the b. in Plympton, Mass, 17 Dec., 1760; d. in Sharon, civil war conducted a journal in Cincinnati, Ohio, Mass., 29 April, 1827. She was large of frame, called the “ Colored Citizen,” in which he advo- and accustomed to severe toil, and when not yet cated the enlistment of negroes in the National eighteen years of age, moved by a patriotic im- army. In 1865 he was appointed assessor at Wil- pulse, determined to disguise her sex and enlist in mington, N. C., and was superintendent of the the Continental army. By teaching for two terms, Freedmen's school in 1866. In 1868–9 he attended she earned enough to buy cloth from which she the Western theological school at Alleghany, Pa. fashioned a suit of male clothing. She was ac- He took an active part in reconstruction, was a cepted as a private in the 4th Massachusetts regi- member of the North Carolina constitutional con- ment, under the name of Robert Shurtleff, and vention, was nominated by the Republicans for served in the ranks three years, volunteering in both the legislature and congress, and for fifteen several hazardous enterprises, and showing unusual years held various posts under the state and U. S. coolness in action. In à skirmish near Tarrytown governments. After completing his studies at the she received a sabre cut on the temple, and four National law university, Washington, D. C., he months later she was shot through the shoulder. was admitted to the bar of the U. S. supreme During the Yorktown campaign she was seized court in 1873. In 1882 he relinquished the prac- with brain fever, and sent to the hospital in Phila- tice of law, and entered the ministry of the Afri- delphia. The surgeon discovered her sex, took her can Methodist Episcopal church. He was appoint- to his home, and on her recovery disclosed the facts ed to a church near Trenton, N. J., was chosen to the commander of her company, who sent her chaplain of the state senate, and afterward took with a letter to Gen. Washington. The com- | charge of a congregation at Trenton. He re- mander-in-chief gave her a discharge, with a note ceived the degree of D. D. from Wilberforce uni- of good advice and a purse of money. After the versity, Ohio, in 1888. Ile was a delegate to the war she married Benjamin Gannett, a farmer general conference in 1888, is known as a lecturer of Sharon. During Washington's administration on social and scientific subjects, and has published she was invited to the capital, and congress, which in book-form “ Common-sense Physiology" (Hamp- was then in session, voted her a pension and a ton, Va., 1880); - The Disappointed Bride” (1883); SAMPSON 383 SAMUELS 66 66 “Temperament and Phrenology of Mixed Races" of Columbian college, which office he held until (Trenton, 1884); "Jolly People” (Hampton, 1886); 1871. Soon afterward he was elected president of and “ Illustrations in Theology” (1888) Rutgers female college, New York city, and con- SAMPSON, William, author, b. in London- tinued in this relation until 1875. While presi- derry, Ireland, 17 Jan., 1764; d. in New York city, dent of the female college Dr. Samson was also. 27 Dec., 1836. He was the son of a Presbyterian for part of the time, pastor of the 1st Baptist minister, and held a commission in the Irish vol- church in Harlem. In 1886 he resumed the duties unteers, but afterward entered Dublin university, of president of Rutgers, and was at the same time and became a barrister. He acted frequently as engaged in conducting a training-school designed counsel for members of the Society of United Irish- to prepare young men for evangelistic work. Be- men, thereby exciting the suspicions of the govern- sides numerous articles in periodicals, he is the ment, and after the failure of the rebellion of 1798 author of "To Daimonión, or the Spiritual Me- fled, but was brought back as a prisoner to Dublin. dium” (Boston, 1852; 2d ed., entitled “Spiritual- He was released on condition that he should go to ism Tested," 1860); a * Memoir of Mary J. Gra- Portugal. While there he was again imprisoned ham.” prefixed to her " Test of Truth” (1859); at the instance of the English government, which “ Outlines of the History of Ethics” (1860); “ Ele- was anxious to obtain papers that had been in his ments of Art Criticism (Philadelphia, 1867; possession. He was finally set free, and came to abridged ed., 1868); “ Physical Media in Spiritual this country. He established himself as a lawyer Manifestations" (1869); “The Atonement” (1878); in New York city, obtained a large practice, and “ Divine Law as to Wines" (New York, 1880); through his writings, which contain severe invec- • English Revisers' Greek Text shown to be Unau- tives against the common law, was influential in thorized ” (1882);“Guide to Self-Education” (1886); bringing about amendments and consolidations of “Guide to Bible Interpretation" (1887); and “ Idols the laws of the state. He published “Sampson of Fashion and Culture” (1888). against the Philistines, or the Reformation of Law- SAMUELS, Edward Augustus, naturalist, b. Suits” (Philadelphia, 1805); “ Memoirs of William in Boston, Mass., 4 July, 1836. He received a com- Sampson " (New York, 1807; London, 1832); mon-school education, began early to write for the “Catholic Question in America” (1813); “Dis- press, and from 1860 till 1880 was assistant to the course before the New York Historical Society on secretary of the Massachusetts state board of agri- the Common Law” (1824); “ Discourse and Cor- culture. For several years he has been president respondence with Learned Jurists upon the History of the Massachusetts fish and game protective as- of the Law” (Washington, 1826); and the “His- sociation, besides following the business of a pub- tory of Ireland,” in part a reprint of Dr. W. Cooke lisher of musical works. He has given attention Taylor's “Civil Wars of Ireland” (New York, 1833); to invention, and is the originator of a process for also reports of various trials. engraving by photography directly from nature or SAMPSON, William Thomas, naval officer, from a photographic print. Mr. Samuels has con- b. in Palmyra, N. Y., 9 Feb., 1840. He was gradu- tributed long essays to the U. S. and the Massachu- ated at the U. $. naval academy in 1861, and at- setts agricultural reports, and has published, among tached to the frigate “ Potomac" with the rank of other works, “Ornithology and Oölogy of New Eng- master. In July, 1862, he was commissioned as land ” (Boston, 1867); “ Among the Birds” (1867); lieutenant, and in 1862–'3 he served in the practice- Mammalogy of New England” (1868); and, with sloop “ John Adams.” During 1864 he was sta- Augustus C. L. Arnold, “ The Living World tioned at the naval academy, and he then served (2 vols., 1868–70). He is now (1888) engaged on in the “ Patapsco" with the South Atlantic block- an illustrated work on “Game Fish and Fishing." ading squadron in 1864–5, and was in that vessel –His wife, Susan Blagge Caldwell, author, b. when she was destroyed in Charleston harbor in in Dedham, Mass., 21 Oct., 1848, is a daughter of January, 1865. He served in the flag-ship“ Colo- Com. Charles H. B. Caldwell . She was a teacher in rado," of the European squadron, in 1865–7, and Waltham and Boston, Mass., before her marriage, was at the naval academy in 1868–71. Meanwhile and in 1885 was a member of the school committee he had been commissioned lieutenant-commander of Waltham. Mrs. Samuels is the author of nu- on 25 July, 1866. His next service was in the Con- merous stories that have appeared in juvenile gress" on special duty in 1872, and on the European magazines and religious weeklies and of a series station in 1873, after which, in 1875, he had the of books called “Springdale Stories ” (6 vols., Bos- " Alert," and was commissioned commander on 9 ton, 1871), which were re-issued as “Golden Rule Aug., 1874. During 1876-9 he was at the naval Stories" (1886).-Flis sister, Adelaide Florence, academy, and in 1880 was given command of the author, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Sept., 1845, was edu- “Swatara," of the Asiatic squadron. He was assist- cated in a district school at Milton, Mass., and be- ant superintendent of the U. S. naval observatory came a teacher and ultimately a writer. Her pub- in Washington in 1882–3, and in September, 1886, lications in book-form include " Adrift in the was appointed superintendent of the U. S. naval | World” (Boston, 1872); “Little Cricket” (1873); academy. Commander Sampson was a member of “ Daisy Travers, or the Girls of Hive Hall” (1876); the International conference at Washington in Oc- and other stories for youth. tober, 1884, for the purpose of fixing a prime merid- SAMUELS, Samuel, seaman, b. in Philadel- ian and a universal day, and in 1885 was appointed phia, Pa., 14 March, 1825. lle shipped as cabin- a member of the board to report upon the necessary boy on a coasting - vessel at the age of eleven, fortifications and other defences for the coast. studied navigation on shipboard, and after many SAMSON, George Whitefield, clergyman, b. voyages became at twenty-one captain of a mer- in Harvard, Vass., 29 Sept., 1819. 'Ile was gradu- chåniman. lle commanded for several years the ated at Brown in 1839 and at Newton theological • Dreadnaught," the fastest of the sailing-packets. seminary in 1843. In the same year he was called In 1863–4 he was captain of the C. S. steamship to the charge of the E street Baptist church, - John Rice.” In 1864 he was general superin- Washington, D. C., of which, with the exception tendent of the quartermaster's department in New of two years in Jamaica Plains, Mass., and some York city, having charge of the repairing, victual- time in foreign travel, he remained pastor until ling, and despatching of vessels. In 1865 he com- 1858. In that year he was called to the presidency | manded the ** McClellan” at the taking of Fort 384 SANBORN SANBORN 2 9 66 . Fisher. He was captain of the “ Fulton,” the last cott's “Sonnets and Canzonets" (1882) and “New of the American packet - steamers between New Connecticut" (1886); and is the author of “Life of York and Havre in 1866, and in the winter com- Thoreau" (1882) and “Life and Letters of John manded the “ Henrietta” yacht in her race from Brown" (1885). New York to Southampton, in 1870 the yacht SANBORN, Edwin David, educator, b. in Gil- “ Dauntless" in her race with the “ Cambria manton, N. H., 14 May, 1808; d. in Hanover, N. H., from Queenstown to New York, making the voy- 29 Dec., 1885. He was graduated at Dartmouth in age in twenty-one days, and again in 1887 in her 1832, taught for a year at Gilmanton, studied law, race across the Atlantic with the “ Coronet.” In and afterward divinity at Andover seminary, and 1872 he organized the Samana bay company of became professor of Latin at Dartmouth in 1835. Santo Domingo with a quasi-understanding that In 1859 he became president of Washington uni- the U. S. government should acquire a part of the versity, St. Louis, Mo., but in 1863 he returned to bay as a naval station. He was granted a conces- Dartmouth as professor of oratory and belles-lettres. sion by the Dominican executive, which was con- In 1880 he assumed the new chair of Anglo-Saxon firmed by a plebiscite, and took possession in and the English language and literature. He re- March, 1873, but in 1874 was expelled by the new ceived the degree of LL. D. from the University government. In 1876 he organized the Rousseau of Vermont in 1859. He married, on 11 Dec., 1837, electric signal company, and introduced the Eng- Mary Ann, a niece of Daniel Webster. He was a lish system of interlocking switches and signals. leader in public affairs in his town and state, and He was general superintendent in 1878-'9 of the was several times elected to the legislature. Be- Pacific mail steamship company at San Francisco, sides contributions to newspapers and magazines, Cal., and in 1881 he organized the United States he published lectures on education, a Eulogy on steam heating and power company in New York Daniel Webster” (Hanover, 1853), and a History city. Capt. Samuels has published a narrative of of New Hampshire” (Manchester, 1875). — His his early life and adventures in the merchant ser- daughter, Katharine Abbott, author, b. in Han- vice under the title of “From Forecastle to Cabin” over, N. H., in 1839, taught English literature in (New York, 1887). various seminaries, and held that chair in Smith SANBORN, Charles Henry, physician, b. in college for several years, resigning in 1886, in order Hampton Falls, N. H., 9 Oct., 1822. He was edu- to follow literary pursuits in New York city. She cated in the common schools of New Hampshire, has lectured in public on literary history and allied taught for several years, was graduated at Harvard subjects, and written on education, and for several medical school in 1856, and has since practised years was a newspaper correspondent in New York medicine at Hampton Falls. He was active in the city. She has also edited calendars and holiday political revolt of the Independent Democrats of books. Under the name of Kate Sanborn she has New Hampshire in 1845, which ended in detaching published “ Home Pictures of English Poets” (New the state from its pro-slavery position. In 1854–5 York, 1869); the · Round Table Series of Litera- he was a member of the legislature. He published ture Lessons” (1884); “ The Vanity and Insanity “ The North and the South” (Boston, 1856).-His of Genius” (1885); Wit of Women " (1886); and brother, Franklin Benjamin, reformer, b. in “ A Year of Sunshine" (1887). Hampton Falls, N. H., 15 Dec., 1831, was gradu- SANBORN, John Benjamin, soldier, b. in ated at Harvard in 1855, and in 1856 became secre- Epsom, N. H., 5 Dec., 1826. He was educated at tary of the Massachusetts state Kansas committee. Dartmouth, studied law, and was admitted to the His interest in similar enterprises led to his active bar in July, 1854. In December of that year he re- connection with the Massachusetts state board of moved to St. Paul, charities, of which he was secretary in 1863–8, a Minn., where he member in 1870-'6, and chairman in 1874–’6, suc- has since resided, ceeding Dr. Samuel G. Howe. In 1875 he made a engaged in the searching investigation into the abuses of the practice of the law Tewksbury almshouse, and in consequence the when not in the institution was reformed. Mr. Sanborn was ac- public service. As tive in founding the Massachusetts infant asylum adjutant - general and the Clarke institution for deaf-mutes, and has and quartermas- devoted much attention to the administration of ter-general of Min- the Massachusetts lunacy system. In 1879 he nesota he organ- helped to reorganize the system of Massachusetts ized and sent to the charities, with special reference to the care of chil- field five regiments dren and insane persons, and in July, 1879, he be- of infantry, a bat- came inspector of charities under the new board. talion of cavalry, lle called together the first National conference of and two batteries charities in 1874, and was treasurer of the confer- of artillery in 1861, . of the American the ciation, of which he was one of the secretaries until state as colonel of 1868, and he has been since 1873 its chief secretary. the 4th Minnesota volunteers, remaining in ac- With Bronson Alcott and William T. Harris he tive service in the field to the close of the war. aided in establishing the Concord summer school At Iuka, his first battle, he commanded the lead- of philosophy in 1879, and was its secretary and ing brigade and was commended in the official one of its lecturers. Since 1868 he has been edito- report. About 600 of his men, out of 2200, were rially connected with the Springfield “ Republi- killed and wounded in little more than an hour. can,” and has also been a contributor to newspapers For this he was appointed brigadier - general of and reviews. The various reports that he has issued volunteers, but the senate allowed this appoint- as secretary of the organizations of which he is a ment to lapse, and after the Vicksburg campaign, member, from 1865 till 1888, comprise about forty on the recommendation of Gen. McPherson and volumes. He has edited William E. Channing's Gen. Grant, he was again commissioned to date “Wanderer" (Boston, 1871) and A. Bronson Al- I from 4 Aug., 1863. This appointment was con- ence in 1886-18. In 1865 he was associated in the and in the spring Whu B. Santom SANBORN SANCHEZ DE AGUILAR 385 firmed by the senate. lle participated in the bat- / military career. He commanded the right of the tles of Corinth, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, allied armies that attacked Toulon in 1793, was and Champion Hills, and in the assault and siege | tutor of the king's children in 1797-1801, was ap- of Vicksburg. He was designated to lead the ad- pointed major-domo of Charles IV. in 1805, and vance into the town after the surrender, and super- in 1807 became viceroy of Navarre. When Ferdi- intended the paroling of the prisoners of war and nand VII. ascended the throne, he made the Duke passing them beyond the lines. This honor was de San Carlos director of his household, and fol- conferred on account of his gallant conduct and lowed the advice of his old tutor, and of Escoiquiz, that of his command, especially at the battle of in submitting to Napoleon. During the king's cap- Jackson. After October he commanded the dis- tivity the duke labored incessantly for his restora- trict of southwest Missouri and a brigade and di- tion, and when he had accomplished this object, vision of cavalry in the field in October and Novem- | in December, 1813, he exercised the functions of ber, 1864, and fought the actions of Jefferson City, prime minister until in the following November Booneville, Independence, Big Blue, Little Blue, the influence of his enemies compelled his retire- Osage, Marias des-Cygnes, and Newtonia. He was ment. He was afterward ambassador at different never defeated by the enemy, and never failed of courts, and died while representing his govern- complete success except in the assault of 22 May ment at Paris. at Vicksburg. He conducted a campaign against SANCHES, Affonso (san'-chess), Portuguese the Indians of the southwest in the summer and pilot, b. in Cascaes, Estremadura, about 1430; d. autumn of 1865, opened all the lines of commu- about 1486. According to Francisco Gomara in nication to the territories of Colorado and New his “ Historia de las Indias," Abreu e Lima in his Mexico, and terminated all hostilities with the Synopsis e deduccão chronologica,". Ayres de Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apa- Cazal in his " Corographia Brasilica,” Lisboa in his ches of the upper Arkansas, by the treaties that “ Annaes do Rio de Janeiro," and other historians, he concluded at the mouth of the Little Arkan- Sanches commanded a caravel, and was trading on sas in October, 1865. After this, in the winter of the coast of Africa, when he was forced by winds 1865–6, under the direction of President Johnson, and currents toward the west to an unknotin land, he adjusted amicably the difficulties growing out where he discovered the mouth of a mighty river, of the war between the Cherokees, Choctaws, probably the Amazon, and on his return landed at Chickasaws, Creeks, and Seminoles and their slaves, some large islands, perhaps Cuba and Santo Do- and declared the slaves of these tribes free. In mingo. On this homeward journey his caravel was 1867 Gen. Sanborn was designated by congress as wrecked near Madeira, or at Porto Santo, where he one of an Indian peace commission, and with the was rescued by Columbus, with whom he lived for other commissioners negotiated several treaties the rest of his life, and to whom he left his papers which have remained in force and, in connection and the secret of his great discovery, which after- with the report of that commission, have had a ward enabled the Genoese navigator to find Ameri- great influence in the amelioration of the condition ca. Although no direct proofs exist as to the truth of the Indians. He has been a member of the of these facts, nothing has yet been discovered to house and senate of Minnesota on various occasions. contradict them, and thus Sanches stands among SANBORN, John Sewell, Canadian judge, b. the many claimants of the discovery of America. in Gilmanton, N. H., 1 Jan., 1819; d. in Sher- SANCHEZ, Labrador José (san'-cheth), Span- brooke, Ontario, 18 July, 1877. He was graduated ish missionary, b. in Guarda, Spain, 19 Sept., 1717; at Dartmouth in 1842, removed to Canada, and in d. in Ravenna, Italy, in 1799. He entered the Jesuit 1847 was admitted to the bar in Montreal. He was order in 1731, went some time afterward to Para- elected to parliament for Sherbrooke county in guay, and was professor of philosophy and theology 1850, re-elected in 1852 and 1854, and was subse- in the academy of New Cordova. He abandoned quently elected for Compton county, remaining a his professorship to preach to the Indians, among member till 1857. In 1863 he was elected for Wel whom he lived till the expulsion of the Jesuits from lington county to the legislative council, and he the Spanish colonies. He wrote a dictionary and served until the union of the provinces in 1867, grammar of the Ubja dialect, and translated the when he became a member of the Dominion sen- catechism into it; also “ Paraguay natural ilus- ate. He resigned this place in 1873, when he was trado. Noticias de la naturaleza del Pays, con la appointed judge of the superior court at Sher- explicación de fenómenos fisicos, generales y par- brooke by Sir John A. Macdonald, to whom he ticulares: usos útiles que de sus producciones se was politically opposed. In 1874 he became a pueden hacer.” judge of the court of queen's bench. SANCHEZ DE AGUILAR, Pedro (san'-cheth), SAN BUENAVENTURA, Gabriel de (san- Mexican bishop, b. in Valladolid, Yucatan, 10 April, bway-nah-vain-too'-rah), Spanish missionary, b. in 1555; d. in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, about 1640. He Seville, Spain. He was a monk of the Franciscan was a descendant of the first conquerors of Yuca- order, and spent many years in Yucatan, where he tan. Sanchez was sent by his father to Mexico, was still living in 1695. He wrote “ Arte de la where he studied in the College of San Ildefonso, lengua Maya” (Mexico, 1684), and was also the was ordained and graduated as doctor in theology, author of a " • Vocabulario Maya y Español,” con- and was rector of several parishes in Yucatan. taining descriptions of the medical and botanical He became vicar-general of the bishopric of Yuca- products of the country, which, at the beginning tan, and in 1617 was sent to Madrid and Rome as of the 19th century, was in the Franciscan convent commissioner of his province. King Philip III. of Valladolid, Yucatan, but is now lost. appointed him to a canonry in the cathedral of SAN CARLOS, José Miguel, Duke de, Spanish- La Plata in the province of Chareas, whither he American statesman, b. in Lima, Peru, in 1771; d. sailed after his return to Mexico, and later he in Paris, France, 17 July, 1828. He was descended was appointed judge of the Inquisition in Lima, from the ancient family of Carvajal, which since and finally bishop of Santa ('ruz. He wrote " In- the time of Charles V. had possessed the hereditary forme contra Idolorum Cultores del Obispado de title of chief courier for the Indies. After com- Yucatan” (Madrid, 1619 and 1639); " Cartilla ó pleting his studies at the College of Lima, he went Catecismo de Doctrina Cristiana en Idioma Yuca- to Spain at the age of sixteen, and entered on a teco"; and “ Memoria de los primeros Conquis- VOL. V.-25 386 SANDERSON SANDEMAN tadores de Yucatan." The two last were not and repair of the interior defences of New York published and have been lost. harbor. During the Mexican war he participated SANDEMAN, Robert, founder of a sect, b. in in the battles of Monterey and Vera Cruz, and re- Perth, Scotland, in 1718; d. in Danbury, Conn., 2 ceived the brevet of major for gallantry in the first- April, 1771. He studied in the University of Edin- named action. He subsequently was employed in burgh, engaged in the linen trade, and, on marry- the improvements on Delaware bay and river, and ing the daughter of the Rev. John Glass, became in constructing Fort Delaware. He published an elder in his church, and reduced Glass's opinions “ Memoirs on the Resources of the Valley of the to a system. Under Sandeman's influence churches Ohio” (New York, 1844), and a translation of Fran- were gathered in the principal cities of Scotland, çois F. Poncelet's * Memoir of the Stability of Re- and Newcastle, London, and other English towns. vetements and their Foundation" (1850). His views excited much controversy. They were SANDERS, William Price, soldier, b. in Lex- similar to those of Calvin with the distinguishing ington, Ky., 12 Aug., 1833; d. in Knoxville, Tenn., tenet that faith was a "mere intellectual belief, a 18 Nov., 1863. He was graduated at the U.S. bare belief of the bare truth.” He rejected all mys- military academy in 1856, became 1st lieutenant, tical and double sense from the Scripture, prohib- 10 May, 1861, and on the 14th of that month cap- ited games of chance, “things strangled,” accord- tain of the 6th U. S. cavalry. He engaged in the ing to the Jewish precept, and college training, and battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Mechanics- required weekly love feasts, and a plurality of elders. ville, and Hanover Court-House during the Vir- The sect was divided into two parts, the Baptist ginia peninsular campaign, became colonel of the Sandemanians, who practised the sacrament of 5th Kentucky cavalry in March, 1863, was in pur- baptism, and the Osbornites, who rejected it. San- suit of Morgan's raiders in July and August, was deinan came to this country in 1764, and organized chief of cavalry in the Department of the Ohio in societies in Boston, Mass., and Danbury, Conn. October and November, and participated in the ac- During the Revolution the Sandemanians were tions at Blue Lick Springs, Lenori, and Campbell's generally loyalists, and gave the Whigs much trou- Station, where he was mortally wounded. fle be- ble. The sect now numbers about 1,500 persons came brigadier-general of volunteers, 18 Oct., 1863. (1888). Sandeman published a series of Letters SANDERSON, John, author, b. near Carlisle, addressed to James Hervey on his Theron and Pa., in 1783 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 April, 1844. Aspasio "" (Edinburgh, 1757; last ed., 1838). He was educated by a private tutor, and began the SANDERS, Daniel Clarke, educator, b. in study of law in Philadelphia in 1806, but became Sturbridge, Mass., 3 May, 1768; d. in Medfield, a teacher, and was subsequently associate principal Mass., 18 Oct., 1850. He was graduated at Harvard of Clermont seminary. He went abroad in 1835, in 1788, was a teacher in the Cambridge grammar- and, on his return the next year, became professor school while studying divinity, and was licensed to of Latin and Greek in the Philadelphia high-school, preach in 1790. He was pastor of the Congrega- which post he held until his death. Rufus W. Gris- tional church in Vergennes, Vt., in 1794–1800, and wold said of him: “ He was not less brilliant in in October of the latter year became president of his conversation than in his writings, but he never the University of Vermont, which post he held for summoned a shadow to any face, nor permitted a fourteen years. In 1815–29 he was pastor of the weight to lie on any heart.” With his brother, church in Medfield, Mass. He afterward accepted Joseph M. Sanderson, he published the first two no settled charge, but preached occasionally, and volumes of the “ Biography of the Signers of the interested himself in educational concerns, being Declaration of Independence” (Philadelphia, 1820; chairman of the Medfield board of selectmen and completed in 7 volumes, by Robert Waln, Jr., and of the school committee. He served in the Massa- | others, 1820-7; illustrated ed., by William Brother- chusetts constitutional convention in 1820. Har- head, 1865). He was also author of a pamphlet in vard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1809. Dr. which he successfully opposed the plan to exclude Sanders was an earnest worker in the cause of edu- the classical languages from Girard college (1826); cation. While president of the University of Ver- | “Sketches of Paris ” (1838; republished in London, mont he performed his duties for three years with- under the title of “The American in Paris," 1838 ; out an assistant, the class of 1804 received all its 3d ed., 2 vols., 1848); and portions of a work en- instruction from him, and he regularly taught from titled " The American in London,” which appeared six to ten hours a day. He published about thirty in the “Knickerbocker Magazine." discourses, and a “ History of the Indian Wars with SANDERSON, John Philip, soldier, b. in the First Settlers of the United States” (Mont- Lebanon county, Pa., 13 Feb., 1818; d. in St. Louis, pelier, Vt., 1812). Mo., 14 Oct., 1864. He was admitted to the bar in SANDERS, Elizabeth Elkins, author, b. in 1839, and served in the legislature in 1845, and in Salem, Mass., in 1762; d. there, 10 Aug., 1851. She the state senate in 1847. He edited the Philadel- was educated in her native town, married Thomas phia “ Daily News" in 1848–56, and became chief Sanders in 1782, and was greatly esteemed for her clerk of the U. S. war department in 1861, but re- extensive benevolence. She corresponded with signed to become lieutenant-colonel of the 15th many eminent persons, and published “ Conversa- U. S. infantry. He was appointed its colonel in tions, principally on the Aborigines of North July, 1863, and in February, 1864, became provost- America ” (Salem, Mass., 1828); “ First Settlers of marshal-general of the Department of the Missouri. New England” (Boston, 1829); and “ Reviews of His most important public service was the full ex- a Part of Prescott's llistory of Ferdinand and position that he made during the civil war of the Isabella,' and of Campbell's Lectures on Poetry?" secret political organization in the northern and (1841). She also contributed to the press on moral western states, known as the “ Knights of the golden and religious subjects. circle” or the “ Order of American knights." He SANDERS, John, engineer, b. in Lexington, published Views and Opinions of American Kv., in 1810; d. in Fort Delaware, Del., 29 July, Statesmen on Foreign Immigration” (Philadel- 1858. He was graduated at the U. S. military phia, 1843), and “ Republican Landmarks ” (1856). academy in 1834, became captain in the engineer SANDERSON, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bally- corps in 1838, and for many years was engaged in bay, County Monaghan, Ireland, 23 May, 1823. He improving the Ohio river, and in the construction was graduated at the Royal college, Belfast, in S 1 SANDFORD 387 SANDS 6 1845, came to this country the next year, and was to the care of the slaves, ainong whom he spent classical teacher in Washington institute, New York the rest of his life. The object of most of his city, in 1847–²9. He then studied theology, was writings was to advance the temporal and spiritual licensed to preach in 1849, and became pastor of welfare of the negroes. His principal works are the Associate Presbyterian church in Providence, “ Naturaleza sagrada y profana, costumbres, ritos, R. I. In 1853–69 he occupied the pulpit of a Pres- disciplina, y catecismo evangélico de todos los byterian church in New York city. He was acting Ethiopes” (Seville, 1627); " Vida de S. Francisco pastor of the Congregational church at Saugatuck, Xavier y lo que obraron los PP. de la compañía Conn., in 1872–8, assistant editor of the Homi- de Jesus en la India” (1619); and “ De Instauranda letic Monthly” in 1881–3, and has edited the Aethiopum Salute” (Madrid, 1646). Pulpit Treasury” since 1883. He has published SANDOVAL, Gonzalo de, Spanish soldier, b. “Jesus on the Holy Mount” (New York, 1869), and in Medellin, Spain, about 1496; d. in Moguer, “ Memorial Tributes" (1883). Spain, near the close of 1528. He was the young- SANDFORD, Lewis Halsey, jurist, b. in Ovid. est of the lieutenants of Hernan Cortes, who, after N. Y., 8 June, 1807; d. in Toledo, Ohio, 27 July, the subjugation of Montezuma, placed him in com- 1852. He studied law at Syracuse, N. Y., was ad- mand at Villa Rica de Vera Cruz. He. seized the mitted to the bar in 1828, removed to New York messengers of Narvaez, who demanded the surren- city in 1833, and in 1843 was chosen assistant vice- der of the town, and sent them as prisoners to chancellor of the first circuit. He became vice- Cortes, to whom ne rendered effective aid in over- chancellor in 1846, and from 1847 till his death coming his rival. He conducted operations against was associate justice of the superior court of New the Aztecs from a post called Segura, near Tepeaca, York. He published “ Catalogue of the New York until the vessels were built for the attack by lake Law Institute” (New York, 1843); “ New York on the capital, when he went to Tlascala to direct Chancery Reports” (4 vols., 1846–50); and “ New their transportation. In the investment he occu- York Superior Court Reports.” (1849–52). — His pied the eastern approach, and in the first assault brother, Edward, lawyer, b. in Ovid, N. Y., 22 he supported Alvarado in an attempt to gain the Sept., 1809; d. at sea, 27 Sept. , 1854, received an market-place. He met Cristobal de Tapia, who academic education, and at fifteen years of age set- was sent to relieve Cortes, in December, 1521, and tled in Albany, where he engaged in teaching and in a council of officers obtained a delay. He was lecturing. He subsequently studied law, was ad- the ablest and most conspicuous officer of Cortes in mitted to the bar in 1833, began practice in New his southern conquests, and accompanied him on York city, and in 1842 was appointed judge of the his return to Spain to confront his enemies, but criminal court of that city. He subsequently re- died immediately after landing. turned to the bar, and took the highest rank in his SANDOVAL SILVA Y MENDOZA, Gaspar profession. Mr. Sandford was a member of the de (san-do-val'), Count de Galve, viceroy of Mexi- New York senate in 1843. He was lost in the co, b. in Saragossa about 1640; d. in Spain early steamship “ Arctic." in the 18th century. He was appointed to re- SANDI FORD, Ralph, author, b. in Liverpool, lieve Melchor de Porto-Carrero, who had been England, about 1693; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 promoted viceroy of Peru, and arrived in Mexico, May, 1733. He was the son of John Sandiford, of 17 Sept., 1688. Shortly afterward, hearing that Liverpool, and in early life was a sailor. He emi- the French had founded an establishment in the grated to Pennsylvania, where he settled on a farm Bay of San Bernardo, he ordered the governor of and became a Quaker preacher. Sandiford was Coahuila, Alonso de Leon (9.v.), to expel them with one of the earliest public advocates of the emanci- an expedition, which left Monclova in 1689. He pation of negro slaves, and in support of his views sent in 1690 an expedition of seven ships and 2,600 published “ Å Brief Examination of the Practice men to Santo Domingo to assist the governor of of the Times, by the Foregoing and Present Dis- the Spanish part of the island in expelling the pensation, etc.” (Philadelphia, 1729; 2d ed., en- French from the western part, and on 21 Jan., farged, 1730). These were printed by Franklin 1691, the latter were routed near Guarico (now and Meredith. Franklin says, in a letter dated 4 Cape Haytien), the French governor was killed, Nov., 1789: “I printed a book for Ralph Sandiford and the city was sacked and burnt. In 1991 he against keeping negroes in slavery, two editions of established several military posts in Texas, and which he distributed gratis.” Sandiford's doc- in the same year a presidio was founded in the Bay trines met with but little favor, except among the of Pensacola. He was the first to establish schools poor, who were brought into competition with for the Indians, taught them Spanish, and gave slave labor. The chief magistrate of the province minor employments to those that were foremost in threatened Sandiford with punishment if he per- learning. In 1692 the crop of corn failed, and the mitted his writings to be circulated, but, notwith- consequent famine caused a mutiny in the capital, standing, he distributed the work wherever he in which the viceregal palace and several public thought it would be read. Sandiford was buried buildings were partially burnt. A second expe- in a field, on his own farm, near the house where dition, in co-operation with the English fleet, was he died. The executors of his will had the grave sent in 1695 against the French establishments on enclosed with a balustrade fence, and caused a the northwest coast of Santo Domingo, and their stone to be placed at the head of it, inscribed: “In forts were destroyed. His health was declining, Memory of Ralph Sandiford, Son of John Sandi- and, after he had repeatedly petitioned the court ford, of Liverpool. He Bore a Testimony against to relieve him, he obtained in 1695 permission to the Segroe Trade and Dyed ye 28th of ye 3rd Month, deliver the executive to Bishop Juan de Ortega 1733, Aged 40 Years." See Memoir of Benjamin Montañes, who took charge on 27 Feb., 1696. San- Lay and Ralph Sandiford,” by Robert Vaux (Phila- doval then returned to Spain. delphia, 1815; London, 1816). SANDS, Alexander Hamilton, lawyer, b. in SANDOVAL, Alfonso de, Peruvian philan- Williamsburg, Va., 2 May, 1828; d. in Richmond, thropist, b. in Seville, Spain; d. in Carthagena, Va., 22 Dec., 1887. He studied at William and Mary Spanish America, 25 Dec., 1652. Ile went to South in 1838–42, but was not graduated, read law, and America when a boy, was educated by the Jesuits in 1843 became deputy clerk of the state superior of Lima, joined their order, and devoted himself | court. In 1845–9 he held the same office in the 388 SANDS SANDS . 1 : U. S. circuit court. He was a judge-advocate in | tised in New York, giving special attention to sur- the Confederate army during the civil war, and a gery. From 1860 till 1870 he was in partnership short time before his death entered the Baptist with Dr. Willard Parker. Dr. Sands was demon- ministry, serving congregations in Ashland and strator of anatomy in the College of physicians and Glen Allan, Va. Besides contributions to periodi, surgeons in 1856–66, professor of that branch in cals, he published “ History of a Suit in Equity" | 1869-'79, and since the last-named year has held (Richmond, 1854); a new edition of Alexander the chair of the practice of surgery.' He has been Tate's “ American Form-Book” (1857); “ Recrea- connected with various hospitals as consulting or tions of a Southern Barrister” (Philadelphia, 1860); attending surgeon, is a member of many medical “ Practical Law Forms" (1872); and “Sermons by societies, and was president of the New York coun- a Village Pastor.". He compiled " Hubbell's Legal ty pathological society in 1866–7, of the County Directory of Virginia Laws," and was the editor of medical society in 1874-6, and of the New York the “Quarterly Law Review” and the “ Evening surgical society in 1883. In the latter year he be- Bulletin” (1859), both in Richmond. came a corresponding member of the Society of SANDS, Benjamin Franklin, naval officer, b. surgery of Paris. Dr. Sands has a high reputation in Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb., 1811; d. in Washing- as a successful operating surgeon. Among the de- ton, D. C., 30 June, 1883. He entered the navy as scriptions of his operations that he has contributed midshipman, 1 April, 1828, and was commissioned to surgical literature are “Case of Cancer of the lieutenant, 16 March, 1840. During the latter part Larynx, successfully removed by Laryngotomy of the Mexican war (1865); “ Aneurism of the Sub-Clavian, treated by he was in the Gulf Galvano-Puncture” (1869); “ Case of Traumatic squadron, and took Brachial Neuralgia, treated by Excision of the part in the expedi- Cords which go to form the Brachial Plexus” tion up the Tabasco (1873); “ Case of Bony Anchylosis of the Hip-Joint, river and at Tus- successfully treated by Subcutaneous Division of pan. He cruised in the Neck of the Femur" (1873); “ Esmarch's Blood- the sloop“ York- less Method” (1875); “ Treatment of Intussuscep- town" and in com- tion by Abdominal Section ” (1877); “ The Ques- mand of the brig tion of Trephining in Injuries of the Head” (1883); Porpoise" off the and · Rupture of the Ligamentum Patellæ, and coast of Africa, for its Treatment by Operation” (1885). the suppression of SANDS, Joshua Ratoon, naval officer, b. in the slave - trade, in Brooklyn, N. Y., 13 May, 1795 ; d. in Baltimore, 1848–51. He was Md., 2 Oct., 1883. His father, Joshua Sands, was attached to the collector of the port of New York, and a repre- coast-survey service sentative in congress in 1803–5 and 1825-'7. The in 1851–9, during son entered the navy as a midshipman, 18 June, which period he was 1812, and immediately entered upon his duties promoted to com- in Com. Chauncey's squadron on Lake Ontario. mander, 14 Sept., He participated in the action with the “ Royal 1855. He was next attached to the bureau of George,” 5 Nov., 1812. The next season he was at- construction in the navy department until the tached to the “ Madison," and in the action that civil war. He was commissioned captain, 16 July, resulted in the capture of Toronto he carried the 1862, commanded the steamer Dacotah” on the orders of the commodore by pulling in a small boat blockade, participating in the engagement with to the different vessels until the enemy surren- Fort Caswell at the mouth of Cape Fear river. He dered. In May, 1813, he served in the “ Pike," was senior officer in command of the division on and fought several engagements with the British the blockade off Wilmington, N.C., in 1862–5, and squadron under Sir James Yeo. In 1814 he was also took part in both attacks on Fort Fisher in with a battery on shore and in the frigate “Supe- command of the steamer “ Fort Jackson.” He had rior” until peace was proclaimed in 1815. He was charge of the division on the blockade off the coast commissioned lieutenant, 1 April, 1818, and com- of Texas from February to June, 1865, and on mander, 23 Feb., 1841. During the Mexican war 2 June, 1865, he hoisted the U.S. flag at Galves- he had charge of the steamer " Vixen," in which ton, the last place that was surrendered by the Con- he assisted at the capture of Alvarado, Tabasco, federates. He was commissioned commodore, 25 and Laguna. He was governor of the last-named July, 1866, and appointed superintendent of the place until the investment of Vera Cruz, where he naval observatory at Washington in 1867, where rendered service by taking the “ Vixen” close un- he remained until the latter part of 1873. He was der the batteries and to the castle of San Juan commissioned rear-admiral, 27 April, 1871, placed d’Ulloa. He co-operated in the capture of Tuspan, on the retired list, 11 Feb., 1874, and was then a and in 1847 brought home the flags, trophies, and resident of Washington until his death. brass cannon, with a complimentary letter to the SANDS, David, Quaker preacher, b. on Long navy department for his creditable services. In Island, N. Y., 4 Oct., 1745; d. in Cornwall, N. Y., 185i he commanded the frigate “St. Lawrence in June, 1818. He became a merchant, but entered with the government exhibits for the World's fair the Society of Friends, married a member of that at London, and prior to his departure he was given denomination, and began to preach in 1772. He a banquet and presented by the citizens of Brook- labored in this country and Canada till 1794, and lyn with a sword and epaulets, which he gave to then in Europe till he was sixty years of age. See the Historical society of Brooklyn, together with a “ David Sands, Journal of his Life and Gospel La- gold snuff-box inlaid with diamonds that had been bors ” (New York, 1848). presented to him by Queen Victoria. He assisted SANDS, Henry Berton, surgeon, b. in New in laying the submarine cable in 1857, took part in York city, 27 Sept., 1830; d. there, 18 Nov., 1888. the expedition to Central America against the fili- After studying at a high-school in New York, he busters, was promoted to captain, 25 Feb., 1854, graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons and was flag-officer in command of the Brazil sta- in that city in 1854. Since that time he has prac- tion in 1859–61. He was retired on 21 Dec., 1861, B.A. Sands 66 SANDS 389 SANFORD as he was more than sixty-two years of age, but of James I. to the English throne, and was knighted was commissioned commodore, 16 July, 1862, and in 1603. He became an active member of the first served as light-house inspector on the lakes until | London company for Virginia, led in reformatory 1866. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 25 July, measures, and introduced the vote by ballot. He 1866, and was port-admiral at Norfolk from 1869 was elected treasurer (the chief officer of the com- till 1872. After that he resided at Baltimore until pany) in 1619, and established representative gov- his death, at which time he was the senior officer ernment in the colony, whose security and pros- of the navy on the retired list. perity he did much to promote. Through Spanish SANDS, Robert Charles, author, b. in Flat- influence, King James, in violation of the charter, bush, Long Island, N. Y., 11 May, 1799 ; d. in Ho- forbade his re-election in 1620, but his successor, boken, N. J., 17 Dec., 1832. His father, Comfort the Earl of Southampton, continued his policy. Sands (1748–1834), a New York merchant, was an He published “ Europa Speculum, or a Survey of active Revolutionary patriot, a delegate to the the State of Religion in the Western Part of the State constitutional convention of 1777, and for World” (best ed., 1637).—His brother, George, many years a member of the legislature. The son poet, b. in Bishopsthorpe in 1577; d. in Boxley ab- was graduated at Columbia in 1815. While in col- bey, Kent, in March, 1644, was educated at Oxford, lege, he and James Wallis Eastburn had planned and in 1621 became colonial treasurer of Virginia, two periodicals, “ The Moralist," of which bút a sin- where he built the gle number appeared, and “ Academic Recreations," first water - mill, which lasted a year. To both of these Sands con- promoted the es- tributed prose and verse. On his graduation he tablishment of began to study law with David B. Ogden, but at iron-works, and in the same time wrote on a great variety of subjects. 1622 introduced He was one of the authors of a series of essays in ship-building. His the Daily Advertiser,” entitled “The Neologist” translation of the (1817), and another entitled “ The Amphilogist last ten books of (1819), which were marked by purity of taste. He Ovid's “Metamor- also began to translate the Psalms of David with phoses," which he his friend Eastburn, and wrote with him “ Yamoy- accomplished dur- den," a poem founded on the history of the Indian, ing his stay (Lon. King Philip, which was published, with additions don, 1626), is the by Sands, after Eastburn's death (New York, 1820). first English lit- He was admitted to the bar in 1820, declining the erary production chair of belles-lettres in Dickinson college, but of any value that continued to devote himself to literature, and in was written in 1823-'4 issued, with others, the “St. Tammany this country. In Magazine," of which seven numbers appeared. In his dedication to 1824 he began the “ Atlantic Magazine," and when Charles I. he says- it became the “ New York Review” he conducted it was “ Jimned by it with William Cullen Bryant in 1825–7. From that imperfect light which was snatched from the the latter year till his death he was an editor of the hours of night and repose.” He returned to Eng- “Commercial Advertiser.” During the latter part land in 1624. Sandys is well known as a traveller of his life he lived in Hoboken, N. J., then a rural from his “ Relation of a Journey” in the countries village, the beauties of whose environs he celebrated on the Mediterranean sea and the Holy Land (Lon- in some of his writings. Besides the works that don, 1615), and he also published metrical ver- have been mentioned above, he wrote " The Talis- sions of the Psalms (1636), the Song of Solomon man,” an annual, (1639), and other parts of the Scriptures. A col- jointly with Will- lected edition of his works has been published (2 iam Cullen Bryant vols., London, 1872). See his life by Henry J. and Gulian C. Ver- Todd, prefixed to selections from his metrical planck (3 vols., paraphrases (1839). 1828 – '30; repub- SANFORD, Charles W., lawyer, b. in Newark, lished as “Miscel- N. J., 5 May, 1796; d. in Avon Springs, Livingston lanies”). In this co., N. Y., 25 July, 1878. He studied law in the appeared “The office of Ogden Hoffman in New York city, and Dream of the Prin- was admitted to the bar there, where he remained Papantzin," in continuous practice throughout his life. He one of his longest was counsel for the Harlem railroad for more than poems. He con- | twenty years, and became well known from his tributed to “ Tales connection with several important suits. He was of Glauber Spa," vice-president of the Bar association and a mem- for which he wrote ber of the Law institute. He enlisted as a private the humorous in- in the 3d New York militia regiment, and was pro- troduction (2 vols., moted until he was placed in command of the 1st 1832), and was also division. In 1867 he was retired by Gov. Reuben the author of “Life E. Fenton, after being at the head of the military and Correspond- organization in New York city for more than thirty enceof Paul Jones” years. On him devolved the responsibility of di- (1831). His works were edited, with a memoir, by recting the troops that were called out to suppress Gulian C. Verplanck (2 vols., New York, 1834). the Astor place, Flour, Street-preachers', and Draft SANDYS, Sir Edwin, English statesman, b. in riots. At the beginning of the civil war he re- Worcester in 1561 ; d. in Northborne, Kent, in sponded to the first call for three-months volun- 1629. His father, of the same name, was bishop of teers, and was placed at the head of a division un- Worcester, and afterward archbishop of York. The der Gen. Robert Patterson. He was in command son was educated at Oxford, supported the claims at Harper's Ferry during the battle of Bull Run. Gongefans > cess Robert Sands 390 SANFORD SANFORD 9 In his early life Gen. Sanford had some experience with Belgium), a trade-mark, and naturalization as a manager, but having lost both of his theatres conventions. In 1877 he was one of the founders by fire, he abandoned that field of speculation. of the International African association (now the SANFORD, David, clergyman, b. in New Mil- Independent state of the Congo), and became a ford, Conn., 11 Dec., 1737; d. in Medway, Mass., member of the executive committee, representing 7 April, 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1755 on it the English-speaking races. As its plenipo- and studied theology, but, instead of entering the tentiary at Washington he secured recognition of ministry, removed to Great Barrington, Mass., its flag in April, 1884, and he was sent as a dele- where he settled on a farm. Subsequently, through gate of the U. S. government to the Berlin Congo his brother-in-law, Samuel Hopkins, a clergyman, conference of 1885–6, which opened to free-trade his attention being again turned to the pulpit, he and neutrality a territory of 1,000,000 square miles, resumed his studies, and on 14 April, 1773, was with a population of 50,000,000. In 1870 Mr. ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Sanford founded the city of Sanford, Fla., and en- Medway, Mass., where he passed the remainder of gaged in orange-culture, introducing into Florida his life, with the exception of a brief period, dur- various new cultures, notably that of the lemon. ing which he served as a chaplain in the Revolution- Trinity gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1849. ary army. As an orator Mr. Sanford possessed un- Various official reports of his have been published usual gifts. As a preacher he especially excelled in by congress, including one on Penal Codes in "tracing the windings of the human heart, in Europe” (Washington, 1854), and the “ Averdslood tearing from the hypocrite his mask, in rousing Correspondence,” also published by congress, which the slumbering conscience, and in quickening the treated very fully of several important questions of sluggish affections.” He early resisted the oppres- international law. sion of Great Britain, and relinquished his salary SANFORD, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Vernon, for a time. He was occasionally blunt and severe, Vt., 6 Feb., 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 Dec., especially when he met with those that came short 1831. He was graduated at Union in 1820, and at of his own high standard of clerical dignity and Princeton theological seminary in 1823, ordained devotion. Thus, when a licentiate with clownish as pastor of a Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, manners and a rustic garb asked what system of N. Y., in October of that year, and from 1829 till divinity he would recommend, he replied: “Lord his death was pastor of a church in Philadelphia. Chesterfield's divinity to you!” On another occa- He was distinguished for his power to move the sion, on hearing that a young preacher had refused sympathies and emotions of his audiences. See his a call on the ground that there was an extensive "Memoirs," by Robert Baird (Philadelphia, 1836). pine-swamp in the place, he exclaimed: “Young SANFORD, Nathan, senator, b. in Bridge- man, it is none of your business where God has hampton, Suffolk co., N. Y., 5 Nov., 1777; d. in put his pine-swamps.” Mr. Sanford never wrote Flushing, N. Y., 17 Oct., 1838. He was educated his sermons, and the only publications bearing his at Yale college, studied law, was admitted to the name are two * Dissertations” issued in 1810, one bar in 1799, and “On the Nature and Constitution of the Law given began practice in to Adam in Paradise," and the other “On the New York city. Scene of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane." He was appoint- SANFORD, Ezekiel, author, b. in Ridgefield, ed to several local Fairfield co., Conn., in 1796 ; d. in Columbia, S. C., offices, and on the in 1822. He was graduated at Yale in 1815, and accession of Presi- in 1819 published A History of the United States dent Jefferson was before the Revolution, with Some Account of the made U. S. com- Aborigines” (Philadelphia). Of this work Nathan missioner in bank- Hale (q. v.) wrote in the “North American Re- ruptcy. From 1803 view” in September of that year: “We have pro- till 1816 he was ceeded far enough, we trust, to support our charge U.S. district attor- of gross inaccuracy in the work before us.” The ney. This was the same year Mr. Sanford projected an expurgated period of the com- edition of the British poets with biographical mercial difficulties prefaces in fifty volumes, twenty-two of which he with France, of had published when his health failed (Philadel- the “embargo," phia), and the remainder of the series was edited and of the war by Robert Walsh, for many years U. S. consul in of 1812, involving Paris. Sanford left in manuscript a satirical novel great embarrass- entitled “The Humors of Eutopia.' ment to American SANFORD, Henry Shelton, diplomatist, b. in To the discussion of the difficult legal Woodbury, Conn., 15 June, 1823. He entered questions arising out of the occurrences of this Washington (now Trinity) college in 1841, but was time, Mr. Sanford brought unusual ability, exten- not graduated, and afterward studied at Heidel- sive learning, and a liberal spirit. While holding berg, where in 1854 he received the degree of this office, he was twice elected to the New York J. V. D. He was secretary of the U. S. legation assembly, of which he was chosen speaker in 1811. in Paris in 1849–53, and then chargé d'affaires From 1812 till 1815 he was a member of the state till April, 1854. He resigned on the question of senate, which then, in addition to its legislative citizen's dress for diplomatic uniform, refusing to functions, sat as a court for the correction of er- conform to Minister Mason's course, which led, rors. He was elected U. S. senator from New on Senator Charles Sumner's motion, to the pres-York as a Democrat, and served from 4 Dec., 1815, ent law, enforcing Sec. Marcy's circular instruc- till 3 March, 1821, when he was sent as a dele- tion recommending citizen's dress as a diplomatic gate to the State constitutional convention. There uniform. From 1861 till 1869 he was U. S. minis- he proposed amendments, which were adopted, ter to Belgium, where he negotiated and signed abolishing the property qualification for the elec- the Scheldt treaty, a treaty of commerce and navi- tive franchise. On the adoption of the new con- gation, a consular convention (the first ever made stitution he was appointed to the office of chan- 66 nathan Sanford 15 commerce. SANFORD 391 SANGSTER cellor, as successor of James Kent. After four | tes. The latter entered public life as secretary of years' service he resigned on account of impaired the legation that was sent to Peru in 1836, returned health, and was again elected to the U. S. senate, to Chili in 1837, was appointed clerk of the minis- serving from 31 Jan., 1826, till 3 March, 1831. Dur-try of justice and public instruction, and in 1843 ing his second term as senator his efforts were espe- became general secretary of the newly organized cially directed toward securing a reform of the university. In 1845 he was made intendant of the currency, and a change in the standard of the gold province of Valdivia, and in February, 1847, he was coinage was recommended by him in an elaborate called to occupy the ministry of public instruction, report that formed the basis of subsequent legisla- which place he held till June, 1849. In 1855 he tion. He also recommended a line of policy toward was appointed judge of the court of appeals of France in retaliation for the dilatory course pur- Santiago, in 1857 he was for the second time min- sued by her regarding indemnity for depredations ister of public instruction, and in 1858 he was on our commerce, which, though rejected at the elected judge of the supreme court, which place he time, was afterward approved by President Jack- held till his death. He wrote “Caupolican,” a son and adopted by congress. At the expiration drama in verse (Santiago, 1835); “El Campanario of his senatorial term he retired to his estate on (1838); “Leyendas y obras dramáticas” (Santiago, Long Island, where he resided until his death. His 1849–50); "Chile desde la batalla de Chacabuco third wife was Mary Buchanan, granddaughter of hasta la de Maipó” (1850); “Ricardo y Lucia, ó la Thomas McKean, signer of the Declaration of In- destrucción de la Imperial” (2 vols., 1857); " Teudo, dependence. The wedding ceremony was held in ó memorias de un solitario" (1858); and “ Dramas the White House, President John Quincy Adams, inéditos” (1863). In 1873 a monument was erected Miss Buchanan's nearest relative, giving away the in Santiago to the memory of Sanfuentes, Garcia bride. His son, Edward, poet, b. in Albany, N. Y., Reyes, and Tocornal. 8 July, 1805; d. in Gowanda, Cattaraugus co., SANGER, George Partridge, lawyer, b. in N. Y., 28 Aug., 1876, was graduated at Union Dover, Mass., 27 Nov., 1819. He was graduated at college in 1824, and studied law, but never prac- Harvard in 1840, and from 1843 till 1846 was tutor tised, preferring journalism, politics, and literature. in that institution. He studied law, was admitted His first engagement was upon the editorial staff to the bar, and received the degree of LL. B. from of a Brooklyn newspaper. He was subsequently Harvard in 1844. He was for many years the connected with the New York “Standard” and editor of “The American Almanac" (Boston), and “ Times,” with the latter in 1836-7. He next be- also edited the Boston “ Law Reporter” (vols. came associate editor of the Washington “ Globe," xi.-xvi.) in conjunction with Stephen H. Phillips the organ of the Van Buren administration. Re- and George S. Hale, and after May, 1860, alone. turning to New York city in 1838, he was made He edited, with George Minot, the United States assistant naval officer at that port, and also held | Statutes at Large, Treaties, Proclamations, etc.” the office of secretary to the commission to restore (Boston), and in 1862–'3, with John G. Locke, re- the duties on goods that had been destroyed by the vised and consolidated the city ordinances of Bos- great fire of 1835. In 1843 he was elected to the ton, Mass., and collated the state municipal laws. state senate. He was a frequent contributor of SANGSTER, Charles, Canadian author, b. in both prose and verse to the “ New York Mirror” | Kingston, Ontario, 16 July, 1822. He was almost the “Spirit of the Times,” and the Knicker- entirely self-educated. When fifteen years of age bocker” magazine. Among his best-known com- he was employed in the laboratory at Fort Henry, positions, only a few of which appeared over his Kingston, and afterward in the ordnance office as own name, are a poetical address to “Black Hawk” a messenger and clerk, where he remained for ten and “The Loves of the Shell-Fishes.” Other speci- years. In 1849 he became editor of the Amherst- mens of his graceful and humorous verse are pub- burg “Courier,” and the same year returned to lished in various collections. Kingston and formed a connection with the press SANFORD, Thaddeus, journalist, b. in Con- of that city. Since then he has gained a reputa- necticut in 1791; d. in Mobile, Ala., 30 April, 1867. tion as a poet, and his compositions have been He went to New York city in early life, and en- favorably reviewed both here and in Europe. He gaged in commercial pursuits until 1822, when he has published “St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, removed to Mobile, Ala., and in 1828 became the and other Poems” (Kingston #1856), and “ Hesperus editor and proprietor of the “ Mobile Register." and other Poems and Lyrics” (1860). He continued to conduct that journal, with the SANGSTER, John Herbert, Canadian author, exception of the period between 1837 and 1841, for | b. in London, Ont., 26 March, 1831. He was gradu- twenty-six years. In 1833 he was elected president ated at Victoria college in arts in 1861 and in medi- of the Bank of Mobile, and in 1853 he was ap- cine in 1864, has been principal of the Toronto pointed collector of the port by President Pierce, normal school, professor of chemistry and botany holding the office throughout Buchanan's admin- in the University of Victoria college, and is now istration. On the organization of the Confederate (1888) engaged in active practice as a physician. government he was reappointed, and subsequently, He has published “ Natural Philosophy (Mon- in addition, discharged the duties of " depositary treal, 1861–2): “ Elementary Arithinetic” (1862); for the Confederate treasury. Mr. Sanford was ** Students' Note-Book on İnorganic Chemistry intimately connected with the progress and pros- (1862); National Arithmetic Revised ” (1864); perity of his adopted city for nearly half a century. and · Elements of Algebra" (1864). SANFUENTES, Salvador (san-foo-ain'-tays), SANGSTER, Margaret Elizabeth, author, b. Chilian poet, b. in Santiago, 2 Feb., 1817; d. there, in New Rochelle, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1838. ller maiden 17 July, 1860. He followed preparatory studies in name was Munson. She was educated chiefly at the National institute, and early show literary home, and 1858 married George Sangster. She tastes, but, according to his father's wishes, entered has done a large amount of work as a journalist, commercial life in the latter's store. There he at- having been associate editor of ·llearth and tracted in 1833 the attention of Andres Bello (q. 1'.), | Home” in 1871–3, of the “Christian at Work" in who, recognizing the youth's talent. befriended 1873–'9, of the “ Christian Intelligencer" from 1879 him, and the next year published in his paper · El till the present time (1888), and of “Harper's Araucano,” a translation from Racine by Sanfuen- | Young People” since 1882. Her publications in 392 SAN MARTIN SANKEY 66 a In - book-form include “Manual of Missions of the on the 15th. He was elected supreme chief of the Reformed Church in America" (New York, 1878); republic, but declined and proposed O'Higgins, “Poems of the Household ” (Boston, 1883); “Home only reserving the command of the auxiliary Ar- Fairies and Heart Flowers ” (New York, 1887); gentine army. The sum of $10,000, offered him and several Sunday-school books. Her most suc- by the municipality he also refused, dedicating it cessful poems are “ Our Own," " The Sin of Omis- to the foundation of a library in Santiago. After sion," and " Are the Children at Home?” the surprise of the united army by the Spaniards SANKEY, Ira David, evangelist, b. in Edin- at Cancha Rayada, 19 March. 1818, he reorganized burgh, Lawrence co., Pa., 28 Aug., 1840. His fa- his forces and totally defeated the royalists at ther, David, was for many years a state senator, Maipo on 5 April of that year, liberating Chili president of a bank, and an editor. As a boy, Ira from the Spanish yoke. After a visit to Buenos displayed a great liking for music. The family Ayres, he returned in October to Chili, and soon be- removed to New Castle, Pa., where, at the age of gan to organize, fifteen, he united with the Methodist church, of with O'Higgins, which his parents were members. He became leader a fleet and army of the choir, superintendent of the Sunday-school, for the invasion and president of the Young men's Christian asso- of Peru. ciation in the town. In 1870 he was delegated May, 1820, he to the Indianapolis international convention of was called with the last-named body, where he first met Dwight his troops to L. Moody. Since that time he has been asso- Buenos Ayres, ciated with him in his evangelistic work as a singer, but disobeying, and has attained a wide reputation. His melo- as no established dies, whether composed by Mr. Sankey or selected, government ex- are simple, pleasing, and effective, readily caught, isted in the Ar- and easily remembered. On 23 April, 1886, he gentine, he was presented to the town of New Castle, Pa., as a free proclaimed by gift, a Young inen's Christian association building, his army an in- equipped with gymnasium, reading-rooms, halls, dependent chief, school-rooms, and an art gallery, and since then he and on 20 Aug. has also given a valuable building - site to the sailed with an church with which he was first connected. Mr. army of 4,500 men on Admiral Cochrane's fleet from Sankey, however, does not confine himself exclu- Valparaiso, landing on 7 Sept. at Pisco. After a sively to singing: he has always taken an active brilliant campaign he entered Lima, which had been part in the inquiry - room, and of late has ad- abandoned by the Spaniards on 12 July, 1821, and dressed meetings very acceptably. He has a fine on 27 July proclaimed the independence of Peru, baritone voice, and accompanies himself on the being elected on 3 Aug. by the municipality chief harmonium, singing solos, and also leading the of the government, under the title of protector. audiences. Mr. Sankey's compilation of “Sacred During his short administration he abolished Songs and Solos” has been translated into many slavery and the tribute that had been levied on the languages, and has had a larger circulation than Indians, and introduced many other reforms, any other book of hymns. especially in the system of education. He sent the SAN MARTIN, José de, Argentine soldier, b. famous regiment of mounted grenadiers to assist in Yapeyu, 25 Feb., 1778; d. in Boulogne, France, Bolivar in his struggle for independence in Ecua- 17 Aug., 1850. At the age of eight years he was dor, and, seeing the importance of united action, sent to Spain, where he was educated in the College he met him in Guayaquil on 25 July, 1822. What of the nobility, and, entering the army in 1791, passed at this interview is unknown, but on his served with credit during the French invasion. return to Lima, San Martin resigned on 22 Aug., Being promoted lieutenant-colonel, he left the and, leaving part of his army to assist Gen. Sucre, army to offer his services in the cause of South he went to Europe, where he established himself American independence, and arrived in March, in Brussels. In 1828 he returned to Buenos Ayres 1812, in Buenos Ayres. The government commis- shortly after the battle of Ituzaingo, and, finding sioned him, with the rank of colonel, to organize a his country plunged in intestine troubles, returned regiment of mounted grenadiers, with which he , to Brussels, as he had made a vow never to un- took part in the campaign against the viceroy sheath his sword in civil war, and in 1830 settled Vigodet, whom he defeated, 13 Jan., 1813, at San in Paris. Chili, Buenos Ayres, and Peru have Lorenzo. On 18 Jan., 1814, he was appointed erected statues in his honor. The one in Buenos commander-in-chief of the army in upper Peru, to Ayres is shown in the engraving. replace Belgrano; but, seeing that the Spanish SAN MARTIN, Tomás de, Spanish - Ameri- power in America could not be broken until it can bishop, b. in Cordova, Spain, in 1482: d. in should be attacked from the Pacific coast and de- Lima, Peru, in 1554. He entered the Dominican prived of the rich resources of Peru, he matured a order, and was appointed regent of studies in the scheme for an invasion of Chili, and, under the College of St. Thomas, Seville. While here he asked pretext of feeble health, retired from the command to be sent to Santo Domingo as missionary to the of the army and went to the province of Cuyo as Indians. He arrived in that island in 1525, and at governor in September, 1814. There, with the co- ! once sided with Las Casas in defending the rights operation of the Chilian emigrants, he organized of the natives. He was president of the royal audi- the famous army of the Andes, and, obtaining the ence of Santo Domingo till 1529, when he went to assent and tacit aid of the Argentine director, Spain in the interests of the colony. Learning Pueyrredon, he set out with his army on 21 Jan., i that a body of Dominicans were about to follow 1817, from Mendoza. Misleading the Spanish Pizarro to Peru, he resigned his title of president, generals by false reports, he crossed the Andes un- 1 and went with them. He remained in San Miguel der great difficulties by the pass of l'spallata, and, de Piura when Pizarro marched to meet Atahualpa surprising the Spanish at Chacabuco, totally routed at (axamarca, but entered ('uzco after its cap- them on i2 Feb., entering the capital triumphantly ture, and then went to the province of Charcas, SAN ROMAN 393 SANTA-ANNA of which he was the first apost te. In 1540 he | 1821, he pronounced for the Plan de Iguala and was made vicar provincial of the Dominicans of joined the army of Iturbide, by whom he was pro- Peru, and began the construction of the convent of moted brigadier and governor of Vera Cruz. After San Rosario in Lima, and was afterward appointed Iturbide was proclaimed emperor, Santa-Anna be- provincial for eight years. In 1541, after the as- gan to conspire against him, and, when he was sassination of Pizarro and the proclamation of the relieved of his command and ordered to Mexico, he son of Almagro as captain-general of Peru, Vaca proclaimed the republic in Vera Cruzon 2 Dec., 1822. de Castro, governor of Peru, who was then at In 1823 he pronounced in San Luis Potosi for Panama, made San Martin his representative. He federation, and when that principle was victorious assembled the leading inhabitants of Lima, and he was appointed governor of Yucatan, and after- proposed the election of a lieutenant-general to rule ward of Vera Cruz. On 12 Sept., 1828, he headed the country until the governor should arrive. His a revolt against the election of Gomez Pedraza, advice was followed, and the choice fell on Fran- declaring in favor of Gen. Vicente Guerrero, and cisco de Barrionuevo. In the battle of Chupas in after the triumph of the latter he was appointed 1542, between the partisans of Almagro and the governor and commander of Vera Cruz. There viceroy, he was present at the solicitation of the he began to assemble forces against a threatened latter, but attended impartially to the wounded on Spanish invasion, although his enemies insinuated both sides. In 1543 he received a letter from revolutionary motives, and when, on 29 July, 1829, Charles V. charging him to see to the execution of Gen. Barradas, with an army of 3,000 men, landed the ordinances promulgated at the instance of near Tampico, Santa-Anna, without awaiting or- Las Casas for the protection of the natives. In ders from Mexico, marched against the enemy, the civil war that resulted from the effort to give whom he defeated on 20 Aug. and 10 Sept., and effect to these ordinances, he made several attempts forced to capitulate on the next day. He was pro- to bring about a reconciliation between the viceroy, moted major - general, but retired to his estate, Nuñez Vela, and Gonzalo Pizarro, and on the tri- where he began to intrigue against the new presi- umph of the latter was sent by him, in conjunction dent, Bustamante. On 2 Jan., 1832, he pronounced with the archbishop of Lima, to Spain, to solicit an in open revolt at Vera Cruz, and after finally de- amnesty. He set out in 1546, but, meeting Pedro feating Bustamante on 12 Nov., 1832, at Časas de la Gasca at Panama, who had arrived from Spain Blancas, he was elected president, but withdrew to with full power to restore order in Peru, he returned his country place, leaving the vice-president, Val- to Lima. In 1550 he was commissioned by the city entin Gomez Farias, of Lima to treat with the court of Spain concerning in charge. He de- the administration of the country. The emperor feated several insur- not only granted him all the favors he asked for the rections against the city, the principal of which was the establishment government, until in of a university, but gave him the title of first 1834 he headed a bishop of La Plata and the regency of the royal revolution to over- audience in that city. On his arrival in Lima he throw Gomez Farias, was attacked by the malady of which he died. who was deposed by SAN ROMÁN, Miguel de, Peruvian soldier, congress, 5 Jan., 1835. b. in Puno in 1802; d. in Chorrillos, 3 April, 1863. Gen. Barragan was He was the son of an Indian chief, and accom- appointed provision- panied his father in the revolt of Pumacahua al president, as San- (q. v.), and, when the latter was captured and shot, ta-Anna persisted in the boy swore vengeance against the Spaniards. In his policy of leaving 1821 he entered the army and took part in the the responsibility of campaign of independence. During the second siege the executive to an- of Callao in 1826, by order of Bolivar he protected other, whom he could Bellavista. In the campaign of the restoration control. He now al- de he served in the constitutional army, and was pres- lied himself entirely ent in the battle of Yungai, 30 Jan., 1839. In with the reactionary lanta Ama 1841, during the war against Bolivia, he commanded party; the Federal one of the divisions of the Peruvian army, and system was abolished, and the governors of the after the battle of Ingavi on 18 Nov., which was former states, now provinces, were made depend- fatal to his republic, he crossed Desaguadero river, ent from the central government. occupied the department of Puno, and there he a pretext for the separation of Texas, and that employed himself in the reorganization of the province declared its independence. Immediately army. In 1845 he was elected senator of the re- Santa-Anna abandoned his estate to take the field public, and he afterward became president of the in person, and in February, 1836, passed the Rio council of state, and in consequence vice-president Grande with 6,000 men. On 6 April he stormed of the republic. In 1851, as a deputy, he occupied the Alamo fort at San Antonio, killed its defend- his place in the legislative body. He was appointed ers, afterward massacred the garrison of Goliad, minister of war in 1855, and in 1856 was a member and for several weeks was victorious. But on 21 of the constituent congress, and an author of the April he was surprised at San Jacinto, and totally constitution that was promulgated that year. In routed by the Texan army under Gen. Samuel 1858, during several months, he occupied the ex- Houston. He fled, but was captured three days ecutive as president of the council of ministers. afterward, and was fortunate in escaping retalia- In 1862 he was elected president of the republic: tion for his cruel execution of Texan troops. He but his administration was of short duration, as he gave a written order to his second in command to died early in the following year. retire across the Rio Grande, and on 14 May signed SANTA ANNA, Antonio Lopez de, president a treaty with the provisional president of Texas, of Mexico, b. in Jalapa, 21 Feb., 1795; d. in the David G. Burnett, recognizing the independence city of Mexico, 20 June, 1876. He entered the of that state. He was a prisoner for eight months, Spanish army as a cadet on 6 July, 1810, and served but was finally sent by Gen. Houston to the United ajainst the patriots, rising gradually till in April, States, and released in February, 1837. On his re- Ant Loper This gave 394 SANTACILIA SANTA-ANNA turn to Mexico he was coldly received and retired | He tried to retrieve his reputation by besieging to his estate. When Vera Cruz was attacked by that city, but was defeated, and retired to Tehuacan, the French fleet on 27 Nov., 1838, Santa-Anna soliciting from Juarez, then governor of Oajaca, offered his services to the government, was ap- permission to reside in that city, which was re- pointed commander-in-chief, and prepared the city fused. When Tehuacan was captured by Gen. for resistance. Before daybreak of 5 Dec, a land- Lane, Santa-Anna barely escaped to the mountains, ing force of the French surprised his headquarters and from his estate obtained permission from the and captured his second in command, Gen. Arista, Mexican government and Gen. Scott to leave the but he had time to escape, and, gathering his country, sailing on 5 April, 1848, for Jamaica. In troops, he forced the French to re-einbark. Near 1850 he established himself in Turbaco, near Carta- the port he was wounded by a cannon-ball, and it gena. In consequence of the revolution of 7 Feb., was found necessary to amputate his left leg. By 1853, he was recalled, arrived in Vera Cruz on i his valiant defence he regained his popularity, April, and on the 20th took possession of the ex- and when President Bustamante left to suppress ecutive. On 21 Dec. a congress of his creation ap- the revolution of Tamaulipas, congress appointed pointed him president for life, with the title of Santa-Anna his substitute. Notwithstanding that Most Serene lighness, and the power of nominat- his wound had not yet healed, he was transported ing his successor. His rule soon became so despotic to the capital, and took charge of the executive that revolutions began everywhere, the principal from 17 Feb., 1839, till 11 July, when he retired to one being that of Ayutla, directed by Gen. Juan his estate. He was afterward made general com- Alvarez. After a severe struggle and many de- mander of the coast department, but conspired feats, he abandoned the capital on 9 Aug., 1855, against Bustamante till the latter's government and on the 16th sailed for İlavana, and thence to was overthrown, and Santa-Anna was appointed Cartagena. He lived afterward for some time in by the consulting junta provisional president, 10 Venezuela, and finally in St. Thomas, whence he Oct., 1841. From that date till 6 Dec., 1844, either appeared, after the French intervention, in Febru- as provisional or constitutional president, some ary, 1864, in Vera Cruz to offer his services to the times personally, sometimes through his substi- regency. He was permitted to land only after sign- tutes, he exercised virtually a military dictator- ing a pledge not to interfere in politics; but from ship. At the latter date there was a mutiny in the Orizaba, where he had been assigned a residence, capital, the provisional president, Gen. Canalizo, he published a manifesto, exciting disturbances in was arrested, Santa - Anna was impeached, his his favor, and Gen. Bazaine ordered him to leave statue was demolished, and his portrait was burned the country, sending him in the frigate “ Colbert by the mob. His troops abandoned him, and on to St. Thomas. Maximilian afterward made him his flight toward the coast he was arrested, 15 grand marshal of the empire, but he rewarded the Jan., 1845, near Jico, and imprisoned in the fort emperor by a conspiracy against him, and fled to of Perote till the amnesty of May, when he re- St. Thomas again in 1865. In the following year tired to Havana. When the war with the United he went to the United States, proposed to Sec. States began, and after the unfortunate battles Seward to raise an army to overthrow the empire, of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, a mutiny and even offered his services to Juarez; but no re- under Gen. Mariano Salas deposed President Pa- sponse was made. In June, 1867, he chartered the redes and recalled Santa-Anna, who returned on steamer - Virginius,” and appeared before Vera 16 Aug., 1846, was appointed commander-in-chief, Cruz, which was still occupied by the imperialists, and became president in December; but leaving to raise the banner of revolution ; but he was de- the vice-president, Gomez Farias, in charge, he tained by the U. S. squadron of observation, and went to the north, organizing an army to oppose after the surrender of Vera Cruz, 4 July, was per- the invader. After a march, full of hardships, mitted to sail for New York. He tried to effect a through the desert of Potosi, he attacked the landing at Sisal, was captured by the blockading American army under Gen. Zachary Taylor near squadron, imprisoned at San Juan de Ulua, and the ranch of Buena Vista on 22 Feb., 1847. The sentenced by a court-martial to death, but was battle continued the next day, but, as his cavalry saved by his counsel, Alcalde, who represented his could not operate in the narrow passes, and the attempt as the ridiculous enterprise of a decrepit American artillery occupied strong positions, he old man. Ile was pardoned under condition of retired on the evening of the 23d with great losses. | leaving the republic forever, and came to the Hearing of the overthrow of Gomez Farias, he United States, whence he fostered a revolutionary hastened to the capital, and occupied the execu- movement in Jalapa in 1870, headed by his son, tive on 21 March; but when Vera Cruz was taken Angel. After Juarez's death he took advantage by Gen. Winfield Scott, he left Gen. Anaya in of the amnesty that was given by Lerdo de Tejada, charge, and took command of the forces in the returning to Mexico, and after his request for state of Vera Cruz. He established his head- reinstatement on the army list and back-pay had quarters at Cerro Gordo, where he was attacked on been refused he died amid general public indif- 17 April, and totally defeated on the 18th. With ference, his services being obscured and almost the fragments of his army he retreated to Mexico, forgotten by the misfortunes that his subsequent where he adopted stringent measures against his conduct had brought upon his country. opponents, established a severe censorship of the SANTACILIA, Pedro, Cuban author, b. in press, and organized an army to defend the capital Santiago, Cuba, in 1829. At the age of seven years against the advancing American forces. Ile col- his parents took him to Spain, where he was edu- lected 20,000 men, for the greater part militia, and cated. In 1845 he returned to his native city, after the van-guard under Gen. Valencia had been and began his literary career on the staff of a routed at Contreras on 19 Aug., and Gen. Rincon at newspaper. Ile was banished in 1851 on account Churubusco on 20 Aug., an armistice was signed on of his liberal ideas, and in 1853 he came to New the 24th. Hostilities began again on 7 Sept., Mo- York. He went to Mexico in 1861, where he lino del Rey was stormed on the 8th and Chapul- joined the Republicans in their struggle against tepec on the 13th, and on the 14th Mexico was the Conservatives and Imperialists. In 1863 he occupied by the American army; Santa-Anna re- married one of the daughters of President Juarez, signed the presidency and retired toward Puebla. I and filled several official posts in the republic. He SANTA CRUZ 395 SANTANA 66 has published " Instrucción sobre el cultivo del Ta- and art. In 1840 she made a visit to her native baco (1847); Ensayos Literarios ” (1848); “El city, but in 1842 she returned again to her adopted Papa en el Siglo XIX” (New York, 1854): · El country, where she had already obtained a reputa- Arpa del Proscripto" (1856); “ El Laud del Destion by her literary labors. Ier most important terrado" (1858); -- Lecciones sobre la Historia de works are “Mis doce primeros años ” (Paris, 1833); Cuba” (1859); a volume of * Fábulas y Alegorias” | “ Mémoires d'une Créole” (1835); “Oeios de una (Mexico, 1872); another volume of “Poems,” and mujer de gran mundo” (1837); “ L'esclavage aux other literary productions. Some of his works colonies Espagnoles" (1840); “La Havane" (3 vols., have been translated into English and French. 1842); “ Les lionnes de Paris" (1845); and “Le SANTA CRUZ, Andres (san'-tah-crooth), Bo- duc d'Athènes” (1848). Many of her works have livian soldier, b. in La Paz in 1792; d. in Sainte been translated into several European languages, Nazaire, France, in 1865. He was descended through and some of them were written originally in Span- his mother from the Peruvian incas. Santa Cruz ish, though the majority were in French. entered the Spanish military service, and obtained SANTA CRUZ, Raimundo, South American the rank of lieutenant-colonel, but after the defeat missionary, b. in Ibarra, Ecuador, about 1620; d. of Gen. O'Reilly at Pasco, 6 Dec., 1820, he went in the upper Amazon river in November, 1662. He over to the patriots with part of his command. studied in the Seminary of San Luis de Quito, and Toward the end of 1821 he was sent by Gen. San entered the Company of Jesus in 1643. There he Martin to aid Gen. Sucre in Ecuador, and took completed his four years' course in theology, and, part in the victorious battle of Pichincha, 25 May, after being ordained priest, dedicated himself to 1822, for which he was promoted brigadier. He the missions of the Marañon. He began his work returned to Peru, where, through his influence, in 1651, and in a short time, overcoming great Riva Agüero (9. 2.) was elected president, 28 Feb., difficulties, founded several towns and began to 1823, and he was appointed commander-in-chief open a direct way from Quito to the eastern mis- with the rank of major-general. After defeating sions. He also made roads to the Napo and Par- Gen. Valdez at Zepita on 25 Aug., he was routed tanza, but soon afterward was drowned in the rapids by the united forces of Valdez and Olaneta at De- of one of the affluents of the Amazon. He wrote saguadero on 22 Sept. He was then called by a grammar and vocabulary of the Cofana lan- Bolivar to Lima, and made chief of staff of the guage, which, with the notes on his travels, are men- united army. He was sent in 1825 to Chili on a tioned in the works of the missionaries Velasco, diplomatic mission by Bolivar, and in 1826 ap- Rodriguez, and Carrani. pointed supreme military chief; and after the SANTA MARIA, Domingo, president of Chili, departure of Bolivar for Colombia on 3 Sept. he b. in Santiago, 4 Aug., 1825. He studied in the took charge of the executive as president of the National institute, and in 1845 was professor of council of government till the constituent congress geography and arithmetic there. In 1846 he was elected La Mar (9. v.) president, 16 June, 1827. appointed chief clerk of the ministry of justice, After Sucre's resignation of the executive of Bo- and in 1847, after being graduated in law, he filled livia, Santa Cruz was elected president, 31 Dec., the post of sub-secretary of state. At the age of 1828, and became, in fact, dictator, but during his twenty-three years he was elected intendant of Col- administration he accomplished many reforms and chagua. As à Liberal he took an active part in the enlarged the army. He now tried to realize his disturbances of 1850 and 1851, and was exiled to cherished idea of a Peru-Bolivian confederation. Lima. Returning to Chili in 1852, he began the The civil revolts in Peru facilitated this, as under practice of his profession, but in 1858 was exiled pretext of protecting the government of Orbegozo, again and travelled through Europe. On his re- with whom he had concluded a treaty on 24 June, turn he was minister of the treasury during 1863–'4. 1835, he entered Peru and won several battles. He In 1865–6, as special envoy to Peru, he signed convoked congress in 1836, and accepted the title the treaties for mutual defence against Spain with of protector of the confederation, dividing Peru that republic, and on his return in 1867 he was ap- into two parts, under independent administra- pointed judge of the supreme court. He was also tions. The preponderant influence of the con- several times elected to congress, was dean of the federation alarmed the republic of Chili, which faculty of law, and in 1874 became president of declared war on Santa Cruz. The first Chilian ex- the court of appeals. Under President Pinto he pedition was unlucky, and was saved only by the was a member of the cabinet, as secretary of pub- treaty of peace of Paucarpata, 17 Nov., 1837, but lic works and instruction, in 1878, of the interior the second was more successful, and Santa Cruz, in 1879, and of foreign relations in 1880. In 1881 deserted by part of his army, was totally defeated he was elected president of the republic, taking at Yungay, 20 Jan., 1839. The confederation was charge of the executive on 18 Sept. During his dissolved, and Santa Cruz took refuge in Guaya- administration the final peace with Peru and Boli- quil, whence he tried in 1843 to restore his govern- via was arranged, Araucania was pacified, many ment, but was taken prisoner and banished to Chili. reforms were inaugurated, and railroads were built. To remove a dangerous political leader, who still On 24 Jan., 1885, an attempt was made on his life, had a large following, he was in 1848 sent as min- by means of an infernal machine, but it was frus- ister from Peru to France, and afterward remained trated. Since the close of his presidential term in Europe on diplomatic missions. At the time of on 18 Sept., 1886, he has been again president of his death he was accredited again to France. the court of appeals. He has published “ Biogra- SANTA CRUZ, María de las Mercedes, Count-fía de José Miguel Infante” (Santiago, 1853), and ess of Merlin, Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1789; • Memoria Histórica sobre la abdicación del direc- d. in Paris, France, in 1852. When fourteen years tor Don Bernardo O'Higgins" (1858). old she sailed with her parents for Spain, and SANTANA, Pedro (san-tah’-nah), president of finished her education in Madrid. In 1810 she Santo Domingo, b. in Hincha, 29 June, 1801; d. in married the French general, Count Merlin, and in the city of Santo Domingo, 14 June, 1864. He stud- 1813, when the French troops left Spain, she went 'ied law, but was living quietly on his farm when, to Paris. There she soon became well known in in 1843, the Dominicans revolted against Hlayti. French society, and her home was the resort of He espoused their cause, was appointed brigadier persons that were eminent in science, literature, I by the provisional governing junta, and at the head 1 396 SARAVIA SANTANDER of 2,400 men defeated the southern army of 15,000 participated, being promoted general of division men under Riviere Herard, 19 March, 1844. On 12 on the battle-field of Boyaca on 7 Aug. When Boli- July, 1844, he was proclaimed supreme chief, after var returned to Venezuela, 20 Sept., he appointed vanquishing his rival, Juan Duarte (q. 1º.). In the Santander vice-president of the state of Cundina- following November Santana was elected consti- marca, and as such he sent troops to the south tutional president, receiving also the title of liber- against the Spanish president of Quito. The con- ator of the country. During the four years of his gress of Cucuta elected Santander on 30 Aug., administration he promoted agriculture and com- 1821, vice-president of the newly constituted re- merce, and sought to create financial resources. In public of Colombia, and from December, 1821, 1848 the clerical party induced Soulouque (q. v.) until September, 1826, during Bolivar's absence in to invade Dominican territory; but Santana was Quito and Peru, he was at the head of the execu- called to command the troops, defeated Soulouque, tive, acting with prudence and ability, and exert- and, deposing President Jimenes, ruled as dictator ing himself to forward re-enforcements to Bolivar. till the election of Buenaventura Baez in October, He was re-elected in the same year; but after Boli- 1849. He strongly favored the movement for an- var's return he resigned, and began a systematic nexation to the United States, which Baez de- opposition to the latter, showing himself in the feated. Santana was re-elected president in 1853, convention of Ocaña, to which he was elected by and again defeated Soulouque's invasions in 1855 the province of Bogota, to be a personal enemy of and 1856 ; but the credit of the government de- the liberator, under the pretext that the latter had clined, and he resigned early in 1857. Baez was tried to subvert the constitution for personal am- now recalled, but was driven from the island by a re- bition. Santander was even charged with com- volt in November, 1858, and Santana again assumed plicity in the attempt to murder Bolivar on 25 the executive. The internal struggles continued, Sept., 1828, and he was condemned to death on 7 and, despairing of his ability to preserve peace, San- Nov., but his sentence was commuted to banish- tana opened negotiations with Spain, and, on 18 ment. He travelled through England, France, and March, 1861, the incorporation of Santo Domingo Germany, and while absent was elected president with the Spanish monarchy was proclaimed. San- of the new republic of New Granada for the term tana was commissioned lieutenant-general in the of 1832–6. His administration was just and pro- Spanish army, and received patents of nobility gressive, especially in fostering primary education and various decorations, which caused unsupported and introducing the Lancaster system in the com- accusations of bribery to be made against him. He mon schools, founding colleges in the provinces, retired to his farm, and when the rebellion against and dividing the republic into three university the Spanish rule began he offered his services to districts. He was elected to congress in 1837, re- the governor and marched to Azua, promptly quell- elected in 1839, and died during the session of that ing the insurrection; but, when the opposition body. He wrote a justification of his conduct became general, he retired again, and died of re- under the title “Apuntamientos para las Memorias morse shortly before the end of the Spanish rule. de Colombia y Nueva Granada” (Bogota, 1837). He is execrated by many of his countrymen for SARAIVA, Matheus (sah-rah-ee'-vah), Bra- what they call his treason, yet the majority recog- zilian physician, b. in Rio Janeiro at the end of the nize his unselfish motives and his thorough honesty 17th century; d. there in 1761. He was graduated while at the head of the government, and his un- in medicine at the University of Coimbra, made a doubted bravery is acknowledged by all. fellow of the Royal academy of London, and on SANTANDER, Francisco de Paula (san-tan'- his return to Brazil practised in Rio Janeiro, where dair), president of Colombia, b. in Rosario de he became famous for his charity. He wrote Cucuta in 1792; d. in Bogota, 5 May, 1840. He Portugueza é América illustrada” (1750); “Á studied in the College of San Bartolome in Bogota, voz evangelica por São Thomaz,” endeavoring to and was about to be graduated in law, when the show that the apostle St. Thomas visited Brazil, news arrived of the declaration of independence and pretending to decipher sundry inscriptions in Caracas in 1810, followed by the revolution in and symbolical characters that he had met in the Cartagena. Santander immediately took part in mountains of Itaquatiara in Minas Geraes (Rio the patriotic movement, and was appointed secre- Janeiro, 1752); "Polyanthea Phisocósmica ou tary of the military commander of Mariquita. In Moral, Política, Instrução Doutrinal e Histórica," 1811 he joined the Federal forces under Baraya, in a work on the education of youth (1755); and “Poli- the campaign against the Unitarian forces under anthea Brazílica médica histórica,” on endemic and Nariño, and he was taken prisoner, 9 Jan., 1813. epidemic diseases and their treatment (1757). In February, 1813, he joined the forces under SARAVIA, Francisco (sah-rah’-ve-ah), Span- Bolivar, and during that year and 1814 kept up a ish missionary, b. in Seville about 1530 ; in guerilla warfare against the Spanish troops in the Villa-Alta, Mexico, 10 Aug., 1630. He went about district of Cucuta. When New Granada was in- | 1550 to Mexico, where he married and worked as vaded by Morillo, he retired in 1816 with the rem- a cabinet-maker, but after the death of his wife he nant of his forces to the province of Casanare, entered the Dominican order in 1574. After his joining there the rest of the dispersed patriot army ordination he was sent to the parish of Villa-Alta, under several chiefs. A meeting of all the inde in the province of Oajaca, where he soon acquired pendent leaders was held in Arauca on 16 July, and the diflicult language of the Chinantec Indians, Santander was elected commander-in-chief; but he and set out to convert that tribe, dwelling in caves was soon replaced by Gen. Paez (9. 1.). Santander on the mountains of Oajaca. He met with great left the army of Apure in February, 1817, joined success, persuading the Indians to leave their Bolivar's staff in April , and accompanied him in mountains fastnesses, founding several large vil- the campaign against Guayana and the unfortunate lages, and living for more than fifty years in their operations against Morillo in 1818. In August of midst. He continued his missionary trips to the that year he was promoted brigadier and commis- mountains when a nonagenarian with a broken sioned by Bolivar to prepare a force for the cam- leg, being carried by the Indians, and he did not paign of 1819. He joined Bolivar in Guasdualito return to his convent of Villa-Alta till he felt his in June of that year, and his vote principally de- last days approaching. Ile wrote "Gran llomili- cided the invasion of New Granuda, in which he ario Chinanteco," which he copied with his own 66 1 SARAVIA 397 SARGENT hand in manuscript for every village of his converts, ness for mechanics, he devoted himself at first to so that in his absence the native sexton might the study of the mechanism of locks, and acquired read the Sunday service: “Catecismo Chinanteco,” expertness as a lock-picker. Further investigation which is still in use in the mountain-villages; and of the subject led him to invent a lock that was · Noticia de la Conversión de la Nación Chinan- proof against professional skill, for which, in 1865, teca, y sucesos acaecidos en ella al Autor,” which he received a patent. He then established himself is preserved in manus nuscript in the archive of the in Rochester, N. Y., where he began its manufac- Dominican convent of Oajaca. ture. One of the features of this lock was the in- SARAVIA, Melchor Bravo de, governor of troduction of a powerful magnet that held the Chili, b. in Soria early in the 16th century; d. in parts sufficiently under control to prevent the use Spain about 1579. In 1547, when the audience of of a micrometer to measure motion or determine New Granada was created, he was appointed judge, the relative positions of the unlocking devices. but did not take his seat, as he was promoted by Subsequently he improved this lock by the intro- the emperor to the audience of Peru, where he ar- duction of an automatic mechanical device in lieu rived in June, 1549. In 1552, at the death of An- of the magnet. In 1873 he invented the time- tonio de Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, the audience locks that bear his name, which were the first ever took charge of the government, and directed the successfully used in this country, and are now operations against the rebellious Francisco Her- largely used in banking establishments. Mr. Sar- nandez Giron. Saravia showed much zeal and gent has devised various styles of his locks for good-will, but little aptitude in military affairs; special uses, and from time to time has added nevertheless, King Philip II. in 1569 rewarded him improvements to the original patterns. with the governorship of Chili, which he held un- SARGENT, Nathan, b. in Pultney, Vt., 5 May, til 1575. He then returned to Spain, where he died 1794; d. in Washington, D. C., 2 Feb., 1875. He several years afterward. Saravia left an interesting was educated in his native town, admitted to the book entitled “ Antigüedades Peruanas," which is bar, and settled in Cahawba, Ala., in 1816, where he frequently cited by Juan de Velasco in his “ His- became county and probate judge. He removed to toria del reino de Quito." Buffalo, N. Y., in 1826, and to Philadelphia in 1830, SARGEANT, Nathaniel Peaslee, jurist, b. in where he established a Whig newspaper. He after- Methuen, Mass., 2 Nov., 1731 ; d. in Haverhill, ward became Washington correspondent of the Mass., 12 Oct., 1791. He was graduated at Har- “United States Gazette," and was widely known vard in 1750, and engaged in the practice of law in under his pen-name of “ Oliver Oldschool.” He Haverhill. He espoused the cause of liberty, was was sergeant-at-arms of the U. S. house of repre- a delegate to the Provincial congress in 1775, and sentatives in 1849–51, register of the U. S. treasury became a representative and judge of the superior in 1851-3, and commissioner of customs in 1861-'1. court the next year. In 1789–91 he was chief For several subsequent years he was president of justice of Massachusetts. the Washington reform-school. He published“ Life SARGENT, Aaron Augustus, senator, b. in of Henry Clay” (New York, 1844), and “Public Newburyport, Mass., 28 Sept., 1827; d. in San Men and Events" (2 vols., 1875). Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug., 1887. He learned the SARGENT, Paul Dudley, soldier, b. in Salem, printer's trade, and when twenty years old was a Mass., in 1745; d. in Sullivan, Me., 28 Sept., 1828. reporter in Washington, D. C. İle removed to His ancestor, William, came to this country from California in 1849, where he engaged in mining, Gloucester, England, before 1678, and his father, and established the “ Nevada Journal.” He studied Epes, was a colonel of militia before the Revolution, law while editing that paper, was admitted to the and a justice of the general session court for more bar in 1854, and elected district attorney of Nevada than thirty years. He died in Gloucester, Mass., county two years later. He was vice-president of in 1762. Paul commanded a regiment at the siege the Republican national convention in 1860, the of Boston, was wounded at Bunker Hill, command- same year chosen to congress, served by re-elec- ed a brigade in the summer of 1776, and fought tion till 1872, and the day following the expira- at Harlem, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton. tion of his term in the house of representatives After the war he was chief justice of the court of took his seat in the U. S. senate, which he held in common pleas of Hancock county, Me., for many 1872–9. In 1861 he was the author of the first years, judge of probate, justice of the same, first Pacific railroad act that was passed in congress. representative to the general court, postmaster, and He was appointed United States minister to Ger- an overseer of Bowdoin.- His nephew, Winthrop, many in March, 1882, and held office till the ac- soldier, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 1 May, 1753; d. tion of the German authorities in excluding Ameri- in New Orleans, 3 June, 1820, was graduated at can pork from the empire made his incumbency Harvard, and in 1771 became captain of a ship personally distasteful. President Arthur offered belonging to his father, who was a merchant. In him the Russian mission, but he declined it. Mr. 1775 he entered the Revolutionary army, and was Sargent was an able debater, and exercised much naval agent at Gloucester, 1 Jan., 1776, and cap- influence in the Republican party. tain of Gen. Henry Knox's regiment of artillery, SARGENT, James, inventor, b. in Chester, 16 March, 1776, serving throughout the war, and Vt., 1 Dec., 1824. He was educated in district taking part in the siege of Boston, the battles of schools and worked on a farm until he was eighteen Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, the Brandy- years old. During the ensuing four years he was wine, Germantown, and Monmouth, attaining the engaged in a woollen-factory, where he had special rank of major. He became connected with the charge of the machinery. In 1848, having acquired Ohio company in 1786, under Gen. Rufus Putnam, proficiency in the art of making daguerreotypes, and was appointed surveyor of the Northwest terri- travelled through the country engaged in that tory by congress. He was its secretary in 1787, pursuit, but in 1852 he returned to New England and was its governor in 1798-1801. During the and devoted himself to the manufacture and sale Indian wars in 1791 and in 1794–5 he became ad- of an automatic apple-parer. The financial diffi- jutant-general, and was wounded in the expedition culties of 1857 compelled him to give up that busi- under Gen. Arthur St. Clair. He was a member of ness, and he became a partner in the Yale and the American academy of arts and sciences, and of Greenleaf lock company. Having a natural fond- the Philosophical society, an original member of 398 SARGENT SARGENT 66 66 the Society of the Cincinnati as a delegate from a successful merchant of Boston. Henry early de- Massachusetts, and published, with Benjamin B. veloped artistic tastes, and, after spending several Smith, “ Papers Relative to Certain American An- years at Drummer academy, he was sent abroad, tiquities” (Philadelphia, 1796), and “Boston," a and studied under Benjamin West in London. He poem (Boston, 1803).— Winthrop's great-nephew, devoted himself to his profession on his return to Fitzwilliam, physician, b. in Gloucester, Mass., Boston, and was successful and popular. He be- 17 May, 1820, was graduated at Jefferson college in came adjutant-general of Massachusetts in 1814, 1839, and at the medical department of the Univer- and was subsequently aide to Gov. John Brooks sity of Pennsylvania in 1843. He was surgeon to and to Gov. Caleb Strong. He also invented a plan Wills hospital, Philadelphia, in 1844–54. At the for an elevated railway. His best-known pictures latter date he removed to Switzerland, where he has are the “ Dinner Party,” “ Christ's Entrance into since resided. He has published • Bandaging and Jerusalem," and the Landing of the Pilgrims," other Operations of Minor Surgery” (Philadelphia, which he presented to the Plymouth association. 1848; with additions on military surgery, 1862), –His son, Henry Winthrop, horticulturist, b. in and edited Robert Druitt's “ Principles and Prac- Boston, Mass., 26 Nov., 1810; d. in Fishkill-on-the- tice of Minor Surgery.". (Philadelphia, 1853) and Hudson, N. Y., 10 Nov., 1882, was graduated at James Miller's “ Principles of Surgery” (1853).— Harvard in 1830, studied law in Boston, and re- His son, John Singer, artist, b. in Florence, Italy, moved to New York city, but resigned his profes- in 1856, studied under Carolus Duran, and his pro- sion to become a partner in the banking-firm of fessional life has been principally spent in Eu- Gracie and Sargent. He retired from business in rope. In 1879 he received honorable mention at 1839, purchased a tract on Hudson river in the the salon, and in 1881 a medal of the 2d class. He midst of a native forest, and devoted himself to has exhibited in London, Paris, and New York por- landscape-gardening. His home, Wodenethe, be- traits and genre paintings. Among his figure- came one of the most beautiful and instructive gar- pieces are "Fishing for Oysters at Cancale” and dens in the United States, and its owner during a * En route pour la pêche” (1878): “ Neapolitan quarter of a century was among the most widely Children Bathing" (1879); and “ El Jaleso" (1882), known and famous of American horticulturists. He is especially noted Mr. Sargent's publications include many articles to for his excellent por- horticultural magazines; “Skeleton Tours through traits, among which England, Ireland, and Scotland” (New York, 1866); are those of Carolus “Treatise on Landscape Gardening " (1875); and he Duran and Docteur added a full supplement to the 6th edition of An- Pozzi”; “Portrait of drew J. Downing's“ Landscape Gardening ” (1859). a Young Lady," ex- - Henry's brother, Lucius Manlius, author, b. in hibited at the salon of Boston, Mass., 25 June, 1786; d. in West Roxbury, 1881; a group of four Mass., 2 June, 1867, studied two years at Harvard, young girls. " Hall of and studied law, but did not practise, devoting the Four Children himself to literary pursuits, to philanthropic work, (1882); “Madame G.," and to the temperance cause, for which he wrote at the salon of 1884; and lectured for more than thirty years. His earli- and Mar- est publication was “ Translations from the Minor quand” and “Mrs. Latin Poets” (Boston, 1807), which was followed Boit” at the Royal by the original poems “Hubert and Helen, and academy exhibition, other Verses” (1812); an “Ode” (1813): “ Three 1888. See sketch of Temperance Tales,” that passed through 130 edi- Sargent by _Henry tions, and were translated into several languages James, in " Harper's (1848); “ Dealings with the Dead" (1856); “ Remi- Magazine” for Octo- niscences of Samuel Dexter" (1858): and “The Ir- ber, 1887.-Winthrop's grandson, Winthrop, au- repressible Conflict” (1861). He contributed to the thor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Sept., 1825; d. in "Boston Transcript" for many years under the Paris, France, 18 May, 1870, was graduated at the signature of “Sigma," and his writings were char- University of Pennsylvania in 1845, and at the acterized by honesty of opinion and vigor of style. Harvard law-school in 1847, and settled in Phila- His papers on the coolie trade were subsequently delphia, and afterward in New York, where he prac- collected and republished in England by the Re- tised his profession. Mr. Sargent wrote largely for form association. His numerous poems were never the periodical press, especially on genealogical and printed in book-form. He married a sister of historical subjects. His publications include “His- Horace Binney. See “Reminiscences of Lucius tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne in M. Sargent,” by John H. Sheppard (Boston, 1869). 1775, under Major-General Braddock, edited from –Lucius Manlius's son, Horace Binney, sol- Original Manuscripts," which was commended by dier, b. in Quincy, Mass., 30 June, 1821, was gradu- George Grote, the historian, and is described by ated at Harvard in 1843, and at the law depart- Washington Irving as “ably edited, with an admi- ment there in 1845. At the opening of the civil rable introcluctory memoir” (Philadelphia, 1855); war he was senior aide on the staff of Gov. John “ The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution" (1857); A. Andrew, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel “ The Journal of the General Meeting of the Cin- of the 1st regiment, Massachusetts cavalry, in 1861, cinnati" (1858); “Loyal Verses of Joseph Stansbury became colonel of the same regiment in October, and Dr. Jonathan Ódell, with Introduction and 1862, was on duty with the forces in South Caro- Notes” (Albany, 1860); the “ Life and Career of lina, in the Army of the Potomac and the Depart- Maj. John André” (Boston, 1861); and “Les États ment of the Gulf, participating in the engagements Confédérés et de l'esclavage” (Paris, 1864). For of Secessionville, Culpeper, and Rapidan Station, many years he was engaged in preparing a cata- and in the battles of Antietam, South Mountain, logue raisonné of books relating to America, which Chancellorsville, and in the Red River campaign he left unfinished.-Paul Dudley's nephew, Henry, under Gen. Banks, where he was wounded in ac- artist, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 25 Nov., 1770; d. in tion, 21 March, 1864, was brevetted brigadier-gen- Boston, Mass., 21 Feb., 1845, was the son of Daniel, ) eral for “gallantry and good conduct," and 29 6 Mrs. 6 Ich bilangine SARGENT 399 SARGENT Gles Sargent Sept., 1864, was mustered out on account of wounds “ Memoir" of him was the best and most authen- received in action. He has been a frequent con- tic in existence. While a resident of New York he tributor to periodical literature and the press, and was a member of the Union club, and a founder of has delivered numerous addresses.-Another son the New York club. He was a laborious student and of Lucius Manlius, Lucius Manlius, soldier, b. worker, and engaged in Boston, 15 Sept., 1826; d. near Bellefield, Va., with success in al- 9 Dec., 1864, was graduated at Harvard in 1848, most every branch and at the medical department there in 1857, be- of literature. He coming house surgeon and dispensary physician at began to write for the Massachusetts general hospital. He was com- the stage in 1836, missioned surgeon in the 2d Massachusetts volun- and produced the teers in May, 1861, but resigned in October of that “Bride of Genoa," year, and became captain in the 1st Massachusetts a poetical drama in cavalry, was ordered to the Army of the Potomac, five acts, which was and participated in the battles of Kelly's Ford, played with success Antietam, South Mountain, Fredericksburg, and at the Tremont the- Chancellorsville. He became major in his former atre, Boston, in Feb- regiment, 2 Jan., 1864, lieutenant-colonel, 30 Sept., ruary, 1837, and sub- and was mortally wounded in an engagement on sequently in New Meherrin river.—John Osborne, lawyer, b. in Glou- Orleans and New cester, Mass., 20 Sept., 1811, is the grandson of the York. He produced first Lucius Manlius's first cousin. He was gradu- “Velasco" the fol- ated at Harvard in 1830, where he founded the lowing November at “Collegian,” in which he was aided by his brother the Tremont the- Epes, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and other students. atre, Ellen Tree tak- He then studied law in Boston, was admitted to the ing the part of Isi- bar in 1833, and in 1834–7 contributed the political dora. His other plays, “ Change Makes Change," articles to the “ Boston Atlas.” He removed to a comedy, and the Priestess," a tragedy, were suc- New York city in 1838 to become associate editor | cessfully received in this country and abroad. His of the “Courier and Enquirer,” but resigned after novels and tales for the young include "Wealth and the election of President Harrison, resumed his Worth” (New York, 1840); "What's to be Done, or profession of the law, taking charge, in 1848, as a the Will and the Way” (1841); “ Fleetwood, or the volunteer for the Whig congressional committee, Stain of a Birth" (1845); and “ Peculiar, a Tale of of the “ Battery,” a campaign paper published in the Great Transition," which pictures the social Washington, to advocate Gen. Zachary Taylor's changes in the south during the early years of the election to the presidency: He subsequently civil war (1863). His poems include 66 408 SAWYER SAWYER father, who was a farmer and blacksmith, removed | Mr. Sawyer conducted experiments on his inven- to Essex county, N. Y., where the son's youth was tion, at his own expense, for the benefit of the spent in manual labor and in attending the com- U. S. ordnance bureau, and after thorough tests it mon schools at intervals. At seventeen years of was approved, and the secretary of war announced age, by an arrangement with his father, he became that the practicability of rifled cannon and projec- the master of his own time, and in 1847, when he tiles had at last been demonstrated. It was recom- had saved about $2,000, he removed to Wisconsin. mended that four field-guns be issued for practice, After two years of farming he went to Algoma but before the order was carried into effect the (now part of Oshkosh) and engaged in the lumber civil war had begun. The 42-pounders (rifle) co- business, in which he was very successful and won lumbiads were mounted at Newport News and upon a reputation for integrity. He was chosen to the the Rip Raps (Fort Wool), the latter being the only legislature in 1857 and 1861, served as mayor of guns there that could reach Sewell's Point battery, Oshkosh in 1863–²4, and was a delegate to the a distance of three and one-half miles, which they Loyalists' convention of 1866. He was chosen to did with great accuracy, and made fearful havoc congress as a Republican in 1864, and served by with the railroad-iron-clad batteries. An 18-pound- successive re-elections from 1865 till 1875, declin- er Sawyer rifle also did great execution on board ing a renomination. In 1881 he was elected U. S. the steamer “ Fancy.” Mr. Sawyer claims that senator, and he was re-elected in 1887. He has he was treated unjustly by the ordnance officers been a delegate to the National Republican con- during the civil war. Notwithstanding the report ventions of 1864, 1876, and 1880. In the lower in his favor, his guns were not extensively adopted, house of congress Mr. Sawyer served for some time but his improvements were incorporated in others as chairman of the committee on the Pacific rail- that, he says, were infringements on his patents. road, and as a member of the committees on com- He was advised by government officials to wait till merce, manufactures, and invalid pensions. Both the war had ended and then prosecute the chiefs there and in the senate he has been known as a of ordnance of the army and navy; but they both valuable working member, but he seldom takes the died shortly after its close, and nothing has been floor. He has given $12,000 toward a building for done in the matter. But he received several orders the Young men's Christian association in Oshkosh, for guns directly from department commanders, to and contributed liberally to other religious, be- whom he furnished the first batteries of cast-steel nevolent, and educational enterprises. rifled guns made in this country. He made other SAWYER, Sylvanus, inventor, b. in Templeton, improvements in projectiles in 1861-2, and in Worcester co., Mass., 15 April, 1822. His father 1864-5 built a shop for the manufacture of ord- was a farmer, mill-owner, and lumberman, and nance; but the close of the wars in this country and from childhood the son showed great mechanical South America caused it to be turned to other uses. ingenuity. While he was a lad he invented a reed. He took out patents on dividers and calipers in organ that embodied many of the features of those 1867, a steam-generator in 1868, a sole sewing-ma- that are now in use. From about his twelfth till chine in 1876, and a centring watchmaker's lathe his twenty-first year feeble health unfitted him for in 1882. He has recently engaged in the manu- farm labor, and he occupied himself largely with facture of watchmakers' tools, but has now retired carpenter's and smith's tools. In 1839 he went to from business, and takes much interest in agricul- Augusta, Me., with a view of working with his ture. He has served as an alderman in Fitchburg. brother-in-law, a gunsmith, and, though his health SAWYER, Thomas Jefferson, clergyman, b. in soon forced him to return, he gained knowledge Reading, Vt., 9 Jan., 1804. He was graduated at that enabled him to repair fire-arms and do much Middlebury in 1829, and in 1830–45 was pastor of similar work, in which he engaged till his majority. a Universalist church in New Yorkcity, where he During this time he also made several inventions, also edited the “Christian Messenger" in 1831-²45. including a steam-engine, a screw-propeller, and a In the latter year he became principal of Clinton car to be operated by foot-power. He went to liberal institute, Oneida county, where he also Boston about 1843, and, while working in a ma- taught theology. In 1852 he returned to his chine-shop there, invented a machine for preparing charge in New York, but in 1861 he retired to a chair-cane from rattan. Thousands of dollars had farm at Clinton, where he lived in retirement, de- been spent in vain attempts to construct such a clining the presidencies of St. Lawrence university, machine, but Mr. Sawyer's was successful, and Canton, N. Y., Lombard university, III., and Tufts after it was patented, in June, 1851, he and his college, Mass., which he had been instrumental in brother Joseph established a shop at East Temple- founding in 1852. He was also active in establish- ton, where they manufactured chair-cane by its ing the theological school of St. Lawrence uni- In the following December the American versity in 1856. In 1863–6 he edited the “Chris- rattan company was formed to use their machine, tian Ambassador," and he then resided on a farm in and erected a large shop in Fitchburg, Mass. Mr. New Jersey till 1869, when he became professor of Sawyer devised several auxiliary machines, and, be theology in Tufts. Prof. Sawyer has defended the sides serving as director, was manager of the com- doctrines of Universalism in the press, and in pub- pany's shop. His inventions have entirely revolu- lic discussions with clergymen of other denoinina- tionized the chair-cane business, transferring it tions. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in from southern India, China, and Holland to this 1850, and he is a member of the Theological his- country. In the summer of 1853 he invented | torical society of Leipsic. Besides contributions to improvements in rifled cannon projectiles, which denominational literature, he has published in book- were patented in 1855. These embrace the placing form “ Letters to Rev. Stephen Remington in Re- of a coating of lead or other soft metal on the rear view of his · Lectures on Universalism?" (New York, and sides of the shell, which is expanded laterally 1839); “Review of Rev. E. F. Halfield's Universal- by the discharge and prevents the “ windage” or ism as it is?" (1843); * Endless Punishment," and passage of gas by the projectile, also filling the other discourses (1845); “Memoirs of Rev. Stephen grooves of the rifling and obviating the use of heli- R. Smith" (Boston, 1852); discussions with Rev. cal projections; and the arrangement of a percus- Isaac Westcott on "The Doctrine of Endless Mis- sion-cap so as to insure the explosion of the shell | ery” (New York, 1853) and " The Doctrine of Uni- on impact. In 1857–8, with his brother Addison, versal Salvation" (1854); “ Who is Our God, the а means. SAXE 409 SAXTON 66 curves. Son or the Father 9” opposing the views of Henry SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACH, Carl Bern- Ward Beecher (1859); and “ Endless Punishment hard, Duke of, b. in Weimar in 1792 ; d. in Hol- in the Very Words of its Advocates” (Boston, land, 31 July, 1862. He entered the service of the 1880). — His wife, Caroline Mehetabel (FISHER), king of the Netherlands, took part in the principal author, b. in Newton, Mass., 8 Dec., 1812, was edu- campaigns of 1806–’15 against the French, and be- cated principally at home by an invalid uncle, came lieutenant-general in 1831. In 1825 he ob- and began to write at an early age, but published tained leave of absence, and sailed for this country nothing till her marriage to Dr. Sawyer in Sep- in the royal sloop-of-war “ Pallas.” He visited all tember, 1831, when she removed with him to New the principal cities of the United States and Cana- York, and began to contribute in prose and verse da, and on his return published “Travels through to the magazines. She edited the “ Ladies' Reposi- North America, 1825–26” (Philadelphia, 1828). În tory," a Universalist monthly, from 1861 till 1864, this work he shows himself to be an excellent and and published the “ Juvenile Library” (4 vols., intelligent observer. New York, 1845); “The Poetry of Hebrew Tra- SAXTON, Joseph, mechanician, b. in Hunting- dition" (Hartford, 1847); the * Poems” of Mrs. don, Pa., 22 March, 1799 ; d. in Washington, D. Č., Julia H. Scott, with a memoir (Boston, 1854); 26 Oct., 1873. He received a limited education, "Friedel,” from the German of Van Horn (Phila- and was apprenticed to a watchmaker, after which delphia, 1856); and “ The Rose of Sharon,” an an- he constructed a printing-press, and published a nual (8 vols., 1850—'8). small newspaper at irregular intervals. In 1817 he SAXE, John Godfrey, poet, b. in Highgate, went to Philadelphia, where he worked at his trade, Vt., 2 June, 1816; d. in Albany, N. Y., 31 March, and invented a machine for cutting the teeth of 1887. He entered Wesleyan university in 1835, but wheels, the outlines of which were true epicycloidal left in his freshman year, and was graduated at Meanwhile he learned to draw with facil- Middlebury in 1839. ity, and devoted some time to the study of en- During the four years graving. He then became associated with Isaiah following he studied Lukens, a celebrated machinist of Philadelphia, law in Lockport, N. Y., and constructed an astronomical clock with com- and then in St. Al- pensating pendulum and an escapement on a new bans, Vt., where, in plan devised by himself. The town clock in the 1843, he was admitted belfry of Independence hall was also made by him to the bar. He prac- about this time. In his ambition to obtain knowl- tised with success in edge he became a member of the Franklin institute, Franklin county for and acquired reputation among its members for several years, becom- his ingenuity. În 1828 he visited England, and, ing in 1850–'1 state's being attracted to the Adelaide gallery of practical attorney for Chitten- science in London, he constructed many ingenious den county, and in mechanical toys for that institution. He also made 1847–8 he was super- numerous original investigations, met many cele- intendent of common brated engineers and mechanicians, and was intro- schools. His fond- duced by Michael Faraday to the meetings of the for literature Royal institution. In 1833 he exhibited before the gradually led him in- British association for the advancement of science to journalism, and in a magneto-electric machine, with which he showed 1850 he purchased the a brilliant electric spark, decomposed water, exhib- “ Burlington Sentinel,” which he edited until 1856. ited the electric light between charcoal points, and Mr. Saxe served as attorney-general of Vermont in gave a rapid series of intense shocks. During his 1856, and for a time was deputy collector of cus- residence in England he also invented the loco- toms. In 1859, and again in 1860, he was the un- motive differential pulley, an apparatus for meas- successful Democratic nominee for governor. Set-uring the velocity of vessels, and a fountain-pen, tling in New York, he devoted himself to litera- and perfected the medal-ruling machine, an appa- ture and lectured until 1872, when he moved to ratus for tracing lines on metal or glass at a mi- Albany, and became an editor of the “ Evening nute distance from each other that shall represent Journal.” In 1866 Middlebury gave him the de- by an engraving the design on the face of the gree of LL. D. Mr. Saxe achieved his greatest repu- medal. He was tendered the office of director of tation by his poetry. As a young lawyer he sent his the printing machinery of the Bank of England, earliest verses to the “Knickerbocker,” and in after but declined this place in order to accept, in 1837, years he contributed to “ Harper's Magazine " and that of constructor and curator of the standard the “ Atlantic Monthly.”. His “Rhyme of the weighing apparatus of the U. S. mint in Philadel- Rail,” “ The Briefless Barrister," " The Proud Miss phia. During his connection with the mint he McBride," and similar humorous poems, as well as constructed the large standard balances that are his more serious “ Jerry, the Miller," " I'm growing used in the annual inspection of the assays and the Old," ," “ The Old Church-Bell,” and “Treasures in verification of standard weights. In 1843 he was Heaven,” were very popular. His published works given charge of the construction of the standard include “Progress : a Satirical Poem " (New York, balances, weights, and measures to be presented to 1846); “Humorous and Satirical Poems" (Boston, each of the states for insuring uniformity of meas- 1850); “The Money King, and other Poems ures in all parts of the country under the auspices (1859); “ The Flying Dutchman, or the Wrath of of the U. S. coast survey. He invented an auto- Herr Von Stoppelnose” (New York, 1862); “Clever matic instruinent for recording the height of the Stories of Many Nations rendered in Rhyme” tides, and applied the reflecting pyrometer that had (Boston, 1865); “ The Times, the Telegraph, and been previously invented to the construction of other Poems" (London, 1865); “ The Masquerade, measuring rods that would retain their length and other Poems" (Boston, 1866); “ Fables and while subjected to different temperatures. A deep- Legends of Many Countries” (1872); and “ Leisure- sea thermometer and an immersed hydrometer were Day Rhymes" (1875). There have also been nu- among his later inventions. Mr. Saxton received merous collections of his poems. from the Franklin institute in 1834 a medal for bis 9 ness Sahur C. Saxe 9 99 : 410 SAY SAXTON a reflecting pyrometer, and in 1851 was awarded a | (Philadelphia, 1774), on the appearance of which gold medal at the World's fair in London for a Say printed in the “ Pennsylvania Journal” of 2 large balance of extreme precision. In 1837 he March, 1774, the following notice: “Whereas a was elected a member of the American philosophi- certain William Mentz has printed for sale, with- cal society, and in 1863 became a charter mem- out my knowledge or consent, “The Vision of ber of the National academy of sciences. A sketch Thomas Say,' which is but an incorrect and imper- of his life was contributed by Joseph Henry to the fect part of what I propose to make public. And first volume of the “ Biographical Memoirs" of the as I never intended what I had wrote on that head latter body (Washington, 1877). to be published during my life, all persons are de- SAXTON, Luther Calvin, impostor, b. in Mas- sired not to encourage the said Mentz in such sachusetts in 1806; d. after 1866. He was gradu- wrong proceeding.". After his death his son, Dr. ated at Hamilton college in 1825. In 1850 he pub- Benjamin Say, published an account of the vision lished the “Fall of Poland” (New York). He went in “ A Short Compilation of the Extraordinary Life to Rochester, N. Y., about 1860, and there interested and Writings of Thomas Say, copied from his Aristarchus Champion, an aged, wealthy, and some- Manuscripts” (Philadelphia, 1796). "He was a man what eccentric man, in three schemes--the Union of noted benevolence, a zealous promoter of educa- book company, with a capital of $3,000,000; an tion, and for many years was the treasurer of the International bank, with a capital of many mill Society for the instruction of blacks. He helped ions; and a vast manufacturing corporation. Only to found the Pennsylvania hospital, and was one the book company was put into operation. Half of the founders of the House of employment.-His the stock was to be in books, manuscripts, and son, Benjamin, physician, b. in Philadelphia in copyrights, and of these Saxton professed to have 1756; d. there, 23 April, 1813, was educated in a great supply. Champion furnished capital in the Quaker schools, and in 1780 received the degree of form of notes and mortgages to the amount of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He $51,475. Saxton established a magazine and visited sympathized with the colonies during the Revolu- Europe as the general agent of the company; but tion, and in 1781 he was among those known as after a time Champion grew suspicious, and had the “fighting Quakers," who initiated the forma- him arrested and indicted for false pretences. He tion of the society entitled “ The Monthly Meet- was brought to trial, 8 Dec., 1863, convicted, sen- ing of Friends, called by some Free Quakers, dis- tenced to Auburn prison, 31 Dec., for three years, tinguishing us from the brethren who have dis- and served out his full term. owned us. Dr. Say was well known in his pro- SAXTON, Rufus, soldier, b. in Greenfield, fession, and in 1787 was a founder of the College Mass., 19 Oct., 1824. He attended Deerfield acad- of physicians of Philadelphia, whose treasurer he emy, worked on a farm until his twentieth year, was from 1791 till 1809. He was a contributor to and afterward entering the U. S. military acad- the Pennsylvania hospital, a founder of the Penn- emy, was graduated in 1849. He entered the 3d sylvania prison society (1790), and for many years artillery, became ist lieutenant in 1855, and in the president of the Humane society. From 1808 1853–4 led a surveying party across the Rocky till 1811 he served in congress. He published mountains. In 1855–9 he was employed in the “Spasmodic Affections of the Eye" (Philadelphia, coast survey, and made improvements in the in- 1792), and the work mentioned above (1796). — Ben- struments for deep-sea soundings, one of which, jamin's son, Thomas, naturalist, b. in Philadel- a self-registering thermometer, bears his name. phia, Pa., 27 July, 1787; d. in New Harmony, Ind., In 1859 he became an instructor at the U.S. mili- 10 Oct., 1834, aban- tary academy, and at the opening of the civil war doned commercial he was at St. Louis acting as quartermaster with pursuits and devot- the rank of captain, and was engaged in break- ed himself to the ing up Camp Jackson. (See LYON, NATHANIEL.) study of natural his- He joined Gen. George B. McClellan in western tory. In 1812 he Virginia, afterward accompanied Gen. Thomas W. was a founder of the Sherman to Port Royal as quartermaster, and Academy of natural on 15 April, 1862, was made brigadier-general of sciences at Philadel- volunteers. For a short time after the retreat of phia, and he became Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks from the Shenandoah, a chief contributor Gen. Saxton commanded at Harper's Ferry, and to its journal. In successfully resisted an attack on his position by 1818 Mr. Say took Confederate troops under Gen. Ewell. He was part in a scientific military governor of the Department of the South exploration of the in 1862–5, and was appointed quartermaster with islands and coasts the rank of major in July, 1866. He was brevetted of Georgia, visiting brigadier-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, for eastern Florida for faithful and meritorious services during the war, the same purpose, termaster-general, 6 June, 1872, and colonel and party to the interior assistant quartermaster-general, 10 March, 1882. was stopped by hos- From 1883 till 1888 he was in charge of the Jeffer- tile Indians. In 1819–20 he accompanied the ex- sonville department at Louisville, Ky, pedition under Maj. Stephen H. Long to the Rocky SAY, Thomas, merchant, b. in Philadelphia, mountains as chief geologist, and in 1823 took Pa., 16 Dec., 1709; d. there in 1796. His father, part in that to the sources of St. Peter's river. He William Say, was an early Quaker colonist. The removed to the New Harmony settlement with son was educated in the Friends' school, and Robert Owen in 1825, and after their separation learned the saddler's trade, but afterward became remained there as agent of the property. His prin- an apothecary. When a young man he supposed cipal work is “ American Entomology" (3 vols., that he visited heaven in a trance. William Mentz Philadelphia, 1824–8). His “ American Conchol- published " The Visions of a Certain Thomas Say, of ogy," seven numbers of which were published at the City of Philadelphia, which he saw in a Trance” | New Harmony, was incomplete at the time of his a thomas day SAYLER 411 SAYRE death. His discoveries of new species of insects of the 1st division of the New York state militia, were supposed to have been greater than had ever but he resigned in 1866. Since 1870 he has been been made by a single individual before. He was consulting surgeon to the Home for incurables in a frequent contributor to the “ Transactions” of Westchester county, N. Y. From 1860 till 1866 he the American philosophical society, the New York was resident physician of the city of New York, lyceum, “ American Journal of Science,” and many during which time he presented many papers to other publications. His complete writings on the the board of health. Among these was one show- conchology of the United States were edited by ing that cholera is a portable disease, if not a William G. Birney (New York, 1858), and his writ- contagious one, and could be prevented by efficient ings on entomology by Dr. John L. Le Conte, with quarantine regulations. In 1876 he was appointed a memoir by George Ord (New York, 1859). by the American medical association a delegate to SAYLER, Milton, congressman, b. in Lewis- the International medical congress that convened burg, Preble co., Ohio, 4 Nov., 1831. He was in Philadelphia, and in 1877 he was sent by the graduated at Miami university in 1852, and after- same body as a delegate to the British medical as- ward at Cincinnati law-school, and practised law at sociation. On this occasion he was invited to give Cincinnati. He was a member of the legislature of demonstrations of his mode of treatment of hip- Ohio in 1862–'3, was elected to congress, and served joint and spinal diseases in the University college by successive elections from 1 Dec., 1873, till 1880. hospital, Guy's, St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, He was chosen speaker of the house of representa- and the Royal orthopedic hospital in London, tives pro tempore, 24 June, 1876. also in Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and SAYLES, John, author, b. in Vernon, Oneida Cork. In 1879 he went as a delegate to the 6th co., N. Y., 9 March, 1825. His ancestor came to International medical congress in Amsterdam, and this country in the ship with Roger Williams, before that body gave demonstrations of his plan whose daughter he married. John was educated of treatment for Pott's disease and lateral curva- in his native town and at Hamilton college, and ture of the spine. He was present at the In- in 1844 removed to Georgia. He taught there and ternational medical congresses in London in 1881, in Texas, and, having studied law in the mean Copenhagen in 1884, and in Washington in 1887, time, was admitted to the bar of Texas in 1846. at each of which he read papers descriptive of his He practised successfully at Brenham, and was recent improvements in the treatment of the dis- member of the legislature in 1853–5. When the eases of which he makes a specialty: Dr. Sayre's civil war began he was made brigadier-general of inventions include many surgical appliances, among Texan militia, and he was subsequently on the which are a uvulatome, splints for extension of staff of Gen. John B. Magruder. He was appoint- the hip-, knee-, and ankle-joints in chronic disease, ed special judge of the supreme court of Texas in a flexible probe, improved tracheotomy-tube, bris- 1851, and in 1880 became one of the law faculty of tle probang for removing foreign bodies from the Baylor university. He has published " A Treatise asophagus, scrotal clamp, club- foot shoe, new on the Practice in the District and Supreme Courts method for treating fractured clavicle, and the use of Texas" (1858); " Treatise on the Civil Jurisdic- of plaster of Paris in the treatment of spinal dis- tion of Justices of the Peace in the State of Texas” eases and curvature. In 1872 he was made a (1867); “ Treatise on the Principles of Pleading in knight of the order of Wasa by Charles XIV., king Civil Actions in the Courts of Texas ” (1872); "The of Sweden and Norway, for his services to medical Probate Laws of Texas" (1872); “ Laws of Busi- science. He is a member of numerous medical ness and Form-Book” (1872); Constitution of societies at home and abroad, and was one of the Texas, with Notes" (1872); “ Notes on Texan Re- original men ers of the American medical associ- ports” (1874); “The Masonic Jurisprudence of ation, of which he was vice-president in 1866, and Texas, with Forms for the Use of Lodges and the president in 1886. His bibliography is exceedingly Grand Lodge” (1879); and Revised Civil Stat- large, consisting chiefly of contributions to profes- utes and Laws passed by the Legislature of Texas, sional journals, and includes the books “ Practical with Notes” (St. Louis, 1888). Manual of the Treatment of Club-Foot” (New SAYRE, David Austen, philanthropist, b. in York, 1869); “ Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and Bottle Hill, N. J., 12 March, 1793 ; d. in Lexing- Diseases of the Joints” (1876), of which several ton, Ky., 11 Sept., 1870. He removed in early life to editions have been issued and which have been re- Lexington, where he became a successful merchant published in Germany and France; and “Spinal and banker. Though repeatedly meeting with heavy Curvature and its Treatment” (London, 1877). losses, he gave about $500,000 to benevolent objects SAYRE, Stephen, patriot, b. on Long Island, during his life-time, including $100,000 to found N. Y., in 1734; d. in Virginia, 27 Sept., 1818. He the Saver institute.—His nephew, Lewis Albert, was graduated at Princeton in 1757, engaged early surgeon, b. in Bottle Hill (now Madison), N. J., 29 in business, and became a successful merchant and Feb., 1820, was graduated at Transylvania univer- banker in London. He was sheriff of that city in sity, Ky., in 1838, and at the College of physicians 1774, and possessed the confidence of the Earl of and surgeons in 1842. The oflice of prosector to Dr. Chatham at a critical period. He ardently favored Willard Parker, professor of surgery in that insti- the cause of the independence of the American tution, was at once given to him, and he held it until colonies, and suffered for his devotion to his 1852. He was appointed in 1853 surgeon to Belle- ' country. An officer of the royal guards, named vue hospital, and in 1859 surgeon to the Charity Richardson, also an American, brought a charge hospital on Blackwell's island, both of which posts of high treason against him for the use of a light he continued to hold until 1873, when he became and unguarded expression referring to the king's consulting surgeon. Dr. Sayre advocated clinical death. Mr. Sayre was committed to the tower, practice in medical colleges, and was in 1861 and, though released soon afterward, his banking- among the first to suggest the establishment of house failed, and, having lost everything, he was Bellevue hospital medical college. On the forma- | forced to leave England. He was afterward em- tion of its faculty, he became professor of ortho- ployed by Benjamin Franklin on some important pedic surgery, and fractures and luxations, and missions, was his private secretary for a period, later of clinical surgery, which chair he still (1888) and went with Arthur Lee to Berlin at the time holds. In 1844 he was appointed hospital surgeon i of the first suggestion of the scheme of armed 66 412 SCAMMELL SAYRES He re- а neutrality. After leaving Berlin, Mr. Sayre went mond, and, after Gen. Pender was wounded at to Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg, and the battle of Fredericksburg, look command of his in each of those cities received ample supplies to brigade. He was severely wounded at Chancellors- support the cause of the independence of the United ville and Gettysburg, and was present at most of States. In 1795 he was an active opponent of Wash- the other battles till the close of the war. ington's administration. sumed the practice of his profession after the war, SAYRES, Edward Smith, consul, b. in Mar- was elected to the legislature of North Carolina in cus Hook, Pa., 6 Oct., 1799 ; d. in Philadelphia, 29 1866–7, and served in congress by successive elec- March, 1877. His father, Caleb Smith Sayres, was tions from 1875 till 1885. On 4 Nov., 1884, he was a distinguished physician, who is mentioned by elected governor of North Carolina for the term Dr. Benjamin Rush as being particularly skilful that will end in January, 1889. in the treatment of yellow fever during the epi- SCALLAN, Thomas, Canadian R. C. bishop, demic of 1798. The son was educated at the Uni- b. in Wexford, Ireland, about 1770; d. in St. John, versity of Pennsylvania. He was appointed vice- Newfoundland, 29 May, 1830. He studied the- consul of Brazil in 1841, of Portugal in 1850, of ology in the Convent of St. Isidore, Rome, where he Sweden and Norway in 1854, of Denmark in 1862, entered the Franciscan order. After his ordination and in 1872 honorary consul of Brazil for long and he was appointed professor of philosophy in the faithful services to the empire. He was at the time Franciscan college. He returned to Ireland in of his death dean of the consular corps at Phila- 1794, and after teaching in the seminary of his or- delphia, and probably the oldest foreign consul in der at Waterford went to Newfoundland in 1812, point of service in the United States. but, after serving in the diocese for a few years, re- SCADDING, Henry, Canadian author, b. in turned again to his native country. In January, Dunkeswell, Devonshire, England, 29 July, 1813. 1816, he was nominated coadjutor of Dr. Lambert, He came to Canada with his parents in 1821, and vicar apostolic of Newfoundland, and was conse- lived near York (now Toronto). He was educated crated bishop of Drago, in partibus, in Wexford. on at Upper Canada college, Toronto, and at St. John's 1 May. In 1817 he succeeded Dr. Lambert as ricar college, Cambridge, England, where he was gradu- apostolic. During his administration the Roman ated in 1837. In 1838 he was appointed to a clas- Catholics of Newfoundland increased in numbers, sical tutorship in Upper Canada college, and in the wealth, and social standing. The island of Anticosti same year he was ordained a priest of the Churzh and that part of Labrador that is bounded by the of England in Canada. In 1847 he became rector northern part of St. John river were added to his of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Toronto, vicariate in 1820. He was of a mild and tolerant which post he resigned in 1875. He was also a disposition and an especial favorite with the Prot- canon of St. James's cathedral, Toronto. He has estants of the island. He was accused of allow- been president of the Canadian institute, Toronto, ing his liberality to carry him too far in his desire was awarded the confederation medal in 1885, in to conciliate all religious denominations, and a for- appreciation of his useful public labors as a man mal censure was sent from Rome; but, as he was of letters, was president of the Pioneer association on his death-bed, it was not read to him. of Toronto, and received the degree of D. D. from SCAMMELL, Alexander, soldier, b. in Mendon Cambridge university in 1852. He edited the (now Milford), Mass., probably in 1746; d. in Will- “Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and His- iamsburg, Va., 6 Oct., 1781. He was graduated at tory” in 1868–78, and published" Memorial of the Harvard in 1769, and taught in Kingston and Plym- Rev. William Honywood Ripley” (Toronto, 1849); outh, Mass. In 1771 he went to Portsmouth, N. H., "Shakespeare the Seer-the Interpreter" (1864); and the following year he was employed by the “ Truth's Resurrection” (1865); “Christian Pan- government in exploring and surveying land and theism” (1865); " Toronto of Old” (1873); “ The timber for the royal navy, and in assisting to make Four Decades of York, Upper Canada” (1884); surveys for a map of New Hampshire. Also he “ A History of the Old French Fort at Toronto" served on board a sloop-of-war to transmit de- (1887); brief memoirs of John Strachan, first spatches, plans, and reports to the plantation office bishop of Toronto (1868), and Henry Dundas and in Great Britain. Later he studied law with John Sir George Yonge (1878); and numerous pamphlets Sullivan in Durham, N. H., until 1775. On 14 Dec., and articles on the archæology and history of Upper 1774, he was of the force under John Sullivan, John Canada, and other subjects. In his writings Dr. Langdon, and others that captured William and Scadding has principally aspired to the reputation Mary fort, Newcastle, and secured its arms and of a local historian and annalist, and as such has 96 barrels of powder, one of the first overt acts of done much valuable work. the Revolution, which was declared treason by the SCALES, Alfred Moore, governor of North royal governor. While Sullivan was a member of Carolina, b. in Reedsville, Rockingham co., N. C., the Continental congress Scammell had charge of 26 Nov., 1827. He was educated at the University his legal affairs, which detained him from joining of North Carolina, but was not graduated. He af- the army at Cambridge. When his preceptor was terward taught for a time, then studied law, was appointed major - general in the Revolutionary admitted to the bar in 1851, and in 1853 became so- army, Scammell was made a brigade-major. On 10 licitor of Rockingham county. He was a member of Dec. , 1776, he became colonel of the 3d New Hamp- the lower house of the legislature in 1852, 1853, and shire regiment, and he was transferred later to the 1856, and was then elected to congress as a Demo- 1st regiment. In 1777 his regiment was ordered crat, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 3 March, 1859. to the northern army under Gen. Horatio Gates. He became clerk and master of the court of equity In that campaign he was notably active, and was of Rockingham county in 1859, which office he held wounded at Saratoga, 5 Jan., 1778. He was appoint- till the civil war. In 1860 he was a presidential ed adjutant-general of the American army, and elector on the Breckinridge ticket, and at the be- consequently became a member of Gen. Washing- ginning of the civil war he entered the Confeder: ton's military family. Preferring active command ate army as a private. He was elected captain, and the post of danger, in March, 1781, he was given subsequently promoted colonel, and then made command of a chosen regiment of light infantry, brigadier-general. He took part in the battle of and on 30 Sept., at the siege of Yorktown, as officer Williamsburg and in the engagements near Rich- of the day, while reconnoitring the enemy's position, SCAMMON 413 SCANNELL Plangelamma he was captured by Hessian dragoons, and wounded he was appointed 2d lieutenant of topographical after his surrender. On request of Gen. Washing- engineers, and he was assistant professor of mathe- ton, Cornwallis permitted him to be taken to Will- matics at West Point from 1837 till 1838, and of iamsburg, where he died. ethics from 1841 till 1846. He was aide-de-camp to SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, lawyer, b. in Gen. Winfield Scott in Mexico in 1846–7, engaged Whitefield, Me., 27 July, 1812 ; d. in Chicago, Ill., 17 on the survey of the northern lakes in 1847-54, March, 1890. He studied at Waterville, from which in 1853 became captain. In 1856 he was dis- he received the degree of LL. D. in 1869, studied missed the army for disobedience of orders.” law in Hallowell, He was then professor in Mount St. Mary's col- Me., was admitted lege, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856–8, and president of to the bar, and re- the polytechnic college in that city from 1859-'61. moved in 1835 to He became colonel of the 23d Ohio regiment in Chicago, where he June, 1861, served in western Virginia and Mary- began the practice land, and was promoted brigadier-general of vol- of his profession. unteers, 15, Oct., 1862, for gallant conduct at the He prepared a new battle of South Mountain, Md. He commanded the edition of the laws district of Kanawha from November, 1862, till 3 of Illinois (“Gale's Feb., 1864, was a prisoner of war from the latter Statutes"), was ap- date till 3 Aug., and then led a separate brigade at pointed reporter Morris island, S. C. From November, 1864, till of the supreme April, 1865, he was in charge of the district of Flor- court, and pub- ida. He was U.S.consul in Prince Edward island lished Scam- from 1866 till 1870, and afterward professor of mon's Reports” (4 mathematics and history in Seton Hall college, vols., 1832–43). Orange, N. J.- Another brother, Charles Mell. unum He associated Ez- ville, navigator, b. in Pittston, Me., 28 May, 1825, ra B. McCagg with became a ship-captain and sailed to California in him in 1847, and 1850. He engaged in the whale-fishery and discor- subsequently Samuel W. Fuller, in the firm of ered the habitat of the gray whale in a bay on the Scammon, McCagg, and Fuller. He took an im- coast of California, which was named Scammon portant part in pioneer enterprises, was one of lagoon. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 the main organizers and directors of the first rail- he became commander of a U. S. revenue cutter in road west of Lake Michigan, the Galena and Chi- San Francisco, and he was subsequently appointed cago (now the Northwestern), laid the foundation captain in that branch of the service, in which he of the first successful public school system in Chi- still remains. He is the author of a work on “ The cago, and actively identified himself with many Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of societies. He was one of the founders of the Chi- America and the American Whale Fishery” (San cago astronomical society and its first president, Francisco, 1874). and built and maintained at his own expense for SCANLAN, Lawrence, R. C. bishop, b. in many years Dearborn observatory, in which was Ballintarsna, County Tipperary, Ireland, 29 Sept., placed the first grand refractor that was manufac- 1843. He studied classics in Thurles in 1860, and tured by Alvan Clark and Sons, of Cambridge, Mass. in 1863 entered the mission college of All Hallows, The observatory cost $30,000. He acquired wealth, Dublin, to prepare for the priesthood. He was or- most of which was lost in the great fire of 1871 dained priest in 1868, and immediately embarked and the panic of 1873, and he was at the head of for the United States, where he was appointed as- several large and successful financial institutions. sistant pastor of St. Patrick's church, San Francis- Mr. Scammon was a Whig, and a Republican in co. In 1871 he was sent to Pioche, Nevada, which politics. He was one of several gentlemen that had become suddenly a place of great importance, established the “Chicago American" in 1844 to aid owing to the discovery of mines. He built a church, in the election of Henry Clay, and when, in 1872, the first in this part of the state, and was bringing the Chicago “ Tribune favored the election of about a marked change in the reckless lives of the Horace Greeley, he established the “ Inter-Ocean miners, when, in 1873, he was transferred to Salt as a Republican paper. He was a Swedenborgian, Lake City. A few years afterward he was appoint- was the first of that belief in Chicago, instituted ed vicar forane of the territory of Utah. In this the Chicago society of the New Jerusalem and the post he gave proof of financial ability as well as Illinois association of that church, and was for ten missionary zeal. After liquidating a heavy debt years vice-president of the general convention of on the church in Salt Lake, he secured a site for his denomination in the United States. He was an academy in 1875. To collect funds for the the first layman to introduce the homeopathic purpose he travelled on horseback night and day system of medicine in Chicago, and founded the through every part of the territory, and before the Hahnemann hospital, of which and the Hahne- end of the year he succeeded in erecting the finest mann medical college he continued many years a building of the kind in Utah. He afterward built trustee. Many acts of the legislature originated five churches, five schools, and two hospitals. In with him, especially those reforming the circu- 1881 he erected a fine hospital in Salt Lake City. lating medium and driving out of circulation the In 1886 he founded the College of All Hallows, depreciated currency that inundated Illinois and which is the largest school-building within a range the north west. He had been officially connect- of 1,000 miles. Dr. Scanlan was his own architect ed with the city, county, and state government, and superintendent in erecting these buildings, all and a member of the legislature, and of the Re- of which were built by the contributions of the publican national conventions of 1864 and 1872. Roman Catholics of Utah without aid from any Mr. Scammon contributed largely to the peri- other quarter. He was appointed vicar apostolic odical press. — His brother, Eliakim Parker, of Utah territory in 1887. soldier, b. in Whitefield, Me., 27 Dec., 1816, was SCANNELL, Richard, R. C. bishop, b, in Coun- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1837, ty Cork, Ireland, 12 May, 1844. After completing and promoted 2d lieutenant of artillery. In 1838 a course of mathematics and classics in a college a - 414 SCHAEFFER SCARBOROUG II at Middleton, Cork, he entered the Foreign mis- judge of the 3d judicial district, and in 1841 he sionary college of All Hallows, Dublin, where he was called to the supreme bench of the state. In studied theology, and affiliated himself to the dio- 1847 he resigned his post and resumed his law- cese of Nashville. He was ordained a priest early practice at Mt. Vernon, 11. In 1853 he was again in 1871. and embarked immediately afterward for elected to the supreme court bench, and again re- the United States. He was appointed assistant at signed, to return to his law-practice in Chicago. In the cathedral of Nashville after his arrival, then 1862 Judge Scates was commissioned major on the pastor of St. Columba's church, East Nashville, staff of Gen. McClernand, and before the close of the and after a few years rector of the cathedral. He civil war was assistant adjutant-general. When he governed the diocese as administrator, during a va- was mustered out of service in 1866 be was breret. cancy in the see, froin November, 1880, till June, ted brigadier-general of volunteers. On his return 1883. In 1885 he organized the congregation of to Chicago he completed his revision of the statutes St. Joseph's, in West Nashville, and on the crea- of Illinois and practised law till his death. tion of the diocese of Concordia, Kansas, was elected SCATTERGOOD, Thomas, Quaker preacher, bishop, and consecrated on 30 Nov., 1887. b. in Burlington, N. J., 23 Jan., 1754; d. in Phila- SCARBOROUGH, John, P. E. bishop. b. in delphia, Pa., 24 April, 1814. His great-grand- Castlewellan, in the north of Ireland, 25 April, father, of the same name, was of the company of 1831. On his father's death in 1840 he came to Quakers that went to Burlington in 1676. His the United States, and obtained his early educa- father, Joseph, at first a mariner, became a lawyer, tion and training in Lansingburg, N. Y. He was and died when Thomas was six years old, leaving graduated at Trinity in 1854, and at the Episcopal him to the care of his mother, who, after giving general theological seminary in 1857, and was or- him a good English education, apprenticed him to a dained deacon in Trinity church, New York, 28 | trade. He became a tanner, in which business he June, 1857, by Bishop Horatio Potter, and priest continued throughout his life. He was an active in St. Paul's church, Troy, N. Y., 14 Aug., 1858, member in the Society of Friends, was for many by the same bishop. His first post was as assist- years a noted elder of the sect, and in the work of ant in St. Paul's church, Troy, in 1857–60. He the ministry travelled extensively in this country was rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, and in Great Britain. His - Memoirs ” were printed Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1860-'7, and then became in the “ Friends' Library,” vol. viii. (Philadelphia, rector of Trinity church, Pittsburg, Pa., which 1844), and afterward published in a separate vol- post he held until 1875. He received the degree of ume (London, 1845). S. T. D. from Trinity in 1872, and served as deputy SCHAEFFER, Frederick David, clergyman, to the general convention in 1871 and 1874. Ilav- b. in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 15 Nov., ing been elected bishop of New Jersey, he was con- 1760; d. in Frederick, Md., 27 Jan., 1836. In 1768 secrated in St. Mary's church, Burlington, N. J., he was sent to the gymnasium in Hanau, where he 2 Feb., 1875. Bishop Scarborough has published remained until the death of his father in 1774. In a few occasional sermons, and several addresses 1776 he emigrated with an uncle to this country, and pastoral letters. but shortly after their arrival the uncle died, and SCARBOROUGH, William Saunders, educa- he was left destitute. After teaching in York tor, b. in Macon, Ga., 16 Feb., 1852. He is of African county, Pa., he studied theology, was licensed to descent. He was graduated at Oberlin in 1875, and preach in 1786, and ordained in 1788. He became taught in the Lewis high-school at Macon, but in pastor of Lutheran congregations at Carlisle and 1876 returned to Oberlin and entered the theologi- other places, and in 1812–'34 was the colleague of cal department for the purpose of studying Hebrew Rev. Dr. Helmuth in Philadelphia. In 1834, in and Hellenistic Greek. He declined an offer from consequence of the infirmities of age, he relin- the American missionary association to go to Af- quished the ministry, and removed to Frederick, rica, and in 1877 was called to fill the chair of an- Md. He received the degree of D. D. in 1813 from cient languages in Wilberforce university, near the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Schaeffer Xenia, Ohio. He is a member of the American was a close student, a fine classical scholar, and a philological society, the Modern language associa- good Hebraist. He published " Antwort auf eine tion, and other similar societies. Liberia college, Vertheidigung der Methodisten" (Germantown, Africa, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1882. Pa., 1806) and “ Eine herzliche Anrede" (1806).- His publications include - First Lessons in Greek" His eldest son, David Frederick, clergyman, b. in (New York, 1881), and “ Theory and Functions of Carlisle, Pa., 22 July, 1787; d. in Frederick, Md., the Thematic Vowel in the Greek Verb." 5 May, 1837, was graduated at the University of SCARTH, William Bain, Canadian member Pennsylvania in 1807, studied theology, and was of parliament, b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, 10 Nov., ordained by the ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1837. He was educated at Aberdeen and Edin- 1812. In 1808 he became pastor of the Lutheran burgh, and came to Canada in 1853. He settled congregation at Frederick, Md., which post he held in Toronto, was instrumental in forming the North until the end of his life. He was an able theologi- British Canadian investment company and the an, always having students under his direction, and Scottish Ontario Manitoba land company, and was was connected with all the important enterprises manager of both for several years. On the forma- of his own church and with many outside of it. tion of the Canadian northwest land company he From 1826 till 1831 he was the editor of the first became its managing director. Mr. Searth then English periodical that was established in the Lu- removed to Winnipeg. was chosen president of the theran church in this country, the “ Lutheran Intel- Liberal-Conservative association, and in 1887 was ligencer.” He took an active part in the establish- elected to the Dominion parliament. ment of the theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist, b. in South in 1826, was one of the founders of the general Boston, Va., 18 Jan., 1808; d. in Chicago, Ill., 26 synod of the Lutheran church (1821), secretary in Oct., 1887. His parents removed to Kentucky, 1821-9, and its president in 1831-'3.' In 1836 he where he remained till 1831, studied law, and was received the degree of D. D. from St. John's college, admitted to the bar. lle settled at Frankfort, Ill., Annapolis, Md. Besides a large number of doctrinal was appointed attorney-general, and then resided and other articles in the “Lutheran Intelligencer," at the capital, Vandalia. In 1836 he was made he published various addresses and sermons.- An- SCHAEFFER 415 SCHAFF . other son, Frederick Christian, clergyman, b. in censed to preach in 1835, and ordained in 1836. Germantown, Pa., 12 Nov., 1792; d. in New York Immediately afterward he took charge of a parish city, 26 March, 1832, studied the classics partly in in Montgomery county, which he served until 1841. the academy of his native place and partly under He was pastor at Harrisburg, Pa., in 1841-'9, and his father, with whom he also read theology, and at Germantown, Pa., in 1849-'75, when he was re- in 1812 was licensed to preach. In the same year tired as pastor emeritus. In 1864, when the theo- he became pastor of the Lutheran congregation logical seminary was established in Philadelphia, at Harrisburg, Pa., where he remained three years. he was elected professor of ecclesiastical history, In 1815 he accepted a call to Christ church, New which post he has since held. He has held high York city, where he preached in German and Eng- office in the councils of his church, and has been lish until 1823, when he organized St. Matthew's one of the trustees of the University of Pennsyl- English Lutheran congregation. Soon afterward vania since 1859, receiving from it the degree of difficulties about the church property arose be- D. D. in 1879. That of LL. D. was given him in tween the German and English congregations, and 1887 by Thiel college, Greenville, Pa. Dr. Schaeffer he organized St. James's English Lutheran congre- has long been one of the leaders of the conservative gation, which he served until his death. He re- and confessional party in the Lutheran church. ceived the degree of D. D. in 1830 from Columbia, He took an active part in the establishment of the and in the same year he was elected professor of theological seminary at Philadelphia in 1864, and the German language and literature there. He was in the organization of the general council in 1867. deeply interested in the study of natural science, He is specially versed in American Lutheran his- and received from the king of Prussia a gold medal tory and the historical and doctrinal development for his valuable services in the interest of this of the Lutheran church in this country, and has study. He published “ The Blessed Reformation written numerous articles for church papers and and Parables and Parabolic Sayings" (New York, theological reviews. He was for several years co- 1817), and several sermons.-Another son, Charles editor of the “ Lutheran Home Journal” in Phila- Frederick, clergyman, b. in Germantown, Pa., 3 delphia, and the “ Philadelphian, Lutheran and Sept., 1807; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Nov., 1879, Missionary.” Since 1879 he has been editor-in- was educated in the University of Pennsylvania, chief of "The Foreign Missionary” in Philadel- and studied theology partly under the direction of phia, and since 1886 he has been one of the editors his father. He of the “Lutheran Church Review.” He has pub- was ordained in lished Mann's Explanation of Luther's Small 1829, and became Catechism,” translated from the German (Phila- pastor at Car- delphia, 1855); “Early History of the Lutheran Îisle, Pa., where Church in America ” (1857); “Golden Treasury for he remained un- the Children of God," translated from the German til 1834. In the (1860); "Family Prayer, for Morning and Even- latter year he re- ing, and the Festivals of the Church Year”; and moved to Hagers- Halle Reports, translated from the German town, Md., where (vol. i., Reading, Pa., 1882). he had charge of SCHAFF, Philip, clergyman, b. in Coire, Swit- several Lutheran zerland, 1 Jan., 1819. He was educated at Coire, congregations un- the Stuttgart gymnasium, and the universities til 1839. He was of Tübingen, Halle, and Berlin. At Berlin, in professor of the- 1841, he took the degree of B. D., and passed his ology in Capitol examinations for a professorship there. He then university, Co- travelled in Europe as tutor to a Prussian noble- lumbus, Ohio, in man, and, on his return to Berlin, lectured in the 1840–3, and pas- university on exegesis and church history in 1842-'4. tor at Lancaster, On the recommendation of several eminent theo- Ohio, in 1843–5, at Red Hook, N. Y., in 1845–51, logians he was called to a professorship in the and at Easton, Pa., in 1851–5. From the last year theological seminary of the German Reformed till 1864 he was professor of the German language church of the United States at Mercersburg, Pa. and literature in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg. He was ordained at Elberfeld, came to this coun- and then till his death he was professor of syste- try in 1844, and in 1845 was tried for heresy, but matic theology of the newly established theological acquitted. In 1854 he visited Europe, represent- seminary at Philadelphia, and its president. He ing the American German churches at the ecclesi- was a representative of the strictly conservative and astical diet at Frankfort, and at the Swiss pas- confessional party in the Lutheran church, defend- toral conference at Basel, lectured in Germany on ing his position with great force in many publica America, and received the degree of D. D. from tions, and was a leader in the organization of the Berlin. His connection with Mercersburg was re- general council in 1867. He published a large tained from 1844 till 1863, when he removed to number of historical, homiletical, and doctrinal ar- New York. He was secretary of the New York ticles, and left several manuscripts of value, includ- Sabbath committee in 1864–9, and during that ing a complete “System of Lutheran Theology.” period delivered courses of lectures on church his- Among his works are Manual of Sacred History," tory in the theological seminaries at Andover, translated from the German (Philadelphia, 1855); Hartford, and New York. He paid a second visit “Luther's Small Catechism,” a revised translation to Europe in 1865, and a third in 1869. In 1870 (1856); “ Inaugural Address at Gettysburg.” (New he accepted the professorship of sacred literature York, 1856); and “Arndt's True Christianity," in Union theological seminary, New York city. translated from the German (1868). — Frederick Dr. Schaff is a member of the Leipsic historical, David's grandson, Charles William, theologian, the Netherland, and other historical and literary b. in Hagerstown, Md., 5 May, 1813, is the son of societies in Europe and America. He is one of the Rev. Frederick Solomon Schaeffer. He was gradu- founders, and honorary secretary, of the American ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, and branch of the Evangelical alliance, and was sent to at Gettysburg theological seminary in 1835, li- Europe in 1869, 1872, and 1873 to arrange for the C. F. Schaeffer 416 SCHARF SCHAFF Philip Sekalt Schaff а general conference of the alliance, which, after two | Prof. Henry B. Smith, he edits the “Philosophical postponements on account of the Franco-German and Theological Library,” a series of volumes be- war, was held in New York in October, 1873. Dr. gun in 1873 (New York and London). He has con- Schaff was also, in 1871, one of the alliance dele- | tributed articles to American and foreign reviews, gates to the emperor of Russia to plead for the and to Herzog's, Smith's, and various other en- religious liberty of his subjects in the Baltic prov- cyclopedic works. inces. He was presi- SCHANCK, John Stillwell, educator, b. near dent of the Ameri- Freehold, N. J., 24 Feb., 1817. He was graduated can Bible revision at Princeton in 1840, and at the medical depart- committee, which ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1843, was organized in settled in Princeton, and followed the practice of 1871 at the request his profession there until 1865. In 1847 he was of the English com- called to the curatorship of the college museum mittee, and in 1875 and to give lectures on anatomy, physiology, and he was sent to Eng- zoology. In 1855–²6 he instructed the senior class land to negotiate in chemistry, and in 1857 he was elected to suc- and arrange terms ceed John Torrey in the professorship. Under his with the British re- direction the course has been enlarged and ex- visers and the uni- tended, and he now (1888) lectures on anatomy, versity presses with physiology, chemistry, and hygiene. He is a mem- regard to co-opera- ber of various scientific societies, and in 1866 re- tion and publication ceived the degree of LL. D. from Lafayette. of the Anglo-Ameri. SCHANK, John, British naval officer, b. in Fife- can revision. That shire, Scotland, in 1740; d. in Dawlish, England, same year, in Au- 6 March, 1823. He entered the royal navy when gust, he attended a young, was a lieutenant in 1776, and was employed conference of the on the lakes during the Revolutionary war, con- Old Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants at Bonn, structing in less than six weeks the “Inflexible," with a view to promote Christian unity among the which defeated Gen. Benedict Arnold's fleet on churches there represented. Dr. Schaff is the first Lake Champlain, and displaying ability as a sea- president of the newly (1888) organized American man. His talents as an engineer were applied in society of church history, with its officers repre- Gen. John Burgoyne's expedition to the building senting all the leading branches of the Protestant of floating bridges, and on his return to England church; and, in addition to the cultivation of that he was made a post-captain for his services. He particular branch of literature to which it is spe- attained the rank of admiral of the blue in 1822. cially devoted, the society aims at unifying Chris- He devised a method of navigating vessels in shal- tian thought and sentiment throughout the world. low water by means of sliding keels, besides other Dr. Schaff's works are mostly historical and exe- ingenious inventions, and was the author of several getical; some of them are written in German, and works on naval architecture. others in English, but the German ones have been SCHARF, John Thomas, author, b. in Balti- translated. Among the most important are his more, Md., 1 May, 1843. He entered the counting- “ History of the Apostolical Church” (New York, house of his father, Thomas G. Scharf, of Balti- 1853); Sketch of the Political, Social, and Re- more, when sixteen years of age. In the beginning ligious Character of the United States" (1855); of the civil war he joined a Confederate battery, "Germany, its Universities, Theology, and Re- was engaged in the battles around Richmond in ligion” (1857); “History of the Christian Church" 1862, was wounded at Cedar Mountain, at the sec- (6 vols., 1858-'88); “German Hymn-Book, with In- ond battle of Bull Run, and again at Chancellors- troduction and Notes” (1859; ed. with music, ville, and on 20 June, 1863, was appointed a mid- 1874); " The Christ of the Gospels” (1864); “ The shipman in the Confederate navy. In January, Person of Christ, with Replies to Strauss and Re- 1864, he took part in the capture of the steamer nan " (1865); “ Lectures on the Civil War and the • Underwriter," near New Berne, N. C. He re- Overthrow of Slavery in America” (1865); “ Christ joined the army after all the ports were blockaded, in Song” (1869); “Revision of the English Version and was captured in Maryland while on his way to of the New Testament” (1874); The Vatican Canada with despatches. After the war he en- Council” (1875); “ History and Collection of the gaged in mercantile business, then in journalism, Creeds of Christendom" (3 vols., 1876); “Harmony and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. In 1878 he of the Reformed Confessions" (1877); “Through was a member of the legislature. Since 1884 he Bible Lands" (1878); “ Dictionary of the Bible” has been commissioner of the land office of Mary- (1880); "Library of Religious Poetry,” edited in land. Georgetown college gave him the degree of conjunction with Arthur Gilman; “ Companion to LL. D. in 1885. He has been editor of the Balti- the Greek Testament and the English Version" more “Telegram” and “Morning Herald.” Be- (1883; 3d revised ed., 1888); “ Historical Account sides many historical addresses and magazine arti- of the work of the American Committee of Revis- cles, he has published “Chronicles of Baltimore” ion of the English Version” (1885): “Christ and (Baltimore, 1874); “ History of Maryland” (3 vols., Christianity” (1885); and “ Church and State in 1879); “ History of Baltimore City and County the United States, or the American Idea of Relig: (Philadelphia, 1881); “ History of Western Mary- ious Liberty and its Practical Effects, with Official land” (2 vols., 1882); “ History of St. Louis Documents” (New York, 1888). He edited the (2 vols., 1884); “ History of Philadelphia" (3 vols., Anglo-American adaptation of Lange's “ Critical, 1884); History of Westchester County, N. Y." Theological, and Homiletical Commentary on the (2 vols., 1886). " History of the Confederate States Bible" (begun in 1864, 24 vols., New York and Edin- Navy from the Laying of the First Keel to the burgh), and the “ International Revision Commen Sinking of the Last Vessel” (1887); and “ History tary on the New Testament” (begun in 1881). Dr. of the State of Delaware” (1888). He is now Schaff founded and edited the “ Kirchenfreund," (1888) preparing a life of Jefferson Davis and a the first German monthly in this country, and, with · Biographical Dictionarv of Maryland.” 66 SCHAUFFLER 417 SCHENCK a SCHAUFFLER, William Gottlieb, mission- | tion of the Tammany society, and in 1878 was its ary, b. in Stuttgart, Germany, 22 Aug., 1798; d. in unsuccessful candidate for mayor. He was a di- New York city, 27 Jan., 1883. He emigrated to rector in many railroad and financial corporations, Odessa, Russia, with his parents and about 400 and was active in the management of philanthropic others, in 1804, and adopted his father's trade, that institutions. Several of Mr. Schell's brothers have of a maker of wooden musical instruments. In been well-known business men of New York city. 1820 the preaching of Ignatius Lindl, a Roman SCHEM, Alexander Jacob, author, b. in Wie- Catholic priest of evangelical views, turned his denbrück, Prussia, 16 March, 1826; d. in West thoughts toward religion, and he resolved to de- | Hoboken, N. J., 21 May, 1881. He studied the- vote his life to mission work. After serving as an ology and philology in Bonn and Tübingen, and independent missionary in Turkey in 1826 he made came to the United States in 1851. In 1854 he be- his way to the United States, with no property but came professor of ancient and modern languages in his clothes, his flute, and one dollar in money, and Dickinson college, but he resigned in 1860 to devote entered Andover theological seminary, where he himself to literature. He was a writer for the New supported himself for a time by turning wooden York - Tribune ” till 1869, when he undertook the bed-posts. He was graduated in 1830, ordained on editorship of the - Deutsch-amerikanisches Con- 14 Nov., 1831, and returned to Turkey under the versations-Lexicon” (11 vols., New York, 1869-'74). auspices of the American board. lle married From 1874 till his death he held the office of as- an American lady soon afterward, and resided sistant superintendent of the public schools in New chiefly in Constantinople during his missionary | York city. He was a contributor to other cyclo- service of forty-four years, laboring principally pædias of statistical, geographical, and religious among the Jews and Armenians. In 1843 he was articles. He was one of the editors of the “ Meth- instrumental in persuading Sir Stratford Canning, odist” and of the “ Methodist Quarterly Review.” the British minister, to interfere in behalf of mem- He prepared, with Rev. George B. Crooks, a “ Latin- bers of the latter race that had been persecuted by English Dictionary” (Philadelphia, 1857), and pub- the Armenian patriarch. For his efforts in behalf lished several editions of - Schem's Statistics of the of the German colony in Constantinople he received World”; the “American Ecclesiastical Year-Book a decoration from the king of Prussia. From 1839 (New York, 1860); the “ Ecclesiastical Almanac' till 1842 he resided in Vienna engaged in translat- (1868 and 1869); and, with Henry Kiddle, a “Cy- ing the Scriptures into Hebrew-Spanish. The work clopædia of Education” (1877), which was followed was published in that city in two quarto volumes. by two annual supplements called the “ Year-Book He made a visit to this country in 1857–8, and of Education” (1878 and 1879). from 1877, three years after his retirement from SCHENCK, James Findlay, naval officer, b. active work, resided here till his death. The Uni- in Franklin, Ohio, 11 June, 1807; d. in Dayton, versity of Halle gave him the degree of D. D. in Ohio, 21 Dec. , 1882. His ancestor, Roelof Martense 1867, and Princeton that of LL. D. in 1879. Dr. Schenck, emigrated from Holland to New Amster- Schauffler was a scholar of fine attainments, being dam in 1650. He was appointed to the U.S. mili- · able to speak ten languages and read as many tary academy in 1822, but resigned in 1824, and en- more.” Besides the work mentioned above, he was tered the navy as midshipman, 1 March, 1825. He the author of a translation of the Bible into Turk- became passed midshipman, 4 June, 1831, and lieu- ish, which received high praise. His English pub- tenant, 22 Dec.,1835, and in August, 1845, joined the lications include, besides single sermons, “ Essay on “ Congress,” in which he served as chief military the Right Use of Property” (Boston, 1832), and aide to Com. Robert F. Stockton at the capture of Meditations on the Last Days of Christ ” (1837; Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and San Pedro, Cal. new eds., 1853 and 1858). See his “ Autobiogra- He also participated in the capture of Guaymas phy,” edited by his sons, with an introduction by and Mazatlan, Mexico, and in October, 1848, re- Prof. Edwards A. Park (New York, 1887). turned home as bearer of despatches. He was com- SCHEBOSH, John Joseph, missionary, b. at mended for efficient services in the Mexican war. Skippack, Pa., 27 May, 1721; d. in Ohio, 4 Sept., Lieut. Schenek then entered the service of the Pa- 1788. He united with the Moravian church in 1742, cific mail steamship company and commanded the and for forty-five years served in the Indian mis- steamer “ Ohio" and other steamers between New sion. His real name was Joseph Bull, and he was York and Aspin wall in 1849–52. He was commis- of Quaker parentage, but he was universally called sioned commander, 14 Sept., 1855, and assigned to Schebosh (running water), the name that was given the frigate “ St. Lawrence,” 19 March, 1862, on the him by the Indians. His wife was a convert from West Gulf blockade. On 7 Oet., 1864, he was or- the Sopus Indians, who, after a union of forty-one dered to command the “ Powhatan” in the North years, died in 1787, leaving issue. Atlantic squadron, and he also received notification SCHELL, Augustus, politician, b. in Rhine- of his promotion to commodore to date from 2 beck, N. Y., 1 Aug., 1812 ; d. in New York city, Jan., 1863. He led the 3d division of the squad- 27 March, 1884. He was graduated at Union in ron in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, and was 1830, studied at Litchfield law-school, was admit- highly commended for his services. Com. Schenck ted to the bar, and soon gained a lucrative practice had charge of the naval station at Mound City, II... in New York city. He was made chairman of the in 1865–6, was promoted to rear-admiral, 21 Sept., Tammany hall general committee in 1852, and was 1868, and retired by law, 11 June, 1869.-Ílis at the head of the Democratic state committee in brother, Robert Cumming, diplomatist, b. in 1853–6. During the administration of President Franklin, Ohio, 4 Oct., 1809; d. in Washington, Buchanan he was collector of the port of New York. D. C., 23 March, 1890. He was graduated at Miami He was chairman of the National committee of the university in 1827, was a tutor for three years longer, wing of the Democratic party that supported John then studied law with Thomas Corwin, was admit- C. Breckinridge for the presidency in 1860, and in ted to the bar, and established himself in practice 1872 held the same office during the Greeley can- at Dayton, Ohio. He was a member of the legisla- vass. In 1867 he was an active member of the con- ture in 1841-2, displaying practical knowledge and vention to revise the state constitution. After the pungent wit in the debates, and was then elected trial of William M. Tweed and his associates Mr. as a Whig to congress, and thrice re-elected, serving Schell labored for the purification and rehabilita- | from 4 Dec., 1843, till 3 March, 1851. Ile was a VOL. 1.-27 418 SCHERESCHEWSKY SCHENCK Robre. Schenek member of important committees, and during his his opponent was Clement L. Vallandigham, serv- third term was the chairman of that on roads and ing as chairman of the committee of ways and canals. On 12 March, 1851, he was commissioned means and of the ordnance committee. On 22 as minister to Brazil. In 1852, with John S. Pen- Dec., 1870, he received the appointment of minister dleton, who was accredited to the Argentine Re- to Great Britain. In 1871 he was one of the “ Ala- public as chargé d'affaires, he arranged a treaty bama" commission. He resigned his post in 1876 of friendship and commerce with the government in consequence of the failure of the Emma silver- of that country mine company, in which he had permitted him- and one for the self to be chosen a director, and resumed the prac- free navigation of tice of law in Washington, D. C. the river La Plata SCHENCK, Noah Hunt, clergyman, b. in Pen- and its great trib- nington, Mercer co., N. J., 30 June, 1825; d. in utaries. They also Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 Jan., 1885. He was graduated negotiated trea- at Princeton in 1844, studied law in Trenton, N. J., ties with the gov- was admitted to the bar in 1847, and practised ernments of Uru- there till 1848, when he removed to Cincinnati, guay and Para- Ohio. In 1851 he abandoned his profession for the quay. He left Rio ministry, and after graduation at the theological Janeiro on 8 Oct., seminary in Gambier, Ohio, in 1853, took orders 1853, and after in the Protestant Episcopal church. After having his return to Ohio charge of parishes in Ohio, Chicago, I., and engaged in the Baltimore, Md., he was called in 1869 to St. Ann's, railroad business. Brooklyn, N. Y., where he remained till his death. He offered his ser. The new church building, one of the finest in vices to the gov- Brooklyn, was erected early in Dr. Schenck's rec- ernment when the torship, and in 1879 he succeeded in freeing it civil war began, from debt. Dr. Schenck was active in the mission- and was one of ary work of his church, sat for many years in its the first brigadier-generals appointed by President general convention, and in 1871 went to St. Peters- Lincoln, his commission bearing the date of 17 burg as one of a delegation of three from the May, 1861. He was attached to the military de- Evangelical alliance to memorialize the czar in partment of Washington, and on 17 June moved favor of Russian dissenters. Princeton gave him forward by railroad with a regiment to dislodge the degree of D. D. in 1865. Dr. Schenck founded the Confederates at Vienna, but was surprised by and edited “The Western Churchman” during his a masked battery, and forced to retreat. On meet- pastorate in Chicago, and in 1867 became co-editor ing re-enforcements, he changed front, and the of “ The Protestant Churchman” in New York. enemy retired. His brigade formed a part of Gen. He was the author of numerous published sermons Daniel Tyler's division at the first Bull Run battle, and addresses, of which a collection has appeared and was on the point of crossing the Stone Bridge in book-form (New York, 1885). A memorial of to make secure the occupation of the plateau, when him was issued by the wardens and vestry of St. the arrival of Confederate re-enforcements turned Ann's church, including an address by Bishop the tide of battle. He next served in West Vir- Littlejohn (Brooklyn, 1885). ginia under Gen. William S. Rosecrans, and was SCÉ ENČK, William Edward, clergyman, b. ordered to the Shenandoah valley with the force in Princeton, N.J., 29 March, 1819. He was gradu- that was sent to oppose Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. ated at Princeton in 1838, and at the theological Pushing forward by a forced march to the relief of seminary in 1841, after taking up and abandoning Gen. Robert H. Milroy, he had a sharp and brill- the study of law. After doing missionary work in iant engagement with the enemy at McDowell. At the Pennsylvania coal region, he was ordained in Cross Keys he led the Ohio troops in a charge on 1843, and until 1852 held pastorates successively in the right, and maintained the ground that he won Manchester, N.J., New York city, and Princeton. until he was ordered to retire. Gen. John C. Fré- He was then superintendent of church extension mont then intrusted him with the command of a in the presbytery of Philadelphia till 1854, when division. At the second battle of Bull Run he led he became corresponding secretary of the Presby- the first division of Gen. Franz Sigel's corps. He terian board of publication. He was also its editor was wounded in that action by a musket-ball, which in 1862–'70, and in the same years served as per- shattered his right arm, incapacitating him for manent clerk of the general assembly of the old- active service till 16 Dec., 1862, when he took com- school branch of his denomination. Since 1866 he mand of the middle department and eighth corps has been a director of Princeton theological semi- at Baltimore, having been promoted major-general nary. Jefferson college, Pa., gave him the degree on 18 Sept. After performing effective services in of D. D. in 1861. Dr. Schenck has published" ilis- the Gettysburg campaign, he resigned his commis- torical Account of the First Presbyterian Church sion on 3 Dec., 1863, in order to take his place in of Princeton, N. J.” (Princeton, 1851); “ Aunt the house of representatives, in which he served Fanny's Home” (Philadelphia, 1865); “ Children as chairman of the committee on military affairs. in Heaven” (1866); " Nearing Home" (1867); and He was re-elected in 1864, and was placed at the sermons and tracts in English and German. He head of the same committee, where he procured bas also prepared a “ General Catalogue of Prince- the establishment of the National military and ton Theological Seminary” (Trenton, 1881), and naval asylum. In 1865 he was president of the its necrological reports since 1875. board of visitors to the U. S. military academy, SCHERESCHÈWSKY, Samuel Isaac Joseph, and was one of the committee of congress on the P. E. bishop, b. in Tanroggen, Russian Lithuania, death of President Lincoln, serving also on the 6 May, 1831. He was educated partly in his na- committee on retrenchment. In 1866 he attended tive town and partly at the Rabbinical college, the Loyalists' convention at Philadelphia and the Zhitomeer, Russia. He also spent two years in soldiers' convention at Pittsburg, Pa. He was the University of Breslau, Germany. On his ar- re-elected to congress in 1866 and in 1868, when rival in the United States, he went first to West- а SCHERZER SCHIMMELPFENNIG 419 2 ern Presbyterian theological seminary, Pittsburg, | He was educated in private schools, and early Pa., but not long afterward entered the Episcopal turned his attention to business, but contributed general theological seminary, New York city. He largely to the religious press. His works include was not graduated, but was ordained deacon in - Message to Ruling Elders, their Office and their St. George's church, New York, 7 July, 1859, by Duties " (New York, 1859); “The Foundations of Bishop Boone, of Amoy, China, and priest, in the History: a Series of First Things” (1863): “ Milk mission chapel, Shanghai, 28 Oct., 1860, by the for Babes: a Bible Catechism (1874); “Chil- same bishop. His field of labor was from the be- dren's Bread: a Bible Catechism” (1874); " Words ginning in the China mission. In 1875 he was to Christian Teachers (1877); “ Music in our elected by the house of bishops to be the missionary Churches” (1881); “ The Church in Ephesus and bishop to China, but declined the post. When he the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches" (1884); was elected again in 1877 he accepted. He re- and “ People's Hymn-Book” (Philadelphia, 1887). ceived the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college, -His brother, Bradhurst, b. in New York city, Ohio, in 1876, and that of S. T. D. from Columbia 21 Sept., 1824, was educated in his native city, and in 1877. He was consecrated in Grace church, New then entered the house that had been founded by York, 31 Oct., 1877, and entered at once upon his his grandfather, Jacob Schieffelin. He subse- duties. Bishop Schereschewsky's services were quently became one of the firm of Schieffelin particularly valuable in the work of translating Brothers, and retired from active business on the from the Hebrew the entire Old Testament scrip- formation of the present firm. Mr. Schieffelin tures into Mandarin Chinese. He was also one of has been largely interested in political affairs, and the committee for translating the New Testament has connected himself with the People's party, from the Greek into the same language. In con- whose platform is the product of his pen. De be- junction with Bishop Burdon, of the English mis- lieves that no republic can exist where wealth is sion, he translated the Book of Common Prayer into allowed to accumulate in the hands of a small mi- Mandarin Chinese. He also translated St. Mark's nority, and favors a law limiting inheritance. In gospel into Mongolian, and has in preparation a 1883 he was nominated by his party for state sena- Dictionary of the Mongolian Language.” His tor from the 10th district of New York city, but health having broken down, he sent in his resigna- failed of election. tion to the bishops, and it was accepted in 1883. SCHIMMELIN, Alexander Oliver, styled also SCHERZER, Karl von, German explorer, b. Oeskmelin and Esquemeling, and generally known in Vienna, Austria, 1 May, 1821. He became a under the French form of OEXMELIN, Dutch histo- printer, but was left an independent fortune, and rian, b. in Flanders about 1645; d. in France in travelled extensively. During the revolution of 1707. He studied medicine, but on 2 May, 1666, 1848 he took an active part in the discussion of embarked as a contract laborer on a vessel belong- social and economical reforms, and in 1850 he was ing to the French company of the West Indies, and exiled to Italy. He made there the acquaintance was sold for thirty crowns to M. de La Vie, agent of Dr. Moritz Wagner, and they resolved to explore of the company in Tortugas. After serving his North America. Landing in New York in June, master for three years, he was freed, and enlisted 1852, they visited all the principal states, Central with the buccaneers, with whom he remained till America, and the West Indies. On returning to 1674, when he returned to Europe on a Dutch ves- Vienna toward the middle of 1855, he was appoint- sel. Later he made three voyages to South Amer- ed, through the influence of the Archduke Maxi- ica as surgeon on board Dutch and Spanish vessels. milian, afterward emperor of Mexico, a member of The narrative of his adventures, written originally a scientific commission that was destined to sail on not in Dutch, as it is claimed, but in French, the frigate “ Novara" in 1857 for a voyage round fell into the hands of Baron de Frontignières, the world. After his return in 1859 he was a who published them with the title “ Histoire des councillor of the board of trade, held an office in aventuriers flibustiers qui se sont signalés dans les the bureau of foreign relations, and was intrusted Indes, contenant ce qu'ils ont fait de remarquable, with compiling the commercial statistics of the leurs mæurs, leurs entreprises, avec la vie, les empire. This works procured him letters of nobil- meurs et les coutumes des habitants de Saint ity and the title of knight of the empire in 1866. Domingue et de l'île de la Tortue : une descrip- In 1869 he was placed at the head of an expedi- tion exacte de ces lieux, ainsi que l'histoire de la tion to explore eastern Asia, and he was afterward chambre des comptes des Indes Occidentales” (2 Austrian consul-general in various places, but re- vols., Paris, 1684). The first volume contains also a tired toward the close of 1886. His works include monograph on the flora and fauna of South Amer: “ Reisen in Nordamerika” (Leipsic, 1854); “ Die ica. An enlarged edition (4 vols., Trevoux, 1775) Republik Costa Rica," with Moritz Wagner (1854); contains the “ Relation du voyage fait à la mer du • Wanderungen durch die mittelamerik. Freistaaten Sud avec les flibustiers en 1685–7," by Raveneau Nicaragua, Honduras, und San Salvador” (Bruns- de Lussan, and a " Histoire des pirates Anglais." wick, 1857); “ Las historias del origen de los Indios The Dutch edition, which is claimed by some to be de la provincia de Guatemala” (Vienna, 1857); “Be- the original, “ Geschichte van de V rebuyters van schreibende Theile der Reise der oesterreichischen America ” (Amsterdam, 1700), is asserted by others Fregatte Novara' um die Erde” (3 vols., with to be only a translation from the French. illustrations, 1861–2); · Aus dem Natur- und SCHIMMELPFENNIG, Alexander, soldier, Völkerleben im tropischen Amerika ” (Leipsic, b. in Prussia in 1824; d. in Minersville, Pa., 7 1864); “Statistisch commerzieller Theil der No- Sept., 1865. He served as an officer of the Prus- vara-Expedition” (2 vols., Vienna, 1864); "Statis- sian army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848, and soon tisch commerzielle Ergebnisse einer Reise um die afterward came to the United States. At the Erde" (Leipsie, 1867); “ Fachmännische Berichte beginning of the civil war he was elected colonel über die oesterreichisch - ungarische Expedition of a Pennsylvania regiment, which he commanded nach Siam, China, und Japan ” (2 vols., Stuttgart, during Gen. John Pope's campaign in Virginia. 1871-2); “Smyrna” (Vienna, 187:3); and "Das For his services at Bull Run he was nominated wirthschaftliche Leben der Völker" (Leipsic, 1885). brigadier-general. The appointment was at first SCHIEFFELIN, Samuel Bradburst (shef'- rejected, but, on being presented again, was con- lin), author, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1811. / firmed in March, 1863, the commission dating from > 420 SCHMIDEL SCHLAGINTWEIT a 29 Nov., 1862. At Chancellorsville he commanded | Scotia he preached at Chestnut Hill, where he re- a brigade in Gen. Carl Schurz's corps, and served sided, and in neighboring places, but held no fur- with credit at Gettysburg. In February, 1864, he ther relations with the authorities of the church. was sent to St. John's island, near Charleston, and When the Revolutionary war began he still held thence crossed to James island. When Charles- the appointment of chaplain in the royal army, ton was evacuated on the approach of Gen. Will- and officiated as such for a short time. But his iam T. Sherman's army, Gen. Schimmelpfennig sympathies were with the patriots, and when Eng- entered and took possession, 18 Feb., 1865. He lish troops invaded Germantown in September, remained in command of the city for some time, 1777, he refused to obey orders, and was imprisoned, but was finally relieved on account of sickness, the while his house was plundered. See his “Life," by result of exposure, which in a short time terminated Rev. Henry Harbaugh (Philadelphia, 1857). in his death. He was the author of “The War be- SCHLEY, William, governor of Georgia, b. in tween Russia and Turkey.” (Philadelphia, 1854). Frederick, Md., 15 Dec., 1786; d. in Augusta, Ga., SCHLAGINTWEIT, Robert von (shlah'-gint- 20 Nov., 1858. He was educated at the academies vite), German explorer, b. in Munich, Bavaria, 27 of Louisville and Augusta, Ga., studied law, was Oct., 1833 ; d. in Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, 6 June, admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised in Au- 1885. He assisted his brothers, Hermann and gusta. In 1825–'8 he was a judge of the superior Adolf, in the geological exploration of India in court. In 1830 he entered the legislature, and in 1854–7, prepared the work entitled Results of a 1832 he was elected as a Democrat to congress. Scientific Mission to India and High-Asia” (4 vols., When his term ended he was chosen governor of Leipsic, 1860–6), and filled the chair of geography the state for the two years ending with October, in the University of Giessen. In 1867–70" he 1837. He was an ardent Democrat and strict con- lectured in German and English throughout the structionist. The building of the first railroad in United States, beginning at the Lowell institute, Georgia was undertaken on his recommendation. Boston, and while in the country explored the He also advocated the establishment of a lunatic Pacific coast. He published “ Die Pacificeisenbah- asylum and a geological survey of the state. Gov. nen in Nordamerika” (New York, 1870), and Schley published a “ Digest of the English Statutes “ California " (1871). in Force in Georgia” (Philadelphia, 1826). SCHLATTER, Michael, clergyman, b. in St. SCHLEY, Winfield Scott, naval officer, b. in Gall, Switzerland, 14 July, 1716 ; d. on Chestnut Frederick county, Md., 9 Oct., 1839. He was Hill, now a part of Philadelphia, Pa., in November, graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1860, 1790. He was educated at the gymnasium of his served on board the frigate “ Niagara "in 1860-'1, native town and at the University of Helmstedt, was attached to the frigate “ Potomac" of the West- Brunswick, taught for several years in Holland, ern Gulf squadron in 1861–2, and subsequently entered the German Reformed ministry, ofliciated took part, on board the gun-boat “Winona" and for a few months in Switzerland, and then went to the sloops “ Monongahela” and “ Richmond,” in all Amsterdam and volunteered his services as a mis- the engagements that led to the capture of Port sionary to the destitute congregations of Pennsyl- Hudson, being promoted lieutenant on 16 July, vania. lle arrived in Philadelphia on 6 Aug., 1862. He served on the “Wateree" in the Pacific 1746, and on 1 Jan., 1747, was installed as pastor in 1864-6, quelling an insurrection of Chinese cool- of the united churches of Germantown and Phila- ies on the Middle Chincha islands in 1865, and later delphia. For a great part of the time he was in the same year landing at La Union, San Salvador, absent on missionary tours among the German to protect American interests during a revolution. Reformed settlers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, He was instructor at the naval academy in 1866–9, New Jersey, and New York. He organized a served on the Asiatic station in 1869-'72, taking synod, which met in Philadelphia on 29 Sept., part in the capture of the Corean forts on Salee 1747. Rev. John C. Steiner in 1750 drew away river, after two days of fighting, in June, 1871, more than one half of his hearers, which prompted and was again at the naval academy in 1874-6, him in 1751 to visit Europe for the purpose of being promoted commander in June, 1874. making a complaint before the synods of South 1876–9 he was on the Brazil station, and during and North Holland. In Amsterdam he published the cruise sailed in the Essex to the vicinity (1751) a journal of his experiences and transactions of the South Shetland islands in search of a miss- in America, with an account of the Reformed con- ing sealer, and rescued a shipwrecked crew on the gregations and their dearth of pastors. Of this islands of Tristan d'Acunha. In 1884 he com- book he made a German translation (Frankfort, manded the relief expedition that rescued Lieut. 1752), and afterward it was rendered into English Adolphus W. Greely and six of his companions ry Rev. David Thomson, of Amsterdam, and dis- at Cape Sabine in Grinnell Land, passing through tributed throughout Great Britain. He returned | 1,400 miles of ice during the voyage. He was to Pennsylvania in March, 1752, bringing with him commissioned chief of the bureau of equipment six young ministers and substantial aid in money. and recruiting at the navy department in 1885, and As a result of his appeal, a fund of more than promoted captain in March, 1888. He published, £20,000 was collected in England and Holland for jointly with James Russell Soley, a book entitled the maintenance of free schools among the Ger- * The Rescue of Greely” (New York, 1886). mans in America. Schlatter withdrew from the SCHMIDEL, Ulrich (sh mee'-del), German his- active duties of the pastorate in 1755, and devoted torian, b. in Straubingen, Bavaria, about 1511; . himself to the establishment of these schools, there about 1570. Ile was the son of a wealthy which met with strong opposition among the Ger- merchant, and received a good education, but en- mans, because the scheme included the teaching tered the military service, and enlisted in the ex- of the English language. The project rendered pedition of Pedro de Mendoza as an arquebusier. him unpopular, and in 1757 he abandoned it He also accompanied Juan de Avolas on his first and accepted a chaplainey in the Royal American trip in quest of provisions, and afterward went regiment that was tendered him by Lord Loudoun. with Ayolas in his expedition up Paraguay river, He accompanied the Pennsylvania troops in the and was one of the soldiers that were left with Do- expedition against Louisburg, and remained with mingo Irala (q. 7') in charge of the vessels in the the army till 1759. After his return from Nova port of Candelaria. When Cabeza de Vaca was In SCHMIDT 421 SCHMUCKER . deposed in April, 1544, Schmidel sustained Irala, Mass., in 1836–8, professor of German and French who was the new governor, and in 1546 accompa- in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., in nied him in his expedition to Peru as far as the 1838–'9, and of German in the theological semi- foot of the Andes, where he was despatched with nary there in 1839-43, pastor at Palatine, N. J., in Nuflo de Chaves to President La Gasca. He accom- 1843–5, principal of Hartwick seminary, N. Y., in panied Irala on his last unfortunate expedition of 1845–8, and professor of the German language and 1550, and, hearing in 1552 of the death of his elder literature in Columbia in 1848-'80. On 1 Nov., brother, to whose estate he was to succeed, he ob- 1880, he was compelled by failing health to resign tained his discharge. In Seville he presented to the last-named post, and was retired as professor the council of the Indies letters from Irala with emeritus. In 1850 Pennsylvania college, Gettys- the report of his discoveries, and arrived toward burg, Pa., conferred on him the degree of D.D. the close of 1554 in Straubingen, where he after- | He has been a frequent contributor to the “Evan- ward resided. He had kept a diary during his gelical Review (Gettysburg, Pa.) and to other wanderings, and wrote an interesting narrative of periodicals, and has published “History of Edu- his adventures under the title of “Wahre Ge- cation," including part i.,,,“ History of Educa- schichte einer merkwürdigen Reise, gemacht durch | tion, Ancient and Modern,” and part ii., “Plan Ulrich Schmidel von Straubingen, in America of Culture and Instruction based on Christian oder der Neuen Welt, von 1534 bis 1554, wo man Principles” (1842); “ Inaugural Address," deliv- findet alle seine Leiden in 19 Jahren, und die Be- ered in the chapel of Columbia college (New York, schreibung der Länder und merkwürdigen Völker 1848); “Scriptural Character of the Lutheran Doc- die er gesehen, von ihm selbst geschrieben ” (Frank- trine of the Lord's Supper"(1852); and “ Course of fort, 1557), of which a Latin version appeared in Ancient Geography” (1860). Nuremberg in 1599 as Vera historia,” etc. Henry SCHMUCKER, John George, clergyman, b. Ternaux - Compans has also published a transla- in Michaelstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, 18 Aug., tion of the work in his “ Voyages, relations et mé- 1771; d. in Williamsburg, Pa., 7 Oct., 1854. His moires,” and Barcia in his “Historiadores primiti- parents emigrated to this country in 1785, and, vos de Indias.” Schmidel is certainly the first after a residence of two years in Pennsylvania, historian of the Argentine, and his narrative is settled near Woodstock, Va. In 1789 he began to valuable, as it gives the names and tells of the study for the ministry, a year later he went to habits and manner of living of many Indian na- Philadelphia to continue his studies, and in 1792 tions that were extinct a century later. he was ordained. After holding several pastorates SCHMIDT, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, he was called, in 1809, to York, Pa., where he re- b. in Leutenberg, Germany, 3 Jan., 1837. In 1841 mained till failing health compelled him to retire he came to the United States with his widowed in 1852. He then removed to Williamsburg, Pa., mother to settle in Missouri with relatives that had where several of his children resided, and there he emigrated in 1839 with the Saxon colony under remained during the rest of his life. In 1825 he the leadership of Martin Stephan. He was gradu- received the degree of D. D. from the University ated at Concordia college in 1853, and at the theo- of Pennsylvania. Dr. Schmucker was one of the logical seminary at St. Louis in 1857. In the same founders of the general synod of the Lutheran year he was ordained to the ministry at Eden, church in the United States, in 1821, an active Erie co., N. Y. He served as pastor there and in supporter of the theological seminary at. Gettys- Baltimore, Md.; was professor in the Norwegian burg, Pa., and for many years president of its Luther college, at Decorah, Iowa, in 1861-'71; in board of directors. He was also active in the es- Concordia theological seminary, St. Louis, Mo., in tablishment of Pennsylvania college, and for more 1871-²6; in the Norwegian Luther seminary, Madi- than twenty-one years was one of its trustees. For son, Wis., in 1876–86; and in Norwegian Lutheran more than thirty years he was one of the leaders of divinity-school, Northfield, Minn., since 1886. He the Lutheran church in this country, and actively received the degree of D.D. in 1884 from Capi- engaged in all its important operations. He was tol university, Columbus, Ohio. He has for years a frequent contributor to periodicals, and a poet been a leader among the Norwegian Lutherans. In of merit. Among his works are “ Vornehmste 1873 he was sent as delegate from the Norwegian Weissagungen der Heiligen Schrift” (Ilagerstown, synod to the general assembly of the Norwegian Md., 1807); “ Reformations-Geschichte zur Jubel- mission society at Christiana, Norway. He was feier der Reformation ” (York, Pa., 1817); Pro- editor of the “Lutheran Watchman” in Decorah, phetic History of the Christian Religion, or Ex- Iowa, in 1864-'5; “ Altes und Neues" in Madison, planation of the Revelation of St. John” (2 vols., Wis., in 1880-'6; and “ Lutherske Vidnesbyrd ” in Baltimore, 1817); “Schwärmergeist unserer Tage Madison, Wis. (now Northfield, Minn.), in 1882-'7; entlarvt, zur Warnung erweckten Seelen" (York, and co-editor of “ Kirketidende,” at Decorah, Iowa, Pa., 1827); “Lieder-Anhang, zum Evang. Gesang- in 1865–71, and “Lehre und Wehre" in St. Louis, buch der General-Synode” (1833); and · Wächter- Mo., in 1872–6. He has published “ Intuitu Fi- stimme an Zion's Kinder” (Gettysburg, Pa., 1838). dei,” a collection of testimonies from Lutheran – His son, Samuel Simon, theologian, b. in Ha- authors on the question of predestination, the gerstown, Md., 28 Feb., 1799 ; d. in Gettysburg, controversy on which point among Lutherans in Pa., 26 July, 1873, spent two years in the Uni- America and Europe was started by the publica- versity of Pennsylvania, and then taught in York tion of “ Altes und Neues " in 1880. in 1816. He began theological studies under SCHMIDT, Henry Immanuel, clergyman, b. the direction of his father, but in 1818 entered in Nazareth, Pa., 21 Dec., 1806. He received his Princeton seminary, where he was graduated in preparatory and theological training in the Mora- | 1820. Among his fellow-students at Princeton vian academy at his native place, and in 1826 were Bishops McIlvaine and Johns, and Dr. Rob- became a candidate for the ministry, but in 1829 ert Baird. After being licensed, he was his father's severed his connection with the Moravian church, assistant for a few months, and then followed a and was licensed as a Lutheran clergyman. He call to New Market, Va. He was ordained at was pastor of a congregation in Bergen county, Frederick, Md., 5 Sept., 1821, and served his first N. J., in 1831–3, assistant professor in Hartwick charge in 1820–’6. lle interested himself at once seminary, N. Y., in 1833-"6, pastor in Boston, in the preparation of young men for the ministry, 66 422 SCHNECK SCHMUCKER 6. " S. S. Schmucker. took an active part in the organization of the gen- | ing: His publications include “Errors of Modem eral synod in 1821, and was throughout his life one Infidelity (Philadelphia, 1848); “ Election of of the leaders of that body. He was the author of Judges by the People” and “ Constitutionality of the formula for the government and discipline of the Maine Liquor Law” (1852); “The Spanish the Evangelical Lutheran church, which, adopt- Wife, a Play, with Memoir of Edwin Forrest " ed by the general (New York, 1854); “ Court and Reign of Cather- synod in 1827, ine II., Empress of Russia” (1855); “Life and has become the Reign of Nicholas I. of Russia,” “ Life of John C. ground - plan of Frémont, with his Explorations,” and “Life and the organization Times of Alexander Hamilton” (Philadelphia, ofthat body. From 1856); “ History of the Mormons, Edited and En- its establishment larged” (New York, 1856); “Life and Times of in 1826 till his res- Thomas Jefferson” and “ The Yankee Slave- ignation in 1864 Driver” (Philadelphia, 1857); “ Memorable Scenes he was chairman in French History” and “ Arctic Explorations and of the faculty of Discoveries " (New York, 1857); “Life of Dr. Elisha the theological Kent Kane and Other American Explorers” and seminary at Get- History of Napoleon III.” (Philadelphia, 1858); tysburg, Pa., and “History of the Four Georges” and “ History of for four years he All Religions” (New York, 1859); "Life, Speeches, was the only in- and Memorials of Daniel Webster” (Philadelphia, structor. The de- 1859); “Life and Times of Henry Clay,” “ Life of gree of D. D. was Washington,” “Blue Laws of Connecticut,” and conferred on him “ History of the Modern Jews” (1860); and pub- in 1830 by Rut- lished vol. i. of “ A History of the Civil War in the gers and the Uni- United States” (1863). — Another son of Samuel versity of Penn- Simon, Beale Melanchthon, clergyman, b. in sylvania. In 1846 he took an active part in the es- Gettysburg, Pa., 26 Aug., 1827; d. in Pottstown, tablishment of an ecclesiastical connection between Pa., 18 Oct., 1888. He was graduated at Pennsyl- the Lutheran church in Europe and America, and vania college in 1844, studied at Gettysburg theo- was a delegate to the Evangelical alliance which logical seminary, was licensed to preach in 1847, met in London during that year. He aided much and in 1849 ordained to the Lutheran ministry by in preparing the way for the latter by his “ Frater- the synod of Virginia. In 1870 he received the nal Appeal” to the American churches, with a plan degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsylva- for union (1838), which was circulated extensively nia. He was pastor at Martinsburg, Va., Allen- in England and the United States. His published town, Easton, and Reading, Pa., and since 1880 at works number more than one hundred. Among Pottstown, Pa., and held many offices in connec- them are " Biblical Theology of Storr and Flott,” tion with his denomination. He was one of the translated from the German (2 vols., Andover, 1826; founders of the general council in 1867, a delegate reprinted in England, 1845); “ Elements of Popu- to every convention since its organization, and lar Theology” (1834); “ Kurzgefasste Geschichte uninterruptedly a member of its most important der Christlichen Kirche, auf der Grundlage der committees. Dr. Schmucker was a fine liturgical Busch’en Werke ” (Gettysburg, Pa., 1834); " Frater- scholar, and performed more than any other man nal Appeal to the American Churches on Christian for the liturgical and hymnological development Union” (Andover, 1838); “ Portraiture of Luther- of the Lutheran church. He was co-editor of the anism” (Baltimore, 1840); “ Retrospect of Luther- “ Hallesche Nachrichten" (Allentown, Pa., and anism” (1841); “Psychology, or Elements of Men- Halle, Germany, vol. i., 1884; English ed., Reading, tal Philosophy" (New York, 1842); “ Dissertation on Pa., vol. i., 1882), which is the primary source of Capital Punishment” (Philadelphia, 1845); “ The information concerning the early history of the American Lutheran Church, Historically, Doctrin- Lutheran church in this country: Dr. Schmucker ally, and Practically Delineated” (1851); " Luther- also edited “Liturgy of the Ministerium of Penn- an Manual ” (1855); “ American Lutheranism Vin- sylvania” (Philadelphia, 1860); “ Collection of dicated” (Baltimore, 1856): “ Appeal on Behalf of Hymns of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania" (1865); the Christian Sabbath” (Philadelphia, 1857); “ Evan- “ Church-Book of the General Council" (1868); and gelical Lutheran Catechism” (Baltimore, 1859); Ministerial Acts of the General Council” (1887). “The Church of the Redeemer” (1867); “ The Uni- He published numerous articles on doctrinal, his- ty of Christ's Church” (New York, 1870); and a torical, and liturgical subjects, of which many have large number of discourses and addresses, and arti- been republished separately in pamphlet-form. cles in the " Evangelical Review” and other peri- SCHNECK, Benjamin Shroder, clergyman, b. odicals.—Samuel Simon's son, Samuel Mosheim, in Upper Bern, Berks co., Pa., 14 March, 1806; d. author, b. in New Market, Shenandoah co., Va., 12 in Chambersburg, Pa., 19 April, 1874. He was Jan., 1823; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 May, 1863, educated by his father, a German school-master of wrote his name SMUCKER. He was graduated at Reading, studied theology, and was ordained to the Washington college, Pa., in 1840. After studying ministry of the German Reformed church on 5 theology and being licensed to preach, he accepted Sept., 1826. He was pastor of congregations in a call from the Lutheran church at Lewiston, Centre county, Pa., till 1834, preaching in both Pa. In 1845 he became pastor of the 1st church English and German, and then in Gettysburg for in Germantown, Pa., but in October, 1848, re- one year. He took charge in 1835 of the “ Weekly ceived an honorable dismissal from his synod, Messenger” at Chambersburg, and in 1840 of the and studied law at the Philadelphia law-academy, " Reformirte Kirchenzeitung,” the German organ where he served as secretary. In January, 1850, he of his church. He still continued editor of the was admitted to the bar, and at once began prac- "Weekly Messenger,” with an assistant, till 1844, tice. In March, 1853, he removed to New York when he resigned, resuming charge again in 1847, city, but after two years returned to Philadelphia, and giving it up finally in 1852. He retired from and thenceforth employed himself chiefly in writ- the editorship of the German paper in 1864, when 9 : 66 66 SCHNEIDER 423 SCHOFF it was removed to Philadelphia. From 1855 till | refusing to take advantage of the amnesties of 1856 his death he officiated as pastor of a congregation and 1869, returned to France only after the decla- in Chambersburg. The degree of D. D. was given ration of war with Prussia in 1870. Organizing a him in 1845 by Marshall college. He published legion of artillery, he took part in the defence of “ Die deutsche Kanzel,” a collection of German Paris, and in 1871 he was returned to the national sermons (Chambersburg, 1845); “ The Burning of assembly for Martinique. In 1875 he was elected Chambersburg” (Philadelphia, 1865); and “ Mer- senator for life. His works include “ De l'escla- cersburg Theology” (1874). vage des noirs et de la législation coloniale” (Paris, SCHNEIDER, George, banker, b. in Pirma- 1833); "Abolition de l'esclavage” (1840); Les sens, Rhenish Bavaria, 13 Dec., 1823. He was edu- colonies françaises de l'Amérique" (1842); “ Les cated in the schools of his native place, became a colonies étrangères dans l'Amérique et Hayti” (2 journalist at the age of twenty-one, and, after taking vols., 1843); “Ilistoire de l'esclavage pendant les an active part in revolutionary movements, came deux dernières années” (2 vols., 1847); "La vérité to this country in July, 1849. He established the aux ouvriers et cultivateurs de la Martinique “Neue Zeit” in St. Louis, Mo., and afterward re- (1850); “ Protestation des citoyens français negres moved to Chicago, where, in 1861, he was ap- et mulatres contre des accusations calomnieuses " pointed collector of internal revenue. He was (1851); “ Le procès de la colonie de Marie-Galante” subsequently president of the State savings insti- (1851); and " La grande conspiration du pillage et tution till 1871, when he became president of the du meurtre à la Martinique" (1875). National bank of Illinois. He was a delegate to SCHOEPF, Albin Francisco, soldier, b. in the Republican national conventions of 1856 and Potgusch, Hungary, 1 March, 1822; d. in Hyatts- 1860, presidential elector on the Garfield ticket in ville, Md., 15 Jan., 1886. He entered the military 1880, and for a short time in 1876 served as United | academy at Vienna in 1837, became a lieutenant of States minister to Switzerland. artillery in 1841, and was promoted captain on the SCHODDE, George Henry, clergyman, b. in field for bravery. At the beginning of the Hun- Alleghany City, Pa., 15 April, 1854. He was gradu-garian war for independence in 1848 he left the ated at Capitol university, Columbus, Ohio, in 1872, Austrian service, enlisted as a private in Louis and at its theological department in 1874, after- Kossuth's army, and was soon made captain, and ward studied in the universities of Tübingen and afterward major. After the suppression of the Leipsic, and in 1876 took at the latter the degree revolution he was exiled to Turkey, served under of Ph. D. In 1877 he was ordained to the Lutheran Gen. Jozef Bem against the insurgents at Aleppo, ministry in Ohio, and was pastor at Martin's Ferry, and afterward became instructor of artillery in the Ohio, until 1 Jan., 1880, when he was elected pro- | Ottoman service, with the rank of major. In 1851 fessor in Capitol university. He is eminent as a he came to the United States, and received an ap- Semitic scholar, and has done much to promote pointment in the U. S. coast survey. In 1858 he the study of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Ethiopic, and became an assistant examiner in the patent-office. other languages. He has for several years been an He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers instructor of Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac in the on 30 Sept., 1861. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer, after Summer schools of Hebrew under Prof. William a series of successes against the Kentucky home- R. Harper, of Yale. He has written largely for guards, attacked his fortified position, called Wild- periodicals, and in the “ Bibliotheca Sacra” has cat camp, on the hills of Rock Castle county, Ky., published the first complete translation from the and was defeated; but the prestige thus gained for Ethiopic of the “ Book of Jubilees” (1885–'7). His the National arms was sacrificed by Schoepf's pre- other works are The Book of Enoch, translated cipitate retreat, by order of his superior officer, a from the Ethiopic, with Introduction and Notes" few weeks later from London to Crab Orchard, (Andover, 1882), and “ A Day in Capernaum,” which the Confederates called the “Wild-Cat stam- translated from the German of Delitzsch (New pede.” Gen. George B. Crittenden, thinking to York, 1887). crush Schoepf's force at Fishing creek, or Mill SCHOELCHER, Victor (shel'-ker), French springs, encountered Gen. George H. Thomas's en- statesman, b. in Paris, 21 July, 1804. He is the tire army, and suffered a disastrous defeat. Gen. son of a wealthy merchant, studied at the College Schoepf's brigade led in the pursuit of the enemy Louis le Grand, and became a journalist, bitterly to Monticello, At Perryville he commanded å opposing the government of Louis Philippe and division under Gen. Charles C. Gilbert. He served making a reputation as a pamphleteer. After 1826 through the war, and was mustered out on 15 Jan., he devoted himself almost exclusively to advo- 1866. Returning to Washington, he was appointed cacy of the abolition of slavery throughout the principal examiner in the patent-office, which post world, contributing a part of his large fortune to he continued to fill until his death. establish and promote societies for the benefit of the SCHOFF, Stephen Alonzo, engraver, b. in negro race. In 1829–31 he made a journey to the Danville, Vt., 16 Jan., 1818. He began engraving United States, Mexico, and Cuba to study slavery, under the direction of Oliver Pelton, of Boston, in 1840-2 he visited for the same purpose the West with whom he remained until he was nearly of age, Indies, and in 1845–7 Greece, Egypt, Turkey, and subsequently passing a short time with Joseph An- the west coast of Africa, On 3 March, 1848, he was drews, the engraver, in whose company in 1840 he appointed under-secretary of the navy, and caused visited Europe. There he spent about two years in a decree to be issued by the provisional government Paris, studying drawing a part of the time at the which acknowledged the principle of the enfran- school of Paul Delaroche, and perfecting himself in chisement of the slaves through the French posses- his art. On his return to this country he engaged sions. As president of a commission, Schoelcher pre- in bank-note work in New York, and soon was em- pared and wrote the decree of 27 April, 1848, which ployed upon his first important work, “ Caius Ma- enfranchised the slaves forever. He was elected to rius on the Ruins of Carthage,” after Vanderlyn. the legislative assembly in 1848 and 1849 for Mar- This plate was issued about 1843, and, to expedite tinique, and introduced a bill for the abolition of its publication and aid the young artist, the master the death-penalty, which was to be discussed on American engraver, Asher Brown Durand, en- the day on which Prince Napoléon made his coup graved the head and gave some touches to the fig- d'état. After 2 Dec. he emigrated to London, and, Other important works from the burin of ure. 424 SCHOMBURGK SCHOFIELD 66 O Amfikazioa Mr. Schoff are William Penn, engraved for the quent pursuit of Hood's army. In January, 1865, Pennsylvania historical society, a folio portrait of he was detached from Thomas's command and sent Ralph Waldo Emerson from a drawing by Rowse, with the 23d army corps by rail to Washington, and The Bathers," after William M. Hunt. Mr. and thence by transports to the mouth of Cape Schoff's work is executed in pure line, and exhibits Fear river, the entire movement of 15,000 men with much delicacy and a nice appreciation of the feel- their artillery and baggage over a distance of 1,800 ing of the artist he is reproducing. Recently he miles being accomplished in seventeen days. He has turned his attention to etching, producing was assigned to the command of the Department some beautiful plates. Mr. Schoff has at different of North Carolina on 9 Feb., 1865, captured Wil- times made Boston, Washington, and New York mington on 22 Feb., was engaged in the battle of his home, but at present (1888) he resides at Newton- Kinston, 8-10 March, and joined Sherman at Golds- ville, Mass., in the active exercise of his profession. boro' on 22 March. He was present at the surrender SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, soldier, b. in of Johnston's army on 26 April, and was charged Chautauqua county, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1831. He was with the execution of the details of the capitula- graduated at the U.S. military academy in 1853, in tion. In June, 1865, he was sent to Europe on a spe- the same class with Philip H. Sheridan, James B. cial mission from the state department in regard McPherson, and John B. Hood. He was assigned to the French intervention in Mexico, and he re- to the 1st regi- mained until May, 1866. In August he was as- ment of artil- signed to the command of the Department of the lery and served Potomac, with headquarters at Richmond. He was in garrison in in charge of the 1st military district (the state of South Carolina Virginia) from March, 1867, till May, 1868. Gen. and Florida in Schofield succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary 1853–²5, and as of war, 2 June, 1868, and remained in that office un- assistant pro- til the close of Johnson's administration, and under fessor of natu- Grant until 12 March, 1869, when he was appointed ral philosophy major-general in the U. S. army and ordered to the at the U.S. Department of the Missouri. He was in command military acade- of the Division of the Pacific from 1870 till 1876 my in 1855–²60, and again in 1882 and 1883, superintendent of the being, commis- U. S. military academy from 1876 till 1881, and in sioned 1st lieu- command of the Division of the Missouri from 1883 tenant, 31 Aug., till 1886, when he took charge of the Division of 1855, and cap- the Atlantic. He is at present (1888) the senior tain, 14 May, major-general of the U. S. army, and, under exist- 1861. On his ing laws, will be retired, on reaching the age of six- departure from ty-four, in 1895. He was president of the board West Point in that adopted the present tactics for the army (1870), 1860 he obtained leave of absence and filled the went on a special mission to the Hawaiian islands chair of professor of physics at Washington uni- in 1873, and was president of the board of inquiry versity, St. Louis, Mo., until April, 1861. At the on the case of Fitz-John Porter in 1878. opening of the civil war he entered the volunteer SCHOMBURGK, Robert Herman, German service as major of the 1st Missouri volunteers, 26 explorer, b. in Freiburg on the Unstruth, Prussia, April, 1861, and was appointed chief of staff to 4 June, 1804 ; d. in Schöneberg, near Berlin, 11 Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, with whom he served during March, 1865. He entered commercial life, and in his campaign in Missouri, including the battle of 1826 came to the United States, where, after work- Wilson's Creek, in which Lyon was killed. He was ing as a clerk in Boston and Philadelphia, he be- appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 21 Nov., came a partner in 1828 in a tobacco-manufactory 1861, and a few days later brigadier-general of Mis- at Richmond, Va. The factory was burned, and souri militia, and he was in command of the latter Schomburgk was ruined. After unusccessful ven- from November, 1861, till November, 1862, and of tures in the West Indies and Central America, he the Army of the Frontier and the district of south- went to the island of Anegada, one of the Virgin west Missouri from that date to April, 1863. He group, where he undertook to make a survey of was appointed major-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., the coast. Although he did not possess the special 1862, and from May, 1863, till February, 1864, was in knowledge that is required for such a work, he command of the Department of the Missouri. He performed it well, and his reports procured him in was then assigned to the command of the Depart- 1834, from the Geographical society of London and ment and Ariny of the Ohio, and in April, 1864, some botanists, means to explore the interior of joined the forces that were collecting near Chatta- British Guiana, which was then entirely unknown. nooga under Gen. William T. Sherman for the inva- After a thorough exploration during 1833-'9 he sion of Georgia. He took part in the Atlanta cam- went to London in the summer of 1839 with paign, being engaged at the battles of Resaca, Dallas, valuable collections of animals and plants, mostly Kenesaw Mountain, and Atlanta. When Sherman new species, among them the magnificent water- left Atlanta on his march to the sea, Schofield, with lilies known now as the Victoria regia and the the 23d army corps, was ordered back to Tennes- Elisabet ha regia, and many new species of orchids, see to form part of the army that was then being one of which has since been named for him the organized under Gen. George H. Thomas to resist Schomburgkia orchida. Schomburgk sailed again Hood's invasion of Tennessee. Schofield retreated from London for Georgetown in December, 1840, as skilfully before the superior forces of Hood, in- president of a commission to determine the bound- flicted a severe check upon him in a sharp battle ary-line between British Guiana and Brazil, and to at Franklin, 30 Nov., 1864, and joined Thomas ạt make further geographical and ethnological obser- Nashville, 1 Dec., 1864. For his services at the bat- vations. He was joined there by his brother, Moritz tle of Franklin he was made brigadier-general and Richard. On their return to London in June, 1844, brevet major-general in the regular army. He Schomburgk presented a report of his journey to took part in the battle of Nashville and the subse- the Geographical society, for which the queen SCHOOLCRAFT 425 SCHOOLCRAFT acres Hem Aschooliraft a " knighted him in 1845. After a few months' rest, and in 1831 the Algic society. From 1828 till he was given an appointment in the colonial de- 1832 he was a member of the territorial legislature partment, and sent to make researches upon the of Michigan. In 1832 he led a government expe- idioms of the aborigines of South America. In dition, which fol- 1848 he read before the British association a paper lowed the Missis- in which he proposed an alphabetical system for sippi river up to the Indian dialects. That same year he was ap- its source in Itas- pointed consul-general and chargé d'affaires in the ca lake. In 1836 Dominican republic, signed in 1850 an advanta- he negotiated a geous commercial treaty for Great Britain, and treaty with the also secured a truce from Soulouque in behalf of Indians on the the Dominican government. During the following upper lakes for years he contributed to the journal of the Geo- the cession to the graphical society valuable papers upon the physi- United States of cal geography of the island. He was promoted in 16,000,000 1857 consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, and resided of their lands. there till 1864, when declining health compelled | He was then ap- him to resign. Schomburgk was a member of va- pointed acting su- rious European, American, and Asiatic learned so- perintendent of cieties, and was a knight of the Legion of honor, Indianaffairs, and and of the Prussian order of the Red Eagle. His in 1839 chief dis- works include " Voyage in Guiana and upon the bursing agent for Shores of the Orinoco during the Years 1835–'39" the northern de- (London, 1840; translated into German by his broth-partment. On his er Otto, under the title “ Reisen in Guiana und am return from Eu- Orinoco in den Jahren 1835–'39," Leipsic, 1841, rope in 1842 he with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt); made a tour through western Virginia, Ohio, and “Researches in Guiana, 1837–'39" (1840); “De- Canada. He was appointed by the New York legis- scription of British Guiana, Geographical and Sta- lature in 1845 a commissioner to take the census of tistical" (1840); “ Views in the Interior of Guiana” the Indians in the state, and collect information con- (1840); “ Baubacenia Alexandrinæ et Alexandra im- cerning the Six Nations. After the performance of peratris ” (Brunswick, 1845); “ Rapatea Frederici this task, congress authorized him, on 3 March, 1847, Augusti et Saxo-Frederici regalis” (1845), being to obtain through the Indian bureau reports relat- monographs of plants discovered by the author ing to all the Indian tribes of the country, and to in British Guiana ; “ History of Barbadoes " (Lon- collate and edit the information. In this work he don, 1847); and “The Discovery of the Empire of spent the remaining years of his life. Through his Guiana by Sir Walter Raleigh” (1848).—Schom- influence many laws were enacted for the protection burgk's brother, Moritz Richard, published an ac- and benefit of the Indians. Numerous scientific count of the expedition in 1840–4, under the title societies in the United States and Europe elected " Reisen in British Guiana in den Jahren 1840–'44" him to membership, and the University of Geneva (3 vols., Leipsic, 1847–8). gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1846. He was SCHOOLCRAFT, Lawrence, soldier, b. in Al- the author of numerous poems, lectures, and re- bany county, N. Y., in 1760; d. in Verona, Oneida ports on Indian subjects, besides thirty-one larger co., N. Y., 7 June, 1840. His grandfather, James, works. Two of his lectures before the Algic so- came from England in the reign of Queen Anne, ciety at Detroit on the “Grammatical Construction settled in Albany county as a surveyor, and in of the Indian Languages" were translated into ;. later life was a teacher, and adopted the name of French by Peter S. Duponceau, and gained for “Schoolcraft” in the place of his original family their author a gold medal from the French insti- name of Calcraft. The grandson served during tute. His publications include A View of the the Revolutionary war, and as a colonel in the sec- Lead-Mines of Missouri, including Observations on ond war with Great Britain. He was the superin- the Mineralogy and Geology of Missouri and Ar- tendent of a large glass-factory ten miles west of kansas" (New York, 1819); a poem called "- Trans- Albany.- His son, Henry Rowe, ethnologist, b. in allegania, or the Groans of Missouri” (1820); Albany county, N. Y., 28 March, 1793; d. in Wash- “ Journal of a Tour in the Interior of Missouri and ington, D. C., 10 Dec., 1864, was educated at Mid- Arkansas" (1820); “ Travels from Detroit to the dlebury college, Vt., and at Union, where he pur- Sources of the Mississippi with an Expedition un- sued the studies of chemistry and mineralogy, der Lewis Cass” (Albany, 1821); “ Travels in the learned the art of glass-making, and began a trea- Central Portions of Mississippi Valley” (New York, tise on the subject entitled " Vitreology,” the first 1825); “The Rise of the West, or a Prospect of the part of which was published (Utica, 1817). In Mississippi Valley,” a poem (Detroit, 1827); “ In- 1817-'18 he travelled in Missouri and Arkansas, dian Melodies," a poem (1830); “The Man of and returned with a large collection of geological Bronze” (1834); “ Narrative of an Expedition and mineralogical specimens. In 1820 he was ap- through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake" pointed geologist to Gen. Lewis Cass's exploring | (New York, 1834); " Iosco, or the Vale of Norma" expedition to Lake Superior and the head-waters of (Detroit, 1834); Algic Researches," a book of Mississippi river. He was secretary of a commis- Indian allegories and legends (New York, 1839); sion to treat with the Indians at Chicago, and, after “Cyclopædia indianensis," of which only a single a journey through Illinois and along Wabash and number was issued (1842); “ Alhalla, or the Land Miami rivers, was in 1822 appointed Indian agent of Talladega," a poem published under the pen- for the tribes of the lake region, establishing him- name “ Henry Rowe Colcraft” (1843); “Oneota, self at Sault Sainte Marie, and afterward at Macki- or Characteristics of the Red Race of America' naw, where, in 1823, he married Jane Johnston, (1844-5), which was republished under the title of granddaughter of Waboojeeg, a noted Ojibway - The Indian and his Wigwam” (1848); “ Report chief, who had received her education in Europe. on Aboriginal Names and the Geographical Ter- In 1828 he founded the Michigan historical society, | minology of New York” (1845); “Plan for Investi- 9 66 426 SCHOTT SCHOONMAKER " 9 66 on " LEGOS gating American Ethnology." (1846); “ Notes on ated at Yale in 1830, studied law, was admitted to the Iroquois,” containing his report on the Six the bar in 1833, and has practised in Kingston. Nations (Albany, 1846 ; enlarged editions, New He was a member of the state senate in 1850-'1, York, 1847 and 1848); “ The Red Race of Ameri- and, as chairman of a special committee on the code ca” (1847); “ Notices of Antique Earthen Vessels drew up amendments that constituted a thorough from Florida" (1847); “ Address on Early Ameri- revision of the act. He was elected to congress as can History" (New York, 1847); “Outlines of the a Whig, and served from 1 Dec., 1851, till 3 March, Life and Character of Gen. Lewis Cass” (Albany, 1853. In 1854 he was auditor of the canal depart- 1848); “ Bibliographical Catalogue of Books, Trans- ment, and in 1855–6 he served as superintendent of lations of the Scriptures, and other Publications in the bank department of the state of New York. He the Indian Tongues of the United States ” (Wash- was president of the Kingston board of education ington, 1849); "American Indians, their History, from its establishment in 1863 till 1872, and in Condition, and Prospects” (Auburn, 1850); “ Per- 1867 was a member of the State constitutional con- sonal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with vention. He has published speeches in congress the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers, 1812 Public Lands" (Washington, 1852), and The to 1842” (Philadelphia, 1851); “ Historical and Slave Question ” (1852), and is the author of a Statistical Information respecting the History, History of Kingston from its First Settlement Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of to 1820,” which is now (1888) ready for publication. the United States," with illustrations by Capt. SCHOONMAKER, Martinus, clergyman, b. in Seth Eastman, published by authority of congress, Rochester, Ulster co., N. Y., in 1737; d. in Flat- which appropriated nearly $30,000 a volume for bush, N. Y., in 1824. the purpose (5 vols., 1851-5); “Scenes and Ad- He was licensed to ventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark preach in 1765, was Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas," a revised | pastor of the Dutch edition of his first book of travel (1853); “Sum- Reformed church at mary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Gravesend for several Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820, resumed years, and then of the and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in one at Harlem till Itasca Lake in 1832" (1854); “ Helderbergia, or the 1784, when he fixed his Apotheosis of the Heroes of the Anti-Rent War,” residence at Flatbush, an anonymous poem (Albany, 1855); and “The and assumed charge Myth of Hiawatha, and other Oral Legends” of the six congrega- (1856). “ The Indian Fairy-Book, from Original tions in Kings county. Legends” (New York, 1855). was compiled from During the Revolution notes that he furnished to the editor, Cornelius he was an earnest and Mathews. To the five volumes of Indian re- | influential Whig. He searches compiled under the direction of the war was the last of the min- department he added a sixth, containing the post-isters that preached Columbian history of the Indians and of their re- only in Dutch till the lations with Europeans (Philadelphia, 1857). He end of their lives. The church, six-sided and with had collected material for two additional volumes, a funnel-roof, in which he ministered at New but the government suddenly suspended the publi- Utrecht, is shown in the illustration. cation of the work. His wife, Mary Howard, b. SCHOTT, Charles Anthony, civil engineer, b. in Beaufort, S. C., was his assistant in the prepara- in Mannheim, Germany, 7 Aug., 1826. He studied tion of his later works, when he was confined to at the Lyceum in Mannheim, and then was gradu- his chair by paralysis and unable to use his hands. ated as a civil engineer in 1847 at the Polytechnic They were married in 1847, five years after the school in Carlsruhe. In 1848 he came to the United death of his first wife. Mrs. Schoolcraft was the States and entered the service of the coast survey. author of " The Black Gauntlet, a Tale of Planta- He was advanced to the grade of assistant in 1856, tion Life in South Carolina" (Philadelphia, 1860). and still (1888) holds that place. Mr. Schott is a SCHOONMAKER, Augustus, lawyer, b. in member of the Philosophical societies of Philadel- Rochester, Ulster co., N. Y., 2 March, 1828. He phia and Washington, and a fellow of the American was educated in common schools and by private association for the advancement of science, and in study, worked on his father's farm till he was 1872 was elected to the National academy of sci- twenty years old, taught for several years, studied ence. His writings include numerous memoirs of law, was admitted to the bar in 1853, and practised special investigations on hydrography, geodesy, in Kingston, N. Y. He was town superintendent and particularly on terrestrial magnetism, which of common schools for several years, and county have appeared in the annual reports of the U. S. judge of Ulster county from 1864 till 1872. In coast and geodetic survey since 1854. In addition 1876–7 he was a member of the state senate, and to these, he has published, through the medium of in 1878–9 he was attorney-general of New York. the Smithsonian institution, “ Magnetical Observa- From 1883 till 1887 he served as a civil service tions in the Arctic Seas,” reduced and discussed commissioner of the state, and on the constitution from material collected by Elisha K. Kane (1858); of the inter-state commerce commission in 1887 “Meteorological Observations in the Arctic Seas, he was appointed one of its members. likewise collected by Elisha K. Kane during the SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius, member of con- second Grinnell expedition (1859); “ Astronomical gress, b. in Rochester, Ulster co., N. Y., in June, Observations in the Arctic Seas," from data col- 1745; d. in Shawangunk, l'Ister co., in February lected by Elisha K. Kane (1860); - Tidal Observa- or March, 1796. He sat in the state assembly tions in the Arctic Seas” (1860); "Meteorological from the adoption of the constitution in 1777 till Observations in the Arctic Seas," from results 1790, was a member of the convention that adopt- made on board the arctic searching yacht “ Fox” ed the Federal constitution in 1788, and served in Baffin bay and Prince Regent's inlet in 1857-9 in congress from 24 Oct., 1791, till 3 March, 1793. (1862); - Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas," -His grandson, Marius, member of congress, from data collected by Isaac I. Hayes (1867); “Re- b. in Kingston, N. Y., 24 April, 1811, was gradu- sults of Meteorological Observations made at 99 SCHOULER 427 SCHRIVER Brunswick, Me., between 1807 and 1859" (1867); | Europe after a successful voyage to the Indies, “ Results of Meteorological Observations made at when stress of weather forced him to enter the Bay Marietta, Ohio, between 1826 and 1859, Inclu- of Antongil, and he died there. A narrative of sive" (1868); " Tables and Results of the Precipita- Schouten's expedition was written by Aris Clas- tion in Rain and Snow in the United States, and at sen, the clerk of the admiral, and published under Some Stations in Adjacent Parts of North Ameri- the title “ Scheeps-Journal en Beschrijving van de ca, and in Central and South America ” (1872; a bewonderensvaardige Reis gemaakt door Willem second edition, 1881); “ Tables, Distribution, and Cornelis Schouten, geboren te Hoorn, toen hy heeft Variations of the Atmospheric Temperature in the outdekt ten Zuiden van de zee-engte van Magellan United States and Some Adjacent Parts of Ameri- een nieuwe doorgang in de groote Zuidzee" (Am- ca” (1876); and “ Magnetic Charts of the United sterdam, 1617). It was translated into French States,” showing the distribution of the declina- (Amsterdam, 1617), into German (Arnheim, 1618), tion, the dip and the intensity of the magnetic force and into Latin (Amsterdam, 1619). The name of (1882 and 1885). Schouten has been given to an island that he dis- SCHOULER, William (skool'-er), journalist, b. covered on the northern coast of New Guinea. in Kilbarchan, Scotland, 31 Dec., 1814; d. in West SCHREIBER, Collingwood, Canadian engi- Roxbury, Mass., 24 Oct., 1872. He was brought to neer, b. in Colchester, Essex, England, 14 Dec., this country in 1815, received a common-school | 1831. He came to Canada in 1852, and was en- education, and engaged in calico printing. He gaged on the engineering staff of the Hamilton was the proprietor and editor of the Lowell “ Cou- and Toronto railway till its completion in 1856. rier" in 1841–7, in 1847–53 joint proprietor and He then engaged in private engineering in Toronto editor of the Boston “ Daily Atlas," in 1853–6 till 1860, when he entered the service of the North- one of the editors of the Cincinnati “Gazette,” in ern railway of Canada. In 1863 he was engaged by 1856–8 editor of the “ Ohio State Journal,” and in the government of Nova Scotia as division engineer 1858 of the Boston “ Atlas and Bee. He was four on the Pictou railway, and he continued in this times elected to the Massachusetts house of repre- service till 1867, when the works were completed. sentatives and once to the senate. In 1853 he was In 1868 the Dominion government appointed him a member of the Massachusetts constitutional con- to take charge of the surveys in connection with vention, and was chosen clerk of the house of rep- the Intercolonial railway, of the route by the way resentatives. In 1857 he was adjutant-general of of Lake Temiscouata; and in 1869, as superintend- Ohio, and from 1860 till 1866 held the same office ing engineer, he was placed in charge of the East- in Massachusetts. He was the author of “ History ern extension railway. In 1871 he was appointed of Massachusetts in the Civil War” (2 vols., Bos- superintending engineer and commissioner's agent ton, 1868–'71).-His son, James, lawyer, b. in West for the entire length of the Intercolonial railway, Cambridge (now Arlington), Mass., 20 March, 1839, which post he held till 1873, when he was made was graduated at Harvard in 1859, studied law, chief engineer of government railways in opera- and began to practise in Boston. In August, 1862, tion, in which capacity he still acts. He is also he joined the National army, and served for nearly chief engineer of that part of the Canadian Pa- a year as a lieutenant in the signal service. Since cific that is now undergoing construction by the 1884 he has been a lecturer in the Boston univer- government. He was royal commissioner of the sity law-school and in the National law university, court of railway claims in 1886. Washington, D. C. He has published legal trea- SCHRIVER, Edmund, soldier, b. in York, Pa., tises “ On Domestic Relations ” (Boston, 1870); | 16 Sept., 1812. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- * On Personal Property” (2 vols., 1873–²6); “On tary academy in 1833, and assigned to the 2d artil- Bailments, including Carriers ” (1880); “On Hus- lery. On 1 Nov., 1836, he became 1st lieutenant, and band and Wife” (1882); “On Executors and Ad- on 7 July, 1838, captain on the staff and assistant ministrators ” (1883); and “On Wills” (1887); also to the adjutant-general, serving in the Florida war a “ History of the United States under the Consti- of 1839. He held the rank of captain in the 2d tution," of which three volumes have been issued | artillery from 17 Aug., 1842, till 18 June, 1846, re- (Washington, 1880–’5), and two others, bringing signed his commission on 31 July, 1846, and was the narrative down to 1861, are now (1888) ready treasurer of the Saratoga and Washington railroad for the press, and soon to be issued. company, N. Y., from 1847 till 1852, of the Sara- SCHOUTEN, Willem Cornelis (shoo' - ten), toga and Schenectady railroad from 1847 till 1861, Dutch navigator, b. in Hoorn in 1567; d. in An- and of the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad from tongil bay, Madagascar, in 1625. He had been for 1847 till 1861, being president of the last road from years in the employ of the Dutch East India com- 1851 till 1861. He re-entered the army on 14 May, pany, when he quarrelled with one of the directors 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 11th infantry, be- and resigned in 1610. From that time he resolved came aide-de-camp to Gov. Edwin D. Morgan, of to find a new route to the Indies, eluding the char- New York, recruited, organized, and instructed his ter of the East India company. He interested in regiment at Fort Independence, Mass., and became his scheme Hoorn's richest citizen, Isaac Lemaire, colonel on the staff and additional aide-de-camp and they formed a company with a capital of on 18 May, 1862, having been made chief of staff 200,000 florins, one half being furnished by Isaac of the 1st corps in the Army of the Potomac. He Lemaire and an eighth by Schouten. The expe- served in the Shenandoah and the northern Vir- dition left the Texel, 14 June, 1615, Schouten being ginia campaigns, and was appointed colonel on the the commander, and a son of Isaac, James Le- staff and inspector-general, U.S. army, on 13 March, maire, acting as his deputy and director-general. 1863, after serving as acting inspector-general from The details of the discoveries are to be found in January till March, 1863. He was at Chancellors- the article LEMAIRE, JAMES. The navigators were ville and Gettysburg, and afterward bore thirty- arrested in Batavia by George Spielbergen for in- one battle-flags and other trophies to the war de- fringing upon the privileges of the East India partment. He participated in the Richmond cam- company, but, on Schouten's arrival in Holland, he paign from the Rapidan to Petersburg, was on secured an acquittal, and even compelled the com- special duty under the orders of the secretary of pany to pay him heavy damages. He resumed the war from 22 March till 23 June, 1865, and was exercise of his profession, and was returning to brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for faithful : 428 SCHURZ SCHROEDER & a and meritorious services in the field on 1 Aug., versity, Cobourg, and was graduated as a physician 1864, and major-general, U. S. army, on 13 March, in 1860. The same year he went to the northwest 1865. From 10 Dec., 1865, till 15 April, 1871, he and practised his profession at Fort Garry (now was on special duty in the secretary of war's office Winnipeg). He also engaged in the fur-trade, and in charge of the inspection bureau, and in wrote for the “ Nor'wester," and studied the 1866-'71 was inspector of the U.S. military acad- fauna, flora, soil, and climate of the country. Dr. emy, was on a tour of inspection in Texas, New Schultz was leader of the Canadian party at the Mexico, and Kansas, and of the recruiting service time of the first Riel rebellion in 1869–70, and was in 1872–3, prepared reports in Washington, D. C., captured, imprisoned, and sentenced to death by particularly upon the affairs of the Freedmen's Louis Riel. After suffering great hardships he bureau in 1873. was on duty in the war depart- escaped and reached Duluth, Minn., whence he ment in 1873–'6, and was made inspector of the made his way to Canada. He was appointed a division of the Pacific on 29 May, 1876. From 16 member of the Northwest council in December, Nov. to 15 Dec., 1877, he was a member of the re- 1872, was elected to the Dominion parliament in tiring board in San Francisco, and of the board March, 1871, for Lisgar, Manitoba, and represented to examine the case of Dr. William A. Hammond that constituency till the general election of 1882, (q.v.), U. S. army. He was retired in January, 1881. when he was defeated. He became a member of SCHROEDER, John Frederick, clergyman, the Canadian senate, 22 Sept., 1882. Dr. Schultz b. in Baltimore, Md., 8 April, 1800; d. in Brook- is a member of the Dominion board of health for lyn, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1857. After graduation at Manitoba and the Northwest territories, is presi- Princeton with the highest honor in 1819, he dent of the Northwest trading company, and a studied Hebrew, entered the general theological director of the Manitoba Southwestern Coloniza- seminary of the Episcopal church, then in New tion railway. He was actively engaged in organ- Haven, Conn., and was admitted to holy orders in izing these enterprises, and also the Great north- Baltimore in 1823. He was an assistant minister western telegraph company and other undertakings at Trinity church, New York city, from 1824 till of a similar character. 1838, when he travelled in Europe. On his return SCHUREMAN, James, patriot, b. in New Jer- in 1839 he resigned his charge at Trinity church, sey in 1757; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 23 Jan., and established in Flushing, L. I., a school for 1824. After graduation at Queen's (now Rutgers) girls, which he called St. Ann's hall, and which he college in 1775, he served in the Revolutionary removed to New York in 1846, when he was made army as captain of a volunteer company, partici- rector of the Church of the Crucifixion, and to pated in the battle of Long Island, and during the Brooklyn, when he was called to St. Thomas's war was captured and imprisoned in the New York church in 1852, which charge he resigned shortly sugar-house, where he suffered many hardships. before his death. He delivered many lectures, was With a single companion he escaped and joined a member of the New England historic genealogical the American army at Morristown, N. J. He was society, active in public charities, and rendered a delegate to the Continental congress from New much service during the cholera epidemics of Jersey in 1786–7, and was elected to the 1st con- 1832_'4. Princeton and Yale gave him the degree gress as a Federalist, serving from 4 March, 1789, of A. M. in 1823 and Washington (now Trinity) till 3 March, 1791, and again to the 5th congress, college that of S. T. D. in 1836. He edited a vol serving from 15 May, 1797, till 3 March, 1799. He ume of original essays and dissertations on biblical was then chosen U. S. senator in place of John literature by a society of clergymen, to which he Rutherford, serving from 3 Dec., 1799, till 6 Feb., contributed treatises translated from the German, 1801, when he resigned. Subsequently he became on “ The Authenticity and Canonical Authority of mayor of the city of New Brunswick, and was the Scriptures of the Old Testament” and the again elected to congress, serving from 24 May, “Use of the Syriac Language.” Dr. Schroeder 1813, till 2 March, 1815. published a “ Discourse before the New York His- SCHURMAN, Jacob Gould, Canadian edu- torical Society" (New York, 1828); “ A Useful Chart cator, b. in Freetown, Prince Edward island, 22 of the Diocese of New York from 1830 to 1850"; May, 1854. He won the Gilchrist Dominion "Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman” (New scholarship in 1875, and was graduated in London Haven, 1849); and “Maxims of Washington university in 1877. He was professor of philosophy (New York, 1855); and several other books. He and English literature in Acadia college, Nora left unfinished " The Life and Times of Washing- Scotia, in 1880–2, and in Dalhousie college, Hali- ton,” which was completed by others (1857–61). fax, in 1882–6, was elected honorary life governor SCHUETTE, Conrad Herman Louis, clergy- of University college, London, in 1884, and became man, b. in Varrel, Hanover, Germany, 17 June, professor of philosophy at Cornell university, 1843. He was graduated at Capitol university, which chair he now (1888) fills. He has published Columbus, Ohio, in 1863, and at the theological " Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution" department in 1865, and was ordained to the minis- (London, 1881); “ The Ethical Import of Darwin- try in the latter year. He was pastor at Delaware, ism” (New York, 1887); and “ À People's Uni- Ohio, in 1865–72, has been professor of mathe- versity,” the founder's day address (Ithaca, 1888). matics and natural science in Capitol university He is a regular contributor to the “ Archiv für since 1872, and since 1881 also professor of ethics, Geschichte der Philosophie” in Berlin. symbolics, and homiletics in the theological depart- SCHURZ, Carl, statesman, b. in Liblar, near ment. He is a frequent contributor to the religious Cologne, Prussia, 2 March, 1829. After studying press, has been editor-in-chief of the “Columbus at the gymnasium of Cologne, he entered the Uni- Theological Magazine” since 1886, and has pub- versity of Bonn in 1846. At the beginning of the lished - The Church Member's Manual” (Colum- revolution of 1848 he joined Gottfried kinkel, bus, 1870), and The State, the Church, and the professor of rhetoric in the university, in the pub- School" (1883). lication of a liberal newspaper, of which he was SCHULTZ, John Christian, Canadian senator, at one time the sole conductor. In the spring of b. in Amherstburg, Ont., 1 Jan., 1840. He was 1849, in consequence of an attempt to promote an educated at Oberlin college, Ohio, in medicine at insurrection at Bonn, he fled with Kinkel to the Queen's university, Kingston, and Victoria uni- Palatinate, entered the revolutionary army as add- SCHURZ 429 SCAUYLER C. Schury jutant, and took part in the defence of Rastadt. of 1876, and in 1877 President Hayes appointed On the surrender of that fortress he escaped to him secretary of the interior. He introduced com- Switzerland. In 1850 he returned secretly to Ger- petitive examinations for appointments in the in- many, and effected the escape of Kinkel from the terior department, effected various reforms in the fortress of Spandau. Indian service, and adopted systematic measures In the spring of 1851 for the protection of the forests on the public he was in Paris, act- lands. After the expiration of the term of Presi- ing as correspondent dent Hayes he became editor of the “ Evening for German journals, Post” in New York city, giving up that place in and he afterward January, 1884. In the presidential canvass of that spent a year in teach- year he was one of the leaders of the “Independ- ing in London. He ent” movement, advocating the election of Grover came to the United Cleveland. He remained an active member of the States in 1852, re- civil service reform league. Among his more cele- sided three years brated speeches are “ The Irrepressible Conflict " in Philadelphia, and (1858): "The Doom of Slavery” (1860); “ The then settled in Wa- Abolition of Slavery as a War Measure" (1862); tertown, Wis. In and “ Eulogy on Charles Sumner" (1874). Of his the presidential can- speeches in the senate, those on the reconstruction vass of 1856 he de- measures, against the annexation of Santo Domin- livered speeches in go, and on the currency and the national banking German in behalf of system attracted much attention. He has pub- the Republican par- lished a volume of speeches (Philadelphia, 1865) ty, and in the follow- and a “Life of Henry Clay” (Boston, 1887). ing year he was an SCHUSSELE, Christian, artist, b. in Gueb- unsuccessful candi- villers, Alsace, 16 April, 1824 ; d. in Merchant- date for lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin. During ville, N. J., 20 Aug., 1879. He studied under the contest between Stephen A. Douglas and Abra- Adolphe Yvon and Paul Delaroche in 1842–8, and ham Lincoln for the office of U.S. senator from Illi- then came to the United States. Here, for some nois in 1858 he delivered his first speech in the Eng. time, he worked at chromo-lithography, which he lish language, which was widely published. Soon had also followed in France, but later he devoted afterward he removed to Milwaukee and began the himself almost entirely to painting. His best-known practice of law. In 1859-'60 he made a lecture- works are “ Clear the Track” (1851); “Franklin tour in New England, and aroused attention by a before the Lords in Council" (1856); “Men of speech in Springfield, Mass., against the ideas and Progress ” (1857), in Cooper institute, New York ; policy of Mr. Douglas. He was a member of the “ Zeisberger preaching to the Indians (1859); Republican national convention of 1860, and spoke - The Iron-Worker and King Solomon” (1860); both in English and German during the canvass. “Washington at Valley Forge" (1862); and “Home President Lincoln appointed him minister to Spain, on Furlough” and “McClellan at Antietam "(1863). but he resigned in December, 1861, in order to en- About 1863 he was attacked by palsy in the right ter the army. In April, 1862, he was commissioned hand, and in 1865 he went abroad, undergoing se- brigadier-general of volunteers, and on 17 June he vere treatment, with took command of a division in the corps of Gen. no apparent benefit. Franz Sigel, with which he participated in the sec- On his return, in ond battle of Bull Run. He was made major-gen- 1868, he was elected eral of volunteers, 14 March, 1863, and at the battle to fill the chair, then of Chancellorsville commanded a division of Gen. founded, of drawing Oliver 0. Howard's corps. He had temporary com- and painting in the mand of this corps at Gettysburg, and subsequent- Pennsylvania acad- ly took part in the battle of Chattanooga. Dur- emy, which he held ing the summer of 1865 he visited the southern until his death. Dur. states, as special commissioner, appointed by Presi- ing this period he dent Johnson, for the purpose of examining their produced "Queen condition. In the winter of 1865–’6 he was the Esther denouncing Washington correspondent of the New York Haman,” owned by “ Tribune," and in the summer of 1866 he removed the academy (1869), to Detroit, where he founded the “ Post.” In and “The Alsatian 1867 he became editor of the “ Westliche Post," a Fair” (1870). Most German newspaper published in St. Louis. He was of the paintingsthat temporary chairman of the Republican national have been named became widely known through the convention in Chicago in 1868, where he moved an large prints by John Sartain and other engravers. amendment to the platform, which was adopted, SCHUYLER, Peter, first mayor of Albany, b. recommending a general amnesty. In January, in Albany, N. Y., 17 Sept., 1657; d. there, 19 Feb., 1869, he was chosen U. S. senator from Missouri, 1724. He was the second son of Philip Schuyler, for the term ending in 1875. He opposed some of the first of the family, who emigrated from Am- the chief measures of President Grant's adminis- sterdam, and, settling in Albany, became a well- tration, and in 1872 took an active part in the or- known merchant in that town. The father was ganization of the Liberal party, presiding over the ambitious to become a landed proprietor, and at convention in Cincinnati that nominated Horace his death in 1683 held property not only in Al- Greeley for the presidency. After the election of bany, but in New York city and along the Hudson. 1872 he took an active part in the debates of the | In 1667 he was made captain of a company of Al- senate in favor of the restoration of specie payments bany militia, and was conspicuous throughout his and against the continuation of military interfer- life for his friendship with the Indians. Peter be- ence in the south. He advocated the election of gan his public career in March, 1685, by receiving Rutherford B. Hayes in the presidential canvass an appointment as lieutenant in the militia of Al- C. Thusele 430 SCHUYLER SCHUYLER 66 66 bany, from which he rose to the rank of colonel, l'eca county, N. Y., 7 Feb., 1828, was educated at the highest grade conceded to a native of New Seneca academy, Ohio, of which he was principal York. He also received during the same year the from 1851 till 1862, and from the latter year until office of judge of the court of oyer and terminer, 1875 he was professor of mathematics in Baldwin and in October, 1685, was made a justice of the university, Ohio. From 1875 till 1885 he was peace. On 22 July, 1688, Albany was incorporated president of that university, and he is now (1888) as a city, and Peter Schuyler became its first vice-president and professor of mathematics and mayor. He was also chairman of the board of astronomy in Kansas Wesleyan university, Salina, commissioners for Indian affairs, and knew how Kan. He received the degree of A. M. from Ohio to deal with the savages better than any man of his Wesleyan university in 1860, and that of LL. D. time. During the difficulties between the French from Otterbein university in 1875. He has pub- and English on the northern boundary he con- lished “ Higher Arithmetic" (New York, 1860); ducted all negotiations with the Five Nations and Principles of Logic” (Cincinnati , 1869); “Com- other Indians. In 1691 he had command of the plete Algebra” (1870); “Surveying and Naviga- army that was sent against the French and In- tion” (1873); “ Elements of Geometry" (1876); dians, and defeated the invading force from Cana- Empirical and Rational Psychology" (1882); and da. He was made a member of the council in 1692, has written “A Treatise on Analytic Geometry.” and used every effort to relieve the sufferings of — Montgomery, a descendant of Arent, the first the settlers on the frontiers, who were exposed to Peter's brother, clergyman, b. in New York city, the ravages of the Indians. In the expedition 9 Jan., 1814, entered Geneva (now Hobart) col- against Montreal in 1709 he was second in com- lege in 1830, and, leaving at the end of his junior mand, and led one of the New York regiments, year, was graduated at Union in 1834. He then but, from lack of supplies and proper support, the studied law, and, after four years of mercantile French were allowed to retreat, and the expedition life, entered the ministry of the Protestant Epis- proved a failure. The Five Nations were waver- copal church. He became rector of Trinity church ing in their allegiance, looking upon the French as in Marshall, Mich., in June, 1841, and remained formidable enemies and the English as incompe- until 1844, when he was called to Grace church tent protectors, and accordingly an appeal was in Lyons, N. Y. In 1845 he took charge of St. made to England for means to conquer Canada. John's church in Buffalo, N. Y., but he resigned Col. Schuyler, accompanied by five chiefs, sailed in 1854 to accept the rectorship of Christ church for England in December, 1709, and was absent for in St. Louis, Mo., where he has since remained. seven months. Queen Anne offered to confer on The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Ho- him the order of knighthood, but he declined, al- bart in 1856. He has been president of the stand- though he accepted a gold snuff-box and some ing committee of the diocese of Missouri since pieces of silver plate as well as a diamond brooch 1858, and frequently a delegate to the general con- and ear-rings for his wife. In July, 1719, he be- vention of his church, besides being president of came president of the council, acting as governor the diocesan conventions that elected the second until the arrival of Peter Burnet in September, and third bishops of Missouri. In addition to 1720. He continued active in the affairs of the many sermons, he has published “The Church, its colony thereafter until his death.-His nephew, Ministry and Worship” (Buffalo, 1853); “ The Peter, soldier, b. probably near Newark, N. J., in Pioneer Church” (Boston, 1867); and “ Historical 1710; d. at Peterborough, his farm (now Newark, Discourse of Christ Church, St. Louis" (St. Louis, N. J.), 7 March, 1762, was left an ample estate by 1870).—Montgomery's son, Louis Sandford, cler- his father, Arent, and, becoming interested in mili- gyman, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., 12 March, 1852; d. in tary affairs, qualified himself to assume command Memphis, Tenn., 17 Sept., 1878, was gradunted at of troops should the necessity occur. When it was Hobart in 1871, and entered the ministry of the determined to invade Canada, he was authorized Protestant Episcopal church in 1874–6. Soon af- to recruit men in New Jersey, and was commis- terward he joined the brotherhood of the order of sioned colonel on 7 Sept., 1746, commanding a regi. St. John the Evangelist, under whose direction he ment that became known as the “Jersey Blues.” continued his ministry. He volunteered to go to He arrived in Albany early in September, and, al- Memphis, Tenn., during the yellow-fever epidemic though the expedition was abandoned, he was as- in 1878, and there fell a victim to the disease. Ser- signed to Fort Clinton, in Saratoga, which he held vices in his memory were held in the churches until 1747, when lack of provisions compelled its throughout the United States. See "A Memorial abandonment. The peace of Aix la Chapelle in of Louis Sandford Schuyler, Priest” (New York, 1748 terminated the war, and he returned to his 1879).— Montgomery's cousin, Anthony, clergy- home in New Jersey. In 1754 the war was again man, b. in Geneva, N. Y., 8 July, 1816, was graduated renewed, and, taking the field at the head of his at Geneva (now Hobart) college in 1835, after which regiment, he was stationed at Oswego, where, in he studied law in Ithaca, where he practised for 1756, he and one half of his regiment were cap- ten years. He then studied for the ministry and tured by Gen. Montcalm. He was taken to Mon- was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church treal and then to Quebec, where he remained until in 1850. Two years later he was chosen rector of October, 1757, when he was released on parole. Christ church in Oswego, N. Y., where he con- While a prisoner, he spent his money liberally in tinued until 1862, when he was called to Christ caring for his fellow-captives, buying the freedom church in Rochester. In 1868 he accepted charge of the Indians, and providing food for his country- of Grace church in Orange, N. J., where he has men at his own residence, also supplying them since remained. He has been chairman of the with clothing. He was received with great enthu- standing committee on the constitution and canons siasm on his return home. During the campaign since the foundation of the diocese of northern of 1759 he served with his regiment under Gen. | New Jersey (now Newark), and has represented Jeffrey Amherst, and participated in the events that diocese in the general conventions of his that closed with the conquest of Canada. At the church. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred on end of the campaign he settled on his estate, but him by Hobart in 1859, and he has published ser- died a few years later.-- Aaron, a descendant of mons and addresses, including a series of sermons Arent, the first Peter's brother, educator, b. in Sen- Ilousehold Religion” (New York, 1887).- on SCHUYLER 431 SCHUYLER : 9 war, he on Anthony's son, Montgomery, journalist, b. in John A. Porter's “Selections from the Kalevala" Ithaca, N. Y., 19 Aug., 1843, entered Hobart col- (New York, 1867); translated Ivan Turgénieff's lege in 1858, but was not graduated. He be- " Fathers and Sons” (1867); and Leo Tolstoi's came connected with the New York - World” in “ The Cossacks, a Tale of the Caucasus” (1878); 1865, and remained with this journal until 1883, and is the author of "Turkestan: Notes of a Jour- when he joined the editorial staff of the New York ney in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara, and “ Times.” Mr. Schuyler has given special study Kuldja” (1876); “ Peter the Great, Emperor of to architecture, and has published critical papers Russia” (2 vols., 1884); and “ American Diploma- on that art in “Scribner's Magazine," " Harper's cy and the Furtherance of Commerce" (1886). Magazine,” “ The American Architect," and simi- SCHUYLER, Philip John, soldier, b. in Al- lar periodicals, as well as occasional poems. In bany, N. Y., 22 Nov., 1733; d. there, 18 Nov., 1804. conjunction with William C. Conant, he issued He was the second son of John, nephew of Peter. " The Brooklyn Bridge” (New York, 1883). He studied at schools in Albany, and received his George Washington, great-grandson of the first higher education in New Rochelle, N. Y., where Peter's brother, Philip, state official, b. in Still- he was placed under the care of a Huguenot water, N. Y., 2 Feb., 1810; d. in Ithaca, N. Y., 1 minister. In 1755, at the opening of the last Feb., 1888, was graduated at the University of the French and In- city of New York in 1837, and at first studied the- dian ology, but then engaged in business in Ithaca, N. Y. was authorized In 1863–5 he was treasurer of the state, after by James De which, on 3 Jan., 1866, he was appointed superin- Lancey, acting tendent of the banking department of New York, governor of the and served until February, 1870. He was elected province, to re- to the assembly in 1875, was chairman of its com- cruit a company mittee on banks and banking, and during his for the army, membership obtained the passage of the general and he was com- savings-bank law, and of a law for the protection missioned its of railway employés. From 1 Jan., 1876, till May, captain on 14 1880, he was auditor of the canal department, and June, 1755. His he was the first to propose making the canals free company served waterways by the abolition of tolls, which was sub- under General sequently effected by constitutional amendment. Phineas Ly- Mr. Schuyler was a trustee of Cornell university man, and took from its foundation, and its treasurer in 1868–74. part in the bat- He was the author of “ Colonial New York: Philip tle of Lake Schuyler and his Family” (2 vols., New York, George 8 1885). —George Washington's son, Eugene, diplo- Sept., 1755. matist, b. in Ithaca, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1840, was gradu- Schuyler spent ated at Yale in 1859 and at Columbia law-school the ensuingwin- in 1863, after which he began the practice of ter at Fort Edward, and in the spring of 1756 accom- law, and devoted his leisure to literary pursuits. panied Col. John Bradstreet to Oswego as commis- He entered the diplomatic service of the United sary. In an attack that was made on the colonial States in 1866, and was consul at Moscow in force on their return by a superior number, he 1867-9, and at Reval in 1869-'70, and secretary showed unusual ability and military skill. The in- of legation at St. Petersburg in 1870-'6. While capacity of the British generals and apparent in- holding the last place he was on several occasions difference of the authorities in London led to his acting chargé d'affaires, and in 1873, during a resigning from the army in 1757, but he was fre- leave of absence, made a journey of eight months quently consulted in an advisory capacity and at through Russian Turkestan, Khokan, and Bokhara. times in providing supplies for the army. In He became secretary of legation and consul-gen- the spring of 1758, at the earnest solicitation of eral in Constantinople in 1876, during the summer Bradstreet, he joined the army again as his deputy of that year was sent to investigate the Turkish commissary, with the rank of major, and served massacres in Bulgaria, and made an extended until the close of the campaign. Much important report to his government, which did much to in- business was transacted directly by him, owing to fluence the subsequent history of that part of Bradstreet's feeble health, and in 1761 he went to Turkey. In 1878 he was sent to Birmingham as England, as the latter's agent, to settle accounts consul, and a year later he was transferred to with the home government. After the peace of Rome as consul-general, after which, in 1880, he 1763 he turned to the management of his private became chargé d'affaires and consul-general in Bu- business. His property was large, and his estate in charest, and in 1881 was authorized by the United Saratoga was rich in timber, which he transported States to conclude and sign commercial and consu- down the Hudson on his own vessels to New York. lar treaties with Roumania and Servia. From 1882 | He also built a flax-mill, the first of its kind in the till 1884 he was minister resident and consul-gen- country, for which he received a medal from the eral to Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and he then Society for promoting arts. In 1764 he was ap- returned to the United States, where he resumed pointed by the general assembly of New York a his literary work, and has also lectured. He has commissioner to manage the controversy on the been elected a corresponding member of the Rou- part of his province respecting the boundary-line manian academy, and also to the London, Russian, between that colony and Massachusetts bay, and Italian, and American geographical societies, and later he was concerned in the settlement of the decorations have been conferred on him by the similar difficulty between New York and the New governments of Russia, Greece, Roumania, Servia, Hampshire grants. He was appointed colonel of and Bulgaria. The degree of LL. D. was conferred a new regiment of militia in the territory lying on him by Williams in 1882, and by Yale in 1885. north of Albany, and in 1768 was chosen to repre- In addition to contributions to magazines and re- sent Albany in the colonial assembly. He advo- views in the United States and England, he edited cated the bold measures of the times in support of Sh: Schuyles 432 SCHUYLER SCHUYLER the rights of the colonists in spite of the majority, , and began to intrigue for the removal of Schuyler, and came to be the acknowledged leader of the who, on 14 Sept., 1776, formally offered his resigna- opposition. He inspired hope and courage among tion, but congress declared that it could not dis- his constituents, and it was on his nomination in pense with his service, and its president, John 1770 that Edmund Burke became agent in Eng- Hancock, requested him to continue in command. land for the colony of New York. He was a dele- Great credit is due to Schuyler for conducting gate to the Continental congress that convened in the affairs of this department under peculiarly Philadelphia in May, 1775, by which he was placed adverse conditions; and the proffer of his resigna- on a committee with George Washington to draw tion was the result of persistent neglect on the part up rules and regulations for the army. On the of congress to take action on his appeals for sup- recommendation of the Provincial congress of New plies and men, as well as their habit of conferring York he was appointed on 19 June one of the four directly with Gates, who openly used his influence major-generals that were named by congress. among the New England delegates to have him- He accompanied Washington from Philadel- self confirmed as commanding general. In spite phia, and was assigned by him to the command of chronic illness, Schuyler acquiesced in the ac- of the northern department of New York. Pro- tion of congress, and continued in his efforts to aid ceeding to Albany, he at once engaged in the diffi- Gates and in preparing defences to meet Burgoyne, cult task of organizing an army for the invasion of whose invasion was confidently expected. Early Canada. Troops were collected, but lack of arms, in 1777 he was chosen to represent New York in ammunition, and pay delayed any movement. the Continental congress, and was appointed chief There was also considerable ill feeling between the of the military in the state of Pennsylvania. He commanders of the colonial forces as to questions then made his appeal to congress concerning let- of relative rank, particularly at first between Ethan ters of censure that had been sent to him from Allen and Benedict Arnold. In August he went that body, and so thoroughly vindicated himself to Ticonderoga with the object of placing that fort that he was directed to proceed to the Northern and Crown Point in a state of defence. Subse-department and take command there. Closing quently the failure of Schuyler's health led to his official work in Pennsylvania, where he had his transferring the command to Gen. Richard rendered excellent service in organizing the mili- Montgomery. He then returned to Albany, where tia, Schuyler returned to Albany early in June, he continued his exertions in raising troops and and proceeded with his preparations for an attack forwarding supplies to the army. After the death from Canada. The advance of Burgoyne forced of Montgomery he made every effort to re-enforce the American army to retreat until Ticonderoga the American army. Early in 1776 he directed an was evacuated by Gen. Arthur St. Clair on 4 July, expedition to Johnstown, where he seized the mili- his force being wholly inadequate to its defence, tary stores that had been collected by Sir John and other retrograde movements followed. The Johnson. Jealousy existed among the officers at great victory at Bennington, however, had been won the front, and the New England contingent, es- before 19 Aug., when Gates took command of the pecially, was dissatisfied with its leader, in conse- army in virtue of a resolution passed by congress quence of which Gen. John Thomas was directed on 1 Aug. When this action was taken Gates had by congress to take command of the army in the been for some time absent from the army in Phila- field, while Schuyler was continued in Albany ex- delphia, using his influence to injure Schuyler, ercising the general direction of affairs, and espe- whom he charged with neglect of duty in permit- cially the duties of quartermaster-general and com- ting the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga. The se- missary-general. During the early part of 1776 he lection of Gates to the command was made by con- was kept continually busy by the movements of gress after Washington had declined to act. A Sir John Johnson and other Tories in the Mohawk committee of investigation was authorized by con- valley, and he was also considerably embarrassed gress, and in October, 1778, a court-martial was by complaints that were sent by his enemies to convened, which declared itself unanimously of Gen. Washington and congress. Schuyler's per- opinion that Schuyler was “not guilty of any neg. fect knowledge of the situation, the topography lect of duty,” and acquitted him with the highest of the country, and the available supplies, led him honor,” which proceeding congress tardily con- to doubt the expediency of continuing the Ameri- firmed several months later. Schuyler continued can forces in Canada; but, in opposition to his rec- with the army in a private capacity until the sur- ommendation, congress persisted in its action, and render of Burgoyne. He finally succeeded in the weak army under Thomas, suffering with small- effecting his resignation on 19 April, 1779. pox, oppressed with want, and lacking in discipline, Before his vindication by the court-martial he was kept on the frontier. Meanwhile a strong Brit- was chosen, in October, 1778, by the New York ish force, under Gen. John Burgoyne, had arrived legislature a representative in congress; but he in Canada, and the American army had fallen back refused to take his seat until the sentence had been on Crown Point greatly reduced in numbers. In confirmed, after which he was a member of con- May, Gen. Horatio Gates was ordered to the com- gress until 1781. Meanwhile he continued to act as mand of the army in Canada, which had been made Indian commissioner, holding councils and making vacant by the death from small-pox of Gen. Thom- treaties with the different tribes of the Six Nations. as. On reaching Albany, believing himself in com- Although unwilling to enter active military ser. mand of the department, he issued orders that con- vice again, he was appointed in 1779 to confer with flicted with those of Schuyler, in consequence of Washington on the state of the Southern depart- which the latter agreed to co-operate with him, ment, and divided his time thenceforth until the and meanwhile submitted the question of prece- close of the war between congress and Washington's dence to congress, through Gen. Washington. That headquarters, where he became one of the most irust- body recommended that the officers act in harmony ed counsellors of the commander-in-chief. In 1780 with each other. Schuyler occupied himself at this he was elected state senator from the western dis- time in negotiations with the Six Nations, in virtue trict of New York, and he served until 1784, again of his office of Indian commissioner, and in fit- from 1786 till 1790, and finally from 1792 till 1797. ting out a fleet for operations on Lake Champlain. Throughout his political life he was a Federalist, Gates was not satisfied with the action of congress, , and with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay shared SCHUYLER 433 SCHWATKA the leadership of that party. His influence was it back to the club, to be held as a challenge- strongly exerted in favor of the formation of the cup, and in 1887 was referee in the race between Union, and during the administrations of Wash- the “ Thistle” and “Volunteer.” Mr. Schuyler has ington his power was very great. Not only was he taken interest in gathering memorials of his an- chairman of the board of commissioners for Indian cestors, and has published" Correspondence and affairs, but in 1782 he was made surveyor-general Remarks upon Bancroft's History of the North- of the state, and also a member of the council of ern Campaign in 1877,' and the Character of Major- appointment of New York. In December, 1788, he General Philip Schuyler" (New York, 1867). and Rufus King were chosen the first senators of SCHWARTZ, Jacob, librarian, b. in New York New York, and he held that office from 4 March, city, 13 March, 1846, In 1863 he entered the Ap- 1789, till 3 March, 1791. Again, succeeding Aaron prentices' library of New York, of which he became Burr, he filled the same office from 15 May, 1797, chief librarian in 1871. He has introduced in the till 3 Jan., 1798, when a severe attack of the institution his system of classification, which has gout, from which he had been a life-long sufferer, since been adopted wholly or in part by various compelled his resignation. For Schuyler may be librarians. This system is a combination of the claimed the paternity of the canal system of New three fundamental systems—the classified, the al- York. As early as 1776 he made a calculation of phabetical, and the numerical. The method of the actual cost of a canal that should connect Hud- management that is followed there was also de- son river with Lake Champlain. Later he was a vised by him. Mr. Schwartz has contributed to strong advocate of the building of the canal be- the “Library Journal” and other periodicals. tween the Hudson and Lake Erie. He was one of SCHWATKA, Frederick, explorer, b. in Ga- the principal contributors to the code of laws that lena. Ill., 29 Sept., 1849. After graduation at the was adopted by the state of New York, and in 1784 U. S. military academy in 1871 he was appointed was one of the subscribers to the funds for the 2d lieutenant in the 3d cavalry, and served on gar- building of Union college. His residence in Al- rison and frontier duty until 1877. He also stud- bany (shown in the illustration) for more than forty ied law and medicine, and was admitted to the bar years was distinguished by its generous hospitality. of Nebraska in 1875, and received his medical de- There Baron Dieskau became convalescent after gree at Bellevue hospital medical college, New his capture, and there the remains of Lord Howe York, in 1876. On hearing the story of Capt. Thom- were conveyed after his untimely death at Ticon- as F. Barry, who, while on a whaling expedition in deroga. During the Revolutionary war the con- Repulse bay in 1871-3, was visited by Esquimaux gressional commissioners to Canada–Benjamin who described strangers that had travelled through Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll-were that region several years before, and who had buried entertained at this residence in April, 1776. Later, papers in a cavern, where silver spoons and other relics had been found, Lieut. Schwatka determined to search for traces of Sir John Franklin's party, and, obtaining leave of absence, fitted out an expe- dition. On 19 June, 1878, accompanied by Will- iam H. Gilder (g. 2.) as second in command, he sailed in the “ Eothen ” for King William's Land. The party returned on 22 Sept., 1880, having dis- covered and buried many of the skeletons of Sir John Franklin's party, and removed much of the mystery of its fate. Lieut. Schwatka found the grave of Lieut. John Irving, 3d officer of the “Ter- ror,” and, in addition to many interesting relics, a paper which was a copy of the Crozier record that was found in 1859 by Lieut. William R. Hobson, of Sir Leopold McClintock’s expedition, and which Gen. Burgoyne and his suite made it their home contained two records, the latter, under date of 25 while in Albany, and Lafayette was among the April, 1848, stating the death of Sir John Frank- host of guests that partook of its hospitality. Gen. lin on 7 June, 1847. This expedition was also Schuyler was buried with military honors in the marked by the longest sledge-journey on record- vault of Gen. Abraham Ten Broeck, but finally his 3,251 statute miles, during which a branch of Back's remains were deposited in the Albany Rural ceme- river was discovered, which Lieut. Schwatka named tery, where, in 1871, a Doric column of Quincy for President Hayes. Afterward he explored the granite, thirty-six feet in height, was erected to course of the Yukon river in Alaska, and rejoined his memory. See “ The Life and Times of Philip his regiment in July, 1884. In August of that Schuyler,” by Benson J. Lossing (2 vols., New York, year he resigned the commission of 1st lieutenant, 1860–2; enlarged ed., 1872). His wife, Cathe- 3d cavalry, to which he had been appointed in rine Van Rensselaer, d. in Albany, 7 March, March, 1879. He commanded the New York 1803, was the daughter of John Van Rensselaer, · Times ” Alaskan exploring expedition of 1886. the great-grandson of Killian, the first patroon Lieut. Schwatka has received the Roquette Arctic of Rensselaerwyck, and married Gen. Schuyler on medal from the Geographical society of Paris, and 17 Sept., 1755. She was the mother of eleven a medal from the Imperial geographical society of children, of whom Elizabeth married Alexander Russia, and is an honorary member of the Geo- Hamilton; and Margarita, Stephen Van Rensselaer, graphical societies of Bremen, Geneva, and Rome. the patroon.-Philip's grandson, George Lee, b. He is the author of " Along Alaska's Great River in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 9 June, 1811, settled in New (New York, 1885); Nimrod in the North ” (1885); York city and married successively two grand- and “The Children of the Cold” (1886). See daughters of Alexander Hamilton. "Mr. Schuyler “Schwatka's Search,” by Col. William H. Gilder has been active in yachting matters, and in 1882 (New York, 1881): “ The Franklin Search under the “ America's ” cup was returned to him, as its Lieut. Schwatka" (Edinburgh and London, 1881); sole surviving donor, by the New York yacht club. and “ Als Eskimo unter den Eskimo,” by Henry He at once prepared a new deed of gift, gave | Klutschak (Leipsic, 1881). VOL. V.-28 66 434 SCORESBY SCHWEINITZ 66 SCHWEINITZ, Lewis David von, botanist, b. numerous cyclopædia articles, he was the author of in Bethlehem, Pa., 13 Feb., 1780; d. there, 8 Feb., “ The Moravian Manual” (Philadelphia, 1859: 2d 1834. In 1798 he went to Germany and was edu- enlarged ed., Bethlehem, Pa., 1869); “ The Mora- cated in the Moravian college and theological semi- vian Episcopate " (Bethlehem, 1865; 2d revised ed., nary, returning in 1812. He filled important ec- London, 1874); “ The Life and Times of David clesiastical offices at Salem, N. C., and subsequently Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle of at Bethlehem. From early boyhood he devoted the Indians” (Philadelphia, 1870); “Some of the himself to the study of botany. By his own re- Fathers of the American Moravian Church "(Beth- searches he added more than 1,400 new species to lehem, 1881); and “ The History of the Church the catalogue of American flora, more than 1,200 known as the Unitas Fratrum” (1885), on the being fungi, which had previously been but little second series of which work, comprising the “ His- studied. He was a member of various learned so- tory of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum," he was en- cieties in the United States, Germany, and France. gaged at the time of his death. The University of Kiel, in Denmark, conferred SCOFIELD, Glenni William, jurist, b. in upon him the degree of Ph. D. A new genus of Chautauqua county, N. Y., 11 March, 1817. After plant was named Schweinitzia in his honor, and graduation at Hamilton college in 1840, he removed while a resident of Salem he was elected presi- to Pennsylvania, studied law, and was admitted to dent of the University of North Carolina, which the bar in 1843. He was a member of the Penn- honor he declined because it involved relinquish- sylvania assembly in 1850-'1 and of the state sen- ing work in the Moravian church. His herbarium, ate in 1857–9, and in 1861 was appointed president which comprised at the time of his death the judge of the 18th judicial district. He was then largest private collection of plants in the United elected to congress as a Republican, and served from States, he bequeathed to the Academy of natural 7 Dec., 1863, till 3 March, 1875. He took an active sciences at Philadelphia. His principal works are part in the reconstruction measures, and served on * Conspectus Fungorum Lusatiæ " (Leipsic, 1805); important committees, being chairman of that on “Synopsis Fungorum Carolina Superioris,” edited naval affairs. On 28 March, 1878, he was appoint- by Dr. Schwaegrichen (1818); “Specimen Flora ed register of the treasury, and he served until Americæ Septentrionalis Cryptogamieæ ” (Raleigh, 1881, when he was appointed an associate justice 1821); “ Monograph of the Linnæan Genus Viola of the U. S. court of claims. Hamilton gave him (1821); “ Catalogue of Plants collected in the N. W. the degree of LL. D. in 1884. Territory by Say” (Philadelphia, 1824); “ Mono- SCOLLARD, Clinton, poet, b. in Clinton, graph of the American Species of the Genus Ca- Oneida co., N. Y., 18 Sept., 1861. After gradu- rex” (New York, 1825); and “Synopsis Fungorum in ation at Hamilton college in 1881 he studied for America Boreali Media Degentium” (Philadelphia, two years in Harvard, and travelled in Europe in 1832). See a “ Memoir of Lewis David von Schwei- 1886-7, spending several months in Cambridge nitz” (Philadelphia, 1835), and a “Sketch of the university before visiting Greece, Egypt, and Pales- Life and Scientific Work of L. D. von Schweinitz,” tine. He has published two volumes of poems, in the “ Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific “ Pictures in Song" (New York, 1884) and · With Society of the University of North Carolina Reed and Lyre” (Boston, 1886). (Raleigh, 1886).—His son, Emil Adolphus (DE SCORESBY, William, English explorer, b. in Schweinitz), Moravian bishop, b. in Salem, N. C., Cropton, Yorkshire, 5 Oct., 1790; d. in Torquay, 21 26 Oct., 1816; d. there, 3 Nov., 1879, was a graduate March, 1857. His father, of the same name, was a both of the American and of the German Moravian daring and successful whale-fisher. The son fol- theological seminaries. After filling various eccle- lowed the sea, and in 1806 was chief mate on the siastical offices in Pennsylvania and North Caro- voyage in which his father reached the highest lina, among them that of principal of the Salem latitude (81° 12' 42'') that had then been attained female academy, he was appointed president of the During the intervals between voyages, governing board of the southern district of the with the sanction of his father, he devoted himself Moravian church, and consecrated to the episco- to study, and two of his winters were spent at pacy in 1874. He attended three general synods Edinburgh university. During his voyages he in succession, at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857, 1869, made many observations on the electric phenom and 1879, and on the last two occasions was consti- of the arctic régions, and was instrumental in tuted one of the vice-presidents of that body.- | inducing Sir Joseph Banks to send out a series of Another son, Edmund Alexander (DE SCHWEI- expeditions for the discovery of the north pole. NITZ), Moravian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 20 Young Scoresby continued in the whaling service March, 1825; d. there, 18 Dec., 1887, was gradu- after his father's death, and, when he had made ated at the theological seminary in his native place, seventeen voyages to Spitzbergen or Greenland, he and then continued his studies at the University published “An Account of the Arctic Regions, of Berlin. He began his ministry in 1850 and had with a History and Description of the Northern charge successively of churches at Lebanon, Phila- Whale Fishery” (2 vols., 1820). This work added delphia, Lititz, and Bethlehem. On 28 Aug., 1870, largely to science in the departments of physical he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Bethlehem, geography, natural history, and magnetic observa- and at his death he was the presiding bishop of the tion. In 1822 he made an exploring voyage along northern district of the Moravian church. In 1871 the east coast of Greenland, which was then com- Columbia conferred upon him the degree of S. T. D. paratively unknown, and published the results in He was appointed a delegate to the general synod a “ Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale that met at Ilerrnhut, Saxony, in 1857; and the one Fishery, including Researches and Discoveries on that convened at the same place in 1879, at which the Eastern Coast of West Greenland, made the he was present in his official capacity, elected him Summer of 1822, in the Ship • Baffin,' of Liver- its president, an honor that was never before con- pool” (Edinburgh, 1823). On his return to Liver- ferred upon an American bishop. He originated pool he received the intelligence of the death of in 1856 and for ten years edited - The Moravian,” his wife, and abandoned his seafaring life. In the weekly journal of his church, and from 1867 1824 he was elected a fellow of the Royal society, till 1884 he was president of the theological semi- and he was subsequently made corresponding mem- nary. Besides various sermons and essays and ber of the Institute of France. When about forty on sea. omena SCOTT 435 SCOTT 66 : 6 years of age, he deemed it his duty to become a EDWARD, lawyer (1774–1852), became a well-known clergyman, and accordingly entered himself at lawyer in Tennessee, served as judge of the state Cambridge, took his degree of B. D. in 1834, and circuit court in 1815– 46, and published - Laws of that of D.D. in 1839. He first labored as chaplain the State of Tennessee.” (2 vols., Knoxville, 1821). of the Mariners' church at Liverpool, then removed - Edward's son, Charles, lawyer, b. in Knoxville, to Exeter, and rward became vicar of Brad- Tenn., 12 Nov., 1811; d. in Jackson, Miss., 30 May, ford. After several years, his health failing, he 1861, studied law, and began to practise in Nash- resigned his charge and retired to Torquay, but ville, where he married, but he afterward removed continued his philanthropic efforts, and his physi- to Jackson, Miss., and formed a partnership with cal researches, the latter mainly in regard to ter- George S. Yerger. In 1852 he was elected chancel- restrial magnetism and its relation to navigation. lor of the state. His decision in the case of John- For the further and better prosecution of these ston vs. the State of Mississippi, establishing the researches, in 1847 Dr Scoresby made a voyage to liability of the state for the payment of the bonds the United States, and in 1853 to Australia in the of the Union bank, attracted much attention. In “Royal Charter.” In addition to the works already 1859 Judge Scott removed to Memphis. He was named, Dr. Scoresby wrote “ Discourses to Sea- an active Freemason, and published “ Analogy of men” (1831); “ Magnetical Observations” (3 parts, Ancient Craft Masonry to Natural and Revealed 1839-'52); American Factories and their Female Religion” (Philadelphia, 1849), and “ The Keystone Operatives ” (1848); “ Lectures on Zoistic Magnet- of the Masonic Arch” (Jackson, 1856). ism (1849); “ Sabbaths in the Arctic Regions” SCOTT, Dred, slave, b, in Missouri about 1810; (1850); "The Franklin Expedition " (1850); “ My d. after 1857. He was a negro slave, and about Father : being Records of the Adventurous Life 1834 was taken by his master, Dr. Emerson, an of the late William Scoresby, Esq., of Whitby” army surgeon, from Missouri to Rock Island, Ill., (1851); and “ Voyage to Australia and Round the and then to Fort Snelling, in what was then Wis- World for Magnetical Research,” edited by Archi- consin territory. Here he married, and two chil- bald Smith (1859). His life has been written by dren were born to him. On his return to Missouri R. E. Scoresby-Jackson, M. D. (London, 1861). he sued in a local court in St. Louis to recover SCOTT, Andrew, Scottish poet, b. in Bowden, his freedom and that of his family, since he had Roxburghshire, in 1757; d. there, 22 May, 1839. been taken by his master to live in a free state. He was of humble parentage, and, after being em- Scott won his case, but his master now appealed ployed as a cowherd, enlisted in the ariny, served to the state supreme court, which, in 1852, rev sed in this country during the Revolution, and was the decision of the lower tribunal. Shortly after- surrendered with Cornwallis's army at Yorktown. ward the family were sold to a citizen of New While he was encamped on Staten island, Scott York, John F. X. Sandford, and, as this afforded a composed his “ Betsey Roscoe," · The Oak-Tree," ground for bringing a similar action in a Federal and many other songs. After the war he settled court, Scott sued again for freedom, this time in the in his native parish as a farm-laborer. He became U. S. circuit court in St. Louis in May, 1854. The a protégé of several well-known literary men, and case was lost, but an appeal was made to the U. S. published “Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” supreme court, and, the importance of the matter (Kelso, 1811); a second volume of poems (Jed- being realized by a few eminent lawyers, several burgh, 1821); and “ Poems on Various Subjects” offered to take part in the argument. Those on (Edinburgh, 1826). Scott's side were Montgomery Blair and George T. SCOTT, Charles, soldier, b. in Cumberland Curtis, while opposed to him were Reverdy John- county, Va., in 1733; d. 22 Oct., 1813. He served son and Henry S. Geyer. None of these asked for as a non-commissioned officer in Braddock's defeat compensation. The case was tried in 1856, and in 1755, and at the beginning of the struggle for the judgment of the lower court was affirmed. A independence raised and commanded the first brief opinion was prepared by Justice Nelson, but company south of James river for the Revolution before its public announcement it was decided by ary army. He was made colonel of the 3d Vir- the court that, in view of the importance of the ginia battalion on 12 Aug., 1776, served with great case and its bearing on the whole slavery question, credit at Trenton, and on 2 April, 1777, was pro- which was then violently agitating the country, moted brigadier - general. During the next two Chief Justice Taney should write a more elaborate campaigns he was with the army in New Jersey, one. Taney's opinion was read, 6 March, 1857, and at a council of war voted with a minority of two days after the inauguration of President Bu- four generals to attack Philadelphia. He was with chanan, and excited intense interest throughout Gen. Anthony Wayne at Stony Point in 1779, in the country on account of its extreme position in the following year was made a prisoner at Charles- favor of slavery. It affirmed, among other things, ton, and was not exchanged until near the end of that the act of congress that prohibited slavery the war. In Lee's retreat at Monmouth he was north of latitude 36° 30' was unconstitutional and the last to leave the field. Gen. Scott removed to void. Thomas H. Benton said of this decision that Woodford county, Ky., in 1785, and served as it made a new departure in the working of the brigadier-general of Kentucky levies in Gen. Ar- government, declaring slavery to be the organic thur St. Clair's defeat in 1791. Later in that year law of the land, while freedom was the exception. he commanded in a successful expedition to Wa- The passage that was most widely quoted and most bash river, and in several actions with the Indians. unfavorably commented upon, was that in which In 1794 he led part of Gen. Anthony Wayne's Taney described the condition of the negroes at army in the battle of Fallen-timbers. From 1808 the adoption of the constitution, saying: “They till 1812 he was governor of Kentucky, and a town had for more than a century before been regarded and county in that state were named in his honor. as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit Gen. Scott was a man of strong natural powers, to associate with the white race, either in social or but rough and eccentric in manner and somewhat political relations; and so far inferior, that they illiterate.-II is brother, JosEPH, also served with had no rights which the white man was bound to credit in the Revolution, rose to the rank of major, respect; and that the negro might justly and law- was wounded at Germantown, and after the war fully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.” After- was U. S. marshal for Virginia.-Joseph's son, ward Scott and his family passed by inheritance 436 SCOTT SCOTT 2 6 > power to the family of Calvin C. Chaffee, a member of June, 1861, he commanded the steamer “ Keystone congress from Massachusetts, and on 26 May, 1857, State,” went in pursuit of the Confederate priva- they were emancipated in St. Louis by Taylor teer. “Sumter,” and capturing the steamer * Sal- Blow, to whom Mr. Chaffee had conveyed them vor” off Tampico, towed her to Philadelphia. He for that purpose. See Benjamin C. Howard's commanded the steamer “Marantanza” in the “ Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court, operations with the army in James river, rendered and the Opinions of the Judges thereof, in the valuable service in saving stores that were left by Case of Dred Scott” (Washington, 1857); Thomas the army at Acquia creek, was on the blockade, H. Benton's “ Historical and Legal Examination and had numerous engagements with Confederate of the Decision in the Dred Scott Case" (New batteries in the sounds of North Carolina in York, 1860); Joel Parker’s “ Personal Liberty 1862–3. He was commissioned captain, 4 Nov., Laws and Slavery in the Territories : Case of Dred 1863, and commanded the steamer * De Soto," in Scott" (Boston, 1861); and “ Abraham Lincoln, a which he captured several blockade - runners in History," by John Hay and John G. Nicolay. A 1864. Subsequently he took charge of the steam portrait of Dred Scott, probably the only one in sloop “ Canandaigua" on the blockade, and was existence, painted from an old photograph, is in senior officer at the surrender of Charleston, S. C., the possession of the Missouri historical society. in 1865. He was a member of the examining SCOTT, Gustavus, lawyer, b. in Prince William board for the admission of volunteer officers to the county, Va.; d. in Washington, D. C., in 1801. His regular navy in 1868, served as light-house inspector father, Rev. James Scott, a Scotchman, became a in 1869-'71, and was promoted to commodore, 10 minister of the Episcopal church and came to this Feb., 1869, and to rear-admiral, 14 Feb., 1873. He country about 1730. Gustavus was educated at was then commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic King's college, Aberdeen, Scotland, and after his squadron until 13 June, 1874, when he was retired, friend, Sir Robert Eden, was made governor of having reached the age of sixty-two years. Maryland, removed to that province and practised SCOTT, Irving Murray, mechanical engineer, law successfully in Somerset county. When the b. in Hebron Mills, Baltimore co., Md., 25 Dec., people of Maryland decided to send deputies from 1837. He was educated at Milton academy, Md., all the counties to a convention to be held in and the Baltimore mechanics' institute, and in Annapolis, 22 June, 1774, he was sent as a delegate 1854 entered the manufactory of Obed Hussey, the from Somerset, and participated in all its subse- inventor of reaping - machines, where he made quent deliberations down to the adoption of the rapid progress in the machinist's art, and perfected first constitution and the organization of the state himself in the different methods of working in government in 1777. He was a member of the iron and wood. In 1857 he gained admittance to Association of the freemen of Maryland, which the iron-works of a Baltimore firm. There he soon decided in July, 1775, to throw off the proprietary became an expert draughtsman, and was placed in and assume a provisional government, and charge of the construction of stationary and fire his signature is attached to the original pledge that engines. He also devoted all his leisure moments now (1888) hangs in the state-house at Annapolis. to reading and study. In 1858 he was engaged as He was a member of the convention that framed draughtsman at the Union iron-works, San Fran- the first constitution of Maryland. After the for- cisco, Cal., where he remained until 1862. About mation of the state government he removed to that time the construction of improved quartz- Dorchester county, and represented it in the as- mining machinery became one of the most im- sembly in 1780 and again in 1784, when he was portant branches of mechanical industry in that elected a delegate to the Continental congress and state. Desiring to become practically acquainted served till 1785. He was one of the originators with it, he spent a year at the Miners' foundry in of the Potomac canal company in 1784, and one the same city, returning to the Union works in of the committee of the Maryland legislature, to 1863, when he was made superintendent. In 1865 whom was referred the claim of James Rumsey he became a partner, and in 1875 the business (9. v.), for the exclusive privilege of making and was reorganized under the title of Prescott, Scott selling his boats in Maryland. He reported in and Co. Soon afterward the new firm erected ex- favor of Rumsey's claim, and the bill was passed. tensive works at Potrero. These were constructed He was also one of the original commissioners ap- under the immediate supervision of Mr. Scott, and pointed to superintend the erection of the capitol he designed the machinery by means of which the buildings at Washington, and when the state of treasures of the Comstock mines have been er- Maryland lent the government several thousand tracted, including that used in the pumping, mill- dollars for the purpose, the credit of the general ing, reducing, and refining works, in connection government was so low that the state required with James G. Fair and William H. Patten, & Scott and two others to give to it their individual mining engineer. He has also invented the Scott bonds as security. and Eckart and Scott and O'Neil cut-off engines, a SCOTT, Gustavus Hall, naval officer, b. in Fair- Union heater, a safety-valve chock, and an air-valve fax county, Va., 13 June, 1812 ; d. in Washington, for compressor. Mr. Scott has been president of the D. C., 23 March, 1882. He entered the navy as Mechanics' institute and of the Art association of midshipman, 1 Aug., 1828, became passed mid- San Francisco during three terms each. He is a shipman, 14 June, 1834, and made two cruises in regent of the University of California and a trus- the West Indies in the * Vandalia” in 1835–6 and tee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., university. 1839, 40, in which he participated in the Seminole SCOTT, James, poet, b. in Langside, Scotland, He was also present off Charleston, S. C., in 1806; d. in Newark, N. J., in 1857. He studied during the nullification excitement. He was com- at Glasgow and Belfast, emigrated to this country missioned lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1841, and was flag in 1832, became a licentiate in 1834, and was pas- lieutenant of the Pacific squadron in the frigate tor at German Valley and Newark, N. J. He was * St. Lawrence” in 1852–3. He was commissioned given the degree of D. D. by Lafayette in 1844. commander, 27 Dec., 1856, and served as light-house | Dr. Scott published a dissertation on the genius of inspector in 1858-60. When the civil war began Robert Pollok in his “Life” (New York, 1848), and he resisted the efforts of partisans in his native before his death completed a narrative poem called state to make him join the Confederates. In “ The Guardian Angel” (1859). war. SCOTT 437 SCOTT 99 SCOTT, John, clergyman, b. in Washington - His only son, LEWIS ALLAIRE, succeeded him in county, Pa., 27 Oct., 1820. He was educated in the the secretaryship.-Lewis Allaire's only son, John common schools and under private tutors, entered Morin, lawyer, b. in New York city, 25 Oct., 1789 ; the ministry of the Methodist Protestant church d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 April, 1858, lost his father in 1842, and has been a member of almost every early in life, and was taken by his mother to Phila- general conference of that denomination since delphia. He was graduated at Princeton in 1805, 1854. He has edited the “ Methodist Recorder" in and, after pursuing higher studies there for a year Pittsburg, Pa., in 1864-'70, and since 1879, and longer under the president, read law with William also conducted the “ Missionary Sunday - School Rawle, and was admitted to the bar. After losing Journal” in that city in 1852–4, and the - Home his moderate fortune in a mercantile venture, he Companion” in Cincinnati. At the same time, till entered into active practice, and became a success- 1884, he was editor of the Sunday-school publica- ful·lawyer. He served in the war of 1812 as 1st tions of his church. Washington college, Pa., gave lieutenant of cavalry, and in 1815 was chosen to him the degree of D.D. in 1860. Dr. Scott is the the legislature, where he served several terms. He author of "Pulpit Echoes” (Cincinnati, 1873) and was afterward for many years a member of the “ The Land of Sojourn, or Sketches of Patriarchal Philadelphia city councils, a delegate to the State Life and Times” (Pittsburg, 1880), and has also constitutional convention of 1837, and in 1841-4 written an introduction to Rev. Dr. George Brown's served as mayor of the city. He delivered many ora- " Recollections of an Itinerant Life” (Cincinnati, tions and addresses, including one before the Wash- 1866), and published various discourses. ington benevolent society (Philadelphia, 1815). SCOTT, John, senator, b. in Alexandria, Pa., SCOTT, John Rudolph, actor, b. in Philadel- 14 July, 1824; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 22 March, phia, 17 Oct., 1809; d. there, 2 March, 1856. He 1889. His father was a landholder in Huntingdon made his debut at the New York Park theatre in county, Pa., and a member of congress in 1829–31. the part of Malcolm in “ Macbeth.” Thereafter, The son received a common-school education, pur- playing at various theatres, he gradually rose to sued a classical course with private tutors, and then distinction in leading tragic rôles. As a robust studied law in Chambersburg, was admitted to the actor he almost rivalled Edwin Forrest for a time, bar in 1846, and practised in Huntingdon. He was and contended with him for popularity. His rep- prosecuting attorney in 1846-'9, and a member of resentations of King Lear and Sir Giles Overreach the board of revenue commissioners in 1851, served were forcible and scholarly performances. In 1847 in the legislature in 1862, and from 1869 till 1875 Scott went to England, playing at the Princess sat in the U. S. senate, having been chosen as a theatre in London for a short term, where he opened Republican. In the senate, Mr. Scott, on 17 May, as Sir Giles Overreach. Some of the best London 1872, moved the “enforcement bill,” authorizing critics were delighted with his efforts, but the gen- the president to suspend the habeas corpus act in eral public was not attracted. On his return to states where “ Ku - klux” outrages should occur, the United States he became a member of the New and made a speech in its favor. On the expiration York Bowery theatre, and later joined the players of his senatorial term he removed to Pittsburg, at the Chatham street National theatre. Diverting Pa., and became general counsel of the Pennsyl- his attention from study to rote performances of vania company, and subsequently he was made gen- melodramatic and sensational parts, Scott soon eral solicitor of the Pennsylvania railroad company became careless and neglectful, lapsing into the in Philadelphia condition of a conventional performer. At the SCOTT, John Morin, patriot, b. in New York last his most successful rôles were those of sail- in 1730; d. there, 14 Sept., 1784. His grandfather, ors and pirates; William, in the nautical play of John, the second son of Sir John Scott, bart., of “Black-Eyed Susan," was one of his favorite parts. Ancrum, Scotland, came to this country, was made SCOTT, Julian, artist, b. in Johnson, Lamoille a citizen of New York in 1702, and commanded co., Vt., 14 Feb., 1846. At the opening of the civil Fort Hunter, on Mohawk river. John Morin was war, in 1861, he entered the National army. Some an only child. He of his sketches in a military hospital having at- was graduated at tracted attention, he became a student at the Na- Yale in 1746, stud- tional academy, New York, in 1863, and he subse- ied law, and was an quently studied under Emmanuel Leutze until early opponent of 1868. He first exhibited at the Academy of de- British aggression, sign in 1870, and was elected an associate the fol- with voice and pen. lowing year. He was chosen a life-fellow of the He was one the American geographical society in 1873. Among founders of the his works, mostly pictures of army life, are " Rear- Sons of Liberty, Guard at White Oak Swamp," owned by the Union and his bold advo- league club (1869–70): “Battle of Cedar Creek,” extreme in the state-house at Montpelier, Vt. (1871–2); measures cost him “Battle of Golding's Farm "(1871); " The Recall' an election to the (1872); “ On Board the • Hartford'” (1874); "Old Continental Records" (1875); “Duel of Burr and Hamilton” gress in 1774. He (1876); “Reserves awaiting Orders ” (1877); “In was one of the chief the Cornfield at Antietam” (1879); “ Charge at members of the Petersburg” (1882); “The War is Over" (1885); New York general and " The Blue and the Gray” (1886). committee in 1775, SCOTT, Levi, M. E. bishop, b. near Odessa, Del., a delegate to the 11 Oct., 1802; d. there, 13 July, 1882. In April, Provincial congress of that year, and on 9 June, 1826, after being licensed as a local preacher, he 1776; was made a brigadier-general. He was with became a member of the Philadelphia conference. his brigade in the battle of Long Island, but retired | Without much early education, he was a diligent from military service in March, 1777, and became student, and a preacher of remarkable clearness, secretary of state of New York, which office he held force, and thoroughness. After filling several pas- till 1789. In 1780–3 he was a member of congress. I torates, he was appointed presiding elder in 1834. cacy of con- ImScott 438 SCOTT SCOTT & Scott This office, then one of very great influence, he Baliol, founder of Baliol college, Oxford. Seott filled for two years, and he then returned to the came to Boston in 1634, married Katharine Mar- pastorate. From 1840 till 1842 he was principal bury, sister of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, about 1637, of Dickinson grammar-school. In 1848 he was and soon afterward joined Roger Williams. He made one of the agents was co-proprietor with Williams in the latter's of the Methodist book purchase from the Indians, and a signer and the concern in New York supposed author of the celebrated covenant that city. This position he was made among the settlers of Rhode Island. In held for four years, 1657 he became a Quaker, and his wife and daugh- when at the general ters were whipped and imprisoned in Boston for conference of 1852, at their faith. He was a commissioner to Massachu- Boston, Mass., he was setts in 1645 to settle the controversy with that elected and ordained colony in regard to Shawomet, and a deputy to the bishop. The degree assembly in 1666. of M. A. was conferred SCOTT, Richard William, Canadian senator, upon him by Wesley- b. in Prescott, Ontario, 24 Feb., 1825. He was an university in 1840, educated in his native place, studied law, and was and that of D. D. .by admitted to the bar in 1848. He was mayor of Delaware college. He Ottawa in 1852, had a seat in the Canadian assem- fixed his residence, af- bly from 1857 till 1863, and in the Ontario assem- ter he was elected bish bly from 1867 till November, 1873, when he re- op, at Odessa, Del. signed. Mr. Scott was elected speaker of the He was very industri- Ontario assembly, 7 Dec., 1871, but resigned on ous in the discharge being appointed a member of the executive council of the duties of his and commissioner of crown lands for that pror- office, and had the reputation of great piety. He ince on the 21st of the same month. He retained lived to fourscore, and for several years was en- this office till 7 Nov., 1873, when he was sworn as feebled in mind and body. a member of the queen's privy council. He was SCOTT, Martin, soldier, b. in Bennington, Vt., 17 secretary of state in the Mackenzie administration Jan., 1788; d. near Molino del Rey, Mexico, 8 Sept., from 9 Jan., 1874, till October, 1878, when he went 1847. He was appointed a lieutenant in the army out of power with his colleagues in office. He in April, 1814, became captain in the 5th infantry acted as minister of finance during the absence of in August, 1828, was brevetted major for gallantry Richard J. Cartright in England in 1874, as minis- at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 9 May, 1846, ter of inland revenue during the illness of Felix and was promoted major on 29 June. He was Geoffrion in 1875–6, and as minister of justice brevetted lieutenant-colonel for services at Monte- during the absence of Edward Blake in England rey, where he led his regiment, and he was killed in 1876. He was present at the Centennial exhibi- at its head in the battle of Molino del Rey. Col. tion at Philadelphia in the latter year in an offi- Scott had been famous as a marksman from early cial capacity. Mr. Scott was principally instru- youth, and it is of him that the well-known inci- mental in securing the passage of the separate dent is related of the coon that said: “ You need school law of the province of Ontario, and the not fire, I'll come down." Canada temperance act, which was framed by him, SCOTT, Orange, clergyman, b. in Brookfield, and which is known as the “ Scott act.” He be- Vt., 13 Feb., 1800; d. in Newark, N. J., 31 July, came a member of the Dominion senate, 13 March, 1847. His parents removed to Canada in his early 1874, and has been active as a leader of the Lib- childhood, and remained there about six years, but eral opposition in that body. afterward returned to Vermont. The son's early SCOTT, Robert Kingston, soldier, b. in Arm- education was limited to thirteen months' school- strong county, Pa., 8 July, 1826. His grandfather ing at different places. He entered the Methodist fought in the Revolution, and his father in the ministry in 1822, and became one of the best-known war of 1812-'15. The son received a good edu- clergymen of his denomination in New England. cation, studied medicine, and began practice in He was presiding elder of the Springfield district, Henry county, Ohio. In October, 1861, he became Mass., in 1830-'4, and of Providence district, R. I., lieutenant-colonel of the 68th Ohio regiment, of in 1834–5. Mr. Scott was active as a controver- which he was made colonel in 1862. He served sialist. About 1833 he became an earnest anti- at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth, led a bri- slavery worker, and his zeal in this cause brought gade at Hatchie river, Tenn., commanded the ad- much unpopularity upon him.. His bishop pre- vance of Gen. John A. Logan's division on the ferred charges against him in 1838, before the New march into Mississippi, and was engaged at Port England conference, but they were not sustained. Gibson, Raymond, and Champion Hills. He was Finally, with others, he withdrew from the church afterward at the head of a brigade in the 17th in 1842, and on 31 May, 1843, organized the Wes- corps, was made prisoner near Atlanta, but was leyan Methodist church in a general convention at exchanged on 24 Sept., 1864, and was in Sherman's Utica, N. Y., of which Mr. Scott was president. Till operations before that city and in the march to the 1844 he conducted - The True Weslevan,” in advo- sea. He was commissioned brigadier-general of cacy of the principles of the new church, which volunteers, 12 Jan., 1865, and also received the were opposed both to slavery and to the episcopal brevets of brigadier- and major-general in the form of church government. In 1846 failing health volunteer army, to date from 26 Jan. and 2 Dec., forced him to retire from the ministry. Besides 1865, respectively. Gen. Scott was assistant com- many contributions to the press, he was the au- missioner of the Freedmen's bureau in South Caro- thor of " An Appeal to the Methodist Episcopal lina in 1865–8, resigned from the army on 6 July Church” (Boston, 1838). See his life, by the Rev. of the latter year, and in 1868 became the first Lucius C. Matlack (New York, 1847). governor of the reconstructed state, having been SCOTT, Richard, colonist, b. in Glemsford, chosen as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1870 Suffolk, England, in 1607; d. in Providence, R. I., by a majority of 33,534 in a total vote of 136,608. about 1681. He was a lineal descendant John, In the autumn of 1871 the governor and other " SCOTT 439 SCOTT state officers were openly charged with a fraudu- | by improvised tracks, and sending out trains in lent over-issue of state bonds. Gov. Scott justified great numbers by every available route. Col. his course in a message to the legislature, and a Scott was instrumental in furthering the policy by resolution of impeachment was defeated in that which the Pennsylvania road secured control of its body. Much excitement was also caused in this western lines. În 1871, when a separate company year by “ Ku-klux” outrages, and Gov. Scott's ap- was chartered to operate these, he became its peal to the president to aid in suppressing them, president. He was also president of the Union which was done by the use of U. S. troops. Gov. Pacific railroad from March, 1871, till March, 1872, Scott afterward removed to Napoleon, Ohio. On and in 1874 succeeded to the presidency of the 25 Dec., 1880, he shot and killed Warren G. Drury, Pennsylvania road. Failing health forced him to aged twenty-three years. Drury and a son of Gen. travel abroad in 1878, and on 1 June, 1880, he re- Scott had been drinking together, and while search- signed. To the energy, alertness, and sound busi- ing for the boy Gen. Scott met the former, when ness principles of Col. Scott may be attributed the shooting took place. He was tried, and ac- much of the prosperity that has been attained by quitted on 5 Nov., 1881, the defence being that the the road of which he was an officer. Besides his discharge of the pistol was accidental. connection with the Pennsylvania system, he was SCOTT, Thomas, Canadian member of parlia- the projector of the Texas Pacific road, and for ment, b. in Lanark, Ontario, in 1841. He was edu- many years its president. cated at the Perth high-school, became a journalist, SCOTT, Thomas Fielding, P. E. bishop, b. in and published and managed the Perth“ Expositor," Iredell county, N, C., 12 March, 1807; d. in New in the Conservative interest, from 1861 till 1873, York city, 14 July, 1867. He was graduated at when he removed to Manitoba. He was elected Franklin college, Athens (now University of mayor of the city of Winnipeg in 1877, and again Georgia), in 1829, was ordained deacon in St. Paul's by acclamation in 1878, and chosen to the legisla- church, Augusta, Ga., 12 March, 1843, by Bishop ture of Manitoba in 1878 and 1879, but resigned to Elliott, and priest in Christ church, Macon, Ga., become a candidate for the Canadian parliament 24 Feb., 1844, by the same bishop. He became at for Selkirk in 1880. He was elected, and was re- this date rector of St. James's church, Marietta, elected for Winnipeg in 1882. Mr. Scott has been Ga., and not long afterward of Trinity church, for many years in the volunteer service, held a com- Columbus, Ga. He received the degree of D.D. mand in the Ontario rifles in the Red river expe- from the University of Georgia in 1853. He was ditionary force under Col. Garnet (now Lord) Wolse-elected missionary bishop of Oregon and Wash- ley in 1870, and led the second expedition to the ington territories, and was consecrated in Christ Red river in 1871 to oppose the Fenians. He com- church, Savannah, Ga., 8 Jan., 1854. On his way manded the 95th battalion during the campaign of to the eastern states, Bishop Scott contracted a 1885 against Louis Riel, and received a medal. He fever in crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and he was elected president of the Liberal-Conservative died a few days after landing in New York. association of Manitoba in 1886, and was appointed SCOTT, Walter, religious leader, b. in Moffat, collector of customs for Winnipeg in 1887. Dumfries-shire, Scotland, 31 Oct., 1796; d. in Mays- SCOTT, Thomas Alexander, railroad-manager, lick, Ky., 23 April, 1861. He came of the same b. in Loudon, Franklin co., Pa., 28 Dec., 1824; d. ancestry as the novelist. After an academic train- in Darby, Pa., 21 May, 1881. His father, Thomas, ing he was gradu- who died when the son was ten years old, kept a ated at the Uni- tavern on the turnpike between Philadelphia and versity of Edin- Pittsburg. The boy worked on a farm, attended a burgh, and after- village school, served in country stores, and be- ward sailed to came, on 1 Aug., 1841, clerk to Maj. James Patton, the United States, collector of tolls on the state road at Columbia, Pa. where he arrived, In 1847 he was made chief clerk to the collector 7 July, 1818. He of tolls at Philadelphia, and in 1850 he became pursued his stud- connected with the partially constructed Pennsyl- ies and taught in vania railroad, was appointed its general super- New York and intendent in 1858, and in 1859 was chosen vice- Pittsburg, and in president. He soon became known as one of the the latter city in most enterprising railroad men in the country. At 1821 he formed an the beginning of the civil war he was appointed on acquaintance with the staff of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was very en- Thomas and Alex- ergetic in equipping volunteers and sending them ander Campbell, forward to Washington. On 27 April, 1861, he was which soon be- asked by the secretary of war to open a new line came lasting Dalter Scott from Washington to Philadelphia, which he did by friendship. The way of Annapolis and Perrysville with surprising three engaged in quickness. He was commissioned colonel of vol- an earnest and critical examination of the Bible unteers on 3 May, and on 23 May was given charge and of the earlier writers, by which they became of all government railways and telegraphs. On 1 convinced that the existing forms of Christianity Aug. he was appointed assistant secretary of war, were in wide departure from the simple discipline which office he was the first to hold. Col. Scott of the primitive church. In 1822 the Campbells was sent in January, 1862, to organize transporta- and Scott had arrived at a harmonious agreement tion in the northwest, and in March to perform the concerning a plan for the union of Christians; same duty on the western rivers. On 1 June he and, without desiring to form another sect, they resigned to devote himself to his railway affairs, endeavored to draw men together into the origi- but on 24 Sept., 1863, he entered the government nal denomination upon common grounds of ortho- service again for a time, and superintended the dox religion. In pursuance of this plan, Alexander transportation of two army corps to relieve Gen. Campbell now began the publication of the - Chris- William S. Rosecrans at Chattanooga. This he did tian Baptist,” which obtained a large circulation. with remarkable speed, connecting different lines Scott wrote for this periodical, and at once took a 440 SCOTT SCOTT 66 the pulpit and proceeded to point out what he | Va., 23 Oct., 1854. His father and grandfather considered the glaring defects in the modern man- were ministers of the Presbyterian church, and the ner of preaching the gospel. His powers of ora- son, after graduation at South Hanover college, tory were remarkable, and he lived to see an organ- Ind., in 1837, and at Union theological seminary, ized ministry preaching to many followers those Va., in 1840, also became a clergyman of that de- views of Christianity which had engaged all the nomination. He was pastor of several churches in faculties of his life. Scott was deeply concerned his native state till his death, except during two at the opening of the civil war, and published years, when feeble health compelled him to desist " The Union,” a pamphlet in the interest of peace from preaching, and he was occupied in teaching (Cincinnati, 1860). The illness of which he died and writing for periodicals. Mr. Scott was the was intensified by grief at hearing of the attack on author of a work on “Genius and Faith, or Poetry Fort Sumter. His published works were “ The and Religion in their Mutual Relations,” which Gospel Restored” (1854); and “ The Messiahship, has received high praise for its depth of thought or the Great Demonstration " (1858), besides brief- and its correct literary taste (New York, 1853). er contributions to the press explaining his re- SCOTT, Winfield, soldier, b. in Dinwiddie coun- ligious views. His life has been written by Will- ty, near Petersburg, Va., 13 June, 1786; d. at West iam Baxter (1874). Point, N. Y., 29 May, 1866. He was educated at SCOTT, William Anderson, clergyman, b. in William and Mary college, studied law, was admit- Rock Creek, Bedford co., Tenn., 31 Jan., 1813; d. in ted to the bar in 1806, and in 1808 entered the army San Francisco, Cal., 14 Jan., 1885. He was gradu- as a captain of light artillery. While stationed at ated at Cumberland college, Tenn., in 1833, stud- Baton Rouge, La., in 1809, he was court-martialled ied in Princeton theological seminary in 1833-'4, for remarks on the conduct of his superior officer, and in 1835 was ordained by the presbytery of Gen. Wilkinson, and was suspended for one year, Louisiana. After missionary service in 1835–6 which he devoted to the study of military tactics. and teaching in 1836–40, he was pastor of churches In July, 1812, he was made lieutenant-colonel and in Tuscaloosa, Ala., New Orleans, La., and San ordered to the Canada frontier. Arriving at Lewis- Francisco, Cal., after which he went to England in ton while the affair of Queenstown heights was in 1861 and was for some time settled over a congre- progress, he crossed the river, and the field was won gation in Birmingham. On his return he had under his direction; but it was afterward lost and charge of a church in New York city in 1863–'70, he and his command were taken prisoners from the and then of one in San Francisco till his death. refusal of the troops at Lewiston to cross to their He was also professor of mental and moral phi- assistance. In January, 1813, he was exchanged and losophy and systematic theology in the theological joined the army under Gen. Dearborn as adjutant- school of the latter city after its establishment in general with the rank of colonel. In the attack 1871. The University of Alabama gave him the on Fort George, 27 May, he was severely hurt by degree of D. D. in 1844, and the University of the the explosion of a powder-magazine. In the au- city of New York that of LL. D. in 1872. Dr. tumn he commanded the advance in Wilkinson's Scott edited the New Orleans “ Presbyterian” for descent of the St. Lawrence-an operation directed three years, founded the “ Pacific Expositor," and against Montreal, but which was abandoned. In was the author of Daniel, a Model for Young March, 1814, he was made a brigadier-general, and Men " (New York, 1854); “ Achan in El Dorado established a camp of instruction at Buffalo. On (San Francisco, 1855); “ Trade and Letters ” (New 3 July, Scott's and Ripley's brigades, with Hind- York, 1856); “ The Giant Judge” (San Francisco, man's artillery, crossed the Niagara river and took 1858); “The ible and Politics" (1859); “ The Fort Erie and a part of its garrison. On the 5th Church in the Army, or the Four Centurions of was fought the battle of Chippewa, resulting in the Gospels” (New York, 1862); “The Christ of the defeat of the enemy, and on 25 July that of the Apostles' Creed ” (1867); and other works.- Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls, His son, Robert Nicholson, soldier, b. in Win- in which Scott had two horses killed under him chester, Tenn., 21 Jan., 1838; d. in Washington, and was twice severely wounded. His wound of D. C., 5 March, 1887, attended school in Flartford, the left shoulder was critical, his recovery painful Conn., and New Orleans, La., and studied law in and slow, and his arm was left partially disabled. San Francisco, Cal., but was appointed from Cali- At the close of the war Scott was offered and de- fornia 2d lieutenant of infantry, 21 Jan., 1857; and clined a seat in the cabinet as secretary of war, and served on the Pacific coast till the civil war, com- was promoted to be major-general, with the thanks manding the U. S. steamer “ Massachusetts” dur- of congress and a gold medal for his services. He ing the San Juan difficulties in 1859. He was pro- assisted in the reduction of the army to a peace es- a moted captain in September, 1861, and afterward tablishment, and then visited Europe in a military served on staff duty in the adjutant-general's de- and diplomatic capacity. He returned to the partinent. He was with the Army of the Potomac United States in 1816, and in 1817 married Miss till June, 1863, receiving a major's brevet for gal- Mayo, of Richmond, Va. A part of his time he lantry at Gaines's Mill, where he was wounded, now devoted to the elaboration of a manual of fire- and in 1863-'4 was senior aide-de-camp to Gen. arms and military tactics. In 18:32 he set out llenry W. Halleck. He continued to serve on staff from Fort Dearborn (now Chicago, II.) with a de- duty till 1870, was professor of military science in tachment to take part in the hostilities against the a school at Faribault, Minn., in 1872-3, and in Sacs and Foxes, but the capture of Black Iawk 1873–7 commanded Fort Ontario, N. Y. From ended the war before Scott's arrival on the field. 1877 till his death he was in charge of the publica- In the same year he commanded the Federal forces tion of war records in Washington. He was pro- in Charleston harbor during the nullification moted major in 879, and lieutenant-colonel in troubles, and his tact, discretion, and decision did 1885. In 1878 he served as military secretary to a much to prevent the threatened civil war. In 1835 congressional committee on the reorganization of he went to Florida to engage in the war with the the army. Col. Scott published "Digest of the Seminoles, and afterward to the Creek country. Military Laws of the United States" (1879). He was recalled in 18:37 and subjected to inquiry SCOTT, William Cowper, clergyman, b. in for the failure of his campaigns, the court finding Martinsburg, Va., 13 Jan., 1817; d. in Bethesda, in his favor. In 1838 he was efficient in promoting Enged by AB HOT NEW YT kufuld Lint Geul ed Scott Geur the SCOTT 441 SCOTT 9 - Winfreld swt berman the peaceful removal of the Cherokees from Georgia | carried, and on the morning of the 14th Scott's to their present reservation beyond the Mississippi. army marched into the city and occupied the na- The threatened collision with Great Britain, grow- tional palace. There was some street-fighting and ing out of the disputed boundary-line between firing upon the troops from the buildings, but this Maine and New Brunswick, was averted in 1839, was soon suppressed, order was established, and a mainly through the pacific efforts of Scott, and contribution levied on the city of $150,000, two the question was finally settled by the Webster-thirds of which Gen. Scott remitted to the United Ashburton treaty of 1842. States to found military asylums. Taxes were laid By the death of Gen. Macomb in 1841 Scott be for the support of the army, and a civil organiza- came commander-in-chief of the army of the United tion under the protection of the troops was created. States. In 1847 The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, negotiated by he was assigned Mr. Trist and other commissioners, Judge Clifford, to the chief com- afterward of the supreme court, of the number, was mandof thearmy signed on 2 Feb., 1848, and soon after Mexico was in Mexico. Draw- evacuated by the U. S. troops. A court of inquiry ing a portion of into the conduct of the war only redounded to the Taylor's troops fame of Scott. In 1852 he was the candidate of the operating from Whig party for the presidency, and received the the Rio Grande, electoral votes of Vermont, Massachusetts, Ken- and assembling tucky, and Tennessee, all the other states voting his force at Lo- for the Democratic candidate, Gen. Pierce. In 1859 bos island, on 9 Gen. Scott as commissioner successfully settled the March he land difficulty arising from the disputed boundary-line ed 12,000 men of the United States and British America through and invested the Straits of Fuca. Age and infirmity prevented Vera Cruz. The him from taking an active part in the civil war, and mortar - battery on 31 Oct., 1861, he retired from service, retaining opened on the his rank, pay, and allowances. Soon afterward he the made a brief visit to Europe, and he passed most siege - guns two of the remainder of his days at West Point, re- days later, and marking when he arrived there for the last time: on the 26th the city and the castle of San Juan “I have come here to die.” Two weeks he lingered, d'Ulloa capitulated, after nearly 7,000 missiles had and then fell for a short time into a stupor, from been fired. The garrison of 5,000 men grounded which he aroused, retaining entire possession of arms outside of the city on the 29th. On 8 April, his mental faculties and recognizing his family and Scott began his march toward Jalapa, and on the attendants to the last. A few minutes after eleven 17th reached the Mexican army under Santa-Anna, on the morning of 29 May he passed away so calm- which occupied the strong mountain-pass of Cerro ly that the exact moment of his death was not Gordo, in a defile formed by the Rio del Plan. On known. As Frederick the Great's last completely the following morning at sunrise the Americans, conscious utterance was in reference to his favorite 8,500 strong, attacked the Mexican army of more English greyhound, Scott's was in regard to his than 12,000, and at 2 P. M. had driven the enemy magnificent horse, the same noble animal that fol- from every point of his line, capturing 5 generals, 3,000 men, 4,500 stand of arms, and 43 cannon, and killing and wounding more than 1,000, with a loss of less than 500. Paroling his prisoners and destroying most of the stores, Scott advanced on the next day to Jalapa, which he captured on 19 April. Perote was occupied on the 22d, and Puebla on 15 May. Here the army remained, drilling and waiting for re-enforcements till 7 Aug. Gen. Scott had vainly asked that the new troops should be dis- ciplined and instructed in the United States before joining the army in Mexico, and the failure to do lowed in his funeral procession a few days later. this gave Santa-Anna an opportunity to create a Turning to his servant, the old veteran's last words new army and fortify the capital. Scott began on "James, take good care of the horse." In 7 Aug. to advance toward the city of Mexico by accordance with his expressed wish, he was buried the National road, and, while diverting the atten- at West Point on 1 June, and his remains were ac- tion of the enemy by a feint on the strong fortress companied to the grave by many of the most illus- of El Peñon on the northwest, made a detour to trious men of the land, including Gen. Grant and San Augustin on the south. He then attacked and Admiral Farragut. carried successively Contreras and Churubusco, and Gen. Scott was a man of true courage, personal- could have taken the capital, but an armistice till 7 ly, morally, and religiously brave. He was in man- Sept. was agreed upon to allow the peace commis- ner, association, and feeling, courtly and chival- sioner, Nicholas P. Trist, an opportunity to nego- rous. He was always equal to the danger-great tiate. At its close, operations were resumed on the on great occasions. His unswerving loyalty and southwest of the city, defended by 14,000 Mexicans patriotism were ever conspicuous and of the lofti- occupying Molino del Rey, and Gen. Worth's loss est character. All who appreciated his military was in storming Molino del Rey before the attack genius regretted, when the war of the rebellion be- on the wooded and strongly fortified eminence of gan, that Scott was not as he had been at the pe- Chapultepec. On 8 Sept., Ġen. Worth with 3,500 riod of his Mexican victories. He had not the men attacked Molino del Rey, capturing much ma- popularity of several of his successors among the tériel and more than 800 prisoners, but losing one soldiers. He was too stately and too exacting in fourth of his command, including fifty-eight offi- his discipline-that power which Carnot calls the On the 13th Chapultepec was stormed and glory of the soldier and the strength of armies." 20 were: cers. 442 SCREVEN SCOTT ID 9 It was to these characteristics that Scott owed his SCOULLEK, James Brown, clergyman, b. near title of “ Fuss and Feathers,” the only nickname Newville, Cumberland co., Pa., 12 July, 1820. He ever applied to him. Physically he was “ framed was graduated at Dickinson college in 1839, and at in the prodigality of nature.” Not even Washing- the Associate Reformed theological seminary, Alle- ton possessed so majestic a presence. As Su- ghany, Pa., in 1842. He was successively pastor warrow was the smallest and physically the most of the United Presbyterian churches in Philadel- insignificant looking, so was Scott the most impos- phia, Cuylersville, and Argyle, N. Y., in 1844–62, ing of all the illustrious soldiers of the 19th cen- and editor of the “ Christian Instructor,” Philadel- tury, possibly of all the centuries. The steel en- phia, Pa., in 1862–3. Muskingum college, Concord, graving represents him at upward of threescore Ohio, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1880. He and ten. The vig- has contributed largely to magazines, and is the nette is from a author of “ History of the Big Spring Presbytery" painting by Ing- (Harrisburg, Pa., 1879); “ History of the Presbytery ham, taken at the of Argyle” (1880); a “ Manual of the Presbyterian age of thirty-seven. Church” (1881); and “Calvinism, its History and A portrait by Weir, Influences” (1885). showing Scott as SCOVILLE, Joseph A., journalist, b. in Con- he was at the close necticut in 1811; d. in New York city, 25 June, of the Mexican war, 1864. He engaged in journalism in New York, is in the U.S. mili- and afterward was for some years the private sec- tary academy. The retary of John C. Calhoun. During the civil war statue by Henry K. he was New York correspondent of the London Brown stands in “Herald” and “ Standard,” under the signature of Scott circle, Wash- “Manhattan," and in their columns violently op- ington. Gen. Scott posed the administration of President Lincoln. was the author of He published " Adventures of Clarence Bolton, or a pamphlet against Life in New York” (London, 1860); “The Old the use of intoxicat- Merchants of New York,” under the pen-name of ing liquors (Phil. Walter Barrett, Clerk (4 vols., 1861–6); “Vigor,” a adelphia, 1821) ; novel (1864); and “ Marion " (1864). “ General Regula- SCRANTON, George Whitefield, manufac- tions for the Army” (1825); “ Letter to the Secre- turer, b. in Madison, Conn., 11 May, 1811 ; d. in tary of War" (New York, 1827); “ Infantry Tac- Scranton, Pa., 24 March, 1861. He settled in Ox- tics,” translated from the French (3 vols., 1835): ford, N. J., in 1828, where he was a teamster and “ Letter on the Slavery Question " (1843); “ Ab- subsequently a clerk, engaged in the manufacture stract of Infantry Tactics ” (Philadelphia, 1861): of iron in 1839, and the next year, with his brother “Memoirs of Lieut.-Gen. Scott, written by Him- Joseph, built furnaces for smelting ore with an- self” (2 vols., New York, 1864). Biographies of thracite coal in the village of Slocum, Pa., which him have been published by Edward Deering Mans- was subsequently named Scranton in honor of the field (New York, 1846); Joel Tyler Headley (1852); brothers. For many years he was president of the and Orville James Victor (1861). See also • Cam- Lackawanna and Western, and the Cayuga and paign of Gen. Scott in the Valley of Mexico," by Susquehanna railroads, and in 1858–61 he was Lieut. Raphael Semmes (Cincinnati, 1852). — His a member of congress, having been elected as a son-in-law, Henry Lee, soldier, b. in New Berne, Protectionist Republican. – His brother, Joseph N. C., 3 Oct., 1814; d. in New York city, 6 Jan., Hand, capitalist, b. in Madison, Conn., 27 June, 1886, was graduated at the U. S. military academy 1813; d. in Baden Baden, Germany, 6 June, 1872, in 1833, and entered the 4th infantry as 2d lieu- began life as a clerk in New Haven, subsequently tenant. After three years' service in the Gulf states entered business in Augusta, Ga., and in 1847 set- he took part in the war against the Seminoles, tled in the coal region of the Lackawanna valley. and in 1837–18 was engaged in removing Cherokees Pa. With the aid of other members of his family to the west, after which, until 1840, he served he developed the vast coal and iron interests of with his regiment as adjutant. In 1842 he was that section, and lived to see Scranton, which was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott, a hamlet of two or three houses, become a city with whose daughter, Cornelia, he had married, and ac- a population of 50,000. He was successively for companied him to Mexico in the capacity of chief twenty years the manager, superintendent, and of staff. He attained the rank of captain on 16 president of the Lackawanna iron and coal com- Feb., 1847, and for his gallantry in the siege of pany, and president of several railways and manu- Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo and Churu- facturing and banking institutions. busco, and the capture of the city of Mexico, re- SCREVEN, William, clergyman, b. in Eng- ceived the brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel. land in 1629 ; d. in Georgetown, S. C., in 1713. He After the war he was acting judge-advocate of the came to this country about 1640, settled in Piscata- eastern division in 1848–50, and senior aide-de- way, N. H., and suffered such persecution from the camp to Gen. Scott from 1850 till 1861. He had Puritans on account of his religious faith that he been made lieutenant-colonel on the staff on 7 removed to South Carolina and founded the first March, 1855, was promoted colonel on 14 May, Baptist church of Charleston. He subsequently 1861, and was inspector-general in command of the removed to a spot about sixty miles north of forces in New York city until 30 Oct., 1861, when Charleston, and was the original proprietor of the he was retired from active service for “ disability land on which the town of Georgetown was built. resulting from long and faithful services, and from He is the author of “ An Ornament for Church injuries and exposure in the line of duty.” He Members,” published after his death (Charleston, accompanied Gen. Scott to Europe on leave of ab- 1721).—His grandson, James, soldier, b. in Georgia sence, remaining abroad till the close of the war. about 1744; d. near Midway, Ga., 24 Nov., 1778, He tendered his resignation in 1862, but it was not early espoused the patriot cause, and in 1774 was accepted until four years later. He was the author one of the committee that drew up articles of of “A Military Dictionary” (New York, 1861). association for the defence of liberty in Georgia. SCRIBNER 443 SCUDDER He was commissioned brigadier-general of Georgia | dependent.” See “ Life and Letters of David Coit militia when the state was invaded by the British Scudder," by Horace E. Scudder (New York, 1864). from East Florida, commanded a brigade, and, -His brother, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, b. in after repeated skirmishes with the enemy between Boston, Mass., 13 April, 1837, was graduated at Will- Sunbury and Savannah, received a mortal wound iams in 1857, and at the Lawrence scientific school at Midway. Congress ordered the erection of a of Harvard in 1862, where in 1862-'4 he acted as monument to his memory. assistant to Louis Agassiz in the Museum of com- SCRIBNER, Charles, publisher, b. in New parative zoology. In 1862–70 he was secretary of York city, 21 Feb., 1821; d. in Lucerne, Switzer- the Boston society of natural history, and he served land, 26 Aug., 1871. After a year at the University as custodian to the same society in 1864-'70 and as of New York he entered. Princeton college, where its president in 1880–7. Mr. Scudder was appoint- he was graduated in 1840, and began the study of ed in 1879 assistant librarian of Harvard, where he law, but was obliged by ill health to make a trip to remained until 1885, and in 1886 he became paleon- Europe. On his return he formed a partnership tologist of the U. S. geological survey, which place in 1846 with Isaac D. Baker, under the firm-name he now (1888) holds. He is a member of many of Baker and Scribner, and began the publishing scientific societies, was chairman of the section on business. A year or two later Mr. Baker died, and natural history of the American association for the Mr. Scribner continued under the title of Charles advancement of science in 1874, and general secre- Scribner, and later of Charles Scribner and Co. tary of the association in 1875, librarian of the With Charles Welford (who died in May, 1885) he American academy of arts and sciences in 1877-'85, formed in 1857 the house of Scribner and Welford and in 1877 was elected to the National academy for the importation of foreign books, which is still of sciences. His specialty is entomology, and he carried on under the same firm-name. In 1865 he has chiefly studied butterflies and fossil insects, in began the publication of “Hours at Home," a the knowledge of which he has no superior in this monthly magazine, which in 1870 was merged in country. He has reported officially on the insects “ Scribner's Monthly,” under the editorship of of New Hampshire, and has examined the speci- Josiah G. Holland, and which was published by mens that were collected in the Yellowstone expe- a separate company, Scribner and Co. , with Dr. dition of 1873, and on the geological surveys under Holland and Roswell Smith as part owners. On Lieut. George M. Wheeler, Ferdinand V. Hayden, Mr. Scribner's death, the next year, the firm of the British North America boundary commission, Charles Scribner and Co. was reorganized as Scrib- and the Canadian geological survey. During ner, Armstrong, and Co., the partners being John 1883–5 he was editor of Science," published in Blair Scribner, Andrew C. Armstrong, and Edward Cambridge. His bibliography down to 1880 has Seymour, and in 1877 the publication-house was been collected by George Dimmock, and includes removed to 743 Broadway, its present site. Mr. about 300 titles. His larger works are “ Catalogue Seymour died 28 April, 1877, and in 1878, when of the Orthoptera of North America" (Washington, Mr. Armstrong retired, the firm-name was changed 1868); “ Entomological Correspondence of Thad- to Charles Scribner's Sons, under which form the deus William Harris” (Boston, 1869); “ Fossil But- business has been conducted since 1879 by Charles terflies” (Salem, 1875); “ Catalogue of Scientific Scribner and Arthur H. Scribner, younger brothers Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions of John Blair. In 1881 the firm sold out their of Learned Societies, in the Natural, Physical, and interest in the magazine company, on the agree- Mathematical Sciences, 1633–1876 ” (Cambridge, ment that the name of the magazine and of the 1879); “ Butterflies, their Structure, Changes, and company should be altered, and the names were Life Histories " (New York, 1882); " Nomenclator accordingly changed to the “Century Magazine” Zoologicus: An Alphabetica List of all Generic and the Century company. Charles Scribner's Names that have been employed by Naturalists for Sons agreed also not to publish any magazine Recent and Fossil Animals” (Washington, 1882); for five years, but after the expiration of that “Systematic Review of Our Present knowledge of time, in January, 1887, they began the publication Fossil Insects.” (1886), originally contributed to of a new monthly, entitled “Scribner's Magazine," Zittel's “ Handbuch der Palaeontologie” (Munich, edited by Edward L. Burlingame (9.v.). The house 1885); and the Winnipeg Country, or Rough- has been from the beginning solely a publishing ing it with an Eclipse Party,” by A Rochester firm as distinguished from a printing and publish- Fellow (Boston, 1886).-- Another brother, Horace ing firm, and this has had an influence on the char- Elisha, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 Oct., acter of its publications, which have chiefly been 1838, was graduated at Williams in 1858, and confined to the works of contemporary authors. soon afterward came to New York city, where he Besides its valuable list of literary and educa- taught for three years. Meanwhile he wrote his tional works, it has a large subscription depart- first stories for children, which were issued as ment, from which have issued some of the most “ Seven Little People and their Friends” (New important and successful publications of the time. York, 1862). The death of his father led to his -.JOHN Blair, eldest son of Charles, b. in New return to Boston, and the success of his first York city, 4 June, 1850; d. there, 21 Jan., 1879; book decided him to follow literature exclusively. studied at Princeton, and succeeded his father as His second work was Dream Children” (Cam- head of the firm in 1871. bridge, 1863), and then he prepared - The Life and SCUDDER, David Coit, missionary, b. in Bos- Letters of David Coit Scudder ” (New York. 1864). ton, Mass., 27 Oct., 18:35; d. near Periakulum, In- He was editor of “The Riverside Magazine for dia, 19 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at Williams Young People " during the four years of its exist- in 1857, and at Andover theological seminary in ence (1867–70), and published in its third volume 1859. Ilaving determined to become a missionary, ** Stories from My Attic” (Boston, 1869). He has he prepared himself by study of the Eastern lan- since been associated with the firm of Houghton, guages until his ordination on 25 Feb., 1861, and Mifflin and Co., and has edited for them the series in 1862 he was given the Periakulum station in the of “ American Commonwealths," also American Madura district of southern India, where he la- Poems” (1879) and “American Prose" (1880). Mr. bored until his death. He contributed a series of Seudder was one of the writers of Justin Winsor's papers on foreign missions to the New York “ In- | “Memorial History of Boston ” (Boston, 1880-'1). 9 444 SCUDDER SCUDDER 66 : His other works include “The Bodley Books," | in Behalf of the Heathen” (1846); “ Letters to a series of books for children (8 vols., Boston, Pious Young Men " (1846); “ Provision for Pass- 1875-'87); “ The Dwellers in Five-Sisters Court" ing over Jordan " (New York, 1852); and many (1876); “Men and Manners in America (New tracts and papers that were published in the “ Mis- York, 1876); “Stories and Romances” (Boston, sionary Herald.” See a " Memoir” of him by 1880); “ The Children's Book” (1881); “ Boston Rev. John B. Waterbury (1856).—His son, Henry Town” (1881); “ Noah Webster,” in the Ameri- Martyn, clergyman, b. in Panditeripo, Jaffna dis- can Men of Letters " series (1882); a “ History of trict, Ceylon, 5 Feb., 1822, was graduated at the the United States” (Philadelphia, 1884); and Men University of New York in 1840, and at Union and Letters." He was joint author with Mrs. Bay- theological seminary in 1843, and returned to In- ard Taylor of "Life and Letters of Bayard Tay- dia as a missionary to the Madura station under lor” (Boston, 1884).—David Coit's daughter, Vida the care of the American board. He labored Dutton, author, b. in Madura, India, 15 Dec., 1861, successively at Madras, Arcot, Vellore, Coonoos, was graduated at Smith college in 1884, and sub- and Oolacommed, organized schools and churches, sequently spent a year in higher studies at Oxford, founded the Arcot mission, and established a dis- England. In 1887 she became instructor at Wel- pensary there. Having studied medicine, he also lesley college, which place she now (1888) fills. practised that profession. He prepared various Miss Scudder has published " How the Rain Sprites religious books and tracts in the Sanscrit, Tamil, were Freed " (Boston, 1883), and "Selected Poems and Teluga languages. The failure of his health from George MacDonald ” (New York, 1887). in 1864 compelled his return to this country, and SCUDDER, Henry Joel, lawyer, b. in North- he was pastor of the Howard Presbyterian church port, L. I., in 1825 ; d. in New York city, 12 Feb., in San Francisco, Cal., in 1865–71, of the Central 1886. He was graduated at Trinity in 1846, ad- Congregational church in Brooklyn in 1872–82, mitted to the bar of New York city in 1848, and and from the latter date till 1887 of the Plymouth five years later entered into a partnership with Congregational church, Chicago, from which he James C. Carter, under the firm-name of Scudder resigned in that year to resume missionary work and Carter, in which he continued until his death, in Japan. His publications include “ Liturgy of gradually advancing to the front rank in his pro- the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church" (Madras, fession, especially in matters regarding admiralty India, 1862); “The Bazaar Book, or the Vernacu- law. He was chosen to congress as a Republican lar Teacher's Companion” (1865); “Sweet Savors in 1872 from a district that had never before been of Divine Truth,” a catechism (1868); and “Spirit- represented by a member of that party, served one ual Teaching" (1870). These are all in the Tamil term, declined renomination, and was an unsuc- language. Another son of John, Jared Water- cessful candidate for a seat on the New York su- bury, missionary, b. in Panditeripo, Ceylon, in 1830, preme bench in 1875. Columbia gave him the de- was graduated at Western Reserve college in 1850, gree of A. M. in 1862, and Roanoke college, Va., and at the New Brunswick theological seminary in that of LL. D. in 1881. 1855. He was then ordained a missionary to In- SCUDDER, John, missionary, b. in Freehold, dia under the Reformed Dutch church, and since N. J., 3 Sept., 1793; d. in Wynberg, Cape of Good 1857 has held native charges there. He has pub- Hope, Africa, 13 Jan., 1855. He was graduated at lished translations from the Tamil of Henry M. Princeton in 1811, and at the New York college of Scudder's “Spiritual Teaching ” (Madras, 1870). physicians and surgeons in 1813. He then set- and his “ Bazaar Book” (1870), and a “ History tled in New York of the Arcot Mission " (1872). He is also a mem- city and practised ber of the committee for the revision of the Tamil successfully, but translation of the Bible.- Another son of John, in 1819 went to Silas Doremus, physician, b. in Ceylon, India, 6 India as a mis- Nov., 1833 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 10 Dec., 1877, was sionary under the graduated at Rutgers in 1856, studied medicine, direction of the and was licensed to practise in New York city. American board. He went to India as a medical missionary in 1860, He was ordained established himself at Arcot, and founded a dis- to the ministry pensary and hospital there which was supported of the Dutch Re- by English and native residents. He also success. formed church in fully treated a large native out-door practice, and 1820, settled in obtained patients among high-caste Hindoo women, Ceylon, and la- which had not hitherto been accomplished. After bored there for thirteen years' labor for the American board he nineteen years in returned to this country on account of an illness the double capa- which had been occasioned by overwork. cityof clergyman SCUDDER, Nathaniel, patriot, b. near Hunt- and physician. ington, Long Island, N. Y., 10 May, 1733 ; d. near er His most impor- Shrewsbury, N. J., 17 Oct., 1781. He was gradu- tant service was ated at Princeton in 1751, studied medicine, and the establishment of a large hospital, of which he for many years had an extensive practice in the was also physician in chief, and he was especially county of Monmouth, N. J. At the beginning of successful in the treatment of cholera and yellow the Revolutionary war Dr. Scudder was made lieu- fever. He also founded several native schools and tenant-colonel of the 1st regiment of Monmouth, churches. He was transferred to the Madras station New Jersey, militia. In 1777 he was made colonel in 1839, was in the United States in 1842-²6, and, of that regiment at the joint meeting of the legis- returning in 1847, labored until his death, which lature. During that same year he was a member occurred on a visit to the Cape of Good Hope that and a constant attendant upon the meetings of the had been undertaken for the benefit of his health. I council of safety. On 30 Nov., 1777, he was elect- His seven sons and two daughters were all mission- i el a delegate to congress. In the labors and re- aries in southern India. He published Letters sponsibilities of legislation during the Revolution- from the East " (Boston, 1833); “ Appeal to Youth , ary war he took an active part. On 13 July, 1778, I Scudder 66 SCULL 445 SEABURY S. Br. Connect 9 he made a powerful appeal to the legislature of year a student of medicine at the University of New Jersey to confer upon the delegates in con- Edinburgh. He was ordained deacon by Dr. John gress the authority to sign the articles of confed- Thomas, bishop of Lincoln, 21 Dec., 1753, and eration. This letter, published in “ New Jersey priest by Dr. Richard Osbaldiston, bishop of Car- Revolutionary Correspondence,” stamps him at lisle, in Lon- once as a strong writer and clear thinker, and a don, 23 Dec., whole-hearted patriot. He served in congress dur- 1753. He served ing the years 1777–9. From 1778 till 1782 he was as a missionary a trustee of the College of New Jersey. He was at New Bruns- also an elder in the church of the celebrated Will- wick, N.J., from iam Tennent, on the old Monmouth battle-ground. 25 May, 1754, During the Revolution, Monmouth county was fre- became rector quently excited by the incursions of foraging par- of Jamaica, in- ties of British troops and Tories. In an engage- cluding Flush- ment with a party of refugees at Black's point near ing and New- Shrewsbury, Col. Scudder was killed while leading town, L. I., 12 a battalion of his regiment. He was buried with Jan., 1757, and the honors of war in the old graveyard at the Ten- rector of St. nent church. He was the only congressman that Peter's, West- was killed in battle during the Revolutionary war. chester, N. Y., SCULL, Nicholas, surveyor, b. about 1700. 1 March, 1767. About 1722 he 'was engaged in surveying in Penn- There he was sylvania, and occasionally in the public service, prevented from acting in Indian affairs in the capacity of runner the exercise of or as interpreter for the Delawares. He was also his ministry by the Whigs, by some of whom he a member of Franklin's Junta club. In 1744 he was at one time seized and imprisoned in New Ha- became sheriff of Philadelphia county, and in June, ven for six weeks. He then retired to the city of 1748, he succeeded William Parsons as surveyor- New York, where he supported himself in part by general of the province, serving till December, the practice of medicine, serving also as chaplain 1761. He made a map of the improved parts of of the king's American regiment under commis- Pennsylvania, which was published by act of par-sion of Sir Henry Clinton of 14 Feb., 1778. He liament in January, 1759. He was sheriff of North- was particularly obnoxious to the American party ampton county in 1753–'5. His sons, James, Peter, on account of his authorship of the series of pam- William, Edward, and Jasper were surveyors. Will- phlets signed A. W. Farmer, and entitled "Free iam published a map of the province in 1770. Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Continental SEABRA, Vicente Coelho de (say-ah’-brah), Congress” (16 Nov., 1774); "The Congress Can- Brazilian chemist, b. in Minas Geraes in 1766; d. vassed” (26 Nov., 1774); and “ A View of the Con- in Lisbon, Portugal, in March, 1804. He was troversy between Great Britain and her Colonies” graduated at Coimbra in 1787, and, returning to his (24 Dec., 1774). He received the degree of D. D. native country, took part in the conspiracy of from the University of Oxford, 15 Dec., 1777. Minas Geraes in 1788. He was banished to Portu- Dr. Seabury was elected bishop of Connecticut by gal, where in 1789 he became corresponding mem- the Church of England clergy therein at Wood- ber of the Academy of sciences of Lisbon, and in bury, 25 March, 1783, and applied to the English 1795 the University of Coimbra made him assistant episcopate for consecration in London. He await- professor of zoology, mineralogy, botany, and ed their assent sixteen months, but it was withheld agriculture. He wrote “ Elementos de chimica” on account of unwillingness to act without the (2 vols., Lisbon, 1787); “ Fermentação em geral” sanction of the civil authority, and failure at that (1788); “ Calorico” (1789); “Memoria sobre a cul- time to procure such sanction; one who was to tura do riccino ou da mamona em Portugal” exercise his office in a foreign state not being able (1794); and “ Nomenclatura chimica Portugueza, to take the oath of allegiance required by law of Franceza é Latina,” a work of great merit (1801). those who were consecrated bishops in the English SEABURY, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Groton, church. He was finally consecrated bishop, 14 Nov., Conn., 8 July, 1706; d. in Hempstead, Long Island, 1784, at Aberdeen, by Bishops Kilgour, Petrie, and N. Y., 15 June, 1764. He was educated partly at Skinner, representing the episcopate of the Scot- Yale, and was graduated at Harvard in 1724. After tish church, who could not be deterred from exer- becoming a licensed preacher of the Congregational- cising the powers of the episcopal office by the ap- ists in 1726, he was ordained deacon and priest prehension of the loss of temporalities of which they in the Church of England by the bishop of Lon- had been long since deprived. Bishop Seabury ex- don in 1731, and served as a missionary of the So- ercised episcopal jurisdiction with the acceptance of ciety for propagating the gospel. He was rector the laity as well as of the clergy in Connecticut, of St. James's church, New London, from 1732 till residing in New London as rector of St. James's 1743, and of St. George's church, Hempstead, L. I., church until his death, and also, by its invitation, from 1743 till his death, connecting with his work over the church in Rhode Island. He was the first here the charge of a school and the care of mission presiding bishop of the churches in the several stations both on Long Island and at Fishkill, N. Y. states, united under the general convention in 1789, His extant publications are a sermon preached at and joined with Bishops Provoost, White, and New London (1742), and a pamphlet entitled “ A Madison in the consecration of Bishop Claggett, Modest Reply to a Letter from a Gentleman to his through whom every bishop of the Anglican com- Friend in Dutchess County” (New York, 1759). — munion subsequently consecrated in the United His son, Samuel, 1st bishop of the diocese of Con- States traces his episcopate. Bishop Seabury's necticut, b. in Groton, Conn., 30 Nov., 1729 ; d. in knowledge of and devotion to the church system, New London, Conn., 25 Feb., 1796, was graduated applied with remarkable prudence and patience, at Yale in 1748, was a catechist of the Society made him peculiarly valuable to his church in this for propagating the gospel, and a student of the country in that formative period that succeeded ology under his father, until 1752, and then for a the Revolution. The special benefits for which it a 446 SEARING SEABURY is indebted to him are, directly, the transfer to this 1876 and from the General theological seminary in country of a free, valid, and regular episcopacy, 1885. He has edited Dr. Samuel Seabury's - Me- and, indirectly, the clearing of the way for the morial” (New York, 1873), and “Discourses on the transmission of the episcopate of the established Nature and Work of the Holy Spirit" (1874), and Church of England by demonstrating the possibility is the author of “Suggestions in Aid of Devotion of obtaining consecration from another and equally and Godliness”, (1878), and various pamphlets, valid source, and the fact that episcopacy could including “The Union of Divergent Lines in the live in this country; the reunion through him, in American Succession (New York, 1885). For the consecration of Claggett, of the lines of the a complete bibliography of these four clergymen Scottish church and of the English non-jurors see the “ American Church Review” for July, 1885. with the line SEALSFIELD, Charles, author, b. in Poppitz, of the estab- Moravia, Austria, 3 March, 1793; d. in Solothurn, lished Church Switzerland, 26 May, 1864. His real name was of England, Karl Postel. He became a member of a religious represented by order in his youth, but escaped from the convent White, Pro- at Prague in 1822, soon afterward came to this voost, and country, where he assumed the name of Sealsfield. Madison; the and for a short time was connected with the “ Cour- securingofthe rier des États-Unis” in New York city. He went just rights of back to Europe about 1828 as correspondent in the episcopate Paris of the “ Courier and Enquirer,” and in 1832 in the govern- settled in Solothurn, but returned to the United ment of the States, and passed several years in Louisiana and church, which subsequently in Mexico and Central America. His was attained principal works are “ Tokeah, or the White Rose” by the amend- (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1828; German ed., under the ment of its title of “ Der Legitime und die Republikaner,” 3 constitution changing the house of bishops from a vols., Zurich, 1833); “Transatlantische Reiseskiz- mere house of revision to a co-ordinate branch of zen” (2 vols., 1833); “ Der Virey und die Aristokra- the legislature; and, lastly, the restoration of the ten,” a Mexican novel (2 vols., 1834); “Lebensbilder oblation and invocation to the communion office. aus beiden Hemisphären” (2 vols., 1834; 2d ed., Two volumes of his sermons (1791) and many occa- entitled “Morton, oder die grosse Tour," 1846): sional papers were published during his life, and a “ Deutsch - americanische Wahlverwandschaften third volume of discourses after his death (1798). (5 vols., 1838–²42); and “Süden und Norden” (3 See his “ Life and Correspondence,” by Rev. Eben 1 vols., 1842–3). His works have been translated into Edwards Beardsley, D. D. (Boston, 1881). The English, and several of them into French. Two "Bishop's palace,” as his simple residence at New complete editions have been published in German London was jestingly styled, is shown in the ac- (15 vols., Stuttgart, 1845–7; 18 vols., 1846). See companying illustration. - His grandson, Samuel, " Erinnerungen an Sealsfield” (Brussels, 1864). London, 9 June, 1801; d. in New York city, 10 Chatham, N. Y., 14 Oct., 1805; d. in Ann Arbor, Oct., 1872, was privately educated, and received the Mich., 1 July, 1880. He was educated in the com- degree of M. A. and D. D. from Columbia college mon schools, admitted to the bar at Ballston Spa, in 1823 and 1837, respectively. He was ordained N. Y., was chief clerk the U. S. comptroller deacon in 1826, and priest in 1828, by Bishop Ho- of the treasury in 1849-'53, and subsequently in- bart, and was professor of languages in Flushing spector of Michigan state prisons. He edited the institute and St. Paul's college until 1834, after Ann Arbor Journal” in 1858–63, and published which he was editor of “ The Churchman Essays of the Progress of Nations (Detroit, 1849. He was rector of the Church of the Annun- 1846; with additions, New York, 1848 ; supple- ciation, New York, from 1838 till 1868, and pro- ment, Detroit, 1852); “ Commentaries on the fessor of biblical learning, etc., in the General Constitution and Laws, People and History, of theological seminary, New York, from 1862 till his the United States” (Ann Arbor, 1863); - The death. His reputation and influence were chiefly American System of Government” (1870); “Views established by his editorial writings. He was the of Nature" (1873); and essays and pamphlets. author of "Historical Sketch of Augustine, Bishop SEAMAN, Valentine, physician, b. in Hemp- of Hippo” (New York, 1833): “ The Continuity of stead, L. I., 2 April, 1770, d. in New York city, 3 the Church of England in the 16th Century" July, 1817. He was graduated at the University (1853); -- The Supremacy and Obligation of Con- of Pennsylvania in 1792, studied medicine under science” (1860); “: American Slavery distinguished Dr. Nicholas Romeyn, and was a surgeon to the from the Slavery of English Theorists, and justi- New York hospital from 1796 until his death. He fied by the Law of Nature” (1861); Mary the was active in the introduction of vaccination in Virgin” (1868); and “ Theory and Use of the New York city, sustaining his theory as to its ex- Church Calendar in the Measurement and Dis- pediency in the face of much opposition. His tribution of Time” (1872). — The second Samuel's publications include a “ Pharmacopæia” and “ In- son, William Jones, clergyman, b. in New York angural Discourse on Opium” (Philadelphia, 1792); city, 25 Jan., 1837, was graduated at Columbia in “Waters of Saratoga " (New York, 1793; 2d ed., 1856, and admitted to the New York bar in 1858, with Waters of Balston," 1809); Midwife's but, abandoning law for divinity, was graduated at Monitor" (1800); and “ On Vaccination ” (1816). the General theological seminary in 1866, ordained SEARING, Laura Catherine (Redden), au- deacon, 5 July, 1866, and priest, 30 Nov., 1866, by thor, b. in Somerset county, Md., 9 Feb., 1840. Bishop Horatio Potter. He has been rector of the She became deaf about the age of ten, through an Church of the Annunciation, New York, from 1868, attack of spinal meningitis, and her education was and professor of ecclesiastical polity and law in consequently carried on in a somewhat irregular the General theological seminary since 1873. He manner. Though she also lost the power of speech, received the degree of D. D. from Hobart college in being unable to make herself understood, she re- until 9 66 SEARLE 447 SEARS of tained her memory of sounds and her appreciation zens of Philadelphia bound themselves to order no of rhythm. She early began writing verse, and more goods from Great Britain. He was a mana- contributed both prose and poetry to the press, ger of the U. S. lottery in 1776-'8, and in August while attending the Missouri state institution for of the latter year became a member of the naval the deaf and dumb, her parents having removed board, resigning that office in October on account to St. Louis. In 1860 she became a writer for the of his objections to the existing naval regulations. " Republican” of that city, adopting the pen-name From November, 1778, till July, 1780, he was in * Howard Glyndon.” Subsequently she was the Continental congress, serving as chairman of sent to Washington, D. C., as war correspondent the commercial committee, and on that to appor- for the same journal. She went abroad in 1865, tion the quota of taxes to be paid by each state. and resided in Europe until the end of 1868, per- He was also a member of the marine committee, fecting herself in French, Italian, Spanish, and and that on foreign affairs. He was sent to Eu- German. On her return she severed her connec- rope as the agent of the state of Pennsylvania in tion with the New York - Times,” for which she July, 1780, “ to negotiate a loan of £20,000 in such had corresponded, and for the next eight years was countries or states as he should judge most likely employed on the “ Mail” in the same city. Mean- to favor his views"; but the mission was unsuc- time she was taking lessons in articulation from cessful. He returned to Philadelphia in 1782, and, various teachers, among them Alexander Graham having lost his fortune, re-entered business and Bell, with marked success. In 1876 she married resided for several years in New York city. Edward W. Searing, of the New York bar, and in SEARS, Barnas, educator, b. in Sandisfield, 1886 they removed for her health to California, Mass., 19 Nov., 1802 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., where she now (1888) resides. Besides being a 6 July, 1880. He was graduated at Brown in 1825, frequent contributor to periodical literature, Mrs. and completed his theological studies at the New- Searing has published “ Notable Men of the Thirty- ton seminary in 1829. After a two years' pastorate Seventh Congress,” in pamphlet-form (Washing- in Hartford, Conn., he accepted a professorship in ton, 1862); " Idyls of Battle, and Poems of the Hamilton literary and theological institution (now Rebellion” (New York, 1864); “ A Little Boy's Madison university), Hamilton, N. Y. On leaving Story,” translated from the French (1869); and that place in 1833 he spent some time in Germany • Sounds from Secret Chambers ” (Boston, 1874). prosecuting his studies. During this residence SEARLE, George Mary, astronomer, b. in abroad he shared the privilege of establishing London, England, 27 June, 1839. He was gradu- Baptist missions in Germany. On his return he ated at Harvard in 1857, and then became assistant was elected a professor in Newton theological at the Dudley observatory, Albany, where he dis- seminary, and for several years he was its presi- covered, on 11 Sept., 1858, the asteroid Pandora. dent. În 1848 he was made secretary and execu- In January, 1859, he entered the service of the tive agent of the Massachusetts board of educa- U. S. coast survey, and in September, 1862, he was tion. In 1855 he became president of Brown appointed assistant professor in the U. S. naval university, which place he filled with eminent academy. He returned to Harvard as assistant in ability and success until 1867, when he accepted the observatory in June, 1866, and remained there the office of general agent of the Peabody educa- until March, 1868, when he joined the Paulists, and tional fund. In the administration of this great was ordained as a priest in that community in trust, for which he was singularly qualified, he March, 1871, having been converted to the Roman remained until his death. His last years were Catholic faith in 1862. He has had charge of the spent in Staunton, Va. He received in 1841 from science teaching of the seminary that forms part Harvard the honorary degree of D. D., and from of the home in New York. Father Searle is also Yale in 1862 that of LL. D. Dr. Sears ranked a photographer of considerable skill, and has ad- with the most eminent scholars and educators of vanced that art by his studies. He has contributed his day. Besides contributions to the “ Christian largely to the journals and reviews of the Roman Review," of which he was for some time after Catholic church and to the “ Astronomical Jour- 1838 the editor, he was the author of an enlarged nal,” and he is the author of “ Elements of Ge- edition of “ Nohden's German Grammar” (Ando- ometry " (New York, 1877).- His brother, Arthur, ver, 1842); “ Essays on Classical Literature,” with astronomer, b. in London, England, 21 Oct., 1837, Bela B. Edwards and Cornelius C. Felton (Boston, was graduated at Harvard in 1856, and then was 1843); “ The Ciceronian, or Prussian Mode of In- variously engaged for about twelve years. In 1869 struction in Latin ” (1844); "Select Treatises of he was appointed assistant at Harvard college ob- Martin Luther, in the Original German" (1846); servatory, where he has since continued in various “ Life of Luther” (Philadelphia, 1850; republished offices until 1887, when he was made full professor in England as “ Mental and Spiritual History of of astronomy. His work has included photometric Luther,” London, 1850); “ Roget's Thesaurus,” re- measurements of certain variable stars, researches vised edition (Boston, 1853); and “ Discourse at the in zodiacal phenomena, and observations with the Centennial Celebration of Brown University” (1864). meridian photometer during 1879–82. Prof. Searle's SEARS, Edmund Hamilton, clergyman, b. in papers have appeared in scientific journals at home Sandisfield, Mass., in 1810; d. in Weston, Mass., and abroad and in the “ Proceedings of the Ameri- 14 Jan., 1876. He was graduated at Union in can Academy of Arts and Sciences,” of which body 1834, and at Harvard divinity-school in 1837, and he is a member. He is also the author of “Out- was pastor of Unitarian societies in Wayland, lines of Astronomy” (Boston, 1874). Mass., in 1839-'40, and in Lancaster in 1840-'7. SEARLE, James, member of the Continental He then edited the “ Monthly Religious Magazine congress, b. in New York city about 1730; d. in for several years, and from 1865 until his death Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Aug., 1797. Little is known was pastor in Weston, Mass. Union college gave of his early life, but when he attained his majority him the degree of D.D. in 1871. He published he engaged in business with his brother John in Regeneration (Boston, 1853; 9th ed., 1873); Madeira, and was admitted to the firm of John Pictures of the Olden Time" (1857); “ Christian Searle and Co. in 1757. He left Madeira in 1762, Lyrics" (1860); “ Athanasia” (1860); “ The Fourth settled in Philadelphia, and in 1765 signed the Gospel : the Heart of Christ” (1872); and Ser- “non-importation agreement,” by which the citi- mons and Songs of the Christian Life” (1875). 66 65 66 448 SEBASTIAN SEARS SEARS, Edward I., editor, b. in County Mayo, “North Carolina Journal,” published at Halifax, Ireland, in 1819; d. in New York city, 7 Dec., which was then the capital of the state. When 1876. He was graduated at Trinity college, Dub- Raleigh became the capital, he removed thither lin, in 1839, came to this country in 1848, and and connected himself with the “Register," edited for many years was professor of languages in by Joseph Gales, Sr., whose daughter he married. Manhattan college. He became editor and pro- | In 1812 he removed to Washington and joined the prietor of the “ National Quarterly," a literary “ National Intelligencer," in company with his magazine, in 1860, and conducted it until his brother-in-law, Joseph Gales, Jr., which partner- death. He was a writer of cultivated taste and pure ship lasted till the death of the latter in 1860. and expressive style, and contributed regularly to Frorn 1812 till 1820 Messrs. Seaton and Gales were English and American reviews. He published, un- the exclusive congressional reporters as well as edi- der the pen-name of “H. E. Chevalier," “ Legends tors of their journal, one taking charge of the pro- of the Sea" (New York, 1863). ceedings in the senate and the other in the house SEARS, Isaac, patriot, b. in Norwalk, Conn., of representatives. Their “ Register of Debates" in 1729; d. in Canton, China, 28 Oct., 1786. His was considered a standard authority. After the ancestor, Richard, emigrated to this country from death of Mr. Gales, Mr. Seaton was sole editor and Colchester, England, in 1630. Isaac commanded manager of the “National Intelligencer” until it a privateer against the French in 1758-'61, but lost was sold a short time before his death. In 1840 his vessel in the latter year, and then engaged in he was elected mayor of Washington, and he held the West Indian and European trade, making New that office for twelve successive years. Together York city his home. On the passage of the stamp; with Mr. Gales, he published “ Annals of Con- act he ardently engaged in the patriot cause and gress : Debates and Proceedings in the Congress became an active member of the Sons of liberty. of the United States from 3 March, 1798, till 27 In November, 1775, with a troop of horse, he went May, 1824" (42 vols., Washington, 1834–56); “Reg- to the printing establishment of James Rivington, ister of Debates in Congress from 1824 to 1837 editor of the Royal Gazette,” destroyed his presses, 14 vols. in 29, 1827–'37); and “ American State and carried off his type, which was afterward Papers, selected and edited by Walter Lowné and converted into bullets. He was a member of the M. St. Clair Clarke" (21 vols., 1832–4). See his Provincial congress of New York in 1783 and of “ Life,” by his daughter (Boston, 1871). the assembly in the same year. He lost his fortune SEAWELL, Washington, soldier, b. in Vir- by the war, and in 1785 became supercargo on a ginia in 1802; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 9 Jan., merchant ship, contracting the fever from which 1888. He was graduated at the U. S. military he died on his first passage to China. academy in 1825, assigned to the 7th infantry, and SEARS, Robert, publisher, b. in St. John, New from 1832 till 1834 was disbursing agent of Indian Brunswick, 28 June, 1810. His father was Thach- affairs, from which post he was transferred to that er Sears, one of the loyalists of the Revolution. of adjutant-general and aide-de-camp on Gen. Mat- He served an apprenticeship in the printing busi- thew Arbuckle's staff. He was promoted captain ness at St. John, and in 1832 emigrated to New in July, 1836, saw service against hostile Indians York city, where he opened a small printing-office and in the war with Mexico, and was promoted in Park row. In 1839 he began the publication major of the 2d infantry, 3 March, 1847. He be- of illustrated works, which were sold almost en- came lieutenant-colonel of the 8th infantry, 23 Feb., tirely by subscription. He was a liberal patron 1852, colonel of the 6th infantry, 17 Oct., 1860, and friend of the earlier wood-engravers, did much and was retired from active service, 20 Feb., 1862, to develop that art, then in its infancy, and was in consequence of disability resulting from expo- one of the earliest pioneers in arousing and foster- sure while in the line of duty. He was chief mus- ing that taste for pictorial representation which tering and disbursing officer of the state of ken- has grown to such large dimensions. He was also tucky from March, 1862, till September, 1863, and one of the first to recognize the value of judicious of the Department of the Pacific from October, advertising. He expended many thousands of dol- 1863, till January, 1864, and was appointed com- lars in making his publications known throughout missary of musters and superintendent of recruit- the United States, and in 1847 procured an exten- ing service of the Department of the Pacific in sive recognition of the merits of American wood- 1863. He was acting assistant provost-marshal at engraving from the British public by presenting a San Francisco from November, 1865, till June, complete set of his publications to Queen Victoria 1866, and was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. and receiving her personal thanks for the same. army, 13 March, 1865, for long and faithful ser- Among his publications are “ Illustrations of the vices. Gen. Seawell was with the 2d infantry at Bible" (New York, 1840); “ Bible Biography ” Monterey, Cal., in 1849, and was consequently one (1843); Wonders of the World ” (1847); " Picto- of the California pioneers. At the time of his rial History of the United States,” his most im- death he was next to the eldest general on the re- portant work (1847); and “ Description of the tired list. He had lived on the Pacific coast since Russian Empire" (1854.) 1864, and owned one of the largest ranches in Cali- SEATON, William Winston, journalist, b. in fornia, in Sonoma county. King William county, Va., 11 Jan., 1785; d. in SEBASTIAN, William King, senator, b. in Washington, D. C., 16 June, 1866. He was a de- Vernon, Tenn., in 1814; d. in Memphis, Tenn., 20 scendant of Henry Seaton (of the Scottish family of May, 1865. He was graduated at Columbia col- that name), an adherent of the fortunes of the Stu- lege, Tenn., studied law, was admitted to the bar, arts, who came as a political exile to Virginia at the and practised his profession at Helena, Ark. He end of the 17th century. His mother, whose maid- was prosecuting attorney in 1835–7, circuit judge en name was Winston, was a cousin of Patrick Hen- in 1840–2, and in the latter year was appointed a ry. He was educated by Ogilvie, the Earl of Fin- judge of the state supreme court. He was presi- later, a Scotchman, who for several years kept an dent of the state senate in 1846, a presidential academy at Richmond. When eighteen years of age elector in 1848, and was elected a U. S. senator he engaged ardently in politics, and became assist: from Arkansas as Democrat in place of Chester ant editor of a Richmond paper. He next edited the Ashley, deceased, serving from 1847 till 1853. He Petersburg “Republican,” but soon purchased the was re-elected for the term that ended in 1859, and 6 SECCOMB 449 SEDGWICK in the latter year was chosen again for another full | vention, he declined, and the Whig candidate was term. He was chairman of the committee on In- elected. In 1849 he was re-elected, serving from dian affairs, and a member of the committee on 3 Dec., 1849, till 3 March, 1851. Owing to his territories. Mr. Sebastian was expelled for disloy, health, he declined another nomination at the alty on 11 July, 1861, but it was afterward claimed end of his term, and retired to Sabot Hill, his estate that he was loyal, and the senate revoked the reso- on James river above Richmond. While in con- lution of expulsion and paid his full salary to his gress he took part in most of the important debates children. He remained quietly at Helena until the of the period, and was recognized as a leader of his National troops occupied that place, and in 1864 party. * In 1846 he participated actively in the de- removed to Memphis, Tenn. bates upon the reform revenue bill, advocating the SECCOMB, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Medford, principles of free-trade. In 1860 the excitement Mass., in 1706 ; d. in 1760. He was descended of impending war brought him again into politics. from Richard Seccomb, who, coming from England, On 19 Jan., 1861, he was appointed by the legis- settled in Lynn, Mass., in 1660. He was gradu- lature of Virginia a commissioner with John Tyler ated at Harvard in 1731, and became minister of and others to the Peace convention, which met Kingston, N. H., in 1737. He published “Plain at the call of Virginia in Washington on 4 Feb. and Brief Rehearsal of the Operations of Christ as He represented Virginia in the committee upon God" (Boston, 1740); “ Business and Diversion In- resolutions, and, in accordance with the instruc- offensive to God," a discourse (1743); and “ The tions of his state, made a minority report recom- Ways of Pleasure and the Paths of Peace," a dis- mending that the constitution should be amended course. His brother, John, clergyman, b. in Med- according to the resolutions that had been intro- ford, Mass., 25 April, 1708; d. in Chester, Nova duced in the senate by John J. Crittenden and by Scotia, in January, 1793, was graduated at Har- a further article expressly recognizing the right of vard in 1728, and was minister of the Congrega- any state peaceably to withdraw from the Union. tional church at Harvard, Mass., from 10 Oct., He became a member of the first Confederate con- 1733, till September, 1757. In 1763 he became gress, and in November, 1862, having been chosen minister of a dissenting congregation in Chester, by Jefferson Davis as secretary of war, became a Nova Scotia, where he remained till his death. member of his cabinet. He devoted himself to the He gained great notoriety as a humorous poet by duties of his office until 1 Jan., 1865, when he re- * Father Abbey's Will,” which was published in tired finally from public life to his country estate. both the “ Gentleman's ” and “ European " maga- SEDEÑO, Antonio (say-dayn'-yo), Spanish sol- zines in May, 1732. It was reprinted in the “Mas- dier, b. in Spain about the end of the 15th cen- sachusetts Magazine” in November, 1794, and in tury; d. in Cubagua, Venezuela, in March, 1538. 1854 by John Langdon Sibley, with historical and He went to Santo Domingo with Diego Columbus biographical notes. The subject of the poem, Mat- in June, 1509, where he served till 1512, when he thew Abdy, held a menial position in connection was appointed by King Ferdinand first treasurer with Harvard college. He also published an ordi- of Porto Rico. In 1515 he became alderman of nation sermon (Halifax, 1770), and a "Sermon Saint John. Several years afterward, being ac- on the Death of Abigail Belcher, with an Epistle cused of peculation in the treasury, he was impris- by Mather Bayles, D. D.” (Boston, 1772). oned, but escaped to Santo Domingo, where he SEDDON, James Alexander, lawyer, b. in Fal- served until 1528. On his return, an expedition mouth, Stafford co., Va., 13 July, 1815; d. in Gooch- to the Windward islands, especially Trinidad, the land county, Va., 19 Aug., 1880. Thomas Seddon, headquarters of the Carib Indians, who devastated his father, who was first a merchant and then a Porto Rico repeatedly, was suggested by the gov- banker, was descend- ernor, and Sedeño sailed to Spain, where he ob- ed from John Seddon, tained a royal permit for the conquest of the island of Lancashire, Eng- of Trinidad. He returned to Porto Rico, where land, who settled in he recruited 150 men, and sailed early in 1530, Stafford county, Va., landing on the southwest coast of the island in the in colonial days. Su- territory of Cacique Chacomar, by whom he was san Alexander, his received in a friendly manner. Soon the abuses of mother, was a lineal his followers caused a general revolt, but, aided by descendant of the Earl Chacomar, Sedeño defeated the natives in many of Sterling. Through-encounters, and built a fortress, which he called out his life Mr. Sed- Paria. Leaving a garrison, he returned in 1531 to don was of a frail con- Porto Rico, carrying many Carib prisoners; but on stitution, and, owing his arrival he was forced to release them. Although to his delicate health, meanwhile Geronimo Ortal had been appointed his early education adelantado of Trinidad and taken possession of was much neglected. Fort Paria, and Sedeño's claim had been declared The knowledge of the void by the audiencia of Santo Domingo, the lat- imes A Teachers ancient classics and ter gathered some troops in Porto Rico, to whom literature, for which he promised the fabulous wealth of the river Meta, he was noted in af- which was included in his original grant. He ter-life, was mainly self-acquired. At the age of landed_in Trinidad during Ortal's absence, cap- twenty-one he entered the law-school of the Uni- tured Fort Paria by surprise, and entering by the versity of Virginia, where he was graduated with river Pedernales, invaded the mainland, where he the degree of B. L. He settled in Richmond in had serious disputes with Ortal about the bound- the practice of the law, and almost immediate- aries of his province. He was finally poisoned by ly advanced to the front rank of the bar. In 1845 his native cook in the island of Cubagua. he was nominated by the Democratic party for SEDGWICK, John, soldier, b. in Cornwall, congress, and, though the district was a doubt- Conn., 13 Sept., 1813; d. near Spottsylvania Court- ful one, he was elected by a handsome majority. House, Va., 9 May, 1864. He was graduated at the In 1847 he was renominated, but, not being in ac- U.S. military academy in 1837, 24th in a class of fifty cord with the resolutions of the nominating con- | members, among whom were Gen. Joseph Hooker, VOL. V.-29 Sedalis 450 SEDGWICK SEDGWICK John Algwich Gen. Braxton Bragg, and Gen. Jubal A. Early; Im- | place. Three days later, while directing the placing mediately after his graduation he served in the of some pieces of artillery in position in the in- Florida war against the Seminole Indians. His first trenchments in front of Spottsylvania Court-House, engagement was a skirmish near Fort Clinch, 20 he was struck in the head by a bullet from a sharp- May, 1838. The same year he was employed in re- shooter and instantly killed. Gen. Sedgwick was moving the Cherokees to their new home beyond one of the oldest, ablest, and bravest soldiers of the the Mississippi. Army of the Potomac, inspiring both officers and He was made men with the fullest confidence in his military 1st lieutenant capacity. His simplicity and honest manliness of artillery, 19 endeared him, notwithstanding he was a strict dis- April, 1839. In ciplinarian, to all with whom he came in contact, the Mexican war and his corps was in consequence one of the best in he was succes- discipline and morale in the army. He declined sively brevetted the command of the Army of the Potomac just be- captain and ma- fore it was given to Gen. Meade, but several times jor for gallant held it temporarily during that general's absence. conduct at Con- A fine bronze statue of Gen. Sedgwick stands on treras, Churu- the plateau at West Point. busco, and Cha- SEDGWICK, Robert, soldier, b. in England pultepec. He al- about 1590; d. in Jamaica, W. I., 24 May, 1656. so distinguished He had been a member of the Artillery company himself at the in London, and settled in Charlestown, Mass., in head of his com- 1635. He engaged in business, became a success- mand in the at- ful merchant, and was for many years & deputy tack on the San from Charlestown to the general court. He was Cosmo gate of one of the founders of the Ancient and honorable the city of Mexico. He was made captain, 26 artillery company in 1638, its captain in 1640, and Jan., 1849, major of the 1st cavalry, 8 March, 1855, commanded the castle in 1641. În 1643 he became and served in Kansas and on the western frontier colonel of the Middlesex regiment, and in 1652 At the beginning of the civil war he was lieuten- commander of all the Massachusetts militia. He ant-colonel of the 2d cavalry. On 25 April, 1861, was associated with John Winthrop, Jr., in 1643–²4, he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 4th cav- in establishing the first furnace and iron-works in alry, and on 31 Aug. was commissioned a briga- the country. He was employed to expel the French dier-general of volunteers and placed in command from Penobscot in 1654, was engaged in the expe- of a brigade of the Army of the Potomac, which dition against the Spanish West Indies in 1655, in the subsequent organization of the army was when Jamaica was taken, and was one of three assigned to the 2d corps, under Gen. Sumner, Gen. commissioners appointed by Cromwell to govern Sedgwick assuming command of the 3d divis- that island. Just before his death the protector ion. In this capacity he took part in the siege of advanced him to the sole command with the rank Yorktown and the subsequent pursuit of the ene- of major-general.- His descendant, Theodore, my up the peninsula, and rendered good service at statesman, b. in Hartford, Conn., in 1746; d. in the battle of Fair Oaks. In all the seven days' Boston, 24 Jan., fighting, and particularly at Savage Station and 1813, lost his fa- Glendale, he bore an honorable part, and at the ther when he was battle of Antietam he exhibited conspicuous gal- thirteen years of lantry, exposing himself recklessly. On this occa- age, and was aid- sion he was twice wounded, but refused for two ed by his broth- hours to be taken from the field. On 23 Dec, he er to enter Yale, was nominated by the president a major-general of which he left in volunteers, and in the succeeding February he as- 1765, owing to a sumed command of the 6th army corps. At the slight misdemean- head of these troops he carried Marye's Heights in or, without being the rear of Fredericksburg during the Chancel- graduated. He lorsville campaign in May, 1863, and, after the re- afterward studied treat of Gen. Joseph Hooker across the Rappahan- divinity, but aban- nock, succeeded only by very hard fighting in with- doned it for law, drawing his command in the face of a superior was admitted to force, against which he had contended for a whole the bar in April, day, to the left bank of the river. He commanded 1766, and prac- the left wing of the Army of the Potomac during tised in Great Bar Leoclore the advance from the Rappahannock into Mary: rington, and af- land in June, and also at the succeeding battle of terward in Shef- Gettysburg, where he arrived on the second day of field, Mass. Though always strongly attached to the fighting, after one of the most extraordinary the mother country, he engaged in the war of the forced marches on record, his steady courage in- Revolution with ardor on the side of the colonies, spiring confidence among his troops. During the served as aide to Gen. John Thomas in his expe- passage of Rapidan river on 7 Nov., 1863, he suc- dition to Canada in 1776, and was subsequent- ceeded, by a well-executed maneuvre, in captur- ly actively engaged in procuring supplies for the ing a whole Confederate division with guns and army. He represented Sheffield in the Massachu- colors, for which he was thanked by Gen. Meade setts legislature both before and after the Revo- in a general order. In command of his corps he lution, and was a member of the Continental con- took part in the spring campaign of the Wilderness gress in 1785–6. In the winter of 1787 he was under Gen. Grant, and on 5 and 6 May had posi- active in the suppression of Shays's rebellion, and tion on the National right wing, where the hardest incurred the especial enmity of the insurgents, fighting of those sanguinary engagements took who frequently threatened his life. His house was Sedgwicks SEDGWICK 451 SEDGWICK 66 " а encour- attacked by them during his absence in the legis- 1 of the code of civil procedure afterward adopted lature. He was an active member of the Massa- by the state of New York. He was an ardent op- chusetts convention that ratified the constitution ponent of slavery and an advocate of free-trade, of the United States in 1788. In 1789 he was elected in support of which he published numerous pa- to congress, of which he remained a representative pers, including a series of forty-seven articles in by successive elections till March, 1796, when he the “ Banner of the Constitution.” Mr. Sedgwick was elected to the U.S. senate. He served in this was instrumental in persuading William Cullen body for three years, and was president pro tempore Bryant to remove to New York, and was one of in 1797. In 1799 he was again elected to the house the first to appreciate his talents. During the of representatives, and was chosen its speaker. In struggle of the Greeks for independence two frig- 1802 he was appointed a judge of the supreme ates that had been built for them in this coun- court of Massachusetts, which office he held till try were detained to answer exorbitant charges his death. Soon after the adoption of the Massa- for their construction. Through the exertions of chusetts constitution Elizabeth Freeman, a negro Mr. Sedgwick and his associate counsel one of the slave of great force of character and intelligence, ships was discharged from attachment and sent to having fled from her master in consequence of Greece. His death was caused by paralysis, brought cruel treatment, Judge Sedgwick defended her on by his efforts in this litigation. His “ Refuta- from the latter's suit to recover his slave. The tion of the Reasons in the Award in the Case of the court pronounced her free, thus making the earli- Two Greek Frigates” was subsequently published est practical application, so far as known, of the (1826).—The first Theodore's daughter, Catherine declaration of the Massachusetts bill of rights, that Maria, author, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 28 Dec., "all men are born free and equal.” He was an 1789; d. near Roxbury, Mass., 31 July, 1867, re- active member of the old Federal party, and an ceived an excel- intimate associate of many of its leaders. His ju- lent education, dicial opinions were remarkable for clearness of and, on her fa- expression and elegance of diction. He was a ther's death in member of the American academy of arts and sci- 1813, undertook ences, and in 1799 received the degree of LL. D. the management from Princeton.-His eldest son, Theodore, law- of private yer, b. in Sheffield, Mass., 31 Dec., 1780; d. in Pitts- school for young field, Mass., 7 Nov., 1839, was graduated at Yale ladies, and con- in 1798, studied law with his father, was admit- tinued it for fifty ted to the bar in 1801, and practised at Albany years. Her broth- till 1821, when he removed to Stockbridge, Mass., ers Theodore and owing to impaired health, and retired from the Henry active practice of his profession. He afterward aged the develop- interested himself in agriculture, was repeatedly ment of her pow. chosen president of the Agricultural society of the ers. Miss Sedg- county, was a member of the legislature in 1824, wick's first work 1825, and 1827, and in the last year carried through of fiction,“A New a bill for the construction of a railroad across the England Tale," mountains from Boston to Albany, which had been appeared anony- generally regarded as a chimerical scheme. He mously (New was for a series of years the unsuccessful candidate York, 1822; last of the Democratic party for lieutenant-governor. ed., with “Miscellanies,"1856), and its very favorable He was an earnest advocate of free-trade and tem- reception encouraged her to prosecute authorship. perance, and an opponent of slavery. His death Redwood” followed (2 vols., 1824), also anonymous. resulted from a stroke of apoplexy, which occurred It was reprinted in England, and translated into at the close of an address to the Democratic citi- four European languages, the French translator zens of Pittsfield. He published “ Hints to my erroneously attributing the authorship to James Countrymen ” (1826); " Public and Private Econ- Fenimore Cooper. “The Traveller” appeared next omy, illustrated by Observations made in Europe (1825); “ Hope Leslie, or Early Times in Massachu- in 1836-'7" (3 vols., New York, 1838); and ad- setts” (2 vols., 1827); “ Clarence, a Tale of our Own dresses to the Berkshire agricultural association Times” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1830); “Le Bossu," (1823 and 1830).-His wife, Susan Ridley, author, one of the “Tales of the Glauber Spa” (1832); and b. about 1789; d. in Stockbridge, Mass., in 1867, “The Linwoods, or Sixty Years Since in America" was a granddaughter of Gov. William Livingston, (2 vols., 1835). This was the last, and by many is of New Jersey, and the author of " Morals of Pleas- thought to be the best, of her novels. That year ure” (Philadelphia, 1829); " The Young Emi- she also published a collection of her “Sketches grants” (Boston, 1830); “ Allen Prescott” (2 vols., and Tales” from the magazines. She next issued New York, 1835); “Alida, or Town or Country a series of papers illustrative of common every-day (1844); and “Walter Thornley” (1859). The Sedg- life, and inculcating moral lessons, under the title wick mansion at Stockbridge is seen in the illus- of “The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man" tration on page 452.-Henry Dwight, second son (New York, 1836), in 1837 “Live and Let Live,” of the first Theodore, author, b. in Sheffield, Mass., and in 1838 “ A Love-Token for Children” and in 1785; d. in Stockbridge, Mass., 23 Dec., 1831, “ Means and Ends, or Self-Training.” In the spring was graduated at Williams college in 1804, and of 1839 she visited Europe, travelling for a year, became an eminent member of the New York bar. and conveying her impressions in “ Letters from He contributed to the “ North American Review” | Abroad to Kindred at Home," which were pub- and other journals. and published an “ Appeal to lished after her return (2 vols., 1841). These were the City of New York on the Proposed Alteration followed that same year by “ Historical Sketches of its Charter." His “ English Practice of the of the Old Painters" and biographies of the sis- Common Law” (New York, 1822) was an argu- ters " Lucretia and Margaret Davidson.” Among ment against the complexity and absurdity of that her other works are “ Wilton Harvey, and Other system which was one of the first suggestions Tales "(1845); “ Morals of Manners " (1846); “ Facts bmJudgwrd 9 . 452 SEELYE SEDGWICK 1 museum. and Fancies” (1848); and “ Married or Single?” | time editing the “American Law Review” with (1857). Miss Sedgwick both edited and wrote arti- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Returning to New cles for literary periodical publications, and she York in 1872, he practised, and was also for some contributed largely to the annuals. Collections time one of the editors of the “ Evening Post," of these papers constitute several volumes of her and also of the “ Nation," to which he constantly works. She is thoroughly American in thought contributed legal, political, and critical articles. and feeling, and with very marked individuality, He edited the 5th edition of his father's work on of the best New England type. Her delineations “Damages " (New York, 1869), and with G. Willett of character and manners, as then found, in her Van Nest the 7th (1880). He also published, with native state, are unsurpassed for their picturesque- F. S. Wait, “ A Treatise on the Principles and Prac- ness and truth. See her “ Life and Letters," by tice governing the Trial of Title to Land” (1882). Mary E. Dewey (New York, 1871).- Elizabeth —John, grandnephew of the first Theodore, b. in Dwight, author, married Charles, a son of the New York city, 2 June, 1829, was graduated at the first Theodore, and was well known as a teacher. University of the city of New York in 1847, and She wrote “ Beatitudes and Pleasant Sundays," was assistant district attorney of New York in “ Lessons without Books," " A Talk with my Pu- 1856–61. Since 1 Jan., 1872, he has been judge of pils" (New York, 1863), and “Spanish Conquest. the superior court of the city of New York. --The second Theodore's son Theodore, lawyer, b. SEDLEY, William Henry, actor, b. in Mont- in Albany, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1811; d. in Stockbridge, gomery, Wales, 4 Dec., 1806; d. in San Francisco, Mass., 9 Dec., 1859, was graduated at Columbia in Cal., 17 Jan., 1872. He was the son of a British 1829, and admitted to the bar in May, 1833. The army officer, who was killed in the peninsular following fifteen months he passed in Europe, prin- war. The boy left home when he was fourteen cipally in Paris, as an attaché to the U.S. embassy years old, joined a company of strolling players, under Edward Livingston. On his return he prac- and, assuming the name of W. H. Smith, began to tised law successfully in New York till 1850, when play minor parts in the Shrewsbury theatre. In failing health forced him to desist for a time from 1822 he obtained his first regular engagement at active professional labor. President Buchanan the Theatre royal, Lancaster, and, coming to this tendered him the mission to the Hague in 1857, country in 1827, made his first appearance at the and he twice declined the office of assistant secre- Walnut street theatre, Philadelphia. He won his tary of state. In January, 1858, he was appointed highest reputation in 1828 at the Tremont theatre, Boston, as Rolando in “ The Honeymoon." In 1836 he managed the National theatre, Boston, and from 1843 till 1860 he was stage-manager of the Boston His first appearance in New York was at the old Chatham street theatre, 3 Nov., 1840, when he acted Edgar to the Lear of Junius Brutus Booth. He also appeared acceptably as Laertes, Gratiano, and Marc Antony. His last professional appearance in New York was made at the Winter garden, 6 May, 1865. During the few years pre- ceding his death he had been employed at the California theatre, San Francisco, as' actor and manager.—His wife, formerly a Miss Riddle, b. in Philadelphia in 1811 ; d. in New York, 27 Sept., 1861, made her debut at the Walnut street theatre, U. S. attorney for the southern district of New in her native city, in 1823, and first appeared in York, which office he held till his death. He was New York at the old Chatham street theatre as president of the New York Crystal palace asso- Virginia in Virginius.” She was very popular ciation in 1852. Mr. Sedgwick was a frequent for many years. Their son, Henry, author, b. in contributor to periodicals and newspapers, and Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1835, was educated in his published “ Memoir of William Livingston ” (New native place, studied civil engineering at Rensselaer York, 1833); “ What is Monopoly?” (1835); “State- polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y., and afterward mentre New York Court of Chancery” (1838); practised his profession in San Francisco. He sub- “Thoughts on the Annexation of Texas," a series sequently engaged in journalism, was one of the of papers in opposition to that measure (1844); editors of the New York Times," and the “ Even- " Treatise on the Measure of Damages, or an In- ing Post,” and for some time was an editor of the quiry into the Principles which govern the Amount “ Commercial Advertiser.” He is the author of of Compensation in Suits at Law” (1847); “ The “ Dangerfield's Rest, a Romance" (New York, American Citizen: a Discourse, at Union College” 1864), and “ Marion Rooke, or the Quest for For- (1847); and “ Treatise on the Rules which govern the tune" (1865), and has also contributed to English Interpretation and Application of Statutory and and American magazines. Constitutional Law” (1857; 2d ed., enlarged, with SEELYE, Julius Hawley, educator, b. in notes by John Norton Pomeroy, 1874). He edited Bethel, Conn., 14 Sept., 1824. He was graduated the political writings of William Leggett (2 vols., at Amherst in 1849, studied at Auburn theological New York, 1840).— The third Theodore's son, Ar- seminary in 1849-'52, and continued his studies thur George, lawyer, b. in New York city, 6 Oct., in theology at Halle, Germany, in 1852–3. He 1844, was graduated at Harvard in 1864, became was ordained by the classis of Schenectady in 1853, 1st lieutenant in the 20th Massachusetts regiment, and in that year became pastor of the 1st Reformed was captured at Deep Bottom, Va., and confined in Dutch church in Schenectady, N. Y., where he re- Libby prison during the latter part of the summer mained until 1858. In that year he was elected of 1864. His confinement having produced an illo professor of mental and moral philosophy at Am- ness which incapacitated him for further service, herst college, which post he held until 1875. He he entered Harvard law-school, and after gradua- was chosen to congress in 1874 from Massachusetts tion was admitted to the Boston bar, where he without being nominated by any party, serving practised law for several years, during part of this from 6 Dec., 1875, till 3 March, 1877, and at the 66 - 6 SEEMAN 453 SEGHERS 66 a the part end of his term declined a renomination. While in Bonplandia" and of the “ Journal of Botany, congress, though a Republican, he opposed the elec- British and Foreign." Dr. Seeman contributed toral commission and the declaration of the election largely to scientific, literary, and political journals of Rutherford B. Hayes to the office of president in London. The “ Flora Vitiensis” he completed of the United States. In 1877 he was installed as only a short time before his death. president of Amherst college, which office he now SEFTON, John, actor, b. in Liverpool, Eng- (1888) holds. In 1872 he visited India by invita- land, 15 Jan., 1805; d. in New York city, 19 Sept. , tion, and delivered a course of lectures. In 1874 1868. He began the study of law, but preferring he was appointed by the governor of Massachu- the stage, entered upon his professional career at setts one of a commission to revise the laws of the age of sixteen. He came to this country in 1827, that state on taxation. During the early years of played for two seasons at the Walnut street theatre, his presidency of Amherst he inaugurated the Philadelphia, and gained great popularity in New ** Amherst system ” of college self-government, by York as Jemmy Twitcher in the ** Golden Farmer.” which the students have a large share in maintain- He was stage-manager at the Astor place opera- ing discipline, and which has been productive of house during the Macready riot, and afterward'held good results. President Seelye has been a trustee the same post at Richmond, at the Walnut street of the Clarke institute for deaf-mutes, and of Smith theatre, Philadelphia, at Charleston and Colum- college for women, and has served on the board bia, S. C., and at New Orleans, La. His last ap- of visitors of Andover theological seminary. He pearance was at the Broadway theatre in October, received the degree of D. D. from Union college in 1867. In certain comic parts he had no superior 1862, and that of LL. D. from Columbia in 1876. either in this country or in England. In addition to articles in various reviews, sermons SEGAR, Joseph E., member of congress, b. in and addresses, and contributions to religious maga- King William county, Va., 1 June, 1804; d. in 1885. zines, he has published a translation of Dr. Albert He was educated at the public schools, and in 1836 Schwegler's “ History of Philosophy” (New York, was elected to the state house of representatives, 1856); "Lectures to Educated Hindus” (Bombay, where he served for several terms. He was elected 1873; republished by the Congregational publish- to congress as a Unionist from Virginia, serving ing society, Boston, 1873, under the title “ The from 6 May, 1862, till 3 March, 1864, and was Way, the Truth, the Life”; also translated into chosen U. S. senator from Virginia in the place of Hindustani, Japanese, and German); “ Christian Lemuel J. Bowden, deceased, but was not admitted Missions” (New York, 1875); and revised and edit to a seat. He was appointed arbitrator ed Hickok's “ Moral Science" (Boston, 1880).—His of the United States under the United States and brother, Laurens Clark, educator, b. in Bethel, Spanish claims convention of 1877. Conn., 20 Sept., 1837, was graduated at Union SEGHERS, Charles John, archbishop, b. in college in 1857, studied at Andover theological Ghent, Belgium, 26 Dec., 1839; d. in Alaska, 28 seminary in 1857–9, and was at Berlin and Heidel- Nov., 1886. He studied for the priesthood in the berg universities in 1860-2. He afterward trav- ecclesiastical seminary of Ghent, and afterward in elled in Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, and in 1863 the American college, Louvain, was ordained a was ordained pastor of the North Congregational priest at Mechlin in 1863, and went to Vancouver's church at Springfield, Mass., where he remained island as a missionary, rising to be vicar-general. two years. İle was professor of English literature During these years he also labored for the conver- and oratory at Amherst from 1865 till 1873, and in sion of the Indians in British North America. In 1874 became president of Smith college for young 1871 he was made administrator of the diocese, women (which he had organized) at Northampton, and on 29 June, 1873, he was consecrated bishop of Mass. His various contributions to reviews in Vancouver's island. His accession to the episco- clude articles on college education and on Celtic pate gave a great impulse to Roman Catholicism literature. The degree of D. D. was conferred on in the northwest. He was the first missionary of him by Union college in 1875. his church who attempted the conversion of the SEĚMAN, Berthold, German traveller, b. Alaskan Indians. In 1878 he visited that territory in Hanover, Germany, 28 Feb., 1825 ; d. at the and all the adjacent islands, travelling on snow- Javali mine, Nicaragua, 10 Oct., 1871. He was shoes and afterward going on dog-sleds or canoes educated at the lyceum of his native city, took his among the tribes in the interior and along the degree at the University of Göttingen, and was coast. Toward the end of the year he was appointed appointed in 1846 naturalist on board the British coadjutor archbishop of Oregon and reached Port- government vessel“ Herald” on an exploring ex- land on 1 July, 1879. He spent a year in exploring pedition round the world. He subsequently served Washington territory, Idaho, and Montana, and on three arctic voyages (1846–51), and published published a series of letters in Roman Catholic A Narrative of the Voyage of the “ Herald,' and periodicals in the eastern states, describing his Three Cruises to the Arctic Regions in Search of adventures. In 1881 he succeeded to the arch- Sir John Franklin” (London, 1852). Then ap- bishopric, but for several years he had been anx- peared “ Popular History of Palms” (1855), and ious to resign his see in order to devote himself * Botany of the Voyage of the · Herald'" (1857). to the conversion of the Alaska Indians, and he He was appointed in 1860 by the colonial office visited Europe in 1883 to obtain permission from one of the royal commissioners to the Fiji islands the pope. His resignation was at length accepted, to ascertain their fitness for British colonization, and he was reappointed bishop of Vancouver's the results of which appeared in “Viti, an Account island, retaining his title of archbishop: On his of a Government Mission to the Viti, or Fiji return he stopped at Baltimore, Md., to take part Islands” (1862). He also issued “ Popular No- in the 3d plenary council in 1884, and he reached menclature of the American Flora." " Paradesus Victoria early in the following year. He then set Vindobonensis,” and “ Twenty-four Views of the about re-establishing among the Alaska Indians Coast and Islands of the Pacific.” He accom- the missions that had come to a stand-still during panied Capt. Bedford Pim on his travels to Central his absence in Oregon. He left Victoria in July, America, and, in collaboration with him, wrote 1886, for Alaska in company with two Jesuits and “ Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, ' a guide named Fuller, according to some accounts and Mosquito” (1869). He was editor of the | an Englishman, according to others an American. 66 454 SÉGUR SEGUIN They arrived safely at Chilcat, and then travelled the degree of M. D. from the medical department northward along the coast until they reached the of the University of the city of New York in 1861, station of the Alaska trading company at the head after which he came to reside in New York city. of Stewart's river. Leaving the Jesuits to estab- Subsequent to 1866 he devoted attention to the lish a mission among the Stekin Indians, the arch- study of animal heat, adding greatly to the knowl- bishop, with Fuller and some Indian guides, set edge on that subject by the methods of thermom- out on 8 Sept. for Muklakayet, a village near the etry that he devised and the instruments that mouth of the Tannanah river, which he reached on he invented, of which the physiological thermom- 24 Oct. He spent a few weeks in missionary duties eter, largely used by physicians, is the most im- among the Indians of this trading-post, by whom portant. In 1873 he was a commissioner to the he was well received, and then decided to push on World's fair in Vienna from the United States, and to Nulata, 200 miles down the Yukon river. Trav- published a special - Report on Education." He elling on sleds, the party arrived at a deserted vil- was a member of various medical societies, and was lage about thirty miles from their destination. president of the Association of medical officers of They entered a hut, and, after making a fire, lay American institutions for idiotic and feeble-minded down before it. At daylight the next morning persons. To Dr. Seguin more than any other per- Fuller, who had several times exhibited anger at son is due the honor of showing to what degree being drawn farther and farther into these deso- the congenital failures of nature can be redeemed late regions, levelled his rifle at the archbishop and educated to comparative usefulness. Accord- and shot him. The murderer, while afterward ex- ing to his testimony, “not one idiot in a thousand pressing great remorse, gave no sufficient reason has been entirely refractory to treatment, not one for committing the crime. Archbishop Seghers, in a hundred has not been made more happy and besides being one of the most adventurous of ex- healthy; more than thirty per cent. have been taught plorers, was a divine of great erudition and an to conform to social and moral law, and rendered effective pulpit orator. capable of order, of good feeling, and of working like SEGUIN, Arthur Edward Sheldon, actor the third of a man; more than forty per cent. have and singer, b. in London, England, 7 April, 1809; become capable of the ordinary transactions of life d. in New York city, 13 Dec., 1852. He was one of under friendly control, of understanding moral and the earliest pupils of the Royal academy of music, social abstractions, of working like two-thirds of a from which he retired in 1830 with all the honors. man; and twenty-five to thirty per cent.come nearer He first appeared at the Queen's theatre, London, and nearer to the standard of manhood, till some of in 1831 as Polyphemus in Handel's Acis and them will defy the scrutiny of good judges when Galatea," and in 1838 came to this country and compared with ordinary young men and women.” made his first appearance on the American stage His writings, which are numerous, include “ Ré- on 15 Oct., at the National theatre, New York, as sumé de ce que nous avons fait pendant quatorze Gen. Von der Teimer in the opera of " Amelie." mois ” (Paris, 1839); “Conseils à M. O. sur l'éduca- He afterward performed in the principal cities tion de son enfant idiot” (1839); “ Théorie et pra- with great success as a bass-singer and comic actor. tique de l'éducation des idiots” (2 parts. 1841–2); -His wife, whose maiden name was Ann Childe, * Ilygiène et éducation des idiots" (1843); “Ima- b. in London, England, in 1809, was a pupil of the ges graduées à l'usage des enfants arrièrés et idi- Royal academy of music, and appeared for several ots" (1846); “ Traitement moral, hygiène et édu- seasons at Her Majesty's theatre, London. She was cation des idiots et des autre enfants arrières long a member of the Italian opera company in (1846), which is accepted as the standard author- that city, and first appeared on the American stage, ity on the subject : “ Jacob Rodrigue Péreire, notice 15 Oct., 1838, at the National theatre, New York sur sa vie et ses travaux ”(1847); “ Historical Notice city. She subsequently travelled as a star through of the Origin and Progress of the Treatment of Idi- the United States and gained great popularity. ots” (translated by Dr. John S. Newberry, Hartford, She made her first appearance in Philadelphia, 4 1856); “ Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physio- Nov., 1839, as Linda in " Der Freischütz," but after- logical Method” (New York, 1966);"" New Facts ward retired from the stage and engaged in teach- and Remarks concerning Idiocy" (1879); “ Pre- ing in New York, where (in 1888) she still resides. scription and Clinical Record” (1870); “ Medical SEGUIN, Édouard, physician, b. in Clamecy, Thermometry," with C. A. Wunderlich (1871); France, 20 Jan., 1812; d. in New York city, 28 Manual of Thermometry for Mothers” (1873); Oct., 1880. He was educated at the College of • Thermometres physiologiques” (Paris, 1873); Auxerre and St. Louis, and then studied medicine “Tableaux de thermométrie mathématique" (1873); and surgery under Jean Gaspard Itard. At the sug- and Medical Thermometry and Human Tempera- gestion of Itard he determined to devote himself ture” (New York, 1876). to the training of idiots, and thoroughly investi- SÉGUR, Louis Philippe, Count de, French gated the causes and philosophy of idiocy and the historian, b. in Paris, 10 Dec., 1753; d. there, 27 best means of dealing with it. In 1837 he began Aug., 1830. He was the eldest son of the field- to treat an idiot boy, and in 1839 he opened the marshal Louis de Ségur, studied in the school of first school for idiots. lle was soon able to obtain artillery at Strasburg, and obtained in 1769 the remarkable results by his system of training. In commission of lieutenant of cavalry. He was pro- 1814 a commission from the Academy of sciences moted captain in 1771, and lieutenant-colonel of in Paris examined critically his plan of educating the regiment Orleans in 1776. He became an advo- idiot children, and in their report declared that, up cate of the cause of the American colonists at court, to the time when he began his labors, idiots could and as early as 1777 asked from the king permis- not be educated or cured by any means, but that sion to serve in this country as a volunteer, but he had solved the problem. After the revolution was reprimanded. He was afterward appointed of 1818 he came to the United States, and after colonel of the regiment “ Soissonnois," and em- visiting various schools, modelled on his own, that barked on 7 April, 1781, in the frigate “ La Gloire." had been established in the United States, and as- Ile served during the remainder of the war, and sisting in their organization, he settled in Cleve after the withdrawal of the French forces in 1782 land, and later in Portsmouth, Ohio. In 1860 he obtained leave to remain, and visited the southern removed to Mount Vernon, N. Y., and he received states, Mexico, Peru, and Santo Domingo, where he SEGURA 455 SEIDEL owned a large estate. A few years later in his SEGUROLA, Sebastian de (say-goo-ro'-lah), “ Mélanges” he published the journal of his trav- Spanish-American soldier, b. in Guipuzcoa, Spain, els, which attracted much attention. He was min- 27 Jan., 1740; d. in La Paz, Bolivia, 2 Oct., 1789. ister to Russia in 1784-'9, and to Berlin in 1792. After pursuing the studies then necessary for the Ruined by the revolution, he supported his family career of arms, he was appointed a cadet in the during the following years almost exclusively by regiment of royal guards in 1758. In 1776 he sailed his pen. He was deputy to the corps législatif in from Cadiz to take part in the expedition sent by 1801, elected in 1803 a member of the French acad- the viceroy of Buenos Ayres to check the incur- emy, and afterward became a councillor of state, sions of the Portuguese on Spanish territory. He grand master of the ceremonies, count of the em- was decorated with the cross of Calatrava for his pire in 1810, and a senator, 5 April, 1814. After services, and appointed corregidor over the prov- the restoration of the Bourbons he became a peer ince of Larecaja. He took part in the campaign of France, 4 June, 1814, and always sided with the on the Rio de la Plata, and, on the conclusion of liberals. His works include “ Pensées politiques peace, fixed his residence in Sorata, the principal (Paris, 1795); “ Mélanges” (1796); “ Tableau his- town of his government of Larecaja. Here he torique et politique de l'Europe, 1780-1796" (3 received intelligence of the rebellion of Jose Ga- vols., 1801); “ Histoire de Frédéric Guillaume II.” briel Tupac-Amaru, cacique of Tungasuca, which (1801); "Politique de tous les cabinets de l'Eu- extended to several provinces, and he was ordered rope pendant les règnes de Louis XV. et Louis to take command of the city of La Paz and the XVI." (3 vols., 1801– 22); “ Galerie morale et poli- neighboring provinces on 1 Jan., 1781. The siege tique" (3 vols., 1817–24); “ Histoire de France” of La Paz was the most memorable incident in the (9 vols., 182430); and “Mémoires ou souvenirs et rebellion, and the city's safety was entirely due to anecdotes” (3 vols., 1824). His complete works were his firmness and energy. In 1782 he was raised published in 1824 (33 vols.). to the rank of brigadier, and appointed governor SEGURA, Juan Bautista (say-gooʻ-rah), Span- of the city, which post he held until his death. ish missionary, b. in Toledo, Spain; d. in Virginia His “ Diario de los sucesos del cerco de la ciudad in February, 1571. He entered the Society of Jesus de La Paz en 1781 hasta la total pacificación de la at Alcala in April, 1566, was appointed vice-pro- rebelión general del Perú," printed in the first vincial of Florida in 1568, and sailed the same volume of the Archivo Boliviano ” (Paris, 1871), year from Spain at the head of a band of mission- gives a minute account of the incidents of the siege aries. Landing at Havana, he made arrangements and the subsequent expeditions against the hostile for the education of young Indians, and then set tribes, and contains interesting letters from the out for the province of Carlos in Florida. He inca and other Indian chiefs. spent several months in studying the language, at SEIDEL, Nathaniel, Moravian bishop, b. in the same time attending to the spiritual interests Lauban, Silesia, 2 Oct., 1718; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., of the Spanish soldiers. When able to converse 17 May, 1782. He emigrated to this country in with the natives, he labored for about a year in the 1742, and became the most indefatigable of the countries along Appalachee bay, but with little suc- early Moravian evangelists among the white set- cess. Thinking that he would have better prospects tlers and the Indians. For eighteen years his life at a distance from the Spanish ports, he accepted was an almost uninterrupted succession of jour- the offer of a converted Indian, Luis de Velasco, neys. He began such itinerant work with a visit who promised to conduct him in safety to his tribe to the aborigines of the Susquehanna in 1743; af- and assist him in his pious endeavors. Accom- ter that he repeatedly traversed Pennsylvania as panied by Luis, a Jesuit, and seven lay brothers, far as Sunbury, the eastern counties of New York, Segura sailed from Santa Helena on 5 Aug., 1570, New England as far as Boston, and Maryland as entered Chesa peake bay, ascended the Potomac, far as Frederick county. All these journeys were and landed on 10 Sept. The missionaries found performed on foot. He was often in great danger, the natives in a miserable condition, owing to a and on one occasion barely escaped falling into the famine which had prevailed for several years, and hands of two savages, who pursued him through a therefore sent their vessel back for supplies, es- forest for hours. In 1750 he proceeded to Europe pecially seed-corn, which they hoped to persuade and gave Count Zinzendorf an account of the work the Indians to plant. They then pressed on in America, returning in 1751 and continuing his through a vast track of marsh and wood, expecting itinerant labors until 1753, when he sailed to the to find a village which Luis said was ruled by his West Indies and visited the mission on the Danish brother. They spent more than a month travelling, islands. He came back the same year and soon living on roots and herbs, but without reaching afterward led a company of Moravian settlers to their destination. In February they were deserted North Carolina, where the church had purchased a by their guide, who went to his brother's village, large tract of land. It was a hard and perilous about five miles distant, promising to prepare his journey of forty days. In midwinter he returned countrymen for their arrival. Some time having to Bethlehem. His next tour was to Surinam, in elapsed without hearing from him, Segura sent South America, where in 1755 he selected a site for three of his companions to beg him to return. a mission. On his return he again began to itin- The messengers were attacked and killed by Luis erate among the settlers and natives, and con- at the head of a band of Indians. Luis then pro- tinued such labors until 1757. In that year he ceeded to the hut which the missionaries had visited Europe a second time, and on 12 May, erected and demanded the hatchets and knives 1758, was consecrated to the episcopacy at Herrn- which they had with them. Segura gave them up hut. His first visitation took place in the West In- silently, and then knelt with his companions in dies in 1759. Two years later he returned to Beth- prayer. At a signal they were all massacred, only lehem, having been appointed presiding bishop of an İndian boy escaping. The name given to the his church. The onerous duties of this office he country which Segura attempted to evangelize was discharged with great faithfulness for twenty-one Axacan. It lay between the Potomac and the years until his death. He continued to take a Rappuhannock, probably extending on each side of warm interest in the Indian mission; and the mas- these rivers. He wrote “ Tratado de la lumildad sacre of nearly 100 converts, in the spring of 1782, y Obediencia” (Madrid, 1600). at Gnadenhuetten, Ohio, by a band of whites, on the 456 SELDEN SEIDENBUSH Jos. A. Seiss groundless suspicion of having been engaged in necessity for an English Lutheran church in the outrages in Pennsylvania, so affected him that his western part of the city led to the establishment of health gave way and he died two months later. the Church of the Holy Communion by members An old record says of him: “ His episcopate was of St. John's congregation, and he was at once precious and excellent; his memory will live in this elected its pastor. country, in the West Indies, and among the Indians A beautiful Gothic of North and South America." church of green SEIDENBUSH, Rupert, R. C. bishop, b. in serpentine marble Munich, Bavaria, 30 Oct., 1830. He began his was erected on the theological studies in Bavaria, and emigrated to corner of Broad the United States in 1851. In 1852 he entered the and Arch streets, Benedictine order in St. Vincent's abbey, West- at a cost of $225,- moreland co., Pa. He was raised to the priest- 000. It was con- hood on 22 June, 1853, was for some years sta- secrated on 17 Feb., tioned at Newark, N. J., and in 1867 was made 1875, and is one of abbot of the monastery of St. Louis on the Lake, the finest Protest- Minn. The northern part of Minnesota was erect- ant churches in ed into a vicariate apostolic by a papal brief on 12 Philadelphia. Dr. Feb., 1875, and he was appointed its vicar apos- Seiss is an eloquent tolic on 30 May following, under the title of bishop pulpit orator. His of Halia in partibus. The Roman Catholic church style is clear, or- has made great progress during his administration. nate, attractive, In 1887 the vicariate contained 70 priests, 6 eccle- and forcible. He siastical students, 90 churches, 50 chapels and sta- published his first tions, 14 convents, a monastery, seminary, college work at the age of and academy. The Roman Catholic population, twenty-two years, including white and Indian, exceeded 45,000. and has now attained a wide reputation as an au- SEIP, Theodore Lorenzo (sipe), clergyman, thor. His publications number more than a hun- b. in Easton, Pa., 25 June, 1842. He was gradu- dred, and some of them have been republished in ated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1864, England and translated into other languages. A and at the Lutheran theological seminary, Phila- bibliography of his published works (Philadel. delphia, in 1867, and in the latter year was or- phia, 1887) makes a duodecimo volume of fifty- dained to the ministry. Immediately after his or- seven pages. He was joint editor of the “Luther- dination he became principal of the academic de- an,” Philadelphia, in 1860-'1, and of the “Lutheran partment of the newly established Muhlenberg and Missionary” in 1861-'73, editor of the same college, Allentown, Pa. He was adjunct professor for several years, and editor of “ Prophetic Times” of Greek there in 1867–72, professor of Latin in in 1863-'75. He spent the years 1864–5 in Euro- 1872–'80, of Greek in 1880–6, and president of the pean and Eastern travels, including a tour through college since 1886. He received the degree of D. D. Syria and Palestine. His numerous publications in 1886 from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. include “ Popular Lectures on the Epistle to Seip has done more than any other man for the suc- the Hebrews” (Baltimore, 1846); “ The Baptist cessful establishment and endowment of Muhlen- System Examined” (Philadelphia, 1854; berg college. He is a frequent contributor to the vised ed., 1858); “ The Last Times" (1856); “The periodicals of his church. Besides sermons and Lutheran Church” (1859); “ Holy Types" (1860); addresses, he has published“ Inaugural Address“ Petros, or the Wonderful Building” (1862); “ Lec- as President of Muhlenberg College” (Allentown, tures on the Gospels of the Church Year” (2 vols., Pa., 1886); “Muhlenberg College," an address de- 1868); “The Apocalypse, with Revised Text" (3 livered before the ministerium of Pennsylvania vols., 1869–81; complete ed., London, 1882; Ger- (Philadelphia, 1887); and “ History of the College man translation, Basle, 1884-'7); “ Uriel, or some Association of Pennsylvania," of which he was a Occasional Discourses (1874); “ A Miracle in founder (1887). Stone, or the Great Pyramid ” (1877); “Recrea- SEISS, Joseph Augustus (sees), theologian, b. tion Songs" (1878; with supplement, 1887); “Life in Graceham, Frederick co., Md., 18 March, 1823. after Death" (1878); “ Practical Sermons" (1879); His ancestors, whose original name was Suess, emi- " Blossoms of Faith" (1880); “ Remarks on Infi- grated from the Alsatian mountains and settled delity” (1882); “ The Gospel in the Stars” (1882 ; near Reading, Pa. His grandfather removed at an enlarged ed., 1885); “ Luther and the Reforma- early period to the Moravian settlement of Grace- tion (1883); “ Lectures on the Epistles of the ham, Md. His father, who was a farmer, would Church Year” (2 vols., 1885); “ Right Life" (1886); have preferred him to be a field-laborer, and, on ac- * The Children of Silence" (1887); and “ Christ's count of his studious habits and thirst for knowl- Descent into Hell” (1887). He has also pub- edge, called him “dreamer Joseph,” but his moth- lished various liturgical works, including “ Book er sympathized with him and encouraged him. of Forms” (1860); Ilow shall we Order our After his confirmation, in his sixteenth year, as a Worship?" (1869); “ The Golden Altar” (1882); member of the Moravian church, he determined to and several collections of church music. devote his life to the ministry. Receiving no en- SELDEN, Samuel Lee, jurist, b. in Lyme, couragement from his father or his church, he was, Conn., 12 Oct., 1800; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 20 by the help of a few Lutheran clergymen, enabled Sept., 1876. His ancestors settled in the colony of to enter Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1839. Connecticut in 1636. He began to practise law in Here he remained a year or two, afterward pursu- Rochester in 1825, was chancery clerk and first ing his theological course in private. In 1842 he judge of common pleas in Monroe county for many was licensed to preach by the synod of Virginia, years, and in 1847 was elected justice of the su- and in 1844 he was ordained to the Lutheran min- preme court. In 1856 he was elected judge of the istry. After holding pastorates in Virginia and court of appeals, which place he resigned in 1862.- Maryland he was called to St. John's English Lu- His brother, Henry Rogers, jurist, b. in Lyme, theran church, Philadelphia, in 1858. In 1874 the Conn., 14 Oct., 1805; d. in Rochester, N. Y.. 18 re- 99 " 66 SELFRIDGE 457 SELKIRK a vass. Sept., 1885. - In 1825 he removed to Rochester, N. Y., on Fort Fisher, and commanded the 3d division where he studied law and was admitted to the bar of the landing party of sailors that stormed the in 1830. He began practice in Clarkson, Monroe fort. He was promoted to commander, 31 Dec., co., but returned to Rochester in 1859; and was 1869, and in that year took charge of surveys for reporter of the court of appeals in 1851-'4. He an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of Darien. was a Democrat, but, being opposed to the exten- He surveyed the San Blas route in 1870, the lines sion of slavery, aided in the formation of the Re- near Caledonia bay, the De Puydt route, and the publican party, and in 1856 was its successful can- Gorgoza route in 1871, and the Atrato river in didate for the lieutenant-governorship. He at- 1871-3. He was also a member of the interna- tended the Republican national convention at Chi- tional congress at Paris on the subject of the canal cago in 1860, and concurred with his colleagues in 1876. The official reports of these surveys were from New York in advocating the nomination of published by congress. He commanded the steamer William H. Seward, but acquiesced in the nomina- Enterprise," North Atlantic station, in 1877-'80, tion of Abraham Lincoln. In July, 1862, Mr. Sel- during which cruise he surveyed Amazon river. He den was appointed a judge of the court of appeals was commissioned captain, 24 Feb., 1881, and in to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his January took charge of the torpedo station at New- brother, and he was afterward elected for a full port, R. I., where he remained until 1885. During term, but resigned in 1864. In 1872 he attended his service at the torpedo station he invented a de- the Cincinnati convention that nominated Horace vice to protect a ship by suspending torpedoes to a Greeley for the presidency, and, though opposed to net by which an attacking torpedo would be de- this course, reluctantly supported him in his can- stroyed. In 1885–7 he commanded the “Omaha,” He published - Reports, New York Court of of the Asiatic squadron, and in March, 1887, after Appeals, 1851-'4" (6 vols., Albany, 1853–'60). he had engaged in target practice off the island of SELFRIDGE, Thomas Oliver, naval officer, Ike-Sima, Japan, the bursting of an unexploded b. in Boston, Mass., 24 April, 1804. He entered shell caused the death of four natives of the island. the navy as midshipman, 1 Jan., 1818, was promoted He was tried by court-martial for criminal care- to lieutenant, 3 March, 1827, and served in the West lessness in Washington in 1888, but was acquitted. Indies, Brazil, and the Mediterranean. He was SELKIRK, or SEALCHRAIG, Alexander, commissioned commander, 11 April, 1844, and was Scottish mariner, b. in Largo, Fifeshire, Scotland, assigned to the ship “ Columbus," which was the in 1676; d. at sea in 1723. When a young lad he flag-ship of the East India squadron in 1845–²6, ran off to sea and engaged in several buccaneering and subsequently of the Pacific squadron during expeditions, half exploring and half piratical. In the Mexican war, 1846—7. In May, 1847, he was 1703 he was sailing-master of a privateer called transferred to the sloop “ Dale,” in which he par- “Cinque Ports Galley,” but, having had a quarrel ticipated in the engagement and capture of Mazat- with his captain, whose name was Stradling, he lan and Guaymas; at the latter place he received was, in September of the following year, at his a severe wound, in consequence of which he was own request, put on shore at Juan Fernandez, an obliged to relinquish the command of the “ Dale,” | uninhabited island 400 miles off the coast of Chili and returned home in June, 1848. He was then on (seen in the accompanying illustration), with some leave and on duty at the Boston navy-yard until necessaries, such as a knife, kettle, axe, gun, am- 1861, when he had command of the steam frigate munition, and a few books. The island is twelve Mississippi," in the Gulf squadron, for a few miles long, four miles broad, and mostly covered months. His wound incapacitated him for sea- with mountains, the highest peak being 3,000 feet service, and he had charge of the navy-yard at above the sea-level. There are also numerous fer- Mare island, Cal., in 1862–5. He was promoted to captain, 14 Sept., 1855, and to commodore, 16 July, 1862, and was retired on 24 April, 1866. He was president of the examining board in 1869–70, light- house inspector at Boston, and also member of the examining board in 1870–'1, since which time he has been on waiting orders, and is now the senior officer of the navy on the retired list. He was pro- moted to rear-admiral, 25 July, 1866.--His son, Thomas Oliver, naval officer, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 6 Feb., 1837, was graduated at the U. S. tile valleys, and many wild goats frequent the naval academy at the head of his class in 1854. He cliffs. In this lonely island Selkirk remained for was promoted to lieutenant, 15 Feb., 1860, and was four years and four months, till the arrival of two 22 lieutenant of the “Cumberland” when she was English vessels, under the command of Capt. sunk by the “ Merrimac” in Hampton Roads, Va. Woodes Rogers (9. 1.), by whom he was taken off He was detailed to command the “Monitor” after in February, 1709. Rogers made Selkirk his mate, the engagement with the Merrimac," but was and sailed with him round the world, reaching transferred as flag-lieutenant of the North Atlan- England on 1 Oct., 1711. In his account of his tic blockading squadron. He was promoted to voyage (1712) he tells of Selkirk's experiences in lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and com- the island. Selkirk had built two huts, the roofing manded the iron-clad steamer - Cairo," which was being long grass, and the wainscoting the skins blown up by a torpedo in Yazoo river, near Vicks- of goats. Pimento wood supplied him with fire burg. He had charge of a siege-battery in the cap- and light, burning very clearly and yielding a fra- ture of Vicksburg, and the steamers * Conestoga grant smell. He made goat-skins into clothes, and and Manitou." He commanded the iron-clad petted cats and kids. Rogers also tells of Selkirk's “ Osace" in the Red river expedition, during which difficulty in returning to the use of speech and to he inflicted a loss of 400 killed and wounded on the the ordinary provisions used on shipboard. Sel- Confederates at Blair's plantation. He next com- kirk returned to Largo, eloped with a girl, married manded the “ Vindicator" and the 5th division of her, and brought her to London. Ile subsequently the Mississippi river fleet until 1864. He had joined the navy, and rose to the rank of lieutenant. charge of the steamer - Huron" in both attacks. It is said that Daniel Defoe met Selkirk at Wap- 66 99 458 SELLERS SELKIRK He was ap- ping, and that his adventures suggested “Robinson | which firm was his second cousin), makers of ma- Crusoe"; but there is a German book of an ear- chinists' tools, and general millwrights. Since lier date narrating similar experiences. Cowper's 1888 he has devoted himself chiefly to consulting “ Lines on Solitude, supposed to be written by practice. Mr. Sellers has obtained more than thirty Alexander Selkirk,” beginning “ I am monarch of letters-patent for inventions of his own, one of the all I survey,” are well known. See “ The Life and first of which, a coupling device for shafting (1857), Adventures of Alexander Selkirk," by John How is the essential factor in the modern system of in- ell (Edinburgh, 1829). A bronze statue of Selkirk terchangeable shafting parts. His invention in was recently unveiled at Largo on the site of the 1866 of feed-disks for lathes or other machine tools cottage in which the mariner was born. was the first practical solution of the problem of SELKIRK, Edward, clergyman, b. in Water- the infinite gradation of feeds. His other pat- bury, Conn., 13 Oct., 1809. He was graduated at ents relate chiefly to improved forms of tools Trinity in 1840, at the General theological semi- or modifications of existing machines. The use nary, New York city, in 1843, was ordained deacon of absorbent cotton for surgical operations was in the Protestant Episcopal church the same year, recommended by him as early as 1861, and he and became priest in 1844. He was then rector of proposed the employment of glycerine in order Trinity church, Albany, N. Y., in which he con- to keep photographic plates wet. tinued till 1884, when he became rector emeritus. pointed professor of mechanics in the Franklin He is an honorary canon of the Albany cathedral. institute in 1881, and non-resident professor of He has published“ An Address on the Laying of engineering practice in Stevens institute of tech- the Corner-Stone of Trinity Church” (Albany, nology in 1888, both of wbich chairs he still (1888) 1844) and “ History of Trinity Church” (1870). holds. The order of St. Olaf was conferred on SELKIRK, Thomas Douglas, Earl of, b. at him by the king of Sweden in 1877, and the degree the family-seat, St. Mary's isle, Kirkcudbrightshire, of doctor of engineering by Stevens institute in Scotland, in June, 1771; d. in Pau, France, 8 April, 1888. He was president of the Franklin institute 1820. He studied at Edinburgh university from during 1870–5, and of the American society of 1786 till 1790, early developed a taste for literary mechanical engineers in 1884, and he has also held pursuits, and was an associate of Sir Walter Scott. that office in the Pennsylvania society for the pre- He succeeded his brother as Lord Dacre in 1797, vention of cruelty to animals and the Photo- and his father as Earl of Selkirk in May, 1799. In graphic society of Philadelphia. He is a member 1803 he settled a colony of 800 Scottish Highlanders of other learned societies both at home and abroad. upon waste land that was given to him by the Mr. Sellers was chosen a member of the Seybert government in Prince Edward island, and soon commission to investigate the claims of Spiritual- afterward he established a small colony in Kent ists, owing to his knowledge of sleight-of-hand, county, Upper Canada. While residing in Mon- having been an expert in the practice of that art treal he conceived the project of planting a colony from his childhood. He was American correspond- of evicted Highlanders from the estates of the ent of the “British Journal of Photography” in Duchess of Sutherland in the Red river country. 1861–3, and, in addition, contributed many papers To accomplish this he purchased a large tract of to technical journals. land on the Red river for colonization from the SELLERS, William, mechanical engineer, b. in Hudson bay company. His Highland colonists be- Upper Darby, Pa., 19 Sept., 1824. He was educated gan to arrive in 1811, and in 1812 the Red river at a private school, and at the age of fourteen was colony was established. Trouble ensued between apprenticed to his uncle, a machinist, with whom he the colony and the Northwest trading company, remained for seven years. In 1845 he was called and the emigrants were driven from their new to the management of the shops of the Fairbanks homes. In 1816 Lord Selkirk went to Red river to and Bancroft machine-works in Providence, R. I., aid his colonists against their enemies, and, as- and two years afterward he established himself inde- sisted by a small armed force, restored them to pendently in Philadelphia. He was then joined by their lands and reimbursed them for their losses. his former employer, and in 1848 the firm of Ban- He became financially embarrassed in consequence croft and Sellers was formed, which continued until of his philanthropic schemes, and persecution and 1855, when, on the death of the senior member, slander so shattered his health that he never the style became William Sellers and Co. Mr. recovered. Soon after his return to Scotland he Sellers has been active in the improvement of ex- went to the south of France to recruit, but he isting forms of tools and machines, as well as in the died shortly afterward. He wrote “ Observations invention of new patterns, and from his first pat- on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, ent, for an improvement on turning-lathes in 1854, with a View of the Causes and Probable Conse- until 1888 he has received seventy patents. His in- quences of Emigration” (London, 1805); "The ventions have received numerous medals, and at the Necessity of a more Effectual System of National World's fair in Vienna in 1873 he was awarded : Defence” (1808); “Sketch of the British Fur grand diploma of honor. In 1868 he established the Trade" (1816): The Red River Settlement” Edgemoor iron company, which now owns the (1817); and “Occurrences in the Indian Countries largest plant in this country for building iron of North America ” (Montreal, 1818). bridges and other structures of iron and steel. All SELLERS, Coleman, dynamical engineer, b. in of the iron-work for the buildings of the World's Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Jan., 1827. He was educated fair in Philadelphia in 1876 were supplied by this at common schools and studied for five years with company. He became president of the Midvale Anthony Bolmar in West Chester, Pa. In 1846 he steel-works in 1873, and reorganized that concern, became draughtsman in the Globe rolling-mill in which is now one of the largest establishments in the Cincinnati, Ohio, and he remained there for three vicinity of Philadelphia. Mr. Sellers was electer years, during part of the time as superintendent. president of the Franklin institute in 1864, and Mr. Sellers then engaged in the manufacture of while holding that ofiice proposed the first formula locomotives, and served for five years as foreman that was ever offered for a system of screws, in the works of Niles and Co. In 1856 he moved threads, and nuts, which subsequently became the to Philadelphia, where he became chief engineer standard for the United States. He is a member of William Sellers and Co. (the senior partner of of scientific societies both in this country and 66 a SELLSTEDT 459 SEMMES are 66 " a abroad, was elected to the American philosophical says of his poetical powers that he had so nimble society in 1864, to the National academy of sci- a fancy for putting his devout thoughts into verse ences in 1873, and correspondent of the Société that upon this, as well as upon greater accounts, d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale in 1875. he was a David unto the Hocks in the wilder- At the formation of the Fairmount park commis- ness.” He collected all the records of the New sion in 1867 he was appointed a commissioner for York Reformed Dutch church to the date of his five years, during which time all of the land now own ministry, and transcribed them with his own comprised in this great park was purchased by the pen. This volume is still extant and in good commission. He was active in the organization preservation in the records of the Reformed Dutch of the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876, and church of New York city. His only publications was at the beginning vice-president of the man- “ Poems,” translated from the Dutch into agement. In 1868 he was elected a trustee of the English by Henry C. Murphy, and printed in his University of Pennsylvania, and he is a director Anthology of the New Netherlands” in the col- of several railroads. His publications include lections of New York historical society, and a Latin short papers and discussions on technical subjects. poem (1687) prefixed to some editions of Cotton SELLSTEDT, Lars Gustaf, artist, b. in Sunds- Mather's “ Magnalia." vall, Sweden, 30 April, 1819. For several years he SEMMES, Alexander Aldebaran, naval offi- followed the life of a sailor, but came to the United cer, b. in Washington, D. C., 8 June, 1825; d. in States in 1834, and in 1842 settled in Buffalo, N. Y., Hamilton, Va., 22 Sept., 1885. He entered the where he still (1888) resides. Soon after his arrival navy as a midshipman, 22 Oct., 1841, attended the in that city he began to paint, and during his naval academy at Annapolis, and became a passed studies profited much by association with Thomas midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He was promoted to Le Clear and William H. Beard. He has devoted master, 11 Aug., 1855, and to lieutenant, 15 Sept., himself chiefly to portraiture, his works in that line 1855. During the civil war he rendered creditable including Solomon G. Haven (1856); George W. service in command of the steamer “Rhode Island" Clinton (1862); Millard Fillmore (1869); a portrait on the Atlantic coast blockade in 1861, and in the of himself in his studio, one of his best works steamer · Wamsutta” on the South Atlantic block- (1871); Sherman S. Rogers (1873); William G. ade, during which he conducted numerous engage- Fargo and Isaac Verplanck (1874); Benjamin Fitch ments with forts and batteries on the coasts of (1883); and Grover Cleveland (1884). He has also Georgia and Florida, where he captured several painted a few marine and genre pictures. Since blockade-runners in 1862–3. He commanded the 1858 he has exhibited frequently at the National monitor “Lehigh ” in the bombardment of Fort academy, where he was elected an associate in 1871, Pringle, and participated in the operations at and an academician in 1874. In Buffalo he has Charleston until that city surrendered. He co- held office in the Fine arts academy since 1863. operated with Grant's army, fought the Howlett SELWYN, Alfred Richard Cecil, Canadian house batteries, and was present at the fall of Rich- geologist, b. in Somersetshire, England, in 1824. mond in 1865. He was commissioned a command- He was educated privately, and continued his er, 25 July, 1866, promoted to captain, 24 Aug., studies in Switzerland, and in 1845 was appointed 1873, and stationed at the Pensacola navy-yard in assistant on the geological survey of Great Britain. 1873–5. In 1880 he was president of the board of In 1852 he was made director of the geological sur- inspection, after which he was commandant of the vey of the colony of Victoria, Australia, in 1854 navy-yard at Washington. He was commissioned and 1859 he examined and reported upon coal- commodore, 10 March, 1882, and was in command fields and gold-fields in Tasmania and South Aus- of the navy-yard at the time of his death, but had tralia, and he acted in other important capacities left the city on account of his health. until he left Australia in 1869, when he went to SEMMES, Raphael, naval officer, b. in Charles Canada and succeeded Sir William E. Logan as county, Md., 27 Sept., 1809; d. in Mobile, Ala., 30 director of the geological survey of that country. Aug., 1877. President John Quincy Adams ap- He has contributed to and edited fifteen volumes pointed him a of annual reports of the geological and natural midshipman in history survey. the U. S. navy SELYNS, Henricus, clergyman, b. in Amster- in 1826, but he dam, Holland, in 1636; d. in New York city in July, did not enter 1701. His ancestors were clergymen in the Re- upon active ser- formed church in Holland for a century previous to vice until 1832, his birth. He was educated for the ministry, and the intermedi- in 1660 was sent to this country by the classis of ate years being Amsterdam to become pastor of the Reformed spent in study. Dutch church of Breukelen (Brooklyn). To sup- In 1834, after plement his salary, he was also permitted to offi- returning from ciate on Sunday afternoons at Peter Stuyvesant's his first cruise, farm, Bouwerie (now Bowery), New York, where he he was admitted taught negroes and the poor whites. He returned to the bar, but to Holland in 1664, but in 1682 accepted a call decided to re- from the 1st Reformed Dutch church of New York main a seaman. city, of which he was pastor until his death. He In 1837 he was was on intimate terms with the most eminent men promoted lieu- of his day, and was the chief of the early minis- tenant, and in ters to enlarge the usefulness of his church, and 1842 he removed to secure for it an independent and permanent to Alabama. At the beginning of the war with foundation under the English government. He Mexico he was made flag-lieutenant under Com. and his consistory obtained, in May, 1696, the first Conner, commanding the squadron in the Gulf, church charter that was issued in the colony. Al and in the siege of Vera Cruz he was in charge of though his original work that has been preserved one of the naval batteries on shore. He was in com- is scanty, he wrote much, and Cotton Mather mand of the U. S. brig “ Somers” on the blockade Raghurt Launes 460 SEMPLE SEMMES 16 of the Mexican coast, when the brig foundered in a | 1851): "The Campaign of Gen. Scott in the Valley gale, and most of her crew were drowned. Lieut. of Mexico ” (1852); - The Cruise of the Alabama Semmes served for several years as inspector of and Sumter" (New York, 1864); and “ Memoirs of light-houses on the Gulf coast, in 1855 was pro- Service Afloat during the War between the States moted commander, and in 1858 became secretary (Baltimore, 1869). The action of the British gor- of the light-house board at Washington. On the ernment in permitting the “* Alabama” and other secession of Alabama, 15 Feb., 1861, he resigned similar cruisers to be fitted out in its ports gave his commission in the U. S. navy and reported to rise to the so-called “ Alabama claims” on the Jefferson Davis at Montgomery, who instructed part of the United States, settled by arbitration him to return to the north and endeavor to pro- in 1872. (See GRANT, ULYSSES S.)His cousin, cure mechanics skilled in the manufacture and use Alexander Jenkins, surgeon, b. in Georgetown, of ordnance and rifle machinery and the prepara- D.C., 17 Dec., 1828, was educated at Georgetown tion of fixed ammunition and percussion-caps. He college, and graduated at the National medical col- was also to buy war material. In Washington he lege, Washington, D. C., in 1854. He subsequently examined the machinery of the arsenal, and con- studied in Paris and London, and on his return ferred with mechanics whom he desired to go settled in Georgetown, D. C., but removed to New south. Within the next three weeks be made a Orleans, La. He was commissioned a surgeon in tour through the principal workshops of New the Confederate army in 1861, served in that ca- York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, purchased pacity in Gen. Thomas J. Jackson's corps in the large quantities of percussion-caps in New York, Army of Northern Virginia, was surgeon in charge which were sent to Montgomery without any dis- in the Jackson military hospital, Richmond, Va., guise, made contracts for light artillery, powder, became medical inspector of the Department of and other munitions of war, and shipped thou- Northern Virginia in 1862, inspector of hospitals in sands of pounds of powder to the south. He re- the Department of Virginia in 1863, and president turned to Montgomery on 4 April, to find that he of the examining boards of the Louisiana, Jack- had been commissioned commander in the Confed- son, Stuart, and Winder hospitals, Richmond, Va., erate navy, and placed in charge of the light-house in 1865. He was visiting physician to the Charity bureau, which he relinquished within two weeks to hospital, New Orleans, La., in 1866–7, removed to go to New Orleans and fit out the “Sumter,” with Savannah, Ga., and in 1870-'6 was professor of which he captured eighteen merchantmen. After physiology in the Savannah medical college. Sub- the blockade of that ship at Tangiers by two U. S. sequently he took orders in the Roman Catholic men-of-war, he sold her and went to England, hav- church, and in 1886 he became president of Pio ing been promoted meantime to the rank of cap- Nono college, Macon, Ga. He was a secretary of tain. There the fast steamer “Alabama” was built the American medical association in 1858–9, a for him, and in August, 1863, he took command of member of several professional societies, and the her at the Azores islands, put to sea, and captured author of medical and other papers. His publica- sixty-two American merchantmen, most of which tions include Medical Sketches of Paris” (New he burned at sea. Upon her loss in the battle with York, 1852): “Gunshot Wounds ” (1864); Notes the “Kearsarge," on 19 June, 1864 (see Winslow, from a Surgical Diary (1866); “Surgical Notes John A.), he returned to England, and in London of the Late War” (1867); “ The Fluid Extracts was presented by officers of the British army and (1869); “ Evolution the Origin of Life" (1873); and navy with a sword to replace that which he had the “Influence of Yellow Fever on Pregnancy and cast into the sea from the deck of his sinking ship. | Parturition” (1875). On 3 Oct., 1864, he sailed for Havana, whence he SEMPLE, James, senator, b. in Green county, reached Bagdad, a Mexican port on the Gulf, and Ky., 5 Jan., 1798; d. in Elsah Landing, Ill., 20 passed through Texas and Louisiana. Ile was ap- Dec., 1866. His educational advantages were lim- pointed rear-admiral, and ordered to the James ited to the common schools of Greensburg and the river squadron, with which he guarded the water law-school at Louisville, Ky. After his graduation approaches to Richmond until the city was evacu- at the latter he removed at once to Edwardsville, ated. At Greensboro’, N. C., on 1 May, 1865, he 11., and practised his profession. At the beginning participated in the capitulation of Gen. Johnston's of the Black Hawk war he was commissioned briga- army. He returned to Mobile and opened a law dier-general. He represented Madison county seve office. There, on 15 Dec., 1865, he was arrested by eral times in the legislature, and was twice speaker order of Sec. Welles and was imprisoned. The rea- of the house. From 1837 till 1842 he was minister son, as given by the attorney-general of the United at Bogota, Colombia. In 1843 he was elected judge States, was his liability to trial as a traitor, which of the superior court, but he soon resigned to enter he had evaded by his escape after the destruction of the U. S. senate, where he served froin 4 Dec., 1843, the “ Alabama." From his prison he wrote to Presi- till 3 March, 1847, filling the unexpired term of dent Johnson a letter claiming immunity for all Samuel McRoberts, deceased. He became an active past deeds under the military convention, to which advocate of the 54° 40' line in the Oregon question. he was a party at Greensboro', and the subsequent Returning to his home in 1847, he declined to ae- quarrel between Mr. Johnson and the Republican cept any political office. He expended considera- majority of congress interrupted any proceedings ble time and money during the last years of his looking to his trial. He was released under the life in experimenting on a steam road-wagon which third of the president's amnesty proclamations, he had made, but it proved a failure. and in May, 1866, was elected judge of the pro- SEMPLE, Robert, British author, b. in Scotland bate court of Mobile county, but an order from about 1766 ; d. in Fort Douglas, British America, 19 President Johnson forbade him to exercise the June, 1816. He was nominated chief governor functions of the office. He then became editor of of all the factories and territories of the Hudson a daily paper in Mobile, which he gave up to accept bay company in 1815, and, sailing from England, a professor's chair in the Louisiana military insti- reached York factory, British America, in August tute. He afterward returned to Mobile and re- of the same year. The made a tour of inspection of sumed the practice of law, in which he was occu- all the posts of the company immediately upon his pied till his death. He published - Service Afloat arrival, and did not reach his headquarters at Fort and Ashore during the Mexican War" (Cincinnati, Douglas (now part of Winnipeg) until the spring : SEMPLE 461 SEPTENVILLE of 1816. For some time previous to the arrival of sergeant (or sheriff) of the city of Fredericksburg, Gov. Semple there had been a conflict of authority Va., in 1863–5. He was army correspondent of between the fludson bay company and the North the Southern associated press, with Gen. Lee's Army west trading company, which resulted in bloodshed of Northern Virginia in 1862-'5, and from 1865 till on several occasions. On 19 June, 1816, Cuth- 1875 was editor of the Fredericksburg · Ledger." bert Grant, a half-breed, representing the North- Mr. Sener was a delegate from Virginia to the west company, in command of a band of Indians National Republican conventions of 1872 and 1876 and others, marched against Fort Douglas, attacked and served on the National Republican committee Gov. Semple while he was parleying with them, from 1876 till 1880. He was a member of congress and killed him and twenty-seven others. He is in 1873–5, and was the chairman of the committee represented as a mild, just, and honorable man. on expenditures in the department of justice, be- Among other works he wrote - Walks and Sketches ing the first chairman of such a committee. He at the Cape of Good Hope” (London, 1803); was chief justice of Wyoming territory from 18 “Charles Ellis, or the Friends," a novel (1806); " A Dec., 1879, till 10 March, 1884. Journey through Spain and Italy ” (2 vols., 1807); SENEY, Joshua, member of the Continental * Spanish Post-Guide” (1808); “Second Journey congress, b. on the eastern shore of Maryland in in Spain " (1809); “State of Caraccas" (1812); and 1750; d. there in 1799. He was educated by pri- “ Tour from Hamburgh ” (1814). vate tutors, engaged in planting, and supported SEMPLE, Robert Baylor, clergyman, b. in the patriot cause during the Revolution. He was King and Queen county, Va., 20 Jan., 1769; d. in a member of the Continental congress in 1787–8, Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Dec., 1831. After receiv- and of the 1st congress in 1789, and served by re- ing a good education he taught in a private family election till 1 May, 1792, when he resigned. He and then began to study law, but abandoned it and was a presidential elector in that year, supporting devoted himself to the ministry. In 1790 he was Washington and Adams. He married Frances, chosen pastor of the Bruington Baptist church, daughter of Com. James Nicholson.--His grandson, and he continued in this relation until his death. George Ingraham, philanthropist, b. in Astoria, He soon became one of the most useful and popular L. I., 12 May, 1826, is the son of Rev. Robert Seney, men in Virginia, performed frequent and extensive a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. preaching tours, and with equal vigor and wisdom George was a student in 1845 at Wesleyan, from promoted the new enterprises of benevolence that which he received the degree of A. M. in 1866, was were beginning to attract the attention of his de- graduated at the University of the city of New York nomination. The interests of missions and education in 1847, entered the banking business, and rose from found in him a powerful friend. He received many the post of paying-teller in the Metropolitan bank, testimonies of public confidence and esteem. He New York city, to the presidency of that institu- was for some time financial agent of Columbian tion, holding the latter office in 1877-'84, when the college, and president of its board of trustees, de- bank was suspended and Mr. Seney lost a fortune clined an invitation to the presidency of Transyl- of several million dollars, a large part of which he vania university in 1805, and in 1820 was elected has since regained. His contributions to chari- president of the Baptist triennial convention, con- table and educational institutions include $410,000 tinuing to hold this oflice until his death. He re- to the Methodist general hospital of Brooklyn, ceived the honorary degree of D. D. from Brown $100,000 to the Long Island historical society, in 1816. Dr. Semple was the author of a “Cate- $250,000 to Emory college and Wesleyan female chism" (1809); a “ History of Virginia Baptists” college, Macon, Ga., and $100,000 to benevolent (1810); “ Memoir of Elder Straughan”; “ Letters objects in Brooklyn. He founded the Seney schol- to Alexander Campbell,” etc. arships and largely endowed Wesleyan university, SENECAL, Louis Adelard, Canadian senator, and has contributed to miscellaneous charities b. in Varennes, Lower Canada, 10 July, 1829; d. more than $400,000. His gallery of pictures is one in Montreal, 11 Oct., 1887. He was educated in of the finest in the United States, and he has pre- his native place and in Burlington, Vt., and after- sented several valuable paintings to the Metropol- ward engaged in business. He was a member of the itan museum of art, New York city. Quebec assembly for Drummond and Arthabaska SENTER, Isaac, physician, b. in New Hamp- from 1867 till 1871, and of the Dominion parlia- shire in 1755 ; d. in Newport, R. I.. 20 Dec., 1799. ment for Yamaska from 1867 till 1872, and became He went to Newport, R. I., early in life, studied a member of the Dominion senate, 12 March, 1887. medicine with Dr. Thomas Moffat, was a surgeon In 1857 he opened to navigation the Yamaska river in the Revolutionary army, and accompanied between Sorel and St. Aimé, and the St. Francis Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec, an inter- river between Sorel and St. Francis. He has con- esting account of which he published in the “ Bul- structed numerous railways, including the ice rail- letin of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.” way on the St. Lawrence from Montreal to Long- He afterward practised in Pawtucket, but finally ueuil, which he worked for two winters. Under his settled in Newport, and became one of the most management the Richelieu line was extended from eminent surgeons and practitioners in the state. Hamilton and Toronto to Chicoutimi, a distance of He was an honorary member of the medical so- about 1,000 miles. He was a general superintend- cieties of London, Edinburgh, and Massachusetts, ent of the government railways of the province of and for many years was president of the Society Quebec, president of the North Shore railway, the of the Cincinnati of Rhode Island. \le contributed Montreal City Passenger railway, and the Richelieu to the medical journals, and published “ Remarks and Ontario navigation company. He was a com- on Phthisis Pulmonalis” in the “ Transactions of mander of the French Legion of honor. the College of Physicians of Philadelphia” (1795). SENER, James Beverly, lawyer, b. in Fred- SEPTENVILLE, Charles Edourd Langlois ericksburg, Va., 18 May, 1837. He received an (sav-tong-veal), Baron de, French author, b. in academic preparation, attended lectures at the Paris, 17 Nov., 1835. Ile inherited a fortune, and University of Virginia as a state student, and was devoted himself to historical researches, especially graduated in several of the schools of the univer- upon the early history of South America. In sity. He then studied law at Lexington, Vit., was March, 1876, he was elected a deputy by the city adinitted to the bar in March, 1860, and served as of Amiens, and he is member of various learned 462 SERGEANT SERCEY societies, including the Antiquaires de France, the years at Princeton, and studied medicine with his Historical institute of Rio Janeiro, and the Archæo- uncle, Dr. Thomas Williams, in Deerfield, Mass. logical society of Madrid. Septenville's works in- He then settled in Stockbridge, and was the first clude, besides numerous valuable articles in his practitioner in that town. He was a skilful sur- torical magazines, " Victoires et conquêtes de geon, and the principal operator within a circle of l'Espagne depuis l'occupation des Maures jusqu'à thirty miles radius. He entered the Revolutionary nos jours ” (3 vols., Paris, 1862); “ Découvertes army in 1775 as major of the 7th Massachusetts et conquêtes du Portugal dans les deux mondes' regiment, and served with it on Lake Champlain (2 vols., 1863); “Le Brésil sous la domination Por- from December, 1776, till April, 1777, and subse- tugaise" (1872); and “Fastes militaires et mari- quently till Burgoyne's surrender.-Another son of times du Portugal” (2 vols., 1879). John, John, missionary, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., in SERCEY, Pierre César Charles Guillaume, 1747; d. there, 8 Sept., 1824, studied at Princeton Marquis de, French naval officer, b. near Autun, two years, was ordained to the ministry of the 26 April, 1753; d. in Paris, 10 Aug., 1836. He en- Congregational church, and in 1775 took charge of tered the navy in 1766, was commissioned ensign the Indian part of the Stockbridge congregation. in May, 1779, and served under the Count de When they removed to New Stockbridge, N. Y., Guichen. For his participation in several danger- he followed them and labored among them until ous enterprises during the siege of Pensacola, Fla., his death. One of his daughters established a he was made lieutenant and given the cross of St. temperance society for Indian women. Mr. Ser- Louis. On his return to France he was ordered to geant possessed little worldly wisdom, and was bet- the command of “La Surveillante” in 1790, and ter known for his useful and blameless life than sailed for Martinique. He was promoted captain for his intellectual gifts, but he exercised great in- in 1792, and in January, 1793, was ordered to con- fluence among the Indian tribes, and, on hearing of voy to France all the merchant vessels those his expected death, one of the chiefs said : “ We waters, He had collected more than fifty ships feel as if our sun was setting, and we do not know laden with valuable cargoes, when the rising of what darkness will succeed.” — The first John's the negroes in Santo Domingo occurred. He res- nephew, Jonathan Dickinson, lawyer, b. in cued 6,000 of the colonists. As his scanty supply Newark, N. J., in 1746 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 of provisions and the feebleness of his naval force Oct., 1793, was the grandson of Jonathan Dickin- did not permit of his attempting to cross the At- son, the first president of Princeton. He was lantic, he set sail for the coast of New England, graduated there in where he arrived in safety. On his return to 1762, studied law, France in December he was imprisoned for six and began prac- months for being of noble birth. In December, tice in his native 1795, he was given command of the naval force state. He took his that was detailed to accompany the two civil com- seat in the Conti- missioners that were charged with the execution nental congress a of the decree giving liberty to the blacks in Mau- few days after the ritius and Reunion. Sercey, fearing that scenes signing of the Dec- similar to those he had witnessed at Santo Domingo laration of Inde- might be enacted there, warned the colonists of pendence, served the nature of the commissioners' errand, and they in 1776-'7, and in were in consequence not allowed to land. In 1804, July, 1777, became at his earnest request, he was placed on the retired attorney - general list, and sailed for the Mauritius, which he gallantly of Pennsylvania. defended against the English in 1810. On the In 1778, congress declaration of peace in 1814 he was appointed having ordered a president of the commission to negotiate in Eng-court-martial for land for the exchange of French prisoners. On the trial of Gen. his return to France he was promoted vice-admiral, Arthur St. Clair again placed on the retired list in April, 1832, and and other officers became a member of the house of peers. in relation to the evacuation of Ticonderoga, he SERGEANT, John, missionary, b. in Newark, was appointed by that body, with William Pat- N. J., in 1710; 'd. in Stockbridge, Mass., 27 July, terson, of New Jersey, to assist the judge-advo- 1749. His grandfather, Jonathan, was a found-cate in the conduct of the trial. He resigned the er of Newark in 1667. John was graduated at office of attorney-general in 1780, settled in his Yale in 1729, and served as tutor there in 1731–5. profession in Philadelphia, was counsel for the He began to preach to the Indians at Housatonic, state of Pennsylvania in the controversy with Con- in western Massachusetts, in 1734, and the next year necticut concerning the Wyoming lands in 1782, permanently settled among them and taught them and was conspicuous in the management of many in their own language. In 1736, when the general other important cases. When the yellow fever court purchased of the Indians all the land at visited Philadelphia in 1793 he was appointed one Skatehook, and in return granted them the town of the health committee, and in consequence re- ship which is now called Stockbridge, he was made fused to leave the city. He distributed large sumns owner of one sixtieth part, and ordained “settled among the poor, nursed the sick, and was active missionary to the Indians" there and at Kaunau- in sanitary measures, but fell a victim to the epi- meek. A short time before his death he estab- demic.—Jonathan Dickinson's son, John, lawyer, lished a manual-labor school at Stockbridge that b. in Philadelphia, 5 Dec., 1779; d. there, 25 Nov., was in successful operation several years. He 1852, was graduated at Princeton in 1795, and, translated into the Indian language parts of the abandoning his intention to become a merchant, Old Testament and all of the New except the book studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia of Revelation, and published a Letter on the In- | bar in 1799. For more than half a century he was dians ” (1743) and "A Sermon” (1743).—His son, known throughout the country as one of the most Erastus, physician, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 7 honorable and learned members of his profession Aug., 1742; d. there, 14 Nov., 1814, passed two | and its acknowledged leader in Philadelphia. He Jona Sergeants 66 SERNA 463 SERRA a entered public life in 1801, when he was appointed | in 1813. In 1816 he held the rank of major-gen- commissioner of bankruptcy by Thomas Jefferson, eral and was appointed to take command in Peru. was a member of the legislature in 1808-'10, and He arrived on 22 Sept. in Callao, and, proceeding of congress in 1815–23, 1827–9, and 1837–42. In at once to upper Peru, took charge of the army in 1820 he was active in securing the passage of the Cotagaita on 12 Nov. The viceroy urged Serna to Missouri compromise. He was appointed one of begin offensive operations against the province of the two envoys in 1826 to the Panama congress, was Tucuman, which was occupied by the Argentine president of the Pennsylvania constitutional con- patriots. Serna objected to the insufficiency of vention in 1830, and Whig candidate for the vice- his forces, but Pezuela insisted, when suddenly presidency on the ticket with Henry Clay in 1832. they were surprised by the victorious march of San fle declined the mission to England in 1841, and Martin across the Andes and the reconquest of his last public service was that of arbitrator to de- Chili. The army of upper Peru was henceforth termine a long-pending controversy. The question reduced to a defensive warfare against the insur- at issue concerned the title to Pea Patch island as rectionary movements in several parts of the coun- derived by the United States from the state of Dela- try. Serna's opposition to the viceroy increased, ware, and by James Humphrey claiming through and at last he asked for permission to retire to Henry Gale from the state of New Jersey. This Spain. His leave of absence arrived in May, 1819, involved the question of the boundary between the and in September he resigned the command of the two states, or, in other words, the claim Delaware army to Gen. Canterac. On his arrival in Lima in river, and the decision in favor of the United States December, his partisans made a demonstration in incidentally decided the boundary dispute in favor favor of not allowing Serna to leave Peru on the of Delaware.—Another son of Jonathan Dickinson, eve of a threatened invasion from Chili, and the Thomas, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Jan., viceroy, to avoid disagreement, promoted him lieu- 1782 ; d. there, 8 May, 1860, was graduated at tenant-general and appointed him president of a Princeton in 1798, studied law under Jared Inger- consulting council of war. After the landing of soll, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia San Martin in Pisco, 8 Sept., 1820, Serna, through in 1802. He was in the legislature in 1812-’14, in secret machinations, obtained an appointment as the latter year was appointed associate justice of commander-in-chief of the army that was gathered the district court of Philadelphia, and was secretary at Aznapuquio, to protect the capital against the of the commonwealth in 1817-’19. While holding advance of San Martin, and was ordered by the that office he began the formation of the state law viceroy to march to Chancay. On 29 Jan., 1821, library at Harrisburg. He was attorney-general the principal officers of the camp, partisans of in 1819-20, postmaster of Philadelphia in 1828–32, Serna, presented a petition to the viceroy, request- and in February, 1834, became associate-justice of ing him to resign in favor of the latter. Pezuela the state supreme court, which office he held till refused, and ordered Serna to subdue the mutiny; his resignation in 1846. His judicial decisions were but the latter pretended to be unable to do so, and, esteemed for their brevity, clearness, and accuracy, after vain resistance, the viceroy delivered to him and it is said that he was the only judge that ever the executive on the evening of the same day. sat on the Pennsylvania bench not one of whose When San Martin threatened the capital, a Spanish decisions was reversed. He was the chief expounder commissioner, Capt. Manuel Abreu, arrived from of the limited equity jurisdiction of the court, and Europe with orders to negotiate for a pacific was of service in bringing this into an intelligible arrangement, and Serna sent him to make propo- and convenient shape. He returned to the bar in sals to San Martin. The negotiations lasted from 1847, and successfully practised until the failure of 3 May till 24 June, but produced no result, and on his health compelled his gradual abandonment of the next day hostilities began again. As the situ- professional labor. He was provost of the law- ation became daily more dangerous, Serna aban- academy of Philadelphia in 1844–55, for many doned the capital on 6 July, 1821, and retired to years president of the Pennsylvania historical so- Jauja, where he reorganized his army, sending ciety, a member of the American philosophical Gen. Canterac on 24 Aug, with a force of 4,000 society, and a trustee of the University of Pennsyl- men to relieve Callao. Afterward Serna established vania. He married, on 14 Sept., 1812, Sarah Bache, his headquarters at Cuzco, but after a campaign a granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. His of variable success there were dissensions in the publications include " Treatise upon the Law of army, and Gen. Olañeta refused obedience and Pennsylvania relative to the Proceedings by For- maintained an independent position in upper Peru. eign Attachment” (Philadelphia, 1811); “ Report Canterac was defeated on 6 Aug., 1824, by Bolivar, of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of Penn- at Junin. The viceroy now resolved to crush the sylvania," with William Rawle, Jr. (17 vols., patriot army by a supreme effort, and left Cuzco 1814_29); “ Constitutional Law” (1822); “ Sketch in October with a well-disciplined army of 10,000 of the National Judiciary Powers exercised in the infantry and 1,600 cavalry. He met the patriot United States Prior to the Adoption of the Present army in the mountain plain of Avacucho on 8 Federal Constitution" (1824); and View of the Dec., and on the next day was totally defeated by Land Laws of Pennsylvania ” (1838). Gen. Sucre and wounded and taken prisoner. The SERNA, José de la (sair-nah), last viceroy of Spanish army lost 2,000 wounded and dead and Peru, b. in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, in 1770; d. 3,000 prisoners, and as the rest was entirely dis- in Cadiz in 1832. At an early age he entered the persed, Gen. Canterac, the second in command, army, seeing his first service as a cadet in the de- signed an honorable capitulation the next day, and fence of Ceuta against the Moors in 1784. He the viceroy, who on the date of the battle had been served afterward against the French in Catalonia created by the king Count de los Andes, was soon in 1795, under Admiral Mazarredo against the afterward permitted to sail for Europe. He was British in 1797, and in the second siege of Sara- honorably received at court, his administration was gossa in 1809, where he was captured and carried approved, and he was appointed captain-general of to France as a prisoner. Soon he escaped, and, several provinces. after travelling for some time in Switzerland and SERRA, Angel (sair'-rah), Mexican linguist, b. the Orient, returned in 1811 to Spain, and served in Zitacuaro, Michoacan, about 1640; d. in Quere- under Wellington till the expulsion of the French / taro about 1700. lle entered the Franciscan order 464 SERVOSS SERRANO Y DOMINGUEZ 9 in Mexico, and became guardian of the Convent of 1. SERRELL, Edward Wellman, civil engineer, San Pedro y San Pablo, where he studied the Ta- b. in New York city, 5 Nov., 1826. He was edu- rasco language, in which he soon became the recog- cated at schools in his native city, and then studied nized authority in Mexico. Wishing to utilize his surveying and civil engineering under the direction knowledge, he was sent to the Sierra Gorda as mis- of an elder brother. In 1845 he became assistant sionary to the Indians, and was appointed parish engineer in charge of the Central railroad of New priest of Charapan, and afterward of Queretaro. Jersey, and he subsequently served in a similar He wrote - Manual Trilingüe, Latino, Castellano y capacity on the construction of other roads. He Tarasco, para administrar los Sacramentos á los accompanied the expedition that in 1848 located Españoles y á los Indios (Mexico, 1697); “El the route of the railroad between Aspinwall and Catecismo del P. Bartolomé Castaño, traducido al' | Panama, and on his return, a year later, was en- Tarasco” (Queretaro, 1699); and " Arte, Diccion- gaged in building the suspension-bridge across ario y Confesionario en Tarasco," which was ready the Niagara river at Lewiston ; also that at St. for publication at the author's death. Johns, New Brunswick. Mr. Serrell was in charge SERRANO Y DOMINGUEZ, Francisco, Duke of the Hoosac tunnel in 1858, and was concerned de la Torre, Spanish soldier, b. at San Fernando, in the construction of the Bristol bridge over Avon near Cadiz, 17 Oct., 1810; d. in Madrid, 26 Nov., river, in England, which had the largest span of 1885. He was the son of a Spanish general, entered any bridge in that country at the time it was built. the military college as a cadet in 1822, and in 1825 At the beginning of the civil war he entered the became ensign. He served till 1833 in the coast- 1st New York volunteers as lieutenant-colonel, soon guard, but after the death of Ferdinand VII. he became its colonel, and served as chief engineer of espoused the cause of the child-queen, Isabella II. the 10th army corps in 1863. He was chief engineer He was promoted in 1840 major-general and second and chief of staff under Gen. Benjamin F. Butler in chief of the captaincy-general of Valencia, and in 1864, and designed and personally superintended the 1843 elected to the cortes, of which he became vice-construction of the “Swamp-angel” battery that president. He joined in the overthrow of the re- bombarded Charleston. Many valuable improve- gency of Espartero on 24 July, and the declaration ments of guns and processes, that proved of practical that Queen Isabella was of age. In November of service during the war, were suggested by him, and the same year he was for ten days minister of war, the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was in 1845 he became lieutenant-general and senator, conferred on him on 13 March, 1865. After 186.5 and after the young queen's marriage in 1846 he he settled in New York, and engaged principally in obtained such influence over her that a public the building of railroads, becoming in 1887 presi- scandal followed, and he was appointed captain- dent and consulting engineer of the Washington general of Granada. In order to bring him to County railroad. In addition to papers on scientific Madrid again, the queen appointed him inspector- and technical subjects, he has published nearly fifty general of cavalry and captain-general of New Cas- reports on railroads and bridges. tile; he took part in several short-lived ministries SERVIEN, Claude (sair-ve-ang), Flemish mis- and many military pronunciamientos, and in Feb- sionary, b. in Tournay in 1493; d. in Mexico in ruary, 1854, was exiled for participation in the in- 1549. After finishing his studies in Brussels, he surrection of Saragossa. In June he returned to went to the New World in quest of fortune, and take part in the successful revolution under Espar- served in Cuba and Mexico. But the cruelty tero and O'Donnell, and in July, 1856, he joined of the conquerors to the Indians so affected him the latter in his successful coup d'état, and was that he resolved to devote his life to their re- sent in 1857 as ambassador to Paris. In 1860 he lief, and in 1527 entered the Dominican order in went as captain-general to Cuba, and during his Mexico. Later he became secretary of Las Casas, administration the annexation of Santo Domingo whom he accompanied to Guatemala. In 1539 he to the Spanish crown was brought about. For this, established in northern Guatemala a model farm although it cost the nation millions of money and and garden for the benefit of Indians that he thousands of lives, he was created Duke de la Torre had persuaded to lead an agricultural life. But, as on his return to Spain, and made captain-general | he refused, after the departure of Las Casas, to em- of the army. In 1866 he was imprisoned in Ali- ploy them in work for the benefit of the order, he cante for his protest, as president of the senate, was sent in 1545 to Seville. The vessel that carried against the illegal dissolution of the cortes, and in him was taken by French corsairs, and he was July, 1868, was exiled to the Canary islands, but brought to La Rochelle, whence he set out for on 19 Sept. he landed at Cadiz, and aided in over- Rome. There he presented to the holy see a memoir throwing the government of Queen Isabella, van- in which he exposed the evils that had resulteul quishing the royal troops at Alcolea on 28 Sept. from the course of the Spanish conquerors towarıl On 8 Oct. he became chief of the provisional gov- the Indians. The pope ordered inquiries to be ernment, and on 16 June, 1869, he was elected re- made, and sent a commission of two priests to visit gent of the kingdom, which place he occupied till the South American missions. Servien accom- the acceptation of the crown by Prince Amadeo, panied them, and they proceeded immediately to who in January, 1871, made him prime minister. Mexico. On their arrival he was arrested by the In 1872 he took the field as commander-in-chief authorities, and imprisoned in the main convent against the Carlists, and, after the proclamation of of the Dominican order, where he died. the republic in 1873, he retired to France. He re- SERVOSS, Thomas Lowery, merchant, b. in turned to Spain toward the end of the year, and Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Oct., 1786; d. in New York after the coup d'état of Gen. Pavia was made chief city, 30 Nov., 1866. He was educated in his native of the executive, 4 Jan., 1874. negotiating private city, and then engaged in the shipping business, ly, it is thought, with Martinez Campos the resto- In 1808 he settled in Natchez, Miss., where he pur- ration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII. on 9 chased cotton and sold goods that were consigned Jan., 1875. He continued to take an active part in to him from the north, and in 1817 he moved to politics as chief of the right centre, and in 1883 New Orleans, where he continued his mercantile was appointed ambassador of Spain to France. He career. Meanwhile, in 1814, when the seaports of married a Cuban lady of great beauty, and left the United States were threatened by the British a son and two daughters. navy, Mr. Servoss Wils in New York, and, on learning SETON 465 SETON a that New Orleans was about to be attacked, he left | dence for the Sisters, a novitiate, a boarding-school at once for that city by way of Pittsburg, where he for young girls, a school for poor children, and found two keel-boats laden with muskets. He took an orphan asylum, was erected. In 1814 Mother passage on one of these, and by his knowledge of Seton sent a colony of Sisters to Philadelphia river navigation he placed his boat in advance of to take charge of the orphan asylum. In 1817, others, in consequence of which the U. S. troops in response to another application from New received the arms; otherwise, as has been said by York, another body came to that city. At her John H. Eaton in his “Life of Andrew Jackson, death there were more than twenty communities of New Orleans would have fallen into the hands of Sisters of Charity, conducting free schools, orphan- the British. In 1827 Mr. Servoss settled permanent- ages, boarding-schools, and hospitals, in the states ly in New York. He built, in 1831, the first five of Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Mas- packet ships that ran regularly between New York sachusetts, Virginia, Missouri, and Louisiana, and in and New Orleans, and was agent of the line. Mr. the District of Columbia. Although, according to Servoss was active in charitable enterprises, and the constitution of her order, no one could be elected held office in various benevolent societies. He con- to the office of mother-superior for more than two tributed articles on popular topics to journals, and terms successively, an exception was made in her presented a series of historical reminiscences to the favor by the unanimous desire of her companions, New York historical society in 1858. He married and she held the office during life. See “ Memoirs. ghter of John Pintard. of Mrs. S- written by Herself: A Fragment of SETON, Elizabeth Ann, philanthropist, b. in Real History” (Elizabethtown, N. J., 1817); “ Life New York city, 28 Aug., 1774; d. in Emmettsburg, of Mrs. Seton, Foundress and First Superior of the Md., 4 Jan., 1821. She was the daughter of Dr. Sisters of Charity in the United States,” by Rev. Richard Bayley, a physician of New York, and Charles I. White, D. D. (7th revised ed., Balti- married William Seton, of the same city. Her hus- more, 1872); and “ Vie de Madame Elizabeth band's father, William Seton (1746–1798), belonged Seton,” by Madame de Barbary (Paris, 1868). A to an impoverished noble Scottish family, emigrated collection of her letters and papers, edited by her to New York in 1758, and became superintendent grandson, Monsignor Seton, has been published (2 and part owner of the iron-works of Ringwood, N.J. vols., New York, 1869).—Her grandson, William, He was a loyalist, and the last royal public notary author, b. in New York city, 28 Jan., 1835, is son for the city and province of New York during the of William Seton, an officer in the U.S. navy. He war. His silver notarial seal, dated 1779, is still in is recognized by Burke's “ Peerage " as the head of the possession of his family. He was ruined finan- the ancient family of the Setons of Parbroath, cially at the close of the Revolution, but remained in senior cadets of the Earls of Winton in Scotland. New York, where he founded the once famous mer- He was educated at Mount St. Mary's college, Em- cantile house of Se- mettsburg, Md., and by private tutors, and served. ton, Maitlandand Co. as captain of the 4th New York volunteers, during In 1803 she went to the first part of the civil war, until he was disabled · Italy with her fam- by wounds that he received at Antietam. He is a ily. On the death of frequent contributor to periodicals and journals, her husband she re- and has published “ Romance of the Charter Oak” turned to the United (New York, 1870); “ The Pride of Lexington; a States, and in 1805 Tale of the American Revolution”(1871); “Rachel's she was received in- Fate and Other Tales" (1882); “ The Poor Million- to the Roman Cath- aire, a Tale of New York Life" (1884); and “The olic church. To sup- Shamrock gone West, and Moida, a Tale of the port her five chil- Tyrol” (New York, 1884). He is also the author dren she opened of “The Pioneer," a poem (1874).—Robert, another school in New York, grandson of Elizabeth Ann, clergyman, b. in Pisa, but, not meeting with Italy, 28 Aug., 1839, was educated in Mount St. success, she wasabout Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Md., and in the to remove to Cana- Academia ecclesiastica, Rome, where he was gradu- da, when she made ated with the degree of D. D. In 1866 he was raised the acquaintance of to the rank of private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX. Dr. William Louis He is the first American that was honored with the Dubourg, then presi- Roman Prelatura, and is the dean of all the mon- dent of St. Mary's signori in the United States. He was made pro- college, who invited thonotary apostolic in 1867, and rector of St. Jo- her to reside in Bal- seph's church, Jersey City, in 1876. He has written timore and open a school for girls. Before this she Memoirs, Letters, and Journal of Elizabeth Se- had formed the design of founding a congregation ton" (2 vols., New York, 1869) and “ Essays on Va- of women for the service of children and orphans, rious Subjects, chiefly Roman " (1882), and is also a and $8,000, given by young convert to Dr. Du- frequent contributor to Roman Catholic periodicals. bourg for charitable uses and transferred by the lat- SETON, Samuel Waddington, educator, b. in ter to Mrs. Seton, enabled her to carry out this pur- New York city, 23 Jan., 1789; d. there. 20 Nov., pose. A farm was purchased at Emmettsburg, Md., 1869. He was educated in the schools of New and on 22 June, 1809, Mrs. Seton moved thither, York, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and made a with three companions, forming the nucleus of an voyage to China. After his return to New York order that afterward spread over the United States. he was a banker till 1827, when he was elected The community increased rapidly in numbers, and agent of the Public school society, in which ca- pupils flocked to the school. In 1811 Mother Seton pacity he was visitor of their schools, and had adopted the rules and constitution of St. Vincent charge of their extensive system of supplies and de Paul, with some modifications, and the institu- libraries. He held the office until the society tion, having received the sanction of the highest was merged in the present board of education in ecclesiastical authority, became a religious order. 1853. He was then appointed assistant superin- Afterward a group of buildings, embracing a resi- | tendent, which post he held till his death. He also IS ED. Seton 99 VOL. V.-30 466 SEVIER SETTLE was took a warm interest in religious matters, and dur- SEVERANCE, Luther, editor, b. in Montague, ing the forty-eight years in which he held the office Mass., 28 Oct., 1797; d. in Augusta, Me., 25 Jan., of Sunday-school superintendent was absent from 1855. After learning the printer's trade in Pe- his post only twelve times. terboro, N. Y., he worked in Washington, Phila- SETTLE, Thomas, jurist, b. in Rockingham delphia, and several other cities, and in 1825 set- county, N. Č., in 1791 ; d. there, 5 Aug., 1857. He tled in Augusta, Me., and established the “Ken- received a common-school education, was admitted nebec Journal.” He served in the legislature in to the bar, and practised at Wentworth, N. C. He 1830-'1, in the state senate in 1835, and again in entered public life in 1816 as a member of the house the legislature in 1839-42. He was in congress in of commons, and was in congress in 1817–21, hav- 1843–7, having been elected as a Whig, and in ing been elected as a Democrat. He was again in 1850 was appointed United States minister to the the legislature in 1826–8, the last year was speaker Sandwich islands, which post he held four years. of the house, and in 1832–'54 was a judge of the su- See a "Memoir” of him by James G. Blaine (Au- preme court of North Carolina, and eminent for his gusta, Me., 1856). virtues and legal ability.-His son, Thomas, jurist, SEVIER, John, pioneer, b. in Rockingham b. in Rockingham county, N. C., 23 Jan., 1831; d. county, Va., 23 Sept., 1745; d. near Fort Decatur, in Raleigh, N.C., 1 Dec., 1888. He was gradaated at Ga., 24 Sept., 1815. He was descended from an the University of North Carolina in 1850, read law, ancient French family who spelled their name served in the legislature in 1854–9, was speaker of Xavier. His father, Valentine, emigrated to this the house the latter year, and a presidential elector country from in 1856, casting his vote for James Buchanan. He London about supported Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency 1740, and, set- in 1860, and used his influence to prevent secession, tling in Rock- but, when the civil war began, entered the Confed- ingham county, erate army as captain in the 3d North Carolina John was edu- regiment. After a service of twelve months he cated, until he returned to civil life and became solicitor of the sixteen 4th judicial district. He united with the Repub- years of age, lican party in 1865, was elected to the state senate at the academy in that year, became its speaker, and took an ac- in Fredericks- tive part in reconstruction measures. He was a burg, Va., mar- judge of the state supreme court in 1868–71, and ried the next resigned to become U.S. minister to Peru, but held year, and found- office for only a few months on account of the failed the village of ure of his health, was an unsuccessful candidate Newmarket in for congress in 1872, and in June of that year the valley of was president of the National Republican con- the Shenan- vention, held in Philadelphia. He was reappoint- doah. He there ed a justice of the state supreme court in 1873, became cele- and was defeated for governor in 1876. In 1877 brated as an In- he became United States district judge of the dian fighter, northern district of Florida. was a victor in SEUSEMAN, Joachim, missionary, b. in Hesse- many battles with the neighboring tribes, and in Cassel ; d. in Jamaica, W. I., in 1772. He came to 1772 was appointed captain in the Virginia line. In Pennsylvania with the first Moravian colony in the spring of that year he removed to Watauga, a 1742, and between 1743 and 1755 served in the In- settlement on the western slope of the Alleghanies, dian mission. In the attack on Gnadenhuetten, and, by his courage, address, and military ability. Pa., 24 Nov., 1755, his wife was murdered by Indians became one of the principal men in the colony. in the French service. Subsequently he was sent When Lord Dunmore's war began in 1773 against to labor among the negro slaves in Jamaica, W. I., the Shawnee and other Indian tribes, he resumed where he died. His son, Gottlob, missionary, b. his rank in the Virginia line, served throughout the in 1742; d. in Fairfield, Canada, 4 Jan., 1808, for campaign, and on 10 Oct., 1774, took part in the about forty years was employed in the Moravian battle of Point Pleasant. At the beginning of the mission among the Indians in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Revolution he drew up the memorial of the citizens Michigan, and Canada. He an eloquent of Watauga to the North Carolina legislature ask- preacher, well conversant with the Delaware lan- ing to be annexed to that colony, that they might guage, and a man of great energy. aid in the unhappy contest, and bear their full pro- SEVER, Anne Elizabeth Parsons, benefac- portion of the expenses of the war.” Their peti- tor, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 May, 1810; d. there, tion was granted and the whole of what is now 15 Dec., 1879. She was educated in Boston, and Tennessee was organized into a county of North married James Warren Sever, who at his death left Carolina, then known as Washington district. Se- a note or memorandum requesting his wife to give vier was chosen a delegate to the State convention, certain sums to Harvard university after her de- and in the " declaration of rights" introduced a cease. Accordingly, she bequeathed $100,000 to clause thus defining the limits of the state: “That Harvard to build a hall for undergraduates, which it shall not be so construed as to prevent the es- should be called by her name, $20,000 for the pur- | tablishment of one or more governments westward chase of books for its library, and $20,000 for the of this state, by consent of the legislature," show- general use of the corporation without restriction ing that he had already in mind the establishment as to its use. She also willed $10,000 to the Bos- of a separate commonwealth beyond the Allegha- ton children's hospital, and $5,000 each to five nies. In the spring of 1777 the legislature of benevolent institutions in that city, $5,000 to the North Carolina met, and Sevier was again a rep- New England historic-genealogical society, and an resentative from Watauga, and procured for the equal sum to the General theological library, to the settlement the establishment of courts and the Boston training-schools for nurses, and the Con- extension of state laws. On his return he was necticut retreat for the insane. appointed clerk of the county and district judge, Lohen kuier was SEVIER 467 SEWALL and with James Robertson was in reality in con- ' general of that section in 1789, and in 1790 chosen trol of all judicial and administrative functions in | to congress as the first representative from the val- the settlement. He was elected colonel by the ley of the Mississippi. le conducted the Etowah over-mountain people in the same year, enlisted campaign against the Creeks and Cherokees in every able-bodied male between the ages of sixteen i 1793, which completely broke the spirit of the In- and fifty in the militia, and commanded that force | dians, so that they did not attack the French Broad in innumerable Indian fights. He entered the ter- and Holston settlements again during Sevier's life- ritory of the savages in 1779, burned their towns, time, and in 1796, when the territory was admitted and fought the successful battle of Boyd's Creek into the Union as the state of Tennessee, he was With Col. Isaac Shelby, in 1780, he planned the chosen its first governor. He served three consecu- battle of King's Mountain, raised 480 men, was ap- tive terms, was re-elected three successive times pointed their colonel, and in a critical moment of after 1803, and was chosen a member of congress the action rushed on the enemy, up the slope of in 1811, and was returned to that body for a the mountain, within short range of their muskets, third term in 1815, but died before he could and turned the fortunes of the day. For this ser- take his seat. Near the close of his congressional vice he received thanks and a sword and pistol from career he was appointed by President Monroe to the North Carolina legislature. A fellow-soldier | act as U. S. commissioner to settle the boundary- savs of him, in that battle: “ His eyes were flames line between Georgia and the Creek territory in of fire, and his words were electric bolts crashing Alabama. But the labor was too great, and he died down the ranks of the enemy." He subsequent in his tent, attended only by a few soldiers and In- ly rendered important services at Musgrove's mill dians. His biographer, James R. Gilmore, says of and in defending the frontier against the ravages him : “ He was in the active service of his country of the Indians. In 1781 he conducted several expe- from a boy of eighteen till he died at the age of ditions against the Chickamauga towns, was fore- seventy years. During all this period he was a most in many skirmishes as well as treaties and leader of men, and a prime mover in the important negotiations with the Indians, and was revered events which occurred beyond the Alleghanies. and loved by the settlers as their father and friend. His sway was potent and undisputed in civil as At the close of the war the Watauga settlement well as military affairs. As long as he lived he was had widely extended its borders, and contained a the real seat of power. A rule like his was never large and active population. But the vast terri- before nor since known in this country.”. A monu- tory which is now the state of Tennessee, compris- ment to his honor is erected in Nashville, and Se- ing about 29,000,000 acres, brought with its pos- vier county, Tenn., is named for him. See “ The session the obligation to bear a correspondingly Rear - Guard of the Revolution," by James R. large part of the Federal debt. Therefore, in June, Gilmore (New York, 1886), and “Life of John 1784, the legislature of North Carolina ceded it to Sevier," by the same author (1887).--His nephew, the general government. When the news of this Ambrose Hundley, senator, b. in Greene county, act reached the settlers they determined to form Tenn., 4 Nov., 1801; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 31 a government of their own, and then apply for ad- Dec., 1848, received little early education, removed mission into the Union. They were the more ready to Arkansas territory in 1822, studied law, and was to do this as they considered themselves neglected by admitted to the bar in 1823. He was clerk of the the North Carolina government. Accordingly, on territorial legislature and a member of that body 23 Aug., 1784, they called a convention, organized a in 1823–5, a delegate to congress in 1827-"36, hav- constitution and state government, elected John ing been chosen as a Democrat, and U. S. senator Sevier governor, and named their state Franklin, in from the latter year till 1848. During this service honor of Benjamin Franklin. In the mean time, be- he was chairman of the committee on Indian af- fore the cession had been legally concluded, the leg- fairs for many years, of that on foreign relations, islature of North Carolina met again and made haste and in 1848 was a U. S. commissioner to negotiate to undo what had been done at the former session. peace with Mexico. They gave the Watauga settlers a superior court, SEVILLA, José, philanthropist, b. in Peru, S. formed the militia into a brigade, and appointed A., about 1820; d. in New York city in March, Sevier brigadier - general. After this Sevier ear- 1888. He settled in New York city late in life, nestly opposed the scheme of a separate govern- and bequeathed his property, valued at upward of ment, and advised all his compatriots to take no $1,000,000, for the establishment of an unsectarian further steps toward it; but public opinion was home for unfortunate children. Both sexes were strongly against a return to North Carolina, and to be freely admitted and educated in such a man- he finally consented to accept the governorship of ner as to become self-supporting. the new state, taking the oath of office on 1 March, SEWALL, Samuel, jurist, b. in Bishopstoke, 1785. Within sixty days he established a superior England, 28 March, 1652; d. in Boston, Mass., 1 court, reorganized the militia, and founded Wash- Jan., 1730. His early education was received in ington college, the first institution of classical learn England before his parents came to New England. ing west of the Alleghanies. He also entered into They went to Newbury, Mass., and his lessons were treaties of peace with the Cherokee Indians after continued there. He was fitted to enter Har- continued warfare for fifteen years, and for two vard in 1667, and took his first degree in 1671, his years governed with unbroken prosperity. But second in 1675. He studied divinity and had dissatisfaction arose in North Carolina, and at the preached once before his marriage, but after end of that time Gov. Richard Caswell issued a that event, which took place on 28 Feb., 1677, proclamation declaring the new government to be he left the ministry and entered public life. His à revolt and ordering that it be at once abandoned. wife was Ilannah Hull, the daughter and only Violence followed the attempt to subdue it, but child of John and Judith (Quincy) Ilull. The the settlers finally submitted to a superior force. position which his father-in-law held as treas- Sevier was captured and imprisoned, but rescuerd, urer and mint-master undoubtedly had some- and the country was ceded to the l'. S. government what to do with the change in the young under the title of the “ territory south of the Ohio : man's plans. One of his first ventures after his river.” Sevier then took an oath of allegiance to marriage was to assume charge of the printing- the United States, was commissioned brigadier-press in Boston. This was under his manage- t 1 . 1 468 SEWALL SEWALL 1 Joseph Sewall ment for three years, when other engagements men of his age.-His son, Joseph, b. in Boston, compelled him to relinquish it. His family con- Mass., 26 Aug., 1688; d. there, 27 June, 1769, was nections, both through his marriage and on the graduated at Harvard in 1707, studied theology, and maternal and paternal sides, brought him in con- was ordained on 16 Sept., 1713, as Ebenezer Pem- tact with some of the most prominent men of the berton's colleague in the pastorate of the Old South day. In 1684 he was chosen an assistant, serving church, Boston. for two years. In 1688 he made a voyage to Eng- He was elected land, and remained abroad a year in the transac- president of tion of business, visiting various points of inter- Harvard in 1724, est. In 1692 he became a member of the council but declined. and judge of the probate court. Judge Sewall ap- He was one of peared prominently in judging the witches during the commission- the time of the Salem witchcraft. His character ers appointed was shown more clearly at that time and immedi- by the London ately afterward than at any other time during his corporation for long life. He was extremely conscientious in the propagating the fulfilment of duty, and yet, when he found he gospel in New was in error, was not too proud to acknowledge England, and it. Of all the judges that took part in that his- a corresponding toric action, he was the only one that publicly member of the confessed his error. The memory of it haunted Scottish society him for years, until in January, 1697, he confessed for promoting in a “bill,” which was read before the congrega- Christian knowl- tion of the Old South church in Boston by the edge. The Uni- minister. During its reading, Sewall remained versity of Glas- standing in his place. The action was indicative gow gave him of the man. During the remaining thirty-one the degree of years of his life he spent one day annually in D. D. in 1731. fasting and meditation and prayer, to keep in He was a rigid Calvinist and a foe to free discus- mind a sense of the enormity of his offence. In sion and novel opinions, but gave his support and 1699 he was appointed a commissioner for the approval to Whitefield's revival in 1740. He con- English Society for the propagation of the gos- tributed to the support of indigent students, and pel in New England. Soon afterward he was gave many books to replenish Harvard college appointed their secretary and treasurer. His library when it was burned in 1764. His benevo- tract, entitled “The Selling of Joseph,” in which lence gained him the familiar epithet of "the he advocated the rights of the slaves, was pub- good,” while his religious fervor caused him to be lished in 1700. He was very benevolent and sometimes called “the weeping prophet.” Many charitable, and his sympathies were always with of his sermons were published.-Samuel's nephew, the down-trodden races of humanity. In 1718 he Stephen, jurist, b. in Salem, Mass., 18 Dec., 1704; was appointed chief justice, and served till 1728, d. 10 Sept., 1760, was graduated at Harvard in 1721, when he retired on account of the increasing in- and was librarian of the college in 1726–8, and then firmities of old age. He also published " The Ac- a tutor till 1739, when he was appointed a judge complishment of Prophecies” (1713):“ A Memorial of the supreme court of Massachusetts. In 1752 Relating to the Kennebec Indians” (1721); “A he was made chief justice, and he served in that Description of the New Heaven” (1727). The capacity, and also as a member of the council, till Massachusetts historical society have published the close of his life. He expressed doubt of the his diary, which legality of general writs of assistance, which were covers the larger demanded by the customs authorities for the pur- portion of his pose of suppressing illicit trade, yet before he life, in their “His- could finally pass judgment upon the question he torical Collec- died, to the general regret of the patriot party:- tions," and it has Samuel's grandnephew, Samuel, engineer, b. in also published York, Me., in 1724; d. there, 28 July, 1815, was his letter-book, the inventor of various useful improvements. He in which he kept is said to have been the first to drive piles as copies of his im- foundation for bridges, introducing this device portant letters. at York in 1761. In 1786 he erected the Charles- These throw light town bridge on this plan.—Stephen's nephew, upon the civil Jonathan, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Aug., and social life of 1728; d. in St. John, New Brunswick, 26 Sept., the day in a 1796, was graduated at Harvard in 1748, taught in marked' degree, Salem till 1756, studied law, and began practice in and strengthen Charlestown in 1758. He inclined to the patriotic Sam Sewall the opinion that side of the disputes with Great Britain until he he was was chagrined by the refusal of the legislature to of eminent abil- pay the debts left by his uncle and by the opposi- ity and of sterling character. In addition to his iion of James Otis and his father to his petition. diary, he kept a “commonplace book," in which he He was rewarded for his subsequent adhesion to recorded quotations from various authors whose the cause of the crown with the posts of solicitor- works he had read. At the time of his death he general, attorney-general (which appointment he had also filled twelve manuscript volumes with ab. received in 1767), advocate-general, and judge of stracts of sermons and addresses that he had heard adiniralty, his emoluments amounting to £6,000 a at various times. Ilis funeral sermon, by the Rev. year. He was offered the appointment of judge of Thomas Prince, was highly eulogistic, but evi- admiralty at Halifax in 1768, but declined. No dently a just tribute to one of the most remarkable lawyer in Massachusetts surpassed him in elo- " а man SEWALL 469 SEWALL . quence or acuteness. In 1769, in the suit of James he wrote "War and Washington,” a favorite song against Lechmere, he secured the release of a negro of the soldiers of the Revolutionary army. He slave two years before the common-law right of produced other patriotic lyrics, besides paraphrases freedom was defined in the English courts by the of Ossian, epilogues, and epigrams. In an “ Epi- decision of the Somerset case. He was esteemed logue to Cato," written in 1778, drawing a parallel one of the ablest writers in New England, and de- between the characters and events of the Revolu- fended the doctrines of coercion with force and tion and those of the play, occurs the couplet, learning in the columns of the Tory newspapers. "No pent-up Utica contracts your powers, John Trumbull satirizes him in “McFingal” as But the whole boundless continent is yours," " the summit of newspaper wit," who which Park Benjamin adopted as the motto of his "Drew proclamations, works of toil, paper, “ The New World." His poems, which were In true sublime, of scarecrow style ; mostly the productions of his youth, were collected With forces, too, 'gainst Sons of Freedom, into a volume (Portsmouth, 1801).—Joseph's grand- All for your good, and none would read 'em.” son, Samuel, jurist, b. in Boston. Mass., 11 Dec., The papers in the “* Massachusetts Gazette," signed | 1757; d. in Wiscassett, Me., 8 June, 1814, was gradu- “ Massachusettensis," were attributed to him until, ated at Harvard in 1776, studied law, was admitted more than a generation later, Daniel Leonard, of to the bar, and practised in Marblehead, Mass. He Taunton, was discovered to have been their author. was frequently a member of the legislature, was After Judge Sewall signed an address to Gov. elected to congress for two successive terms, and Thomas Hutchinson, his mansion in Cambridge served from 15 May, 1797, till 10 Jan., 1800, when was wrecked by a mob in September, 1774. He he resigned on being appointed a judge of the fled to Boston, and a few months later took ship Massachusetts supreme court. In the same year for England, where he lived for a short time in he was a member of the electoral college of Massa- London, and afterward mostly in Bristol. His chusetts. He became chief judge in 1813, and estate in Massachusetts was confiscated under the died while holding court in Wiscassett, where a act of 1779. In 1788 he removed to St. John, monument was erected to his memory by the mem- New Brunswick, where he resumed legal prac- bers of the bar.—The second Stephen's nephew, tice. His wife and the wife of John Hancock Jotham, clergyman, b. in York, Me., 1 Jan., 1760; were daughters of Edmund Quincy, of Boston.-d. in Chesterville, Me., 3 Oct., 1850, was a mason The second Samuel's brother, Stephen, Hebraist, in his youth, and received only a rudimentary edu- b. in York, Me., 4 April, 1734; d. in Boston, Mass., cation, yet, after a theological examination in 1798, 23 July, 1804, was graduated at Harvard in 1761, he was licensed to preach, and on 18 June, 1800, taught in the grammar-school at Cambridge, and was ordained as an evangelist. From that time till in 1762 became librarian and instructor in Hebrew the close of his life he labored as a missionary. at Harvard. Two years later he was installed as He was installed as pastor of the Congregational the first Hancock professor of Hebrew, occupying church in Chesterville on 22 June, 1820, but con- the chair till 1785. He was an active Whig dur- | tinued his missionary tours, preaching wherever ing the Revolution, and represented Cambridge in a few could be gathered together, on week days the general court in 1777. His wife was a daugh- as well as on Sundays, and organizing many new ter of Edward Wigglesworth. He published seven churches. His ministry extended over a period of Greek and Latin poems in the “ Pietas et gratu- fifty years, and in this time he preached four and latio” (Cambridge, 1761); a. Hebrew Grammar” a half times on an average every week. Ilis field (1763); a funeral oration in Latin on Edward was confined chiefly to Maine and parts of New Holyoke (1769); an English oration on the death Hampshire and Rhode Island, though his journeys of Prof. John Winthrop (1779); a Latin version extended into eleven other states and into New of the first book of Edward Young's “Night Brunswick. A memoir was published by his son, Thoughts” (1780); “ Carmina sacra quæ Latine Jotham (Boston, 1852).—The third Samuel's son, Græceque condidit America" (1789); "The Scrip- Samuel, clergyman, b. in Marblehead, Mass., 1 ture Account of the Shechinah" (1794); and “The June, 1785; d. in Burlington, Mass., 18 Feb., 1868, Scripture History relating to the Overthrow of was graduated at Harvard in 1804, studied theol- Sodom and Gomorrah " (1796). He left a manu- ogy in Cambridge, and was pastor of the Congre- script Chaldee and English dictionary, which is gational church at Burlington, Mass., from 1814 preserved in the library of Ilarvard college.--An- till his death. He was fond of antiquarian studies, other brother, David, jurist, b. in York, Me., 7 i and left a “ History of Woburn, Mass., from the Oct., 1735; d. there. 22 Oct., 1825, was graduated Grant of its Territory to Charlestown in 1640 at Harvard in 1755, studied law, and established to 1860,” which was published, with a memorial himself in practice in York in 1759. He was ap- sketch, by his brother, Rev. Charles Chauncy pointed justice of the peace in 1762, and register Sewall (Boston, 1868).—Jotham's cousin, Thomas, of probate in 1766. Like his friend and classmate, physician, b. in Augusta, Me., 16 April, 1786; d. in John Adams, he was an earnest Whig, and was an Washington, D. C., 10 April , 1845, was graduated active patriot from the beginning of the Revolu- in medicine at Harvard in 1812, and practised in tion. He was representative for York in 1776, Essex, Mass., till 1820, when he removed to Wash- was chosen a member of the council of Massachu- ington. In 1821 he was appointed professor of setts, and was appointed in 1777 a justice of the anatomy in the National medical college of Colum- superior court. From 1789 till 1818 he was U. S. bian university. He began his lectures when the judge for the district of Maine.—Stephen's nephew, college first opened in 1825, and continued them Jonathan Mitchell, poet, b. in Salem, Mass., in till his death. He published, among other works, 1748; d. in Portsmouth, N. II., 29 March, 1808, was * The Pathology of Drunkenness" (Albany), which brought up in the family of his uncle, and edu- was translated into German, and established his cated at Harvard. He left college to engage in reputation as an original investigator in Europe mercantile business, afterward studierl law, was as well as in the United States.-Jotham's grand- adınitted to the bar, and practised with success. i nephew, Rufus King, author, b. in Edgecomb, In 1774 he was appointed register of probate for Me., 21 Jan., 1814, was graduated at Bowdoin in Grafton county, N. H. Afterward he settled in 1837, and at Bangor theological seminary in 1840. Portsmouth. In the early part of the Revolution He supplied pulpits in Vermont and Massachusetts, 66 65 470 SEWARD SEWARD but the condition of his health prevented him from the first judge of Cayuga county, whose daughter, accepting a permanent pastorate. He resided for Frances Adeline, he married in the following year. five years in St. Augustine, Fla., studied law with His industry and his acumen and power of logical his uncle, Kiah B. Sewall, of Mobile, Ala., returned presentation soon gave him a place among the to Maine before the civil war, was admitted to the leaders of the bar. In 1824 he first met Thurlow bar in 1860, and has since practised in Wiscassett. Weed at Rochester, and a close friendship between He is the author of a “ Memoir of Joseph Sewall, them. personal and political, continued through D. D.” (Boston, 1846); “ Lectures on the Holy life. In that year also he entered earnestly into Spirit and his Converting Power" (1846); “Sketches the political contest as an advocate of the election of St. Augustine and its Advantages for Invalids” of John Quincy Adams, and in October of that year (New York, 1848); and “ Ancient Dominions of drew up an address of the Republican convention Maine” (Bath, 1859).—Jotham's grandson, John of Cayuga county, in which he arraigned the “ Al- Smith, educator, b. in Newcastle, Me., 20 March, bany regency” and denounced the methods of Mar- 1830, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1850, went with tin Van Buren's supporters. He delivered an an- the expedition of Com. Matthew C. Perry on the niversary address at Auburn on 4 July, 1825. He “ Sarataga" as captain's clerk to China and Japan, was one of the committee to welcome Lafayette, taught for a year after his return, then entered and in February, 1827, delivered an oration expres- Bangor theological seminary, and was graduated in sive of sympathy for the Greek revolutionists. On 1858. He was pastor of the Congregational church 12 Aug. 1827, he presided at Utica over a great at Wenham, Mass., till 1867, when he became pro- convention of young men of New York in support fessor of rhetoric and English literature at Bow of the re-election of John Q. Adams. He declined doin. He exchanged this chair in 1875 for that of the anti-Masonic nomination for congress in 1828, homiletics at Bangor theological seminary. but joined that party on the dissolution of the SEWARD, Theodore Frelinghuysen, musi- National Republican party, with which he had pre- cian, b. in Florida, N. Y., 25 Jan., 1835. He is a viously acted, consequent upon the setting aside of cousin of William H. Seward. He left his father's its candidate for Andrew Jackson. In 1830 he was farm at the age of eighteen to study music under elected as the anti-Masonic candidate for the state Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings, became senate, in which body he took the lead in the oppo- organist of a church in New London, Conn., in sition to the dominant party, and labored in behalf 1857, and in Rochester, N. Y., in 1859, removed to of the common schools and of railroad and canal New York city in 1867, and conducted the “ Musi- construction. He proposed the collection of docu- cal Pioneer," and afterward the New York - Musi- ments in the archives of European governments for cal Gazette.” He first became interested in the the “ Colonial History of New York,” advocated tonic sol-fa system during a visit to England in the election of the mayor of New York by the direct 1869, and on his return endeavored ineffectually to popular vote, and furthered the passage of the bill introduce the method without adopting the nota- to abolish imprisonment for debt. At the close of tion. Ile subsequently took charge of the perform the session he was chosen to draw up an address of ances of the “ Jubilee singers," wrote down more the minority of the legislature to the people. On than one hundred of their plantation melodies, and, 4 July, 1831, he gave an address to the citizens of while making the tour of Europe with them, in Syracuse on the “ Prospects of the United States.” 1875–’6, became more impressed with the advan- On 31 Jan., 1832, he defended the U. S. bank in an tages of the new system of musical instruction. elaborate speech in the state senate, and at the close After a course of study at the Tonic sol-fa college of that session again prepared an address of the in London, he returned to the United States in minority to their constituents. In 1833 he travelled 1877, intending to make the establishment of the through Europe, writing home letters, which were system his sole purpose. Besides writing on the afterward published in the “ Albany Evening Jour- subject for many religious and educational jour- nal." In January, 1834, he denounced the removal nals, and lecturing before gatherings of teachers, of the U. S. bank deposits in a brilliant and ex- he has edited the “ Tonic Sol-Fa Advocate” and haustive speech. He drew up a third minority the Musical Reform,” taught the system in address at the close of this his last session in the classes and public schools, and prepared a series of legislature. On 16.July, 1834, he delivered a eulogy text-books." He was the founder of the American of Lafayette at Auburn. tonic sol-fa association, and of the American vocal The Whig party, which had originated in the music association. In conjunction with Lowell opposition to the Jackson administration and the Mason, he prepared “The Pestalozzian Music- Albany regency,” nominated him for governor Teacher” (New York, 1871). Among his other pub- on 13 Sept., 1834, in the convention at Utica. He lications are " The Sunnyside Glee-Book” (New was defeated by William L. Marey, and returned to York, 1866); “The Temple Choir” (1867); and the practice of law in the beginning of 1835. On 3 * Coronation (1872). Oct. of that year he made a speech at Auburn on SEWARD, William Henry, statesman, b. in education and internal improvements. In July, Florida, Orange co., N. Y., 16 May, 1801 ; d. in Au- | 1836, he quitted Auburn for a time in order to as- burn, N. Y., 10 Oct., 1872. His father, Dr. Sam- sume an agency at Westfield to settle the differences uel S. Seward, descended from a Welsh emigrant between the Holland land company and its tenants, to Connecticut, combined medical practice with a While there he wrote some political essays, and in large mercantile business. His mother was of Irish July, 1837, delivered an address in favor of universal extraction. The son was fond of study, and in 1816 I education. He took an active part in the political entered Union, after due preparation at Farmers' canvass of 1837, which resulted in a triumph of the Hall academy, Goshen, N. Y. He withdrew from Whiys. He was again placed in nomination for gor- college in 1819, taught for six months in the ernor 1838, and after a warm canvass, in which he south, and after a year's absence returned, and was was charged with having oppressed settlers for the graduated in 1820. After reading law with John benefit of the land company, and was assailed hyanti- Anthon in New York city, and John Duer and slavery men, who had failed to draw from him an Ogden Hoffman in Goshen, he was admitted to the expression of abolitionist principles, he was elected bar at Utica in 1822, and in January, 1823, settled by a majority of 10,421. The first Whig governor in Auburn, N. Y., as the partner of Elijah Miller, was hampered in his administration by rivalries and 9 روی ہے اور یا 2. tir (Lot for det. i. 1 1 11 14 1 11 Joinin 1'7;" 1, A . . • I. ila 10) impresin !LIFU il 1 1 ! 1 " , ;.; ܐ 1 stand 111! 1 1 !،، ܐ ܢ 1 > ini, hiu 101 ani in 1: 1' 11'i 11 !!!!! iii, 1 (ti. 'T Daun Mer, I was hampered in his administration by rivalries and רוזווז הז * M . Enyi wy AF Ritchie Millia 10 Sewna d L. APPLETON & CO 1 1 1 1 1 SEWARD 471 SEWARD 66 66 66 dissension within the party. He secured more hu- / fore the New York legislature. He took an active mane and liberal provisions for the treatment of part in the presidential canvass, and in a speech at the insane, a mitigation of the methods of discipline Cleveland described the conflict between freedom in the penitentiary, and the improvement of the and slavery, saying of the latter: " It must be common schools. His proposition to admit Roman abolished, and you and I must do it.” Catholic and for- In February, 1849, Seward was elected U.S. sena- eign-born teach- tor. His proposal, while governor, to extend suf- ers into the pub- frage to the negroes of New York, and many pub- lic schools, while lic utterances, placed him in the position of the it was applauded foremost opponent of slavery within the Whig by the opposite party. President Tavlor selected Seward as his party, drew upon most intimate counsellor among the senators, and him the reproach- the latter declined to be placed on any impor- es of many of the tant committee, lest his pronounced views should Protestant clergy compromise the administration. In a speech de- and laity, and sub-livered on 11 March, 1850, in favor of the admis- jected him to sus- sion of California, he spoke of the exclusion of picion and abuse. slavery as determined by the higher law," a phrase His recommenda- that was denounced as treasonable by the southern tions to remove Democrats. On 2 July, 1850, he delivered a great disabilities from speech on the compromise bill. He supported the foreigners and to French spoliation bill, and in February, 1851, ad- encourage, rather yocated the principles that were afterward em- than restrict, em- bodied in the homestead law. His speeches cov- igration, likewise ered a wide ground, ranging from a practical and Mille heuvel. Memmed. provoked the hos statistical analysis of the questions affecting steam tility of native- navigation, deep-sea exploration, the American born citizens. His fisheries, the duty on rails, and the Texas debt, to proposition to abolish the court of chancery and flights of passionate eloquence in favor of extend- make the judiciary elective was opposed by the ing sympathy to the exiled Irish patriots, and moral bench and the bar, yet within a few years the re- support to struggles for liberty, like the Hungarian form was effected. At his suggestion, specimens revolution, which he reviewed in a speech on "Free- of the natural history of the state were collected, dom in Europe,” delivered in March, 1852. After and, when the geological survey was completed, he the death of Zachary Taylor many Whig senators prepared an elaborate introduction to the report, and representatives accepted the pro-slavery policy reviewing the settlement, development, and condi- of President Fillmore, but Seward resisted it with tion of the state, which appeared in the work under all his energy. He approved the nomination of the title of Notes on New York.” In the conflict Winfield Scott for the presidency in 1852, but between the proprietors and the tenants of Rens- would not sanction the platform, which upheld the selaerwyck he advocated the claims of the latter, but compromise of 1850. In 1853 he delivered an ad- firmly suppressed their violent outbreaks. He was dress at Columbus, Ohio, on “ The Destiny of re-elected, with a diminished majority, in 1840. A America," and one in New York city on “ The True contest over the enlargement of the Erie canal and Basis of American Independence." In 1854 he the completion of the lateral canals, which the made an oration on "The Physical, Moral, and In- Democrats prophesied would plunge the state into tellectual Development of the American People” a debt of forty millions, grew sharper during Gov. before the literary societies of Yale college, which Seward's second term, and near its close the legis- gave him the degree of LL. D. His speeches on lature stopped the public works. His projects for the repeal of the Missouri compromise and on the building railroads were in like manner opposed admission of Kansas made a profound impression. by that party. He was re-elected to the senate in 1855, in spite of In January, 1843, Seward retired to private life, the vigorous opposition of both the Native Ameri- resuming the practice of law at Auburn. He can party and the Whigs of southern sympathies. continued an active worker for his party during In the presidential canvass of 1856 he zealously the period of its decline, and was a frequent speak- supported John C. Frémont, the Republican can- er at political meetings. In 1843 he delivered an didate. In 1857 he journeyed through Canada, and address before the Phi Beta Kappa society at Union made a voyage to Labrador in a fishing-schooner, college on the “ Elements of Empire in America.” the “ Log” of which was afterward published. In He entered largely into the practice of patent law, a speech at Rochester, N. Y., in October, 1858, he and in criminal cases his services were in constant alluded to the “irrepressible conflict,” which could demand. Frequently he not only defended accused only terminate in the United States becoming persons gratuitously, but gave pecuniary assistance either entirely a slave-holding nation or entirely a to his clients. Among his most masterly forensic free-labor nation. He travelled in Europe, Egypt, efforts were an argument for freedom of the press and Palestine in 1859. in a libel suit brought by J. Fenimore Cooper In 1860, as in 1856, Seward's pre-eminent posi- against Horace Greeley in 1845, and the defence of tion in the Republican party made him the most John Van Zandt, in 1847, against a criminal charge conspicuous candidate for the presidential nomi- of aiding fugitive slaves to escape. At the risk of nation. He received 1734 votes in the first ballot violence, and with a certainty of opprobrium, he at the convention, against 102 given to Abraham defended the demented negro Freeman, who had Lincoln, who was eventually nominated, and in committed a revolting murder, emboldened, many whose behalf he actively canvassed the western supposed, by Seward's eloquent presentation of the states. Lincoln appointed him secretary of state, doctrine of moral insanity in another case. In Sep- and before leaving the senate to enter on the du- tember, 1847, Seward delivered a eulogy on Daniel ties of this office he made a speech in which he O'Connell before the Irish citizens of New York, disappointed some of his party by advising pa- and in 1848 à eulogy on John Quincy Adams be- tience and moderation in debate, and harmony of . 472 SEWARD SEWARD а action for the sake of maintaining the Union. He able to defer the decision of both questions till a cherished hopes of a peaceful solution of the na- more favorable time. Before the close of the civil tional troubles, and, while declining in March, war he intimated to the French government the 1861, to enter into negotiations with commission- irritation felt in the United States in regard to its ers of the Confederate government, he was in favor armed intervention in Mexico. Many despatches of evacuating Fort Sumter as a military necessity on this subject were sent during 1865 and 1866, and politic measure, while re-enforcing Fort Pick- which gradually became more urgent, until the ens, and holding every other post then remaining French forces were withdrawn and the Mexican in the hands of the National government. He is- empire fell. He supported President Lincoln's sued a circular note to the ministers abroad on proclamation liberating the slaves in all localities 9 March, 1861, deprecating foreign intervention, in rebellion, and three years later announced by and another on 24 April, defining the position of proclamation the abolition of slavery throughout the United States in regard to the rights of neu- the Union by constitutional amendment. In the trals. Negotiations were carried on with Euro- spring of 1865 Mr. Seward was thrown from his pean governments for conventions determining carriage, and his arm and jaw were fractured. such rights. He protested against the unofficial in- While he was confined to his couch with these in- tercourse between the British cabinet and agents of juries President Lincoln was murdered and on the the Confederate states, and refused to receive de- same evening, 14 April, one of the conspirators spatches from the British and French governments gained access to the chamber of the secretary, in- in which they assumed the attitude of neutrals be- Aicted severe wounds with a knife in his face and tween belligerent powers. On 21 July he sent a neck, and struck down his son, Frederick W., who despatch to Charles F. Adams, minister at Lon- came to his rescue. His recovery was slow and his don, defending the decision of congress to close the sufferings were severe. He concluded a treaty ports of the seceded states. When the Confederate with Russia for the cession of Alaska in 1867. He commissioners were captured on board the British negotiated treaties for the purchase of the Danish steamer “Trent” he argued that the seizure was West India islands and the Bay of Samana, which in accordance with the British doctrine of the failed of approval by the senate, and made a treaty “ right of search,” which the United States had with Colombia to secure American control of the resisted by the war of 1812. The release of these Isthmus of Panama, which had a similar fate. prisoners, at the demand of the British govern- Sec. Seward sustained the reconstruction policy ment, would now commit both governments to of President Johnson, and thereby alienated the more powerful section of the Republican party and subjected himself to bitter censure and un- generous imputations. He opposed the impeach- ment of President Johnson in 1868, and sup- ported the election of Gen. Grant in that year. He retired from office at the end of eight years of tenure in March, 1869. After a brief stay in Auburn, he journeyed across the continent to California, Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska, returning through Mexico as the guest of its government and people. In August, 1870, he set out on a tour of the world, accompanied by several members of his family. He visited the principal countries of Asia, northern Africa, and Europe, being received everywhere with great honor. He the maintenance of the American doctrine; so studied their political institutions, their social and they would be “ cheerfully given up." He firmly ethnological characteristics, and their commercial rejected and opposed the proposal of the French capabilities. Returning home on 9 Oct., 1871, he emperor to unite with the English and Russian devoted himself to the preparation of a narrative governments in mediating between the United of his journey, and after its completion to a history States and the Confederate government. He made of his life and times, which was not half finished the Seward-Lyons treaty with Great Britain for at the time of his death. The degree of LL.D. the extinction of the African slave-trade. The was given him by Union in 1866. He published, diplomatic service was thoroughly reorganized by besides occasional addresses and numerous politi- Sec. Seward ; and by his lucid despatches and the cal speeches, a volume on the “Life and Public unceasing presentation of his views and argu- Services of John Quincy Adams” (Auburn, 1849). ments, through able ministers, to the European An edition of his - Works " was published, which cabinets, the respect of Europe was retained, and contains many of his earlier essays, speeches, and the efforts of the Confederates to secure recogni- addresses, with a memoir by George E. Baker, tion and support were frustrated. In the summer reaching down to 1853 (3 vols., New York, 1853). of 1862, the army having become greatly depleted, To this a fourth volume was added in 1862, and a and public proclamation of the fact being deemed fifth in 1884, containing his later speeches and ex- unwise, he went to the north with letters from tracts from his diplomatic correspondence. His the president and secretary of war, met and con- official correspondence during the eight years was ferred with the governors of the loyal states, and published by order of congress. The relation of arranged for their joint proffer of re-enforce- his - Travels Around the World” was edited and ments, to which the president responded by the published by his adopted daughter, Olive Risley call for 300,000 more troops. Mr. Seward firmly Seward (New York, 1873). Charles F. Adams pub- insisted on the right of American citizens to re- lished an Address on the Life, Character, and dress for the depredations of the "Alabama," and Services of Seward" (Albany, 1873), which was with equal determination asserted the Monroe doe- thought by some to have extolled him at the ex- trine in relation to the French invasion of Mexico, pense of President Lincoln's fame, and elicited re- but, by avoiding a provocative attitude, which might plies from Gideon Welles and others. Mr. Seward's have involved his government in foreign war, was Autobiography,” which extends to 1834, has been .6 60 SEWARD 473 SEWELL а continued to 1846 in a memoir by his son, Fred- diplomatist, b. in Florida, N. Y., 8 Nov., 1840, was erick W., with selections from his letters (New prepared for college at Seward institute in his York, 1877). The vignette portrait represents Gov. native village, and entered Union with the class of Seward in early life, and the other illustration is a 1860, but was not graduated. In 1861 he was ap- view of his residence at Auburn. There is a bronze pointed U. S. consul at Shanghai, China. In the statue of Mr. Seward, by Randolph Rogers, in exercise of extra-territorial jurisdiction he had Madison square, New York. His son, Augustus to pass judgment on river pirates claiming to be Henry, soldier, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 1 Oct., 1826; d. Americans, who infested the Yang-tse-Kiang dur- in Montrose, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1876, was graduated at ing the Taeping rebellion, and by his energy and the U.S. military academy in 1847, served through determination checked the evil. In 1863 he was the Mexican war as lieutenant of infantry, after- made consul-general, and introduced reforms in ward in Indian territory till 1851, and then on the consular service in China. He returned to the the coast survey till 1859, when he joined the Utah United States in 1866 to urge legislation for the expedition. He was made a captain on 19 Jan., correction of abuses in the American judicial estab- 1859, and on 27 March, 1861, a major on the staff. lishment in China, which he was only able to effect He served as paymaster during the civil war, re- on a second visit to the United States in 1869. He ceiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colo- went to Siam in 1868 to arrange a difficulty that nel at its close.- Another son, Frederick Will. had arisen in regard to the interpretation of the iam, lawyer, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 8 July, 1830, was treaty with that country. He was appointed U.S. graduated at Union in 1849, and after he was ad- minister to Corea in 1869, but at his suggestion the mitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1851, was sending of a mission to that country was deferred, associate editor of the Albany “ Evening Journal” and he did not enter on the duties of the office. till 1861, when he was appointed assistant secretary In 1873 he landed the crews of two American ves- of state, which office he held for the eight years sels-of-war, and, as dean of the consular corps, that his father was secretary. In 1867 he went on summoned a force of volunteers for the suppres- a special mission to Santo Domingo. He was a sion of a riot which endangered the European member of the New York legislature in 1875, and quarter. On 7 Jan., 1876, he was commissioned introduced the bill to incorporate the New York as minister to China. During his mission he was elevated railroad and the amendments to the called home to answer charges against his adminis- constitution providing for a reorganization of the tration, in congress, and was completely exculpated state canal and prison systems, placing each under after a long investigation. He declined to under- responsible heads, and abolishing the old boards. take the task of negotiating a treaty for the re- He was assistant secretary of state again in 1877–81, striction of Chinese immigration, and, in order to while William M. Evarts was secretary, Union con- carry out the views that prevailed in congress, he ferred on him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. His was recalled, and James B. Angell was appointed principal publication is the “Life and Letters" of his successor on 9 April, 1880. After his return to his father (New York, 1877), of which the second the United States, Mr. Seward became a broker in volume is now (1888) in preparation.- Another son, New York city. He was president of the North William Henry, soldier, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 18 China branch of the Royal Asiatic society in June, 1839, was educated by a private tutor, and 1865–6. Besides his official reports and diplomat- in 1861 engaged in banking at Auburn. He en- ic correspondence, he has written a book on “ Chi- tered the volunteer service as lieutenant-colonel of nese Immigration in its Social and Economical As- the 138th New York infantry, and was afterward pects,"containing, arguments against anti-Chinese made colonel of the 9th New York heavy artillery. Iegislation (New York, 1881). In 1863 he was sent on a special mission to Louisi- SEWELL, Jonathan, Canadian jurist, b. in Col. Seward was engaged at Cold Harbor Cambridge, Mass., in 1766 ; d. in Quebec, Canada, and the other battles of the Wilderness campaign. 12 Nov., 1839. He was the son of Jonathan Sewall, He afterward commanded at Fort Foote, Md., and attorney-general of Massachusetts, who, about took part in the battle of Monocacy, where he was 1777, adopted the wounded, but retained his command. He was English form of commissioned as brigadier-general on 13 Sept., the name. He was 1864, was commandant for some time at Mar- educated in the tinsburg, Va., and resigned his commission on grammar - school 1 June, 1865, returning to the banking busi- at Bristol, Eng- ness at Auburn. He is president of the Au- land, and was sent burn city hospital, and an officer in various to New Bruns- financial and charitable associations.-William wick in 1785 to Henry's nephew, Clarence Armstrong, lawyer, b. study law with in New York city, 7 Oct., 1828, was brought up as Ward Chipman. a member of his uncle's family, his parents having After his admis- died when he was a child. Be was graduated at sion to the bar he Hobart in 1848, studied law, and began practice in practised for Auburn as a partner of Samuel Blatchford, whom year in St. John, he assisted in the compilation of the “ New York and then removed Civil and Criminal Justice" (Auburn, 1850). In to Quebec, where 1854 he established himself in New York city. he soon attained He was judge-advocate-general of the state in a high profession- 1856–²60. After the attempted assassination of Sec. al position. In Seward and his son, Frederick W., he was ap- 1793 he became pointed acting assistant secretary of state. He was solicitor-general, à delegate to the National Republican convention in 1795 attorney- of 1878, and a presidential elector in 1880. His general and judge of the court of vice-admiralty, practice has especially related to railroads, express and from 1808 till 1838 chief justice of Lower companies, patents, and extraditions. - Another Canada. The question of boundaries between the nephew of William Henry, George Frederick, Dominion government and Ontario was settled in ana. a ۶// 474 SEYFFARTH SEWELL . a 9 accordance with a decision rendered by him in and Observations on Land and Sea Air” and “On 1818. He held the office of president of the execu- the Atmosphere of Marshes” to its transactions tive council from 1808 till 1829, and that of speaker during that year. His publication of “The Statis. of the legislative council from 9 Jan., 1809, till his tical Annals of the United States from 1789 till death. He went to England in 1814 to answer 1818” (Philadelphia, 1818) was reviewed by Sydney complaints that were made against the rules of Smith in the “ Edinburgh Review” for January, practice that he enforced in his court, which charges 1821. In this article occurs the oft-quoted ques- were dismissed by the privy council. While there | tion, “Who reads an American book?” He be- Judge Sewell was the original proposer of Canadian queathed $1,000 for educating the deaf and dumb, federation, publishing a “Plan for a General Federal and $500 for the Philadelphia orphan asylum.- Union of the British Provinces in North America” His son, HENRY (1802–1883), was also educated at (London, 1815). The degree of LL. D. was conferred the École des mines, and achieved considerable rep- on him by Harvard in 1832. He was the author of utation by his analyses of American minerals. an " Essay on the Judicial History of France so far Shortly after the death of his father his attention as it relates to the Law of the Province of Lower became diverted from science. Canada” (Quebec, 1824).—His son, Edmund Wil. SEYFFARTH, Gustavus, clergyman, b. in loughby, clergyman, b. in Quebec, Canada, 3 Sept., Ubigau, Saxony, 13 July, 1796; d. in New York 1800, received a classical education in Quebec and city, 17 Nov., 1885. He studied in the gymnasium in English schools, studied for clerical orders, and at Leipsic, afterward in the university, and in 1820 was ordained a priest of the Church of England on in Paris under the direction of Champollion, the 27 Dec., 1827. He was incumbent of the Church celebrated French Egyptologist. He became well of the Holy Trinity at Quebec, and an assistant known as a scientist and archæologist and a de- minister of the cathedral till 1868.-Jonathan's cipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphics. In 1823 he grandson, William Grant, journalist, b. in Que- published his “Clavis Hieroglyphicum Egyptia- bec in 1829; d. there, 8 Aug., 1862, was educated corum.” In 1825-'55 he was professor of Oriental for the bar, but preferred journalism, and in 1853 archæology in the University of Leipsic, during removed to New York city and became translator which time he published the most important of his and law reporter for the “ Herald.” He was after- numerous scientific and archæological works. In ward connected for six years with the New York 1855 he emigrated to the United States, and was Times,” becoming one of its principal editors. elected professor of archæology and exegesis in Infirmity of health compelled him to pass three Concordia Lutheran theological seminary, St. Louis, winters in the West Indies, and, while there, he Mo., where he remained until 1871. From this studied the results of emancipation, which he re- date until his death he resided in New York in viewed dispassionately in " T'he Ordeal of Free retirement. In 1873 he celebrated the fiftieth an- Labor in the West Indies” (New York, 1861). niversary of his doctorate, and he received from SEWELL, William Joyce, senator, b. in Cas- the University of Leipsic an annual pension, in tlebar, Ireland, 6 Dec., 1835. He was left an or- recognition of original investigations in archa- phan, came to the United States in 1851, was for ology. He claims to have been the first to decipher a time employed in mercantile business in New the hieroglyphics on the celebrated Rosetta stone; York city, made several voyages as a sailor on mer- and he translated numerous Egyptian manuscripts chant vessels, afterward engaged in business in in the collection of the New York historical so- Chicago, Ill. At the beginning of the civil war, ciety, and the characters on the obelisk in Central being in the eastern part of the country, he entered park, New York. He published numerous treatises, the army as a captain in the 5th New Jersey regi- both in Germany and in the United States, many ment. He rose to be colonel in October, 1862, and of which have been translated into different lan- commanded a brigade at Chancellorsville, where he guages. Among his published works are “De led a brilliant charge and was badly wounded. He Sonis literarum græcarum tum genuinis tum was wounded also at Gettysburg, and served cred- adoptivis libri duo” (Leipsic, 1823); Rudimenta itably on other battle-fields. On 13 March, 1865, hieroglyphica, acc. explicationes, xvii. speciminum he received the brevet of brigadier-general of vol- hieroglyphicum" (1826); “ Beiträge zur Kenntniss unteers for bravery at Chancellorsville, and that of der Literatur, Kunst, Mythologie und Geschichte major-general for his services during the war. He des alten Aegyptens” (1826); “ Brevis Defensio served for nine years in the New Jersey senate, of hieroglyphices inventæ à Fr. Aug. Spohn et G. 'which he was president for three years. He was a Syfarth (1827); “Réplique aux objections de delegate to the Republican national conventions of Mon. Champollion contre le même système 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888. He entered the U.S. sen- (1827);“Systema Astronomiæ Ægyptiaceæ" (1833); ate on 4 March, 1881, and served till 3 March, 1887. * Chronologia Sacra: eine Untersuchung über SEYBERT, Adam, chemist, b. in Philadelphia, das Geburtsjahr Christi” (1846); “ Theologische Pa., 16 May, 1773; d. in Paris, France, 2 May, 1825. Schriften der alten Aegypter, nach dem Turiner He was graduated at the medical department of the Papyrus, zum ersten Male übersetzt " (Gotha, 1855); University of Pennsylvania in 1793, and then spent “Grammatica Ægyptiaca: erste Abtheilung zur some time at the École des mines in Paris, also Uebersetzung alt-ægyptischen Literatur-Werken, studying at the universities of London, Edinburgh, nebst Geschichte des Hieroglyphisches Schlüssels and Göttingen. On his return he settled in Phila- ! (1855); “Summary of Recent Discoveries in Bibli- delphia, and, acquiring a collection of minerals, cal Chronology, Universal History, and Biblical devoted his attention specially to the practice and Archæology, with Special Reference to Dr. Abbott's study of chemistry and mineralogy. In 1805 he Egyptian Museum, together with a Translation of was called on by the elder Silliman to name the the First Sacred Books of the Ancient Egyptians few specimens that at that time constituted the (New York, 1857); “ Die wahre Zeitrechuung des collection belonging to Yale. Dr. Seybert was alten Testaments, nebst einer Zeittafel zum nenen elected as a Democrat to congress, and served from Testamente” (St. Louis, Mo., 1858): An Astro- 27 Nov., 1809, till 2 March, 1815, and again from nomical Inscription concerning the Year 22, B.C." 1 Dec., 1817, till 3 Dec., 1819. He was chosen a (1860); “ Amerikanischer Kalendermann” (1869): member of the American philosophical society in / “ Chronologia Veterum” (1871); and “ Die Allge- 1797, and contributed his papers on “ Experiments meinheit der Sündtluth." 99 SEYFFERT 475 SEYMOUR SEYFFERT, Anton, Moravian missionary, þ. I vention then assembled, owing. it is understood, to in Krulich, German Bohemia, 15 Aug., 1712; d. in strong feeling against ritualism and its ramifica- Zeist, Holland, 19 June, 1785. He united with the tions, refused to confirm the election. He was Moravians in 1729. In 1734 he was sent to Georgia unanimously chosen bishop of the new diocese of with the first colony of Moravians, to establish a Springfield, Ill., 19 Dec., 1877. This election was mission among the Creek and Cherokee Indians, confirmed by the standing committees and the but, owing to hostilities between Florida and Geor- bishops, but Dr. Seymour declined in April, 1878. gia, the enterprise was abandoned. In 1740 he re- At the diocesan convention in May, 1878, he was moved to Pennsylvania, where he served in the again unanimously chosen bishop, and he felt con- church schools and in the ministry till April, 1745, strained to withdraw his letter and accept the when he returned to Europe. bishopric. He was consecrated in Trinity church, SEYMOUR, Charles B., editor, b. in London, New York, 11 June, 1878. The Episcopal church England, in 1829; d. in New York city, 2 May, under his care has largely increased, and is well 1869. He came to New York in 1849, and became supplied with schools and other agencies for connected with the “* Times,” serving as musi- promoting the spread of the gospel. He attended cal and dramatic editor until his death. From the third Pan-Anglican council held at Lambeth January to July, 1865, he was associated with palace, London, in the first week of July, 1888, Theodore Hagen in editing the New York " Weekly and during the conference made an address that Review.” He was correspondent for the “ Times” was much admired. Bishop Seymour has contrib- at the Paris exposition of 1867, where his services uted freely to church literature in annual addresses as one of the American commission procured him to his convention, and he has advocated the a medal from the emperor. He was the author of change of the name Protestant Episcopal church "Self-Made Men” (New York, 1858). to “Church of the United States." His latest SEYMOUR, George Franklin, P. E. bishop, work is “ Modern Romanisin not Catholicity” (Mil- b. in New York city, 5 Jan., 1829. He was gradu- waukee, Wis., 1888). ated at Columbia in 1850, at the head of his class, SEYMOUR, Horatio, statesman, b. in Pompey and at the Episcopal general theological seminary Hill, Onondaga co., N. Y., 31 May, 1810; d. in in New York in Utica, N. Y., 12 Feb., 1886. He attended school 1854. He was or- in his native village until he was ten years of age, dained deacon in when he was sent to Oxford academy. In the New York city, spring of 1824 he entered Geneva academy (now 17 Dec., 1854, by Hobart college), and remained there a year, going Bishop Horatio thence to Partridge's military school at Middle- Potter, and priest town, Conn. He studied law with Greene C. Bron- in Greenburg son and Samuel Beardsley, and was admitted to (Dobb's Ferry), the bar in 1832, but he never practised his profes- N. Y., 23 Sept., sion, the care of the property he had inherited tak- 1855, by the same ing up much of his time. He became military bishop. His first secretary of Gov. William L. Marcy in 1833, and field of labor held the place until 1839. In 1841 he was elected was as mission to the state assembly as a Democrat, and in 1842 aryat Annandale, was elected mayor of Utica by a majority of 130 Dutchess county, over Spencer Kellogg, the Whig candidate. In N. Y., from Janu- 1843 he was renominated, but was beaten by ary, 1855, tillJuly, Frederick Hollister by sixteen votes. In the au- 1861. As part of tumn of the same year he was elected again to the result of his the assembly, and in the session that began in activity a church 1844 he distinguished himself among men like was built, and a training institution for candidates John A. Dix, Sanford E. Church, and Michael for orders was founded. The latter was chartered Hoffman. He was chairman of the committee on by the legislature of New York, under the title of canals, and presented an elaborate report, which St. Stephen's college, and Mr. Seymour was chosen was the basis of the canal policy of the state for to be first warden. He became in November, 1861, many years. He advocated the employment of the rector of St. Mary's church, Manhattanville, New surplus revenue to enlarge the locks of the Erie York city, in October, 1862, of Christ church, Hud- canal and proceed with the construction of the son, N. Y., and a year later of St. John's church, Black river and Genesee valley canals, and he Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1865 he was elected professor showed thorough confidence in the development of of ecclesiastical history in the General theological trade with the west. He was once more elected to seminary, and in 1875 he became dean of the same the assembly in the autumn of 1844, and was institution, in conjunction with his professorship. chosen speaker in the legislature of 1845. In 1850 During his connection with the seminary he was he became the candidate of the Democratic party invited to rectorships of churches in Chicago, San for governor, as a man acceptable to all its factions; Francisco, and Troy, N. Y., but declined. He was but he was defeated by the Whig candidate, Wash- also active in securing $30,000 for new chapel and ington Hunt, by a majority of 262, though San- library buildings, and earnestly opposed the re- ford E. ('hurch, his associate on the Democratic moval of the seminary from the city into the coun- ticket, was elected lieutenant-governor. In 1852 try. From 1867 till 1879 he served as chaplain to he was a delegate to the Democratic national con- the House of mercy, New York, without salary. vention at Baltimore, and did all in his power to He was also superintendent of the Society for pro- have the vote of the New York delegation cast moting religion and learning in the state of New wholly for William L. Marcy, but failed. The York until 1878. He received the degree of S. T. D. same year he was again nominated as the Demo- from Racine in 1867, and that of LL. D. from ('0- cratic candidate for governor, and was elected by lumbia in 1878. Dr. Seymour was elected in 1874 a majority of 22,596 over his former competitor, bishop of Illinois in succession to Bishop White- Washington Hunt. During his term there was a house; but the house of deputies, in general con- strong temperance movement in the state, and the Gorps I.Brumour 9 476 SEYMOUR SEYMOUR 9 na- Seyanan Bey year. legislature passed a prohibitory law, which Gov., the laws, and maintain the national authority, Seymour vetoed, declaring its provisions to be un- and he was active in raising one of the first com- constitutional, and denying its good policy. In panies of Wisconsin volunteers. When he returned 1854 he was renominated for the governorship, home in the autumn he spoke at a Democratic and received 156,495 votes, to 156,804 cast for ratification meeting held in Utica, 28 Oct., 1861, Myron H. Clark, the Whig and temperance candi- saying: “In common wit the majority of the date, 122,282 for Daniel Ullman, the • Know-Noth- American people, I deplored the election of Mr. ing candidate, and 33,500 for Greene C. Bron- Lincoln as a great calamity; yet he was chosen in son, the candidate of the “ Hard-shell " Democrats. a constitutional manner, and we wish, as a defeated The vetoed law organization, to show our loyalty by giving him was again passed a just and generous support.” He was an active by the legislature, member of the committee appointed by Gov. Ed- approved by Gov. win D. Morgan to raise troops in Oneida county, Clark, and after- and he contributed liberally to the fund for the ward declared un- volunteers. In the following winter he delivered constitutional by at Albany an address on the state and national the court of ap- defences; at a meeting of representative Demo- peals. In 1856 crats, held in the state capital in the disastrous Mr. Seymour was summer of 1862, he introduced a resolution that a delegate to the we were bound in honor and patriotism to send Democratic immediate relief to our brethren in the field "; and, tional convention at the request of the adjutant-general of the state, at Cincinnati, and he became chairman of the committee to take he supported the charge of recruiting in his own neighborhood. Democratic can- On 10 Sept., 1862, the Democratic state convention didates, Buchan- nominated him for governor. In his address to an and Breckin- that body, accepting the nomination, he intimated ridge, actively in that compromise measures might have prevented Hrvatie the presidential the war, justified the maintenance of party organi- canvass of that zation, criticised the spirit of congress as con- In a speech trasted with that of the army as he had found both delivered at Springfield, Mass., 4 July, 1856, he set during a visit to the national capitol and the camps, forth the political principles that he had previous and argued that the Republican party could not, ly followed and afterward adhered to. It gives in the nature of things, save the nation. After a the key to his whole political career. He argued canvass in which he asserted on all occasions the against centralization and for local authority: right of criticising the administration and the That government is most wise which is in the duty of sustaining the government, he was elected, hands of those best informed about the particular defeating Gen. James S. Wadsworth by a majority questions on which they legislate, most economical of 10,752 votes. Perhaps the fairest statement of and honest when controlled by those most interest- his position in regard to the war at that period is ed in preserving frugality and virtue, most strong to be found in the following passage from his in- when it only exercises authority which is beneficial augural message of 7 Jan., 1863: “ The assertion to the governed.” He argued against the attempt that this war was the unavoidable result of slavery to reform by legislative restraint, instancing a is not only erroneous, but it has led to a disastrous prison as a type of society perfectly regulated and policy in its prosecution. The opinion that slavery yet vicious. He argued for a liberal policy in re- must be abolished to restore our Union creates an gard to immigration, saying that it was bringing antagonism between the free and the slave states acquisitions of power, peacefully and easily, such which ought not to exist. If it is true that slavery as no conqueror had ever won in war: but he did must be abolished by the force of the Federal gove not deny the right of the people of this country to ernment, that the south must be held in military regulate immigration or even to forbid it altogether, subjection, that four millions of negroes must for which he asserted many years afterward in regard many years be under the direct management of the to the importation of Chinese. He argued that authorities at Washington at the public expense, the growth of the north was so much more rapid then, indeed, we must endure the waste of our than that of the south that political supremacy armies in the field, further drains upon our popu- had passed into the hands of the free states. He lation, and still greater burdens of debt. We must argued for the right of the people of the territories convert our government into a military despotism. to settle the slavery question for themselves, as- The mischievous opinion that in this contest the suming that under such a policy there would be a north must subjugate and destroy the south to rapid increase of free states. save our Union has weakened the hopes of our In 1857 Mr. Seymour received from President citizens at home and destroyed confidence in our Buchanan the offer of a first-class foreign mis- success abroad.” This argument against the prob- sion, but declined it; and he took no prominent ability of success along the path that finally led part in politics again until the secession movement to it was of course supplemented by an unequivocal began. "He was a member of the committee on declaration in favor of the restoration of the Union resolutions at the convention held in Tweddle hall, and the supremacy of the constitution. On 23 Albany, 31 Jan., 1861, after the secession of six March, 1863, President Lincoln wrote to Gov. states, to consider the feasibility of compromise Seymour a letter seeming to suggest a personal measures; and he delivered a speech designed pledge of co-operation, and the governor sent his mainly to show the peculiar dangers of civil war. brother to Washington to convey assurances of When the war began in 1861, Mr. Seymour was in loyal support, but along with them a protest Madison, Wis., and the Democratic members of the against the policy of arbitrary arrests. On 13 legislature, then in session, called him into con- April, 1863, Gov. Seymour sent to the legislature sultation as to the proper course of political action. a inessage suggesting a constitutional amendment He counselled the simple duty of loyalty, to obey | as a necessary preliminary to a law allowing sol- SEYMOUR 477 SEYMOUR diers in the field to vote; and on 24 April he / roneous, and excessive, especially with reference to vetoed a bill " to secure the elective franchise to the cities of New York and Brooklyn. On 16 qualified voters of the army and navy of the state April, 1864, a Republican legislature passed a reso- of New York,” on the ground that it was uncon- lution thanking Gov. Seymour for his prompt stitutional. The amendment that he had recom- i and efficient efforts” in pointing out the errors mended was afterward adopted. In everything of the enrolment and procuring their correction. pertaining to the raising of troops Gov. Seymour's He took an active part in the state canvass of administration showed conspicuous energy and | 1863, making many speeches in defence of his own ability, but especially in the effort to meet Lee's record and the principles of his party, and attack- invasion of the north in the early summer of 1863. ing the policy of the administration; but in the On 15 June the secretary of war telegraphed to election the state gave a Republican majority of Gov. Seymour asking for help, and within three about 29,000. On 22 April, 1864, the governor days 12,000 state militia, “ well equipped and in sent to the legislature a message urging the pay- good spirits.” were on their way to Harrisburg. ment of interest on the state debt in gold; and this The good-will for such an achievement was not action was construed by political opponents as a rare during the war, but it was not often joined covert attack on the national credit. On 3 Aug., with the necessary executive ability, and Presi- 1864, the Democratic national convention met in dent Lincoln and Sec. Stanton both sent their Chicago, and Gov. Seymour presided, refusing to thanks to Gov. Seymour for promptitude. On be a candidate for the presidential nomination. 2 July, Gov, Curtin, of Pennsylvania, telegraphed But he became a candidate for the governorship for aid, and on the two following days troops that year, and was defeated by Reuben E. Fenton, were sent to his assistance. Republican, by a majority of 8,293. During the absence of the New York militia After the close of the war Mr. Seymour re- the draft riots began. They had their pretext, mained a leader in politics. He made speeches in if not their origin, in two grievances, which were the state canvasses of 1865, 1866, and 1867, oppos- afterward abolished. One was the commutation ing strongly the reconstruction policy of the Re- clause in the draft law, which provided that any publican party, and criticising sharply its finan- drafted man might obtain exemption by paying cial methods. He presided over the state conven- the government three hundred dollars . The poor tions of his party, 3 Oct., 1867, and 11 March, 1868, regarded this as a fraud upon them in the desper- and over the National convention that met in New ate lottery of life and death. The other was a York city, 4 July, 1868. In spite of previous dec- discrimination against New York state, and espe- larations that he would not be a candidate before cially New York city, in the allotment of quotas. Gov. Seymour had been anxious to have this in- justice corrected, and to have the draft postponed ; but it began in the metropolis on Saturday, 11 July, 1863. On Sunday the names of those drawn were published, and on Monday the rioting be- gan. The rioters stopped at no outrage, not even the murder of the innocent and helpless. That night the governor reached the city, and the next day he issued two proclamations, the first calling upon all citizens to retire to their homes and pre- serve the peace, and the second declaring the city in a state of insurrection. The same day he took measures for enrolling volunteers and gathering all available troops. On Tuesday he also spoke to a mob in front of the city-hall. Then, and ever that body, and in spite of his protestations during afterward, his impromptu speech was the subject its proceedings, the convention nominated him for of bitter criticism. Ît seems clear, from vari- the presidency, and he allowed himself, against ous conflicting and imperfect reports of it, that he his better judgment, to be overpersuaded into ac- promised the crowd that if they had grievances cepting the nomination. In the election of 3 Nov., they would be redressed, declared himself their 1868, he carried the states of Delaware, Georgia, friend, and urged the necessity of obedience to Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New law and the restoration of order. The design of York, and Oregon: Mississippi, Virginia, and the speech was twofold—to persuade the crowd to Texas did not vote; and the rest of the states disperse, and, in any event, to gain time for the voted for Gen. Grant, the Republican candidate. concentration of the forces within reach to sup- The electoral vote stood 214 for Grant and 80 for press the riot. Under the direction of Gen. John Seymour; the popular vote, 3,015,071 for Grant E. Wool, with but slight aid from the National and 2,709,213 for Seymour. This defeat virtually forces, order was restored within fortv-eight hours. closed Mr. Seymour's political career, for, though The rioting lasted from Monday afternoon until mentioned in connection with the presidency regu- Thursday evening, cost about a thousand lives, larly every four years, offered the senatorship, and and involved the destruction of property estimated nominated for the governorship, he refused steadily at from half a million to three million dollars in to have anything more to do with public office. value. Shortly afterward Gov. Seymour wrote to The remote origin of his last illness was a sun- President Lincoln, pointing out the injustice done stroke, which he suffered in 1876 while overseeing in the enrolment, and asking to have the draft the repairing of the roads in Deerfield, near Utica, stopped, in order that New York might fill her where he had settled in 1864. See the accom- quota with volunteers. The president conceded panying view of his residence at Deerfield on the that there was an apparent unfairness in the en- left bank of the Mohawk river. Mr. Seymour rolment, but refused to stop the draft. A com- was of fair stature, lithely and gracefully built, mission, appointed by the war department to in- and had a refined face, lighted up by dark, glow- vestigate the matter, declared that the enrolment ing eyes. In social intercourse he was simple in under the act of 3 March, 1863, was imperfect, er- manner and considerate in spirit. As an orator 478 SEYMOUR SEYMOUR a he was easy, agreeable, and powerful, plausible placed in a mercantile house in New York at the and candid in ordinary argument, and yet rising age of fourteen, but illness forced him to return often into true eloquence. He made many speeches home, and he then entered Yale. An affection of on other than political occasions; he loved farm- the eyes compelled him to learn his lessons by hear- ing, and often delivered addresses at agricultural ing them read to him, and the training that this gatherings; he was a inember of the Protestant gave to his memory had much influence on his Episcopal church, and frequently took part in its subsequent career. He was graduated in 1824, conventions as a lay delegate; he was a member of read law, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and en- the commission for the state survey, and was in gaged in active practice. He was county clerk in an especial way the champion of the canal sys- 1836-44, served in the legislature in 1812, 1849, tem. "It may be said broadly that he was master and 1850, and in the last year was speaker of the of everything connected with the history, topog- house. In the same year he was chosen to congress raphy, and institutions of New York. Mr. Sey as a Democrat, serving two terms. He was one of mour married, 31 May, 1835, Mary Bleecker, of the small number of anti - Nebraska Democrats Albany, who survived him only twenty days. whose opposition nearly defeated the Kansas-Ne- They had no children. braska bill, but in the contest that followed he SEYMOUR, Moses, soldier,. b. in Hartford, adhered to the Democratic party. In 1855 he be- Conn., 23 July, 1742; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 17 came a judge of the state superior court, but in Sept., 1826. He was fifth in descent from Richard, 1863 the Republican legislature refused to re-elect the ancestor of all of his name in the United him and his Democratic colleague, through fear States, who settled in Hartford in 1635. Richard that they might interfere with the National draft is supposed to be the son of Chaplain Richard of by writs of habeas corpus, though they had been Popham's expedition, who was the first to preach War Democrats. In 1864' he was an unsuccessful the gospel to the Indians in this country. Moses candidate for governor, and in 1870 a legislature removed to Litchfield in early life, became cap- whose majority was Republican chose him to the tain of a troop of horse in the 17th Connecticut bench of the state supreme court. In 1873 he militia regiment, and in 1776 was given the same succeeded to the chief justiceship, and in 1874, by rank in the 5th cavalry, with which he served in re- constitutional limitation of age, he retired. After pelling Tryon's invasion in 1777, and at the surren- that he was employed chiefly as committee and der of Burgoyne. He also did good service as com- arbitrator in the trial of causes. In one county missary of supplies at Litchfield, which was then a the majority of the cases on the superior court depot for military stores. In 1783 he retired with docket were referred to him by agreement for de- the rank of major. Maj. Seymour held the office cision. In 1876 he was chairman of the commis- of town-clerk for thirty-seven years consecutively sion that settled the long-standing boundary dis- from 1789 till his death, was elected annually to pute between Connecticut and New York, and in the legislature from 1795 till 1811, and was active | 1878 he was at the head of the one that prepared in the affairs of the Protestant Episcopal church. the new state practice act. From 1876 till his He was greatly instrumental in securing the pro- death he delivered an annual course of lectures ceeds of the sale of the Western Reserve for the at Yale law - school. He was elected to office promotion of common-school education, and is said for the last time in 1881, when he was again a to have originated the plan. He is one of the fig. member of the legislature. Judge Seymour was an ures in Col. Trumbull's painting of the surrender of active member of the Protestant Episcopal church Burgoyne.—Moses's son, Horatio, senator, b. in and a delegate to every general convention from Litchfield, Conn., 31 May, 1778; d. in Middlebury, 1868 till his death. Trinity gave him the degree Vt., 21 Nov., 1857, was graduated at Yale in 1797, of LL. D. in 1866, and Yale in 1873. A memorial studied law at Litchfield law-school, and removed of him was printed privately (Hartford, 1882).- in October, 1799, to Middlebury, Vt., where he con- Origen Storrs's son, Edward Woodruff, congress- tinued his studies with Daniel Chipman, and was ad- man, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 30 Aug., 1832, was mitted to the bar in 1800. He was a member of the graduated at Yale in 1853, studied law, and has state council from 1809 till 1817, and in October, attained reputation at the bar. He served in the 1820, was elected to the U.S. senate as a Clay Demo- lower house of the Connecticut legislature four crat, serving two terms, from 1821 till 1833. While times between 1859 and 1871, was in the senate in in the senate he was chairman of the committee on 1876, and in 1882 was chosen to congress as a agriculture. At the expiration of his second term Democrat, serving two terms. — Origen Storrs's he resumed the practice of his profession. Ile was daughter-in-law, Mary Harrison, author, b. in the Whig candidate for governor of the state in Oxford, Conn., 7 Sept., 1835, is the wife of Rev. 1836, but was defeated by Silas H. Jennison. In Storrs 0. Seymour, of Hartford, Conn. She was October, 1847, he was appointed by the legislature educated in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Baltimore, Md., judge of probate for the district of Addison. Mr. and, besides many contributions to periodicals Seymour had acquired a competency, but lost it, chiefly for children, has published Mollie's chiefly through becoming surety for others. Yale Christmas Stocking " (New York, 1865) ; " Sun- gave him the degree of LL. 1). in 1847.–Another shine and Starlight (Boston, 1868; London. son, Henry, merchant, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 30 1879); “ Posy Vinton's Picnic (Boston, 1869): May, 1780; d. in Utica, N. Y., 26 Aug., 1837, settled “Ned, Nellie, and Amy” (1870); “Recompense as à merchant in Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y., (New York, 1877); “ Èvery Day" (1877; repub- accumulated a fortune, and afterward removed to lished as " A Year of Promise, Praise, and Praver," Utica. He served in both branches of the New London, 1879); and “ Through the Darkness" (New York legislature, and was mayor of Utica, canal | York, 1884). commissioner, and president of the Farmers' loan SEYMOUR, Thomas Hart, governor of Con- and trust company. - Henry's son, Horatio, gov- necticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., in 1808; d. there, ernor of New York, is noticed elsewhere.- Moses's 3 Sept., 1868. His early education was obtained grandson, Origen Storrs, jurist, b. in Litch- in the schools of his native city, and he was gradu- field, Conn., 9 Feb., 1804; d. there, 12 Aug., 1881, ated at Capt. Alden Partridge's military institute was the son of Ozias Seymour, who was for at Middletown, Conn., in 1829. Ile was, for some niny years sheriff of Litchfield county. He was time after his return to Hartford, the command- SEYMOUR 479 SHAFFNER a ing officer of the Hartford light-guard. He then 1864, and took possession of Jacksonville on 7 studied law, and was adınitted to the bar in Hart- Feb. He left that town with 5,000 men on the ford about 1833. He soon attained to a fair prac- 18th, and on the 20th met the enemy under Gen. tice, but never aspired to a high position in his Joseph Finegan near Olustee. After a three-hours' profession. In 1837–8 he became editor of a battle, Gen. Seymour was forced to retire to Jack- Democratic paper, “ The Jeffersonian,” and about sonville. He returned to Virginia after command- the same time was judge of probate for the disc ing the district of Florida till 28 March, 1864, led trict. His popular manners and address soon threw a brigade in the 6th corps of the Army of the Po- him into polities, and in 1843 he was elected to tomac, and was taken prisoner in the battle of the congress from the Hartford district. At the expi- Wilderness, 6 May, 1864. After being taken to ration of his term he declined a renomination. In Charleston, S. C., where he was exposed, by order March, 1846, he was commissioned major of the 9th of Gen. Samuel Jones, to the fire of the National or New England regiment of volunteers in the batteries on Morris island, he was exchanged on 9 Mexican war. On 13 Oct., 1847, Col. Ransom, its Aug., and led a division in the Shenandoah valley commander, having fallen in the assault on Cha- and the Richmond campaign, being engaged in pultepec, Maj. Seymour led the troops, scaled the the assault on the Confederate picket - lines at height, and with his command was the first to en- Petersburg, on 26 March, 1865, and the general ter that fortress. He was promoted to the com- attack of 2 April, which ended the siege of that mand of the regiment, and took part in the capture place. He was brevetted major-general of volun- of Mexico. In 1849 he was nominated for gover- teers “for ability and energy in handling his divis- nor, but, though gaining largely over the vote of ion, and for gallantry and valuable services in the preceding year, he was not elected. The next action,” and brigadier-general, U. S. army, for gal- year he was again a candidate, and was chosen by lantry at the capture of Petersburg, both commis- å handsome majority, and re-elected in 1851, 1852, sions to date from 13 March, 1865. He was present and 1853. In 1852 he was presidential elector. In at Lee's surrender, was mustered out of volunteer the autumn of 1853 President Pierce appointed service, 24 Aug., 1865, and became major of the him U. S. minister to Russia, and, resigning the 5th artillery, 13 Aug., 1866. After the war he governorship, he filled the office for four years . He commanded forts in Florida, Fort Warren, Mass.. formed a warm personal friendship for both the in 1869-'70, and Fort Preble, Me., in 1870–'5, and Czar Nicholas and his son, and received from them on 1 Nov., 1876, he was retired from active service. many costly tokens of their regard. After nearly Since his retirement he has resided in Europe, a year of European travel he returned to the chiefly in Florence. Williams college gave him United States in 1858. When the civil war began, the degree of A. M. in 1865. his sympathies were largely with the south, and he SHACKELFORD, James M, soldier, b. in continued his opposition to the war until its close Lincoln county, Ky., 7 July, 1827. After receiving. as the leader of the Connecticut Peace Democrats. an education in private schools, he studied law, In 1862 the state senate voted that his portrait, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and practised in with that of Isaac Toucey, should be removed from Kentucky. He served in the war with Mexico as the chamber till the comptroller should be satisfied a lieutenant. During the civil war he was colonel of his loyalty. In 1863 he was again a candidate of the 25th Kentucky volunteers, and subsequently for governor, but was defeated by William A. of the 8th Kentucky cavalry, and was appointed Buckingham, after an exciting contest. brigadier-general of volunteers on 2 Jan., 1863. SEYMOUR, Truman, soldier, b. in Burlington, His command captured Gen. John H. Morgan in Vt., 25 Sept., 1824. His grandfather was first Columbiana county, Ohio, in July, 1863. Since cousin to Moses, noticed above. He was gradu- the war he has practised his profession in Evans- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1846, as- ville, Ind. In 1880 he was a Republican presi- signed to the 1st artillery, and in the war with dential elector for Indiana. Mexico won the brevet of 1st lieutenant for gal- SHAFER, Helen Almira, educator, b, in New- lantry at Cerro Gordo, and that of captain for Con- ark, N. J., 23 Sept., 1839. After graduation at treras and Churubusco. He was promoted 1st Oberlin college in 1863, she was a teacher of mathe- lieutenant, 26 Aug., 1847, and in 1850-3 was as- matics in the Central high-school in St. Louis, Mo., sistant professor of drawing at West Point. lle from 1865 till 1875, and in 1877 became professor served against the Seminoles in Florida in 1856–8, of mathematics at Wellesley college, near Boston, was made captain, 22 Nov., 1860, and took part in Mass. She was made president of this institution the defence of Fort Sumter in 1861, for which he in January, 1888. received the brevet of major. He commanded the SHAFFNER, Taliaferro Preston, inventor, 5th artillery and the U. S. camp of instruction b. in Smithfield, Fauquier co., Va., in 1818; d. in at Harrisburg, Pa., from Deceinber, 1861, till Troy, N. Y., 11 Dec., 1881. He was chiefly self- March, 1862, and was then chief of artillery of educated, studied law, and was admitted to the Gen. George A. McCall's division till 28 April, bar, but gave much time to invention. He was 1862, when he was commissioned brigadier-general an associate of Samuel F. B. Morse in the in- of volunteers. lle served in the various campaigns troduction of the telegraph, built the line from in Virginia and Maryland in 1862, commanding Louisville, Kv., to New Orleans, and that from St. the left wing at Mechanicsville, 26 June, leading a Louis to Jefferson City in 1851, and held ollice in division at Malvern Hill, 1 July, and gaining the various telegraph companies. He was a projector brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel for South of a North Atlantic cable ria Labrador, Greenland, Mountain and Antietam respectively. After 18 Iceland, the Faroe islands, and Scotland, and was Nov., 1862, he was in the Department of the South, the inventor of several methods of blasting with serving as chief of staff to the commanding general nitroglycerine and other high explosives, for which from 8 Jan. till 23 April, 1863, leading a division twelve patents were issued. In 1864 he was in the on Folly island, S. C., on 4 July, taking part in the service of Denmark during the Dano-Prussian war. attack on Morris island on 10 July, and command-ı He was a member of various scientific societies of ing the unsuccessful assault on Fort Wagner on Europe. Mr. Shaffner published the - Telegraph 18 July, when he was severely wounded. He was Companion : devoted to the Science and Art of the in charge of an expedition to Florida in February, | Morse American Telegraph” (2 vols., New York, 480 SHANAHAN SHAFTER : 99 1855); “The Telegraph Manual" (1859); " The Se- | that year. After his exchange, he commanded a cession War in America” (London, 1862); “ His- division in the 7th corps and the post of Duval's tory of America” (2 vols., 1863); and “ Odd-Fel- Bluffs, Ark., serving in the southwest until he lowship” (New York, 1875). was mustered out on 24 Aug., 1865. He was com- SHAFTER, Oscar Lovell, jurist, b. in Athens, missioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 26 Vt., 19 Oct., 1812; d. in Florence, Italy, 23 Jan.. May, 1863, and brevetted major-general of volun- 1873. His grandfather, James Shafter, fought at teers on 27 July, 1865. From 1867 till 1870 he Bunker Hill, Bennington, and Saratoga. and for was president of the board of commissioners of twenty-five years served in the Vermont legisla- the Metropolitan fire department, and commission- ture; and his father was county judge, a member er of the fire department of New York city in of the Constitutional convention of 1836, and of 1870–3. He was consulting engineer to the Chi- the legislature. After graduation at Wesleyan cago board of police and fire in 1874-'5, being university, Middletown, Conn., in 1834, Oscar charged with the reorganization and instruction studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, of the fire department in that city. From 1867 till and began to practise in Wilmington, Vt., in 1836. 1886 he was major-general of the 1st division of In 1854 he removed to California, and practised the national guard of New York, and was an organ- his profession there until 1864, when he became izer and president of the National rifle association associate justice of the state supreme court for a of the United States. While a member of the term of ten years; but he resigned this post in 1867, board for the purchase of sites for armories, he was owing to impaired health, and resided in Europe accused of bribery; but, although he was tried until his death.-His brother, James McMillan, twice, the jury disagreed. Gen. Shaler published lawyer, b. in Athens, Windham co., Vt., 27 May, a Manual of Arms for Light Infantry using the 1816, was graduated at Wesleyan university in Rifle Musket” (New York, 1861). 1837, and at Yale law-school in 1839. He was SHALER, Nathaniel Southgate, geologist, b. admitted to the bar in 1840, practised law in Town- in Newport, Ky., 22 Feb., 1841. He was graduated send and Burlington, Vt., served in the legislature, in 1862 at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- and in 1842–9 was secretary of state. Removing yard, where he received private instruction from to Wisconsin in 1849, he served in the legislature, Louis Agassiz, and then spent two years in Ken- was its speaker, and in 1852 was a defeated candi- tucky, during the civil war, serving in the Federal date for congress. In 1852 he removed to Cali- militia as an officer in the artillery and on the staff. fornia, and, in connection with his brother and In 1864 he was appointed assistant in paleontology others, formed the law-partnership of Shafters, in the Museum of comparative zoology at Harvard, Park, and Heydenfeldt, and subsequently became and in 1865 he was given charge of the instruction associated with James M. Seawell. He served in in zöology and geology in the Lawrence school, the California senate in 1861-2 and again in which he continued until 1872. Meanwhile he 1863–4, when he was made president pro tempore. received the degree of S. D. for higher studies He was a member of the convention that adopted in 1865, and in 1868 was appointed professor the present constitution of California. Mr. Shafter of paleontology in Harvard, which chair he held owns twelve of the finest dairy ranches in the state. till 1887, when he became professor of geology. He is a trustee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., uni- Dr. Shaler was appointed director of the Kentucky versity at Palo Alto, California. geological survey in 1873, and devoted a part of SHAKESPEARE, Edward Oram, physician, cach year until 1880 to that work, in connection b. in Dover, Del., 19 May, 1846. He is descended with which he published reports entitled "Geo- from Edmund, one of the brothers of the poet, logical Survey of Kentucky (6 vols., Frankfort, William Shakespeare. After receiving his bache- 1876–82), and Memoirs of the Geological Survey lor's degree at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in of Kentucky.” (1 vol., Cambridge, 1876). In 1884 1867, he was graduated at the medical department he was appointed geologist to the U. S. geological of the University of Pennsylvania in 1869. At survey in charge of the Atlantic division. He is first he settled in Dover, Del., but in 1874 removed a member of scientific societies, and has published to Philadelphia. He makes a specialty of oph- upward of one hundred memoirs, including fre- thalmic surgery, and is lecturer on refraction and quent popular articles in the “ Atlantic Monthly," accommodation of the eye, and operative ophthal- * Scribner's Magazine,” and similar periodicals. Dr. mic surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. In Shaler has published “Thoughts on the Nature of 1885 he was sent as the representative of the Unit- Intellectual Property and its Importance to the ed States to Spain and other countries in Europe State ” (Boston, 1878); with William M. Davis, " Il- where cholera existed, in order to investigate the lustrations of the Earth's Surface; Glaciers " (1881); causes, progress, and proper prevention and cure A First Book in Geology”(1884); and " Kentucky, of that disease. He spent six months in studying a Pioneer Commonwealth” (1885), in the “ Ameri- the subject, and made his report to congress. . Dr. can Commonwealth Series.” Shakespeare is a member of several medical socie- SHALER, William, author, b. in 1778; d. in ties, and has devised for clinical purposes a new Havana, Cuba, 29 March, 1833. Ile was U. S. ophthalmoscope and ophthalmometre. consul-general at Algiers, where he rendered ser- SHALER, Alexander, soldier, b. in Haddam, vice to the French during their operations against Conn., 19 March, 1827. He was educated in pri- that place, and subsequently held this post at vate schools, entered the New York militia as a Havana, where he displayed ability in difficult private in 1845, and became major of the 7th New circumstances, and was commissioned to negotiate York regiment, 13 Dec., 1860. He was appointed a treaty in 1815. Princeton gave him the degree lieutenant-colonel of the 65th New York volunteers I of A. N. in 1828. He published a paper on the in June, 1861, became colonel, 17 July, 1862, and “ Language of the Berbers in Africa in the commanded the military prison at Johnson's isl- " American Philosophical Transactions," and was and, Ohio, during the winter of 1863-'4. He served the author of “ Sketches of Algiers," highly com- with the Army of the Potomac, participating in mended by Dr. Jared Sparks (Boston, 1826). all its battles, until 6 May, 1864, when he was taken SHANAHAN, Jeremiah Francis, R. ('. bishop, prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness, and was b. in Silver Lake, Susquehanna co., Pa., 17 July, held in Charleston, S. C., during the summer of 1834; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 24 Sept., 1886. He 66 9 9 SHANK 481 SHANNON received his early education in St. Joseph's college, , edited “ Bench and Bar”. (1868); and printed pri- near Susquehanna, and afterward studied for the vately “A Noble Treason,” a tragedy (1876). priesthood in St. Charles Borromeo seminary, Phila- SHANLY, Charles Dawson, journalist, b. in delphia. He was ordained a priest on 3 July, Dublin, Ireland, 9 March, 1811; d. in Arlington, 1859, and placed in charge of the preparatory semi- Fla., 15 Aug., 1875. He was graduated at Trinity nary at Glen Riddle. The see of Harrisburg was college, Dublin, in 1834, and, after holding the created in 1868, and Dr. Shanahan was consecrated office of assistant secretary of the department of its first bishop on 18 July of that year. He intro-. public works in Canada in 1842–57, went to New duced many sisterhoods into his diocese, and built "| York, and became connected with the press of schools, academies, and charitable institutions that city. In 1860 he was one of the chief con- When he was raised to the episcopate there were in tributors to “ Vanity Fair,” and at one time he was it 3 convents, 7 parochial schools, 22 priests, and its editor. In 1865–’6 he conducted " Mrs. Grun- about 20,000 Roman Catholics. At his death the dy." His writings consisted of essays and descrip- number of priests was 51 ; churches, 51 : chapels tive articles, poems, and ballads, some of which and stations, 75; academies, 7; orphan asylums, 3; were imaginative and pathetic, while others were parochial schools, 29 ; while the Roman Catholic satirical or humorous. They were contributed to population had increased to more than 35,000. the “ New York Leader," " Weekly Review," " Al- SHANK, David, British soldier, b. in Virginia; biori,” and “ Atlantic Monthly," and other literary d. in Glasgow, Scotland, 16 Oct., 1831. He was papers, while on the daily journals he was a regular appointed a lieutenant under Lord Dunmore in writer on social events and passing trifles. He Virginia in 1775, participated in the defence of was an expert draughtsman of comic sketches, and Gwynn's island and other skirmishes, and served passionately fond of painting. Of his writings, as à volunteer in the battle of Long Island, 27 there were published in book-form, illustrated by Aug., 1776. In March, 1777, he became a lieuten- Henry L. Stephens, “ A Jolly Bear and his Friends ant in the Queen's rangers, and accompanied Gen. (New York, 1866); “The Monkey of Porto Bello” Howe's army into New Jersey. He was engaged (1866); and “The Truant Chicken” (1866). His in the battle of the Brandywine, 11 Sept., 1777, best-known poems are “ Civil War” and “The commanded the picket at Germantown on 4 Oct., Walker of the Snow.”—His brother, Walter, ('a- and checked the American column that attacked nadian engineer, b. at the Abbey, Stradbally, the right of the British army. He was also pres- Queen's county, Ireland, 11 Oct., 1819, was edu. ent at Monmouth, and succeeded to the command cated privately, afterward prepared himself for of a company in October, 1778. In August, 1779, civil engineering, and came to Canada in 1837, set- he led a troop of dragoons, and afterward the cav- tling in the county of Middlesex. He was resi- alry of the Queen's rangers in Virginia, with which dent engineer, under the Canada board of works, he sustained a severe action at Spencer's Ordinary. on the Beauharnois and Welland canals from In October, 1783, he returned to England, and in 1843 till 1848, resident engineer Northern New 1792 assisted in raising, under the patronage of the York railroad, 1848–51, chief engineer of the Ottawa Marquis of Buckingham, a light-infantry corps of and Prescott railway in 1851-3, of the western 400 men called the Queen's rangers for Čanada, in division of the Grand Trunk railway in 1853-9, which company he was commissioned senior officer, and general manager of the same line from 1857 and he commanded the troops in Upper Canada in till 1862. His greatest achievement in engineer- 1796 after receiving the brevet of major on 1 March, ing was the completion of the Hoosac Mountain 1794. He was made lieutenant-colonel in January, tunnel, in Massachusetts, in 1869–75, in which en- 1798, and in 1799 returned to England. He was ap- terprise he was assisted by his brother, Francis. pointed lieutenant-colonel in the Canadian fenci- He was chief engineer of the Canada Atlantic rail- bles on 3 Sept., 1803, was promoted to colonel in way, 1879-'85, and is now (1888) consulting engineer 1808, and was commissioned major-general in 1811 of that line. He sat in the Canadian assembly in and lieutenant-general in 1821. 1863–’7, when he was re-elected to the Dominion SHANKS, William Franklin Gore, author, parliament as a Conservative. He was an unsuc- b. in Shelbyville, Ky., 20 April, 1837. He was edu- cessful candidate in 1872 and 1874, re-elected by cated in Louisville, and wrote for the Louisville acclamation on the death of the sitting member in * Journal ” and the “Courier.” At the beginning July, 1885, and again elected in February, 1887. of the civil war he became a correspondent of the SHANNON, Wilson, governor of Ohio and of New York - Herald,” and joined its staff in 1865. Kansas, b. in Belmont county, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1802; In 1866 he contributed regularly to Harper's d. in Lawrence, Kan., 31 Aug., 1877. He was grad- " Weekly” and “ Monthly,” and prepared an index uated at Athens college, Ohio, and at Transyl- of the contents of the latter for the first forty vol- vania university, Ky., and became a lawyer. ile On the death of Henry J. Raymond, he began practice at St. Clairsville, Ohio, and in 1835 transferred his services from the “ Times” to the was prosecuting attorney for the state. " Tribune,” remaining there until 1880. While city governor of Ohio in 1838-40, and again in 1842–4, editor of the “ Tribune” he was imprisoned for and in 1844 he went as V. S. minister to Mexico. contempt of court for refusal to divulge the name He was a representative in congress in 1853–5, and of the writer of an article in the paper, taking the territorial governor of Kansas in 1855–6. Dur- ground that he was a privileged witness. After ing Gov. Shannon's administration in Kansas the his release on a writ of habeas corpus he brought troubles between the free-state and pro-slavery charges against District Attorney Winchester Brit- parties began to assume a threatening aspect. The ton, who was removed by Gov. Dix. In 1880 he governor favored the latter, though he tried to be instituted suit, for the first time in this country, cautious. He succeeded in peacefully terminating against the vendor of a libel, recovering two judg- the Wakarusha war” in 1855, but hostilities ments, and the court of appeals sustained the legal were resumed in the following year, ending in the point at issue. In 1885 he organized the National burning of the town of Lawrence by a band of press intelligence company, of which he is now " border ruffians” that had been gathered as a (1888) president, and he is still a contributor to U. S. marshal's posse. Shannon was finally re- various newspapers. He has published “ Recollec- moved, and succeeded by John W. Geary. He tions of Distinguished Generals " (New York, 1865); | subsequently practised law in Lawrence. VOL. 1.-31 umes. He was 482 SHARPLESS SHAPLEIGH 99 mor SHAPLEIGH, Frank Henry, artist, b. in Bos- | death, and an overseer of Harvard. He received the ton, 7 March, 1842. He studied under Émile Lam- honorary degree of D. D. from Brown in 1828, and binet in Paris, and has spent his professional life Harvard in 1843. Dr. Sharp published numerous in his native city. His paintings include " Venice," discourses and sermons. The Recognition of " Yosemite Valley," " Mirror Lake," " Cathedral Friends in Heaven” passed through four editions. Rocks,” , Mount Washington, “ Cohasset Har- SHARP, Jacob, capitalist, b. in Montgomery bor," “ Northern Peaks, “ The White Moun- county, N. Y., in 1817; d. in New York city, 5 tains,” “ Fort Marion, St. Augustine," "Fort at April, 1888. He was of humble parentage and Matanzas, Florida,” and “ Old Mill in Seabrook.” worked on a farm till 1837, when he began rafting SHAPLEY, Rufus Edmonds, author, b. in on the Hudson river. He saved money, dealt in Carlisle, Pa., 4 Aug., 1840. He was graduated at timber, and furnished the material for the build- Dickinson college in 1860, studied law, was admit- ing of piers and bulkheads in New York city. In ted to the bar, and has practised in Philadelphia 1850 he conceived the scheme of a street railroad since 1866. He has published “Solid for Mul- to be constructed on Broadway, and in 1884, after hooly: a Political Satire on Boss Rule” (New years of scheming against powerful opposition, he York, 1881), and, in collaboration with Ainsworth succeeded in his object. He was afterward ar- R. Spotford, has edited a Library of Wit and Hu- rested on the charge of bribing the New York (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1884). board of aldermen in connection with securing SHARKEY, William Lewis, senator, b. in the resolution for the construction of the Broad- Mussel Shoals, Tenn., in 1797; d. in Washington, way street railway, and on 14 July, 1887, was sen- D. C., 29 April, 1873. He removed with his par- tenced by Judge Barrett to confinement for four ents to the territory of Mississippi in 1804, and, as years and a half in the state prison, and to pay a a substitute for his uncle, was present at the battle fine of $5,000. The court of appeals, on 29 Nov., of New Orleans. After graduating at Greenville 1887, set aside the conviction, and Sharp was re- college, Tenn., he studied law, was admitted to the leased in $40,000 bail. He never recovered from bar of Mississippi in 1822, and began practice at the effect of his conviction and imprisonment. Warrenton. He removed to Vicksburg in 1825, was SHARPE, George Henry, lawyer, b. in King- elected a member of the legislature in 1827, and ston, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1828. He was graduated at was chief justice of the court of errors and appeals Rutgers in 1847, studied law at Yale college, was in 1832–50. In 1865 he was appointed provisional admitted to the bar in 1854, and practised until governor, and in 1866 was elected U. S. senator. he entered the army in 1861 as captain in the 20th SHARON, William, capitalist, b. in Smith- New York infantry. He became colonel of the field, Ohio, 9 Jan., 1821 ; d. 13 Nov., 1885. He re- 120th New York infantry in 1862, and took part in ceived a good education and studied law, but all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. He relinquished it to engage in banking in Nevada. served upon the staffs of Gens. Hooker, Meade, and He became largely interested in silver-mines in Grant, and was brevetted brigadier-general in 1864, that state, and amassed great wealth. He after- and major-general in 1865. He was attached to ward became a trustee of the Bank of California, the U. Š. legation at Vienna in 1851, and was a in San Francisco, and during the troubles of that special agent of the state department in Europe in institution, arising out of the death of its presi- 1867. In 1870–'3 he was U.S. marshal for the south- dent, he brought its affairs to a satisfactory settle- ern district of New York, and took the census that ment. He was United States senator from Nevada demonstrated the great election frauds of 1868 in from 1875 till 1881. He gained notoriety as de- New York city, which led to the enforcement of fendant in a case for divorce that was instituted the Federal election law for the first time in 1871. against him by Sarah Althea Hill, who, claiming Ile was surveyor of customs for New York from to be his wife, gained her suit, and married Judge 1873 till 1878. He was a member of the assembly in David S. Terry, who was her counsel in the case. 1879–83, and in 1880–'1 was the speaker. He delir- SHARP, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Huddersfield, ered addresses at Kingston on the centennial anni- England, 25 Dec., 1783 ; d. near Baltimore, Md., versary of the organization of the state government 23 April, 1853. He in 1877, and before the Holland society on its visit came to this country to Kingston in 1886, both of which were published. in 1805 to engage in SHARPE, William, congressman, b. in Cecil commercial pursuits, county, Md., 13 Dec., 1742; d. in Iredell county, but soon abandoned N. C., in July, 1818. He received a classical edu- these to devote him- cation, studied law, and in 1763 began practice at self to the ministry. Mecklenburg, N. C. He was a member of the Pro- After a course of vincial congress that met at New Berne in April. study in Philadel- 1775, at Hillsborough in August following, and at phia, he became, in Halifax in 1776. He was aide to Gen. Griffith 1809, pastor of the Rutherford in 1776 in his campaign against the Baptist church in Indians, and in 1777 was appointed one of the com- Newark, N.J. From missioners to treat with them. He was a member 1812 until his death of the Continental congress in 1779–82. he was pastor of a SHARPLESS, James, artist, b. in England church in Boston. about 1751; d. in New York city, 26 Feb., 1811. For several years he He was intended for the priesthood, but studied was associate editor art. He came to this country in 1794, but, af- of the “ American ter remaining here several years. revisited Eng- Baptist Magazine.” land, returning to this country in 1809. He is He was president of buried in the churchyard of St. Peter's in Bar- the Baptist missionary board in Boston, the first clay street, New York. The only known work president of the American Baptist missionary union, of Sharpless that is unquestionably authentic is a president of the board of trustees of Newton theo collection of small portraits in pastel. These are logical seminary for eighteen years, a fellow of usually in profile, although some give the full face. Brown university from 1928 to the time his. Sharpless used a thick gray paper, softly grained. a Daniel Sharp SHARPS 483 SHARSWOOD and of woolly texture. His colored crayons, which I ing the Farmers' and Mechanics' bank, and in he manufactured himself, were kept finely pow- 1817 wrote numerous articles against the Bank dered in small glass cups, and he applied them with of the United States. His father died at the a camel's-hair pencil. He is said to have worked age of twenty-two, and before the son's birth, and with great rapidity, wholly completing in two his early training devolved entirely on his widowed hours a portrait for which he charged $15 for a mother. He was educated by grandfather, profile, and $20 for a full face. He usually made Capt. James Sharswood, a wealthy citizen of Phila- à replica of each portrait, which he retained for delphia, was graduated at the University of Penn- his own use. This personal collection came into sylvania in 1828 with the highest honors of his the possession of a gentleman in Virginia, it is said, class, and, after studying law under Joseph R. In- as a pledge for a loan of $150, which was never gersoll, was admitted to the bar, 5 Sept., 1831. He repaid, and the portraits remained his. Each one did not meet with marked success in the early originally had the name of the subject attached to years of his practice, and devoted himself to study. it, but during the civil war a descendant of the În 1837–8 and 1842–3 he served in the legislature, owner removed them from his home, and many of | and in 1845 the governor commissioned him as the names were lost, out of 130 only 70 were judge of the district court of Philadelphia. In named. Subsequently an effort was made to 1848 he became its president, which post he con- identify them, but with only partial success. At tinued to hold until 1867, when he was elected a the Centennial exhibition in 1876, forty of them justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. In were purchased for the National museum in Inde- 1878 he became chief justice, and he retired from pendence hali, Philadelphia, where they now are. the bench in 1882, at the expiration of his term of Among them are portraits of George Washington, office. In 1850 he revived the law department of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, the University of Pennsylvania, which had been Anthony Wayne, Horatio Gates, James Wilkinson, established in 1790 by James Wilson, but whose Elias Dayton, James Clinton, De Witt Clinton, operations had been suspended, and he was the Charles Brockton Brown, Chancellor Kent, Judge senior professor of law there until 1867, when he William Johnson, Chancellor Livingston, Noah resigned his chair. He was a frequent contributor Webster, Fisher Ames, Aaron Burr, Alexander to the literature of the law, beginning in 1834 with Hamilton, Benjamin Rush, Henry Cruger, John an article in the “ American Law Review" on "The Langdon, James McHenry, and the wives of James Revised Code of Pennsylvania." He is the author Madison and Richard Stockton. Sharpless took of “ Professional Ethics, a Compound of Lectures Washington's portrait in profile in 1796 in Phila- on the Aims and Duties of the Profession of the delphia. The likeness has always been estimated as Law” (Philadelphia, 1854); and “ Popular Lectures a very correct one. He made many copies in pastel, on Common Law” (1856). The work which for a and his wife copied it on ivory in miniature. In generation has made his name familiar is “Shars- 1854 there were brought from England what pur- wood's Blackstone's Commentaries” (1859). In ported to be three original oil-portraits by Sharp- 1853 he undertook the work of editing the several less, two of Washington, one profile and the other volumes of English common-law reports, repub- full face, and one of Mrs. Washington. They were lished for the use of the American bar. His editions exhibited in New York, and created much interest. of English text-writers were numerous. “Adams In 1882–'3 they were again brought to this country on Equity,” “ Russell on Crimes,” “ Byles on Bills,” and exhibited more widely, and again in 1886–'. “Leigh's Nisi Prius," and "Starkie on Evidence” when they were offered for sale at an extravagant are a few of the works that received his attention. price, but an investigation threw doubt on their In 1856 he published his “ Lectures on Commercial authenticity and caused their withdrawal. Sharp- Law.”. While he was a judge of the district court less had a turn for mechanics as well as art, and in his written opinions numbered more than 5,000. the first volume of the “ Medical and Philosophical His opinions in the supreme court are to be found Register" (1811) is published a paper by him on in the" Pennsylvania State Reports " from volumes steam-carriages. His widow returned to England lvii. to cii., inclusive. His judicial career won for and had a sale of his effects at Bath, but his two him the reputation of being one of the most eminent sons are believed to have remained in this country jurists that had ever sat on the bench in Pennsyl- and settled in the south. It was probably from vania, and his urbanity toward the bar gave him a one of thein that the Virginia gentleman obtained popularity that has never been surpassed in the life the collection of pastel portraits. of any jurist. These were in part made manifest SHARPS, Christian, inventor, b. in New Jer by a dinner which was tendered him by the bar of sey in 1811: d. in Vernon, Conn., 13 March, 1874. Philadelphia, in the Academy of music, on his re- He early developed a talent for mechanics, became tirement from the bench, by the attendance of a machinist, and was conversant with every depart- more than 500 lawyers at the meeting of the bar, ment of his trade. Ilis principal invention was the held a few days after his death, and by a memorial Sharps breech-loading rifle. In 1854 he removed tablet that they caused to be placed in the supreme to Hartford, Conn., to superintend the manufac- He was elected vice-provost of the ture of this rifle, and he subsequently invented Law academy of Philadelphia in 1835, and served other fire-arms of great value, and patented many in this office until 18533, when he was elected pro- ingenious implements of various kinds. vost, which post he continued to fill until a short SHARSWOOD, George, jurist, b. in Philadel- time before his death. He was chosen a trustee of phia, Pa., 7 July, 1810; d. there, 28 May, 1883. He the University of Pennsylvania in 1872, and was a was a descendant in the sixth generation of George member of the Philosophical society. The Uni- Sharswood, of England, who settled at New Lon- versity of the city of New York and Columbia col- don, Conn., before 1665. Ilis grandfather, James lege, in 1856, conferred on him the degree of LL. D. (b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 April, 1747; d. there, | See an address by George W. Biddle on the “* Pro- 14 Sept., 1836), was a lumber merchant, served in i fessional and Judicial Character of Chief-Justice the Revolutionary war, and was an original mem- Sharswood."--His cousin, William, author, b. in ber of the Democratic party, and served in the Philadelphia, Pa., in 1836, was graduated at the general assembly of Philadelphia, and also in the University of Pennsylvania in 1856, and then stud- select council. He was actively interested in found- / ied at Jena, Germany, where he received the degree 66 & court-room. 1 484 SHAW SHATTUCK ? of Ph. D. in 1859. He has published “Studia | Caldwell both lost faith in their British allies, and Physica," a series of monographis (Vienna); “ Ele- never again took sides with them. They soon after- nore, a Drama” (Philadelphia, 1862 ; reissued as ward met Gen. Lewis Cass at Detroit, and agreed The Betrothed," 1865); and “The Miscellaneous to submit to the United States. In the effort made Writings of William Sharswood” (vol. i., 1862), be- by Black Hawk in February, 1832, to incite the sides contributions to scientific journals. Pottawattamies and Ottawas to make war against SHATTUCK, Aaron Draper, artist, b. in the whites, Shaubena frustrated his plans, and thus Francestown, N. H., 9 March, 1832. He became incurred the batred of the Sac chief. In early in 1850 the pupil of Alexander Ransom in Bos- manhood Shaubena married the daughter of a Pot- ton, and two years later entered the schools of the tawattamie chief, whose village was on the Illinois Academy of design, New York. The first picture river east of the present city of Ottawa. Here he that he exhibited at the academy was a Study lived a few years, but removed about twenty-five of Grasses and Flowers ” (1856). The following miles north, to what is known as Shaubena's grove, year he was elected an associate, and he became an in DeKalb county. There he and his family re- academician in 1861. In 1867 he held the post of sided till 1837, when he was removed to western recording secretary. His works include White Missouri. Unfortunately, his tribe and that of Mountains in October" (1868); “Sunday Morning Black Hawk had reservations near each other. in New England” (1873); “Sheep and Cattle in War began between them. His eldest son and a Landscape" (1874); “ Autumn near Stockbridge nephew were killed, and Shaubena went back to (1876); "Granby Pastures" (1877); “ Cows by the his old home in Illinois. After spending three Meadow Brook” (1881); Cattle” (1882); and years in Kansas on a new reservation, he returned “ Peaceful Days” (1884). He invented in 1883–5 again to Illinois, but found his land occupied by a stretcher-frame with keys, a great improvement strangers, who rudely drove him from the grove on the old methods of tightening canvases. that bore his name. The Washington officials had SHATTUCK, George Cheyne, physician, b. in decided that he forfeited his title when he moved Templeton, Mass., 17 July, 1783; d. in Boston, 18 from his land. Some of his friends subsequently March, 1854. He was graduated at Dartmouth in bought twenty acres for him on Mazon creek, near 1803 and at the medical department of the Uni- Morris, II., where he died. He was a superb speci- versity of Pennsylvania in 1807, and became a suc- men of an Indian, See “Life of Shaubena,” by N. cessful physician in Boston. He was at one time Matson (Chicago, 1878). president of the Massachusetts medical society. SHAVER, George Frederick, inventor, b. in Dr. Shattuck, by his will, devised more than $60,- Ripley, Chautauqua co., N, Y., 4 Nov., 1855. He 000 to charitable objects. He contributed largely was educated at the high-school of his native town, to Dartmouth college, and built its observatory, and from 1875 till 1879 was in the employ of the which he furnished with valuable instruments. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad. He “Shattuck school," at Faribault, Minn., a collegiate has recently been engaged in the introduction of boarding-school under the auspices of the Protest- his improved mechanical telephone, was president ant Episcopal church, of which Dr. Shattuck was of the Consolidated telephone company in 1883–6, a liberal patron, was named for him. He received and since 1887 has been vice-president and general the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth in 1853. manager of the Shaver corporation, which has Dr. Shattuck published two Boylston prize disser- charge of that and other of his inventions. The tations, entitled “Structure and Physiology of the principal features of Mr. Shaver's telephone are Skin " (Boston, 1808) and “ Causes of Biliary Secre- the manner of carrying the line around curves, tions” (1808), and Yellow Fever of Gibraltar in and the way in which it is fastened to the dia- 1828," from the French (1839). phragm. His other devices include a self-righting SHATTUCK, Lemuel, author, b. in Ashby, and self-bailing life-boat, which has been used by Mass., 15 Oct., 1793 ; d. in Boston, 17 Jan., 1859. the U. S. and Canadian governments, a compound He taught in various places, and was a merchant automatic mail-catcher, a dynamophone to enable in Concord, Mass., from 1823 till 1833. He was deaf persons to hear, a type-writer, and an auto- afterward a bookseller and publisher in Boston, a matic screw-driver. member of the common council of that city, and SHAW, Albert, journalist, b. in New London, for several years a representative in the legislature. Butler co., Ohio, 23 July, 1857. He was graduated In 1844 he was one of the founders of the New at lowa college in 1879, and then studied history England historic-genealogical society, and he was and political science at Johns Hopkins, where he its vice-president for five years. He was also a took the degree of Ph. D. in 1884. Since 1883 he member of various similar societies. He pub- has been an editor of the Minneapolis “ Tribune." lished " Ilistory of Concord, Mass.” (Boston, 1835); He has published" Local Government in Illinois • Vital Statisties of Boston ".(1841); “ The Census (Baltimore, 1883); “ Icaria ; a Chapter in the His- of Boston” (1845); “ Report on the Sanitary Con- tory of Communism” (New York, 1884); “Co- dition of Massachusetts" (1850); and * Memorials i operation in a Western City” (Baltimore, 1886); of the Descendants of William Shattuck" (1855). and “The National Revenue” (Chicago, 1888), and SHAUBENA, Ottawa chief, b. near Maumee is a frequent contributor to periodicals. river, Ohio, about 1775 ; d. near Morris, II., 27 SHAW, Albert Duane, consul, b. in Lyme, July, 1859. His name is also spelled Shabonee, Jefferson co., N. Y., 27 Dec., 1841. He was edu- Chab-o-neh, Shab-eh-ney, Chamblee, and in other cated at St. Lawrence university. Canton, N. Y., He served under Tecumseh from 1807 served in the 35th New York regiment in 1861-3, till the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he and was elected to the legislature in 1867. He was accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell appointed C. S.consul at Toronto, Canada, in 1868, (see SalGANASH) to the homes of the Pottåwattamies and in 1878 promoted to Manchester, England, and other tribes residing in what are now Illinois where he served till 1885. Mr. Shaw is known and Wisconsin, with the hope of securing the co- for his valuable consular reports to the state depart- operation of Indian braves in driving the white ment, on foreign manufactures, and tariff and reve- settlers out of the country. At the battle of the nue reform. On his retirement from office in Thames he was by the side of Tecumseh when he Manchester the citizens gave him a public recep- fell, and at the death of their leader Shaubena and tion in the city-hall, and presented him, through . ways. SHAW 485 SHAW : 66 66 Kerry N. Shan the mayor, with a silver casket and address. He of enunciation. The essay on the mule became “An has been active in politics as a Republican orator. Essa on the Muel, bi Josh Billings," and was sent SHAW, Annie Cornelia, artist, b. in West to a New York paper. It was reprinted in several Troy, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1852. She studied in Chi- of the comic journals, and extensively copied. His cago, and was elected an associate of the Chicago most successful literary venture was a travesty academy of design in 1873, and an academician in on the “Old Farmers' Almanac,” published for 1876. Her principal works are “On the Calumet" many years by the Thomas family, “Josh Billings' (1874); “ Willow Island” and “ Keene Valley, Farmers' Allmi- N. Y.” (1875); “Ebb Tide on the Coast of Maine" nax (New York, (1876); “ Head of a Jersey Bull” (1877); “ Return- 1870). Two thou- ing from the Fair” (1878); “In the Rye-Field” and sand copies were “ Řoad to the Creek” (1880); “Close of a Summer first printed, and Day" (1882); “July Day” and “In the Clearing for two months (1883); “Fall Ploughing," “ Ashen Days," and few were disposed • The Corn-Field” (1884); and " The Russet Year” of, but during the (1885). Her “Illinois Prairie” was at the Centen- next three months nial exhibition in 1876. over 90,000 were SHAW, Charles, lawyer, b. in Bath, Me., in printed and sold. 1782; d. in Montgomery, Ala., in 1828. He was For the second graduated at Harvard in 1805, and practised law year 127,000 copies for several years in Lincoln county, Me., but re- were distributed, moved to Alabama, and was judge of a court in and for the ten Montgomery at the time of his death. He pub- years of its exist- lished a Topographical Historical Description ence the sales were of Boston from its First Settlement,” which was very large. He be- highly praised (1817). gan to lecture in SHAW, Henry, philanthropist, b. in England, 1863, his lectures 24 July, 1800. He came to this country in 1819, being a series of and in May of that year established himself in the pithy sayings without care or order, delivered in hardware business in St. Louis with a small stock an apparently awkward manner. Their quaintness of goods that he brought with him. When he and drollery, coupled with mannerisms peculiarly was forty years of age he retired from business his own, made him popular on the platform. For with what at that time was considered a large for- twenty years previous to his death he contributed tune. He then spent nearly ten years in travel, regularly to the “ New York Weekly," and the arti- and on his return founded the nucleus of the cles appearing in the “Century" magazine under Missouri botanical garden. As it grew more at the pen-name of “Uncle Esek” are said to be his. tractive he conceived the idea of making his gar- Besides the books mentioned above, he published den a public resort, and opened his gates to all Josh Billings, his Sayings” (New York, 1866); comers, maintaining the property, which covered “ Josh Billings on Ice” (1875); “Every Boddy's about fifty acres, at his own expense, and ex- Friend" (1876); “ Josh Billings's Complete Works,” tending to all the hospitality of his residence. In in one volume (1877); and "Josh Billings's Spice- 1870 he gave to the city of St. Louis a tract of 190 Box" (1881). See his “Life,” by Francis S. Smith acres of land adjoining his garden, on condition of (New York, 1883). its maintenance as a public park by the city. It SHAW, James Boylan, clergyman, b. in New was laid out under the supervision of Mr. Shaw, York city, 25 Aug., 1808. He was fitted for the who enriched it with many works of art. In June, sophomore class at Yale, but, instead of entering 1885, he gave to Washington university improved college, began the study of medicine, then that of real estate that yields $5,000 yearly income, which, law, and afterward prepared for the Presbyterian in accordance with his wishes, was used in organ- ministry, being licensed to preach in 1832. He izing and maintaining a school of botany as a was for nearly fifty years in charge of the Brick department of the university. At the same time church in Rochester, N. Y., and is now (1888) pastor the Missouri botanical garden and arboretum were emeritus. He received the degree of D.D. from placed in such relation to the school as to secure the University of Rochester in 1852. Dr. Shaw was their full uses for scientific study and investigation moderator of the general assembly of his church to the professor and students for all time to come. in 1865, and in 1873 chairman of the first com- SHAW, Henry Wheeler, humorist, b. in Lanes- mittee that was sent by the Presbyterian church borough, Mass., 21 April, 1818; d. in Monterey, in the United States to the established church of Cal., 14 Oct., 1885. His father, Henry Shaw, was Scotland. He has been a trustee of Genesee col- a member of the Massachusetts legislature for lege, Hamilton college, and Auburn theological twenty-five years, and was also a member of seminary, and is a corporate member of the Ameri- congress in 1818–21. The son was admitted to can board of commissioners for foreign missions. Hamilton about 1832, but, becoming captivated He has published occasional sermons. with stories of western life and adventure, aban- SHAW, John, naval officer, b. in Mount Mel- doned all thoughts of college and turned his steps lick, Queen's county, Ireland, in 1773 : d. in Phila- westward. He worked on steamboats on Ohio delphia, Pa., 17 Sept., 1823. He was the son of an river, then became a farmer, and afterward an English officer, and, after receiving an ordinary auctioneer. In 1858 he settled in Poughkeepsie, education, came to this country with an elder N. Y., as an auctioneer, and in that year he wrote brother in December, 1790, and settled in Phila- his first article for the senior editor of this work, delphia, Pa. He became a sailor in the merchant followed in 1859 by his " Essay on the Mule.” No marine, and in 1797 was master of a brig that attention was paid to these or other articles written sailed to the West Indies. When hostilities with by him, and Mr. Shaw concluded that as an author France began, he entered the U. S. navy as a he was a failure. A year later he was induced to lieutenant, 3 Aug., 1798. In December of the make another effort, and decided to adopt a method following year he was given command of the of spelling that more nearly represented his style / Enterprise," one of two schooners that had been 486 SHAW SHAW built especially for chases and conflicts with small | ton, with a Life of the Author” (Boston, 1847).- fast-sailing privateers. She was of 165 tons bur- His nephew, Robert Gould, merchant, b. in then, carrying 12 light guns, and a crew that Gouldsborough, Me., 4 June, 1776; d. in Boston, varied from 60 to 76 men. In this vessel, during Mass., 3 May, 1853, was the son of Francis Shaw, a cruise of eight months, he captured eight French who, with his father, Francis, was interested in privateers, and recovered eleven American prizes, founding the town of Gouldsborough, Me., and lost fighting five spirited actions, two of them with much money when the enterprise failed. Robert vessels of superior force. His most serious action, went to Boston about 1789, and was apprenticed which was considered one of the warmest combats to his uncle William. When he came of age he of the war, was with the “ Flambeau,” of 14 guns entered into business for himself, which he con- and 100 men, which, after a lively chase, he forced tinued till 1810 in various partnerships. From the to fight and to strike her colors after a little more latter year till his death he conducted his affairs than an hour. The French vessel lost about half alone. He resided for several years in London, her crew in killed and wounded, to the “ Enter- and in 1807 invested largely in lands in Maine. prise's” ten. Lieut. Shaw cruised in the Mediter. He accumulated a fortune, and bequeathed $110,- ranean in the “George Washington ” in 1801, and 000 to be put at interest until it should amount to in the “ John Adams” in 1805; meanwhile he had $400,000. This is to be designated the Shaw been promoted to master-commandant, 22 May, fund," and is to be devoted to the support of an 1804. "He became captain, 27 Aug., 1807, and com- asylum for mariners' children. He also left $ 10,- manded the squadron in 1814 that was blockaded 000 to purchase a site for the institution.—Robert by the enemy in Thames river between New Lon- Gould's eldest son, Francis George, b. in Boston, don and Norwich, Conn. In 1816-'17 he had Mass., 23 Oct., 1809; d. in West New Brighton, charge of the Mediterranean squadron, and after- Staten island, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1882, entered Harvard ward he commanded the navy-yards at Boston, in 1825, but left in 1828 to enter his father's count- Mass., and Charleston, S. C. ing-room, and engaged actively in business. In SHAW, John, poet, b. in Annapolis, Md., 4 1841, his health being impaired, he withdrew to May, 1778; d. at sea, 10 Jan., 1809. He was gradu. West Roxbury, near Brook Farm, where an experi- ated at St. John's college, Annapolis, in 1795, ment in associative life, in which he was interested, studied medicine in the University of Pennsyl- was begun under the leadership of George Ripley. vania, and was appointed surgeon in the fleet that In 1847 he left West Roxbury, and, after living was sent to Algiers in December, 1798. He also more than three years upon the north shore of served as secretary to Gen. William W. Eaton in Staten island, he went to Europe with his family. Tunis, but returned in 1800, and then went, in | After four years he returned in 1855 to Staten isl- 1801, to continue his studies in Edinburgh. He and, where he resided until his death. While liv- went to Canada with the Earl of Selkirk in 1805, ing at West Roxbury he was a member of the but removed to Baltimore, Md., in 1807. He died school committee and one of the overseers of the on a voyage from Charleston, S. C., to the Bahama poor, a justice of the peace, and president of the islands. Dr. Shaw was a contributor to “ The first common council of Roxbury when that town Portfolio." His poems, with a memoir, and ex- became a city. He was also foreman of the jury tracts from his foreign correspondence and jour- of Norfolk county that first proposed the establish- nals, were published (Philadelphia, 1810). ment of the State reform-school of Massachusetts. SHAW, Oliver, musician, b. in 1776; d. in During his residence on Staten island he was a Providence, R. I., 1 Jan., 1849. He was well trustee of the village in which he lived, a trustee known as a singer and teacher, and composed nu- of the Seaman's retreat and of the S. R. Smith in- merous ballads, which were very popular at one firmary, treasurer of the American union of asso- time. They include 6 Mary's 'l'ears," • Nothing ciationists and of the Sailor's fund, president of the True but Heaven," "Sweet Little Ann," and " The Freedman's relief association and of the New York Death of Perry.” Frederic L. Ritter refers to him branch of the Freedman's union commission, and as the “blind singer.” connected with various local organizations. He SHAW, Samuel, merchant, b. in Boston, Mass., was also a hereditary member of the Massachusetts 2 Oct., 1754; d. at sea, 30 May, 1794. His father, Society of the Cincinnati. Possessed of an ample Francis, a merchant of Boston, was associated with fortune, he held it as a trust for the unfortunate. Robert Gould in 1770 in founding the town of All good causes, the help of the poor, the ignorant, Gouldsborough, Me. Operations were begun on a the criminal, and the enslaved, had always his large scale, but the Revolution put a stop to them, ready sympathy and his hearty support. He was and Shaw lost much money in the enterprise. the author of several translations from George Samuel early entered the counting-house of his , Sand, Fourier, and Zschokke. Francis George's father. He was an ardent patriot, and before the son, Robert Gould, soldier, b, in Boston, 10 Oct., Revolution had a quarrel with Lieut. Wragg, of the 1837; d. at Fort Wagner, S. C., 18 July, 1863, British army, who was billeted at his father's ! entered Harvard in 1856, but left in March, 1859. house. A duel was prevented only by the inter- · He enlisted as a private in the 7th New York position of Maj. John Pitcairn. Young Shaw was regiment on 19 April, 1861, became 2d lieutenant commissioned a lieutenant of artillery, 1 Jan., 1776, in the 2d Massachusetts on 28 May, and 1st lieu- served from Dorchester Heights to Yorktown, and tenant on 8 July. He was promoted to captain, at the close of the war had attained the rank of 10 Aug., 1862, and on 17 April, 1863, became colo- major, and aide-de-camp to Gen. Henry Knox. He nel of the 54th Massachusetts, the first regiment of went to Canton in February, 1784, as supercargo, colored troops from a free state that was mustered and on his return, a year from the following May, into the U. S. service. He was killed in the assault Gen. Knox made him first secretary of the war de- on Fort Wagner while leading the advance with partment. He made several more voyages between his regiment. A bust of him has been made by New York and Canton, and in February. 1786, was Edmonia Lewis, the colored sculptor, a portrait by appointed C. S. consul at the latter place. He died William Page is in Memorial hall at Harvard, and on his way from that city to Boston. His friend, ' it is proposed to place a memorial of him, consist- Josih piney, published " The Journal of Majoring of an equestrian figure in high relief, on the ww, the First American Consul at Can- , front wall of the state-house yard in Boston. " SHAW 487 SHAYS con- SHAW, Thompson Darrah, naval officer, b. in | editor of the Boston “ Gazette." and in 1802 pro- Philadelphia, Pa., 20 Aug., 1801 ; d. in German- posals were issued for the publication by subscrip- town, Pa., 26 July, 1874. He entered the navy as tion of his translation of a French work on the a midshipman, 20 May, 1820, was commissioned “ Civil and Military Transactions of Bonaparte." lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and served in the West He completed the translation, but it met with no Indies in 1831–2. He was transferred to the financial support. He was admitted to the bar in • Natchez” in April, 1833, and then to the “ Lex- 1804, began practice ington" as flag-lieutenant of the Brazil squadron, in Boston, and rose and subsequently as an officer of that ship until gradually to eminence 1835. He was on leave at Philadelphia for two in his profession. He years, and was then 1st lieutenant of the frigate was several times a *Constitution," of the Pacific squadron, in 1838–41. member of the legis- During the Mexican war he commanded the lature between 1811 schooner “ Petrel,” and was highly complimented and 1819, and in 1820 for his conduct in engagements at Tampico, a delegate to the State Vera Cruz, and Tuspan in 1846–7. Upon his re- constitutional turn to Philadelphia a committee of citizens pre- vention. In 1821-'2 sented him with a sword and epaulets. He was and 1828–9 he sat in commissioned commander, 7 Aug., 1850, had the state senate. He charge of the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia in draughted the char- 1852–4, and in 1854–5 commanded the sloop ter of the city of Bos- “Falmouth” in the Home squadron. He was placed ton, and held various on the reserved list in 1855, but claimed that this minor town offices, did him an injustice, and was restored to his rank but never allowed Lemuel Shaw by a naval court in 1857. He was then on leave these to interfere with until the civil war began, when he took command his legal practice. In January, 1829, at a meeting of the steamer “ Montgomery,” in the Gulf block that was held in opposition to the recently estab- ading squadron. He was retired, 26 Feb., 1862, on lished tariff, he was the head of a committee to his own application, after more than forty years' draught a memorial to congress. In 1830, on the service. He was continued on special duty at New death of Chief-Justice Isaac Parker, of the Massa- York, Philadelphia, and Boston in 1863–7, and was chusetts supreme court, Mr. Shaw was appointed promoted to commodore on the retired list on 4 | his successor, though he had never held any judicial April, 1867, after which he was unemployed. See office. He declined peremptorily at first, but finally “ Defence of Thompson Darrah Shaw before the accepted. He took his seat in September, 1830, Naval Court of Inquiry,” by his counsel Robert K. and held it till his resignation, 31 Aug. 1860. Scott (Washington, 1857). During this period he gained a high reputation for SHAW, William Smith, lawyer, b. in Haver- his judicial ability, and he is regarded as one of hill, Mass., 12 Aug., 1778; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 | the foremost jurists that New England has pro- April, 1826. He was graduated at Harvard in duced. Few men have contributed more to the 1798, became private secretary to his uncle, Presi- growth of the law as a progressive science. Among dent John Adams, and at the close of the latter's other noted cases he presided at the trial of the administration began to study law in Boston with convent rioters in 1834, and at that of Prof. John William Sullivan. He was admitted to the bar in W. Webster for the murder of Dr. George Park- April, 1804, and in the same year became treasurer man. His charge to the jury in the latter case of the Anthology society, the nucleus of the Boston was widely condemned as harsh, but public opin- athenæum. He devoted much of his time to the ion generally sustained him. In 1853 Judge collection of its library, and became known as Shaw visited England, where he was cordially re- “ Athenæum Shaw." He was the first to suggest ceived by members of the bar. He was an over- making the library public, and connecting with it seer of Harvard for twenty-two years, and for a reading-room. After the incorporation of the twenty-seven years one of its corporation, and he institution he was its secretary and librarian till held membership in many learned societies. His 1823, and its secretary alone till 1824. At his de- reported decisions fill a large part of fifty volumes, cease he left it collections of coins, pamphlets, and and include many in novel and complicated cases. books to the value of $10,000. For many years Among his published addresses are a “Fourth-of- after 1806 he was clerk of the U. S. district court, July Oration” (1815); “ Inaugural Address" (1830); and he took part in politics as secretary of the state and“ Address at the Opening of the New Court- Federalist committee. Mr. Shaw was a fellow of House, Worcester" (1845). the American academy, an original member of the SHAYS, Daniel, insurgent, b. in Hopkinton. American antiquarian society, and an officer of the Mass., in 1747 ; d. in Sparta, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1825. Linnæan society. Besides his connection with the He served as an ensign at the battle of Bunker “ Monthly Anthology and Boston Review,” the Hill, and attained the rank of captain in the Con- publication of the Anthology society, he was a pro- tinental army, but “resigned his commission for moter of the “ North American Review." His por- reasons quite problematical.” He then resided at trait, by Gilbert Stuart, was painted by order of Pelham (now Prescott), and in 1786 took part in the trustees of the Athenæum on his retirement the popular movement in western Massachusetts from office. See “ Memorials of William Smith for the redress of alleged grievances. This had Shaw," by Joseph B. Felt (Boston, 1852).-His begun as early as 1782, and had increased as popu- cousin, Lemuel, jurist, b. in Barnstable, Mass., lar discontent, incident on the unsettled condition 9 Jan., 1781; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 March, 1861. of affairs at the close of the Revolution, became His father, the Rev. Oakes Shaw, was pastor of greater. Conventions were held in several western the West Parish of Barnstable from 1760 till his counties, lists of grievences were drawn up, com- death in 1807. The son was graduated at Har- mittees of correspondence were established, and vard in 1800, and, after serving for a year as usher the same machinery was sought to be used against in the Franklin school in Boston, began the study the state government that had been successful in of law in that city. He had also been an assistant overturning British rule in 1775. The complaints а 488 SHEA SHAYS > were divers, but were, in general, that the gov- | the state to be in rebellion, and rejected the peti- ernor's salary was too high, the senate aristocratic, tion, which too much resembled a communication the lawyers extortionate, and taxes too burdensome. from one independent power to another. On 3 Among the demands were, that the general court Feb. the insurgents moved to Petersham, under should no longer sit in Boston, and that a large cover of a conference between one of their leaders issue of paper money should be made. Though the and a state officer, and they were followed by the conventions deprecated violence, there were up- state troops in a forced march of thirty miles risings in several counties, directed against the through a blinding snow-storm and in a bitter courts, which were popularly regarded as the in- north wind. When they were overtaken the in- struments of legal oppression, especially in the col- surgents made little resistance. They were pur- lection of debts. The tribunals were prevented sued for about two miles beyond the town ; 150 from sitting, in many cases, and the malcontents were captured, and the rest dispersed. This ended grew bolder. The militia was often powerless, as Shays's rebellion. Several of its leaders were sen- its members largely sympathized with the mobs. tenced to be hanged, but they were finally par- An attempt by the legislature to redress some of doned. Shays, after living in Vermont about a the popular grievances proved futile. Shays first year, asked and received pardon, and removed to became known as a leader in the rebellion when, Sparta, N. Y. He was allowed a pension in his old at the head of about 1,000 men, he appeared at age, for his services during the Revolution. See Springfield to prevent the session of the supreme “History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts court at that place. The court-house, by the gov- in the Year 1786, and the Rebellion Consequent ernor's order, had been occupied by a somewhat Thereon,” by George R. Minot (Boston, 1810), and smaller body of militia under Gen. William Shep- Josiah G. Holland's “ History of Western Massa- ard, which sustained the court, but, after sitting chusetts” (2 vols., Springfield, 1855). three days, it adjourned, having transacted little SHEA, John Augustus (shay), author, b. in business, and on the fourth day both parties dis- Cork, Ireland, in 1802; d. in New York, 15 Aug.. persed. Shays was also present at the large gath- 1845. He emigrated to this country in 1827, and ering of insurgents that took place in Worcester in engaged in journalism. He published - Rudekki, December, and retired at the head of a large part an Eastern Romance of the Seventh Century, in of them to Rutland, Vt., on 9 Dec. At this time Verse” (Cork, 1826); “ Adolph, and other Poems he seems to have regretted his part in the agitation, (New York, 1831); " Parnassian Wild Flowers as, in a conversation with a confidential agent of (Georgetown, 1836); and “ Clontarf, a Narrative the state, he expressed his desire to desert his fol- | Poem” (New York, 1843). A volume of his lowers and receive a pardon. The officer was after- " Poems” was published after his death by his son, ward empowered to offer him one on that condition, George Augustus Shea (1846). He left in manu- but had no opportunity to do so. In January, script “ Di Vasari,” an unfinished tragedy, a life of 1787, three bodies of insurgents concentrated on | Byron, and a poem entitled “ Time's Mission." His Springfield, where they hoped to capture the Con- most popular piece is “ The Ocean.”—IIis son, tinental arsenal, which was defended by Gen. Shep- George, lawyer, b. in Cork, Ireland, 10 June, 1826. ard with 1,000 militia. The largest body, under emigrated to the United States in early life and Shays, numbered 1,100 men, and approached by settled in New York, where he studied law. After the Boston road. Meanwhile the state govern- being called to the bar, he attained distinction in ment had raised and equipped an army of 4,000 his profession, and was appointed corporation at- men, under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, whose approach torney of New York from 1865 to 1867. He became made hasty action necessary. Shays sent à mes chief justice of the Marine court of New York in sage to Luke Day, the leader of one of the other 1870, and held the position up to 1882. He was bodies of insurgents, saying that he should attack associate counsel with Charles O'Conor in defend- the arsenal on 25 Jan., and desiring Day's aid. ing Jefferson Davis, and was counsel for the Kings The latter answered that he could not move till county elevated railroad in Brooklyn, establishing the 26th, but the despatch was intercepted by Gen. its charter by a decision of the court of appeals, re- Shepard, and the militia were therefore in readi- versing the special and general terms in Brooklyn. Before advancing, Shays had sent a petition He wrote Hamilton, a Historical Study” (New to Gen. Lincoln, who was then two days march York, 1877). An enlarged edition was issued from Springfield, proposing a truce till the next under the title “ The Life and Epoch of Alexander session of the legislature, but before a reply could Hamilton, a Historical Study.” (Boston, 1880). reach him he attacked the arsenal early on the SHEA, John Dawson Gilmary, author, b. in afternoon of the 25th. After repeated warnings, New York city, 22 July, 1824. He was educated at and two volleys over the heads of the approaching the grammar-school of Columbia college, of which body, the militia fired directly into their ranks, his father was principal, studied law, and was ad- killing three men and wounding one. Shays at- mitted to the bar, but has devoted himself chiefly tempted to rally his men, but they retreated pre- to literature. He edited the Historical Maga- cipitately to Ludlow, ten miles distant, and on the zine” from 1859 till 1865, was one of the founders next day effected a junction with the forces of Eli and first president of the United States Catholic Parsons, the Berkshire leader, after losing about historical society, is a member or corresponding 200 by desertion. After the arrival of Gen. Lin- member of the principal historical societies in this coln's army, and the consequent flight of Day and country and Canada, and corresponding member his men, Shays continued his retreat through South of the Royal academy of history, Madrid. He has Hadley to Amherst. He was pursued by the state received the degree of LL. D. from St. Francis troops to this point, and then took position on two Xavier college, New York, and St. John's college, high hills in Pelham, which were rendered difficult Fordham. His writings include “The Discovery and of access by deep snow. On 30 Jan., Gen. Lincoln Exploration of the Mississippi Valley” (New York, summoned him to lay down his arms, and Shays 1853); “ History of the Catholic Missions among returned a conciliatory answer, suggesting a truce the Indian Tribes of the United States" (1854; till a reply could be obtained to a petition that had German translation, Würzburg, 1856); “The Fallen just been sent to the general court. Gen. Lincoln Brave" (1861); “ Early Voyages up and down the refused. Meanwhile the legislature met, declared | Mississippi" (Albany, 1862); “ Novum Belgium, an ness. . 66 SHEAFE 489 SHECUT 8 : com- WA Haefte Account of the New Netherlands in 1643–'4" (New house, took charge of his education, and procured York, 1862); " The Operations of the French Fleet him a commission in the 5th foot, 1 May, 1778. under Count de Grasse” (1864); "The Lincoln He became a lieutenant-colonel in 1798, served in Memorial ” (1865); translations of Charlevoix's Holland in 1799, and in the expedition to the Baltic • History and General Description of New France" in 1801. He was (6 vols., 1866–’72); Hennepin's " Description of on duty in Canada Louisiana” (1880): Le Clercq's “ Establishment of from September, the Faith" (1881); and Penalosa's “ Expedition 1802, till October, (1882); “ Catholic Church in Colonial Days" (1886); 1811, on 25 April, * Catholic Hierarchy of the United States ” (1886); | 1808, received the and “Life and Times of Archbishop Carroll” (1888). brevet rank of col- He also translated De Courcy's “ Catholic Church onel, and on 4 in the United States" (1856); and edited the Cra- June, 1811, be- moisy series of narratives and documents bearing came a major-gen- on the early history of the French-American colo- eral. He served nies (26 vols., 1857–68); “ Washington's Private again in Canada Diary” (1861); Cadwallader Colden's “ History of from 29 July, 1812, the Five Indian Nations,” edition of 1727 (1866); till November, Alsop's “ Maryland” (1869); a series of grammars 1813, and and dictionaries of the Indian languages (15 vols., manded the Brit- 1860-'74); and “Life of Pius IX.” (1875). He has ish troops after the also published “ Bibliography of American Catholic fall of Gen. Sir Bibles and Testaments" (1859), corrected several Isaac Brock at of the very erroneous Catholic Bibles, and revised Queenston, where by the Vulgate Challoner's original Bible of 1750 he defeated the (1871), and has issued several prayer-books, school American troops, and for this service was made a histories, Bible dictionaries, and translations. baronet, 16 Jan., 1813. He defended York (now SHEAFE, James, senator, b. in Portsmouth, Toronto) when it was attacked in April, 1813. Sir N. H., 16 Nov., 1755 ; d. there, 5 Dec., 1829. He Roger had been appointed administrator of the was graduated at Harvard in 1774, was for several government of Canada West after the death of years a member of the board of selectmen of the Brock, and continued as such, and in command town of Portsmouth, representative, and subse- of the troops, till June, 1813. He was promoted quently a senator, in the New Hampshire legisla- lieutenant-general, 19 July, 1821, was advanced to ture, and a member of the State executive council. the full rank of general, 28 June, 1828, and became He was a representative in congress from New colonel of the 36th regiment, 21 Dec., 1829. Hampshire from 1779 till 1801, and U. S. sena- SHEARMAN, Thomas Gaskell (sher-man), tor from 7 Dec., 1801, till 1802, when he resigned. lawyer, b. in Birmingham, England, 25 Nov., 1834. He was defeated as the Federalist candidate for He came with his parents to New York when he governor in 1816 by William Plumer, a Democrat. was nine years old, was educated privately, studied Mr. Sheafe was a merchant and ship-owner. law, was admitted to the bar in Kings county in SHEAFER, Peter Wenrick, mining engineer, 1859, and became successful in practice in New b. in Halifax, Pa., 31 March, 1819. He completed York city. Since 1879 Mr. Shearman has been an his education in the academy at Oxford, N. Y., in active worker in the cause of free-trade. He was 1837, and was associated with Henry D. Rogers in joint author of “Tillinghast and Shearman's Prac- the first geological survey of Pennsylvania in 1838. tice, Pleadings, and Forms ” (New York, 1861–’5), In this connection he was specially engaged in trac- and “Shearman and Redfield on Negligence" (1869), ing the geological features of the range of moun- prepared for the commissioners of the code the tains that extends from near Pottsville to beyond whole of the “ Book of Forms" (Albany, 1861), and Shamokin and Tamaqua. In 1848 he settled in most of that part of the civil code that relates to Pottsville and devoted his attention to mining en- obligations, etc. (Albany, 1865), and has written gineering, and he has been specially active in the numerous pamphlets on free-trade, protection, in- development of the coal and iron interests of that direct taxation, and cognate subjects. district. The management of the coal-mines of SHECUT, John Linnæus Edward Whitridge, the Philadelphia and Reading coal and iron com- author, b. in Beaufort, S. C., 4 Dec., 1770; d. in pany, and of those that were bequeathed by Stephen Charleston, S. C., in 1836. He was graduated in Girard to Philadelphia, were for a long time con- medicine at Philadelphia in 1791, and soon after- fided to him. He has been consulted frequently in ward began practice in Charleston, where he spent complicated questions of mining law, and has testi- the remainder of his life. He was actively con- fied in court as an expert in these subjects. In cerned in founding the South Carolina homespun 1849 he secured the passage of a bill for completing society, the first cotton-factory in the state, and in the first state survey, and in 1873 he was influen- 1813 organized the Antiquarian society of Charles- tial in securing the appointment of J. P. Lesley ton, now the Literary and philosophical society of (9. v.) to undertake the charge of the second survey South Carolina. Dr. Shecut maintained that a of Pennsylvania. Mr. Sheafer is a member of vari- predisposing cause of yellow fever was the derange- ous societies, including the American institute of ment of the atmosphere consequent upon its being mining engineers, to whose transactions he has con- deprived of its due proportion of electricity, and he tributed professional papers. He issued in 1875, is said to have been the first physician in Charles- under the auspices of the Pennsylvania historical ton to apply electricity in the treatment of this society, a map of Pennsylvania as it was in 1775. disease. He was the author of " Flora Carolinien- SHEAFFE, Sir Roger Hale, bart., British sol- sis, a Historical, Medical, and Economical Display dier, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 July, 1763; d. in Edin- of the Vegetable Kingdom" (2 vols., Charleston, burgh, Scotland, 17 July, 1851." He was the third 1806); “ An Essay on the Yellow Fever of 1817” son of William Sheaffe, deputy collector of customs (1817); ** An Inquiry into the Properties and Pow- at Boston. After the death of the boy's father, ers of the Electric Fluid, and its Artificial Appli- Earl Percy, whose quarters were at his mother's cation to Medical Uses” (1818); “Shecut's Medical 9 490 SHEELEIGH SHEDD HGT.Shedd " and Philosophical Essays” (1819) : “ Elements of Works, with Introductory Essays.” (7 vols., 1853); Natural Philosophy" (1826); and “ A New Theory Lectures on the Philosophy of History” (An- of the Earth” (1826). dover, 1856); “ Discourses and Essays” (1856); “ A SHEDD, Joel Herbert, civil engineer, b. in Manual of Church History," from the German of Pepperell, Mass., 31 May, 1834. He was educated Heinrich Ernst Fer- in Bridgewater academy, and then took a three- dinand Guericke (2 years' course in civil engineering in a Boston office. vols., 1857); “ The On the completion of his studies he established him- Confession of Augus- self in his profession in Boston, but in 1869 removed tine,” with introduc- to Providence, R. I., where he has since resided. tory essay (1860); “ A In 1860 he was appointed commissioner for Massa- History of Christian chusetts on the Concord and Sudbury rivers, and Doctrine" (2 vols., he has been chairman of the state board of harbor New York, 1863); commissioners of Rhode Island since its organiza- “Homiletics and Pas- tion in 1876. He was commissioner from Rhode toral Theology Island to the World's fair in Paris in 1878, and (1867); “Sermons to chairman of the Rhode Island body of the inter- the Natural Man” state commission on boundary-lines between that (1871); “Theological state and Connecticut in 1886-7; and was also at Essays "(1877); "Lit- the head of the similar commission on the encroach- erary Essays " (1878); ments of Pawtucket river in 1887–8. Mr. Shedd “Commentary on St. was elected a member of the American society of Paul's Epistle to the civil engineers in 1869, and was chairman of its Romans (1879); sub-committee on sewerage and sanitary engineer- “Sermons to the Spir- ing at the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876. He itual Man" (1884); and “Doctrine of Endless Pun- has executed many engineering works in the cities ishment” (1885). Dr. Shedd wrote the “Gospel of of the New England and the middle states, as well ' Mark” in vol. ii. of the translation of Lange's as for the U.S. government and the states of Mas- commentary; and contributed an introduction to sachusetts and Rhode Island. The most important Samuel R. Asbury's translation of Dr. Carl Acker- single work of engineering that he has designed and man's work, “ The Christian Element in Plato and executed is the Providence water-works, costing the Platonic Philosophy” (Edinburgh, 1860), and $4,500,000. Every element of these works was to the American edition of Dr. James McCosh's studied fundamentally, and nothing was copied. “Intuitions of the Mind” (New York, 1865). They have been much referred to, and have a Euro- SHEELEIGH, Matthias, clergyman, b. at pean reputation. Mr. Shedd has probably done more Charlestown, Chester co., Pa., 29 Dec., 1821. He to improve the quality of American hydraulic ce- is a descendant of a German family that came to ments than any other engineer, both by the rigidity this country early in the 18th century, and whose of his demands and by his careful testing of the ma- name originally was Schillich. He studied in West terial. He has been frequently called on to testify on Chester, Pa., and in Pennsylvania college, Gettys- engineering matters in court, and he has contributed burg, in 1840-'1, and was graduated at the theo- largely to professional journals. Among his articles logical seminary there in 1852. In the same year are the section on “ Rain and Drainage " in French's he was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran “Farm Drainage" (New York, 1859); “ Essay on church, and in 1885 he received the degree of D.D. Drainage " (Boston, 1859); and reports on “ Venti- from Newberry college, Newberry, s. c. He has lation” (1864); “Roads" (1865); * Water-Works” filled various pastorates in New York, Pennsyl: (1868-'9); and “Sewerage” (1874–84). The latter vania, and New Jersey, and since 1869 has been at include reports to nearly all of the principal cities Fort Washington, Pa., near Philadelphia. He was of New England. - His wife, Julia Ann Clark, b. secretary of the general synod in 1866, 1868, and in Newport, Me., 8 Aug., 1834, has contributed on 1871, has been a member of the Lutheran board art to various periodicals, and, besides translations of publication since 1859, and its president in in book-form, has published" Famous Painters 1869-'71, and a director of Gettysburg theological and Paintings ” (Boston, 1874); “ The Ghiberti seminary since 1864. In 1868 he was appointed Gates" (1879); Famous Sculptors and Sculp: by the general synod one of its delegates to the ture” (1881); and “Raphael, his Madonnas and meeting of the World's evangelical alliance that Holy Families ” (1883). was held in New York in 1873. He has won repu- SHEDD, William Greenough Thayer, au- tation as a poet and statistician, and is a frequent thor, b. in Acton, Mass., 21 June, 1820. He was contributor to religious periodicals. He has been graduated at the University of Vermont in 1839, editor of the “Sunday-School Herald,” in Phila- and at Auburn theological seminary in 1843, and delphia, since 1860, and of the Lutheran Alma- in 1844 was ordained pastor of the Congregational nac and Year-Book” since 1871. Besides numerous church in Brandon, Vt. He became professor of doctrinal and historical articles in theological re- English literature in the University of Vermont views, and many contributions in poetry and prose in 1845, which chair he held till appointed to that to periodicals , he has published "- Hymns for the of sacred rhetoric in Auburn theological seininary Seventh Jubilee of the Reformation” (Philadel- in 1852. In 1854 he was made professor of church | phia, 1867); “ An Ecclesiad : A Jubilee Poem be- history in Andover theological seminary. In 1862 fore the General Synod (1871); “ A Gettys- he became associate pastor of the Brick church burgiad : A Jubilee Poem before the Gettysburg (Presbyterian) in New York city, but he resigned Theological Seminary” (1876): and “Luther: Å in 1863, and was appointed to the professorship of Song Tribute, more than Fifty Original Poems, on biblical literature in Union theological seminary, the 400th Anniversary of Luther's Birth" (1883). and in 1874 to that of systematic theology in the A large number of his hymns have found a place same institution, which he still (1888) holds. He in collections. He has a volume of original son- has published “ Eloquence a Virtue, or Outlines nets nearly ready for publication. Besides these, of Systematic Rhetoric; from the German of Dr. he has published - Olaf Thorlaksson, an Icelandic Francis Theremin ” (New York, 1850); “ Coleridge's Narrative,” translated from the German (1870); SHEFFEY 491 SHELBY " “Outline of Old Testament History" (1869); “Out- | publications include many speeches and mono- line of New Testament History" (1870); “ Herald graphs, especially concerning alterations on the Picture Books” (12 vols., 1873); and a " Brief His- constitution of Rhode Island; Historical Sketch tory of Martin Luther" (1883). of Block Island” (Newport, 1876); “Historical SHEFFEY, Daniel, lawyer, b. in Frederick, Sketch of Newport” (1876); and “Rhode Island Md., in 1700; d. in Staunton, Va., 3 Dec., 1830. Privateers” (1883). He was bred a shoemaker in his father's shop, but, SHEGOGUE, James Henry, artist, b. about although without advantages, acquired through 1810; d. 7 April, 1879. He devoted himself mainly his own exertions a respectable education. He to portraiture, but produced also landscape and emigrated to Virginia when twenty-one years of genre pieces. He first exhibited at the Academy age, followed his trade at Wytheville, at the same of design, New York, in 1835, was elected an asso- time studied law, and was admitted to the bar. ciate in 1841, and became an academician two years His original character and natural ability soon later. From 1848 till 1852 he was corresponding brought him into notice, he acquired a large prac- secretary of the academy. tice, and, removing to Staunton, won reputation SHELBY, Evan, pioneer, b. in Wales in 1720; at the bar, and was for many years a member of d. at King's Meadows (now Bristol), Tenn., 4 Dec., the legislature. He was elected to congress as a 1794. At the age of fifteen he emigrated with his Federalist in 1810, and served by re-election from father's family to North Mountain, near Hagers- 1809 till 1817. His speech in favor of the renewal town, Md. He received a meager education, but of the charter of the first United States bank was when quite young became noted as a hunter and a masterly effort, and was listened to by the house woodsman. In the old French war he rose from for three hours in profound silence. He opposed the rank of private to that of captain, in which the war of 1812. He often engaged in controversy capacity he served throughout the campaign of with John Randolph, who on one occasion, in com- Gen. John Forbes. He then engaged in trade with menting on his speech, said: “ The shoemaker ought the Indians, and afterward embarked extensively not to go beyond his last.” Mr. Sheffey retorted : in herding and raising cattle on the Virginia bor- * If that gentleman had ever been on a shoemaker's der. He was thus employed when, in 1774, war bench, he would never have left it.” began with the Shawnees and Delawares. Raising SHEFFIELD, Joseph Earle, donor, b. in a body of fifty volunteers in the Watauga district, Southport, Conn., 19 June, 1793; d. in New Haven, he led them on a march of twenty-five days through Conn., 16 Feb., 1882. He received a common- a trackless wilderness, and joined the Virginia school education, and in 1808, when only fifteen army on the eve of the battle of Point Pleasant. years of age, began his business career as a clerk Toward the close of the action, all his ranking in New Berne, N. C. In 1813 he became a partner officers being either killed or disabled, the com- in a New York house, but remained in New Berne mand devolved upon him, and he utterly routed to represent the business there. He travelled ex- the enemy. In 1779 he led a successful expedi- tensively in the south on business matters, and, tion against the Chickamauga Indians. He subse- visiting Mobile, Ala., he decided to transfer his quently served with the Virginia army on the sea- southern business to that city, and in a few years board, rising to the rank of colonel, and then to became its chief cotton merchant. In 1835 he that of general.--His eldest son, Isaac, governor returned to his native state, and established him- of Kentucky, b. in North Mountain, Md., 11 Dec., self in New Haven. He took an active part in the 1750; d. near Stanford, Ky., 18 July, 1826, ac- construction of the New Haven and Northampton quired a common English education, and the prin- canal, and was one of the most energetic in secur- ciples of survey- ing the charter for the New York and New Haven ing at Frederick- railroad. His next enterprise was building the Chi- town, and before cago and Rock Island railroad, which proved very he was of age profitable to him. His donations to Yale have been served as deputy munificent. In 1860 the name of its scientific de- sheriff of Freder- partment, which was reorganized and placed on a ick county. In firm basis by his liberality, was changed to the 1771 he removed Sheffield scientific school in his honor. Its two with his father to buildings are called respectively Sheffield hall and the present site North Sheffield hall. He gave to other colleges, of Bristol, Tenn., seminaries, and religious institutions, and his gifts and followed with amounted to more than $1,000,000. him the business SHEFFIELD, William Paine, senator, b. on of herding cattle Block island, R. I., 30 Aug., 1819. He was edu- till 1774, when, cated at Kingston academy, R. I., and by private being appointed tutors, was graduated at Harvard law-school in lieutenant in his 1843, and admitted to the bar in 1844. He was a father's company, member of the legislature in 1842–5, 1849-'52, he served in the 1857–61, 1863–73, and 1875–'84. He was chosen battle of Point to congress as a Unionist in 1860, served one term, Pleasant, which and in 1884 he was appointed by the governor he was instrumen- to fill out the unexpired term of Henry B. Anthony tal in winning. He commanded the fort at that in the U. S. senate, serving from 19 Nov. of that place till July, 1775, when his troops were disband- year till 22 Feb., 1885, when the vacancy was filled ed by Lord Dunmore, lest they should join the by the legislature. He was a member of the Rhode patriot army. During the following year he was Island constitutional convention in 1841, and of employed at surveying in Kentucky, but, his health the one that framed the existing constitution in failing, he returned home in July, 1776, just in 1842. He was a commissioner to revise the state time to be at the battle of Long Island flats. At laws in 1871-2, has been president of the People's the first furious onset of the savages, the Ameri- library since its foundation, and a trustee of the can lines were broken, and then Shelby, present Redwood library, in Newport, for many years. His only as a volunteer private, seized the command, Jeans Shelling 492 SHELDON SHELBY reformed the troops, and inflicted upon the In- | tured, Michigan was in the hands of the enemy, and dians a severe defeat, with the loss of only two the whole frontier was threatened by a strong cna- men badly wounded. This battle, and John Se- i lition of savages, armed by Great Britain. In- vier's defence of Watauga, frustrated the rear at- stinctively the people turned to Shelby, and he tack by which the British hoped to envelop and consented to serve as governor “ if there should be crush the southern colonies. Soon afterward Gov. a war with England.” Organizing a body of 4,000 Patrick Henry promoted Shelby to a captaincy, volunteers, he had them mounted on his own re- and made him commissary - general of the Vir- sponsibility, and at the age of sixty-three led them ginia forces. When Sevier, in 1779, projected the in person to the re-enforcement of Gen. William expedition that captured the British stores at Henry Harrison, whom he joined just in time to Chickamauga, Shelby equipped and supplied the enable that general to profit by the victory of Perry troops by the pledge of his individual credit. In on Lake Erie. For his services in this campaign this year he was commissioned a major by Gov. Shelby received a gold medal and the thanks of Thomas Jefferson, but, when the state line was congress and of the Kentucky legislature. In run, his residence was found to be in North Caro- March, 1817, he was tendered the post of secretary lina. He then resigned his commission, but was of war by President Monroe; but he declined, and at once appointed to the colonelcy of Sullivan never again held any office except that of commis- county by Gov. Caswell. He was in Kentucky, sioner for the purchase from the Chickasaws of perfecting his title to lands he had selected on his their remaining lands in Tennessee and Kentucky. previous visit, when he heard of the fall of Charles- SHELDON, Alexander, physician, b. in Suf- ton and the desperate situation of affairs in the field, Conn.. 23 Oct., 1766; d. in Montgomery coun- southern colonies. He at once returned to engage ty. N. Y., 10 Sept., 1836. He was graduated at in active service against the enemy, and, crossing Yale in 1787, settled in Montgomery county, N. Y., the mountains into South Carolina, in July, 1780, took an active part in politics, was speaker of the he won victories over the British at Thicketty Fort, New York assembly in 1804, 1806, and 1812, and a Cedar Springs, and Musgrove's Mill. But, as the judge of the county court. He was graduated at disastrous defeat at Camden occurred just before the New York college of physicians and surgeons the last engagement, he was obliged to retreat in 1812, and became eminent in his profession. across the Alleghanies. There he soon concerted He was a regent of the University of New York with John Sevier the remarkable expedition which state, a member of the convention that framed the resulted in the battle of King's Mountain, and State constitution in 1820, and chairman of the turned the tide of the Revolution. For this im- committee on the executive departments. In the portant service he and Sevier received the thanks presidential contest between John Adams and of the North Carolina legislature, and the vote of Thomas Jefferson he warmly espoused the cause a sword and a pair of pistols. Having been elected of the latter. He was the last of the speakers of to the general assembly, Shelby soon afterward left the New York assembly that wore the cocked hat, the army to take his seat, but, before he left, sug- the badge of that office.—His son, Smith, pub- gested to Gen. Horatio Gates the expedition which, lisher, b. in Montgomery county, N. Y., 13 Sept., carried out by Morgan under Gen. Greene, resulted 1811; d. in Nyack, N. Y., 30 Aug., 1884, was edu- in the victory at Cowpens. Being soon afterward cated at Albany academy, acquired a fortune in the recalled to South Carolina by Gen. Greene, he dry-goods trade in that city, and, removing to New marched over the mountains with Col. Sevier and York in 1854, established the publishing-house of 500 men, and did important service against the Sheldon and Co., of which his son, Isaac E. Shel- British in the vicinity of Charleston. In the win- don, is now (1888) the head. His latter life was ter of 1782–3 he was appointed a commissioner to devoted to benevolent enterprises, especially to the survey the lands along the Cumberland that were education of the colored population of the south, allotted by North Carolina to her soldiers, and this to which cause he gave liberally and for which he done, he repaired to Boonesborough, Ky., where he collected large sums of money. He was an original settled as a planter. He was a delegate to all the corporator of Vassar college and chairman of the early conventions that were held for obtaining the executive committee, a trustee of Rochester, and separation of Kentucky from Virginia, and suc- an incorporator of Madison university. ceeded, in connection with Thomas Marshall and SHELDON, David Newton, clergyman, b. in George Muter, in thwarting the treasonable scheme Suffield, Conn., 26 June, 1807. He was graduated of Gen. James Wilkinson and his associates to force at Williams in 1830, studied in Newton theological Kentucky out of the Union and into an alliance seminary, and was pastor of Baptist churches in with Spain. When, in 1792, Kentucky was ad- 'Maine till 1856, when he became a Unitarian. In mitted as a state, Shelby was almost unanimously | 1843-'53 he was president of Waterville college elected its first governor. During nearly the whole : (now Colby university). Brown gave him the de- of his administration the western country was in gree of D. D. in 1847. He has published sermons a state of constant irritation, in consequence of the and · Sin and Redemption” (New York, 1856). occlusion of the Mississippi by Spain; but, by his SHELDON, Edward Austin, educator, b. in firm and sagacious policy, this discontent was kept Perry Centre, Wyoming co., N. Y., 4 Oct., 1823. from breaking out into actual hostilities. Finally, He studied at Hamilton three years, but was not by the treaty of 20 Oct., 1795, the Spaniards con- graduated. In 1869 that college gave him the de- ceded the navigation of that river; and Shelby's gree of A. M. He was superintendent of public term of office expiring soon afterward, he refused schools at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1851-3, occupied the to be again a candidate, and returned to the culti- same post in Oswego in 18533-'09, and since 1862 vation of the farm which he had reluctantly left has been principal of the Oswego state normal at what he deemed the call of his country. He training-school. He was the first to introduce into subsequently refused all office except that of presi- this country a systematic course of objective in- dential elector, to which he was chosen six times struction in the public schools, and in 1861 organ- successively under Jefferson, Madison, and Mon- ized the first training-school for teachers, and his roe; but, on the eve of the second war with Great system was subsequently adopted by the normal Britain, his state again peremptorily demanded his schools of New York state. He has published services. Our first western army had been cap- / - First Reading Book and Reading Charts" (New SHELDON 493 SHELTON 66 " York, 1862); “ Manual of Elementary Instruction SHELLABARGER, Samuel, congressman, b. (1862); “Series of Reading Books and Charts in Clark county, Ohio, 10 Dec., 1817. He was gradu- (1874); and Lessons on Objects” (1875).—His ated at Miami in 1842, studied law under Gen. daughter, Mary Downing, educator, b. in Oswego, Samson Mason, was admitted to the bar in 1847, N. Y., 15 Sept., 1850, was graduated at the Univer- was a member of the first legislature in Ohio that sity of Michigan in 1874, served as professor of met under the present constitution, and in 1860 history in Wellesley in 1876–18. and subsequently was elected to congress as a Republican. He took occupied the same chair in the State normal school, his seat in the special session that met in accord- Oswego, N. Y. She married Earl Barnes in 1885. ance with President Lincoln's call, on 4 July, 1861, She has published “ Studies in General History” and served in 1861–'3, in 1865–²9, and in 1870–'3. (Boston, 1885), and " Teacher's Manual” (1885). He was chairman of the committees on commerce, SHELDON, George William, author, b. in that on charges by Frey against Roscoe Conkling, Summerville, S. C., 28 Jan., 1843. He was gradu- and that on the provost-marshal's bureau, and was ated at Princeton in 1863, and served during 1864 on the special committees on the assassination of at City Point, Va., in charge of the sick and wound- President Lincoln, civil service, and the New Or- ed of Gen. Grant's army. In 1865 he was appoint- leans riots. He was U. S. minister to Portugal in ed tutor in Latin and 'belles-lettres in Princeton, 1869-'70, and in 1874–’5 was one of the civil ser- and in 1869 he became instructor in the oriental vice commission. He then resumed the practice languages at Union theological seminary, New of his profession in Washington, D. C. York, where he remained until 1873, after which he SHÊLTON, Frederick William, author, b. in studied for two years in the British museum. Mr. Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., in 1814; d. in Carthage Sheldon then devoted himself to journalistic work Landing, N. Y., 20 June, 1881. He was graduated and was art critic of the New York “Evening at Princeton in 1834, studied for the ministry, and Post” in 1876—'82, and dramatic critic and city took orders in the editor of the New York “ Commercial Advertiser Protestant Episco- in 1884-'6. He has published “ American Paint- pal church in 1847. ers” (New York, 1879); “ The Story of the Volun- He was rector of teer Fire Department of the City of New York the church in Hunt- (1882); “ Hours with Art and Artists" (1882); “Ar- ington, L. I., for tistic Homes" (1882); Artistic Country - Seats several years, also (1886); “Selections in Modern Art” (1886); and of the church in • Recent Ideals of American Art ” (1888). Fishkill, N. Y., and SHELDON, Henry Clay, clergyman, b. in Mar- in 1854 accepted a tinsburg, N. Y., 12 March, 1845. He was gradu- call to Montpelier, ated at Yale in 1867, and at the theological depart- Vt. About ten ment of Boston university in 1871, studied in Leip- years later he re- sic in 1874–5, and since the latter date has been moved to Carthage professor of historical theology in Boston univer- Landing, N. Y., and sity. Mr. Sheldon's standpoint is that of evangeli- devoted himself cal Arminianism, in opposition both to Calvinism chiefly to author- and to Liberalism. He has published a “ History ship. Mr. Shelton's of Christian Doctrine” (2 vols., New York, 1886). publications SHELDON, Lionel Allen, soldier, b. in Otsego * The Trollopiad, or county, N. Y., 30 Aug., 1829. He was brought up Travelling Gentleman in America,” a satirical poem on a farm in Ohio, educated at Oberlin, taught for (New York, 1837); "Salander and the Dragon," a several years, and after attending the law-school romance (1851); “The Rector of St. Bardolph's, or in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar Superannuated” (1853); " Up the River," a series in 1851, and settled in Elyria, Ohio. He served of rural sketches on the Hudson (1853); “Chrys- one term as judge of probate, supported John C. talline, or the Heiress of Fall-Down Castle," a ro- Frémont for the presidential nomination in the mance (1854); and "Peeps from a Belfry, or Parish Philadelphia Republican convention in 1856, was Sketch-Book” (1855). He also published several commissioned brigadier-general of militia in 1860, lectures on popular topics, and was a frequent con- and actively engaged in raising recruits for the tributor to the “Knickerbocker Magazine” and National army at the beginning of the civil war. other periodicals. To the former he contributed a He became captain of cavalry in August, 1861, was series of local humorous sketches, beginning with chosen major soon afterward in the 20 Ohio cavalry, “The Kushow Property, a Tale of Crowhill in transferred as lieutenant-colonel to the 42d Ohio 1848,” followed by The Tinnecum Papers," and infantry, became colonel in 1862, and commanded other articles, including criticisms of Charles the latter regiment in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Lamb, Vincent Bourne, and other authors. Two eastern Tennessee. In November of that year, when of his lectures are entitled “The Gold Mania" and his regiment was placed under Gen.William T. Sher- - The Use and Abuse of Reason.” Mr. Shelton was man at Memphis, he commanded a brigade which the intimate friend of William Wilson, the poet- participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou and publisher, Gulian C. Verplanck, Frederick S. Coz- Arkansas Post. Ile led a brigade in the 13th army zens, and other literary men. With the above-named corps in 1863, was wounded at the battle of Fort writers he was a contributor to the “Knicker- Gibson, and participated in the capture of Vicks- bocker Gallery,” published for the benefit of Lewis burg and in subsequent skirmishes. In March, 1865, Gaylord Clark (q. v.) after his retirement from the he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. editorship of the “ Knickerbocker Magazine.”. After the war he settled in New Orleans, La., prac- SHELTON, William, clergyman, b. in Fair- tised his profession, and in 1869-'75 was in con- field, Conn., 11 Sept., 1798; d. there, 11 Oct., 1883. gress, having been elected as a Republican. Dur- He was the son of Rev. Philo Shelton (1754-1825), ing this service he was chairman of the committee the first clergyman ordained by a bishop of the Prot- on militia. He was appointed governor of New estant Episcopal church in the United States. He Mexico in 1881, served till 1885, and was receiver was graduated at the General theological seminary of the Texas and Pacific railway in 1885-'7. in New York city in 1823, was ordained deacon Aw.telem were 494 SHEPARD SHEPARD by Bishop Brownell. and priest in 1826 by the of Göttingen, and the Society of natural sciences same bishop. He officiated for a time at Platts- in Vienna. In addition to his many papers, he burg and Red Hook, N. Y., and also in Fairfield, published a “Treatise on Mineralogy" (New Haven; Conn. In 1829 he accepted the rectorship of St. 3d ed., enlarged, 1855); a “ Report on the Geologi- Paul's church, Buffalo, N. Y., where he served for cal Survey of Connecticut” (1837); and numerous fifty years, and then became rector emeritus. His reports on mines in the United States. His son, death occurred while he was on a visit to his native Charles Upham, chemist, b. in New Haven, Conn., place. Dr. Shelton published no contributions to 4 Oct., 1842, was graduated at Yale in 1863 and at church literature, but devoted himself wholly to the University of Göttingen in 1867, with the de- his pastoral work and to his share in the work of gree of M. D. On his return he was appointed the church at large. professor of chemistry in the Medical college of the SHEPARD, Charles Upham, mineralogist, b. state of South Carolina, which chair he held until in Little Compton, R. I., 29 June, 1804; d. in 1883, and since that time he has devoted himself Charleston, S. C., 1 May, 1886. He was graduated entirely to the practice of analytical chemistry. at Amherst in 1824, and spent a year in Cam- Dr. Shepard has been active in developing the bridge, Mass., studying botany and mineralogy chemical resources of South Carolina, and has paid with Thomas Nuttall , and at the same time gave special attention to the nature and composition of instruction in these branches in Boston. The the phosphate deposits of that state. În 1887 he study of mineralogy led to his preparation of pa- presented the second cabinet of minerals that was pers on that subject which he sent to the “ Ameri- left by his father, numbering more than 10,000 can Journal of Science," and in this manner he specimens, to the collections at Amherst, and his became acquainted with the elder Silliman. He cabinet of representatives of more than 200 dif- was invited in 1827 to become Prof. Silliman's as- ferent meteorites has been deposited in the U.S. sistant, and continued so until 1831. Meanwhile national museum in Washington, D. C. He is a for a year he was curator of Franklin Hall, an member of scientific societies and has contributed institution that was established by James Brewster to the literature of his profession. in New Haven for popular lectures on scientific SHEPARD, Elliott Fitch, lawyer, b. in James. subjects to mechanics. In 1830 he was appointed town, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 25 July, 1833. He lecturer on natural history at Yale, and held that was educated at the University of the city of New place until 1847. He was associated with Prof. | York, admitted to the bar in 1858, and for many Silliman in the scientific examination of the cul- years in practice in New York. In 1861 and 1862 ture and manufacture of sugar that was undertaken he was aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Edwin D. by the latter at the special request of the secretary Morgan, was in command of the depot of volun- of the treasury; and the southern states, particu- teers at Elmira, N. Y., and aided in organizing. larly Louisiana and Georgia, were assigned to him equipping, and forwarding to the field nearly to report upon. From 1834 till 1861 he filled the 50,000 troops. He was instrumental in raising the chair of chemistry in the Medical college of the 51st New York regiment, which was named for him state of South Carolina, which he relinquished at the Shepard rifles. He was the founder of the New the beginning of the civil war, but in 1865, upon York state bar association in 1876, which has the urgent invitation of his former colleagues, he formed the model for the organization of similar resumed his duties for a few years. While in associations in other states. In March, 1888, he Charleston he discovered rich deposits of phosphate purchased the New York “Mail and Express.” of lime in the immediate vicinity of that city. SHEPARD, Irving, educator, b. in Marcellus, Their great value in agriculture and subsequent Onondaga co., N. Y., 5 July, 1843. He received his use in the manufacture of superphosphate fertiliz- primary education in the public schools in Michi- ers proved an important addition to the chemical gan, entered the National army in 1862, and served industries of South Carolina. In 1815 he was nearly three years in the 17th Michigan volunteers. chosen professor of chemistry and natural history He commanded the party that burned the Arm- in Amherst, which chair was divided in 1852, and strong house in the enemy's lines, in front of he continued to deliver the lectures on natural Knoxville, Tenn., in November, 1863, was promoted history until 1877, when he was made professor captain for bravery in that action, and woundel emeritus. He was associated in 1835 with Dr. in the battle of the Wilderness in May, 1864. He James G. Percival in the geological survey of Con- was graduated at Olivet college in 1871, was super- necticut, and throughout his life he was actively intendent of city schools and principal of the high- engaged in the study of mineralogy. school, Charles City, Iowa, in 1871-5, occupied a nounced in 1835 his discovery of his first new similar office at Winona, Mich., from the latter species of mierolite, that of warwickite in 1838, date till 1879, and has since been president of the that of danburite in 1839, and he afterward de- Michigan normal school. scribed many other new minerals until shortly SHEPARD, Isaac Fitzgerald, soldier, b. in before his death. Prof. Shepard acquired a large Natiek, Middlesex co., Mass., 7 July, 1816. Ile collection of minerals, which at one time was un- was graduated at Harvard in 1842, was princi- surpassed in this country, and which in 1877 was pal of a Boston grammar-school in 184+51, and purchased by Amherst college, but three years served in the legislature in 1859–60. He became later was partially destroyed by fire. Early in life lieutenant-colonel and senior aide-de-camp to Gen. he began the study and collection of meteorites, and Nathaniel G. Lyons in 1861, colonel of the 3d Mis- his cabinet, long ibe largest in the country, likewise souri infantry in 1862, and in 1863 colonel of the became the property of Amherst. His papers on 1st regiment of Mississippi colored troops, com- this subject, from 1829 till 1882, were nearly forty manding all the colored troops in the Mississippi in number and appeared chiefly in the " American valley. On 27 Oet., 1863, he was commissioned Journal of Science.” The honorary degree of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was adjutant- M. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1830, general of Missouri in 1870–’1, and U. S. consul at and that of LL. D. by Amherst in 1857. Prof. Swatow and Hankow, China, in 1874–86. He was Shepard was a member of many American and chairman of the Missouri state Republican com- foreign societies, including the Imperial society of mittee in 1870–'1, and department commander of natural science in St. Petersburg, the Royal society the Grand army of the republic at the same time. le an- SHEPARD 495 SHEPLEY а 66 He edited the Boston “ Daily Bee" in 1846–8, the battles of Fort William and Crown Point. He be- “ Missouri Democrat” in 1868–9, the “ Missouri came colonel of the 4th Massachusetts regiment State Atlas” in 1871—'2, and has published “ Peh- in 1777, and served till 1783, participating in bles from Castalia,” poems (Boston, 1840); " Poetry twenty-two engagements, and winning a reputation of Feeling" (1844); “Scenes and Songs of Social for efficiency and courage. He settled on a farm Life” (1846); “ Household Tales” (1861); and sev- in Medway, Mass., after the peace, was a member eral single poems and orations. of the executive council in 1788–90, a brigadier- SHEPARD, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Salis general of militia, and in that capacity during bury, Mass., 22 June, 1739; d. in Brentwood, N. H., Daniel Shays's insurrection in 1786 prevented the 4 Nov., 1815. At the age of sixteen he removed insurgents from seizing the Springfield arsenal. He to New Hampshire, and after studying medicine was subsequently major-general of militia, and in settled in Brentwood, where he soon won reputa- congress in 1797-1803. tion in his profession. In 1770 he united with a SHEPHERD, Nathaniel Graham, author, b. Baptist church, and in 1771 he was ordained to the in New York city in 1835; d. there, 23 May, 1869. ministry. He preached through a wide extent of He studied art in New York, taught drawing in country, and in his double office of minister and Georgia for several years, returned to his native physician looked after the cure of both soul and city, and engaged in the insurance business, de- body. While pastor of the church at Brentwood voting his leisure to study and to writing poems. he had the oversight of several other churches that At the beginning of the civil war he became a war were branches of this central body. He was thus correspondent for the New York “ Tribune." He a sort of Baptist diocesan bishop. No man in the contributed largely to periodicals and journals, history of his denomination in New Hampshire and was the author of “The Dead Drummer-Boy,” was better known in his day. He published sev- • The Roll-Call," " A Summer Reminiscence," and eral tracts, chiefly relating to baptisin. other poems, which were widely circulated. SHEPARD, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Towces- SHEPHERD, Oliver Lathrop, soldier, b. in ter, England, 5 Nov., 1605; d. in Cambridge, Mass., Clifton Park, Saratoga co., N. Y., 15 Aug., 1815. He 25 Aug., 1649. He was graduated at Oxford in was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1627, ordained in the established church, and in 1840, and assigned brevet 2d lieutenant, 4th in- 1630 silenced for non-conformity. He was subse- fantry, was promoted 2d lieutenant, 3d infantry, quently tutor and chaplain in the family of Sir on 2 Oct., 1840, served in the Seminole war, and Richard Darby, whose cousin he married. He was became 1st lieutenant in the 3d infantry, 3 Nov., silenced again in 1633, and in October, 1635, sailed 1845. In 1846 he was selected by Gen. Zachary for this country, settled in Boston, and from that Taylor as commissary of the supply train in its time till his death was pastor of the church in march from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, and Cambridge, succeeding Thomas Hooker. He soon served in the war with Mexico, receiving the brevet became involved in the Antinomian controversy, of captain for gallant and meritorious conduct at actively opposed the innovators, and was a member Contreras and Churubusco, and that of major for of the synod that silenced them. His second wife, Chapultepec. He was appointed captain on 1 Dec. , Joanna, whom he married in 1637, was the daughter 1847, served on the frontier, and commanded Fort of Thomas Hooker. He was active in founding Defiance, New Mexico, which he defended with Harvard, and instrumental in placing it at Cam- three companies against a night attack of the Nav- bridge. Nathaniel Morton, the historian, says of ajoe Indians, with about 2,500 braves, on 30 April, him: “By his death not only the church and peo- | 1860, and was afterward stationed at Fort Hamil- ple of Cambridge, but all New England, suffered a ton, N. Y. He then commanded a battalion of the great loss." By his third wife, Margaret Boradel, 3d infantry in the defences of Washington, became he was the ancestor of President John Q. Adams. lieutenant-colonel of the 18th infantry, 14 May, He was a vigorous and popular writer on theo- 1861, served in the Tennessee and Mississippi cam- logical subjects, and published “ New England's paign in the Army of the Ohio, and was engaged in Lamentations for Old England's Errors” (London, the pursuit of the Confederates to Baldwin, Miss., 1645); “ The Clear Sunshine of the Gospel Break- | 30–31 May, 1862, receiving the brevet of colonel for ing out on the Indians of New England ” (1648; service during the siege of Corinth, 17 May, 1862. New York, 1865); “ Theses Sabbatica" (1649); and He participated in Gen. Don. Carlos Buell's move- left in manuscript numerous sermons that were ment through Alabama and Tennessee to Louis- subsequently printed in England. These include ville, Ky., in July and September, and also in Gen. * Subjection to Christ,” with a memoir of him by William S. Rosecrans's Tennessee campaign, serv- Samuel Mather and William Greenhill (London, ing with the Army of the Cumberland from No- 1652), and "The Parables of the Ten Virgins and oth- vember, 1862, till April, 1863, and commanding a er Sermons” (1660; new ed., Aberdeen, 1638). His brigade of regular troops from 31 Dec., 1862, till autobiography was published (Cambridge, Mass., 3 Jan., 1863. He became colonel of the 15th in- 1832), and his collected works, with a memoir of fantry on 21 Jan., 1863, and was brevetted brigadier- him by Rev. Horatio Alger (3 vols., Boston, 1853). general on 13 March, 1865, for service at Stone Cotton Mather also wrote his memoir in the “ Mag- river. He became colonel of the 15th infantry on nalia,” and in his “ Lives of the Chief Fathers of | 21 Jan., 1863, and from 7 May, 1863, till 13 Feb., New England.”—IIis son, Thomas, clergyman, b. 1866, he was superintendent of the regimental re- in London, England, 5 April, 1635; d. in Cam- cruiting service at Fort Adams, R. I., and he after- bridge, Mass., 22 Dec., 1677, was graduated at ward commanded the 15th regiment in Alabama Harvard in 1653, and from 1658 till his death was during the reconstruction of that state in 1868, in assistant pastor of the Cambridge church. He pub- which he performed an important part, and was lished an election serinon (1672), and edited a vol- also a commissioner of the Freedmen's bureau for ume of miscellaneous sermons (1673). Alabama. Consolidating the 15th and 35th infant- SHEPARD, William, soldier, b. near Boston, ries, he marched with them to New Mexico in 1869, Mass., 1 Dec., 1737; d. in Westfield, Mass., 11 Nov., He was retired from the army on 15 Dec., 1870. 1817. He enlisted in the provincial army at seven- SHEPLEY, John, lawyer, b. in Groton, Conn., teen years of age, served in 1757–63, was a captain 16 Oct., 1787; d. in Saco, Me., 9 Feb., 1857. His under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and participated in the family settled in Groton about 1700, the name ap- 496 SHEPPARD SHEPLEY a pearing on the town-records as Sheple. Several ofern Virginia, became chief of staff to Gen. Godfrey his ancestors held local offices, one of whom, Joseph, Weitzel, and for a short time during the absence of was a member of the State convention of 1788, that officer commanded the 25th army corps. He where he opposed the adoption of the constitution continued with the Army of the James to the end of the United States. John entered Harvard in of the war, entered Richmond on 3 April, 1865, and the class of 1806, but left before graduation, studied was appointed the first military governor of that law and practised in Rutland and Fitchburg, Mass., city: Resigning his commission on 1 July, 1865, served in the legislature, was a member of the con- he declined the appointment of associate judge of vention for amending the state constitution, and the supreme court of Maine, but in 1869 accepted in 1825 went to Maine, where he formed a partner- that of U. S. circuit judge for the first circuit of ship with his brother Ether. For many years he Maine, which office he held until his death. Dart- was reporter of the decisions of the supreme court mouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. His of Maine, and he published" Maine Reports" (Hal- decisions are reported in Jabez S. Holmes's “Re- lowell, 1836–49).- His brother, Ether, jurist, b. in ports” (Boston, 1877). Groton, Mass., 2 Nov., 1789; d. in Portland, Me., SHEPPARD, Furman, lawyer, b. in Bridge- 15 Jan., 1877, after graduation at Dartmouth in ton, Cumberland co., N. J., 21 Nov. , 1823. After 1811, studied law at South Berwick, was admitted graduation at Princeton in 1845 he studied law, to the bar in 1814, and began to practise in Saco. He and in 1848 was admitted to the bar of Philadel- was a member of the legislature in 1819, a delegate phia, where he has since practised. He was dis- to the convention that framed the constitution of trict attorney in 1868–71, and again in 1874–7. Maine in 1820, and U. S. district attorney for that in the latter term he gave special attention to the state from 1821 till 1833. He had removed to prompt despatch of criminal cases during the Cen- Portland about 1821. He was elected a U. S. sena- tennial exhibition of 1876. By establishing a mag- tor as a Democrat, serving from 2 Dec., 1833, till istrate's court on the exhibition grounds, he suc- 3 March, 1836, when he resigned, having been ceeded in having offenders arrested, indicted, tried, chosen a justice of the supreme court of Maine, of and sentenced within a few hours after the com- which he was chief justice from 1848 until 1855. In mission of the offence. This rapid proceeding was 1856 he was appointed sole commissioner to revise popularly designated “Sheppard's railroad," and the statutes of Maine. He received the degree of it entirely broke up the preparations of the crimi- LL. D. from Waterville (now Colby University), in nal class of the country for preying upon the thou- 1842, and from Dartmouth in 1845. While serving sands of daily visitors to the exhibition. For sev- on the bench he furnished the materials for twenty- eral years he has been a trustee of Jefferson medical six volumes of reports, and published “ The Re- college, a member of the American philosophical vised Statutes of Maine” (Hallowell, 1857), and society, and an inspector of the Eastern state peni- “Speech in Congress on the Removal of the De. tentiary in Philadelphia. Mr. Sheppard is the posits,” in which he vindicated the course of author of " The Constitutional Text - Book : a President Jackson (1857).-Ether's son, George Practical and Familiar Exposition of the Consti- Forster, soldier, b. in Saco, Me., 1 Jan., 1819; d. tution of the United States” (Philadelphia, 1855), in Portland, Me., 20 July, 1878, was graduated at and an abridged and modified edition of the same, Dartmouth in 1837, and, after studying law at entitled “The First Book of the Constitution Harvard, began practice in Bangor, Me., in 1840, (1861). He has also contributed to the " Vocabu- but in 1844 removed lary of the Philosophical Sciences,” edited by to Portland. From Prof. Charles P. Krauth, D. D. 1853 till 1861 he was SHEPPARD, John Hannibal, author, b. in U. S. district attor- Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England, 17 March, ney for Maine, during 1789; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 June, 1873. In 1793 his which period he ar- parents settled in Hallowell, Me. He was educated gued important cases at Harvard, which he left in his junior year, but in in the U. S. supreme 1867 the university placed his name among the court. In 1860 he was graduates of 1808.' He studied law, was admitted a delegate at large to to the bar in 1810, and practised in Wiscassett, Me. the National Demo- From 1817 till 1834 he was register of probate for cratic convention in Lincoln county, and in 1842 he settled in Boston, Charleston, and at- Mass. He was an early and efficient member of tended its adjourned the New England historic-genealogical society, its session in Baltimore. librarian in 1861-'9, and contributed to its " Regis- He was commissioned ter.” The degree of A. M. was given to him by colonel of the 12th Bowdoin in 1830, and by Harvard in 1871. in Maine volunteers at addition to several masonic and antiquarian ad- the beginning of the dresses, he was the author of occasional civil war, and partici- “ Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family" (Boston, pated in Gen. Benja- 1865), and " The Life of Samuel Tucker, Commo- min F. Butler's expe- dore in the American Revolution" (1868). dition against New Orleans, commanding as acting SHEPPARD, Moses, philanthropist, b. in brigadier-general a brigade at Ship Island, and at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1771 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., the capture of New Orleans he led the 3d brigade, 1 Feb., 1857. He was early thrown upon his own Army of the Gulf. On the occupation of that city resources, owing to the forfeiture of the property he was appointed military commandant and acting of his father, Nathan Sheppard, who adhered to the mayor, and assigned to the command of its de- mother country during the Revolutionary war, and fences, resigning in June, 1862, when he was ap- entered the employ of John Mitchell as a clerk. pointed military governor of Louisiana, serving In a few years he was made partner, and after the until 1864. On 18 July, 1862, he was made briga- death of Mr. Mitchell conducted the business dier-general of volunteers. After the inauguration alone, from which he retired in 1832. Mr. Shep- of a civil governor of Louisiana, Gen. Shepley was pard took an active interest in the question of placed in command of the military district of east- | American slavery, in common with the Society of heplay poems, of H. 3. Tal Jr ca Yosheidau LeenGunal - D. Appleton & Co i cili jfa 14. lip! These sites: -!!- viens! id: 11 mil rog IMA 2017 uriinia 1 ܂: ܢ ܝܐܐܶ : 4. + !: !124;}'vapo jies ti; iinti !!!!!!! TERBTENE, Hidr, "plasty, i '', 111, 1. i liniuteur ? (hide in I. . isoles 1. ui : : . ܙ , ܐ 1. 't flats !), dirt sive titan On Vli prisus in Farid and in Bilprist or an. - ft?ries in the 11t. Biluring ?: it * 14 t. ܕ | , :ir{ )lil . 1 DOO, 13,1 irstidene. IS!). R&BIOEehun Sandel, jurid I multi-fp702) Is this l'intit pitt. ll. in 170 intihere. $0. ili PNP, M1, 2.1, Ici Peselin : ! Dilimantle in 170.1 I'!!! /!!" is the siempre Lemessa. 15 li tiedon irarstista? inte Fruch, [ xln, die lisilla 15 papo qe sind in Bang-sleuth. ༣ ས་རྟ་{{t 15 ta Annetical papa???adhi i tha *;>r moitos.catti! Genl. Willisissa 11.1pp- Find despite it (tributos tid nei Temple Bar" in 15 il Ji. Amerfect it to be litt! 14** !!? :carn English literature, it cool ! rin lens lampskritis Bill go { potpeteries, it! tine Unitstrof Climat? 1.1.}. ... Variti 1797 ?! Wapin : · Linolepted a mindan chitteren shingo bi ?'p, det ofte atti Prin cosporld four years in Europe Skin 1109 billetter 17- destins fr",?" * L 1 2.11 of the principal : WS of Ceptent: bio..; pobietidl, ind in stellplatonis, die drie {1177" Tim. 377 fotopoli dite of drys lam) * Ethnila philosophical simts ļanu un -tlen met John Irvit. in Piemonte lies" befort de i nisasies 4-2 i', 1.!!1: ii. iv. Eherripe iubboldi 1. 'M's reis! um 151. 1218 Scotland, white hat in In dili ispirms · Drapeau dudience" (w York, INR). cmimit rot... 11:11 "? !!! illis- 19 L citiert in Saratoga Springs, frundel itin Dit then), and it is it - president Treball it also rebapiled and clic pe Oka jinsi Oulu ens intere"? iists: Character learn more ¿Te Wut Jolilt and clea", ilinin Gintorp Eliot (188): "The Essity of time val Skuchen "Philips. 1873: E', sich an introduction (1923): Dilthini frantirely in Europa, tortile stility is SH!v Darwin ilinsiit "(ISST)ameruntung tudo atleton111*** ""; di Surat (Darkse! Parishad Wafern" (1887), inas Arministration not Jubii iubes TERITON, James Paterso, 21.4115 120 otor printed with uppressed that obsoluta mill. ! in St, lohn, New Brunette Drive Imp. 10).-llis Walt, dr. Erna liier graduation at the l'niversity and "11-cn a los nivelet and in Brunswik in 1802 he studied theology todo Cityensis of King's colles Windsur, Visa mingis Philip Henry. Sohelin. Bu, in ti orities in the Church of England in 1st+) 1., Vareh. 1831; ini ?!?tit. att bokep me recior of Sheline, Sew Brunswi, in Alm 18SX After attained istit :? Of Pictou, Verit Scotit, in isit, *** entre as a chilet in 1. 11.3.1 been principal and processor of existika! ,!?' lidemy, 1 July, 18.1 pered Systematic the listy in Wrelifin tellege, Team rohelt tiledare in jina I do it, which offices he now (1888) holds. * * !! him loa Mengenalang po. Hits IT tellet's serta till the l'niversity of Toronto bring the menu fisse 172345 iniThe degrees L 1). I), was conferred on him 1024! Ilir litt gruttualeti Losiy1383. - sister 13 U14: Puuterity, Ontario, in 1882. I', urth, it's! 18:10, whilingi The Evangelical Churchigan "fron 1877 B. Vi Phmt til ist 11. til 18 tundin, att läsa en principe priliarhielritunas vildi he i thote se te hoor of time utin ca implicitou lirttition. These cred in Christinn unity. TERBROOKE, Sir Joli coape, Brisilo la tin ind infly. 1774): Lino a la vertne Wolpinball no on, its inhon England + Fib. 1951). inimniny, V!!, In! Teil, ani utanil in its -P!!, w soboto in lista dost [p! in 171 slepeni il ne des do of the tried Aleris pasild perl':.. i sitten i senton Visites lezitost mi amol in ') vrea to 'n op?? etaff of the army in the peninsula ince's !1; sot Get 1 W!!installe being second in" 1977 478 of Finliyoto, 27July, 1809). is fruti i111'pp he wisma point lieutenant-gain Split, itd in lors was transferred 1. Arvindii o loving familia. Map 521, I stop froia!! total loss of the 111 MADDE 10: 1117 ] fet their relie! Ba'!" ,,,i prebe nhi, per pr.57" Chi tirenimi by the ul- vi Bookinni. le vas ii Tips 2.1 1 ce sherie 2 - an سے اس کا ان سے ہے۔... SHERATON 497 SHERIDAN as Friends, of which he was a member, and aided with | ditional sum of £35,500. During his administra- counsel and money the American colonization tion he effected the admission of the speaker of society. He paid for the education of Dr. Samuel the assembly, ex-officio, to a seat in the executive Megill and other colored men that became emi- council. He resigned his office in 1818, returned nent in Liberia, and his influence prevented the to England, and was made general in May, 1825. passing of a law to banish free negroes from Mary- SHERBURNE, Andrew, sailor, b. in Rye, N. H., land. His fortune was bequeathed to found 30 Sept., 1765; d. in Augusta, Oneida co., N. Y., the Sheppard asyluin for the insane in Balti- in 1831. He sailed before the mast at an early more.—Ilis gran inephew, Nathan, author, b. in age, was shipwrecked, captured by the British, Baltimore, Vd., 9 Nov., 1834; d. in New York city, confined in the Old Mill prison in England, and 24 Jan., 1888, was graduated at Attleborough col- afterward became a Baptist clergyman. He re- lege in 1854, and at Rochester theological seminary ceived a pension for his services in the navy during in 1859. During the civil war he was special corre- the Revolution, and wrote his own · Memoirs spondent of the New York “ World” and the Chi- (Utica, 1828; 2d ed., Providence, 1831). cago “ Journal ” and “ Tribune," and, during the SHERBURNE, John Samuel, jurist, b. in Franco-German war, of the “ Cincinnati Gazette.” | Portsmouth, N. H., in 1757; d. there, 2 Aug., 1830. His experiences were published as “Shut up in After graduation at Dartmouth in 1776 he studied Paris," a diary of the siege (London, 1871), and was law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, and be- translated into French, German, and Italian. He gan to practise in Portsmouth. fle served as was also a special American correspondent of the brigade major on the staff of Gen. William Whip- London Times” and a contributor to - Fraser's ple, and lost a leg at the battle of Butts Hill, R. I., Magazine” and “ Temple Bar." In 1873 he became 29 Aug., 1978. He was elected a representative to lecturer on modern English literature, and teacher congress from New Hampshire, serving from 2 of rhetoric, at the University of Chicago, and four Dec., 1793, till 3 March, 1797, and was subse- years later he accepted a similar charge at Allegha- quently appointed by President Jefferson U. S. ny college. He spent four years in Europe, and lec- district attorney for New Hampshire, serving from tured in all of the principal towns of Great Britain 1801 till 1804. From that time till his death he and Ireland, and in 1870 delivered a course before was U. S. judge for the district of New Hamp- the Edinburgh philosophical society and on “ Pub- shire.- His son, John Henry, b. in Portsmouth, lic Speaking” before the Universities of Aberdeen N. H., in 1794; d. in Europe about 1850, entered and St. Andrew's. Scotland, which has been issued Phillips Exeter academy in 1809. In 1825 he be- Before an Audience" (New York, 1886). In came register of the navy department in Washing- 1884 he settled in Saratoga Springs, founded the ton, D. C., and for several years was foreign corre- Saratoga athenæum, and was its president until his spondent for the Philadelphia “ Saturday Courier.” death. He also compiled and edited - The Dick- He published * Osceola," a tragedy; " Erratic ens Reader" (1881); “ Character Readings from Poems"; a “ Life of John Paul Jones" (Washing- George Eliot” (1883); - The Essays of George ton, 1825): “ Naval Sketches ” (Philadelphia, 1845); Eliot," with an introduction (1883); “ Darwinism ** The Tourist's Guide in Europe, or Pencillings in Stated by Darwin Himself" (1884); and “ Saratoga England and on the Continent”; and “Suppressed Chips and Carlsbad Wafers ” (1887). History of the Administration of John Adams, SHERATON, James Paterson, Canadian cler- 1797-1801,” as printed and suppressed by John gyman, b. in St. John, New Brunswick, 29 Nov., Wood in 1802" (1846).—His son, John Henry 1841. After graduation at the University of New (1814–1849), was a U.S. naval officer and served in Brunswick in 1862 he studied theology in the the Mexican war. University of King's college, Windsor, Nova Scotia, SHERIDAN, Philip Henry, soldier, b. in took orders in the Church of England in 1864-5, Albany, N. Y., 6 March, 1831; d. in Nonquitt, and became rector of Shediac, New Brunswick, in Mass., 5 Aug., 1888. After attending the public 1865, and of Pictou, Nova Scotia, in 1874. In 1877 school he was entered as a cadet in the United he became principal and professor of exegetical States military academy, 1 July, 1848. On account and systematic theology in Wycliffe college, To- of a quarrel with a cadet file-closer in 1850, whose ronto, which offices he now (1888) holds. He was a conduct toward him he deemed insulting, he was member of the senate of the University of Toronto suspended from the academy for a year, but re- in 1885. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him turned, and was graduated, i July, 1853, standing by Queen's university, Ontario, in 1882. He was thirty-fourth in a class of fifty-two, of which James editor of “ The Evangelical Churchman” from 1877 B. McPherson was at the head. Gen. John M. till 1882, and since that date has been its principal Schofield and the Confederate Gen. John B. Hood editorial contributor, and he is the author of essays were also his classmates. On the day of his gradu- on education, the church, and Christian unity. ation he was appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in SHERBROOKE, Sir John Coape, British sol- the 3d infantry. After service in Kentucky, Texas, dier, b. about 1760; d. in Claverton, Nottingham- and Oregon, he was made 2d lieutenant in the 4th shire, England, 14 Feb., 1830. He entered the infantry, 22 Nov., 1854, 1st lieutenant, 1 March, British armny, in which he became captain in 1783, 1861, and captain in the 13th infantry, 14 May, lieutenant-colonel in 1794, colonel in 1798, lieuten- 1861. In December of that year he was chief ant-general in 1811, and colonel of the 33d regi- quartermaster and commissary of the army in. ment in 1818. He served with credit in the taking southwestern Missouri. In the Mississippi cam- of Seringapatam in 1797, and in 1809 was appoint paign from April to September, 1862, he was quar- ed to the staff of the army in the peninsula under termaster at Gen. Talleck's headquarters during the Duke of Wellington, being second in command | the advance upon Corinth. It then became mani- at the battle of Talavera, 27-28 July, 1809. For fest that his true place was the field. On 20 his conduct there he was appointed lieutenant-gov- May, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the 2d ernor of Nova Scotia, and in 1816 he was transferred Michigan cavalry, and on 1 July was sent to make to the governorship of Lower Canada. At this a raid on Booneville, Miss. Ile did excellent ser- time the farmers had suffered from the total loss of vice in the pursuit of the enemy from Corinth to their wheat crop, and he advanced for their relief Baldwin, and in many skirmishes during July, and £14,216, which parliament augmented by the ail- at the battle of Booneville. VOL. 1.-32 a a 498 SHERIDAN SHERIDAN In reward for his skill and courage he was ap- / parently incapable of solution. He was ordered pointed, 1 July, a brigadier-general of volunteers, to hold the place to the point of starvation, and and on 1 Oct. was placed in command of the 11th he said he would. The enemy had possession of division of the Army of the Ohio, in which ca- the approaches by land and water, men and ani- pacity he took part in the successful battle of Per- mals were starving, and forage and provisions had ryville, on 8 Oct., between the armies of Gen. Buell to be hauled orer a long and exceedingly difficult and Gen. Bragg, at the close of which the latter re- wagon-road of seventy-five miles. treated from Kentucky. In this action Sheridan Gen. Grant was then invested with the command was particularly distinguished. After the enemy of all the southern armies contained in the new had driven back McCook's corps and were pressing military division of the Mississippi, embracing the upon the exposed left flank of Gilbert, Sheridan, departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the with Gen. Robert B. Mitchell, arrested the tide, Tennessee. He reached Chattanooga on 23 Oct., and and, driving them back through Perryville, re-es- the condition of affairs was suddenly changed. He tablished the broken line. His force marched with ordered the troops relieved by the capture of Vicks- the army to the relief of Nashville in October and burg to join him, and Sherman came with his November. He was then placed in command of a corps. Sheridan was engaged in all the operations division in the Army of the Cumberland, and took around Chattanooga, under the immediate com- part in the two days' battle of Stone River (or mand and personal observations of Gen. Grant, and Murfreesboro), 31 Dec., 1862, and 3 Jan., 1863. Bu- played an important part in the battle of Mission ell had been relieved from the command of the Ridge. From the centre of the National line he army on 30 Oct., and Rosecrans promoted in his led the troops of his division from Orchard Knob, place. The Confederate army was still under and, after carrying the intrenchments and rifle-pits Bragg. The left of Rosecrans was strong, and his at the foot of the mountain, instead of using his right comparatively weak. So the right was simply discretion to pause there, he moved his division to hold its ground while the left should cross the forward to the top of the ridge and drove the ene- river. The project of Bragg, well-conceived, was my across the summit and down the opposite slope. to crush the National right, and he almost suc- In this action he first attracted the marked atten- ceeded. Division after division was driven back tion of Gen. Grant, who saw that he might be one until Cheatham attacked him in front, while Cle- of his most useful lieutenants in the future-a man burne essaved to turn his flank, and Sheridan was with whom to try its difficult and delicate prob- reached; the fate of the day seemed to be in his lems. A horse was shot under him in this action, hands. He resisted vigorously, then advanced and but he pushed on in the pursuit to Mission Mills, drove the enemy back, changing front to the south with other portions of the army of Thomas harass- (a daring manoeuvre in battle), held the overwhelm- ing the rear of the enemy, for Bragg, having aban- ing force in check, and retired only at the point of doned all his positions on Lookout Mountain, the bayonet. This brilliant feat of arms enabled Chattanooga Valley, and Missionary Ridge, was in Rosecrans to form a new line in harmony with his rapid retreat toward Dalton. overpowered right. Sheridan said laconically to After further operations connected with the oc- Rosecrans, when they met on the field, pointing to cupancy of east Tennessee, Sheridan was trans- the wreck of his division, which had lost 1,630 men: ferred by Grant to Virginia, where, on 4 April, " Here are all that are left.” After two days of 1864, he was placed in command of the cavalry indecision and desultory attempts, Bragg aban- corps of the Army of the Potomac, all the cavalry doned Murfreesboro and fell back to Tullahoma, being consolidated to form that command. Here while Rosecrans waited for a rest at that place. he seemed in his element; to the instincts and tal- Sheridan's military ability had been at once rec- ents of a general he joined the fearless dash of a ognized and acknowledged by all, and he was ap- dragoon. Entering with Grant upon the overland pointed a major-general of volunteers, to date from campaign, he took part in the bloody battle of the 31 Dec., 1862. He was engaged in the pursuit of Wilderness, 5 and 6 May, 1864. Constantly in the Van Dorn to Columbia and Franklin during van, or on the wings, he was engaged in raids, March, and captured a train and many prisoners threatening the Confederate flanks and rear. Ilis at Eaglesville. He was with the advance on Tulla- fight at Todd's Tavern, 7. May, was an important homa from 24 June to 4 July, 1863, taking part in aid to the movement of the army; his capture of the capture of Winchester, Tenn., on 27 June. He Spottsylvania Court-House, 8 May, added to his was with the army in the crossing of the Cumber- reputation for timely dash and daring; but more land mountains and of the Tennessee river from astonishing was his great raid from the 9th to the 15 Aug. to 4 Sept., and in the severe battle of the 24th of May. Ile cut the Virginia Central and the Chickamauga, on 19 and 20 Sept. Bragg ma- Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads, and made neuvred to turn the left and cut Rosecrans off his appearance in good condition near Chatfield from Chattanooga, but was foiled by Thomas, who station on 25 May. In this raid, having under him held Rossville road with an iron grip. During kindred spirits in Merritt, Custer, Wilson, and the battle there was a misconception of orders, Gregg, he first made a descent upon Beaver Dam which left a gap in the centre of the line which on 10 May, where he destroyed a locomotive and a the enemy at once entered. The right being thus train, and recaptured about 400 men who had been thrown out of the fight, the centre was greatly made prisoners. At Yellow Tavern, on 11 Mar, he imperilled. For some time the battle seemed ir- encountered the Confederate cavalry under ). E. recoverably lost, but Thomas, since called “the B. Stuart, who was killed in the engagement. He Rock of Chickamanga," held firm; Sheridan ral- next moved upon the outer defences of Richmond, lied many soldiers of the retreating right, and rebuilt Meadow's bridge, went to Bottom's bridge, joined Thomas; and, in spite of the fierce and and reached Hlaxall's on 14 May. He returned by repeated attacks of the enemy, it was not until | Hanovertown and Totopotomoy creek, having done the next day that it retired upon Rossville, being much damage, created fears and misgivings, and afterward withdrawn within the defences of Chat- won great renown with little loss. lle led the ad- tanooga, whither McCook, Crittenden, and Rose- vance to Cold Ilarbor, crossing the Pamunky at crans had gone. Rosecrans was superseded by Hanovertown on 27 May, fought the cavalry bat- Thor whom was presented a problem ap- tle of Hawes's Shop on the 28th, and held Cold SHERIDAN 499 SHERIDAN Harbor until Gen. William F. Smith came up with no subsistence, and this was effectually done. To the 6th corps to occupy the place. The bloody bat- clear the way for an advance, the enemy now sent tle of Cold Harbor was fought on 31 May and 3 “ a new cavalry general,” Thomas L. Rosser, down June. Setting out on 7 June, Sheridan made a raid the valley; but he was soon driven back in confu- toward Charlottesville, where he expected to meet sion. Early's army, being re-enforced by a part the National force under Gen. Hunter. This move- of Longstreet's command, again moved forward ment, it was thought, would force Lee to detach with celerity and secrecy, and, fording the north his cavalry. Unexpectedly, however, Hunter made fork of the Shenandoah, on 18 Oct. approached a detour to Lynchburg, and Sheridan, unable to rapidly and unobserred, under favor of fog and join him, returned to Jordan's point, on James darkness, to within 600 yards of Sheridan's left river. Thence, after again cutting the Virginia flank, which was formed by Crook's corps. When, Central and Richmond and Fredericksburg rail- on the early morning of the 19th, they leaped upon roads and capturing 500 prisoners, he rejoined for the surprised National force, there was an imme- a brief space the Army of the Potomac. In quick diate retreat and the appearance of an appalling succession came the cavalry actions of Trevillian disaster. The 8th corps was rolled up, the exposed station, fought between Wade Hampton and Tor- centre in turn gave way, and soon the whole army bert, 11 and 12 June, and Tunstall station, 21 was in retreat. Sheridan had been absent in Wash- June, in which the movements were feints to cover ington, and at this juncture had just returned to the railroad-crossings of the Chickahominy and Winchester, twenty miles from the field. Hearing the James. There was also a cavalry affair of a the sound of the battle, he rode rapidly, and ar- similar nature at St. Mary's church on 24 June. rived on the field at ten o'clock. As he rode up he Pressed by Grant, Lee fell back on 28 July, 1864. .shouted to the retreating troops : “ Face the other The vigor, judgment, and dash of Sheridan had way, boys: we are going back!” Many of the Con- now marked him in the eyes of Grant as fit for a federates had left their ranks for plunder, and the far more important station. Early in August, attack was made upon their disorganized battal- 1864, he was placed in command of the Army of ions, and was the Shenandoah, formed in part from the army of successful. A Hunter, who retired from the command, and from portion of that time till the end of the war Sheridan seems their army, never to have encountered a military problem too ignorant of difficult for his solution. His new army consisted the swiftly at first of the 6th corps, two divisions of the 8th, coming dan- and two cavalry divisions, commanded by Gens. ger, was in- Torbert and Wilson, which he took with him from tact, and had the Army of the Potomac. Four days later, 7 determined to Aug., the scope of his command was constituted give a finish- the Middle Military Division. He had an ardu- ing - blow to ous and difficult task before him to clear the ene- the disorgan- my out of the valley of Virginia, break up his ized National magazines, and relieve Washington from chronic force. This terror. Sheridan grasped the situation at once. caught He posted his forces in front of Berryville, while and hurled "SNARI DARS RIDE. the enemy under Early occupied the west bank of back by an at- Opequan creek and covered Winchester. In his tack in two division, besides the 6th corps under Wright and columns with cavalry supports. The enemy's left the 8th under Crook, Sheridan had received the was soon routed ; the rest followed, never to return, addition of the 19th, commanded by Emory. Tor- and the valley was thus finally rendered impossible bert was placed in command of all the cavalry. of occupancy by Confederate troops. They did not Having great confidence in Sheridan, Grant yet stop till they had reached Staunton, and pursuit was acted with a proper caution before giving him the made as far as Mount Jackson. They had lost in final order to advance. He went from City Point | the campaign 16,952 killed or wounded and 13,000 to Harper's Ferry to meet Sheridan, and told him prisoners. Under orders from Grant, Sheridan he must not move till Lee had withdrawn a portion devastated the valley. He has been censured for of the Confederate force in the valley. As soon as this, as if it were wanton destruction and cruelty. that was done he gave Sheridan the laconic direc- He destroyed the barns and the crops, mills, facto- tion, “Go in.” He says in his report : " He was off ries, farming-utensils, etc., and drove off all the promptly on time, and I may add that I have cattle, sheep, and horses. But, as in similar cases never since deemed it necessary to visit Gen. Sheri- in European history, although there must have dan before giving him orders.” On the morning of been much suffering and some uncalled-for rigor, 19 Sept.. Sheridan attacked Early at the crossing this was pecessary to destroy the resources of the of the Opequan, fought him all day, drove him enemy in the valley, by means of which they could through Winchester, and sent him whirling up continually menace Washington and Pennsylvania. the valley,” having captured 5,000 prisoners and The illustration is a representation of “Sheridan's five guns. The enemy did not stop to reorganize Ride," a statuette, by James E. Kelly. The steel until he had reached Fisher's hill, thirty miles south portrait is taken from a photograph made in 1884. of Winchester. Here Sheridan again came up and The terms of the president's order making Sheri- dislodged him, driving him through Harrisonburg dan a major-general in the army were: “ For per- and Staunton, and in scattered portions through sonal gallantry, military skill, and just confidence the passes of the Blue Ridge. For these successes in the courage and patriotism of his troops, dis- he was made a brigadier-general in the regular played by Philip H. Sheridan on the 19th of Octo- army on 10 Sept. "Returning leisurely to Stras- ber at Cedar Run, where, under the blessing of burg, he posted his army for a brief repose behind Providence, his routed army was reorganized, a Cedar creek, while Torbert was despatched on a great national disaster averted, and a brilliant vic- raid to Staunton, with orders to devastate the coun- tory achieved over the rebels for the third time in try, so that, should the enemy return, he could find pitched battle within thirty days, Philip H. Sheri- was 500 SHERMAN SHERIDAN dan is appointed major-general in the United 1 After the war Sheridan was in charge of the States army, to rank as such from the 8th day of military division of the Gulf from 17 July to 15 November, 1864.” The immediate tribute of Grant Aug., 1866, which was then created the Depart- was also very strong. In an order that each of the ment of the Gulf, and remained there until 11 armies under his command should fire a salute of March, 1867. From 12 Sept. to 16 March he was one hundred guns in honor of these victories, he in command of the Department of the Missouri, says of the last battle that "it stamps Sheridan, with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. what I have always thought him, one of the ablest Thence he conducted a winter campaign against of generals.” On 9 Feb., 1865, Sheridan received the Indians, after which he took charge of the the thanks of congress for the gallantry, military military division of the Mississippi, with headl- skill, and courage displayed in the brilliant series quarters at Chicago. When Gen. Ulysses S. Grant of victories achieved by his army in the valley of became president, 4 March, 1869, Gen. William T. the Shenandoah, especially at Cedar Run.” Dur- Sherman was made general-in-chief and Sheridan ing the remainder of the war Sheridan fought was promoted to lieutenant-general, with the un- under the direct command of Grant, and always derstanding that both these titles should disappear with unabated vigor and consummate skill. In the with the men holding them. days between 27 Feb, and 24 March, 1865, he con- In 1870 Sheridan visited Europe to witness ducted, with 10,000 cavalry, a colossal raid from the conduct of the Franco-Prussian war. He was Winchester to Petersburg, destroying the James with the German staff during the battle of Grare- river and Kanawha canal, and cutting the Gor- lotte, and presented some judicious criticisms of donsville and Lynchburg, the Virginia Central, and the campaign. He commanded the western and the Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads. Dur- southwestern military divisions in 1878. On the ing this movement. on 1 March, he secured the retirement of Sherman in 1883, the lieutenant-gen- bridge over the middle fork of the Shenandoah, eral became general-in-chief. In May, 1888, he be- and on the 2d he again routed Early at Waynes- came ill from exposure in western travel, and, in boro', pursuing him toward Charlottesville. He recognition of his claims, a bill was passed by both joined the Army of the Potomac and shared in all houses of congress, and was promptly signed by its battles. From Grant's general orders, sent in President Cleveland, restoring for him and dur- circular to Meade, Ord, and Sheridan, on 24 March, ing his lifetime the full rank and emoluments of 1865, we learn that a portion of the army was to general. He was the nineteenth general-in-chief of be moved along its left to turn the enemy out of the United States army. Sheridan never was de- Petersburg, that the rest of the army was to be feated, and often plucked victory out of the jaws ready to repel and take advantage of attacks in of defeat. He was thoroughly trusted, admired, front, while Gen. Sheridan, with his cavalry, should and loved by his officers and men. He bore the go out to destroy the Southside and Danville rail- nickname of "Little Phil," a term of endearment road and take measures to intercept the enemy due to his size, like the “petit corporal" of Napo- should he evacuate the defences of Richmond. On leon I. He was below the middle height, but pow. the morning of 29 March the movement began. erfully built, with a strong countenance indicative {wo corps of the Army of the Potomac were of valor and resolution. Trustful to a remarkable moved toward Dinwiddie Court-House, which was degree, modest and reticent, he was a model soldier in a measure the key of the position to be cleared and general, a good citizen in all the relations of by Sheridan's troops. The court-house lies in the public and private life, thoroughly deserving the fork of the Southside and Weldon railroads, which esteem and admiration of all who knew him. In meet in Petersburg. A severe action took place at 1879 Sheridan married Miss Rucker, the daughter Dinwiddie, after which Sheridan advanced to Five of Gen. Daniel H. Rucker, of the U. S. army. He Forks on 31 March. Here he was strongly resisted was a Roman Catholic, and devoted to his duties as by the bulk of Lee's column, but, dismounting his such. He was the author of “ Personal Memoirs cavalry and deploying, he checked the enemy's (2 vols., New York, 1888). progress, retiring slowly upon Dinwiddie. Of this SHERMAN, Buren Robinson, governor of Gen. Grant says : " Here he displayed great gener- Iowa, b. in Phelps, N. Y., 28 May, 1836. In 1849 alship. Instead of retreating with his whole com- the family removed to Elmira, where he attended mand, to tell the story of superior forces encoun- the public schools, and in 1852 was apprenticed to tered, he deployed his cavalry on foot, . . . he de- a jeweler. In 1855 the family emigrated to Iowa, spatched to me what had taken place, and that he where he studied law, was admitted to the bar in was dropping back slowly on Dinwiddie." There 1859, and began practice in Vinton in January, re-enforced, and assuming additional command of 1860. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 13th the 5th corps, 12.000 strong, he returned on 1 April Iowa infantry, was promoted lieutenant, was se- with it and 9,000 cavalry to Five Forks and or- verely wounded at Shiloh, and advanced to cap- dered Merritt to make a feint of turning the ene- tain for gallant conduct on the field, but in the my's right, while the 5ih struck their left flank. summer of 1863 his wounds compelled him to re- The Confederates were driven from thôir strong sign. On his return he was elected county judge line and routed, fleeing westward and leaving of Benton county, which post he resigned in 1866 6,000 prisoners in his hands. Sheridan imme- to accept the office of clerk of the district court, diately pursued. Five Forks was one of the most to which he was three times re-elected. He was brilliant and decisive of the engagements of the chosen auditor of the state in 1874, and twice re- war, and compelled Lee's evacuation of Petersburg elected, retiring in January, 1881. In 1882-'6 he and Richmond. Sheridan was engaged at Sailor's was governor of Iowa. During his two terms of Creek, 6 April, where he captured sixteen guns, 'service many new questions were presented for set- and in many minor actions, 8–9 April, harassing tlement, among which was that of total prohibi- and pursuing the Army of Northern Virginia, and tion of the liquor traffic, which Gov. Sherman aiding largely to compel the final surrender. He favored in letters and speeches. He held publie was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court- officers to strict accountability, and removed a House on 9 April. He made a raid to South Bos- high state oflicial for wilful misconduct. In 1885 ton, N. ('., on the river Dan, on 24 April, returning he received the degree of LL. I), from the Univer. to Petersburg on 3 May, 186.), , sity of Iowa. SHERMAN 501 SHERMAN SHERMAN, Henry, lawyer, b. in Albany, N. Y., mercantile business. In 1745 he was appointed 6 March, 1808; d. in Washington, D. C., 28 March, surveyor of lands for the county in which he re- 1879. After graduation at Yale in 1829 he studied sided, a post for which his early attention to math- theology and then law, returning in 1832 to Al- ematics qualified him. Not long afterward he fur- bany. He soon removed to New York city, and in nished the astronomical calculations for an al- to Hartford, Conn., and was employed in the manac that was published in New York, and he U. S. treasury department in Washington from continued this service for several years. Mean- 1861 till 1868, when he resumed his law-practice in while, encouraged to this step by a judicious friend, that city. He was a personal friend of President he was devoting his leisure hours to the study of Lincoln, who on the morning before his assassina- the law, and made such progress that he was ad- tion offered him the chief justiceship of New Mex- mitted to the bar in 1754. In 1755 he was elected ico. He was afterward commissioned by President a representative of New Milford in the general as- Johnson, but soon resigned. Mr. Sherman was the sembly of Connecticut, and the same year he was author of " An Analytical Digest of the Law of appointed a justice of the peace. In 1759 he was Marine Insurance to the Present Time" (New made one of the judges of common pleas in Litch- York, 1841); " The Governmental History of the field county. Two years later he removed to New United States of America ” (1843 ; enlarged ed., Haven, where the same appointments were given Hartford, 1860); and “Slavery in the United States him. In addition to this, he became treasurer of of America" (Hartford, 1858). Yale college, from which, in 1765, he received the SHERMAN, John, clergyman, b. in Dedham, honorary degree of M. A. In 1766 he was appointed England, 26 Dec., 1613; d. in Watertown, Mass.. 8 judge of the superior court of Connecticut, and in Aug., 1685. He was educated at Cambridge, where the same year was chosen a member of the upper he was called a “ College Puritan," came to New house of the legislature. In the former office he England in 1634, and preached in Watertown in continued twenty-three years; in the latter, nine- the open air. After continuing for some time in teen. When the Revolutionary struggle began Connecticut, he was chosen a magistrate of that Roger Sherman devoted himself unreservedly to the colony. On 27 May, 1641, and from 1644 until his patriot cause. In such a crisis he was obliged to be death, he was pastor of the Congregational church a leader. In August, 1774, he was elected a delegate in Watertown, Mass. He was a fellow of Harvard, to the Continental congress, and was present at its delivered lectures there for many years, and was a opening on 5 Sept. following. Of this body he was popular preacher and an eminent mathematician. one of the most active members. Without showing In 1682 he delivered a discourse before the conven- gifts of popular speech, he commanded respect for tion of Congregational ministers in Massachusetts, his knowledge, judgment, integrity, and devotion to the first sermon on that occasion that is now upon duty. He served on many important committees, record. He published several almanacs, to which but the most decisive proof of the high esteem in he appended pious reflections. which he was held is given in the fact that, with SHERMAN, Roger, signer of the Declaration Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, and Livingston, he was of Independence, b. in Newton, Mass., 19 April, appointed to prepare a draft of the Declaration of 1721 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 23 July, 1793. His Independence, to which document he subsequentiy great-grandfather, Capt. John Sherman, came from affixed his signature. Though a member of con- England to Watertown, Mass., about 1635. His gress, he was at the same time in active service on grandfather and father were farmers in moderate the Connecticut committee of safety. In 1783 he circumstances. In was associated with Judge Richard Law in revis- 1723 the family re- ing the statutes of the state, and in 1784 he was moved to Stoning- elected mayor of New Haven, which office he con- ton, Mass., where tinued to hold until his death. He was chosen, in he spent his boy- conjunction with Dr. Samuel Johnson and Oliver hood and youth. Ellsworth, a delegate to the convention of 1787 He had no formal that was charged with the duty of framing a con- education except stitution for the United States. Documentary that which was proof exists that quite a number of the proposi- obtained in the tions that he offered were incorporated in that in- ordinary country strument. In the debates of the Constitutional schools, but by his convention he bore a conspicuous part. He was own unaided exer- also a member of the State convention of Connecti- tions he acquired cut that ratified the constitution, and was very respectable attain- influential in securing that result. A series of ments in various papers that he wrote under the signature of Citi- branches of learn- zen” powerfully contributed to the same end. Im- ing, especially mediately after the ratification of the constitution mathematics, law, he was made a representative of Connecticut in and politics. He congress, and took an active part in the discussions was early appren- of that body. In February, 1790, the Quakers ticed to a shoemaker, and continued in that occu- having presented an address to the house on the pation until he was twenty-two years of age. It is subject of “the licentious wickedness of the Afri- said that while at work on his bench he was accus- can trade for slaves," Mr. Sherman supported its tomed to have before him an open book, so that reference to a committee, and was successful in his he could devote every spare minute to study. At efforts, though he was strongly opposed. Ile was the age of nineteen he lost his father, and the promoted in 1791 to the senate, and died while principal care and support of a large family thus holding this office. The career of Roger Sherman devolved upon him, with the charge of a small most happily illustrates the possibilities of Ameri- farm. In 1743 he removed with his family to New can citizenship. Beginning life under the heaviest Milford, Conn., performing the journey on foot, disadvantages, he rose to a career of ever-increasing and taking his shoemaker's tools with him. Here, usefulness, honor, and success. He was never re- in partnership with his brother, he engaged in moved from an office except by promotion or be- Roger Sherman 502 SHERMAN SHERMAN cause of some legislative restriction. Thomas Jef- | leave of absence until 15 Feb., 1864. He was made ferson spoke of him as “a man who never said a colonel of the 3d artillery on 1 June, 1863. On his foolish thing"; and Nathaniel Macon declared return to duty he was in command of a reserve that “ he had more common sense than any man I brigade of artillery in the Department of the Gulf, have ever known." In early life he united with of the defences of New Orleans, and of the southern the Congregational church in Stonington, and and eastern districts of Louisiana. On 13 March, through his long career he remained a devout | 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general, C. S. and practical Christian. Mr. Sherman was twice army, for gallant services at the capture of Port married, and among his descendants are Senators Hudson, and also major-general of volunteers and William M. Evarts and George F. Hoar.-- His major-general, U. S. army, for gallant and meritori- nephew, Roger Minot, lawyer, b. in Woburn, ous services during the war. After the war he Mass., 22 May, 1773; d. in Fairfield, Conn., 30 commanded the 3d artillery at Fort Adams, R. I., Dec., 1844, was graduated at Yale in 1792, and the Department of the East, and the post of Key served as tutor there during 1795. He was ad- West, Fla. He was retired from active service as mitted to the bar at Fairfield in 1796, was a major-general on 31 Dec., 1870, for disability. member of the general assembly in 1798 and of SHERMAN, William Tecumseh, soldier, b. the state senate in 1814-'18, and of the Hartford in Lancaster, Ohio, 8 Feb., 1820. His branch of convention of 1814. He was judge of the superior the family is traced to Samuel Sherman, of Essex, court and the supreme court of errors in 1840–2. England, who came to this country in 1634 with -Roger's grandson, John, clergyman, b. in New his brother, the Rev.John Sherman, and his cousin, Haven, Conn., in 1772; d. in Trenton Falls, N. Y., Capt. John Sherman. Roger Sherman, signer of 2 Aug., 1828, was graduated at Yale in 1793, be- the Declaration of Independence, traces his lineage came pastor of the 1st church at Mansfield, Conn., to the captain, and Gen. Sherman to that of the in 1797, and remained in this relation until 1805, Rev. John, whose family settled in Woodbury and when he withdrew from it because of his adoption Norwalk, Conn., whence some of them removed to of Unitarian views. He was for a short time pastor Lancaster, Fairfield co., Ohio, in 1810. The father of a Unitarian church at Trenton Falls, the first of Gen. Sherman was a lawyer, and for five years of that denomination that was organized in the before his death in 1829 judge of the supreme state of New York. At this place he established court. His mother, who was married in 1810, was and for several years conducted a flourishing Mary Hoyt. They had eleven children, of whom academy. He was the author of a work entitled William was the sixth and John the eighth. Will. * One God in One Person Only," which is said to iam was adopted by Thomas Ewing, and attended have been the first elaborate defence of Unitarian- school in Lancaster till 1836. In July of that year ism that appeared in New England (1805); also of he was sent as a cadet to West Point, where he “ The Philosophy of Language Illustrated" (1826); was graduated in 1840 sixth in a class of forty-two " Description of Trenton Falls" (1827); and of members. Among his classmates was George H. various minor publications. Thomas. As a cadet, he is remembered as an SHERMAN, Thomas West, soldier, b. in New- earnest, high-spirited, honorable, and outspoken port, R. I., 26 March, 1813; d. there, 16 March, youth, deeply impressed, according to one of his 1879. He was graduated at the US. military early letters, with the grave responsibility properly academy in 1836, assigned to the 3d artillery, attaching to “serving the country.” He also at served in the Florida war until 1842, became 1st that time expressed a wish to go to the far west, lieutenant on 14 March, 1838, and subsequently out of civilization. He was commissioned as a 20 was employed in recruiting and garrison service lieutenant in the 3d artillery, 1 July, 1840, and sent until 1846. He became captain on 28 May, 1846, to Florida, where the embers of the Indian war engaged in the war with Mexico, and was brevetted were still smouldering. On 30 Nov., 1841, he was major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Bu- made a 1st lieutenant, and commanded a small de- ena Vista, 23 Feb., 1847. He served again on gar- tachment at Picolata. In 1842 he was at Fort rison and frontier duty from 1848 till 1861, during Morgan, Mobile Point. Ala., and later at Fort Moul- which time he engaged in quelling the Kansas bor- trie, Charleston harbor, where he indulged in hunt- der disturbances, and commanded an expedition to ing and society, the immediate vicinity of the fort Kettle lake, Dakota. On 27 April, 1861, he became being a summer resort for the people of Charleston. major, and until 10 May, 1861, commanded a bat. In 1843, on his return from a short leave, he began tery of U. S. artillery and a battalion of Pennsyl- the study of law, not to make it a profession, but vania volunteers at Elkton, Md. From 21 May to render himself a more intelligent soldier. When till 28 June he was chief of light artillery in the the Mexican war began in 1846 he was sent with defence of Washington, D. C., having been made troops around Cape Horn to California, where he lieutenant-colonel, 5th artillery, on 14 May, and acted as adjutant-general to Gen. Stephen W. brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, on 17 May, 1861. Kearny, Col. Mason, and Gen. Persifer F. Smith. He organized an expedition for seizing and holding Returning in 1850. on 1 May he married Miss Ellen Bull's bay, S. C., and Fernandina, Fla., for the use Boyle Ewing, at Washington, her father, his old of the blockading fleet on the southern coast, com- friend, then being secretary of the interior. lle manded the land forces of the Port Royal expedi- was appointed a captain in the commissary depart- tion from 21 Oct. 1861, till 31 March, 1862, and ment, 2 Sept., 1850, and sent to St. Louis and New led a division of the Army of the Tennessee from Orleans. He had already received a brevet of cap- 30 April till 1 June, 1862. He participated in the tain for service in California, to date from 30 May, siege of Corinth, Viss., commanded a division in 1848. Seeing little prospect of promotion and the Department of the Gulf from 18 Sept., 1862, small opportunity for his talents in the army in till 9 Jan., 1863, and in the defences of New Or- times of peace, he resigned his commission, 6 Sept., leans from 9 Jan, till 19 May, 1863, when he joined 1853, the few graduates of West Point being at that the expedition to Port Hudson, La., commanding period in demand in many walks of civil life. He the 2d division of the 19th army corps, which was immediately appointed (1853) manager of the formed the left wing of the besieging army. While branch bank of Lucas, Turner and Co., San Fran- leading a column to the assault on 27 May he lost cisco, Cal. When the affairs of that establishment his right leg, in consequence of which he was on were wound up in 1857 he returned to St. Louis, a SHERMAN 503 SHERMAN and lived for a time in New York as agent for the ment of his men. Although severely wounded in St. Louis firm. In 1858–9 he was a counsellor-at- the hand on the first day, his place was never va- law in Leavenworth, Kan., and in the next year be- cant.” And again: “To his individual efforts I came superintendent of the State military academy am indebted for the success of that battle." Gen. at Alexandria, La., where he did good work; but Halleck declared that “Sherman saved the fortunes when that state seceded from the Union he promptly of the day on the 6th, and contributed largely to resigned and returned to St. Louis, where he was for the glorious victory of the 7th.” After the battle a short time president of the Fifth street railroad. Gen. Halleck assumed command of all the armies, Of the civil war he took what were then con- and advanced slowly upon Corinth, acting rather sidered extreme views. He regarded President with the caution of an engineer than with the Lincoln's call for 75,000 three months' men in promptness of a strategist. In the new movement April, 1861, as trifling with a serious matter, de- Gen. Sherman was conspicuous for judgment and claring that the rising of the secessionists was not dash. He was employed constantly where prompt- a mob to be put down by the posse comitatus, but ness and energy were needed. Two miles in ad- a war to be fought out by armies. On 13 May he vance of the army, as it was ranged around Corinth, was commissioned colonel of the 13th infantry, he captured and fortified Russell's house, which is with instructions to report to Gen. Scott at Wash- only a mile and a half from Corinth. Deceiving ington. That officer had matured a plan of cam- Halleck, the enemy were permitted to evacuate the paign, and was about to put it into execution. town and destroy its defences. Sherman was made Sherman was put in command of a brigade in a major-general of volunteers, to date from 1 May, Tyler's division of the army that marched to Bull | 1862. On 9 June he was ordered to Grand Junc- Run. His brigade comprised the 13th, 69th, and tion, a strategic point, where the Memphis and 79th New York and the 22 Wisconsin regiments. Charleston and the Mississippi Central railroads The enemy's left had been fairly turned, and Sher- meet. Memphis was to be a new base. He was to man's brigade was hotly engaged, when the Con- repair the former road, and to guard them both federates were re-enforced; the National troops and keep them in running order. Gen. Halleck made fatal delays, and, struck by panic, the army having been made general-in-chief of the armies of was soon in full retreat. Sherman's brigade had the United States, Grant was, on 15 July, appoint- lost 111 killed, 205 wounded, and 293 missing. On ed to command the Department of the Tennessee, 3 Aug., 1861, he was made a brigadier-general of and he at once ordered Sherman to Memphis, which volunteers, to date from 17 May, and on 28 Aug. had been captured by the National flotilla, 6 June, he was sent from the Army of the Potomac to be with instructions to put it in a state of defence. second in command to Gen. Robert Anderson in Sherman, to secure himself against the machina- Kentucky. Few persons were prepared for the tions of the rebellious inhabitants, directed all who curious problem of Kentucky politics. What has adhered to the Confederate cause to leave the city. been called the “ secession juggle was at least He allowed them no trade in cotton, would not partially successful. On account of broken health, permit the use of Confederate money, allowed no Gen. Anderson soon asked to be relieved from the force or intimidation to be used to oblige negroes, command, and he was succeeded by Sherman on who had left their masters, to return to them, but 17 Oct. It was expected by the government that made them work for their support. He also effectu- the men, to keep Kentucky in the Union, could be ally suppressed guerilla warfare. recruited in that state, and that the numbers re- The western armies having advanced to the line quired would be but few; but this expectation was of the Memphis and Charleston railroad, the next doomed to be disappointed. Sherman looked for step was to capture Vicksburg and thereby open to a great war, and declared that 60,000 men would navigation the Mississippi river. Vicksburg was be required to drive the enemy out of the state strongly fortified and garrisoned and was covered and 200,000 to put an end to the struggle in that by an army commanded by Gen. Pemberton posted region. Most men looked upon this prophetic behind the Tallahatchie. Grant moved direct sagacity as craziness. He was relieved from his from Grand Junction via Holly Springs, McPher- command by Gen. Buell on 12 Nov, and ordered to son his left from Corinth, and Sherman his right report to Gen. Halleck, commanding the Depart. from Memphis to Wyatt, turning Pemberton's left, ment of the West. He was placed in command of who retreated to Grenada behind the Yalabusha. Benton Barracks. At this time Gen. Ulysses S. Then Grant detached Sherman with one of his Grant was in command of the force to move on brigades back to Memphis to organize a sufficient Forts Henry and Donelson in February, 1862, and force out of the new troops there and a division at just after the capture of these strongholds Sher- Helena to move in boats escorted by Admiral Por- man was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. ter's gun-boat fleet to Vicksburg to capture the It consisted of six divisions, of which Sherman was place while he, Grant, held Pemberton at Grenada. in command of the 5th. In the battle of Shiloh, The expedition failed from natural obstacles and or Pittsburg Landing, 6 and 7 April (see Grant, the capture of Holly Springs by the enemy, and at ULYSSES S.), Sherman's men were posted at Shiloh the same moment Gen. McC'lernand arrived to as- church, and the enemy were so strong that all the sume command of the expedition by orders of detachments were hotly engaged, and Sherman President Lincoln, and the Army of the Tennessee served as a pivot. When the Army of the Ohio was divided into the 13th, 15th, 16th, and 17th came up, during the night, Grant had already or- corps, of which Sherman had the 15th. To clear dered Sherman to advance, and when the combined the flank, the expeditionary force before Vicksburg forces moved, the enemy retreated rapidly upon under McClernand returned in their boats to the Corinth. The loss in Sherman's division was 2,034. mouth of the Arkansas, ascended that river a hun- He was wounded in the hand, but did not leave dred miles, and carried by assault Fort Hindman, the field, and he richly deserved the praise of Gen. capturing its stores and five thousand prisoners, Grant in his official report: “I feel it a duty to a thereby making the Mississippi safe from molesta- gallant and able officer, Brig.-Gen. W. T. Sherman, tion. In this movement Sherman bore a conspicu- to make mention. He was not only with his com- ous part. The expedition then returned to the mand during the entire two days of the action, but Mississippi river, and Gen. Grant came in person displayed great judgment and skill in the manage- from Memphis to give direction to the operations 504 SHERMAN SHERMAN against Vicksburg from the river, which resulted | temporary headquarters at Nashville. In a letter in its capture, with 31,000 prisoners, on 4 July, 1863, of 4 March, 1864, Grant acknowledges to Sherman thereby opening the Mississippi and fully accom- his great gratitude for the co-operation and skill plishing the original purpose. During this brilliant which so largely contributed to his own success, campaign Gen. Sherman was most active, and and on 19 Feb., 1864, Sherman received the thanks therefore was appointed a brigadier-general in the of congress for his services in the Chattanooga cam- regular army, to date 4 July, 1863. paign. On 25 March he began to prepare his com- Meantime Rosecrans, having expelled the ene- mand for action, to put the railroads in good con- my from middle Tennessee, had forced him to dition, and protect them and to make provision for evacuate Chattanooga, fought the bloody battle of the supplies of the army in its approaching cam- Chickamauga, and fell back into Chattanooga, paign. On 10 April he received his final instruc- where he was in a precarious condition. On 4 Oct. tions from Grant to move against Atlanta. Order- Sherman was ordered to take his corps, the 15th, ing his troops to rendezvous at Chattanooga, he from the Big Black via Memphis, with such other made it his headquarters on 28 April. His force troops as could be spared from the line of the consisted of the armies of the Cumberland, Gen. Memphis and Charleston railway, toward Chatta- George H. Thomas; the Tennessee, Gen. James B. nooga. He moved, repairing the road as he went, McPherson; and the Ohio, Gen. John M. Schofield. according to the express orders of Gen. Halleck. It was 99,000 strong, with 254 guns, while the Con- But on the 27th he received orders from Gen. | federate army, under Johnston, about 41,000 strong, Grant to discontinue all work and march rapidly soon re-enforced up to 62,000 men, was prepared to toward Bridgeport on the Tennessee. He lost resist his advance, and if Sherman had the advan- no time in doing so. Sherman's 15th corps, with tage of attack, Johnston had that of fighting be- other commands, by the rapid movement for hind intrenchments and natural obstacles. Mov- Chattanooga, was now getting into position; he ing from Chattanooga, Sherman came up with him was preparing to cross the river from the west at Dalton, 14 May, and turned his position at Buz- bank, below the mouth of the Chickamauga, with zard's Roost by sending McPherson through Snake the purpose of attacking the northern end of Creek gap, when Johnston fell back to Resaca. Mission ridge, while a division of cavalry was After an assault, 15 May, Johnston retreated to sent to the enemy's right and rear to cut the Cassville and behind the Etowah on the lith. railroad behind him. At 1 o'clock, on the morn- After the turning of Allatoona pass, which he ing of 24 Nov., Sherman crossed on pontoon- made a secondary base, and fierce battles near New bridges, and by 3 o'clock P. M. he was intrenched at Ilope church, in the neighborhood of Dallas. John- the north end of Mission ridge. Thus the disposal ston still further retreated to a strong position on of troops in Grant's line of battle was: Sherman Kenesaw mountain, having contracted and retired on the left, in front of Tunnell Hill; Thomas in his flanks to cover Marietta. Sherman advanced the centre, at Fort Wood and Orchard Knob; while his line with each retrograde movement of the Hooker was to come up from Wauhatchie, take enemy and pressed operations, continually gaining Lookout mountain, and, crossing to Rossville, ad- ground. Both armies habitually fought from be- vance upon the ridge, to complete the organiza- hind log parapets until Sherman ordered an attack There was open communication between on the fortified lines, 27 June, but did not succeed these bodies by special couriers. While prepara- in breaking through. He then determined to turn tions were making for the centre attack under the position, and moved Gen. James B. McPher- Thomas, it was evident that the enemy's design son's army on 3 July toward the Chattahoochee, was to crush Sherman. Fierce assaults were made which compelled Johnston to retire to another in- upon him in quick succession, which he resisted, trenched position on the northwest bank of that and thus performed good service in drawing the river, whence he fell back on Atlanta as Sherman foe to his flank, while Thomas was making the began to cross the river, threatening to strike his main attack upon the ridge, which was successful. rear with a part of the army, while the rest lay On the morning of the 25th Sherman pursued the intrenched in his front. On 17 July began the enemy by the roads north of the Chickamauga, ar- direct attack on Atlanta, Gen. John B. Hood, riving at Ringgold on that day, and everywhere de- who had superseded Gen. Johnston on 17 July, stroying the enemy's communications. made frequent sorties, and struck boldly and During these operations Gen. Burnside was be- fiercely. There was a severe battle at Peach Tree sieged by Longstreet in Knoxville, Tenn., and was creek on 20 July, one on the east side of the city in great straits. On 3 Dec., under orders from two days later, and on the 28th one at Ezra church, Grant, which another commander was slow to obey, on the opposite side of Atlanta, in all of which the Sherman made forced marches to Burnside's relief, National forces were victorious. After an inef- and reached Knoxville not a minute too soon, and fective cavalry movement against the railroad, Gen. after supplying Burnside with all the assistance Sherman left one corps intrenched on the Chatta- and re-enforcements he needed marched back to hoochee and moved with the other five corps on the Chattanooga. Toward the end of January, 1864, enemy's only remaining line of railroad, twenty- he returned to Memphis and Vicksburg, whence six miles south of Atlanta, where he beat him at with parts of McPherson's and Hurlburt's corps, Jonesboro', occupied his line of supply, and finally, then unemployed, he marched to Jackson and on 1 Sept., the enemy evacuated the place. Meridian, where he broke up the Confederate com- Here Hood's presumption led to his own de- binations and destroyed their communications. On struction. Leaving the south almost defenceless, 2 March, Grant had been made lieutenant-general; he moved upon Nashville, where he was disastrously on the 12th he assumed command of all the armies defeated by Thomas. Sherman had sent Thomas to of the United States, with the purpose of conduct that city purposely to resist his advance, and with ing in person the campaign of the Army of the the diminished army he moved upon Savannah, Potomac. On 12 March he assigned Sherman to threatening Augusta and Macon, but finding little the command of the military division of the Missis- to oppose him in his march to the sea. Sherman sippi, comprising the Departments of the Ohio, the moved steadily forward until he reached the defen- Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the Arkansas-in sive works that covered Savannah and blocked a word, of the entire southwestern region, with Savannah river. These were promptly taken by uion. SHERMAN 505 SHERMAN assault, and communications were opened with the Lee's surrender on the 12th, and on the 14th sent a fleet, which furnished ample supplies to his army. flag of truce to Sherman to know upon what terms Savannah thus became a marine base for future op- he would receive his surrender. “I am fully em- erations. Sherman announced in a brief note to powered,” Sherman wrote to him, “to arrange with President Lincoln the evacuation of the city. “I you any terms for the suspension of hostilities, and beg to present you,” he writes, “ as a Christmas gift, am willing to confer with you to that end. That the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns, plenty of a base of action may be had, I undertake to abide ammunition, and 25,000 bales of cotton." "Flis army by the same conditions entered into by Gens. Grant had marched 300 miles in twenty-four days, through and Lee at Appomattox Court-House, Va., on the the heart of Georgia, and had lived in plenty all 9th inst.” After considerable correspondence and the way. The value of this splendid achievement a long interview with Gen. Johnston, having in cannot be overestimated. On 12 Aug. he had | view an immediate and complete peace, Sherman been appointed major-general in the U. S. army, made a memorandum or basis of agreement be- and on 10 Jan. he received the thanks of congress tween the armies, which was considered by the for his “triumphal march.” After the occupa- government as at once too lenient and exceeding tion of Savannah the question arose whether Sher- his powers. It included in terms of capitulation man should come north by sea or march with his not only the army of Johnston, but all the Confed- army through the Atlantic states. He preferred erate troops remaining in the field. By the 7th the latter plan. Schofield, leaving Thomas in article it was announced in general terms “ that Tennessee, was sent by rail and steamers to the the war is to cease; a general amnesty so far as coast of North Carolina with his corps (23d) to the executive of the United States can command, march upon Goldsboro', N. C., to co-operate with on condition of the disbandment of the ('onfeder- him. Sherman left Savannah in February, moved ate army, the distribution of arms, and the resump- through the Salkehatchie swamp, flanked Charles- tion of peaceful pursuits by officers and men hith- ton, compelled its evacuation, and entered Colum- erto composing said armies." In order to secure bia on the 17th. Thence he moved on Golds- himself against the assumption of power, the arti- boro' by way of Winnsboro', Cheraw, and Fayette- cle is thus continued : “ Not being fully empowered ville, opening communication by Cape Fear river. by our respective principals to fulfil these terms, with Schofield on 12 March, fighting at Averys- we individually and officially pledge ourselves to boro' and Bentonville, where the enemy resisted | promptly obtain anthority, and will endeavor to 1 his advance vigorously. At Averysboro' on the carry out the above programme.” It was an hon- 16th Gen. Henry W. Slocum with four divisions at- est effort on the part of a humane commander to tacked the intrenched position of Gen. William J. put an end to the strife at once. Perhaps affairs Hardee, and, turning his left flank, compelled him were somewhat complicated by the assassination of to fall back, while the cavalry, under Gen. Hugh President Lincoln on 14 April, which created great Judson Kilpatrick, were attacked and driven back indignation and sorrow. It not only affected the by the Confederate infantry of Gen. Lafayette Mc- terms between Johnston and Sherman, but it caused | Laws on the road to Bentonville. At the latter the latter to fall under the suspicion of the secre- point Gen. Johnston's force was attacked in a tary of war. On their arrival in Washington they strongly intrenched position on the 19th by the left were promptly and curtly disapproved by a de- wing of Sherman's army, under Gen. Slocum, whose spatch sent, not to Sherman, but to Gen. Grant, on right flank had been broken and driven back. After the morning of 24 April, directing him to go at an obstinate combat, the Confederates withdrew in, once to North Carolina, by order of Sec. Stan- the night. Sherman and Schofield met at Golds- ton, to repudiate the terms and to negotiate the boro" on 23 and 24 March as originally planned. I whole matter as in the case of Lee. Gen. Sherman Leaving his troops there, he visited President Lin-, considered himself rebuked for his conduct. It coln and Gen. Grant at City Point, returning to was supposed that in the terms of agreement there Goldsboro' on the 30th. The interview on board the was an acknowledgment of the Confederate gov- “ Ocean Queen” is represented in the accompany- ernment and a proposed re-establishment of the ing vignette copy of a painting by G. P. A. Healy, state authorities and that it might furnish a entitled “The Peacemakers,” the fourth member of ground of claim for the payment of the Confeder- the group being Admiral Porter. Sherman is shown ate debt in the future. Such certainly was not its at the moment that he said to Mr. Lincoln: “If purpose, nor does it now appear that such could Lee will only remain in Richmond till I can reach have been its effect. Sherman was a soldier treat- Burkesville, we shall have him between our thumb / ing with soldiers, and deserved more courteous and and fingers," suiting the action to the word. considerate treatment from the government au- He was now ready to strike the Danville road, thorities, even if in his enthusiasm he had ex- break Lee's communications, and cut off his re- , ceeded his powers. On 10 March, Sherman set out treat, or to re-enforce Grant in front of Richmond for Alexandria, Va., and arrived on the 19th. He for a final attack. He would be ready to move on determined then not to revisit Washington, but to 10 April. Johnston at Greensboro' received news of await orders in camp; but he afterward, at the 506 SHERMAN SHERMAN a hen Sherman president's request, went to see him. He did not John Sherman, residing in Mount Vernon, where complain that his agreement with Johnston was he was sent to school. At the age of twelve he re- disapproved. It was the publication that consti- turned to Lancaster and entered the academy to tuted the gravamen of the offence, its tone and prepare himself for college. In two years he was style, the insinuations it contained, the false in- sufficiently advanced to enter the sophomore class, ferences it occasioned, and the offensive orders to but a desire to the subordinate officers of Gen. Sherman which be self-supporting succeeded the publication. These he bitterly re- led to his becom- sented at the time, but before Mr. Stanton's death ing junior rod- they became fully reconciled. man in the corps Preliminary to the disbandment of the National of engineers en- armies they passed in review before President John- gaged on the Mus- son and cabinet and Lieut.-Gen. Grant—the Army kingum. He was of the Potomac on 23 May, and Gen. Sherman's placed in charge army on the 24th. Sherman was particularly ob- of the section of served and honored. He took leave of his army that work in Bev- in an eloquent special field order of 30 May. From erly early in 1838, 27 June, 1865, to 3 March, 1869, he was in com- and so continued mand of the military division of the Mississippi, until the summer with headquarters at St. Louis, embracing the De- of 1839, when he partments of the Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas. was removed be- Upon the appointment of Grant as general of the cause he was army on 25 July, 1866, Sherman was promoted to Whig: The re- be lieutenant-general, and when Grant became sponsibilities at- president of the United States, 4 March, 1869, Sher- tending the meas- man succeeded him as general, with headquarters urements of ex- at Washington. From 10 Nov., 1871, to 17 Sept., cavations and em- 1872, he made a professional tour in Europe, and bankments, and the levelling for a lock to a canal, was everywhere received with the honors due to proved a better education than could have been his distinguished rank and service. At his own procured elsewhere in the same time. He began request, and in order to make Sheridan general-in- the study of law in the office of his brother Charles, chief, he was placed on the retired list, with full and in 1844 was admitted to the bar. He formed a pay and emoluments , on 8 Feb., 1884. He has partnership with his brother in Mansfield, and con- received many honors, among which may be men- tinued with him until his entrance into congress, tioned the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth, Yale. during which time his ability and industry gained Harvard, Princeton, and other universities, and for him both distinction and pecuniary success. membership in the Board of regents of the Smith- Meanwhile, in 1848, he was sent as a delegate to sonian institution, 1871-'83. the Whig convention, held in Philadelphia, that A thorough organizer, he is also prompt in exe- nominated Zachary Taylor for the presidency, and cution, demanding prompt and full service from in 1852 he was a delegate to the Baltimore conven- all whom he commands. He is an admirable tion that nominated Winfield Scott. His attitude writer, and goes at once to the very point at issue, as a conservative Whig, in the alarm and excite- leaving no one in doubt as to his meaning. His ment that followed the attempt to repeal the Mis- favorites are always those who do the best work in souri compromise, secured his election to the 34th the truest spirit, and his written estimate of them congress, and he took his seat on 3 Dec., 1855. He is always in terms of high commendation. With is a ready and forcible speaker, and his thorough out being a natural orator, he expresses himself acquaintance with public affairs made him an clearly and forcibly in public, and as he is continu- acknowledged power in the house from the first. ally called out, he has greatly developed in that re- He grew rapidly in reputation as a debater on all spect since the war. the great questions agitating the public mind dur- In personal appearance he is a typical soldier ing that eventful period: the repeal of the Missouri and commander, tall and erect, with auburn hair compromise, the Dred-Scott decision, the impo- carelessly brushed and short-cropped beard, his eyes sition of slavery upon Kansas, the fugitive-slave dark hazel, his head large and well-formed; the law, the national finances, and other measures in- resolution and strong purpose and grim gravity volving the very existence of the republic. His exhibited by his features in repose wonld indicate appointment by the speaker, Nathaniel P. Banks, to the stranger a lack of the softer and more hu- as a member of the committee to inquire into and mane qualities, but when he is animated in social collect evidence in regard to the border-ruffian conversation such an estimate is changed at once, troubles in Kansas was an important event in his and in his bright and sympathizing smile one is career. Owing to the illness of the chairman, reminded of Richard's words: William A. Howard, of Michigan, the duty of pre- “ Grim-visaged War has smoothed his wrinkled paring the report devolved upon Mr. Sherman. front." Every statement was verified by the clearest testi- His association with his friends and comrades is mony, and has never been controverted by any one. exceedingly cordial, and his affection for those al- This report, when presented to the house, created a lied to him is as tender as that of a woman. A great deal of feeling, and intensified the antago- life of Gen. Sherman has been written by Col. nisms in congress, being made the basis of the can- Samuel M. Bowman and Lieut.-Col. Richard B. vass of 1856. He acted with the Republican party Irwin (New York, 1865), and he has published" Me in supporting John C. Frémont for the presidency moirs of Gen. William T. Sherman, by Himself” because that party resisted the extension of sla- (2 vols., New York, 1875: new ed., 1885).—His very, but did not seek its abolition. In the debate brother, John, statesman, b. in Lancaster, Ohio, on the submarine telegraph he showed his oppo- 10 May, 1823, after the death of their father in sition to monopolists by saying: “I cannot agree 1829, leaving the large family with but limited that our government should be bound by any con- means, the boy was cared for by a cousin named | tract with any private incorporated company for SHERMAN 507 SHERMAN fifty years; and the amendment I desire to offer the efforts of Senator Sherman and Sec. Chase, this will reserve the power to congress to determine feature of the bill authorizing their issue was car- the proposed contract after ten years." All bills ried through congress. They justified the legal- making appropriations for public expenditures tender clause of the bill on the ground of necessity. were closely scrutinized, and the then prevalent in the debates on this question Mr. Sherman said: system of making contracts in advance of appro- | “I do believe there is a pressing necessity that priations was denounced by him as illegal. At the these demand-notes should be made legal tender, close of his second congressional term he was if we want to avoid the evils of a depreciated and recognized as the foremost man in the house of dishonored paper currency. I do believe we have representatives. He had from deep and unchanged the constitutional power to pass such a provision, conviction adopted the political faith of the Re- and that the public safety now demands its exer- publican party, but without any partisan rancor or cise.” The records of the debate show that he malignity toward the south. made the only speech in the senate in favor of the He was re-elected to the 36th congress, which national-bank bill. Its final passage was secured began its first session amid the excitement caused only by the personal appeals of Sec. Chase to the by the bold raid of John Brown. In 1859 he was senators who opposed it. Mr. Sherman's speeches the Republican candidate for the speakership. He on state and national banks are the most important had subscribed, with no knowledge of the book, that he made during the war. He introduced a for Hinton R. Helper's “Impending Crisis,” and refunding act in 1867, which was adopted in 1870, this fact was brought up against him and estranged but without the resumption clause. In 1874 á from him a few of the southern Whigs, who be- committee of nine, of which he was chairman, was sought him to declare that he was not hostile to appointed by a Republican caucus to secure a con- slavery. He refused, and after eight weeks of bal- currence of action. They agreed upon a bill fixing loting, in which he came within three votes of the time for the resumption of specie payment at election, he yielded to William Pennington, who 1 Jan., 1879. This bill was reported to the caucus was chosen. "Mr. Sherman was then made chair- and the senate with the distinct understanding man of the committee of ways and means. He that there should be no debate on the side of the took a decided stand against ingrafting new legis- | Republicans, and that Mr. Sherman should be left lation upon appropriation bills, saying: “The to manage it according to his own discretion. The theory of appropriation bills is, that they shall bill was passed, leaving its execution dependent provide money to carry on the government, to exe- upon the will of the secretary of the treasury for cute existing laws, and not to change existing laws the time being. or provide new ones.” In 1860 he was again elected Mr. Sherman was an active supporter of Ruther- to congress, and, when that body convened in De- ford B. Hayes for the presidency in 1876, was a cember, the seceding members of both houses were member of the committee that visited Louisiana outspoken and defiant. At the beginning of Presi- to witness the counting of the returns of that dent Buchanan's administration the public in- state. He was appointed secretary of the treas- debtedness was less than $20,000,000, but by this ury by President İlayes in March, 1877, and im- time it had been increased to nearly $100,000,000, mediately set about providing a redemption fund and in such a crippled condition were its finances by means of loans. Six months before 1 Jan., that the government had not been able to pay the 1879, the date fixed by law for redemption of salaries of members of congress and many other specie payments, he had accumulated $140,000,- demands. Mr. Sherman proved equal to the occa- 000 in gold, and he had the satisfaction of seeing sion in providing the means for the future support the legal-tender notes gradually approach gold in of the government. His first step was to secure value until, when the day came, there was practi- the passage of a bill authorizing the issue of what cally no demand for gold in exchange for the notes . are known as the treasury-notes of 1860. In 1880 Mr. Sherman was an avowed candidate for On the resignation of Salmon P. Chase, he was the presidential nomination, and his name was pre- elected to his place in the senate, and took his seat sented in the National convention by James A. on 4 March, 1861. He was re-elected senator in Garfield. During the contest between the support- 1867 and in 1873. During most of his senatorial ers of Gen. Grant and those of James G. Blaine, career he was chairman of the committee on finance, which resulted in Mr. Garfield's nomination, Mr. and served also on the committees on agriculture, Sherman's vote ranged from 90 to 97. He returned the Pacific railroad, the judiciary, and the patent to the senate in 1881, and on the expiration of his office. After the fall of Fort Sunter, under the call term in 1887 was re-elected to serve until 1893. of President Lincoln for 75,000 troops he tendered At present (1888) he is chairman of the committee his services to Gen. Robert Patterson, was appointed on foreign relations, and is an active member of aide-de-camp without pay, and remained with the the committees on expenditures of public money, Ohio regiments till the meeting of congress in finance, and rules. In December, 1885, he was July. After the close of this extra session he re- chosen president of the senate pro tem., but he de- turned to Ohio, and received authority from Gov. clined re-election at the close of his senatorial William Denison to raise a brigade. Largely at term in 1887. His name was presented by Jo- his own expense, he recruited two regiments of in- seph B. Foraker in nomination for the presidency fantry, a squadron of cavalry, and a battery of ar- at the National convention held in 1884, but tillery, comprising over 2,300 men. This force the Ohio delegation was divided between him served during the whole war, and was known as and James G. Blaine, so that he received only 30 the “Sherman brigade.” The most valuable ser- votes from this state. Again in 1888 his name vices rendered by him to the Union cause were his was presented by Daniel 11. Hastings, in behalf of efforts in the senate to maintain and strengthen the Pennsylvania delegation at the National con- the public credit, and to provide for the support of vention, and on the first ballot he received 229 the armies in the field. On the suspension of votes and on the second 249, being the leading specie payments, about the first of January, 1862, candidate, and continued so until Benjamin Har- the issue of United States notes became a necessity. rison received the support of those whose names The question of making them a legal tender was were withdrawn. Mr. Sherman has published not at first received with favor. Mainly through “Selected Speeches and Reports on Finance and 508 SHEW SHERWIN 9 Taxation, 1859–1878” (New York, 1879). See / views. He is the author of “ Plea for the Old * John Sherman, What he has said and done: Life Foundations" (New York, 1856); “The Lamb in and Public Services," by Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson the Midst of the Throne, or the History of the (Columbus, Ohio, 1880). Cross” (1883); and Books and Authors, and SHERWIN, Thomas, educator, b. in West- how to use Them" (1886). He has also edited the moreland, N. H., 26 March, 1799 ; d. in Dedham, Memoirs" and two volumes of “Sermons" of the Mass., 23 July, 1869. He worked on a farm in Rev. Ichabod Spencer, D. D. (1855), and David Temple, N. H., served an apprenticeship to a Brainerd's “ Memoirs," with notes (1884).-His clothier in Groton, Mass., and, after graduation at cousin, John D, author, b. in Fishkill, N. Y., 15 Harvard in 1825, taught an academy in Lexington, Oct., 1818. was graduated at Yale in 1839. He Mass., in 1825–6. He was a tutor in mathematics has held local offices in Englewood, N. J., and at at Harvard in 1826–7, and from 1828 till 1838 was one time during the civil war was commissioner of submaster of the English high-school of Boston, the draft. He afterward became aide-de-camp to of which he had charge from that date until his Gen. James S. Wadsworth, with the rank of colo- death. This school was reputed a model of its nel, and served with the Army of the Potomac kind. He was an originator of the American until the close of the war. He has contributed institute of instruction in 1830, its president in to magazines, and is the author of "The Case of 1853–4, a member of the American academy of Cuba (Boston, 1869); “Comic History of the arts and sciences, was active in establishing the United States " (1870): and a chapter on Ameri- Massachusetts institute of technology, and was can Tumuli" in " Flint Chips and Guide to Pre- president of the Massachusetts teachers' associa- historic Archæology,” by Edward T. Stevens (Lon- tion in 1845. He was the author of an Element- don, 1870). ary Treatise on Algebra” (Boston, 1841).—His SHERWOOD, Mary E., author, b. in Keene, son, THOMAS, was lieutenant-colonel of the 22d N. H., about 1830. She is the daughter of James Massachusetts regiment during the civil war, and Wilson, member of congress from New Hamp- for meritorious services was brevetted brigadier- shire, and married John Sherwood, a lawyer of general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. New York city. She is well known as a society SHERWOOD, Adiel, clergyman, b. in Fort leader, and has devoted special attention to the Edward, N. Y., 3 Oct., 1791 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., advancement of literary and artistic pursuits. One 18 Aug., 1879. After studying three years at of her sons married, in 1887, Rosina Emmet, the Middlebury college, Vt., young Sherwood entered artist. Mrs. Sherwood has given in New York city Union college in 1816, and was graduated in 1817. and elsewhere, for several seasons, readings that He then spent a year at Andover theological semi- have been exceedingly successful, has written for nary, at the close of which infirm health caused various periodicals, and is the author of " The Sar- him to remove to Georgia. Here he was ordained casm of Destiny" (New York, 1877); “ Home in 1820 as a Baptist minister. Besides serving as Amusements (1881); • Amenities of Home pastor and performing extensive preaching tours (1881); “ A Transplanted Rose" (1882); and “ Man- at various places, he was especially effective in ad- ners and Social l'sages” (1884). vancing the educational interests of the Georgia SHERWOOD, William Hall, pianist, b. in Baptists. For several years, beginning in 1827, he Lyons, N. Y., 31 Jan., 1854. His talent for music was at the head of a school in Edenton. He was manifested itself at a very early age, and when he elected in 1837 to a professorship in Columbian was nine years old he began to appear in concerts college, Washington, D. C., but resigned the next in New York, Pennsylvania, and Canada. He af- year to accept the chair of sacred literature in terward gave lessons also at Lyons musical academy, Mercer university. Ga. In 1841 he was elected which was founded by his father, Rev. Lyman H. president of Shurtleff college, Alton, Ill. During Sherwood. In 1871 he became the pupil of Will- 1848-'9 he was president of the Masonic college, iam Mason, by whose advice he went to Europe Lexington, Mo. In 1857 he returned to Georgia, that year. lie studied for seven months under and became president of Marshall college at Grif- Theodore Kullak, and subsequently also with Dop- fin. After the civil war he went again to Missouri. pler, Ernst Friedrich E. Richter, and Carl Fried- He received the honorary degree of D. D. Besides rich Weitzmann. During this period he frequent- contributing extensively to periodicals, Dr. Sher- ly appeared before the public, at the Beethoven fes- wood was the author of a “ Gazetteer of Georgia”; tival in Berlin, at Weimar with Liszt, and on other "Christian and Jewish Churches "; and “ Notes on occasions, meeting with much success. In 1876 he the New Testament." returned to the United States, and appeared in SHERWOOD, James Manning, clergyman, b. most of the principal cities, playing frequently in in Fishkill, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1814. He was educated Philadelphia during the ('entennial exhibition. In by private tutors, studied theology under Rev. the autumn of the same year he settled in Boston, George Armstrong in Fishkill, was licensed to and soon became widely known as a soloist and preach in 18:34, and was pastor of the Presbyterian teacher. Since then he has played at various times church at New Windsor, N. Y., from 1835 till 1810, in all the larger cities of the Union, and is noted at Mendon, X. Y., in 1840–5, and at Bloomfield, for his excellent technique, variety of interpreta- N. J., in 1852-'8. Ile was editor of the “ American tions, and depth of expression. His work as a National Preacher” in 1846-'9, of the “ Biblical composer is limited to about twenty pieces for the Repository” from 1847 till 1851, and of the “ Eclec- ! piano, and many more in manuscript. tic Magazine” from 1864 till 1871. Mr. Sherwood SHEW, Joel, physician, b. in Providence, Sara- was the founder of " flours at Home" in 1865, toga co., N. Y., 1:3 Nov., 1816; d. in Oyster Bay, which he edited until 1869, and he was the editor N. Y., 6 Oct., 1855. After studying medicine and of the “ Presbyterian Review” from 1863 till 1871, receiving his degree, he visited the water-cure and of the Presbyterian Quarterly and Prince establishment of Dr. Vincent Priessnitz, which was ton Review” in 1872–8. Ile has conducted the founded in 1826 in Gräfenberg, Austrian Silesia, “ Homiletic Review” since September, 1883, and and became an advocate of Priessnitz's system, also conducts the “ Missionary Review." He has which he introduced into the United States. lie been engaged as a reader of manuscripts for various was physician in the first hydropathic institution publishing-houses, and has written numerous re- I opened in New York in 1844, and in 1845 became SHIELDS 509 SHIELDS was lothing manager of a similar establishment in New Leba- | SHIELDS, Mary, philanthropist, b. in Phila- non Springs, N. Y. He contributed to " The Water- delphia, Pa.. 12 Jan., 1820; d. there, 8 Oct., 1880. Cure Journal,” and was the author of several works She was a daughter of John Shields, a wealthy on water treatment, including “ Hydropathy, or merchant of that city, and inherited a large estate the Water-Cure" (New York, 1844); * Cholera from him and from her brother. She was active treated by Water” (1848); “ Children: their Hy- in benevolent work, and bequeathed $1,400,000 for dropathic Management” (1852); and “ The Hydro- charitable purposes. The Pennsylvania deaf and pathic Family Physician " (1854). dumb asylum, the Institution for the blind, the SHIELDS, James, soldier, b. in Dungannon, Old man's home, the House of mercy for the care County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810; d. in Ottumwa, of consumptives, the Indigent and single woman's Iowa, 1 June, 1879. He emigrated to the United society, received each one sixth of this sum, and States in 1826, studied law, and began practice at the remaining sixth was divided between the Kaskaskia, I., in 1832. He was sent to the legis- Pennsylvania hospital and the city of Philadelphia, lature in 1836, “to relieve and make more comfortable the sick elected state and insane poor at the almshouse." auditor in 1839, SHIELDS, Patrick Henry, jurist, b. in York in 1843 ap- county, Va., 16 May, 1773; d. in New Albany, 6 pointed a judge June, 1848. In accordance with his father's will of the state su- he was educated for the legal profession at Hamp- preme court, den Sidney and William and Mary colleges. In- and in 1845 heriting a large tract of land near Lexington, made commis- Ky., he removed to that state in 1801, but found sioner of the the title to the estate defective. In 1805 he passed general land- into Indiana territory, and joined his classmate and ofhce. When life-long friend, William Henry Harrison. He was the war with commissioned the first judge of Harrison county Mexico began in 1808, and it is recorded of him that he fought he ap- gallantly in the battle of Tippecanoe. His house pointed a brig- was often the headquarters of the territorial au- adier - general, thorities. He was a member of the Constitutional his commission convention at Corydon in 1816, and filled judicial dating from 1 offices until the time of his death. Judge Shields, July, 1846, and as one of the founders of the state, took an active was assigned to part in reforming the territorial courts, in organ- the command izing the school-system, and in maintaining the of the Illinois congressional ordinance of 1787, which prohibited contingent. He served under Gen. Zachary Taylor the indefinite continuance of slavery, though he on the Rio Grande, under Gen. John E. Wool in was at the time himself a slave-holder. Accord- Chihuahua, and through Gen. Winfield Scott's cam- ing to family tradition, he was the author of the paign. At (erro Gordo he gained the brevet of constitutional article which confirmed Indiana as a major-general, and was shot through the lung. free state.- His grandson, Charles Woodruff, edu- After his recovery he took part in the operations in cator, b. in New Albany, Ind., 4 April, 1825, entered the valley of Mexico, commanding a brigade com- Princeton as an advanced student, and was gradu- posed of marines and of New York and South Caro- ated with distinction in 1844. After a course of Îina volunteers, and at Chapultepec he was again four years' study in Princeton theological seminary severely wounded. He was mustered out on 20 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New July, 1848, and in the same year received the ap- Brunswick, N. J., in 1848. In 1849 he was ordained pointment of governor of Oregon territory. This pastor of the Presbyterian church of Hempstead, office he resigned on being elected U. S. senator L. I., and in 1850 he was installed as pastor of the 2d from Illinois as a Democrat, and served from 3 Presbyterian church of Philadelphia, Pa. He had Dec., 1849, till 3 March, 1855. After the expiration been early imbued with a philosophical spirit, and of his term he removed to Minnesota, and when the published in 1861 an elaborate treatise entitled state government was organized he returned to the · Philosophia Ultima," in which he expounded an U.S. senate as one of the representatives of the new academic scheme of irenical studies for the con- state, taking his seat on 12 May, 1858, and serving ciliation of religion and science. His friends, pro- till 3 March, 1859. At the end of his term he set- foundly impressed by this exposition, created for tled in California, and at the beginning of hostili- him in Princeton a new professorship of the har- ties in 1861 was in Mexico, where he was engaged mony of science and revealed religion. This chair in superintending a mine. Hastening to Washing- was the first of its kind in any American college, ton, he was appointed a brigadier-general of vol- and at the time of its establishment (1865) was so unteers on 19 Aug. He was assigned to the com- novel in theory that its utility and even its ortho- mand of Gen. Frederick W. Lander's brigade after doxy were questioned, but its usefulness as well as the latter's death, and on 23 March, 1862, at the its timeliness was soon abundantly vindicated. IIe head of a division of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's was appointed professor of modern history in 1871, army in the Shenandoah valley, he opened the but soon resigned this added chair that he might second campaign with the victory at Winchester, not be diverted from the aim of his life, which he Va., after receiving a severe wound in the prepara- has pursued in college lectures, in papers before tory movements on the preceding day. He was in the philosophical society of Washington, in contri- command at Port Republic on 9 June, and was butions to periodicals, and in elaborate published defeated by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. Resigning works. He received the honorary degree of D. D. his commission on 28 March, 1863, he settled in from Princeton in 1861, and that of LL. D), from California, but soon removed to Carrollton, Mo., Columbian university, Washington, in 1877. Dr. where he resumed the practice of law. He served Shields has advocated the restoration of theology, as a railroad commissioner, and was a member of as a science of religion, to its true philosophical the legislature in 1874 and 1879. position in a university system of culture, as dis- 66 a 510 SHINN SHILLABER 66 tinguished from the clerical or sectarian systems of SHIMEALL, Richard Cunningham (shim'-e- education, and the placing of philosophy as an all), author, b. in New York city in 1803 : d. there, umpire between science and religion, as embracing 19 March, 1874. He was graduated at Columbia without invading their distinct provinces. This in 1821, and at the Protestant Episcopal general view he has maintained at Princeton in systematic theological seminary in 1824, and the same year lectures and in his “ Religion and Science in their was ordained to the ministry. After officiating for Relation to Philosophy” (New York, 1875). He ten years as rector of a Protestant Episcopal church, looks forward to the formulation of an ultimate he united with the Reformed Dutch church, and philosophy, or science of the sciences, which is to be still later with the Preshyterian church. Mr. reached inductively from the collective intelligence Shimeall was a profound biblical scholar, and had of men working through successive generations. a thorough knowledge of the Greek and Oriental This forms the argument of his great work, “The languages. He adopted the views of the English Philosophia Ultima,” now (1888) passing through Millenarians, and most of his works were upon a revised edition, and of which vol. i. is an historical subjects connected with the prophecies and their and critical introduction, while vol. ii. is to treat interpretation. His principal publications are of the history and logic of the sciences. Dr. Shields “ Age of the World as founded on Sacred Records” has been an earnest advocate of the restoration of (New York, 1842); “ The End of Prelacy" (1845); the Presbyterian prayer-book of 1661 for optional Our Bible Chronology, Historic and Prophetic use by ministers and congregations that desire a (1859); “ Christ's Second Coming” (1865); * Politi- liturgy. To this end he published " The Book of cal Economy of Prophecy, with Special Reference Common Prayer as amended by the Presbyterian to the History of the Church" (1866); “Prophetic Divines" (1864), with an appendix entitled • Litur- Career and Destiny of Napoleon III.” (1866); - Dis- gia Expurgata" (1864). He looks forward to the tinction between the Last Personal Antichrists organic union of the Congregational, Presbyterial, and the Many Antichrists of Prophecy” (1868); and Episcopal principles of the New Testament Unseen World: the Heavenly Blessedness, or church in an “ American Catholic Church” of the where and what is Heaven?" (1870). future. His irenical writings under this head em- SHINDLER, Mary Stanley Bunce Palmer, brace a series of essays entitled - The United author, b. in Beaufort, S. C., 15 Feb., 1810. Her Churches of the United States," " The Organic Af- father, the Rev. B. M. Palmer, was pastor of a Con- finity of Presbytery and Episcopacy,” and “The gregational church at Beaufort, and when she was Christian Denominations and the Historic Episco- three years old he removed with her to Charleston, pate.” No essays have excited wider remark in the S.C., where she was educated. In June, 1835, Miss theological world. The style of Dr. Shields is re- Palmer married Charles E. Dana, and removed with markable for lucidity of statement and graceful him first to New York, and in 1837 to Blooming- rhetoric. He divides his time equally between ton, Iowa. On his death, soon afterward, she re- Princeton and his villa at Newport. turned to her family in Charleston. Here she be- SHILLABER, Benjamin Penhallow, humor- gan to write, and became well known as a poet. In ist, b, in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 July, 1814. After May, 1848, she married the Rev. Robert D. Shind- a district-school education he entered a printing- ler, a clergy man of the Episcopal church, who was office in 1830. In 1832 he removed to Boston, and, for a time professor in Shelby college, Kentucky. after remaining there five years, he went for a year, She removed with her husband in 1850 to Upper in 1837, to British Marlborough, Md., and in 1869 to Nacogdoches, Guiana. In 1840 Tex. She has published - The Southern Harp he became editor (Boston, 1840); “The Northern Harp” (New York, of the Boston 1841); “ The Parted Family, and other Poems "Post," which post (1842); “The Temperance Lyre" (1842); “Charles he retained for ten Morton, or the Young Patriot" (1843); "The Young years. From 1851 Sailor” (1844); “ Forecastle Tour" (1844); and till 1853 he was “ Letters to Relatives and Friends on the Trinity” editor of a comic (1845). She has been a frequent contributor to paper called “The popular periodicals. Carpet - Bag," to SHINGASK (swampy ground overgrown with which John G. grass), called by the whites * King Shingask," In- Saxe and other dian chief, lived in the 18th century. He was a humorists contrib- brother of Tamaqua, or King Beaver, and ranked uted, and from first among Indian warriors during the French and 1856 till 1866 he Indian war. The frontiers of Pennsylvania suf- of this Gazette." Ilis £200 upon his hend or scalp. Although he was an “Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington” (Boston, implacable foe in battle, he was never known to 1854) gave him a world-wide reputation. It had treat a prisoner with cruelty. been preceded by “ Rhymes with Reason and with- SHINN, Asa, clergyman, b. in New Jersey, 3 out” (1853), and was followed by “ Knitting-Work” May, 1781'; d. in Brattleboro, Vt., in February, (1857); “ Partingtonian Patchwork” (1873); and 1853. When he was seven years old his parents "Lines in Pleasant Places "(1875). In 1879 he began removed to Virginia. He was entirely self-edu- the " Ike Partington Juvenile Series,” with “Ike cated, united with the Methodist church in 1798, and his Friends” (1879), which he followed with and in 1800 became an itinerant preacher. After “ Cruises with ('aptain Bob (1881), and “ The being admitted on trial by the Baltimore circuit in Doublerunner Club" (1882). In 1882 he published 1801, he was sent in 1803 to form a new circuit in * Wide-Swath,” a collection of verses, embracing the wilderness of the Ohio, on the waters of the his “ Lines in Pleasant Places" and other poems. Hockhocking. After laboring chiefly in the west He has contributed sketches and essays to varions and in Maryland, he withdrew in 1829 from the periodicals, during the intervals between each Methodist Episcopal church and united with the published volume, with great success. newly organized Methodist Protestant church. Ben; P. Shillaben Saturday Evening and Gov. William Denny in 1756 set a price of SHINN 511 SHIPPEN When the Ohio annual conference of that body | the proper education of preachers for the Methodist was organized in October, 1829, he was elected Episcopal church, south. He has been a member president, and stationed at Cincinnati; and in of every general conference since 1850. He has 1833, when the Pittsburg conference was formed, published - The History of Methodism in South he was chosen its president. From 1834 till 1836 Carolina" (Nashville, 1882). he was associate editor of the " Methodist Prot- SHIPP, Bernard, author, b. near Natchez, estant” at Baltimore. He was subject to attacks Miss., 30 April, 1813. His father, William Shipp, of insanity, and died in an asylum. He published a native of Virginia, was a merchant of Natchez ** An Essay on the Plan of Salvation " (Baltimore, for thirty years. He was educated at Lexington, 1813), and " The Benevolence and Rectitude of Ky., and at Philadelphia, and, after spending his the Supreme Being” (Philadelphia, 1840). youth and early manhood at Natchez, removed to SHINN, George Wolfe, clergyman, b. in Phila- Louisville, Ky. He published“ Fame, and other delphia, Pa., 14 Dec., 1839. He was educated at Poems” (Philadelphia, 1848), and • The Progress the public schools, at Virginia theological school, of Freedom, and other Poems" (New York, 1852). and the Philadelphia divinity-school, and was grad- SHIPPEN, Edward, mayor of Philadelphia, uated at the latter in 1863. He entered the min- b. in Hillham, Cheshire, England, in 1639; d. in istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and has Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Oct., 1712. He was the son of been rector of churches in Philadelphia, Shamo- William Shippen. His brother, Rev. William kin, and Lock Haven, Pa., Troy, N. Y., and of Shippen, D. D., was rector of Stockport, Cheshire, Grace church, Newton, Mass., where he still (1888) and his nephew, Robert Shippen, D. D., was prin- remains. He has been head master of St. Paul's cipal of Brasenose college, and vice-chancellor of school, Troy, edited for ten years “ The Teachers' | Oxford university. Edward was bred to mer- Assistant,” contributed articles to church periodi- cantile pursuits, and emigrated to Boston, Mass., cals, and has published" Manual of Instruction upon in 1668, where he became a wealthy merchant. In the Collects, Epistles, and Gospels for the Christian 1671 he became a member of the Ancient and hon- Year” (New York, 1874); “ Manual of the Praver-orable artillery company of Boston. He married Book” (1875); “ Manual of Church History" (1876); Elizabeth Lybrand, à Quakeress, united with that “Stories for the Happy Days of Christmas Time" sect, and shared the “jailings, whippings, and ban- (1879); “Questions about our Church” (1880); ishments, the fines and imprisonments,” that were "Questions that trouble Beginners in Religion inflicted on the Quakers. In 1693 Mr. Shippen was (1882); and edited a “ Prayer-Book and Hymnal either banished or driven to take refuge in Phila- for the Sunday-School ” (1885). delphia. He did not quit Boston without erecting SHIPMAN, George Elias, physician, b. in a memorial on “a green.” near to “a pair of gal- New York city, 4 March, 1820. He entered Mid- lows, where several of our friends had suffered dlebury college in 1832, was graduated at the Uni- death for the truth, and were thrown into a hole.” versity of New York in 1839, and four years later He asked leave of the magistrates to erect some completed his studies at the New York college of more lasting monument there, but they were not physicians and surgeons. In 1846 he removed to willing. About the time he was leaving he gave a Chicago, where he soon had a large and lucrative piece of land for a Friends' meeting-house, located practice. In 1848 he founded the “ Northwestern in Brattle's pasture, on Brattle street, near the site Journal of Homeopathy,” and was its successful of the Quincey house, and on which was constructed editor four years. Since that date he has contrib- the first briek church in Boston. In Philadelphia uted many articles to medical journals, and in 1865 his wealth and character obtained for him position he became editor of the “United States Medical and influence. In 1695 he was elected to the as- and Surgical Journal," and the next year published sembly, and chosen speaker. In 1696 he was “ The Homeopathic Guide.” In 1871 he conceived elected to the provincial council, of which he con- the idea of establishing a home for foundlings; or, tinued a member till his death, and for ten years as he firmly believes and declares, he founded the he was the senior member. He was commissioned home in obedience to the expressed desire of God. a justice of the peace in the same year, and in 1697 With $77.38 in hand he opened it, 30 Jan., 1871, a judge of the supreme court, and the presiding trusting in the Lord to furnish the needed funds judge of the courts of common pleas and quarter as wanted. On 9 May, 1874, possession was taken sessions and the orphan's court. In 1701 he be- of a new building that cost $10,837. To this an came mayor of Philadelphia, being so named in addition was made in 1883–²4, making the aggre- William Penn's city charter of that year, and dur- gate cost of buildings $88,690. During the first ing this year he was appointed by Penn to be one thirteen years 4,978 children were received, of of his commissioners of property, which office which 889 were given away, and 1,097 were restored Shippen held till his death. As president of the to their parents. No state or municipal aid has council, he was the head of the government from ever been contributed to the support of the home, May until December, 1703. In 1704, and for sev- nor has Dr. Shipman ever asked for any assistance. eral years thereafter, he was chosen one of the SHIPP, Albert Micajah, educator, b. in Stokes alderinen, and from 1 June, 1705, till 1712 he was county, N. C., 15 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at the treasurer of the city. He contracted his third the University of North Carolina in 1840, and re-marriage in 1706, which led to his withdrawal from ceived into the South Carolina Methodist confer- the Society of Friends. His house long bore the ence in 1811. In 1847 he became president of name of "the Governor's House." “ It was built Greensborough female college, N. C., and in 1849 in the early rise of the city, received then the name professor of history and French in the University of Shippen's Great Ilouse, while Shippen himself of North Carolina. He was made in 1859 president was proverbially distinguished for three great of Wofford college, Spartanburg Court-House, S. C., | things—the biggest person, the biggest house, and in 1874 professor of exegetical and biblical theology the biggest coach.'"- His son, Joseph, b. in Boston, in Vanderbilt university, and in 1882 dean of the 28 Feb., 1679 ; d: in Philadelphia in 1741, lived in faculty and chancellor of that university. He Boston until 1704, when he moved to Philadelphia. originated the feature of biblical professorships in He was among the men of science in his day, and all Methodist institutions of learning, and was in 1727 he joined Benjamin Franklin in founding among the first to advocate biblical institutes for the Junto " for mutual information and the public 512 SHIPPEN SHIPPEN a good.”—Joseph's son, Edward, merchant, b. in | latter's residence. After the first lecture he made Boston, Mass., 9 July, 1703; d. in Lancaster, Pa., the following announcement in the “ Pennsylvania 25 Sept., 1781, was brought up to mercantile pur- Gazette": "Dr. Shippen's anatomical lectures will suits by James Logan, and was in business with begin to-morrow evening, at six o'clock, at his him in 1732, as Logan and Shippen; afterward father's house in Fourth street. Tickets for the with Thomas Lawrence, in the fur-trade, as Ship- course to be had of the doctor at five pistoles each; pen and Lawrence. In 1744 he was elected mayor and any gentlemen who incline to see the subject of the city. In 1745, and for several years there- prepared for the lectures, and learn the art of dis- after, he was one of the judges of the court of com- secting, injecting, etc., are to pay five pistoles mon pleas. In May, 1752, he removed to Lancaster, more. Dr. Shippen's school of anatomy was con- where he was appointed prothonotary, and contin- tinued until 23 Sept., 1765, when he was chosen ued such until 1778. He had large transactions as professor of anatomy and surgery in the newly paymaster for supplies for the British and provin- established medical school of the College of Phila- cial forces when they were commanded by Gen. delphia, of which he was one of the founders. Forbes, Gen. Stanwix, and Col. Bouquet, and man- This was the first medical school in this country, aged them with so much integrity as to receive Dr. Shippen retained this post till 1780, when he public thanks in 1760. He was a county judge was elected professor of anatomy, surgery, and under both the provincial and state governments. midwifery in the University of the state of Penn- In early life he laid out and founded Shippens- sylvania, and in 1791, on the union of these insti- burg, Pa. In 1746-'8 he was one of the founders tutions, under the name of the University of Penn- of the College of New Jersey, and he was one of its sylvania, he became professor of anatomy in the first board of trustees, which post he resigned in latter, retaining the place until 1806. On 15 July, 1767. He was also a subscriber to the Philadelphia 1776, he was appointed chief physician of the Fly- academy (afterward the University of Pennsyl- ing camp. In March, 1777, he laid before congress vania), and was a founder of the Pennsylvania a plan for the organization of a hospital depart- hospital and the American philosophical society. ment, which, with some modifications, was adopted, Mr. Shippen's advanced age prevented him from and on 11 April, 1777, he was unanimously elected taking an active part, except as a committee-man, “ Director-General of all the Military Hospitals for during the Revolution, yet his sentiments were the Armies of the United States." He was charged warmly expressed in behalf of his country.—Will. with an improper administration of the office, and iam, another son of Joseph, physician, b. in Phila- arraigned before a military court, which led him to delphia, 1 Oct., 1712; d. in Germantown, Pa., 4 resign the post, 3 Jan., 1781. The investigation did Nov., 1801, applied himself early in life to the not develop any matters reflecting on his integrity. study of medicine, for which he had a remarkable In 1778–9, and again from 1791 till 1802, he was genius. He speedily obtained a large and lucrative one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital. practice, which he maintained throughout his life. He was for more than forty years a member of the He was a member of the Junto, and aided in American philosophical society, in which he held founding the Pennsylvania hospital, of which he the offices of curator and secretary. His skill and was the physician from 1753 till 1778, the Public eloquence as a teacher, exercised during forty years academy, and its successor, the College of Phila- in the first medical school in the country, made him delphia (now the University of Pennsylvania), widely known at home and abroad, and won for him being chosen in 1749 one of the first trustees of permanent distinction and respect in the medical the academy. He was a trustee of the college in world.- Edward, son of the second Edward, jurist, 1755-'79, and a member of the American philo- b. in Philadelphia, 16 sophical society, of which he was vice-president in Feb., 1729: d. there, 1768, and for many years after. He was for nearly 16 April, 1806, at the sixty years a member of the 20 Presbyterian age of seventeen be- church of Philadelphia, being (1742) one of its gan the study of the founders. On 20 Nov., 1778, he was chosen by the law with Tench Fran- assembly of Pennsylvania to the Continental con- cis, and, while pursu- gress, and he was re-elected in 1779. He was for ing his studies, draft- thirty years a trustee of Princeton college. Dr. ed the first common Shippen was notably liberal toward the poor, and, recovery in Pennsyl- it is said, not only gave his professional art and vania. In 1748 he medicines without charge, but oftentimes assisted went to London to them by donations from his purse. He retained complete his law stud- his physical powers very late in life, and it is said ies at the Middle Tem- that at the age of ninety he would ride in and ple, and, returning to out of the city on horseback without an overcoat Philadelphia, was ad- in the coldest weather.”—William's son, William, mitted to the har. On known as William Shippen the younger, physician, 22 Nov., 1752, he was b. in Philadelphia, 21 Oct., 1736 ; d. in German- appointed judge of town, Pa., 11 July, 1808, was graduated at Prince the vice - admiralty, ton in 1754, and delivered the valedictory for his and in 1755 he be- class. He studied medicine with his father until came one of the com- 1758, when he went to England, and studied under missioners to wait upon the “Paxton Boys," who Dr. John and Dr. William Hunter and Dr. Mcken- were engaged in an insurrection, to persuade them zie, and in 1761 was graduated M. D. at Edinburgh. to disperse, which mission was successful. He held Returning to Philadelphia in 1762, he entered on several local offices until the Revolution. He took the practice of his profession, and on 16 Nov., a deep interest in the provincial wars, and watched 1762, he began the first course of lectures on anat- and recorded every occasion when the provincial omy that was ever delivered in this country. The : troops were successful. In 1762 he was appointed first were delivered at the state-house, and the prothonotary of the supreme court, retaining this subsequent ones in rooms that were constructed post till the Revolution. He became a member of by his father for the purpose in the rear of the the provincial council in 1770, in which office he . Edws Shipper SHIPPEN 513 SHIRLAW served for five years. During the war for independ- / sion. During the Centennial exposition in 1876 ence he probably sympathized with the mother Mr. Shippen was the president of the Chilian com- country, as he was, by order of the council, placed mission. For his benevolent interest in the Ital- on his parole to give neither succor nor information ians in Philadelphia he received, on 10 Oct., 1877, to the enemy. He remained in Philadelphia during from Victor Emanuel, the order of Cavaliere della the British occupancy. In May, 1784, he was ap- Corona d'Italia. He is the president of the art pointed president judge of the court of common club of Philadelphia. He is consul for the Argen- pleas, and in September of the same year he became tine Republic, Chili , and Ecuador, at Philadelphia, à judge of the high court of errors and appeals, and has filled these posts for many years. Several which latter office he retained until 1806, when the of Mr. Shippen's addresses on educational subjects court was abolished. In 1785 he was chosen a jus- have been published, among them one on the dedi- tice for the dock ward of Philadelphia, and in the cation of the Hollingsworth school, 31 Oct., 1867 same year was appointed president of the court of (Philadelphia, 1867): * Compensation of Teachers" quarter sessions of the peace and over and terminer. (1872); and “ Educational Antiques” (1874).- Ed. In 1791, at which time he was still at the head of ward, great-grandson of Chief-Justice Edward, the court of common pleas, he was appointed an as- surgeon, b. in New Jersey, 18 June, 1826, is the son sociate justice of the supreme court, in which office of Richard Shippen. He was graduated at Prince- he served till 1799. Gov. McKean then nominated ton in 1845, and at the medical department of the Judge Shippen to be the chief justice, which office University of Pennsylvania in 1848, entered the he resigned in 1805. He " was a man of large navy as assistant surgeon, 7 Aug., 1849, and was views,” said Chief-Justice Tilghman." Everything commissioned sugeon, 26 April, 1861. He was on that fell from that venerated man,” said Judge the “Congress ” when she was destroyed by the Duncan, “is entitled to great respect.” The best « Merrimac” at Newport News, Va., and was in- extant portrait of him is that by Gilbert Stuart. jured by a shell, and in 1864–5 was on the iron- now in the Corcoran gallery in Washington, and is clad frigate “ New Ironsides” in both attacks on represented in the accompanying vignette. To his Fort Fisher and the operations of Bermuda Hun- pen we owe the first law reports in Pennsylvania. dred. He made the Russian cruise under Admiral In 1790 he received the degree of LL. D. from the Farragut, was commissioned medical inspector in University of Pennsylvania, of which institution 1871, was fleet-surgeon of the European squadron he was a trustee from 1791 till his death. His in 1871-'3, in charge of the Naval hospital in third daughter, MARGARET, b. in Philadelphia in 1874–7, commissioned medical director in 1876, 1760; d. in London, 24 Aug., 1804, was second wife and was president of the naval medical examining of Benedict Arnold.-Joseph, another son of the board at Philadelphia in 1880–2. Dr. Shippen second Edward, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 30 Oct., has contributed largely to Hamersley's “Naval 1732; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 10 Feb., 1810, was Encyclopædia,” the " Ünited Service Magazine,” graduated at Princeton in 1753, and shortly after- and to kindred publications. ward entered the provincial army, in which he rose SHIPPIN, William, soldier, b. about 1745; d. to the rank of colonel, and served in the expedition near Princeton, N. J., 3 Jan., 1777. He followed that captured Fort Du Quesne. After the troops the sea in his youth, was a soldier in the royal were disbanded he went to Europe, partly on a army about 1769, and subsequently engaged in the mercantile venture, but chiefly for travel. He re- provision business in Philadelphia. In March, 1776, turned to Philadelphia in 1761, and in the follow- he was commissioned as captain of a privateer, and ing year was chosen to succeed the Rev. Richard later in the year he commanded the marines in a Peters as secretary of the province, in which post schooner cruising in Delaware river, which took he served until the Revolution, when the provincial several prizes. His force was transferred to an council ceased to exist. He subsequently removed armed boat, and afterward joined Washington's to Lancaster, Pa., where in 1789 he became a judge army. He was killed in the battle of Princeton. of the county courts. He was fond of the fine arts, SHIRAS, Alexander Eakin, soldier, b. in early noted Benjamin West's genius, and, with Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Aug., 1812; d. in Washing- William Allen and other friends, greatly aided ton, D. C., 14 April , 1875. His grandfather emi- him with means for pursuing his artistic studies grated from Petershead, Scotland, about 1765. in Italy, for which West was grateful during life. The son was appointed to the U. S. military acad- He was for more than forty years a member of the emy through his uncle, Maj. Constantine M. Eakin, American philosophical society.- Edward, great and was graduated there in 1833. He was assigned grandson of the second Edward, lawyer, b. on his to the 4th artillery, and served on frontier and father's estate, “ Elm Hill,” Lancaster co., Pa., 16 garrison duty till 18:39, when he was assistant pro- Nov., 1821, was the son of Dr. Joseph Galloway fessor of mathematics at West Point till 1843. He Shippen. He received an academical education, was made commissary of subsistence, 3 March, studied law, and, on 11 April, 1846, was admitted 1847, with the staff rank of captain, and served in to the bar in Philadelphia, where he has since prac- the subsistence bureau in Washington till his tised, gaining reputation in his profession. Mr. | death, rising to the head of his department, with Shippen is known for his active interest in educa- the rank of brigadier-general, which he attained tion. He was for many years a member of the on 23 June, 1874. A large share of the credit for board of public education in Philadelphia, and the manner in which the National armies were from 1864 till 1869 its president. He has been a supplied during the civil war is due to Gen. Shiras. delegate to several national educational conven- At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier- tions, before some of which he has delivered im- general and major-general, U. S. army. portant addresses. He is one of the founders of SHIRLAW, Walter, artist, b. in Paisley, Scot- the Teachers' institute and of the Teachers' benevo- | land, 6 Aug., 1838. He came to the United States lent association of Philadelphia. By an appoint- with his parents in 1840, and later followed for ment of the mikado, he was for many years in some time the occupation of bank-note engraving. charge of the Japanese boys that were sent by the He first exhibited at the National academy in government of Japan to this country to be edu- 1861, and subsequently decided to devote himself cated. During the civil war he was chief of the altogether to art. He was elected an academician educational department of the sanitary commis- of the Chicago academy of design in 1868. In VOL, V.-33 614' SHOCK SHIRLEY was . Whirley 1870–7 he studied in Munich, under George Raab, | ernor of one of the Bahama islands, but returned Richard Wagner, Arthur George von Ramberg, 10 Massachusetts in 1770 and built the mansion in and Wilhelm Lindenschmidt. His first work of Roxbury that importance was the “ Toning of the Bell ” (1874), afterward the resi- which was followed by “Sheep-shearing in the dence of Gov. Eus- Bavarian Highlands” (1876). The latter, which is tis. He published probably the best of his works, received honorable “ Electra," a tragedy; mention at the Paris exposition in 1878. Other “ Birth of Hercules," notable works from his easel are“ Good Morning,” a mask; a “ Letter to in the Buffalo academy (1878); “ Indian Girl ” and the Duke of New- “Very Old” (1880); "Gossip” (1884); and “ Jeal- castle,” with a jour- ousy” (1886), owned by the Academy of design, New nal of the “Siege of York. His largest work is the frieze for the dining- Louisburg” (1745); room in the house of Darius 0. Mills, New York. and the “ Conduct of Mr. Shirlaw has also earned an excellent reputation Gen. William Shirley as an illustrator. He was one of the founders of brifly stated” (Lon- the Society of American artists, and was its first don, 1758).—His son, president. On his return from Europe he took WILLIAM, was killed charge of the Art students' league, New York, and with Gen. Braddock for several years taught in the composition class. in 1755. - Another He became an associate of the National academy son, Sir Thomas, b. in in 1887, and an academician the following year. Boston; d. in March, SHIRLEY, John Milton, lawyer, b. in Sanborn- 1800, was a major- ton, N. H., 16 Nov., 1831; d. in Andover, N. H., general in the Brit- 21 May, 1887. He was educated at Sanbornton ish army, created a baronet in 1786, and was gov- and the Northfield conference seminary, studied ernor of the Leeward islands. law, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He rep- SHOBER, Gottlieb, clergyman, b. in Bethle- resented Andover in the legislature in 1859–’60, hem, Pa., 1 Nov., 1756; d. in Salem, S. C., 27 June, and was postmaster of that place from 1856 till 1838. His parents removed when he was young to 1869. He published “ The Early Jurisprudence of Bethabara, a Moravian settlement in the south, New Hampshire”; “Complete History of the Dart- and gave him a common-school education. He mouth College Case”; “ Reports of Cases in the taught for a few years, then learned the trade of Supreme Judicial Court,” vols. 49–54 (Concord, a tinsmith, and began business in Salem, S. C., 1812–’5); and “ Reports of Cases in the Superior where he soon combined a bookstore with his tin- Court of Judicature,” vol. 55 (1876). shop, became postmaster, and built the first paper- SHIRLEY, Paul, naval officer, b. in Kentucky, mill south of the Potomac. While an apprentice 19 Dec., 1820; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 24 Nov., 1876. he had studied law, was admitted to the bar, and He entered the navy in 1839 became master, 3 soon acquired an extensive practice among the Dec., 1853 ; lieutenant, 21 July, 1854; commander, German settlers. Later he became a large land- 5 Nov., 1863; and captain, 1 July, 1870. While in owner, had numerous slaves, and was frequently command of the sloop “Cyane,” of the Pacific elected to the legislature. After his fiftieth year squadron, he captured the piratical cruiser “ J. M. he desired to enter the ministry, but, finding it im- Chapman” in 1863, for which service he was com- possible to take the long theological course that plimented by Rear-Admiral Charles H. Bell. He was required by the Moravian church, he induced also, while in command of the “Suwanee,” took the village authorities to make a change in their the piratical steamer “Colon,” at Cape St. Lucas, laws, which, being confirmed by the legislature, Lower California, and thereby saved two mail- permitted another denomination within their steamers that would have been captured. He was borough. He then took a course of reading, and fleet-captain of the North Pacific squadron, and in 1811 was appointed by the Lutheran synod commanded the flag-ship“ Pensacola” in 1867-'8, pastor at Salem. The indignant Moravians tried and was in charge of the receiving-ship “Inde- to compel him to leave the town, but he proved pendence,” at Mare island, Cal., in 1869–10. his right to remain by their own recent enact- SHIRLEY, William, colonial governor of Mas- ment, and labored there gratuitously till a few sachusetts, b. in Preston, Sussex, England, in 1693; years before his death. He was a founder of the d. in Roxbury, Mass., 24 March, 1771. He studied general synod of the Lutheran church, of which law and came to Boston in 1734, where he prac- he was president in 1825, and one of the com- tised his profession. He was a commissioner for mittee to prepare a Lutheran hymn-book, and to the settlement of the boundary between Massa- publish the translation of Luther's catechism. In chusetts and Rhode Island, and acted as such 1825 he was a director of the theological institu- when he was appointed governor of Massachusetts tion which adopted measures for the formation of in 1741. He administered the government of the the seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., to which he left colony until 1745, and in this year planned the three thousand acres of land. He translated Stel- successful expedition against Cape Breton. He ling's “Scenes in the World of Spirits,” and pre- was in England from 1745 till 1753, and was one pared “A Comprehensive Account of the Rise and of the commissioners at Paris for settling the Progress of the Christian Church by Dr. Martin limits of Nova Scotia and other controverted Luther" (Baltimore, Md., 1818). rights in 1750. In 1753 he returned as governor SHOCK, William Henry, naval officer, b. in of Massachusetts, treated with the eastern Indians Baltimore, Md., 15 June, 1821. He entered the in 1754, explored Kennebec river, and erected navy as 3d assistant engineer, 18 Jan., 1845, and several forts. He was commander-in-chief of the served in the Mexican war. Ile was promoted 2 forces in British North America at the opening of , assistant engineer, 10 July, 1847, became 1st assist- the French war in 1755, planned the expedition | ant engineer, 31 Oct., 1848, was senior engineer of of Gen. John Prideaux against Niagara, and went the coast-survey steamer " Legaree” in 1849, and with it as far as Oswego. In 1759 he was made superintended the construction of the machinery lieutenant-general, and he afterward became gov- of the steamer “Susquehanna” at Philadelphia in 1 SHOEMAKER 515 SHOLES " 66 1850-'1. He was promoted to chief engineer, 11 University of Pennsylvania, where he took his de- March, 1851, superintended the construction of gree in 1846, but has never practised. He has writ- the machinery of the steamer“ Princeton at ten many poems. sonnets, and translations of Ger- Boston in 1851-2, and, after a year's service as man ballads and lyrics, but they have never been engineer inspector of U. S. mail steamers, made a published in book-form. The best known of them cruise as chief engineer of the “Princeton” and are “ The Sweetheart Bird-Song," which was set to superintended the construction of marine-engines music by Michael Balfe, “ The Sabbath of the at West Point, N. Y., in 1854-'5. He was president Year,” and “'Twill Soon be Dark.” Some of his of the examining board of engineers in 1860—2, verses are included in John J. Piatt's Union of after which he superintended the building of river American Poetry and Art” (Cincinnati, 1880–'1). monitors at St. Louis, Mo., in 1862–3. He was SHOLES, Charles Clark, journalist, b. in Nor- fleet - engineer under Admiral Farragut during wich, Conn., 8 Jan., 1816; d. in Kenosha, Wis., the operations at Mobile, where he rendered valu- 5 Oct., 1867. He was brought up in Danville, able services, as also under Admiral Thatcher in Pa., and there learned the trade of printing, after 1863–5. In the summer of 1870. he was tempo- which he went to Harrisburg and engaged as a rarily appointed chief of the bureau of steam journeyman in the newspaper - office of Simon engineering, which post he filled again in 1871, Cameron. In 1836 he went to Wisconsin and and received the written thanks of the department conducted in Green Bay the first journal in that for the efficient manner in which he had dis part of the west. Mr. Sholes was soon appointed charged the duties. In 1873 he went to Europe to clerk of the territorial district court, and in 1837 inspect foreign dock-yards and to represent the was elected to the territorial legislature from bureau of steam engineering at the Vienna exhibi- Brown county. In 1838 he purchased in Madison tion, and was appointed one of the American the “Wisconsin Inquirer,” and early in 1840 the judges of award" by the president. He was ap- " Kenosha Telegraph,” but subsequent business en- pointed engineer-in-chief of the navy, 3 March, gagements compelled him to relinguish these jour- 1877, in which capacity he served until 15 June, nals. He fixed his residence in Kenosha in 1847, 1883, when he was retired. He has been for many of which place he was several times mayor, fre- years an active member of the Franklin institute quently represented Kenosha county both in the of Philadelphia and a contributor to the journal of assembly and senate of the state, and in one ses- that institution. In 1868 he designed and construct. sion was chosen speaker of the former body. In ed projectiles to have a rotary motion when fired 1856 he was the Republican candidate for lieuten- from smooth - bore ant-governor, but failed of election. Mr. Sholes guns, the experi- was one of the early organizers of what afterward ments with which grew into the Northwestern telegraph company, resulted satisfactori- with which corporation he was connected at the ly. He has also in- time of his death. He was an active Abolitionist vented and patented and zealous promoter of the cause of popular edu- a relieving cushion cation. His brother, Christopher Latham, in- for wire rigging for ventor, b. in Mooresburg, Pa., 14 Feb., 1819, was edu- ships, which has been cated in private schools in Columbia and North- adopted in the navy umberland counties, Pa., and then followed the (1869), a projectile printer's trade. In 1819 he went to Wisconsin and for small arms, im- was postmaster of Kenosha during Polk's admin- proving the efficien- istration. He was a member from Racine county, cy of muskets (1870), of the first state senate in 1848, and was elected to and steam radiators the assembly in 1851-2, and again to the senate in and attachments for 1856–8. During the administrations of Lincoln and heating purposes Johnson he held the office of collector of customs of (1874). He is the the port of Milwaukee and he was commissioner of author of “Steam public works for Milwaukee in 1869–73, and again Boilers: their De- in 1876-'8. Mr. Sholes was a member of the school sign, Construction, board of Milwaukee in 1870²1, part of which time and Management” (New York, 1881). This became he was its president. In addition to his work as a the text-book of the U. S. naval academy on the journalist, which has been his profession when not subject and is a standard work. holding office, he has interested himself in inven- SHOEMAKER, George Washington, invent- tions, the most important of which is the type- or, b. near Williamsport, Pa., 14 Dec., 1861. He writing machine that was introduced through the received his education at Keystone academy, Fac- firm of E. Remington and Sons. It was begun in toryville, Pa., and then entered his father's woollen- 1866, and when patented in 1868 was about the mill. Having mechanical ability, he made various size of a sewing-machine. It is worked with let- improvements in the plant, and in 1886 invented a tered keys arranged in four rows, each type-carrier ring-machine, by which wool-spinning may be car- being thrown up as its key is struck. The type ried on continuously. With the Crompton mule, letters are engraved on the ends of steel bars, which now in general use, an output of 150 pounds is ob- are pivoted in the circumference of a circle, so that tained in ten hours with 250 spindles, while the the end of each bar will strike at the same point new system, with an equal number of spindles, has in the centre of the circle. An inked ribbon passes given during the same time 640 pounds of yarn. over the centre of the circle, and over the whole It is estimated that, under favorable conditions, a cylinder carries the paper to receive the impres- from 800 to 1,000 pounds of yarn can be produced sion. The cylinder, by a spring and ratchet move- in ten hours. The cost of a machine of the Shoe-ment, revolves the width of a letter, and when a line maker type is much less than that of the other. is completed it is also given a lateral movement. SHOEMAKER, William Lukens, poet, b. in In 1873 this invention passed into the hands of the Georgetown, D. C., 19 July, 1822. He is of Quaker Remingtons for manufacture, since which time descent. After graduation at Jefferson college in many minor improvements have been added to it, 1841 he entered the medical department of the , increasing its usefulness. a ນ 516 SHOUP SHORT was SHORT, Charles, educator, b. in Haverhill, | michael to treat with the Spanish government con- Mass., 28 May, 1821 ; d. in New York city, 24 Dec., cerning the Florida and Mississippi boundaries, 1886. He was graduated at Harvard in 1846. From the navigation of the Mississippi, commercial 1847 till 1863 he was classical instructor in Roxbury privileges, and other open questions. When Car- and Philadelphia, and in the latter year he became michael, who was chargé d'affaires, left for home president of Kenyon college, Ohio, and professor Short was commissioned as minister-resident, 28 of moral and intellectual philosophy. In 1868 he May, 1794, with power, as sole commissioner, to was called as professor of Latin to Columbia col conclude the negotiations, which resulted in the lege, where he remained until his death. In 1871 treaty of friendship, commerce, and boundaries Dr. Short was appointed a member of the Ameri- that was signed on 27 Oct., 1795. He left for can committee for the revision of the New Testa- Paris three days later, and returned to the United ment, and subsequently he was secretary of that States soon afterward. His state papers, especially body. “ Dr. Short, says the Rev. Talbot W. those relating to the Spanish negotiations, are Chambers, remarkable as a painstaking marked by ability and research. scholar, who would have contributed more to clas- SHORTALL, John George, humanitarian, b. sical literature but for his reluctance to let any- in Dublin, Ireland, 20 Sept., 1838. He came to thing pass from his pen till he had exhausted his the United States with his parents when he was ability upon it.” He was a member of many about six years of age, and from his thirteenth till learned societies, to which he contributed papers his sixteenth year was in the employ of Horace of much originality. He was also a member of Greeley in the New York - Tribune” office. After the Century club, and a vestryman in St. Thomas's working a few weeks on the Chicago - Tribune" church, New York city, where a tablet has been he entered upon the business of making records of erected to his memory. He received the degree of abstracts of title to lands in Cook county, II. His LL. D. from Kenyon college in 1868. His works records were so complete and reliable that, with include revisions of Schmitz and Zumpt's “ Ad- those of other firms, they formed a sufficient basis vanced Latin Exercises” (1860), and Mitchell's new to establish titles of the real estate in Cook county “Ancient Geography"; translations from the Ger- after the destruction of most of the county records man for Herzog's “Real Encyclopædia” (1860); in the great fire of 1871. Mr. Shortall did great the essay “On the Order of Words in Attic-Greek service in the collection and preservation of his Prose,” prefixed to Yonge's “ English-Greek Lexi- valuable abstracts of title. His services and ma- con,” the most exhaustive treatise that has yet ap- terial aid in efforts for the elevation of humanity peared on the subject (1870); and, with Charlton and the prevention of cruelty to animals have T. Lewis, a new edition of Andrews's Freund's made his name revered as one who had done and "Latin Lexicon " (1876). He was also a contribu- is doing for Chicago in the way of reform what tor to various reviews. Henry Bergh and George T. Angell have done for SHORT, Charles Wilkins, botanist, b. in New York and Boston. He is president of the Woodford 'county, Ky., 6 Oct., 1794; d. in Louis- Mlinois humane society, and is associated with the ville, Ky., 7 Mareh, 1863. He was graduated at National and State humane associations, Transylvania university in 1810, and at the medi- SHORTER, James Alexander, A. M. E. cal department of the University of Pennsylvania bishop, b. in Washington, D. C., 4 Feb., 1817. Te in 1815, and in 1825 was called to the chair of ma- is of African descent. After entering the itinerant teria medica and medical botany in Transylvania ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal church university. In 1838 he removed to Louisville, Ky., in April, 1846, he held a pastorate in Cincinnati, where he was associated with Dr. Charles Caldwell, Ohio, in 1863, and organized the women of his Dr. Lunsford P. Yandell, Dr. John Esten Cooke, church into bands for the relief of the freedmen and Dr. Daniel Drake in founding the medical that flocked thither. He was elected bishop in department of the University of Louisville, and 1868, and sent more fully to organize the church continued to hold a chair in that institution until in the extreme southwest, Arkansas, Louisiana, 1849, when he retired. He then devoted himself and Texas. He was one of the delegates to the to the collection of plants and flowers, and, with Methodist ecumenical council in London, Eng- Dr. Robert Peter, and Henry A. Griswold, prepared land, in 1881, and continued his travels into France “ Plants of Kentucky.” Dr. Short was one of the and Switzerland. As president of the missionary editors of the “ Transylvania Journal of Medicine" society of his church, he has succeeded in opening in 1828–39, and the author of various botanical the work in Ilayti and Africa, whither missionaries notices. At his death his vast herbarium, the re- have been sent. sult of his life-long collections and exchanges, was SHORTER, John Gill, governor of Alabama, bequeathed to the Smithsonian institution. It is b.in Jasper county, Ga., in 1818; d. in Eufalau, Ala., now in the possession of the Academy of natural 29 May, 1872. He was graduated at the University sciences in Philadelphia. of Georgia in 1837, and soon afterward began the SHORT, William, diplomatist, b. in Spring practice of law in Eufaula, Ala. In 1842 he was ap- Garden, Va., 30 Sept., 1779 ; d. in Philadelphia, pointed state's attorney, and he subsequently was Pa., 5 Dec., 18 19. He was educated at William à member of both branches of the legislature. lle and Mary college, and at an early age was chosen was appointed circuit judge in 1852, and continued a member of the executive council of Virginia. in this office for nine years. At the beginning of When Thomas Jefferson was appointed minister the civil war he was appointed commissioner from to France in 1785, Short accompanied him as Alabama to Georgia, and in 1861 he was a member secretary of legation, and after his departure was of the provisional Confederate congress. In the made chargé d'affaires on 26 Sept., 1789, his com- same year he was elected governor of the state, mission being the first one that was signed by Gen. serving till 1863. He was an active member of Washington as president, but he was not regularly the Baptist denomination. commissioned till 20 April, 1790. Ile was trans- SHOUP, Francis Asbury, soldier, b. in Laurel, ferred to the Hague as minister-resident on 16 Franklin co., Ind., 22 March, 1834. He was gradu- Jan., 1792. On 19 Dec. of the same year he left ated at the U. S. military academy in 1855, and for Madrid, having been appointed on 18 March assigned to the artillery, but resigned, 10 Jan., 1860. commissioner plenipotentiary with William Car- | Ile then studied law, was admitted to the bar at . SHREVE 517 SHUBRICK a а He was . Indianapolis, and moved to St. Augustine, Fla., | channel for more than 160 miles,” and in conse- early in 1861. He erected a battery at Fernandina quence the river was opened for a distance of 1,200 under orders of the governor of Florida, was ap- miles. He built the snag-boat “ Heliopolis” in pointed lieutenant in the Confederate army, became | 1829 for removing snags and “ sawyers " from Ohio major of artillery in October, 1861, and was as- river, and during the same year invented a steam signed to duty with Gen. Hardee in the trans- | marine battering-ram for harbor defence. Mississippi department. He was afterward with SHREVE, Thomas H., journalist, b. in Alex- Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh as senior | andria, Va., in 1808; d. in Louisville, Ky., 2:3 artillery officer of his army, and massed the artil. Dec., 1853. He was educated in the academy at lery against Gen. Prentiss's position. He was in- | Alexandria, engaged in mercantile pursuits, settled spector of artillery under Gen. Beauregard after the in Cincinnati in 1830, and in 1834 purchased a latter's succession to the command, subsequently share in the “ Mirror," a weekly literary journal. served under Hindman as chief of artillery, com- In 1838 he established himself as a merchant in manded a division, as major, at the battle of Louisville, and subsequently he became one of the Prairie Grove, and was appointed brigadier - gen- editors of the Louisville • Journal." From the eral, 12 Sept., 1862, and ordered on duty at Mobile, time of his editorial connection with the Cincin- Ala. Afterward he commanded a Louisiana bri- nati “ Mirror” he contributed essays and poems to gade at Vicksburg, and received the first attack of magazines. He published “ Drayton, an American the National forces. He surrendered at that place, Tale” (New York, 1851). Some of his verses are and after his exchange was chief of artillery to reprinted in William T. Coggeshall's “ Poets and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and constructed the de- Poetry of the West” (Columbus, 1860).-His cousin, fensive works on Chattahoochee river. On the Samuel Henry, engineer, b. in Trenton. N. J., succession of Gen. John B. Hood to the command 2 Aug. 1829 ; d. in New York city, 27 Nov., of the army in July, 1864, Gen. Shoup was made 1884. He was graduated at Princeton in 1848, chief of staff. He was relieved at his own request, and at Harvard law-school in 1850, and after- and prepared a pamphlet, which was submitted to ward studied civil engineering. He had charge of the Confederate congress, recommending the en- the construction of several railroads, and became listment of negro troops. After the close of the in 1875 engineer of the New York rapid transit com- war in. 1866 he was elected to the chair of applied mission. He was consulting engineer of the Metro- mathematics in the University of Mississippi. He politan elevated railroad and engineer-in-chief of the then studied for the ministry, took orders in the Brooklyn elevated railroad. He was the author of Protestant Episcopal church, and has been rector a work on The Strength of Bridges and Roofs" of churches in Waterford, N. Y., Nashville, Tenn., (New York, 1873), which was translated into Jackson, Miss., and New Orleans, La. French, and at the time of his death had almost professor of metaphysics in the University of the completed a treatise on the “ Theory of the Arch." south in 1883–8. He is the author of " Infantry SHUBRICK, John Templar, naval officer, b. Tactics ” (Little Rock, Ark., 1862); “ Artillery on Bull's island, S. C., 12 Sept., 1788; d. at sea in Division Drill” (Atlanta, 1864); and “Elements the summer of 1815. His father was colonel in of Algebra” (New York, 1874). the Revolutionary army under Gen. Nathanael SHREVE, Henry Miller, inventor, b. in Bur- Greene, and his aide at the battle of Eutaw Springs. lington county, N. J., 21 Oct., 1785; d. in St. Louis, The son entered the navy as midshipman, 19 Aug.. Mo., 6 Mareh, 1854. He was educated in western 1806, was attached to the “ Chesapeake” during Pennsylvania, and as a boy became interested in the surrender to the British ship " Leopard," and the navigation of western rivers. In 1810 he remained in that vessel under Decatur until 1808. carried the first cargo of lead that was taken by He was commissioned lieutenant, 28 May, 1812, an American from Galena river to New Orleans, I attached to the “ Constitution” during her escape thus establishing a business that previously had from the British fleet in July, 1812, and participated been exclusively in the hands of the British. Dur- in the capture of the “Guerrière "and * Java.” On ing the war of 1812 he conveyed supplies to Fort 6 Jan., 1813, he was transferred to the “ Hornet," St. Philip, past the British batteries by protecting and was executive officer at the capture of the his vessel with cotton-bales. At the battle of British brig“ Peacock," 24 Feb., 1813. He was New Orleans he had charge of one of the field- next transferred to the “ President,” of which he pieces that proved so destructive to that column acted as executive at its capture by a British fleet, of the British army that was led by Gen. Sir 15 Jan., 1815. He was carried a prisoner to Ber- John Keane. In May, 1815, he ascended the Missis-muda, but released at the end of the war. He sippi to Louisville in the “ Enterprise,” the first received three silver medals and votes of thanks steam vessel that ever performed that voyage, and from congress for assisting in the capture of the subsequently he built the “ Washington ”on a plan * Guerrière,” “Java," and “Peacock." South of his own invention, with improvements that Carolina gave him a vote of thanks and a sword. made it superior to Robert Fulton's boat. By On 20 May, 1815, he sailed as executive of the using a cam cut-off that he devised, he was able to “Guerrière" to Algiers, where he assisted at the save three fifths of the fuel. In March, 1817, his capture of an Algerine frigate and brig, and in vessel made its first trip laden with passengers and the demonstration by which Decatur obtained the freight, and demonstrated its superiority. When treaty with, Algiers. He was assigned to command its success was thoroughly shown, Fulton and his the brig • Épervier," and sailed from Algiers early associates, having the exclusive right “ to navigate in July, 1815, with a copy of the treaty for ratifi- all vessels propelled by fire and steam in the rivers cation. The brig was lost at sea with all on board. of said territory," entered suit against him and His brother, William Branford, naval officer, seized his boats ; but the case was decided in his b. on Bull's island, S. C., 31 Oct., 1790; d. in Wash- favor. In 1826 he was appointed superintendent ington, D. C., 27 May, 1874, entered the navy as of western river improvements, which place he midshipman, 19 Aug., 1806, was commissioned held until 1841. During that time he had charge lieutenant, 5 Jan., 1813, commanded a gun-boat in of the removal of the great Red river raft, * con- Hampton Roads in 1813, and assisted in defending sisting of an accumulation of trees, logs, and drift- Norfolk against the British. He was 3d lieutenant wood of every description firmly imbedded in its of the “Constitution” at the capture of the “ Cy- 518 SHUCK SHUBRICK a was com- mas- ane" and " Levant,” 23 Feb., 1815, and executive in | in the attack on the Malay town of Quallah Battoo, her subsequent escape from a British fleet. He re- Sumatra, which he destroyed to avenge the capture ceived a silver medal, and was included in the vote and plunder of the American ship - Friendship of thanks by congress to Stewart and his officers, and the year before. He was highly commended for South Carolina ability and gallantry in the conduct of this expedi- gave him thanks tion. After being commissioned commander, 8 and sword Sept., 1841, he took charge of the “Saratoga," on for his services. the Brazil station, in 1844–7, and was inspector at He the Philadelphia navy-yard in 1848-'9.-Irvine's missioned son, Thomas Branford, naval officer, b. in Wil- ter-commandant, mington, Del., 3 June, 1825; d. in Vera Cruz, 28 March, 1820, Mexico, 25 March, 1847, was off Vera Cruz in the and captain, 21 steamer “ Mississippi” when he was sent on shore, Feb., 1831, com- 23 March, 1847, in charge of one of the guns in manded the West the naval battery in the works against that city, India squadron He was killed while in 1838–40, and in the act of point- was chief of the ing this gun during bureau of provis- the bombardment of ions and cloth- Vera Cruz. A monu- ing in 1845 – '6. ment called the Mid- On 22 Jan., 1847, shipmen's Monu- he ment Mihemefow Thulrich coast of Califor- ing) was erected at nia in the “Inde- Annapolis in the pendence," and assumed command-in-chief of the grounds of the na- U. S. naval force in the Pacific. Ile captured the val academy, to com- city of Mazatlan, 11 Nov., 1847, and, landing the memorate his death naval brigade, held it against superior forces. He and that of Passed also took Guaymas, La Paz, and San Blas, which Midshipmen Henry places, together with other ports in Mexico and Cali- A. Clemson, John R. fornia, he held until the close of the war. He com- Hynson, and Mid- manded the “ Princeton” in 1853, with a small shipman Wingate squadron, to protect the fisheries in a dispute with Pillsbury, who were the British, was chief of the bureau of construc- drowned when the tion in 1853, chairman of the light-house board in brig “Somers” was capsized and lost in a squall 1854–8, and in 1858 was appointed to command a off Vera Cruz in December, 1846. fleet of 19 vessels with 200 guns and 2,500 men, fly- SHUCK, Jehu Lewis (shook), missionary, b. in ing the flag of a' vice-admiral, to operate against | Alexandria, Va., 4 Sept., 1812; d. in Barnwell, Paraguay for firing upon the U. S. steamer “Water. S. C., 20 Aug., 1863. He was educated at the Vir- Witch.” He reached Asuncion, 25 Jan., 1859, and by ginia Baptist seminary (now Richmond college), display of force obtained apologies and pecuniary and on 22 Sept., 1835, embarked with his bride for indemnity on 10 Feb. The president highly com- China. He began his labors in Macao, where he mended his zeal and ability in the conduct of this baptized the first Chinese converts, met with suc- mission, and the president of the Argentine Confed-cess also at Hong Kong, whither he removed in eration presented him with a sword. In 1861 unsuc- 1842, and subsequently settled at Canton. In 1844 cessful efforts were made to induce him to join the he came to the United States with his Chinese as- Confederates in behalf of his native state. In De- sistant, and visited various parts of the country in cember, 1861, he was placed on the retired list, but he the interest of the missions. He returned to China continued on duty as chairman of the light-house in 1846, and settled at Shanghai, where he preached board from 1860 till 1870.-Another brother, Ed. for years with good results, having completely ward Rutledge, naval officer, b. in South Caro- mastered the Chinese idioms. When the Chinese lina in 1794; d. at sea, 12 March, 1844, entered were attracted in considerable numbers to Cali- the navy as midshipman, 16 Jan., 1809. He served fornia after the discovery of gold, the missionary during the war of 1812-'15 on the “ President,” board selected Mr. Shuck for that field, and he in the long cruises of Com. John Rodgers, and labored there for seven years, retiring in 1861 to became lieutenant, 9 Oct., 1813. He was commis- Barnwell, where he preached to the neighboring sioned commander, 24 April, 1828, had charge of churches during the remainder of his life. He the sloop - Vincennes” 'in the West Indies in published " Portfolio Chinensis, or a Collection of 1830–3, and became captain, 9 Feb., 1837. He Authentic Chinese State Papers ” (Macao, 1840).- took command of the frigate “ Columbia,” 22 July, His wife, Henrietta Hall, h. in Kilmarnock, Va., 1842, on the Brazil station, and died at sea.- An- 28 Oct., 1817; d. in Hong Kong, 27 Nov., 1844, was other brother, Irvine, naval officer, b. in South the daughter of a Baptist minister. She soon Carolina in 1798; d. in Wilmington, Del., 5 April, learned Chinese after arriving at the field of her 1849, entered the navy as midshipman, 12 May, intended labors, and was an earnest teacher of 1814, served in the “President” 'under Decatur Christianity among the heathen till her death. She when that vessel was captured by the British, 15 was the author of "Scenes in China, or Sketches Jan., 1815, was in the "Guerrière" in the Algerine of the Country, Religion, and Customs of the Chi- war in 1815, when Decatur captured the Algerine nese (Philadelphia, 1852). Jeremiah B. Jeter frigate, and assisted in suppressing piracy in the published her “Life” (Boston, 1848).— Their son, West Indies while attached to the sloop “ Hornet LEWIS HALL, clergyman, b. in Singapore, India, 3 in 1821-3. He was commissioned lieutenant, 13 Aug., 1836, was graduated at Wake Forest univer- Jan., 1825, was executive officer of the “ Potomac," sity, N. C., in 1856, taught for some years, studied on the Pacific station, in 1831-4, and commanded theology, and since 1883 has been pastor of a Bap- the landing-party froin that vessel on 6 Feb., 1832, tist church in Charleston, S. C. 9 SHUFELDT 519 SHURTLEFF - SHUFELDT, Robert Wilson, naval officer, b. 1864, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Beth- in Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 21 Feb., 1822. lehem. He promoted, with great zeal, the cause He entered the navy as a midshipman, 11 May, of home missions. 1839, was attached to the naval school at Philadel- SHUMWAY, Henry Cotton, artist, b. in Mid- phia in 1844–5, and became a passed midshipman, dletown, Conn., 4 July, 1807, d. in New York, 6 2 July, 1845. He was promoted to master, 21 Feb., May, 1884. He studied at the Academy of de- 1853, and to lieutenant, 26 Oct., 1853, but resigned sign, New York, during 1828–²9, and was one of from the navy, 20 June, 1854, and was connected the early members of the academy, being elected with the Collins line of Liverpool steamers as an associate in 1831, and academician the follow- chief officer for two years. He then commanded ing year. For many years he followed his profes- the steamers “ Black Warrior” and “ Catawba" on sion as a miniature-painter successfully in New the line between New York and New Orleans, and York and other cities. Among the numerous emi- had charge of the party that surveyed the Isthmus nent men that sat to him were Henry Clay, Daniel of Tehuantepec for a railroad and interoceanic ca- Webster, and Prince Napoleon (afterward Napo- nal. When the civil war began he was in com- leon III.), whose portraits he painted in 1838. He mand of the steamer “Quaker City,” of the New was for many years a captain in the New York 7th York and Havana line of steamers, and was ap- regiment and a member of the veteran corps. pointed U. S. consul-general at Havana. In April, SHUNK, Francis Rawn, governor of Penn- 1863, he resigned, and was reinstated in the navy sylvania, b. in Trappe, Montgomery co., Pa., 7 Aug., with a commission of commander, dated 19 Nov., 1788; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 30 July, 1848." He ob- 1862. He was given the steamer “ Conemaugh,” tained an education by his own exertions, taught on the blockade at Charleston, where he partici- at the age of fifteen, became a clerk in the office pated in the engagements on Morris island. He of Andrew Porter, the surveyor-general, at Har- commanded the steamer “ Boteus," of the Eastern risburg, in 1812, and while thus employed studied Gulf blockading squadron, in 1864–6. After the law. He was for many years clerk of the state war he had the Hartford,” of the East India house of representatives, and subsequently secre- squadron, in 1865–6, and the “Wachusett," of the tary of the board of canal commissioners. `In 1838 Asiatic squadron, in 1866–8. He was commissioned Gov. Porter appointed him secretary of state. In captain, 31 Dec., 1869, and commanded the moni- 1842 he established himself as a lawyer at Pitts- tor “Miantonomoh ” in 1870, after which he had burg, and in 1844 he was elected governor. He charge of the Tehuantepec and Nicaraguan sur- was re-elected in 1847, and resigned on 9 July, 1848, veying expeditions of 1870-'1. He was chief of the when sickness prevented the further discharge of bureau of equip- his duties. His son, William FINDLAY, is the au- ment and recruit- thor of a “ Practical Treatise on Railway Curves” ing in the navy de- (Philadelphia, 1854). - His grandson, FRANCIS partment in 1875- Rawn, graduated at the head of the class of 1887 '8, and was com- at the U. S. military academy. missioned commo- SHURTLEFF, Ernest Warburton, poet, b. dore, 21 Sept.,1876. in Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1862. He was educated In 1879 – '80 he at Boston Latin school and Harvard, was gradu- sailed in the “ Ti- ated at Andover theological seminary in 1888, conderoga” on a and became pastor of a Congregational church at special mission to Palmer, Mass. He began to write for newspapers Africa and the and magazines at the age of fourteen, received a East Indies, to as- thorough musical education, and has published certain and report songs and other compositions and several volumes on the prospects entitled “Poems" (Boston, 1882); “Easter Gleams” for the revival of (1884); “Song of Hope" (New York, 1885); “When American trade I was a Child ” (Boston, 1886); and “ New Year's with those coun- Peace" (1887). tries. While he SHURTLEFF, Nathaniel Bradstreet, anti- was on this expe- quary, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 June, 1810; d. there, dition the sultan 17 Oct., 1874. He was the son of Dr. Benjamin of Zanzibar, Said Shurtleff, whose donations to the college in Alton, Barghash, presented him with a sword. He was Ill., caused that institution to assume his name. promoted to rear-admiral on 7 May, 1883, and was The son was graduated at Harvard in 1831, and retired, 21 Feb., 1884. at the medical department in 1834, but gave his SHULTZ, Theodore, missionary, b. in Ger- attention to literary and scientific pursuits. His dauen, Prussia, 17 Dec., 1770; d. in Salem, N. C., | list of works on genealogy shows his devotion to 4 Aug., 1850. He entered the foreign mission field that subject, and he traced his descent to eleven of the Moravian church in 1799, and was sent to of the Pilgrims of the “ Mayflower,” a number Surinam, South America, where he served seven probably exceeding that of any of his contempo- years. He was then transferred to the United raries. For three terms he was mayor of Boston States, and until 1821 labored in the ministry, (1868–70), and he prided himself on the fact that after which he was appointed administrator of the he was the first to hold that office who had always estates of the southern diocese, retiring in 1844. He belonged to the Democratic party. During his ad- revised and improved a “ Dictionary,” and trans- ministration extensive improvements in the streets, lated a “ Harmony of the Gospels” into the Arra- made necessary by the rapid growth of South Bos- wak language. His son, Henry Augustus, Mora- ton, were effected in that district, and Dorchester vian bishop, b. in Surinam, South America, 7 Feb., became a part of Boston. His books include 1806; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 21 Oct., 1885, was a • Epitome of Phrenology” (Boston, 1835); “ Per- graduate of the Moravian theological seminary, petual Calendar for Old and New Style" (1848); and filled various pastoral offices. In 1848 he Passengers of the Mayflower'in 1620" (1849); was elected a delegate to the general synod that “ Brief Notice of William Shurtleff, of Marsh- convened at Herrnhut, Saxony, and on 31 July, field” (1850); “Genealogical Memoir of the Fami- Rev. Shufeldte 66 520 SIBLEY SHURTLEFF 66 > ly of Elder Thomas Leavett, of Boston" (1850); | ries of the crown officials. When Shute was about Thunder and Lightning, and Deaths in Marsh- to take ship again for Massachusetts, in June, 1727, field in 1658 and 1666 " (1850); “ Records of the the king died, and the new cabinet that came into Governor of and Company of the Massachusetts office appointed another governor. Bay in New England, 1628–1686” (5 vols. in 6, SHUTE, Samuel Moore, educator, b. in Phila- 1853–²4); with David Pulsifer edited“ Records of delphia, Pa., 24 Jan., 1823. He was graduated at the Colony of New Plymouth in New England” | the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and studied (11 vols., 1855–61); “ Decimal System for Libra- theology in the seminary of the Reformed church, ries” (1856); and “ Memoir of the Inauguration Philadelphia. He was pastor of a Baptist church of the Statue of Franklin " (1857). in Pemberton, N. J., from 1853 till 1856, and then SHURTLEFF, Roswell Morse, artist, b. in of one at Alexandria, Va., till 1859, when he be- Rindge, Cheshire co., N. H., 14 June, 1838. About came professor of the English language and litera- 1857 he went to Buffalo, where for two years ture in Columbian university, Washington, D.C. he studied drawing. In 1859 he was in Boston, He is the author of a “ Manual of Anglo-Saxon " studying at the Lowell institute, and drawing (New York, 1867). on wood for John Andrew. In 1861 he enlisted SIBIEL, Alexander, known as FRAY DOMINGO, in the National army, and he afterward con- German antiquary, b. in Saarlouis in 1709; d. in tinued to furnish drawings to various periodicals Dessau in 1791. He studied at Mechlin, became a and to the wood-engravers. About 1870 he be- Jesuit, and was sent to New Spain in 1734. After gan to devote himself entirely to painting. His being for several years a professor in the college of animal paintings first gained him distinction, and the order in Mexico, he was appointed vicar of a of these the best known are " The Wolf at the remote parish in the northern part of the country, Door” and “ A Race for Life” (1878). Among his where he discovered some half-buried monuments later works in oil, most of which are scenes in the of the Aztec architecture covered with hiero- Adirondacks, are “On the Alert” (1879); “ Autumn glyphs. He devoted several years to their study, Gold” (1880); “Gleams of Sunshine" (1881); and buying, meanwhile, Aztec antiquities whenever he “A Song of Summer Woods” (1886). His water- could find them, and at last was enabled to read colors include “Harvest Time," “ Basin Harbor, part of the inscriptions. Distinguished men of Lake Champlain,” and “The Morning Draught science, like Ventura and Boturini, had previously (1881), and “A Mountain Pasture” (1882). He was labored vainly for years to decipher Aztec inscrip- elected an associate of the National academy in tions. Toward 1770 Sibiel returned to Germany 1880, and is a member of the Water-color society. and was appointed chaplain at the court of Anhalt. SHUTE, Samuel, colonial governor, b. in Lon. His works include “ De arte Hierogliphum Mexi- don, England, in 1653 ; d. in England, 15 April, canorum (Dessau, 1782); “Reisen in Mexico" 1742. He was brought up as a dissenter in re- (2 vols., 1785); and “Litteræ annuæ Societatis Jesu ligion, being a grandson of the Puritan divine, Jo- in provincia Mexicana” (5 vols., 1787). seph Caryl, and was educated at the University of SIBLEY, George Champlain, explorer, b. in Leyden, but adhered later to the Church of Eng- Great Barrington, Mass., in April, 1782; d. in Elma, land. Entering the army, he served under the St. Charles co., Mo., 31 Jan., 1863. He was the son Prince of Orange, and afterward under the Duke of John Sibley, a surgeon in the Revolutionary of Marlborough in the Netherlands, attaining the army, and a daughter of Samuel Hopkins, of New- rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1716 he obtained a port, and was brought up in North Carolina. He commission as royal governor of Massachusetts, went to St. Louis, Mo., during Jefferson's adminis- paying a bonus of £1,000 to Col. Elisha Burgess, tration as an employé of the Indian bureau, and the first appointee of George I. He was honest was subsequently sent among the Indians as an and well-meaning, but obstinate, and from the be- agent of the government. Escorted by a band of ginning was engaged in a struggle with the assem- Osage warriors, he explored the Grand Saline and bly over the prerogative. The financial depression Salt mountain, publishing an account of the expe- resulting from Indian wars he attempted to relieve dition. After retiring from the Indian department, by the emission of treasury bills, condemning a he was appointed a commissioner to survey a road banking scheme that was favored by the legisla- from Missouri to New Mexico, and made several ture. He endeavored to make treaties with the treaties with Indian tribes. He and his wife, MARY eastern Indians, and wean them from the influence Easton, were the founders of Lindenwood college, of Sebastian Rasle. A controversy with Elisha St. Charles, Mo., giving the land on which it is Cooke with regard to the royal rights to ship tim- | built. Ile was interested in the scheme of African ber in the forests of Maine and the conduet of the colonization and other philanthropic objects. His king's surveyor, led him to annul Cooke's elec- nephew, Henry Hopkins, soldier, b. in Nachi- tion to the council in 1718. The assembly retorted toches, La., 25. May, 1816; d. in Fredericksburg, by choosing Cooke their speaker; but the governor Va., 23 Aug., 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. refused to recognize the election. He had a dis- military academy in 1838, served in the Florida war pute with the general court also over the impost as 2d lieutenant of dragoons, was promoted 1st bill, and when he demanded a fixed salary the lieutenant on 8 March, 1840, took part in the expe- representatives reduced the amount voted to him dition against the Seminoles in the Everglades, and in the form of a present to £500, and, on his in- served as adjutant of his regiment till 1846. He sisting on an annual payment of £1,000, gave him was engaged in the military occupation of Texas, that amount in currency, worth but £360. In 1723 was made a captain on 16 Feb., 1847, and took part he went to England to urge his charges against in all the principal operations of the Mexican war, the general court, and was there met by counter i gaining the brevet of major for gallantry in the demands. The points at issue were settled by an affair at Medelin, near Vera Cruz. He served for explanatory charter that was signed on 12 Aug., several years on the Texas frontier against the In- 1725, and adopted by the general court on 15 Jan., dians, was stationed in Kansas during the anti- 1726, which denied the right of the legislature to slavery conflict, took part in the Utah expedition adjourn at will for more than two days, and gave and in the Navajo expedition of 1860, and, while the governor a negative over the choice of speak- stationed in New Mexico, was promoted major, but er, but contained no injunction for fixing the sala- resigned on the same day, 13 May, 1861, in order SIBLEY 521 SIBLEY 6 66 to join the Confederate army. He soon received a of newspaper-cuttings relating to graduates was commission as brigadier-general, and on 5 July was carefully indexed and arranged in scrap-books. assigned to the command of the Department of For thirty-seven years he led the singing of the Mexico, and intrusted with the task of driving 78th Psalm at the commencement dinner. Bow- therefrom the National forces. He raised a brigade doin conferred upon him the honorary degree of in northwestern Texas, left Fort Bliss in January, A. M. in 1856. He was a fellow of the American 1862, to effect the conquest of New Mexico, ap- academy of arts and sciences, and from 1846 an peared before Fort Craig on 16 Feb., and on 21 active member of the Massachusetts historical so- Feb. fought with Col. Edward R. S. Canby the en- ciety, and he was also a member of other historical gagement of Valverde, which resulted in the with societies. In remembrance of the aid that he had drawal of the National troops. He occupied Al- received as a student from the charity fund of buquerque and Santa Fé, but in April was com- Phillips Exeter academy, he began in 1862 a series pelled to evacuate the territory. Subsequently he of gifts to that institution, which amounted at the served with his brigade under Gen. Richard Taylor time of his death to more than $39,000, the income and Gen. E. Kirby Smith. In December, 1869, he from which is to be used for the support of meri- entered the service of the khedive of Egypt with torious and needy students. He was not known as the rank of brigadier-general, and was assigned to the donor until the dedication of the new academy the duty of constructing sea-coast and river de building in 1872. He published“ Index to the fences. "At the termination of his five years' con- Writings of George Washington " (Boston, 1837): tract he returned, with broken health, to the United History of the Town of Union, Me." (1851); States. He was the inventor of a tent for troops “ Index to the Works of John Adams" (1853); and modelled after the wigwams of the Sioux and Co- Notices of the Triennial and Annual Catalogues manche Indians. Ile obtained letters-patent, and of Harvard University, with a Reprint of the the U. S. government, while he was in its service, Catalogues of 1674, 1682, and 1700” (1865). His contracted for the use of the tent. At the close of last and greatest work, upon which he had spent the civil war the U. S. officials refused to carry nearly forty years of constant research and unre- out the terms of the contract, and after his death mitting labor, is “ Biographical Sketches of Gradu- the claim was brought before congress in the inter- ates of Harvard University,” three volumes of est of his family. He occasionally lectured on the which have been published (1873–'85). In the condition of the Egyptian fellaheen. preface to his third volume, written nine months SIBLEY, John Langdon, librarian, b. in before his death, he says: “I have passed my Union, Me., 29 Dec., 1804; d. in Cambridge, Mass., eightieth birthday, and have expended such work- 9 Dec., 1885. He was graduated at Harvard in ing power as remained to me in the volume now 1825, and entered the divinity-school. While he given to the public. I can do no more. But the was in college much of his time was spent in work work will be continued by younger hands, into ing in the library, and he was assistant librarian which will pass a large mass of materials—the ac- in the divinity-school in 1825–6. In 1829 he was cumulated collections of more than half a century.” ordained pastor of the first church in Stow, Mass., SIBLEY, Mark Hopkins, jurist, b. in Great where he remained four years. From 1833 till Barrington, Mass., in 1796; d. in Canandaigua, 1841 he was engaged in literary work in Cambridge, N. Y., 8 Sept., 1852, received a classical education, and during part of this period he was editor and removed to Canandaigua in 1814, studied law, was proprietor of the “ American Magazine of Useful admitted to the bar, and gained a high reputation and Entertaining Knowledge.” When Gore hall, as an advocate. He was a member of the New the present library building of Harvard, was opened York legislature in 1834-'5, and was elected as in 1841, Mr. Sibley was appointed assistant libra- a Whig to congress, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, rian under Dr. Thaddeus William Harris. On the till 3 March, 1839. At the close of his term he latter's death in 1856, Mr. Sibley was appointed was elected a state senator, and in 1846 became librarian, which post he held for twenty-one years, county judge. He was a member of a charming until 1877, when, owing to his age and the failure social circle in Canandaigua, including Francis of his sight, he was retired from active work, and and Gideon Granger, John Greig, and William made librarian emeritus. Owing to his persistent Wood.- His cousin, Hiram, financier, b. in North requests for all kinds of printed matter, and his Adams, Mass., 6 Feb., 1807; d. in Rochester, N. earnest appeals for pecuniary aid, the number of Y., 12 July, 1888, received a common-school edu- volumes increased from 41,000 in 1841 to 164,000 cation. He practised the shoemaker's trade with- volumes, and almost as many pamphlets, in 1877, out preparatory training, and, emigrating to west- and its permanent fund from $5,000 to $170,000 in ern New York at the age of sixteen, worked the same period. From 1839 till his retirement he as a journeyman machinist in a manufactory of was the editor of the triennial and quinquennial carding-machines in Lima, and mastered three catalogues. He first inserted obituary dates in the other trades before he was twenty-one years old. triennial of 1845, and from 1849 solicited and pre- He carried on the wool-carding business at Sparta served biographical notes of the graduates. After and Mount Morris, next established a foundry and 1860 he inserted in the triennials his “ Appeal to machine-shop at Mendon, and in 1843 removed to Graduates and Others” for biographical sketches, Rochester, on being elected sheriff of Monroe giving a list of questions for guidance in their county. He was instrumental in obtaining from preparation. From 1850 till 1870 he also edited congress an appropriation in aid of Samuel F. B. the annual catalogues. He was indefatigable in Morse's experiments, and interested himself in his quest for biographical information and exact telegraphy from the beginning. When the inven- dates, and had the reverence of a Chinaman for tion came into practical use, the business being scrups of paper, utilizing odds and ends, especially divided between many companies, Mr. Sibley, who, the blank insides of envelopes, upon which many with other citizens of Rochester, was interested in of his most valuable memoranda were made. These two of the largest-viz., the Atlantic, Lake, and notes, accumulated during more than half a cen- Mississippi Valley and the New York, Albany, and tury, together with the letters that he received Buffalo-conceived the plan of uniting the scattered during about forty years, were chronologically plants and conflicting patents in the hands of a arranged and bound, and his very large collection single corporation. Lines that had proved un- 522 SICKEL SIBLEY Henry H. Sibley profitable were purchased at nominal prices, and the 1849, and secured the passage of an act creating telegraphs that extended over parts of thirteen the territory of Minnesota, which embraced the states were consolidated under the name of the rest of Wisconsin and a vast area west of the Mis- Western Union telegraph company, of which Sib- sissippi. He was elected a delegate to congress ley was president for seventeen years, during which from Minnesota period the value of the property grew from $220,- in 1849, and re- 000 to $48,000,000. He was unable to interest his elected in 1851, associates in a line to the Pacific coast, and con- when he declined structed it alone in 1861, transferring it to the longer to be_a company after its completion. With the other candidate. He managers, he distrusted the practicability of sub- was a member of marine telegraphy, and entered into the project of the Democratic telegraphic communication with Europe by way of branch of the Bering strait and Siberia. He visited St. Peters- convention that burg in 1864, and obtained a promise of co-opera- framed in 1857 the tion from the Russian government. The Western state constitution Union company expended $3,000,000 in building that was adopted 1,500 miles of the projected line, but abandoned by the people in the enterprise as soon as the first message was sent November of the over the Atlantic cable. Mr. Sibley was the prin- same year. The cipal promoter of the Southern Michigan and state was admit- Northern Indiana railroad. He purchased large ted to the Union tracts of land in Michigan, and was interested in on 11 May, 1858, the lumber and salt manufacturing business at and he was in- Saginaw. After the civil war he engaged largely augurated as gov- in railroad building and various industrial enter- ernor in the same month. He opposed the loan prises in the southern states, and did much to re- of state credit to railroad companies, and, when a vive business activity. He has become the largest constitutional amendment was carried authorizing owner of improved lands in the United States, and the issue of bonds, he refused to send them out ex- has in recent years engaged in farming operations cept on security of trust deeds from the companies on a great scale. The Burr Oaks farm, of nearly giving a priority of lien upon all their property. 40,000 acres, in Illinois, the Howland island farm, But this ruling was negatived by the decision of comprising 3,500 acres, in Cayuga, N. Y., and the supreme court, thus leaving the way open for many others, are mainly devoted to seed-culture. the issue of an indefinite amount of first mortgage Mr. Sibley gave $100,000 for a building to hold a bonds, and resulting in the bankruptcy of the com- public library and the collections of Rochester uni- panies and the repudiation of the bonds by the versity, and a like sum for the establishment of the people of Minnesota. When the great Sioux rising Sibley college of mechanical engineering and the occurred on the Iowa and Minnesota frontier in mechanic arts connected with Cornell university. 1862 (see LITTLE Crow) he commanded the white SIBLEY, Solomon, jurist, b. in Sutton, Mass., forces composed of volunteer citizens. Notwith- 7 Oct., 1769 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 4 April, 1846. standing the delay in procuring arms and ammuni- He studied law, and began practice in Marietta, tion, only five weeks elapsed before the decisive bat- Ohio, in 1795, removing in the following year to tle of Wood Lake, 23 Sept., broke the power of the Cincinnati, and a year later to Detroit, Mich. He savages. Their capture followed two days later. was elected to the first legislature of the North- He was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- western territory in 1799, and was a delegate to teers, and afterward brevetted major-general. He congress from the territory of Michigan in 1820–²3. was appointed a member of the board of Indian He was appointed a judge of the supreme court of commissioners during President Grant's adminis- Michigan, and held that office until he was com- tration, and in 1871 was elected to the legislature, pelled by deafness to resign in 1836.-His son, where, during the ensuing session, he made a vig- Henry Hastings, pioneer, b. in Detroit, Mich., 20 orous speech against the repudiation of the state Feb., 1811, received a classical education, and began railroad bonds, being thus instrumental in restor- the study of law, but abandoned it to engage in ing the credit of Minnesota. He received the de- mercantile business at Sault Sainte Marie, soon gree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1888. Gen. Sibley afterward entered the employment of the Ameri- has held the offices of president of the Chamber of can fur company, became a partner, and on 7 Nov., commerce of St. Paul, where he resides, of the 1834, during one of his trips, reached the mouth of board of regents of the State university, and of the Minnesota river, and was so delighted with the the State historical society, to whose “ Collections spot that he made it his permanent home, building he has made many contributions. at Mendota the first stone house within the present SICKEL, Horatio Gates, soldier, b. in Bel- limits of the state of Minnesota. He devoted much mont, Bucks co., Pa., 3 April, 1817. He was edu- of his time to the sports of the frontier, which he cated at the Friends' school in Byberry, engaged described in graphic style in the “ Spirit of the in the business of coach-making, invented in 1818 Times” and “Turf, Field, and Farm," over the a new method of producing artificial light, and pen-name of “Hal, a Dacotah.” When the state became an extensive manufacturer of lamps. Be- of Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, 29 fore the civil war he was connected with various May, 1848, the western boundary was fixed at St. militia organizations. He entered the U.S. service Croix river, leaving an area of about 23,000 square on 17 June, 1861, as colonel of the 3d regiment of miles, on the east of Mississippi river, including the Pennsylvania reserve corps, and succeeded Gen. some organized counties, without a government. George G. Meade in the command of the brigade. The acting governor of the territory issued a proc- He commanded a brigade in Gen. George Crook's lamnation providing for the election of a delegate to Kanawha valley expedition of 1864, and afterward represent this district in congress, and Mr. Sibley one in the 5th army corps till the close of the war. was chosen in November, 1848. After much delay He participated in the principal battles of the and discussion, he was admitted to his seat, 15 Jan., | Army of the Potomac, lost his left elbow-joint, be- SICKLES 523 SIDELL sides receiving two other wounds in the service, | by Gen. James Longstreet's column, while Gen. and was brevetted brigadier-general on 21 Oct., John B. Hood endeavored to gain the unoccupied 1864, and major-general on 13 March, 1865. He slope of Little Round Top. In the desperate strug- was health officer of the port of Philadelphia in gle that followed, the 3d corps effectively aided in 1865–9, in 1869–171 collector of internal revenue, preserving that important position from the enemy, and in 1871-'84 U. S. pension-agent. has been but was shattered by the onset of overwhelming an officer in banking and railroad corporations, numbers. After the line was broken, Gen. Ambrose was for eight years a member of the Philadelphia P. Hill followed the Confederate advantage with school board, and since 1881 has been president of an attack on Sickles's right, during which Gen. the board of health of Philadelphia. Sickles lost a leg. He continued in active service SICKLES, Daniel Edgar, soldier, b. in New till in the beginning of 1865, and was then sent on York city, 20 Oct., 1823. He was educated at the a confidential mission to Colombia and other South University of the city of New York, but left to learn American countries. On 28 July, 1866, he joined the printer's trade, which he followed for several the regular army as colonel of the 42d infantry. years. He then studied law, was admitted to the On 2 March, 1867, he was brevetted brigadier- bar in 1844, and began practice in New York city. general for bravery at Fredericksburg, and major- In 1847 he was elected to the legislature, in which general for gallant and meritorious service at body he took rank as a leader of the Democrats. Gettysburg. He commanded the military district In 1853 he was appointed corporation counsel of of the Carolinas in 1865–7, and carried out the New York city, and on 30 July of the same year work of reconstruction so energetically that Presi- he was commissioned as secretary of legation at dent Johnson relieved him from his command, after London, and accompanied James Buchanan to Eng- first offering him the mission to the Netherlands, land. He returned in 1855, was elected, after an which he declined. He was mustered out of the energetic canvass, to the state senate in the autumn, volunteer service on 1 Jan., 1868, and on 14 April, and a year later was chosen a mernber of congress, 1869, was placed on the retired list of the U.S. army taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1857. Discovering a guilty with the full rank of major-general. He was active intimacy between his wife, who was the daughter of in promoting the candidacy of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Antonio Bagioli, and Philip Barton Key, U. S. at- for the presidency, and on 15 May, 1869, was ap- torney for the District of Columbia, he shot the pointed minister to Spain. He relinquished this latter in the street on 27 Feb., 1859. He was in- post on 20 March, 1873, and resumed his residence dicted for murder, and after a trial of twenty days in New York city. He is president of the New was acquitted. He had been elected for a second York state board of civil service commissioners, term in 1858, and served till 3 March, 1861. At the and likewise of the board of commissioners for the beginning of the civil war he raised the Excelsior erection of New York monuments at Gettysburg. brigade of U. S. volunteers in New York city, and SICOTTE, Louis V., Canadian jurist, b. in St. was commissioned by the president as colonel of Famille, Lower Canada, 7 Nov., 1812. He was one of the five regiments. On 3 Sept., 1861, the admitted as an advocate in 1838, entered the par- president nominated him brigadier-general of vol- liament of Canada in 1851, became a member of the unteers. The senate rejected his name in March, executive council in 1853, and was made speaker in 1862, but confirmed a second nomination. He com- 1856. He was appointed queen's counsel in 1854, manded a brigade and puisne judge of the supreme court of the prov- under General Jo- ince of Quebec in 1863. seph Hooker, and SIDELL, William Henry, soldier, b. in New gained distinction | York city, 21 Aug., 1810; d. there, 30 June, 1873. at Williamsburg, He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in Fair Oaks, and 1833, and assigned to the artillery, but resigned in Malvern Hill. His order to follow the profession of civil engineering. brigade saw He was successively city surveyor of New York, vere service in the assistant engineer of the Croton aqueduct, and divis- seven days' fight ion engineer of railroads in Massachusetts and New before Richmond York. In the construction of the Panama railroad and in the Mary- he acted as chief engineer. He was employed by land campaign, the U. S. government on surveys of the delta of and bore a con- Mississippi river. In 1849–55 he was chief engi- spicuous part at neer of the railroad between Quincy and Galesburg, Antietam. Ile suc- Ill. He was appointed in 1859 chief engineer of the ceeded Gen. Iook- projected Tehuantepec railroad, and had completed er in the command the surveys when the political troubles in the United of the division, States caused the abandonment of the enterprise. and was engaged He volunteered at the beginning of the civil war, at Fredericksburg. but before he received an appointment he was On the reorganization of the Army of the Poto- restored to the regular army on its enlargement, mac he was assigned to the command of the 3d with the rank of major, 14 May, 1861. He mustered army corps, and was appointed major-general on and organized recruits in Louisville, Ky., and Nash- 7 March, 1863, his commission dating from 29 ville, Tenn., was also disbursing officer, and planned Nov., 1862. At Chancellorsville he displayed gal- a system by which more than 200,000 soldiers were lantry and energy, gaining the first success of the mustered in, and at the end of their terms of ser- day by cutting off an ammunition-train of the en- vice disbanded, without errors or delays. From emy, arresting a general panic by rallying the re- May, 1863, till the close of the war he was acting treating artillery, and withstanding the force of assistant provost-marshal for Kentucky. He was Stonewall Jackson's attack with determination after promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 10th infantry the line was formed. At Gettysburg his corps was on 6 May, 1864, and received the brevets of colonel posted between Cemetery hill and Little Round and brigadier-general on 30 March, 1865, and on Top. He advanced to an elevation which he thought 15 Dec., 1870, was retired from service, in conse- desirable to hold, and in this position was assailed quence of a paralytic attack. se- Killetter 524 SIGEL SIGEL a F. Sigel SIGEL, Franz, soldier, b. in Sinsheim, Baden, / wing of the troops assembled under Gen. Sam- 18 Nov., 1824. After completing his studies at the uel R. Curtis at Rolla, and gained the battle of gymnasium of Bruchsal, he entered the military Pea Ridge by a well-timed assault. He was there- school at Carlsruhe, and was graduated in 1843. upon made a major-general, dating from 21 March, While a lieutenant, stationed at Mannheim, he as- 1862, and was ordered to the east and placed in sailed the standing army in public writings, and command of the troops at Harper's Ferry. He co- thus became involved operated in the movement againt Gen. Thomas J. in quarrels with his Jackson at Winchester. When Gen. John Pope brother officers. To- was placed in command of the newly created army ward the close of 1847, of Virginia, Sigel, in command of the 1st corps, took after a duel that termi- part in the engagements beginning with Cedar nated fatally for his an- Creek and ending with Bull Run, where he com- tagonist, he resigned. manded the right wing, and won in the first day's When the Baden revo- fight a decided advantage over Jackson. After the lution began, in Febru- battle he covered the retreat to Centreville. His ary, 1848, he raised a corps held the advanced position at Fairfax Court- corps of volunteers, or- House and Centreville. "He commanded the 4th ganized the Lake dis- grand reserve division until that organization was trict at Constance, led abolished, when he resumed command of the 11th a body of more than corps, took leave of absence on account of failing 4,000 volunteersagainst health, and was superseded by Gen. Oliver 0. How- Freiburg, and was beat- ard. In June, 1863, he took command of the reserve en in two encounters army of Pennsylvania, and organized a corps of with the royal troops. 10,000 men to aid in repelling Lee's invasion. In He escaped across the February, 1864, President Lincoln appointed him to French border, 28 the command of the Department and the Army of April, and made his way into Switzerland. The in West Virginia. He fitted out an expedition that surrection of May, 1849, recalled him to Baden. He operated under Gen. George Crook in the Kanawha was made commandant of the Lake and Upper valley, and led a smaller one of 7,000 men through Rhine district, then placed in charge of the army the Shenandoah valley against Lynchburg and of the Neckar, met the royal forces at Heppenheim Staunton, but was defeated by Gen. John C. Breck- on 30 May, became minister of war, and finally suc- inridge at New Market. He was thereupon relieved. ceeded to the chief command of the troops. He and in June, 1864, put in command of the division fought in several battles under Gen. Louis Miero- guarding Harper's Ferry. He repelled the attack slawski, whom he succeeded, conducted the army of of Gen. Jubal A. Early on Maryland Heights, but 15,000 men in retreat through three hostile army was relieved of his command soon afterward, and corps, and crossed the Rhine with the remnant into retired to Bethlehem, Pa., to recruit his health. Switzerland on 11 July. While residing at Lugano He resigned his commission on 4 May, 1865, and he was arrested by tắe Federal authorities in the became editor of the Baltimore “ Wecker." In spring of 1851 and delivered over to the French September, 1867, he removed to New York city. In police, who conducted him to Havre with the in- 1869 he was the Republican candidate for secretary tention of placing him on a ship bound for the of state in New York. He was appointed collector United States. He, however, went to England, of internal revenue in May, 1871, and in October lived in London and Brighton, and in May, 1852, was elected register of the city of New York. After sailed for New York. After his marriage to a his three years' term expired he lectured, and edited daughter of Rudolf Dulon, he taught in the lat- a weekly paper. Since 1876 he has been an adherent ter's school, at the same time translating manuals of the Democratic party, and in 1886 he was ap- of arms into German, and conducting. Die Revue," pointed pension-agent in New York city. He con- a military magazine, till 1858, when he was called tributed a memoir of his part in the German revo- to St. Louis, Mo., as teacher of mathematics and lution to Friedrich Hecker's “ Erhebung des Volkes history in the German institute. He was elected a in Baden für die deutsche Republic.” (Basel, 1848), director of the public schools of that city, edited a and while in Switzerland published a republican military journal, and during the secession crisis brochure entitled “ Fürstenstaat und Volkstaat defended northern principles in newspaper articles. (St. Gall, 1848), the circulation of which was for- At the beginning of the civil war he organized a bidden in Germany, and the author was sentenced regiment of infantry and a battery, which rendered in contumaciam to four years' imprisonment.-His efficient service at the occupation of the arsenal brother, Albert, soldier, b. in Sinsheim, Baden, 13 and the capture of Camp Jackson. In June, 1861, Nov., 1827; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 15 March, 1884, he was sent with his regiment and two batteries to was graduated at the military academy at Carlsruhe Rolla, whence he marched to Neosho, compelled the in 1845, and served as an officer in the grand-ducal retreat of Gen. Sterling Price into Arkansas, then army. He was sentenced to a year's confinement turned north ward in order to confront Claiborne in the fortress of Kislau for his sympathy with the Jackson, at Carthage sustained a long conflict on revolutionary movement, but was liberated in time the open prairie with a force much greater than his to take part in the general uprising of the army and own, and finally retreated in good order, with con- people in 1849 in command of a regiment of volun- stant fighting, to Springfield and Mt. Vernon. He teers. He emigrated to England, and in 1852 came took part in the fight at Dug Springs, and after to the United States. Joining the 2d New Jersey the battle of Wilson's Creek conducted the re- volunteers at the beginning of the civil war, he was treat of the army from Springfield toward Rolla. elected captain. After taking part in the battle of He was commissioned as brigadier-general, to Bull Run, he assisted in organizing a New York date from 17 May, 1861. In the autumn campaign regiment, and afterward organized and commanded of Gen. John ( Frémont he had command of a regiment of Missouri cavalry militia, and was the advance-guard, and in the retreat from Spring stationed for some time at Waynesville, Mo., in field he commanded the rear-guard, consisting command of a brigade. He was made U. S. land- of two divisions. He took command of the right recorder after the war, and was appointed adjutant- а SIGNAY 525 SIGOURNEY verses. general of Missouri by Gov. Gratz Brown. He was SIGOURNEY, Lydia Huntley, author, b. in connected with the press as editorial writer and cor- Norwich, Conn., 1 Sept. , 1791; d. in Hartford, respondent, and published a volume of German Conn., 10 June, 1865. She was the daughter of poems (St. Louis, 1863; enlarged ed., 1885). Ezekiel Huntley, a soldier of the Revolution. She SIGNAY, Joseph (seen-yay), Canadian arch- read at the age of three, and at seven wrote simple bishop, b. in Quebec, 8 Nov., 1778; d. there, 3 Oct., After receiving a superior education at 1850. He studied philosophy and theology in the Norwich and Hartford, she taught for five years Seminary of Quebec, was ordained priest in Lon- a select class of young ladies in the latter city. In gueil, 28 March, 1802, and was appointed assistant 1815, at the suggestion and under the patronage of pastor at Chambly, and subsequently at Longueil. Daniel Wadsworth, she published her first volume, În 1804 he became parish priest of St. Constant, “ Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse." In 1819 she and he was transferred to Sainte-Marie-de Ramsay became the wife of Charles Sigourney, a Hartford in 1805. He went as missionary to Lake Cham- merchant of literary and artistic tastes. Without plain in 1806, to take charge of the French Cana- neglecting her domestic duties, she thenceforth dians that had settled in its neighborhood, but in devoted her leisure to literature, at first to gratify 1814 he was appointed pastor of Quebec. He was her own inclinations and subsequently, after her chosen coadjutor to Bishop Panet in 1826, named husband had lost the greater part of his fortune, bishop of Fussala by a bull of Leo XII, the same to add to her income. She soon attained a reputa- year, and consecrated under this title on 20 May, tion that secured for her books a ready sale. In 1827. He became administrator of the diocese on her posthumous “ Letters of Life” (1866) she enu- 13 Oct., 1832, and on 14 Feb., 1833, succeeded to merates forty-six distinct works, wholly or partially the bishopric of Quebec. Bishop Signay excited from her pen, besides more than 2,000 articles in hostility among part of his flock by his efforts to prose and verse that she had contributed to nearly prevent the Irish from building a church in Que- 300 periodicals. Several of her books also at- bec, and, after it was erected, by his refusal to visit tained a wide circulation in England, and they it. During the cholera epidemic of 1833 he dis- were also much read on the continent. She re- played the utmost zeal and devotion. The same ceived from the queen of the French a handsome year he selected Pierre Flavien Turgeon as his co- diamond bracelet as a token of that sovereign's adjutor. The letter that he wrote on this occasion esteem. Her poetry is not of the highest order. to the British ministry, praying them to sanction It portrays in graceful and often felicitous lan- his choice, was considered by a large number of his guage the emotions and sympathies of the heart, flock to be humiliating and unnecessary, as the ap- rather than the higher conceptions of the intel- proval of the English authorities in the case of Ca- lect. Her prose is graceful and elegant, and is nadian bishops was no longer required. In 1844 modelled to the dioceses of Upper and Lower Canada were great extent on erected into an ecclesiastical province, on the de- that of Addison mand of the Canadian clergy, and the dioceses of and the Aikins, Montreal, Kingston, and Toronto were placed un- who, in her youth, der the metropolitan jurisdiction of Quebec, which were regarded as was created an archbishopric. Although the title the standards of of archbishop had been given to his two predeces- polite literature. sors, he was the first that was entitled to it offi- All her writings cially. Several months after his nomination he were penned in received the pallium, which was brought to him the interest of a from Rome. He showed great activity and dis- pure morality,and interestedness during the conflagration that de- many of them stroyed part of Quebec in 1845, sharing his means were decidedly re- with those that were ruined ; and during the ship ligious. Perhaps fever of 1847 and 1848 he rivalled his priests in no American writ- his personal sacrifices for the victims. In 1849 he er has been more found it necessary, from physical weakness, to con- frequently called fide the administration of the archdiocese to his co- upon for gratui- . of 3d the “ Mandements des évêques de Québec,” which To these requests also contains a biography. she generally ac- SIGOGNE, Mandé (se-gone), Canadian clergy- ceded, and often greatly to her own inconvenience. man, b. in Tours, France, in the latter half of the But it was not only through her literary labors that 18th century; d. in Nova Scotia about 1850. He Mrs. Sigourney became known. Her whole life was emigrated to England in 1791, and in 1798 sailed one of active and earnest philanthropy. The poor, for Nova Scotia, to labor among the French Cana- the sick, the deaf-mute, the blind, the idiot, the slave, dians and Indians, and took charge of the Acadians and the convict were the objects of her constant that had settled along Sisibout river. He was a care and benefaction. Her pensioners were nu- man of extraordinary courage and activity, and merous, and not one of them was ever forgotten. with few resources built two large churches, St. During her early married life, she economized in Mary, of Frenchtown, and St. Anne, of Argyle. her own wardrobe and personal luxuries that she He was regarded by the Acadians of the coast of might be able to relieve the needy, while later St. Mary's bay as their father and protector, and in her career she saved all that was not abso- the influence he obtained over them was so great lutely needed for home comforts and expenses and so justly acquired that the English government for the same purpose. Her character and worth of Halifax made him a judge, and delegated to him were highly appreciated in the city that for more entire temporal authority over his flock. After than fifty years was her home. She never left this he erected a third church, in the village of it after her marriage, except when in 1840 she vis- Mountegan, to which the bishop of Quebec gave ited Europe. a record of which journey she pub- the name St. Mandé, in his honor. lished in " Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands" bishop Signay are published in the sd volume of poems of all kinds. L.H. Sigauney 526 SILKMAN SIGÜENZA Y GONGORA a (Boston, 1842). During her residence abroad two SIKES, William Wirt, author, b. in Water- volumes of her poems were issued in London. Be- town, Jefferson co., N. Y., in 1836; d. in London, sides the foregoing and an edition of poetical se- England, 19 Aug., 1883. In childhood he was adi lections from her writings, illustrated by Felix 0. invalid, and he was to a great extent self-educated C. Darley (Philadelphia, 1848), her books include He learned type-setting in Watertown at the age “ Traits of the Aborigines of America," a poem of fourteen, and ever afterward was engaged in (Hartford, 1822); “Sketch of Connecticut Forty, journalism or other literary occupations. He con- Years Since" (1824); " Letters to Young Ladies tributed largely to newspapers in Utica, working (New York, 1833 ; 20th ed., 1853; at least five Lon- at the same time as a type-setter, thence weni don eds.); Letters to Mothers ” (1838; several to Chicago, and was employed on the • Times London eds.); “ Pocahontas, and other Poems” and “ Evening Journal." At the age of twenty- (1841); “Scenes in My Native Land” (Boston, four he was appointed state canal inspector of 1844); “* Voice of Flowers" (Hartford, 1845); Illinois. In 1807 he came to New York, was em- “ Weeping Willow” (1846); "Water-Drops," a plea ployed on various journals, and became an earnest for temperance (New York, 1847); “ Whisper to a student of the lower classes of city life. He wrote Bride” (Hartford, 1849); “ Letters to My Pupils" many poems, and published stories of adventure (New York, 1850); “Olive Leaves” (1851; Lon- in the * Youth's Companion” and “ Oliver Optic's don, 1853); “The Faded Hope," a memorial of her Magazine.” At one time he purchased an interest only son, who died the age of nineteen (1852); in a paper called “ City and Country," published “ Past Meridian " (1854); " Lucy Howard's Jour-at Nyack, N. Y., which he edited and filled, to a nal” (1857); “ The Daily Counsellor," a volume of considerable extent, with his own contributions in poetry (Hartford, 1858); “Gleanings,” from her prose and poetry. He married Olive Logan (q. l'.) poetical writings (1860); and “ The Man of Uz, and on 19 Dec., 1871. Mr. Sikes was an incessant and other Poems” (1862). conscientious worker. He was known by his inti- SIGÜENZA Y GONGORA, Carlos, Mexican mate friends to have employed as many as thirty historian, b. in the city of Mexico in 1645; d. there, pen-names in contributing to the American press . 22 Aug., 1700. He studied mathematics and as- Some of his writings were printed under a feminine tronomy in his native city under the direction of signature. He was appointed U. S. consul at Car- his father, and in 1660 entered the Company of diff, Wales, by President Grant in June, 1876, Jesus. In 1662 he published his first poem. He which post he held until his death. Shortly after continued his mathematical and scientific studies, his appointment he began a series of papers on and in 1665 left the Jesuit order, being appointed Welsh history, archæology, and social conditions, chaplain of the hospital “ Amor de Dios. There which attracted wide attention, and the works that he became intimate with Juan de Alva Ixtlilxot- he subsequently published in London, on these or chitl, who put at his disposal the rich collection of kindred topics, were received with praise by British documents of his ancestors, the kings of Texcoco, critics. He was an accomplished art critic, and his and in 1668 Sigüenza began the study of Aztec criticism of the Wiertz gallery of Brussels, which history and the deciphering of the hieroglyphs and he contributed to “ Harper's Magazine,” has been symbolical writings of the Toltecs. In 1681 he selected by the authorities of that institution for was appointed by Charles II. royal cosmographer printing with their catalogue. He was the author and professor of inathematics in the University of of “ A Book for the Winter Evening Fireside Mexico, and in 1693 he was sent by the viceroy, (Watertown, 1858); “ One Poor Girl: the Story of Gaspar de Sandoval (9. 1.), to accompany Admiral Thousands.” (Philadelphia, 1869); “ British Gob- Andres de Pez on a scientific exploration of the Gulf lins: Welsh Fairy Mythology” (London, 1880); of Mexico. On his return he entered the Jesuit " Ranıbles and Studies in Old South Wales " (1881); order again, and, after falling heir to Ixtlilxot- and “Studies of Assassination " (1881). chitl's collection of documents, gave the last years SILKMAN, James Bailey, lawyer, b. in Bed- of his life in the retirement of the hospital to the ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 9 Oct., 1819; d. in completion of his works on ancient Mexican his- New York city, 4 Feb., 1888. He was graduated tory. Sigüenza was a very prolific writer. His at Yale in 1845, studied law, and after laboring as published works include Primavera Indiana” a journalist was admitted to the bar in 1850, soon (Mexico, 1662); “ Las Glorias de Querétaro," a establishing a good practice. Prior to the civil poem (1668); “ Libra Astronómica " (1681); " Mani- war he caused much excitement by introducing fiesto filosófico contra los Cometas” (1681); "Los resolutions against slavery in the New York dioce infortunios de Alonso Ramirez," describing the sun convention of the Protestant Episcopal church. adventures of a man that was captured by pirates After the war he became greatly interested in re- in the Philippines, but escaped in a boat and was ligious matters, and was at one time identified thrown on the coast of Yucatan (1690); Relación with the Fulton street prayer-ineeting. Subse- histórica de los sucesos de la Armada de Barlovento quently he was converted to Spiritualism, and re- en la isla de Santo Domingo con la quema del mained until his death one of its foremost adher- Guárico (1691); “ Mercurio Volante ó Papel ents. So pronounced were his views on this sub- Periódico” (1693); and - Descripción de la bahía ject that his family had him examined to decide de Santa María de Galve, alias Panzacola, de la with regard to his sanity, and in 1883 he was Mobila y del Rio Misisipi” (1694). Of his numerous committed to the Utica asylum. From this de- manuscripts, only fragments were preserved after cision he appealed, and after a long litigation in the expulsion of the Jesuits, but there is a move- I the courts he recovered a verdict of $15,000 dam- ment on foot to print them. The most interesting ages against his son and his son-in-law for false · Historia del Imperio de los Chichimecas," imprisonment. An appeal from this verdict was " Genealogía de los Reyes Mexicanos," : Un pending at the time of his death. On being re- Fragmento de la Historia antigna de los Indios” leased from Utica he reopened his law-office and (with illustrations), “ Calendario de los meses y recovered a portion of his practice, but made it fiestas de los Mexicanos," “ Cidografia Mexi- thenceforth the chief aim of his life to procure the cana," Anotaciones críticas á las obras de Bernal release of those inmates of the Utica asylum that Díaz del Castillo y P. Torquemadu," and " Ilistoria , he claimed were unjustly confined. In this, owing de la Provincia de Tejas." to his ability as a lawyer and his persistence in are SILL 527 SILLIMAN 66 6 everything he undertook, he was unusually suc- , operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, cessful, and a number were released at different after 30 Nov., 1861, being in command of a brigade. times through his efforts. On 16 July, 1862, he was appointed brigadier-gen- SILL, Edward Rowland, educator, b. in Wind- eral of volunteers, and in the following autumn sor, Conn., 29 April, 1841 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, and winter he took part in the battle of Perryville, 27 Feb., 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1861, the pursuit of Gen. Braxton Bragg's army, and and, owing to feeble health, resided on the Pacific the 'Tennessee campaign of the Army of the Cum- coast till July, 1866, when he returned to the east, berland. He was killed at the battle of Stone Riv- and, after studying theology at Harvard divinity- er while endeavoring to rally his men. school for some time, devoted himself to literary SILLE, Nicasius de, lawyer, b. in Holland work in New York city. After teaching for three about 1600. He was commissioned by the Dutch years in Medina county and at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, West India company in 1633 as first councillor in he accepted the office of principal of the high-school their provincial government of New Amsterdam, at Oakland, Cal., in 1871, and in 1874 was appoint- and arrived in that town on 24 July. He was a ed professor of the English language and litera- thorough statesman and an experienced lawyer, ture in the University of California, where he re- and, having built a large house on the corner of mained for eight years. He resigned his chair in Broad street and Exchange place, entertained his 1882 to resume literary work, and returned to friends in the same elegant manner as that to which Cuyahoga Falls, where he remained until his death, he had been accustomed in the Hague. De Sille which occurred in a hospital at Cleveland after he brought to this country more silver plate than any had undergone an operation. Elizabeth Stuart one before him, and took special pride in its exhi- Phelps says: He has left, I think, no volume but bition. He built the first stone house in New the Booklet,' as he used to call it, privately print- Utrecht, resided there for many years, and left a ed as a farewell to his friends in California. brief history of the settlement of that town. It contains some of the most delicate, most fin- SILLERY, Noel Brulart de, French mission- ished, and most musical poetic work that the coun- ary, b. in France in December, 1577; d. there, 26 try has produced. . . . He was personally beloved Sept., 1640. He belonged to a noble family in as I believe few men of our day have been.” The France, at an early age entered the Knights of volume referred to is “ The Hermitage, and other Malta, and was afterward ambassador at Madrid and Poems" (New York, 1867). Rome. He finally renounced the world, became a SILL, John Mahelon Berry, educator, b. in priest, and devoted his large fortune to works of Black Rock, Erie co., N. Y., 23 Nov., 1831. He charity. The Jesuits having suggested to him the was educated at Jonesville, and at the Michigan | founding of a town in Canada for Indian converts, state normal school, of which he was the first male he was pleased with the idea, and in 1638 sent graduate, concluding his course of study in 1854. workmen to Quebec to execute the plan. The re- He also received the honorary degree of A. M. from sult was the establishment of the town that bears the University of Michigan in 1871. From his his name. In a few years it was filled with Algon- graduation until 30 June, 1863, he was professor quin Christians, who cleared a large tract around of the English language and literature in the it, and were taught the duties of civilized society. Michigan state normal school. He was then See “ Vie de l'illustre serviteur de Dieu, Noel Bru- chosen superintendent of the public schools of lart de Sillery, Chevalier de Malte, et Bailly Com- Detroit, which office he held until 1865. In mandeur Grand' Croix dans l'ordre ” (Paris, 1843). 1865-'75 he was principal of the Detroit female SILLIMAN, Gold Selleck, soldier, b. in Fair- seminary, and from the latter year until his resig- field, Conn., 7 May, 1732; d. there 21 July, 1790. nation in 1886 he was again superintendent of the His father, Judge Ebenezer Silliman (1707-'75), public schools. Since that date he had been prin- was graduated at Yale in 1727, and there stud- cipal of the Michigan state normal school. He ied theology, but turned his attention to law. was president of the Michigan state teachers' asso- In 1730 he was sent as deputy to the general as- ciation in 1861-2, a member for two years of the sembly, and in 1739-'66 was a member of the Detroit board of education, and one of the board house of assistants, after which he returned to the of regents of the University of Michigan in lower house, of which he was speaker for many 1867–9. Mr. Sill has published “Synthesis of the years. He was annually chosen judge of the su- English Sentence” (New York, 1856), and “ Prac- perior court of the colony from 1743 to 1766, and tical Lessons in English " (1880). held the rank of major in the 4th regiment of SILL, Joshua Woodrow, soldier, b. in Chilli- militia. His son, Gold, was graduated at Yale in cothe, Ohio, 6 Dec., 1831; d. near Murfreesboro, 1752, and, after being educated as a lawyer, became Tenn., 31 Dec., 1862. He was graduated at the U.S. attorney for the crown in Fairfield county during military academy in 1853, assigned to the ordnance, colonial times. He had interested himself in mili- and, after being on duty at Watervliet arsenal, tary affairs, and at the beginning of the Revolu- returned to the academy, where he was assistant tionary war was colonel of cavalry in the local professor of geography, history, and ethics from 23 militia. During the greater part of the war he Sept., 1854, till 29 Aug., 1857. He was promoted held the rank of brigadier-general, and was charged 2d lieutenant in 1854, and ist lieutenant in 1856. with the defence of the southwestern frontier of Ile was engaged in routine duty at various arse- Connecticut, which, owing to the long occupation nals and ordnance depots until 25 Jan., 1861, when of New York city by the British, was a duty that he resigned to accept the professorship of mathe- required much vigilance. He served at the head matics and civil engineering in the Brooklyn col- of his regiment in the battle of Long Island, and legiate and polytechnic institute. At the begin- also in that of White Plains, where he was posted ning of the civil war in April he at once offered in the rear-guard. In 1777 he was active in re- his services to the governor of Ohio, and was com- pelling the raid on Danbury. In May, 1779, a missioned assistant adjutant-general of that state. party that was sent from Lloyd's neck by Sir On 27 Aug. he was commissioned colonel of the Henry Clinton surprised him in his own house, 33d Ohio volunteers, after taking part in the battle and for a year he remained a prisoner on parole of Rich Mountain on 11 July. From September, at Flatbush and Gravesend, Long Island. Sub- 1861, till September, 1862, he participated in the I sequently he was exchanged.-His son, Gold Sel. 528 SILLIMAN SILLIMAN B Lillivan . leck, lawyer, b. in Fairfield, Conn., 26 Oct., 1777; | most refractory minerals, notably those containing d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 3 June, 1868, was graduated alkalies and alkaline earths, the greater part of at Yale in 1796, and then studied law. He entered which had never been reduced before. After Sir upon the practice of his profession in Newport, Humphry Davy's discovery of the metallic bases of R. I., where he had a large and successful business the alkalies, Prof. Silliman repeated the experiments until 1815, when he came to New York city, where and obtained for the first time in this country the he engaged in commercial pursuits. On retiring metals sodium and potassium. In 1822, while en- from this occupation, he settled in Brooklyn, where gaged in a series of observations on the action of for several years he held the office of postmaster. a powerful voltaic battery that he had made, simi- - Another son, Benjamin, scientist, b. in North lar to Dr. Hare's “ deflagrator," he noticed that Stratford (now Trumbull), Conn., 8 Aug., 1779; the charcoal points of the negative pole increased d. in New Haven, Conn., 24 Nov., 1864, was gradu- in size toward the positive pole, and, on further ex- ated at Yale in 1796, and, after spending a year at amination, he found that there was a correspond- home, taught at Wethersfield, Conn. In 1798 he ing cavity on the point of the latter. He inferred, returned to New Ha- therefore, that an actual transfer of the matter of ven, where he began the charcoal points from one to another took place, the study of law with and, on careful examination, he found that the char- Simeon Baldwin, and coal had been fused. This fact of the fusion of in 1799 was appoint- the carbon in the voltaic arc was long disputed in ed tutor at Yale, Europe, but is now universally accepted. In 1830 which place he held he explored Wyoming valley and its coal-forma- until he was admit- tions, examining about one hundred mines and ted to the bar in 1802. localities of mines; in 1832–'3 he was engaged Natural science was under a commission from the secretary of the at that time begin- | treasury in a scientific examination on the subject ning to attract the of the culture and manufacture of sugar, and in attention of educa- 1836 he made a tour of investigation among the tors, and, at the solic-gold-mines of Virginia. His popular lectures be- itation of President gan in 1808 in New Haven, where he delivered a Dwight, he aban- course in chemistry. He delivered his first course doned the profession in Hartford in 1834, and in Lowell, Mass., in the himself to science. lowed he lectured in Salem, Boston, New York, In September, 1802, Baltimore, Washington, St. Louis, New Orleans, he was chosen professor of chemistry and natu- and elsewhere in the United States. In 1838 he ral history at Yale, with permission to qualify opened the Lowell institute in Boston with a course himself for teaching these branches. Procuring of lectures on geology, and in the three following a list of books from Prof. John MacLean (9. v.), years he lectured there on chemistry. This series of Princeton, he proceeded to Philadelphia, where, was without doubt the most brilliant of the kind during two winters, he studied chemistry under that was ever delivered in this country, and its Prof. James Woodhouse, then professor of chem- influence in developing an interest in the growing istry in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1804 science was very great. Many of the present lead- he delivered a partial course of lectures on chem- ers in science trace their first inspiration to these istry, and during the following year he gay a popular expositions of Prof. Silliman. Through complete course. He went abroad in March, 1805, his influence in 1830 the historical paintings of to procure scientific books and apparatus, and Col. John Trumbull, and the building in which spent about a year in study in Edinburgh and they were formerly deposited (now the college London, also visiting the continent and making treasury), were procured for Yale. He opposed the acquaintance of distinguished men of science. slavery in all its forms. Among the various colo On his return he devoted himself to the duties of nies sent out from the eastern states during the his chair, which included chemistry, mineralogy, Kansas troubles was one that was organized in and geology, until 1853, when he was made pro- New Haven, and, at a meeting held prior to its de- fessor emeritus, but, at the special request of his parture in April, 1856, the discovery was made colleagues, continued his lectures on geology until that the party was unprovided with rifles. 1855, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law, subscription was proposed at once, and Prof. Silli- James D. Dana. While in Edinburgh he became man spoke in favor of it. This insignificant ac- interested in the discussions, then at their height, tion was soon noised abroad, and, owing to the between the Wernerians and Huttonians, and at- strong feeling between the partisans of slavery tended lectures on geology; and on his return he and those opposed to it, the matter was discussed began a study of the mineral structure of the in the U. S. senate. During the civil war he was vicinity of New Haven. About 1808 he persuaded a firm supporter of President Lincoln, and exerted the corporation of Yale to purchase the cabinet of his influence toward the abolition of slavery. The minerals of Benjamin D. Perkins, and a few years degree of M. D. was conferred on him by Bowdoin later he secured the loan of the magnificent col- in 1818, and that of LL. D. by Middlebury in lection of George Gibbs (9. 1.), which in 1825 be- 1826. Prof. Silliman was chosen first president in came the property of the college. His scientific | 1840 of the American association of geologists work, which was extensive, began with the ex- and naturalists, which has since grown into the amination in 1907 of the meteor that fell near American association for the advancement of sci- Weston, Conn. He procured fragments, of which ence, and he was one of the corporate members he made a chemical analysis, and he wrote the named by congress in the formation of the Na- earliest and best authenticated account of the fall tional academy of sciences in 1863. Besides his of a meteor in America. In 1811 he began an ex- connection with other societies in this country and tended course of experiments with the oxy-hydric abroad, he was corresponding member of the Geo- or compound blow-pipe that was invented by Rob- logical societies of Great Britain and France. In ert Hare, and he succeeded in melting many of the 1818 he founded the “ American Journal of Sci- SILLIMAN 529 SILLIMAN ence," which he conducted as sole editor until his attention more to applied science, including 1838, and as senior editor until 1846, when he the examination of mines and the preparation of transferred the journal to his son and to James reports on questions connected with the chemical D. Dana. This journal is now the oldest scientific aris and manufactures: and he frequently ap- paper in the United States. Prof. Silliman peared as an expert in the courts. In 1869 Prof. edited three editions of William Henry's “ Ele- Silliman became one of the state chemists of Con- ments of Chemistry" (Boston. 1808–’14), also three necticut, and in that capacity was employed as a editions of Robert Bakewell's Introduction to scientific witness in the courts. The collection of Geology" (New Haven, 1829, 1833, and 1839), and minerals that he accumulated during his expedi- was the author of " Journals of Travels in England, tions over the country was sold in 1868 to Cornell Holland, and Scotland” (New York, 1810); “A university, where it bears the name of the Silliman Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec in the cabinet. The mineralogical collections of Yale Autumn of 1819 ” (1820); “ Elements of Chemistry are indebted to him for various gifts, and, through in the Order of Lectures given in Yale College his personal solicitation of funds, the Baron Led- (2 vols., New Have', 1830-1); “ Consistency of erer collection was secured in 1843 for the college. Discoveries of Modern Geology with the Sacred The honorary degree of M. D. was conferred on History of the Creation and Deluge” (London, him by the University of South Carolina in 1849, 1837); and“ Narrative of a Visit to Europe in 1851 and that of LL. D. by Jefferson medical college in (2 vols., 1853). Ile was called by Edward Everett 1884. Prof. Silliman was a member of many sci- the “ Nestor of American Science.” Prof. Silliman entific societies, and was secretary of the Ameri- was married twice. His first wife was Harriet can association of geologists and naturalists in Trumbull, the daughter of the second Gov. Jona- 1843-'4. He was named as one of the original than Trumbull. One of his daughters married Prof. members of the National academy of sciences by Oliver P. Hubbard, and another Prof. James D. act of congress in 1863, and served on several of Dana. A bronze statue of Prof. Silliman was erected its most important committees, notably that ap- on the Yale grounds in front of Farnam college in pointed in 1882 to report on the use of sorghum as 1884. See“ Life of Benjamin Silliman," by George a source of sugar. Prof. Silliman had charge of P. Fisher (2 vols., New York, 1866). — Benjamin's the chemical, mineralogical, and geological depart- son, Benjamin, chemist, b. in New Haven, Conn., ments of the World's fair that was held in New 4 Dec., 1816; d. there, 14 Jan., 1885, was graduated York during 1853, and at that time edited with at Yale in 1837, and at once became assistant to Charles R. Goodrich World of Science, Art, and his father, under whom he had served in a similar Industry” (New York, 1853), and “The Progress capacity during the explorations in the gold of Science and Mechanism (1854), in which the region of Virginia in 1836. Some of the lectures chief results of the great exhibition were recorded. in the departments of chemistry, mineralogy, and In 1838–45 Prof. Silliman became associated in geology were delivered by him, and he also de- the editorship of the “ American Journal of Sci- voted himself assiduously to the acquirement of ence," and with James D. Dana he was its editor a special knowledge of chemistry. In 1842 he from the latter year until his death. His scientific fitted up at his own expense an apartment in the papers were nearly one hundred in number, of old laboratory of the college, where he received which over fifty were published in the “ American private pupils, notably John P. Norton and T. Journal of Science,” and they cover a wide range Sterry Hunt, and there he likewise conducted his of topics. In addition, he published “First Prin- earliest scientific researches. In 1846 he urged ciples of Chemistry” (Philadelphia, 1846; revised upon the corporation of Yale the foundation of a ed., 1856), of which more than 50,000 copies were department for the study of advanced science, and sold; “ Principles of Physics.” (1858; revised ed., in consequence the School of applied chemistry 1868); and “American Contributions to Chemistry was organized, with himself as its professor of (1875).— The second Gold Selleck's son, Benjamin chemistry, without salary. The movement was Douglas, lawyer, b. in Newport, R. I., 14 Sept., successful, and in 1847 the Yale scientific school 1805, was graduated at Yale in 1824, and then was formed on the basis of this beginning, which, studied law with James Kent and his son, William since 1860, in recognition of the gifts of Joseph E. Kent, until 1829, when he was admitted to the bar. Sheffield, has borne his name. Prof. Silliman con- He opened an office in New York during that year, tinued a member of the faculty of the scientific and has since been steadily engaged in the prac- school until 1869, except during the years 1849–54, tice of his profession in that city, with his resi- when he held the chair of medical chemistry and dence in Brooklyn. He has often served as a toxicology in the medical department of the Uni- delegate from Kings county to National and state versity of Louisville, Ky. In 1854 he was called conventions of the Whig and Republican parties, to give instruction in the academic and medical including the one at Harrisburg in 1839, at which departments of Yale, in consequence of the resig- William Henry Harrison was nominated for the nation of the elder Silliman. He held the chair of presidency. He was elected to the legislature in general and applied chemistry in the college until 1838, and was nominated by the Whigs for con- 1870, but retained the appointment in the medical gress in 1843, but failed of election, although he department until his death. On the invitation of led the ticket of his party at the polls. In 1852 citizens of New Orleans, he delivered in 1845–6 he received, but declined, the Whig nomination what is believed to have been the first series of for the state senate. During the civil war he was lectures on agricultural chemistry in the United an earnest supporter of the government, and in States, and subsequently he gave popular lectures March, 1865, he was appointed by President Lincoln on scientific topics throughout the country. Prof. V. S. attorney for the eastern district of New York. Silliman was a member of the common council of He held this office until September, 1866, and dur- New Haven in 1845–9, and one of the trustees of ing that time argued in behalf of the government the. Peabody museum of natural history. His sci- important questions that grew out of the civil entific work included many investigations in min- war. In 1872 he was a member of the commission eralogy, at first chiefly from the chemical side, in- for revising the constitution of the state, and, as cluding researches on meteorites as well as studies a chairman of one committee and a member of in geology and physical optics. Later he turned | others, took an active part in the proceedings of VOL. 1.-34 530 SILVA SILLIMAN - 66 " that body. He was nominated in 1873 by the Re- ness he established himself at Boston, Mass., in publican party as their candidate for the office of 1851. In the course of the next twenty years more attorney-general of New York, but failed of elec- than 300 church edifices were built or repaired tion. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him under his superintendence, besides other public by Columbia in 1873, and by Yale in 1874. Dur: buildings, including the capitol at Montpelier, Vt. ing his career in the state legislature he introduced (1857), the Soldiers' monument at Cambridge, Mass the charter of Greenwood cemetery, and he is a (1870), and Buchtel college, Akron, Ohio (1872). trustee of that corporation. He has long been con- After the earthquake in Charleston, S. C., in 1856, nected with the Long Island historical society, of he was called to that city professionally and re- which he is a director, and for more than twenty stored six of the church edifices that had been years he has been president of the Brooklyn club. partially destroyed. In 1852 he began to preach Mr. Silliman was president of the New England to Universalist congregations, and in 1862 he was society of Brooklyn from its beginning until 1876, ordained a clergyman of that faith. He has pub- , ". the Yale alumni association of Long Island. He (Boston, 1856); “ Text-Book of Modern Carpen- was one of the founders of the New York bar as- try” (1858); "Warming and Ventilation” (1860); sociation, one of its vice-presidents, and a trustee “Atkinson Memorial," a series of eighteen dis- of various charitable and benevolent associations. courses (1861); “ The Conference Melodist” (1863); - Benjamin Douglas's brother, Augustus Ely, “ Cantica Sacra” (1865); “ Service of the Church financier, b. in Newport, R. I., 11 April, 1807; of the Redeemer," at Brighton, Mass. (1867); and, d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 30 May, 1884, early entered with Lee L. Powers, “ Cathedral Towns of Eng. commercial life and became connected with the land, Ireland, and Scotland” (1883). He edited, Merchants' bank of New York. He was its presi- with George M. Harding, an improved edition of dent from 1857 until 1868, when failing health com- Shaw's “ Civil Architecture” (1852). pelled his retirement from active business. He SILSBEE, Joshua S., actor, b. in Litchfield, took part in the establishment of the Clearing Conn., 4 Jan., 1815; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 22 house association in 1853, and was one of the com- Dec., 1855. He made his first appearance on the mittee that during the first six years of its exist stage at Natchez, Miss., in the winter of 1837, and ence directed its proceedings. Mr. Silliman was afterward played Jonathan Ploughboy in “ Forest a member of the Long Island historical society, Rose” at the Walnut street theatre, Philadelphia, and was in 1840–'1 president of the New York in 1841. He appeared as a star soon afterward in mercantile library association. He published " A Boston. Going to England in 1851, he was the Gallop among American Scenery, or Sketches of first comedian to introduce Yankee characters on American Scenes and Military Adventure” (New the stage in that country, opening at the Adelphi. York, 1843; enlarged ed., 1881), and translated London, in his favorite part of Jonathan Plough- from the French “ Fénelon's Conversations with boy. During his residence in England, Tom Tar- M. de Ramsai on the Truth of Religion, with his lor, the dramatic author, is said to have written Letters on the Immortality of the Soul and the for him the play that afterward became famous Freedom of the Will ” (1869). In honor of the as “The American Cousin,” though it is doubtful memory of his mother he bequeathed to Yale uni- whether he ever appeared in it. After his death versity nearly $100,000 for the foundation of an an- his widow brought the piece to the United States nual seriesof lectures in that university," the general and sold it to Laura Keene. Soon afterward John tendency of which may be such as will illustrate Sleeper Clark brought out the play in Philadelphia, the presence and wisdoin of God as manifested in and from the disputed ownership arose a long the natural and moral world." copyright lawsuit. Laura Keene subsequently sold, SILLIMAN, Justus Mitchell, mining engi- or gave, her copy to Edward A. Sothern. The neer, b. in New Canaan, Conn., 25 Jan., 1842. He Yankee part was thus probably first played not by studied at New Canaan academy, enlisted the be- Silsbee, but by Joseph Jefferson, under Viss ginning of the civil war, and served for three years, Keene's management. being wounded at Gettysburg. At the close of the SILSBEE, Nathaniel, senator, b. in Essex war he settled in Troy, N. Y., where he taught in county, Mass., in 1773; d. in Salem, Mass., 1 July, an academy, and was graduated at Rensselaer poly- 1850. His father, Nathaniel , was a shipmaster in technic institute in 1870 with the degree of M. E. Salem. The son engaged in mercantile pursuits, In September of that year he was called to the and amassed a fortune. He served frequently in charge of the department of mining engineering each branch of the Massachusetts legislature, and and graphics in Lafayette college, which place he was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving still (1888) holds. Prof. Silliman has invented an from 1 Dec., 1817, till 3 March, 1821. He then instrument for orthographic, clinographic, and crys- declined a renomination. He was in the state sen- tallographic projection, also a water manometer ate in 1823–6, and was elected and re-elected to the and anemometer. He is a fellow of the American U. S. senate, holding the seat from 4 Dec., 1826. association for the advancement of science and a till 3 March, 1835. He was a firm supporter of the member of the American institute of mining en- administration of John Quincy Adams. gineers, and has been president of the Lehigh val- SILVA, Francis Augustus, artist, b. in New ley microscopical society. His special work has York city, 4 Oet., 1835; d. there, 31 March, 1886. included various investigations, of which his ex- He worked as a sign-painter until the opening of amination of the Bessemer flame with colored the civil war, when he entered the National army. glasses and the spectroscope is the best known. At the close of the war he settled in New York Prof. Silliman's writings have been confined to pro- and devoted himself to the painting of marine fessional papers that have been published in the subjects. He was elected a member of the Water- transactions of societies of which he is a member. color society in 1872. Among his works are " Gray SILLOWAY, Thomas William, architect, b. Dav at Cape Ann”; “Sunrise in Boston Harbor"; in Newburyport, Mass., 7 Aug., 1828. He received New London Light”; “September Day on the a good education, especially in the arts of design, i Coast” (1879); "Old Town by the Sea (1850); and devoted himself to the preparation of archi- ; “Old Connecticut Port” (1882); Passing Show- tectural plans for public buildings, in which busi- ers" (1885); and “ Near Atlantic City" (1886). 9 a SILVA 531 SIMITIÈRE SILVA, José Laurencio, Venezuelan soldier, lubricator, a rotary ascending-railway, and clock- b. in Tinaco, 7 Sept., 1792; d. in Chirgua, 27 Feb., work for mechanical lamps. Models of some of 1873. When the revolutionary junta of Caracas these are at the patent-office, Washington, D. C., was installed, 19 April, 1810, Silva offered his ser- the South Kensington museum, London, and the vices and was appointed sergeant in the forces Paris conservatoire des arts. The loss of the steam- sent against the royalists of Coro. He served un- er “San Francisco," bound to California with der the orders of the Marquis de Toro, and on his troops in 1854, suggested his best-known invention. return was promoted lieutenant, taking part in the That vessel was wrecked through her engines be- campaign of 1811-'12 under Gen. Miranda. After coming disabled in a severe storm, and, to meet the capitulation of the latter, Silva escaped to the such emergencies, Mr. Silver devised his “ marine plains of Guarico, where he gathered a guerilla governor," which was adopted by the French navy force and continued to oppose the Spaniards till in 1855. It is also applied to many stationary en- he joined Bolivar on the latter's invasion of gines, notably to those in the press-rooms of the Venezuela in 1813. Silva participated in the bat- great dailies in large cities. It was adopted by tles of Taguanes, Araure, Barbula, and Mosqui- the British admiralty in 1864, and the example tero, and in the famous defence of La Victoria, 12 has been followed by the navies of all the chief Feb., 1814, where his troop of 180 men was reduced powers, except the United States. Mr. Silver per- to 20. After his recovery from his wounds he fected a plan of channel transit for the carrying was assigned to another regiment, with which he of coal by car direct from Wales to France, in participated in the defence of San Mateo and the which Napoleon III. was interested, but it was lost first battle of Carabobo. After the defeat of La to that country by the surrender at Sedan. Mr. Puerta and the capitulation of Valencia, Silva re- Silver was made a member of the Franklin insti- tired to Guarico. Ile was captured by the Spanish tute of Philadelphia in 1855. He received the under Lopez Quintana and condemned to death, James Watt medal from the Royal polytechnic but escaped and joined Paez in Apure, under whom society of London, and one from Napoleon III. for he served till 1819. On Bolivar's return from Co- his " régulateur marine.” He published " A Trip lombia, Silva joined him and participated as lieu- to the North Pole, or the Theory of the Origin of tenant - colonel in the battle of Carabobo, 24 Icebergs ” (New York, 1887). June, 1821. In 1822 he marched with Bolivar to SIMCOE, John Graves, British soldier, b. near southern Colombia, participated in the battle of Exeter, England, 25 Feb., 1752; d. in Torbay, 26 Bombona, 7 April, 1822, and went with the divis- Oct., 1806. His father, a captain in the navy, was ion that was sent in 1823 to aid the Peruvian killed at Quebec during its siege by Wolfe. The patriots. In the battle of Junin he was at the son entered the army as ensign in 1770, and at the head of the Hussars de Colombia, and was pro- beginning of the American war purchased a cap- moted colonel, and after the battle of Ayacucho taincy in the 40th foot, which regiment he com- he was made a brigadier of Peru and Colombia. manded at the battle of Brandywine, where he was On this occasion he was officially styled the hero wounded, as also at Monmouth. He raised a of Junin. He continued to serve in Peru, accom- battalion called the Queen's rangers, which was panying Sucre in his entry into La Paz, after which drilled and disciplined in a superior manner for he returned to Colombia, and in 1828 was sent to light and active service, and with which he did quell an insurrection in Guayana. On his return important service to the royal cause in the south. he was promoted major-general, and after the dis- On 23 June, 1779, Sir Henry Clinton gave him the integration of Colombia he demanded a passport rank of lieutenant-colonel. In October, 1779, while to Venezuela with the regiments of grenadiers and on an expedition to destroy some boats, he was hussars of Apure, which refused to continue ser- taken prisoner and narrowly escaped death. Col. vice in New Granada. As a defender of Bolivar, Simcoe's corps was constantly in advance of the whose niece he had married in 1827, he was exiled army, and performed a series of skilful and success- in 1831, and in 1835 returned to take part in the ful enterprises. He was with Cornwallis at York- revolution of 1835, but soon submitted to the gov- town, and was included in the capitulation. After the ernment. In 1849 he commanded the government war Simcoe's corps was disbanded, and the officers troops against Gen. Paez, with whom he signed a were placed on half-pay. He was governor of Up- convention at Macapo, and, when the same was per Canada in 1791-'4, and has been accused of pro- violated by President Monagas, he resigned and moting Indian hostilities against the United States retired to his farm. In 1855 he was promoted lieu in the north western territories. He was promoted tenant-general by congress, and was secretary of colonel, 18 Nov., 1790, major-general, 3 Oct., 1794, war; in the next year he was appointed to the lieutenant-general, 3 Oct., 1798, and was governor government council, but soon resigned and retired and commander-in-chief of Santo Domingo from to his country-seat. December, 1796, till July, 1797, exerting himself SILVER, Thomas, inventor, b. in Greenwich, successfully against the French, and to establish Cumberland co., N. J., 17 June, 1813; d. in New the financial and other interests of the colony. A York city, 12 April, 1888. His parents were Qua- lake of considerable size in Ontario and a county kers. As a boy he displayed unusual mechanic and town bear his name. He wrote and printed cal skill, and when he was only nine years old his for private distribution a “History of the Opera- toy boat, with hidden propeller-wheel and other tion of a Partisan Corps called the Queen's Ran- ingenious devices, was the wonder of the village gers ” (Exeter, 1787; reprinted, with a memoir of in which he lived. He was educated in Green- the author, New York, 1844). wich and Woodstown, N. J., and in Philadelphia, SIMITIÈRE, Pierre Eugène du, artist, b. in and became a civil engineer, but continued to de- Geneva, Switzerland; d. in Philadelphia in Octo- vote much time to the perfection of numerous ber, 1784. He went to the West Indies about contrivances for lightening human toil and in- 1750, and, after spending nearly fifteen years there, creasing the safety of travellers. Among the pat- to New York, and in 1766 to Philadelphia. Here ents, upward of fifty in number, granted him, were he became well known as a collector of curiosities, those for a grain-dryer, a fuel-saving heat-cham- and in 1768 was elected a member of the American ber, a gas-consumer, å tension-regulator, a machine philosophical society. His collection was so cele- for paying ont submarine cables, a machinery- / brated that in 1782 he opened it to the public under a 532 SIMMONS SIMKINS the name of the American museum. He was an of Maine ; Oliver P. Morton, in Indianapolis ; artist of some ability, and painted numerous por- Henry W. Longfellow (1887), in Portland : " Me- traits, including one of Washington. His heads dusa" (1882); Jochebed with the Infant Moses”; of thirteen notables—Washington, Baron Steuben, Grief and History,” the group that surmounts Silas Deane, Joseph Reed, Gouverneur Morris, Gen. the naval monument at Washington; “Galatea" Horatio Gates, John Jay, William H. Drayton, (1884); “Penelope”; “ Miriam”; “ Washington Henry Laurens, Charles Thomson, Samuel Hun- at Valley Forge”; and “ The Seraph Abdiel.” from tingdon, John Dickinson, and Benedict Arnold- " Paradise Lost ” (1886). Among his portrait busts were engraved by Benjamin Reading and published are those of Abraham Lincoln, William T. Sher- in a quarto volume (London, 1783). He painted man, David D. Porter, James G. Blaine, Francis also miniatures in water-color, and made some de- Wayland, and Ulysses S. Grant (1886). The hono- signs for publications. Soon after the Declaration rary degree of A. M. was conferred on him by of Independence he was employed by a committee Bates college and also by Colby university. of congress to furnish designs for å seal for the SIMMONS, George Frederick, clergyman, b. new republic. Subsequently he suggested another in Boston, Mass., 24 March, 1814; d. in Concord, design, but neither was accepted. His valuable Mass., 5 Sept., 1855. He was graduated at Har- collection of manuscripts and broadsides, forming vard in 1832, and, after being employed as a private material for a history of the Revolution and com- tutor, prepared for the ministry at Cambridge di- prising several volumes, is in the Philadelphia vinity-school, where he completed his course in library. Princeton conferred upon him in 1781 1838. He was ordained the same year as an evan- the honorary degree of M. A. gelist of the Unitarian denomination, and at once SIMKINS, Arthur, legislator, b. on the eastern went to Mobile, Ala., where he began his ministry. shore of Virginia about 1750; d. in Edgefield, Owing to his decided opposition to slavery, he re- S. C., in 1826. He emigrated to South Carolina mained there only until 1840, when he was obliged early in life, and ultimately established himself on to fly for his life, and barely escaped the fury of a Log creek, in Edgefield district. Having studied mob. In November, 1841, he was ordained pastor law and been admitted to the bar, he was made of the Unitarian church at Waltham, Mass. Mean- county court judge. At the beginning of the time he had become deeply interested in certain Revolutionary war he took sides with the patriots, theological questions which he felt he could not and his place, known as “ Cedar Fields,” was solve while engaged in pastoral work, and so re- burned by the Tories. After the war he was chosen signed in the spring of 1843 and sailed for Eu- a member of the general assembly, and retained rope, where he remained until October, 1845, spend- his seat for nearly twenty years. He was also a ing most of the time at the University of Berlin, delegate to the convention that adopted the Fed- and being brought much in contact with the eral constitution, and he voted against it on the German historian, Neander. In February, 1848, ground that it took too much power from the states. he was called to Springfield, Mass., as the successor -His son, Eldred, lawyer, b. in Edgefield district, of Dr. William B. 0. Peabody. Here, while he S. C., 29 Aug., 1779; d. there in 1832, was well was greatly admired by part of his congregation, educated at home, and subsequently attended the others regarded him with less favor, and in 1851 Litchfield, Conn., law-school, where he remained he was compelled to resign, after preaching two for more than three years. He then made himself sermons on a riotous assault that had been made thoroughly acquainted with the local laws of South in the town on George Thompson, the English Carolina, and was admitted to the bar, 7 May, anti-slavery apostle. In January, 1854, he was 1805, beginning to practise Edgefield court- installed pastor of church at Albany, N. Y., but house in 1806, and soon winning a reputation. In in the summer of 1855 he was attacked by typhus 1812 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and five fever, from the effects of which he never rallied. years later he was chosen a member of congress to Mr. Simmons was distinguished by an acutely replace John C. Calhoun, who had accepted a seat philosophical mind, a strong sense of right, and a in President Monroe's cabinet. He was re-elected thoughtful and reverent spirit. "I knew him and served from 8 Feb., 1818, till 3 March, 1821, well,” said his classmate, Samuel Osgood, “lored but declined a second re-election, and retired in him much, and respected him even more." He favor of his law-partner, George McDuffie. He was retiring in his habits, and his somewhat unso- was repeatedly a member of the legislature, and in cial nature was no doubt an obstacle in the way of 1825 prepared an act, which was passed, giving his exercising a proper influence on his flock. "He jurisdiction to certain courts to order the sale or published “Who was Jesus Christ ?” a tract (Bos- division of the real estate of intestates not exceed- ton, 1839); “ Two Sermons on the Kind Treatment ing $1,000 in value. He was employed in many and on the Emancipation of Slaves, preached at important cases, but was always of feeble health, Mobile, with a Prefatory Statement” (1840); - A and in later years unable to confine himseif closely Letter to the So-Called 'Boston Churches?" (1846): to his profession. “ The Trinity," a lecture (1849); “ Public Spirit SIMMONS, Franklin, sculptor, b. in Webster, and Mobs,” two sermons delivered at Springfield Me., 11 Jan., 1812. llis bovhood was spent in on the Sunday after the Thompson riot (1851); and Bath and Lewiston, and his love for sculpture was “ Faith in Christ the Condition of Salvation" early developed. Having a facility for portraiture, (1854). Six of his sermons were published in one he made his first attempts in that line. During volume soon after his death (Boston, 1855). the last two years of the civil war he was in Wash- SIMMONS, James, law-reporter, b. in Middle- ington, where the members of the cabinet and bury, Vt., 11 June, 1821. He was graduated at officers of the army and navy sat to him for life. Middlebury college in 1841, removed to Wisconsin, size medallions. They were cast in bronze, and studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Wal- most of them were purchased by the Union league worth county in 1843. Besides filling sereral of Philadelphia. In 1868 he went to Rome, Italy, minor offices, he was clerk of the county circuit where he has since resided. He visited his native court from 1861 till 1871. Mr. Simmons has pub- land in 1888. His more important works are lished Simmons's Wisconsin Digest ” (Albany, the statues of Roger Williams, in Washington 1868); “Supplements” to the same (1874-9); and Providence; William King, for the state / “Supplement to Wait's Digest, New York Re- selepalsamitha Cu Gilne مهم کر D Arplotrin & Co سر کر SIMMONS 533 SIMMS 9) ports” (1873–'7 and 1882); and “Simmons's New SIMMS, Jeptha Root, author, b. in Canter- Wisconsin Digest” (1886). He has also published bury, Conn., 31 Dec., 1807; d. in Fort Plain, N. Y., several local histories, is the author of various ar- 31 May, 1883. His father was a hat-manufacturer. ticles in Wait's “ Actions and Defences" (1878–9), The son was educated at an academy in a neigh- and has edited “Digest of English Reports” (2 boring town. In 1829 he began the retail dry- vols., Chicago, 1878–83), and “ Wisconsin Reports" goods business in New York city, but, his health (vol. xxix., 1873; vol. Ixix., 1888). failing after three years, he removed to Schoharie SIMMONS, James Fowler, senator, b. in Lit-county, N. Y., and entered into business there in tle Compton, Newport co., R. I. , 10 Sept. , 1795; d. 1832, but failed in 1834. For a few years after in Johnson, R. I., 10 July, 1864. He received a 1842 he filled the office of toll-collector for the good English education, and was first a farmer, New York and Erie canal at Fultonville, and for and subsequently a manufacturer. He was a mem- nine years he was ticket-agent for the New York ber of the state house of representatives from 1828 Central railway at Fort Plain. His spare hours till 1841, when he was chosen to the U. S. senate, were employed in writing historical and other and served from 31 May of the latter year till 3 works, besides which he collected and labelled a March, 1847. Ten years later he was again elected large assortment of fossils, many of them rare, and to the senate as a Whig for the full term from 4 sold them for $5,000 to the state of New York for March, 1857, but he resigned in 1862. the Geological museum at Albany. He was a cor- SIMMONS, Joseph Edward, banker, b. in responding member of the Oneida historical so- Troy, N. Y., 9 Sept., 1841. He was graduated at ciety, and rendered it much aid in collecting funds Williams in 1862, studied law, and was admitted for the erection of the monument on the battle- to the bar in 1863. After practising in Troy until field of Oriskany. He was a rapid writer and a the close of 1866, he abandoned the profession and voluminous contributor to the popular press removed to New York city, where he has since en- throughout the state. He published “ History of gaged in banking. He became a member of the Schoharie County, N. Y.” (Albany, 1845); “The Stock exchange in 1872, and was elected its presi- American Spy, Nathan Hale" (1846); “ Trappers dent in 1884. He was re-elected in 1885, but de- of New York” (1850); and “The Frontiersmen clined a renomination in 1886. He was appointed (2 vols., 1882–'3). He also composed several poems, a commissioner of education in 1881, reappointed Fourth-of-July' orations, and lectures on different in 1884, and again in 1887. He was unanimously topics, which he delivered at various places in the elected president of the board of education in 1886, central counties of New York.-His nephew, Jo- and re-elected in 1887–8. In the latter year he seph, physiognomist, b. in Plainfield Centre, Ot- was also made president of the Fourth national sego co., N. Y., 3 Sept., 1833, attended the acad- bank of New York city. Mr. Simmons received emy at West Winfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., sev- the degree of LL. D. from the University of Nor- eral terms. During four more he was employed in wich, Northfield, Vt., in 1885. teaching, and in 1854 he began to lecture on phy- SIMMONS, William Hayne, poet, b. in South siognomy and physiology. From childhood the Carolina about 1785. He studied medicine in the bent of his mind toward the study of character by medical department of the University of Pennsyl- external signs had shown itself in scanning and vania, where he was graduated in 1806. He never measuring the features of his companions. He practised his profession, but resided for some time was graduated at the medical department of New in Charleston, S. C., whence he removed to East York university in 1871, after devoting himself Florida. While in Charleston he published, anony- somewhat to surgery, but more to making and mously an Indian poem entitled “Onea.”. He is promulgating new discoveries in physiognomy. In also the author of " A History of the Seminoles.” pursuit of his study he afterward explored the -His younger brother, James Wright, poet, b. in United States, Canada, and part of Mexico, and South Carolina, studied for a time at Harvard, continued his observations in Europe, Egypt, Nu- travelled in Europe, and settled in one of the west- bia, Algiers, Morocco, Syria, Arabia, and Palestine. ern states. He published “ Blue Beard, a Poem” | He has lectured with success in this country and (Philadelphia, 1821) and “ The Greek Girl” (Bos- abroad. From 1881 to 1884 he delivered scientific ton, 1852). A series of metrical tales, “Wood- lectures in Melbourne, in Sydney, and in the Aus- Notes from the West,” remain in manuscript. tralasian colonies. In 1884 he gave up lecturing Verses by both the brothers may be found in and visited Europe again, collecting new facts and Duyckinck's “Cyclopædia of American Literature.” preparing material for works on physiognomy and SIMMONS, William Johnson, educator, þ. in physiology. He has published a “ Physiognomical Charleston, S. C., 29 June, 1849. He is of African Chart” for recording and reading character (Glas- descent. After studying in Madison and Roches- gow, 1873); “ Nature's Revelations of Character” ter universities, he was graduated at Howard (London, 1874; several eds. in New York); a university, Washington, D. C., in 1873, taught in " Book of Scientific Lectures” on physiology and Washington and in Ocala, Fla., and in 1879 entered physiognomy (London, 1875); “ Health and Char- the ministry of the Baptist church. In that year acter (San Francisco, 1879); and “ Practical and he was called to a church in Lexington, Ky., and Scientific Physiognomy” (1884). in 1880 he was elected president of the State uni- SIMMS, William Gilmore, author, b. in versity. He became editor of the “ American Bap- Charleston, S. C., 17 April, 1806; d. there, 11 June, tist” in 1882, called together and organized the 1870. He was a precocious child, and his passion American Baptist national convention in 1886, for writing, which continued unabated till his and was president of the colored National press death, manifested itself as early as his seventh year. convention in the same year. He was appointed | His whole academic education was received in the district secretary of the American Baptist home school of his native city, where he was for a time mission society for the south in 1887. Wilber- a clerk in a drug and chemical house. Though force university gave him the degree of D. D. in his first aspirations were for medicine, he studied 1885. Dr. Simmons has published - Men of Mark” law at eighteen, but never practised to any extent. (Cleveland, Ohio, 1877), and a pamphlet on • In- | In 1827 he published in Charleston a volume of dustrial Education” (1886), and is writing a “ His- Lyrical and other Poems”—his first attempt in tory of the Colored Baptists of Kentucky.” literature. In 1828 he became editor and partial 534 SIMON SIMMS " 2160 a owner of the “Charleston City Gazette,” which | (New York, 1851); “The Golden Christmas " (1852); took the Union side in politics in nullification * Marie de Berniere" (1853); “Father Abbott, or days. In 1829 he brought out another volume of the Home Tourist” (1854); “Poems” (2 vols., 1854); poems, “ The Vision of Cortes," and in 1830 “ The “The Forayers " (1855); “The Maroon, and other Tricolor." His paper proved a bad investment, Tales” (1855); “Charlemont (1856); “ Utah and through its failure, in 1833, he was left in (1856); and “The Cassique of Žiawah" (1860). poverty. Thenceforth he determined to devote In 1867 he edited “War Poetry of the South.” himself to literature, and he began that long series He wrote a “ History of South Carolina" (Charles- of volumes which did not end till within three ton, 1840) and "South Carolina in the Revolution" years of his death. Accordingly, he published a (1854), and lives of Francis Marion (New York, poem entitled “ Atalantis, a Tale of the Sea” (New 1844), Capt. John Smith (1846), Chevalier Bayard York, 1832), the best and longest of all his poetic (1848), and Gen. Nathanael Greene (1849). He works. But Mr. Simms is mainly known as a wrote two dramas, “ Norman Maurice” and “Mi- writer of fiction. His pen was never idle. The chael Bonhum, or the Fall of the Alamo,” which scene of his novels is almost wholly southern, and was acted in Charleston. He also wrote a “Geogra- marked invariably with local color; many of them phy of South Carolina" (1843). He edited “Seven Dramas ascribed to Shakespeare," with notes and introductions (1848), and contributed many reviews to periodicals, two volumes of which were after- ward collected (New York, 1845–6). A collected edition of part of his works has been published (19 vols., New York, 1859). His life has been written by George W. Cable in the "American Men of Let- ters" series (Boston, 1888). SIMON, Étienne, Flemish explorer, b. in Bru- ges in 1747; d. in Geneva in 1809. He followed the sea for several years, and afterward fixed his residence in Rio Janeiro as a merchant. In 1792 he was granted a tract of land, and set out for Eu- rope in search of colonists, but failed in the scheme, owing to the war that then raged on the continent, are historical, but for the most part they aim to and, returning to Brazil in 1795, began to travel. reproduce the various types of southern and south- After spending nine years thus he returned to Eu- western life. He spent half of the year on his rope in 1804, and, settling in Switzerland, devoted plantation, “ Woodlands,” near Midway, S. C., seen the remainder of his life to arranging his notes. in the illustration, where he had a beautiful home, His works include “Récit d'une ascension au amid the live-oaks and the long-leaved pines peculiar Mont Tapagayo dans l'intérieur du Brésil ” (Gene- to his native state. Here he dispensed a wide hos- va, 1805); - Voyage à travers les provinces de São pitality, and wrote most of his works. He was for Paulo et d'Espiritu Santo” (1805); “La domina- many years a member of the legislature, and in tion Portugaise au Brésil ” (1806); “ Belem Para 1846 was defeated for lieutenant-governor by only et Rio de Janeiro ” (1807); and “Coup d'æil histo- one vote. Mr. Simms had immense fertility, a rique sur les missions établies par les Jésuites dans vivid imagination, and a true realistic handling of le Paraguay” (1808). whatever he touched. But he was not a finished SIMÓN, Pedro Antonio, Flemish historian, scholar, and, although Edgar A. Poe pronounced b. in Cambrai about 1560; d. in Colombia, South him the best novelist America had produced after America, about 1630. He entered the Franciscan Cooper, his style lacked finished elegance and accu- order, and was sent, about 1590, as a missionary to racy. Yet he has done much in preserving the New Granada, where he resided successively in Gua- early history and traditions and local coloring of chetá, Bogota, Serrezuela, Zipacoa, and Meuqueta, his native state. “The Yemassee" is considered on Funza river, about fifteen miles north from the his best novel. A fine bronze bust of Simms by present city of Bogotá. Father Simon became the Ward was unveiled at White Point. garden, historian of the Muiscas or Chibcha Indians, among Charleston, 11 June, 1879, but he rests in an un- whom he lived for many years. His most interest- marked grave in Magnolia cemetery near the same ing work contains a summary history of all the tribes city. Besides the works already mentioned, he that lived in the ancient empire of Cundinamarca, published" Martin Faber” (New York, 1833); and describes their civilization, their arts, their * The Book of My Lady, a Melange” (Philadel monuments, and their manners. It contains also phia, 1833); “Guy Rivers” (2 vols., New York, an analysis of the Funza dialect, which is altogether 1834); "The Yemassee” (2 vols., 1835); "The Par- unknown to-day, and of which the only monument tisan (2 vols., 1835); “ Mellichampe ” (2 vols., left is Simon's history, and of the Bogota or Chibcha 1836); Richard Hurdis” (2 vols., Philadelphia, dialect, which had nearly superseded the other dia- 1838); “ Palayo” (New York, 1838); “ Carl Wer- lects at the time of the Spanish conquest. Simon's ner, and other Tales” (2 vols., 1838); “Southern work is the only one that gives details concerning Passages and Pictures," poems (1839); “ Border the early history and condition of the tribes living Beagles” (2 vols., 1840); “The Kinsman” (Phila- in Cundinamarca before the conquest, as all other delphia, 1841 ; republished as “The Scout," New works that relate to that country have been lost, York, 1854); “Confession, or the Blind Heart” among them the “Historia de la Nueva Granada (2_vols., 1842); Beauchampe (2 vols., 1842); by the missionaries Medrano and Aguado, and the Helen Halsey” (1845); “ Castle Dismal" (1845); part of the “Elojios de Varones ilustres de Indias" “Count Julian” (2 vols., 1845); “Grouped Thoughts of Castellanos that is devoted to Cundinamarca. and Scattered Fancies,” poems (Richmond, 1845); The only one left referring to Cundinamarca is the “The Wigwam and the Cabin, or Tales of the incomplete relation of Lucas Fernandez de Piedra- South” (two series, Charleston, 1845–6); “ Areytos, hita (q. v.). Simon's work relating to Venezuela was or Songs and Ballads of the South” (1846); “ Lays published under the title “ Noticias historiales de of the Palmet 1848): “ Katherine Walton” | las Conquistas de Tierra firme” (Madrid, 1627). . 66 7 99 1 535 SIMOND SIMONS 6 The two other parts relating to Cundinamarca are SIMONIN, Louis Laurent(se-mo-nang), French yet in manuscript, the second in the library of the geologist, b. in Marseilles, 22 Aug., 1830. He Royal historical society, and the third in the studied at the School of mines at Saint Étienne, National library of Madrid. Henri Ternaux- was graduated as engineer in 1852, and held after- Compans, although he says he purchased them, can ward various posts in connection with mines in only have obtained copies, which he used for his Italy and France. He made several voyages to the “Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca ” (Paris, 1842). United States by order of the French government, SIMOND, Alfred, South American botanist, b. visited Cuba, the West Indies, Central America, the in the province of São Paulo in 1740; d. in Rome, Isthmus of Panama, and Mexico, and travelled ex- Italy, in 1801. His father, who was a Frenchman tensively through California and most of the United by birth, served in the Portuguese army, and ob- States. In 1867 he was placed at the head of a tained with his discharge a land-grant in the prov- French commission charged to study the laying out ince of São Paulo; and his mother was an Indian. of the Pacific railroad and the preliminary surveys, The son was destined for the church, and was about and in his report greatly praised the work. In 1876 to enter the Jesuit order when it was expelled from he was made a member of the international jury Brazil. Returning to his father's farm, he began for the Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia, and there the study of agriculture and natural history, before returning to France he made a special study which he finished at Paris under the direction of of the mines in Pennsylvania and in the Reading Buffon, who induced him in 1776 to accompany valley. Simonin is an admirer of American insti- Baron Malouet to Guiana. Here he was employed tutions. He has been several times a candidate for in draining marshes, and established a model farm the chamber of deputies, promising that if he for the improvement of agricultural methods. Af- were elected he would support free democratic in- ter Malouet's withdrawal in 1780, Simond remained stitutions as they are understood on this side of the in the colony without government support, and for Atlantic, and he has been called the American several years tried vainly to establish a settlement candidate. Since 1860 he has contributed articles to east of Essequibo river. Returning to France at French magazines describing his travels and Ameri- the beginning of the revolution, he was instructed can scenery. Since 1877 he has been scientific critic by the Constituent assembly's committee on foreign of “ La France.” He has also greatly interested him- affairs to write a detailed memoir concerning the self in the Panama canal, and his advocacy has con- disputed border-line between the French and Por- tributed to the authorization by the government tuguese possessions in South America, and in 1795 of a lottery loan in its behalf. His works include he was sent to Guiana to draw a map of the basin “ Le grand ouest des États-Unis”. (Paris, 1869); of the Orinoco river. Simond's works include “L'homme Américain” (1870); “ À travers les “Mémoire sur les limites véritables de la Guiane États-Unis” (1875); “ Le monde Américain, sou- Française” (Paris, 1791); “ Enumeratio plantarum venirs de mes voyages aux États-Unis" (1876); in Guiana crescentium” (2 vols., 1793); “ Conspec- “L'or et l'argent," a study of gold- and silver-mines tus Polygarum floræ Guianæ meridionalis” (2 vols., in both Americas (1877); and “ Résumé d'une con- Rome, 1797); and “ Flora Brasilia exhibens charac- férence sur le Canal de Panama” (1884). teres generum et specierum plantarum in provincia SIMONS, Michael Laird, journalist, b. in Sancti Pauli crescentium” (2 vols., 1800). Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Sept., 1843: d. there, 17 Nov., SIMONDS, William, author, b. in Charlestown, 1880. He was graduated at the Central high- Mass., 30 Oct., 1822; d. in Winchester, Mass., 7 July, school of his native city, and entered journalism 1859. After attending school at Salem and spend when quite young in the employ of the Philadel- ing some time in learning the jewelry business at phia “ Inquirer," subsequently engaging with the Lynn, Mass., he was apprenticed to a Boston printer Evening Telegraph,” and contributing to various in 1837. While thus engaged he wrote his first literary journals. Mr. Simons was identified with book, The Pleasant Way" (1841), which was pub- the establishment of the Reformed Episcopal lished by the Massachusetts Sabbath-school society. church, served as a delegate to its councils, and This was followed in 1845 by “The Sinner's Friend,” was secretary of the synod of Philadelphia at the which was also well received. In December, 1845, time of his death. He edited “Stodart's Review,” he left the printing-office where he had spent nearly condensed D’Aubigne's “ History of the Refor- nine years, and early in 1846 began the publication mation ” (1870), published " Half-Hours with the of " l'he Boston Saturday Rambler," of which, after Best Preachers" (1871), and continued Duyck- the first six months, he became the sole editor. In inck's “ Cyclopædia of American Literature," add- November, 1850, " The Rambler” was merged in ing about one hundred new names, down to 1873. the “New England Farmer," of which Simonds was His last work, an extensive “ History of the World,” general editor until his death. In 1848 he began is still unpublished. the publication of a monthly entitled “ The Pictorial SIMONS, Thomas Young, lawyer, b. in Charles- National Library,” but was unable to issue it longer ton, S. C., 1 Oct., 1828 ; d. there, 30 April, 1878. than eighteen months. Mr. Simonds was convinced He was graduated at Yale in 1847, and two years that he had a mission to perform in writing for the later began to practise law in his native city. In young, and he employed every means in his power 1854-'60 he was a member of the legislature, and to render his tales natural and attractive, and to in the latter year a presidential elector. He was make them accurate reflections of life. His chief also a member of the convention that passed the work is “ The Aimwell Stories,” written under the ordinance of secession in December, 1860, and in pen-name of Walter Aimwell. These stories deal the civil war be served as captain of the 27th chiefly with New England farm-life. The first, South Carolina regiment, and later as judge-advo- “ Clinton," appeared in 1853. He purposed to ex- cate. He was sent to the National Democratic tend the series to twelve volumes, but lived to conventions of 1860, 1868, and 1872, and was a complete only six. The last one, “Jerry," was left member of the executive committee of his party unfinished, and to it is added a memoir of the from the latter year till 1876. Besides his other author. Besides the books already mentioned, he labors, he was editor of the Charleston “ Courier" published “Thoughts for the Thoughtless” (Bos- in 1865–73. In the tax-payers' conventions of ton, 1851); “ The Boy's Own Guide" (1852); and 1871 and 1874 he was an active member, and his “ The Boy's Book of Morals and Manners"? (1855). later years were identified with the efforts to pro- 66 536 SIMPSON SIMONSON 90 cure local self-government and the creation of a As a comedian, Simpson was studious and pains- Union reform party in South Carolina. taking, and in his delineations intelligent and re- SIMONSON, John Smith, soldier, b. in Union- spectable, but there was ever attached to his repre- town, Pa., 2 June, 1796 ; d. in New Albany, Ind., sentations a hardness of manner that interfered 5 Dec., 1881. His father, Adam Smith Simonson, with his popularity. In 1810 he became stage- was a well-known physician of western Pennsyl- manager, and remained permanently connected vania. When but seventeen years old he enlisted with the one playhouse as actor, stage-manager, in the New York volunteers and served as sergeant and manager for thirty-eight years. It was his through the campaign on the Niagara frontier, re- privilege to introduce nearly all the noted British ceiving an honorable discharge in November, 1814. Three years later he settled in Charlestown, Ind. He was a member of the state senate in 1828–'30, and in 1841–6 of the lower house, serving as speaker during the last year. In 1846 he was ap- pointed captain of U.S. mounted rifles, and served through the Mexican war under Gen. Scott, en- gaging in the capture of Vera Cruz and the battles that followed. He was brevetted major in 1847 for gallant service at Chapultepec, where he com- manded his regiment after the fall of its colonel, and he also took a creditable part in the attack on the Belen gate. The succeeding years were spent on duty in Texas and New Mexico, commanding expeditions against the Indians and in making ex- plorations. In May, 1861, he was promoted colonel players of his day to American audiences. From of the 3d cavalry, and he was retired in the follow- 1821 until 1840 Simpson was working-manager to ing September. At the opening of the civil war Stephen Price, the lessee of the theatre, but on the he was made superintendent of the volunteer re- death of Price he assumed the sole management. cruiting service at Indianapolis, Ind., and he con- During his career he went through several trials of tinued on active military duty till 1869. In 1865, adversity, and finally retired, 6 June, 1848, under on the recommendation of "Gen. Grant, he was discouragement and in reduced circumstances. brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for long Under Simpson's direction the old Park theatre, or and faithful service. “ The Theatre," as the show-bills named it, was SIMONTON, James William, journalist, b. in noted for its well-drilled and efficient stock-com- Columbia county, N. Y., 30 Jan., 1823; d. in Napa, pany. The scenery of this noted resort was made Cal., 2 Nov., 1882. He went as a lad to New York up of flats and drops of the simplest construction, city, and was educated at the public schools there. the properties were cheap, worn, and few in num- At twenty years of age he was engaged as local re- ber, the costumes flimsy and tinselled, and the porter on the “ Courier and Enquirer.” Within a auditorium, before the rising of the curtain, usu- year or two he was sent, with Henry J. Raymond, ally filled with the stifling leakage of gas. The to Washington as congressional correspondent, and boxes were painted in white and gold, with the he continued as such until 1850, winning, by his first and second tiers divided into a series of ability and conscientiousness, the confidence and screened lock-boxes. A separate stairway led to esteem of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John C. the third tier and the gallery. This third tier was Calhoun, Thomas H. Benton, and other statesmen. an assembling-place for the dissolute of both sexes ; In the autumn of 1851, when the New York one half the gallery was patronized by boys, ser- “ Times” was founded, he was one of the original vants, and sailors, and the remainder was devoted proprietors with George Jones, Henry J. Raymond, to the accommodation of negroes. What is now and others, and soon went to Washington again as its known as the parterre was called the pit. It was correspondent, as well as the correspondent of New fitted with hard wooden benches, and the admission Orleans, San Francisco, and Detroit journals. His to it was half-price. Here the bachelors, critics, letters, entitled " The History of Legislation,” were and wits of the day found their places. Drinking- really a record of the times, and drew wide atten- bars, united with apple- , pie-, and peanut-stands, tion. He became part owner in 1859 of the “ Even- were connected with the pit and the upper tier of ing Bulletin” in San Francisco, where he lived for boxes. As Mrs. Trollope has truly pictured, it was years, and subsequently of the “Morning Call,” of not an uncommon thing to see men rise on the the same city, retaining his interest throughout front rows of the dress-circle in their shirt-sleeves, life. Having returned to New York, he was chosen and between the acts turn their backs to the audi- in 1867 general agent of the associated press there, ence, while their better-halves sat munching apples and discharged the duties of the office for fourteen and peeling oranges. Not seldom the entertain- years, when he resigned on account of delicate ments of an evening comprised a five-act tragedy, health. He then retired to his California vine- a comedy, and an olio diversion, that terminated at yard, and died there suddenly of heart disease. twelve or one o'clock. The old Park theatre, rep- SIMPSON, Edmund, theatre-manager, b. in resented in the illustration, was a wooden, barn- England in 1784; d. in New York city, 31 July, like structure, fronting about eighty feet on Park 1848. He made his theatrical début at the Tow- row, and rising to the height of sixty or seventy cester theatre in England in May, 1806, as Baron feet, painted in imitation of blocks of granite. Steinfort in Kotzebue's “Stranger.” In this country SIMPSON, Edward, naval officer, b. in New Simpson first appeared at the New York Park York city, 3 March, 1824; d. in Washington, D.C., theatre on 22 Oct., 1809, as Harry Dornton in “The 2 Dec., 1888. He entered the navy as midshipman, Road to Ruin.” In 1828, when playing the part 11 Feb., 1840, was in the first class at the naval acad- of Faustus in the drama of that name, one of his emy in 1845–6, and was graduated in the latter legs was broken by an accident to the stage-ma- year. During the Mexican war he was attached to chinery, and he was crippled for life. His last the steamer - Vixen," in which he participated in performance was Dazzle in “ London Assurance." | various engagements, including the bombardment 1 . SIMPSON 537 SIMPSON Glimpong and capture of Vera Cruz. He served on the coast subsequently became governor-in-chief of Rupert's survey, 1848–50, in the brig“ Washington” and land, and general superintendent of all the Hud- steamers “ Vixen” and “Legare." In 1850–'3 he son bay company's affairs in North America. In cruised in the frigate “ Congress," on the Brazil that capacity he planned the successful expedition station, as acting master, and in 1853–4 he was at- under his cousin, tached to the naval academy as assistant instructor Thomas Simpson in naval gunnery and infantry tactics. He was (1836-'9), and great- promoted to master, 10 July, 1854, and to lieuten- ly aided other trav- ant, 18 April, 1855, and served in the sloop " Ports- ellers in their explo- mouth” in the East India squadron, 1856–8, par- rations. In 1841-2 ticipating in the capture of the Barrier forts near he made the over- Canton, China. He went to the naval academy land journey round upon his return, and was in charge of the depart- the world, going ment of naval gunnery in 1858–62, and comman- from London to dant of midshipmen in 1862–3. He was commis- Montreal, thence to sioned lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and Vancouver and Sit- in the monitor “Passaic,” off Charleston, in 1863–²4, ka, thence by New participated in various engagements. He was com- Archangel and the missioned commander, 3 March, 1865, and served | Aleutian islands to as fleet-captain of the consolidated Gulf squad- Ochotsk,across Rus- ron, being present at the fall of Mobile and re- sian Asia to Mos- ceiving the surrender of the Confederate fleet on cow and St. Peters- Tombigbee river. He was commissioned captain, burg, and home by 15 Aug., 1870, and went on a special naval mission the Baltic. He to Europe in 1870–2. He was in charge of the claimed to be the torpedo station at Newport, R. I., in 1873–'5, was first traveller to make the overland journey. For commandant of the New London naval station in many years preceding his death he resided at La- 1878–'80, and of the Philadelphia League island chine, entertained the Prince of Wales during his navy-yard in 1880–4. He was promoted to com- visit in 1860, and was a director of the Bank of modore, 26 April, 1878, and to rear-admiral, 9 Feb., British North America and of the Bank of Montreal. 1884, and placed on the retired list, 3 March, 1886. In 1841 he was knighted for his services in connec- Admiral Simp- tion with the cause of arctic exploration. He pub- son was presi- lished “ Narrative of an Overland Journey round the dent of the U.S. World during the Years 1841-'2” (2 vols., London, naval institute 1847).— His cousin, Thomas, British explorer, b. in in 1886–’8, and Dingwall, Ross-shire, Scotland, 2 July, 1808 ; d. was the senior near Turtle river, British America, 14 June, 1840, member of the was graduated in 1828 at the University of Aber- Naval academy deen, where he won the Huttonian prize. In 1829 graduates_asso- he entered the service of the Hudson Bay com- ciation. He had pany as secretary to his cousin, Gov. Simpson, and devoted himself soon afterward accompanied the latter on a tour to the scientific through the southeastern part of the Hudson bay development of territory. In 1836 an expedition was arranged by the navy, espe- Gov. Simpson to connect the discoveries of Sir cially in the sci- John Ross and Sir George Back, and it was placed ence of gunnery under the command of Thomas Simpson. After and torpedoes. passing the winter at Fort Chipewyan, on Great Besides articles Slave lake, Simpson and his party reached Mac- in magazines on kenzie river in July, 1837, and a few days afterward professional sub- arrived at Foggy Island bay, the farthest point that jects, he published “Ordnance and Naval Gun- had been attained by Sir John Franklin. They nery,” which was the text-book at the naval acad- then traced the arctic coast of North America emy until 1868 (New York, 1862); “The Naval from the mouth of Mackenzie river to Point Bar- Mission to Europe” (2 vols., Washington, 1873); row, and from the mouth of Coppermine river to and “ Report of the Gun-Foundry Board” (1885). the Gulf of Bothnia. The expedition was occupied Several of his articles are republished in “Modern in this service about three years, and, as it was Ships of War" (New York, 1887). claimed at the time, resulted in solving the prob- SIMPSON, Sir George, British traveller, b. in lem of the existence of a passage by water between Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Scotland, in 1796; d. in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. While returning Lachine, near Montreal, 7 Sept., 1860. From 1809 with the valuable results of his discoveries, Simp- till 1820 he was in the employ of a London firm son was either killed or met his death by suicide, engaged in the West India trade, of which his un- as was asserted by some of the members of his cle was a member. His energy and active business party. The weight of evidence is in favor of the habits attracted the attention of the Earl of Sel- former assumption. See “ The Life and Travels kirk, then at the head of the Hudson bay com- of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Discoverer," by pany, and Andrew Colville, the earl's brother-in- his brother, Alexander Simpson (London, 1845). — law, a large stockholder, and in February, 1820, he Thomas's brother, Alexander, author, b. in Ross- was selected to superintend the affairs of the com- shire in 1811, was educated at the University of pany in America. In May he left Montreal for the Aberdeen. He spent several years in the service of northwest, and in 1821 he succeeded in terminat- the Hudson bay company, and was afterward British ing the long rivalry that had existed between the consul at the Sandwich islands. He published Hudson bay company and the Northwest com- The Sandwich Islands ” (London, 1843); “ Life pany by their union. He was soon afterward ap- and Travels of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Dis- pointed governor of the northern department, and coverer” (1845); and “Oregon Territory Consid- Simpson 538 SIMPSON SIMPSON ered" (1846).—Another brother, Æmilins, a lieu- | that time till the close of the war, was brevetted tenant in the royal navy, who died in 1831 on the colonel and brigadier-general in March, 1865, and Pacific coast of British North America, was also was chief engineer of the interior department, hav- engaged in the work of exploration, and was super- ing charge of the inspection of the Union Pacific intendent of the Hudson bay company's marine railroad, till 1867. He afterward superintended department on the Pacific from 1826 till 1831. defensive works at Key West, Mobile, and other SIMPSON, George Semmes, pioneer, b. in St. places, surveys of rivers and harbors, the improve- Louis, Mo., 7 May, 1818; d. in Trinidad, Col., 4 ment of navigation in the Mississippi and other Sept., 1885. He received a college education and western rivers, and the construction of bridges at studied law, but on the completion of his studies Little Rock, Ark., St. Louis, Mo., Clinton, Iowa, set out for the far west. After various experiences and other places. Gen. Simpson was the author in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, he built of “Shortest Route to California across the Great the old fort in 1842 where the city of Pueblo, Col., Basin of Utah” (Philadelphia, 1869), and “ Essay now stands. In November of that year he married on Coronado's March in Search of the Seven Cities a Spanish beauty, Juana Suaso, travelling with her of Cibola” (1869). on horseback through a wild country infested by SIMPSON, John, Canadian senator, b. in hostile Indians to Taos, N. M., where the services Rothes, Scotland, in May, 1812 ; d. in Bowman- of a priest were secured. Their daughter, Isabel, ville, Ont., 21 March, 1885. He came in childhood now Mrs. Jacob Beard, of Trinidad, was the first with his parents to Upper Canada, where they set- white child that was born in the Rocky mountain tled at Perth. He entered mercantile life in 1825 region of Colorado. Indians came in large num- as a clerk at Darlington, rose to be his employer's bers from the plains and mountains to see the partner, and was for many years engaged in mill- white child. They brought her presents and held ing and as a general merchant. In 1848 he opened a great war-dance in her honor. Subsequently a branch of the Bank of Montreal at Bowmanville, Mr. Simpson lived in various parts of New Mexico and later he established one at Whitby. He was until 1849, when he went to California, but he re- one of the most active of the founders of the On- turned to Colorado by way of the isthmus in 1852. tario bank in 1857, and was its president until a In 1866 he settled in Trinidad, Col., and there few years before his death. In 1856 Mr. Simpson spent the last years of his life. He contributed was elected to the legislative council of Canada for both prose and verse to magazines and journals, Queen's division, and he represented it in that and the first information that gold was found in body till 1807, when he became a member of the the sands of Cherry creek, Col., was sent to news- Dominion senate. He was a Liberal in politics. papers in the east by him. He left a compilation SIMPSON, Josiah, surgeon, b. in New Bruns- of his contributions, reviewing the events of his wick, N. J., 27 Feb., 1815; d. in Baltimore, Md., 3 life, with the request that they be published. He March, 1874. He was graduated at Princeton in was buried in a tomb cut out of the solid rock on 1833, and in medicine at the University of Penn- the summit of a mountain known as Simpson's sylvania in 1836. The following year, being made Nest, where he had once found shelter from the assistant surgeon, U. S. army, he served through Indians. A monument marks the spot. the Florida war, receiving honorable mention by SIMPSON, Henry, author, b. in 1790; d. in Gen. Zachary Taylor for his services at the battle Philadelphia, Pa., 25 March, 1868. He was a mem- of Okeechobee. He was also commended by Gen. ber of the legislature of Pennsylvania, an ap- Winfield Scott and Gen. William J. Worth, under praiser of the port of Philadelphia, and at one time whom he served in the Mexican war at Vera Cruz, an alderman of the city. He was a member of the Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. In Historical society of Pennsylvania and published | 1848–55 he was attending surgeon with headquar- “ The Lives of Eminent Philadelphians” (Phila- ters at New York, acting also as post-surgeon at delphia, 1859). Bedlow's island. He was then promoted surgeon SIMPSON, James Hervey, soldier, b. in New and was medical director of the Department of the Jersey, 9 March, 1813; d. in St. Paul, Minn., 2 Pacific till 1858, of the middle department in March, 1883. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 1862–6, and of the Department of the Tennessee tary academy in 1832, and assigned to the artillery. till 1867, when he was transferred to Baltimore. During the Florida war he was aide to Gen. Abra- SIMPSON, Marcus de Lafayette, soldier, b. ham Eustis. He was made 1st lieutenant in the in Esperance, Schoharie co., N. Y., 28 Aug., 1824. corps of topographical engineers on 7 July, 1838, He was graduated at the U. S. military academy engaged in surveying the northern lakes and the in 1846, and, serving the same year in the war with western plains, was promoted captain on 3 March, Mexico, was brevetted 1st lieutenant in 1847 for 1853, served as chief topographical engineer with gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of the army in Utah, and in 1859 explored a new route Contreras and Churubusco, and captain for the from Salt Lake City to the Pacific coast, the reports battle of Chapultepec. From 1848 till 1861 he of which he was busy in preparing till the begin- was quartermaster at various posts, and assistant ning of the civil war. He served as chief topo- in the office of the commissary-general, acting as graphical engineer of the Department of the Shen- chief commissary of the Department of the Pacific andoah, was promoted major on 6 Aug., 1861, was in 1859–61. During the civil war he served in the made colonel of the 4th New Jersey volunteers on commissary-general's office, and he was brevetted 12 Aug., 1861, and took part in the peninsular cam- colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general on 13 paign, being engaged at West Point and at Gaines's March, 1865. In 1867-173 he was chief commis- Mills, where he was taken prisoner. After his ex- sary of subsistence of the Division of the Pacific, change in August, 1862, he resigned his volunteer till 1879 of that of the Atlantic, and since 1879 commission in order to act as chief topographical he has held the same office in the Division of the engineer, and afterward as chief engineer of the Missouri, at Chicago. Department of the Ohio, where he was employed SIMPSON, Matthew, M. E. bishop, b. in Ca- in making and repairing railroads and erecting diz, Ohio, 20 June, 1811; d. in Philadelphia, Pat., temporary fortifications. He was promoted lieu- 18 June, 1884. He received the best education tenant-colonel ! squineers on 1 June, 1863, had that the town afforded, and his father dying when general char fi cations in Kentucky from the boy was two years old, he was instructed and SIMPSON 539 SIMPSON M Simpson was encouraged by his uncle, Matthew Simpson, after dresses before the students of the theological de- whom he was named. The latter was a thorough partment, which were published as Lectures on scholar, generally informed, was in the state sen- Preaching” (New York, 1879). In later years his ate ten years, and for seven years a judge of the appearance was patriarchal. His eloquence was county court. He simple and natural, but increasing in power from was familiar with the beginning to the close. It was peculiar to him- Greek and Hebrew, self and equally attractive to the learned and the and conferred upon ignorant. When he was at his best few could re- his nephew many ad- sist his pathetic appeals. Though his eloquence is vantages that boys the principal element of his fame, he was a man of usually did not have unusual soundness of judgment, a parliamentarian at that early day in of remarkable accuracy and promptitude, and one the west. When he of the best presiding officers and safest of counsel- was about sixteen lors. He was present in the general conference in years of age Mat- Philadelphia in 1884. Though broken in health thew left home and so as not to be able to sit through the sessions, his became a student mind was clear and his farewell address made a in Madison college, profound impression. Bishop Simpson published Pa., which has since “ Hundred Years of Methodism” (New York, 1876), been incorporated and “ Cyclopædia of Methodism” (Philadelphia, with Alleghany col- -1878; 5th ed., revised, 1882). After his death a vol- lege at Meadville. ume of his “Sermons” was edited by Rev. George His progress R. Crooks, D. D. (1885). A window in his memory is rapid and he became to be placed by American admirers in City Road a tutor before he was nineteen years old. He soon chapel, London, where John Wesley preached. began the study of medicine, and in 1833 entered SIMPSON, Michael, soldier, b. in Paxtang, upon its practice, but was drawn to the ministry and Lancaster co., Pa., 19 May, 1740; d. in York county, entered the Pittsburg conference of the Methodist Pa., 1 June, 1813. He received a good education, Episcopal church on trial in 1834. He was made and was a farmer. After the defeat of Braddock he third preacher of St. Clairsville circuit in Ohio. was commissioned an ensign in the provincial ser- Here his success was marked, and the following vice, and was in the expeditions of Forbes and year he was removed to Pittsburg: In 1837 he was Bouquet to the Ohio. At the beginning of the transferred to Williamsport, and the same year Revolution he was appointed lieutenant in the 1st elected vice-president and professor of natural sci- Pennsylvania battalion, and was attached to the ence in Alleghany college. He was chosen presi- Quebec expedition under Arnold in 1775. He was dent of Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university, promoted captain, commanded a company at the Greencastle, Ind., in 1839. This post he filled with battle of Long Island, and also participated in the great popularity for nine years. His eloquence battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, German- made him in great demand in the pulpit and on town, and White Plains. He was retired from ser- the platform. His personal qualities gave him an vice on the rearrangement of the Pennsylvania line extraordinary influence over students, and made in January, 1781. After the war he retired to a farm him efficient in raising money for the endowment on Susquehanna river, where he owned the ferry of the college. In 1844 he was elected to the gen- on the York county side of the river that was gen- eral conference, and in 1848 he was re-elected. He erally known as Simpson's ferry. He was appoint- appeared in 1852 in the conference as the leader of ed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania troops under his delegation, and at this conference he was made orders for the establishment of a provisional army, bishop. In 1857 he was sent abroad as a delegate He was a warm friend of Washington, who tarried to the English and Irish conference of the Wes- at his residence over night while returning from leyan connection, and was also a delegate to the the western expedition in 1794. World's evangelical alliance which met in Berlin. SIMPSON, Stephen, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., His preaching and addresses upon this tour at- 24 July, 1789; d. there, 17 Aug., 1854. His father, tracted great attention, particularly his sermon George Simpson (1759-1822), was an assistant com- before the alliance, which extended his fame as a missary-general in the Revolution, one of the chief pulpit orator throughout the world. After its ad- officers of the Bank of North America, the first journment he travelled through Turkey, Palestine, bank in the Union, subsequently cashier of the Egypt, and Greece. In 1859 he removed from Bank of the United States from its establishment Pittsburg to Evanston, Ill., and became nominally in 1791 till its close in 1811, and then cashier of the president of Garrett biblical institute. Subse- Girard bank. These various posts he held during quently he removed Philadelphia. His powers forty years. Through his patriotism and close con- as an orator were displayed during the civil war in nection with the finances of the country he was of a manner that commanded the admiration and great service to the government in the war of 1812 gratitude of the people. President Lincoln re- by obtaining from moneyed men loans to carry on garded him as the greatest orator he ever heard, the contest. The son was a note-clerk in the Bank and at his funeral in Springfield Bishop Simpson of the United States, but resigned and soon after- officiated. He made many addresses in behalf of ward attacked the bank, its policy and transac- the Christian commission, and delivered a series of tions, in a series of able but vindictive articles, lectures that had much to do with raising the spirit signed " Brutus.” He then volunteered in the army, of the people. His official duties took him abroad and with his brother George, an officer, fought at in 1870 and in 1875. In 1874 he visited Mexico. the battle of New Orleans in the only company in At the Ecumenical council of Methodists in Lon- which any men were killed. On his return he be- don he was selected by the representatives of all came editor and proprietor of “The Portico," and branches to deliver the opening sermon. After in 1822, with John Conrad, established “The Co- the news of the death of President Garfield he de- lumbian Observer,” a Democratic paper in the inter- livered an address at Exeter hall. He was selected ests of Andrew Jackson, also resuming the letters by the faculty of Yale to deliver a series of ad- of “ Brutus,” whose authorship was thus acknowl- a 540 SIMS SIMS edged. He contributed to periodicals and to the and was admitted to the bar in 1860, but never Philadelphia Book," and wrote a “ Life of Stephen practised. He served as acting assistant paymas- Girard” (Philadelphia, 1832). ter in the U. S. navy in 1863, and was chosen lieu- SIMS, Alexander Dromgoole, congressman, tenant-colonel of the 4th Arkansas infantry in b. in Brunswick county, Va., 11 June, 1803; d. in 1864, but was taken prisoner before he could be Kingstree, S. C., 11 Nov., 1848. He was educated mustered in. He was judge-advocate-general of at the University of North Carolina, and was gradu- Arkansas in 1864–9, a delegate to the Arkansas ated at Union in 1823, studied law, and after prac- constitutional convention in 1867–8, a commission- tising in his native county, removed to Darlington, er to digest the statutes of Arkansas in 1868, and a S. C., where he taught for five years, and afterward representative in the legislature in 1868–’9. For practised his profession with success. He was a the next nine years he was U. S. consul for the dis- member of the legislature in 1840–4, and was trict of Prescott, Canada. Mr. Sims has published elected to congress as a state-rights Democrat, “The Origin and Signification of Scottish Sur- serving from 1 Dec., 1845, till his death. He pub- names, with a Vocabulary of Christian Names" lished a controversial paper on slavery and a novel (Albany, 1862); “ The Institution of the Society of entitled “ Bevil Faulcon” (1842).-His brother, the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey” (1866); Edward Dromgoole, educator, b. in Brunswick and an edition of William Noye's “ Maxims of the county, Va., 24 March, 1805; d. in Tuscaloosa, Laws of England,” with a memoir of the author Ala., 12 April, 1845, was graduated at the Uni- (1870).—Another brother, James Peacock, archi- versity of North Carolina in 1824, became prin- tect, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Nov., 1849, d. cipal of an academy at La Grange, Ala., was there, 20 May, 1882, was graduated at the Univer- afterward professor of mathematics in La Grange sity of Pennsylvania in 1868, and studied architec- college, entered the Tennessee conference of the ture with his brother Henry. He designed, be- Methodist Episcopal church in 1831, and, after sides many private residences, the building of the serving for two years as an itinerant preacher, Royal insurance company, Christ church and Holy became professor of ancient languages at Ran- Trinity memorial chapels, Philadelphia, and Christ dolph Macon college. He went to Europe in church in Germantown. 1836, studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic and SIMS, James Marion, surgeon, b. in Lancaster Syriac for two years at the University of Halle, county, S. C., 25 Jan., 1813; d. in New York city, spent a year in travel, and on his return to the 13 Nov., 1883. He was graduated at South Caro- United States assumed the chair of English litera- lina college in 1832, began the study of medicine ture at Randolph Macon. From 1842 till his with a physician of his neighborhood, entered death he taught the same subject in the Univer- Charleston medical sity of Alabama. He was the first to teach Anglo- school when it was Saxon in connection with English literature in opened in Novem- the south, and was preparing grammars of English ber, 1833, and com- and Anglo-Saxon at the time of his death. pleted his course at SIMS, Charles N., clergyman, b. in Union coun- Jefferson medical ty, Ind., 18 May, 1835. He entered the Methodist college, Philadel- ministry in 1857 and was graduated at Indiana phia, in 1835. He Asbury (now De Pauw) university in 1859. In began practice in 1860 he became president of Valparaiso college, Lancaster, where Ind., and in 1862 was appointed to a pastoral his parents resid- charge in Richmond, Ind. He was subsequently ed, but became dis- pastor at Wabash, Evansville , and Indianapolis , couraged the Ind., Baltimore, Md., Newark, N. J., and Brook- loss of his first pa- lyn, N. Y. Since 17 Nov., 1880, he has been chan- tients, and removed cellor of Syracuse university. In 1882 and 1883 he to Mount Meigs, was appointed commissioner to the Onondaga In- Montgomery dian nation. He was a delegate to the general | Ala., and, after his conference of his church in 1884 and 1888. The marriage in Decem- degree of D. D. was conferred on him by De Pauw ber, 1836, to Macon university in 1870, and that of LL. D. in 1882. Dr. county. He was suc- Sims has done much literary work for periodicals, cessful there, but and is the author of a Life of Thomas M. Eddy” severe attacks of malarial fever impelled him to (New York, 1879). change his residence. Near the close of 1840 he SIMS, Henry Augustus, architect, b. in Phila- settled in Montgomery, where in a short time he delphia, Pa., 22 Dec., 1832 ; d. there, 10 July, 1875. gained a good reputation as a surgeon. He was He was educated at the Philadelphia high-school, the first practitioner in the south to operate for studied civil engineering, and followed that pro- strabismus or to treat club-foot successfully. In fession in Canada, Georgia, and Minnesota. Sub- 1845 he published a paper on the cause and the sequently he studied architecture, and practised proper mode of treatment of trismus nascentium, that art in Canada from 1860 till 1866, and after- in which he attributed the disease to mechani- ward in Philadelphia till his death. He was long cal pressure on the base of the brain, and affirmed the secretary for foreign correspondence of the that it could be prevented by not placing new- American institute of architects . He designed born infants in a constrained posture, and often many city and country residences and, among cured by simply laying them on their side. He other public buildings, the Columbia avenue and explained his hypothesis in the “ American Journal 2d Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia, the of the Medi Sciences " in 1846 and 1848, and chapel at Mercersburg, Pa., the court-house at subsequently in an " Essay on the Pathology and Hagerstown, Md., and the almshouse of Mont- Treatment of Trismus Nascentium, or Lock-jaw of gomery county, Pa.—His brother, Clifford Stan. Infants” (Philadelphia, 1864). His view was not ley, author, b. in Dauphin county, Pa., 17 Feb. , generally accepted by the profession, although a 1839, was educated at the academy of the Protest- few doctors used his method with success, and the ant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, studied law, doctrine was confirmed more than thirty years at CO., Solarin Sims. SIMS 541 SIMS after its announcement by the investigation of a ambulance corps has been published by Sir William long series of cases in Washington, D. C. In 1845 McCormack, who succeeded him as surgeon-in-chief Dr. Sims conceived a method of treating vesico- (London, 1871). The first pavilion of the Woman's vaginal fistula, an affection for which the physi- hospital that he originated in New York city was cians of various countries had vainly sought a cure completed in 1866. In January, 1872, he was re- He fitted up a hospital beside his house, into which appointed a member of the board of surgeons. His he collected cases from the neighboring country, return increased the reputation of the institution, maintaining them at his own expense. After ex- the second pavilion of which was completed in perimenting for three years and a half, he finally 1876. Many surgeons of the city and from abroad devised the silver suture, which has since been em- attended to witness his operations. Finally the ployed in many branches of surgery, and with board of governors, out of a supposed regard for which he effected a perfect cure. He invented the modesty of the patients, made a regulation re- various instruments during his experiments, chief stricting the number of visitors to fifteen on any of which was the duck-bill speculum, commonly one occasion. Dr. Sims was touched in his profes- called the Sims speculum. This revealed the seat sional dignity by this invasion of his proper prov- of other serious complaints, and rendered them ince, and on´1 Dec., 1874, resigned his post. The amenable to surgical treatment. He had before American medical association elected him to pre- paid no attention to gynecology, but the possession side over its meetings at Philadelphia. In 1881 he of this instrument, which has raised that branch served as president of the American gynecological from the level of empirical experiment to that of society. A part of the last period of his life was certain knowledge, induced him to devote his at- spent in Paris, where his family continued to reside. tention henceforth to the study and treatment of Among his benefactions is the J. Marion Sims asy- diseases of women. Soon after his first successful lum for the poor in Lancaster, S. C. He was given operations on fistula of the bladder he was seized the degree of LL. D. by Jefferson university, Pa., with chronic diarrhea, and, after combating the in 1881, was made a knight of the Legion of honor disease for three years in vain, in order to save in France, a knight of the order of Leopold I., and his life, he removed in 1853 to New York city. He a corresponding fellow of the Royal academy of demonstrated to prominent surgeons the success of medicine in Belgium, and received the iron cross the silver suture in vesico-vaginal fistula and lacer- of Germany, two medals from the Italian govern- ated perinæum, and his methods came into use ment, and decorations from the Spanish and Por- in the hospitals; yet their author met with a cold tuguese governments. Dr. Sims began, but did not reception, and his proposition to open a hospital finish, a work on accidents of parturition and an- for the treatment of women's diseases was opposed other on sterility. He read papers on these and by the other doctors until it was auspiciously many other subjects before the medical associa- presented before the public. The project was wel- tions of the United States and England, and de- comed by influential women, and in 1855 a tem- scribed in medical journals new operations and in- porary hospital was opened. The necessity for a struments, and advanced theories of pathology and larger institution was soon recognized. In 1857 practice that attracted the universal attention of the legislature granted a charter for the Woman's inedical men. He published also a short treatise on hospital of the state of New York, and in the fol- “Ovariotomy” (New York, 1873). Not long before lowing year appropriated $50,000 for the purpose, his death he wrote “ The Story of My Life” (New while the common council of the city gave as a site York, 1884). See also a “ Memoir,” by Dr. Thomas the old Potter's field between Fourth and Lexing- Addis Emmet (1883).—His son, Harry Marion, ton avenues. In 1861 Dr. Sims went to Europe to surgeon, b. in Montgomery, Ala.. 27 Feb., 1851, re- study hospital architecture, and, having convinced ceived his early education in England, France, and himself of the advantages of the pavilion system, Germany, was graduated at Washington and Lee returned in 1862 and persuaded the governors to in 1870, and afterward passed through the course adopt that plan. While he was in Europe the of the College of physicians and surgeons, New chief gynecologists in London, Paris, Dublin, and York city, receiving his degree in 1873. He was a Edinburgh invited him to perform the operation member of the ambulance corps that his father or- for vesico-vaginal fistula in the hospitals. His ganized during the Franco-Prussian war, being successes in Paris led to his being invited to Brus- present at Sedan, Orleans, and other battles, and sels to demonstrate the operation before the faculty. rendered active field service in Paris during the He took his family to Europe in July, 1862, in- Commune. He established himself in New York tending to return to New York to earn the means city, giving much attention to gynecology, on of supporting them there, but, through his pro- which subject he has lectured for several years be- fessional friends and the fame of his operations, ob- fore the New York polyclinic. Besides publishing tained a remunerative practice in Paris, and de- papers on subjects connected with his specialty, he cided to remain abroad until the civil war came to has prepared an American edition of Dr. Grailly an end. He removed to London about 1864 for | Hewitt's work on • Diseases of Women," with ad- the education of his children. His “ Clinical Notes ditions showing the later improvements in gyne- on Uterine Surgery,” which was published simul- cology in this country (New York, 1884). taneously in English, French, and German (London, SIMS, Winfield Scott, inventor, b. in New Paris, and Berlin, 1865), described novel methods York city, 6 April, 1844. He was graduated at of treatment which were not readily adopted by the the Newark high-school in 1861, and served during profession, but which in a few years revolutionized the civil war in the 37th New Jersey regiment. the practice of gynecology. În 1868 he returned Subsequently he turned his attention to the inven- to the United States and resumed practice in New tion of electric apparatus, and devised various im- York city. While visiting Paris in 1870 he organ- provements in electro-magnets. In 1872 he con- ized an Anglo-American ambulance corps, was structed an electric motor to be used for light made its surgeon-in-chief, and arrived at Sedan work. By means of this motor, weighing forty-five immediately before the battle. After treating 1,600 pounds and battery of twenty half-gallon Bunsen French and 1,000 German soldiers in the hospital cells, he was able to propel an open boat sixteen that was assigned to the corps, he resigned at the feet long, with six persons on board, at the rate of end of a month. A report of the services of his four miles an hour. Mr. Sims was the first to ap- 66 66 542 SITGREAVES SIMSON a ply electricity for the propulsion and guidance of for infringing on their patents, but the matter movable torpedoes for harbor and coast defence. was finally compromised. He then had some His torpedo is a submarine boat, with a cylindrical difficulty with Mr. Clark, in consequence of which, hull of copper and conical ends, supplied with a while each retained an equal interest in the ma- screw propellor and rudder. The power is elec- chine, its manufacture was placed in the hands of tricity generated by a dynamo-electric machine on a company. Mr. Singer soon became wealthy, and, shore or on ship-board, and by its means the tor- leaving this country, resided for some time in pedo is propelled, guided, and exploded. During Paris, but later removed to England, where he 1879 this system was tested by Gen. Henry L. Ab- lived in a curiously constructed house that he bot, of the U. S. engineer corps, at Willett's point, built in Torquay. and since that time the U. S. government has pur- SINGERÎY, William Miskey, journalist, b. chased ten of these boats having a speed of ten to in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Dec., 1832. He was edu- eleven and a half miles an hour. These boats carry cated in the Philadelphia high-school, and trained from 400 to 450 pounds of dynamnite. Mr. Sims to mercantile business. From 1859 till 1881 he has now in course of construction a boat, to have a was connected with the city railways, and since speed of eighteen miles an hour, which is to carry a 1877 he has been the publisher of the Philadelphia 250-pound charge of dynamite. “ Record.” His newspaper has been the instru- SIMSON, Sampson, philanthropist, b. in New ment for correcting various abuses. In 1884 he York city in 1780; d. there, 7 Jan., 1857. He effected arrangements by which the people of studied law at Columbia, but after a few years' Philadelphia obtained fuel for one quarter less practice retired to his farm in Yonkers, and de- than they had paid. He has built 700 dwellings voted himself to charitable and benevolent work. in a previously unimproved suburb of Philadel- He was founder of the Mount Sinai hospital, and phia. Besides his finely appointed printing-office, bequeathed large sums to Jewish and general in- he conducts extensive pulp- and paper-mills at stitutions, including $50,000 that, after the death Elkton, Md., and has devoted much attention to of a nephew, should be paid “ to any responsible breeding beef and dairy cattle and trotting-horses corporation in this city whose permanent fund is on model farms in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. established by its charter for the purpose of ameli- SINNICKSON, Thomas, patriot, b. in Salem orating the condition of the Jews in Jerusalem, county, N. J.; d. in Salem, N. J., 15 May, 1817. Palestine.” By decision of the state supreme court He received a classical education and became a on 29 May, 1888, this amount, with thirty years' merchant. For many years he sat in the provin. interest, was paid to the North American relief cial council of New Jersey, and in 1775 he was a society for indigent Jews in Jerusalem. delegate to the Provincial congress. He was a cor- SINCLAIR, Carrie Bell, poet, b. in Milledge- respondent of the committee of safety, and served ville, Ga., 22 May, 1839. Her father, Elijah, a nephew as a captain during the Revolutionary war, being of Robert Fulton, was a Methodist clergyman who present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. at the time of his death conducted a seminary After the peace he was a member of the legisla- for girls at Georgetown, S. C. The family removed | ture, and on the adoption of the constitution of to Augusta, Ga., where she contributed poetry to the United States was elected to congress, serving the “ Georgia Gazette.” She published a volume from 4 March, 1789, till 3 March, 1791. He was of “ Poems" (Augusta, 1860), and during the civil elected again in 1796, and served from 15 May, war wrote lyrics commemorating incidents of the 1797, till 3 March, 1799. He was presiding judge battle-field and praising the Confederate cause, of the court of common pleas for many years. some of which were set to music, while devoting SISTIAGA, Sebastian (sis-te-ah'-gah), Mexican herself to supplying the wants and alleviating the missionary, b. in Teposcolula, about 1690; d. in sufferings of southern soldiers in Savannah. After Puebla in 1756. He became a Jesuit in 1704, and, the war she made Philadelphia her residence, and after finishing his studies, was assigned in 1718 to wrote for periodicals. Her war-songs and other the missions of Lower California. In 1721 he re- poetical productions were collected in “ Heart Whis- solved to explore the northeast coast of the penin- pers, or Echoes of Song" (1872). sula, and, leaving Loreto, he followed the coast up SINCLAIR, Peter, Canadian member of par- to latitude 31° N., discovering three good ports, liament, b. in Argyllshire, Scotland, in 1825. He with plenty of spring-water and an abundance of was educated in his native place, emigrated to hard woods, and also founding the mission of San Prince Edward island, engaged in farmning, and Ignacio. After many years of successful mission- was elected to the house of assembly in 1867. He ary labor he returned to Mexico, dying in the was a member of the executive council from 1869 college of the order in Puebla. He wrote “Rela- till 1871, and again in 1872, when he acted as gov- ción de un viaje á la Baja California y de los ernment leader, and was a member of the board of descubrimientos hechos, con planos de los puertos, works. He was elected to the Dominion parlia- remitida al Virey de México” and “ Noticia de la inent in September, 1873, and re-elected by accla- Misión de San Ignacio con sus ocho pueblos," the mation in 1874, but defeated in 1878. He was manuscripts of which were used by H. H. Ban- chosen to the legislature of Prince Edward island croft, the historian of California. in 1882, and again in 1886. He is a Liberal, and SITGREAVES, John, jurist, b. in New Berne, in favor of reciprocal trade with the United States. N. C., about 1740; d. in Halifax, N. C., 4 March, SINGER, Isaac Merritt, inventor, b. in Os- | 1802. He studied and practised law in New Berne, wego, N. Y., 27 Oct., 1811; d. in Torquay, Eng- was appointed an officer in Richard Caswell's regi- land, 23 July 1875. He was a machinist, and ment of militia in 1776, and served as his aide-de- devoted himself entirely to the study of improving camp at the battle of Camden in 1780. In 1784-5 sewing-machines. After years of close application he represented North Carolina in the Continental he succeeded in completing a single-thread, chain- , congress, and in 1786–9 he was a member of the stitch machine, for which he received a patent. North Carolina legislature, leaving that body on In the early part of his career he was assisted by being appointed United States district judge for Edward Clark, a wealthy lawyer, by whose aid he North Carolina. was enabled to establish a factory in New York. SITGREAVES, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Philadel- The Howe sewing-machine company sued him phia, Pa., 16 March, 1764; d. in Easton, Pa., 4 April, SITJAR 543 SKENE CON- 1824. He received a classical education, studied / successful candidate for Carleton for the Ontario law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, assembly in 1867. He was president of the Ottawa 3 Sept., 1783. In 1786 he settled at Easton, where board of trade, of the Ottawa Liberal-Conserva- he soon gained an extensive practice. He was tive association, of the Liberal-Conservative con- elected a member of the State constitutional con- vention that met in Toronto, 23 Sept., 1874, of the vention of 1789–?90, and was elected to congress in Dominion board of trade, and of the Agricultural 1794, and again in 1796. In 1797 he conducted the and arts association of Ontario, and was impeachment of William Blount. He was one of nected as president or director with various other the commissioners to settle claims under the Jay financial or industrial institutions. treaty. In 1799 he was retained by the government SKENANDO, Oneida chief, b. in 1706 ; d. in to assist in the trial of John Fries for treason. At | 1816. During the war of the Revolution he had the end of John Adams's administration he retired command of 250 warriors of the Oneida and Tus- from politics, and resumed practice.- His son, carora tribes of Indians, and rendered important Lorenzo, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania about 1811: services to the American cause. Skenando was d. in Washington, D. C., 14 May, 1888. He was tall and commanding in person, and his face dis- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1832, played unusual intelligence. He was an intrepid and was assigned to the artillery. He resigned warrior, and one of the noblest and wisest counsel- to engage in civil engineering, but was reappointed lors of the Six Nations. The first mention of his in the army as 2d lieutenant of topographical engi- name is by Rev. Samuel Kirkland, who became neers on 18 July, 1840, and was employed in sur- acquainted with him when he first went into the veys of the Sault Sainte Marie, Portsmouth harbor, Indian country in 1764. Skenando formed so and the Florida reefs. During the Mexican war strong an attachment for Mr. Kirkland that he he took part in the march through Chihuahua and expressed a desire to be buried by the side of his in the battle of Buena Vista, where he gained the friend, which was done. He was known among brevet of captain for gallantry. He was in charge the Indians as the " white man's friend." in 1851 of the survey of Zuñi and Colorado rivers, SKENE, Alexander Johnston Chalmers, phy- N. M., of which a report was published (Washing. sician, b. in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 17 ton, 1853). He mustered volunteers at Albany, June, 1837. He was educated chiefly in the schools N. Y., in 1861-2, being promoted major on 6 Aug., of Aberdeen, and studied medicine at King's col- 1861. He reached the grade of lieutenant-colonel | lege, Scotland, at the University of Michigan, and of engineers on 22 April , 1864, and subsequently at Long Island college hospital, where he was had charge of harbor improvements on Lake Michi- graduated in 1863. From July, 1863, till June, gan till 10 July, 1866, when he was retired. 1864, he was acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. SITJAR, Buenaventura (seet'-har), Spanish army: In 1864 he settled in Brooklyn, where he missionary, b. in the island of Majorca, 9 Dec., has since been engaged in successful practice. Dr. 1739 ; d. in San Antonio, Cal., 3 Sept. , 1808. He Skene was adjunct physician in Long Island col- was a member of the Franciscan order, came as a lege hospital in 1864, appointed professor of gyne- missionary to America, and founded in 1771 the cology there in 1872, and dean of the faculty in mission of San Antonio, and in 1797 that of San 1886. He was professor of gynecology in the Post- Miguel. With the assistance of Father Miguel graduate medical school of New York in 1884, Pieras, he composed a vocabulary of the Telamé or and is president of the American gynecological so- Sextapay language. This work forms the seventh ciety. He perforined the first successful operation volume of John G. Shea's “ Library of American of gastro-elytrotomy that is recorded, and also that Linguistics” (New York, 1861), and was published of craniotomy, using Sims's speculum. He has in- separately under the title of " Vocabulary of the vented about twelve surgical instruments, has Language of the San Antonio Missions" (1863). written numerous articles for the medical journals, SITTING BULL, Sioux chief, b. about 1837. and published “Uro-Cystic and Urethral Diseases He was the principal chief of the Dakota Sioux, in Women” (New York, 1877), and “ Treatise on who were driven from their reservation in the Diseases of Women, for the Use of Students and Black Hills by miners in 1876, and took up arms Practitioners ” (1888). against the whites and friendly Indians, refusing SKENE, Philip, soldier, b. in London, Eng- to be transported to the Indian territory. In land, in February, 1725; d. near Stoke Golding- June, 1876, they defeated and massacred Gen. ton, England, 10 June, 1810. He was heir-male George A. Custer's advance party of Gen. Alfred (after 1742) of Sir Andrew Skene, of Hallyards, H. Terry's column, which was sent against them, Fife, and entered the 1st royal regiment in 1736, on Little Big Horn river, and were pursued north- under the auspices of his uncle, Capt. Andrew ward by Gen. Terry. Sitting Bull, with a part | Skene, was at the taking of Carthagena and Porto of his band, made his escape into British ter- Bello, and at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, ritory, and, through the mediation of Dominion and Culloden. He left the royal regiment in 1750, officials, surrendered on a promise of pardon in and was afterward captain in the 27th and 10th 1880. In July and August, 1888, in a conference foot, and major of brigade. In the same year he at Standing Rock, Dak., he influenced his tribe to married Katherine, heiress of the Heydens, of Mt. refuse to relinquish Indian lands. Heyden, County Wicklow, who was related to Sir SKEAD, James, Canadian senator, b. at Calder William Johnson. In 1756 he came again to this Hall, Moresby, Cumberland, England, 31 Dec., country, and was engaged under Lord Howe at 1817; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 5 July, 1884. He was the attack on Ticonderoga, and afterward under educated in his native town, and, coming to Can- Lord Amherst at its capture, with that of Crown ada with his family in 1832, settled at Bytown Point. Thence he went to the attack on Marti- (now Ottawa). Mr. Skead afterward engaged in nique and Havana under Lord Albemarle, and the timber trade, and also in manufacturing. At was one of the first to enter the breach at the the time of confederation in 1867 he was called to storming of Moro Castle. In 1759, by the desire the senate. Early in 1881 he resigned, but he was of Lord Amherst and with a view to strengthen- reappointed on 24 Dec. of the same year. He ing the British hold on Canada, he received a large represented Rideau division from 1862 till 1867 in grant of land on Lake Champlain, which he in- the legislative council of Canada, and was an un- creased by purchases to the extent of about 60,000 544 SKINNER SKENE acres, and founded on Wood creek the town of of the reward of £5,000 being the recompense of Skenesborough (now Whitehall, N. Y.). He was that arduous service. Retiring on half-pay, and named governor of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, presently refusing the command of a new arctic with the rank of colonel in the army, became colonel expedition, he devoted most of his leisure to divers of the local militia, judge, and postmaster, estab- inventions connected with his profession, the inost lished flourishing foundries and saw-mills, con- remarkable of which he patented, a system of feath- structed and sailed vessels on the lake, and opened ering paddles, which was not then approved, but roads to Albany. In the Revolution, after being after the expiration of the patent was generally exchanged as a prisoner, he served a short time adopted, until it was superseded by the screw.- under Sir William Howe at New York, and then His only son, ANDREW Philip, b. 6 Sept., 1832, suc- volunteered under Gen. Burgoyne, during whose ceeded to the Irish and Canadian estates. campaign his horse was twice shot under him. He SKILTON, Julius Augustus, physician, b. in and his son had acted as guides to the army from Troy, N. Y., 29 June, 1833. He was graduated at Canada ; the British troops having for some time Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1849, and at occupied Skenesborough, on their moving, Gen. Albany medical college in 1855, and began to prac- Haldimand ordered the whole place to be burned, tise in Troy in 1855. He was a member of the lest it should become a danger in the hands of board of education in 1856, and city physician in their opponents. Col. Skene thus saw the fruits 1857–8. In 1861 he was made assistant surgeon of an invested fortune and many years' labors of the 30th New York regiment, and surgeon of perish before his eyes at his countrymen's hands. the 87th New York in 1862. He was taken prisoner The night before the capitulation of Saratoga, Col. in the summer of that year, and was released in Skene, as appears from one of his letters, went to feeble health, but recovered sufficiently to become Gen. Burgoyne and urged on him that there was surgeon of the 14th New York cavalry in 1863, no need for capitulating at all; that, on con- served in New York city during the draft riots, dition that arms and baggage were abandoned, he and was medical director of cavalry department of would undertake to guide the army safe to Canada. the southwest in 1864-'5. In 1869 he was appointed After the recognition of independence, Col. Skene U. S. consul at the city of Mexico, and in 1872 he was in London, and intended to return and begin was promoted to be consul-general, holding the again as an American citizen; but the state of New office until 1878. He received the degree of A. B. York attainted him and his son of high treason, from Wesleyan university in 1853. Besides his an- and confiscated their estates. After the war he re- nual reports he has published “ Mining Districts of turned to New York to recover his property, but Parhuca, Real del Monte, El Chico, and Star Rosa, was unsuccessful, and went back to England." The State of Hidalgo, Republic of Mexico." British government in 1785 granted him a pen- SKINNER, Charles Rufus, member of con- sion of £240 per annum for life, and a sum of gress, b. in Union Square, Oswego co., N. Y., 4 Aug., £20,000, with which he purchased the estate of 1844. He was educated at Clinton liberal insti- Addersey Lodge, Northamptonshire. He has been tute and at the Mexico, N. Y., academy, was school sometimes confounded with a namesake, Gen. commissioner of Watertown, N. Y., in 1875–84, Philip Skene, colonel of the 69th foot, who died member of the assembly in 1877–81, and a repre- in 1788, and also with Lieut. Philip Skene, of the sentative in congress in 1881-5, as a Republican. 720 foot, who died in 1774.-His only son, Andrew In congress he was the author of the bill providing Philip, soldier, b. 25 March, 1753; d. in Durham, for the special delivery stamp, and he introduced a England, in January, 1826, entered the 5th regi- bill reducing the postage on letters from three to ment of dragoons in 1763. He was graduated at two cents. He was appointed deputy superintend- King's (now Columbia) college, New York, in 1772, ent of public instruction of the state of New York, and transferred afterward to the 6th dragoons, and 7 April, 1886, for the term that will expire in 1889. named major of brigade, being the first subaltern SKINNER, Cortlandt, soldier, b. in New Jer- that ever had held that post. He lost a separate sey in 1728; d. in Bristol, England, in 1799. He re- estate near Skenesborough, was afterward captain ceived a good education, became a successful lawyer, in the 9th dragoons, and became military paymas- and was attorney-general of New Jersey in 1775, ter at divers places in the three kingdoms. The in which capacity he evinced great ability and in- last twenty-two years of his life were passed at tegrity. At the opening of the Revolution he ac- Durham.- Andrew's eldest son, Philip Orkney, cepted service under the crown and was authorized soldier, b. about 1790; d. in 1837, became a lieu- to raise a corps of loyalists, of which he was tenant of engineers in the British army, and was allowed to nominate the officers. Three battalions for a long time stationed in Canada, where he de- were organized, and called the New Jersey volun- signed the works of Quebec. He had previously teers. Skinner continued in command of the been chosen to attend at Paris the princes of Prus- corps, with the rank of brigadier-general, and at sia, afterward King Frederick William IV., and the peace went to England, where he received com- the Emperor William. He wrote many works and pensation for his losses as a loyalist, and also the labored zealously to propagate the Hamiltonian half-pay of a brigadier-general during his life. One system of teaching languages, the schemes of Rob- of his daughters married Sir William Robinson, ert Owen, and the co-operative system, which he commissary-general in the British army, and an- was one of the first to introduce in London.--An- other Sir George Nugent, a field - marshal.-His other son, Andrew Motz, d. in Durham, England, son, Philip Kearny, soldier, b. in Amboy. N. J.; 10 July, 1849, entered the royal navy in 1808, was d. in London, 9 April, 1826, entered the service as present at Flushing and at actions in the West an ensign in the New Jersey loyalist volunteers, Indies, and was shipmate of the Emperor Napoleon was made a prisoner in the expedition to Ostend, in the voyage to St. Helena. He afterward went served in Ireland, the East and West Indies, and with Sir John Ross on the arctic expedition of Spain, and became a lieutenant-general in 1825. 1818, his name being given to the Skene islands SKINNER, Ezekiel, clergyman, b. in Glaston- in Baffin bay. Most of the published drawings of bury, Com., 27 June, 1777; d. in Greenport, L. I., the expedition are from his pencil. He also ac- 25 Dec., 1855. He was apprenticed to a blacksmith, companied Sir William E. Parry in 1819. the name but, abandoning his trade in 1797, he studied medi- of Skene bay, the ink of lieutenant, and a share cine, was licensed to practise in 1801, and settled at SKINNER 545 SKINNER Granville, Mass., as a physician. He was a deist, | agricultural journal in this country. This peri- but, changing his views, he removed to Lebanon, odical was warmly supported by Thomas Jefferson, Conn., in 1807, and united with the Baptist church. Andrew Jackson, Timothy Pickering, and others He served in the war of 1812 as a surgeon, in 1819 of recognized ability. When Gen. Lafayette re- was licensed to preach, and in 1822 was ordained visited the United States in 1824 he was the guest pastor of the Baptist church in Ashford, Conn. On of Mr. Skinner during his sojourn in Baltimore, the death of his son, Rev. Benjamin Rush Skinner, and selected the latter as agent to manage the a missionary in Liberia, the father in 1834 went to 20,000-acre grant of land that had been voted him replace him, and spent four years in that colony as by congress. In August, 1829, Mr. Skinner pub- its governor and as preacher. After his return he lished the first number of the “ American Turf resumed his pastoral duties and medical practice. Register and Sporting Magazine," a monthly peri- He published a series of essays on the prophecies, odical. His devotion to this work induced him to in the “ Christian Secretary” (1842). dispose of the “ American Farmer” the same year. SKINNER, George Ure, botanist, b. in Scot- After conducting the “ Turf Register” successfully land in 1805; d. in Aspin wall, Panama, 9 Jan., for ten years, he sold the magazine, and in July, 1867. He was a member of the mercantile firm of 1845, began a new publication, the “ Farmer's Li- Klee, Skinner and Co., Guatemala. He pursued brary and Monthly Journal of Agriculture," pub- his researches into the botany of western Mexico lished by Greeley and McElrath. This was suc- and Guatemala more thoroughly than any preced- ceeded in 1848 by the “Plough, the Loom, and the ing botanist, and gave attention to the Orchidaceæ. Anvil,” which he conducted until his death. These The genus Uroskinneria was named for him, and periodicals gave a new stimulus to agricultural also the Cattleaya Skinneri among the orchids. pursuits, and added to the general popularity of SKINNER, James Atcheson, Canadian mem- out-door sports. At various times he edited for ber of parliament, b. in Tain, Ross-shire, Scotland, publication in this country several standard foreign 26 Oct. 1826. He was educated in his native works, including Alexander Petzhold's “ Lectures place, went to Canada in 1843, and engaged in on Agricultural Chemistry,” Henry Stephens's business in Hamilton. He became a lieutenant- “ Book of the Farm," and Albrecht Daniel Thär's colonel of militia in 1866, was at Ridgeway during Principles of Agriculture,” in the “ Farmer's Li- the Fenian invasion, and in 1871 organized and brary and Monthly Journal of Agriculture” (New commanded the first Canadian team to contest at York, 1846–’8); “Youаtt on the Horse” (1844); Wimbledon, England, in the rifle matches. He “ Every Ma his own Cattle Doctor" (1844); and served in the Dominion parliament in 1874-'8. “Guenon on Milch Cows," with an introduction; SKINNER, John, British soldier, b. in New and he wrote “Christmas Gift to Young Agricultu- Jersey about 1750; d. in England, 10 Oct., 1827. rists” (Washington, 1841); "Letter on Nautical He entered the service of the crown as an ensign Education " (1841): and "The Dog and Sportsman in the 16th regiment of foot, was in the actions (1845).- His son, Frederick Gustavus, b. in An- of Beaufort and Stone Ferry and at the sieges napolis, Md., 11 March, 1814, at the age of twelve of Savannah and Charleston, and commanded a years was taken to La Grange by Gen. Lafayette, troop in Tarleton's legion in the battles of Black and received his early education there. On return- stocks, Cowpens, and Guilford. In 1795 he reduced ing to this country, he entered West Point. When the Maroons of Jamaica to submission, and in 1804 Gen. Lafayette died, congress passed compliment- he commanded the 16th regiment in the expedition ary resolutions upon his life and services, and Mr. against Surinam. He became a major-general, was Skinner was selected by President Jackson to successively governor of several of the West India convey these resolutions to Lafayette's family. islands, and commanded a brigade at the capture After remaining two years in France, as working of Guadeloupe in 1810. attaché of the American legation, he made a tour SKINNER, John Stuart, editor, b. in Mary of the continent, and enjoyed the widest possible land, 22 Feb., 1788; d. in Baltimore, 21 March, range of field sports. At the opening of the civil 1851. At the age of twenty-one he began practice war he was given command of the 1st Virginia as a counsellor and attorney. In 1812 he was a gov- infantry, and he was colonel of that regiment until ernment agent “ to receive and forward the ocean disabled by wounds. After the war he went to mails, to furnish the vessels with necessary sup- Egypt, and, refusing a commission in the Egyptian plies, and to see that nothing transpired prejudicial army, devoted his attention to the field sports of to the interests of the republic or offensive to ene- that country. Upon returning to his native land, mies thus admitted under the guardianship of a he joined the staff of the “ Turf, Field, and Farm," flag of truce.” For this responsible trust Presi- in New York, and, as field editor of that journal, dent Madison framed a special commission and se- was instrumental in bringing about the first field- lected Mr. Skinner to execute it. To this duty was trial, the first bench-show of dogs, and the first soon after added that of agent for prisoners of international gun-trial that was ever held in the war. In 1813 he was ordered to remove his offices United States. He was at one time chief of the from Annapolis to Baltimore, and a little later he agricultural bureau of the U. S. patent-office, and accepted a purser's commission in the navy. This published “Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, post he filled during the war, and for several years from the French” (Philadelphia, 1854). afterward. When the British forces moved toward SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, author, b. in Washington, Mr. Skinner rode ninety miles in the Royalton. Vt., 3 July, 1807; d. in Napierville, I., night, and first' announced their approach. The | 18 Sept. , 1861. He taught for some time, and in British retaliated by burning the buildings on 1826 became a Universalist minister, He was his St. Leonard's creek estate, for which loss he settled as pastor in Baltimore in 1831, in Haver- never sought remuneration from the government. hill in 18:36, in Boston in 1837, and in New York He was with Francis S. Key on the mission that city in 1846. He returned to his former charge in suggested the latter's song, “ The Star-Spangled Boston in 1849, and remained till April, 1857, Banner.” From 1816 till 1849 he was postmaster when he settled in Elgin, Ill. In August of the of Baltimore. Having much practical knowledge same year he was chosen president of Lombard of agriculture and rural sports, in April, 1819, university, Galesburg, Ill., and in October, 1858, he he established - The American Farmer," the first became pastor at Joliet, Ni. He edited the “South- VOL. V, -35 546 SLADE SKINNER : eastern Pioneer,” a religious paper, at Baltimore, Princeton in 1809, and studied law, but, abandon- the “Gospel Sun” at Haverhill, and the “Uni- ing it for theology, was licensed to preach in 1812. versalist Miscellany," a monthly magazine, at Bos- In 1813 he became assistant in a Presbyterian ton (1844-'9). He was an efficient worker in the church in Philadelphia, and in 1816 he was settled cause of temperance, education, and other reforms. as a pastor in that city. In 1832 he became pro- He published " Universalism Illustrated and De- fessor of sacred rhetoric in Andover theological fended " (Boston, 1839): “ Miller's Theory Explod- seminary, and in 1835 he was appointed pastor of ed” (1840); “ Letters on Revivals" (1842); “Prayer- the Mercer street Presbyterian church, New York. Book for Family Worship” (1843); "Letters on From 1848 till his death he was professor of sacred Moral Duties of Parents” (1844); " Lessons from rhetoric and pastoral theology in Union theologi- the Death of the Young" (1844); " Reply to Hat- cal seminary. Williams gave him the degree of field” (1847); and “ Death of Daniel Webster D. D. in 1826, and that of LL, D. in 1855. Dr. (1852). His life was written by Thomas B. Thayer Skinner was an eloquent pulpit orator and an able (Boston, 1861). teacher. He published "Religion of the Bible' SKINNER, Richard, júrist, b. in Litchfield, (New York, 1839); “ Aids to Preaching and Hear- Conn., 30 May, 1778; d. in Manchester, Vt., 23 ing” (Philadelphia, 1839); “ Hints to Christians” May, 1833. He was educated at Litchfield law- (1841); “Vinet's Pastoral Theology" (1854); school, admitted to the bar in 1800, and in that • Vinet's Homiletics” (1854), two translations; year removed to Manchester, Vt., where he was “Discussions in Theology” (New York, 1868); elected state's attorney for Bennington county in “Thoughts on Evangelizing the World" (1870); 1801, and probate judge in 1806. He was a mem- and occasional sermons. He also contributed to ber of congress in 1813-'15, and in 1817 became the religious press. justice of the state supreme court, of which he had SLAČK, Elijah, educator, b. in Lower Wake- been an associate since 1816. He was speaker of field, Bucks co., Pa., 24 Nov., 1784; d. in Cincin- the lower house of the legislature in 1818, governor nati, Ohio, 29 May, 1866. He was graduated at of the state in 1820–²4, and again chief justice in Princeton in 1808, was principal of Trenton acade- 1824-9. He was an officer of various local benevo- my in 1808-'12, and was licensed by the New lent associations, president of the northeastern Brunswick presbytery as a preacher in 1811. In branch of the American education society, and a 1812 he was elected vice-president and professor of trustee of Middlebury college, from which he re- natural philosophy and chemistry in Princeton. ceived the degree of LL. D. 1817.-His only son, He continued his connection with this institution Mark, b. in Manchester, Vt., 13 Sept., 1813; d. till 1817, when he removed to Cincinnati. In that there, 16 Sept., 1887, was graduated at Middlebury year he was elected superintendent of the Literary in 1833, and studied law at Saratoga Springs, Al- and scientific institute of that city, and when Cin- bany, and New Haven. He settled at Chicago in cinnati college was established in 1819 he was ap- 1836, was elected city attorney in 1839, appointed pointed its president, and so continued till 1828. U. S. district attorney for Illinois in 1844, and In 1837 he established a high-school at Brownsville, chosen to the legislature in 1846. He became Tenn., which was successful, and in 1844 he re- judge of Cook county court of common pleas in turned to Cincinnati. He had received the degree 1851. In 1842 he was made school-inspector for of M. D., and was at one time professor in Ohio Chicago, and gave much time and labor to the medical college. Princeton gave him the degree of cause of education. The city in 1859 honored his LL. D. in 1863.—His cousin, James Richard, sol- services by naming its new school-building the dier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., 28 Sept., 1818: d. in Skinner school.” He was president of the Illinois Chicago, I., 28 June, 1881, removed with his general hospital of the lake in 1852, of the Chicago father's family to Indiana in 1837, studied law, was home for the friendless in 1860, first president of admitted to the bar, and became a successful law- the Chicago reform-school, one of the founders and yer. In September, 1861, he was commissioned patrons of the Chicago historical society, a founder colonel of the 47th Indiana regiment, and was of the New England society of Chicago, and de- ordered with his command to Kentucky. He was livered an address before it in 1848, entitled “A assigned to Gen. Don Carlos Buell's army, but was Vindication of the Character of the Pilgrim Fa- subsequently transferred to Missouri and placed thers” (1849). He was an elder in the Presbyterian under Gen. John Pope. With his command he church, and a liberal contributor to all church participated in numerous actions. He was com- charities. Judge Skinner was chairman of the missioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 31 Det., meeting in November, 1846, to make arrangements 1864, major-general by brevet, 13 March, 1865, and for the river and harbor convention of 1847, and was mustered out of the service, 15 Jan., 1866. After was a delegate to that convention. He took an the war he resumed the practice of law, and at the active part in building the Galena and Chicago time of his death, and for many years preceiling, railroad, and was for years one of its directors, and was a judge of the 28th judicial circuit of Indiana. a director in the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy SLADE, Daniel Denison, physician, b. in Bus- railroad. He was originally a Democrat, one of ton, Mass., 10 May, 1823. He was graduated at the founders of the Anti-Nebraska party in 1854, Harvard in 1844, and at the medical department and a member of the Republican party from its in 1848 with the appointment of house surgeon to organization in 1856. In October, 1861, he was the Massachusetts general hospital. In 1819 he elected president of the Northwestern sanitary went abroad for the purpose of higher studies, and commission, and he continued such until 1864. on his return in 1852 he settled in practice in Bos- Judge Skinner owned a large and valuable library, ton, where he continued until 1863. Dr. Slade comprising a full collection of books relating to then gradually relinquished his profession for liter- America. This was burned in 1871, and since that ary and horticultural pursuits, and in 1870 was time he has more than duplicated his former col- chosen professor of applied zoology in Harvari, lections. See a memoir by E. W. Blatchford, pub- which chair he held for twelve years. In 1884 he lished by the Chicago historical society (1888). was appointed assistant in the Museum of com- SKINNER, Thomas Harvey, author, b. in parative zoölogy and lecturer on comparative oste Harvey K, N. C., 7 March, 1791; d. in New ology in Harvard. During the civil war he was Yor! He was graduated at / appointed one of the inspectors of hospitals under '.1871. SLADE 547 SLATER 66 Slåter Famuel Hatut the U.S. sanitary commission, and for some time SLATER, Samuel, manufacturer, b. in Belper, he was house surgeon of the Boston dispensary. Derbyshire, England, 9 June, 1768; d. in Webster, He is a member of the Massachusetts medical soci- Mass., 21 April, 1835. He was the son of a respect- ety and of the Boston society of medical improve- able yeoman, received a good education, and served ment. Dr. Slade won the Fiske prize by his essays an apprenticeship at cotton-spinning with Jedi- on “ Diphtheria” in 1850 and “ Aneurism” in 1852, diah Strutt, the partner of Richard Arkwright. He the Boylston prize by one on “Spermatorrhea” in was a favorite with 1857, and the Massachusetts medical prize by one Mr. Strutt, aided on “ Bronchitis" in 1859. In addition to his con- him in making im- tributions to medical, agricultural, and horticul- provements in his tural journals, he published “Diphtheria, its Na- mills, and gained a ture and Treatment” (Philadelphia, 1861). thorough mastery of SLADE, William, governor of Vermont, b. in the theory and prac- Cornwall, Vt., 9 May, 1786; d. in Middlebury, Vt., tice of the new man. 18 Jan., 1859. He was graduated at Middlebury ufacture. In 1789 college in 1807, studied law, was admitted to the congress passed its bar in 1810, and began practice at Middlebury first act for the He was a presidential elector in 1812, and in encouragement of 1814-15 published and edited the “Columbian manufactures, and Patriot” in connection with bookselling and job- the legislature of printing, but was not successful. In 1815 he was Pennsylvania of- elected secretary of state, which office he held fered a bounty for eight years, and in 1816–22 he was judge of the the introduction of Addison county court. He was afterward state's the Arkwright pat- attorney for the same county. Mr. Slade was clerk ent. Young Slater in the state department at Washington from 1823 became cognizant of till 1829, when he resumed the practice of law in these circumstan- Middlebury. He was a member of congress in ces, and determined to introduce the invention in 1831-43, in 1844 was reporter of the supreme court the United States; but, as the laws of England did of Vermont, and in 1844-6 served as governor of not admit of his taking drawings or models with that state. In 1846–56 he was secretary of the him, he had to trust to his memory to enable him to National board of popular education. He pub- construct the most complicated machinery, He lished Vermont State Papers" (Middlebury, landed in New York in November, 1789, and, hav- 1823); The Laws of Vermont to 1824" (Windsor, ing ascertained that Moses Brown had made some 1825); “ Reports of the Supreme Court of Vermont, attempts at cotton-spinning in Rhode Island, wrote Vol. XV.” (Burlington, 1844); and pamphlets and to him and told him what he could do. Mr. Brown, congressional speeches. in replying to him, wrote: “If thou canst do this SLAFTER, Edmund Farwell, author, b. in thing, I invite thee to come to Rhode Island, and Norwich, Vt., 30 May, 1816. He was graduated at have the credit of introducing cotton-manufacture Dartmouth in 1840, studied at Andover theological into America.” Slater proceeded to Pawtucket, seminary, and in 1844 was ordained a minister of R. I., in January, 1790, and immediately entered the Protestant Episcopal church. The same year into articles of agreement with William Ålmy and he became rector of St. Peter's church, Cambridge. Smith Brown to construct and operate the new Mass., where he remained till the autumn of 1846, cotton-spinning machinery. On 21 Dec., 1790, he when he was appointed rector of St. John's church, started at Pawtucket three 18-inch carding-ma- Jamaica Plain. Here he continued eight years, chines, the necessary drawing-heads with two rolls and then became assistant rector of St. Paul's and four processes, the roving cases and winders church, Boston. In 1857 Mr. Slafter was appointed for the same, and throstle spinning-frames of an agent of the American Bible society, which seventy-two spindles. In a short time reels were place he resigned in 1877, and he has since given made for putting the yarn into skeins, in which his leisure time to historical studies. He is a mem- form it was at that time placed upon the market. ber of many learned societies in America and Eu- In doing this Mr. Slater was compelled to prepare rope. He has published, among other works, all the plans in the several departments of manu- • The Assassination Plot in New York in 1776: a facturing, and to construct with his own hands Letter of Dr. William Eustis, Surgeon in the Revo- the different kinds of machinery, or else teach lutionary Army and late Governor of Massachu- others how to do it. The first yarn made on his setts, with Notes” (Boston, 1868); “ Memorial of machinery was equal to the best quality made in John Slafter, with Genealogical Account of his England. About 1800 the second cotton-mill went Descendants” (1868); “The Charter of Norwich, into operation in Rhode Island. In 1806 Mr. Slater Vermont, and Names of the Original Proprietors: was joined by his brother John, from England, with Brief Historical Notes” (1869); “ The Ver- and soon afterward a cotton-mill was erected in a mont Coinage,” Vermont historical society collec- locality now known as Slatersville, R. I. In 1812 tion (Montpelier, 1870); “Sir William Alexander Mr. Slater began the erection of mills in Oxford and American Colonization,” in the series of the (now Webster), Mass., adding in 1815-'16 the manu- Prince society (Boston, 1873); “ The Copper Coin- facture of woollen cloth. He was also interested in age of the Earl of Stirling, 1632 " (1874); “ Voy- iron-manufactures, and acquired great wealth. In ages of the Northmen to America," edited, with 1796 he established a Sunday-school for the im- an introduction (1877); “ Voyages of Samuel de provement of his work-people, which was the first, Champlain,” translated from the French by Charles or among the first, in the United States. See a Pomeroy Otis, with historical illustrations and a memoir of him by George S. White (Philadelphia, memoir (3 vols., 1878, 1880, 1882); and “ History 1836).—His nephew, John Fox, philanthropist, b. and Causes of the Incorrect Latitudes as recorded in Slatersville, R.I., 4 March, 1815; d. in Norwich, in the Journals of the Early Writers, Navigators. Conn., 7 May, 1884, was the son of John Slater. and Explorers relating to the Atlantic Coast of He was early trained for the manufacturing busi- North America, 1535–1740” (1882). ness, and in 1872 became sole owner of the mill 548 SLEMMER SLAUGHTER a property he was then conducting. He made ex- | peace returned in 1865 he was for a time associ. cellent investments, and in a few years acquired | ate editor of the “Southern Churchman." Then he great wealth. Mr. Slater was early interested in went back to his old home, where, as the churches the cause of education, and gave liberally for the were destroyed, he fitted up a recess-chancel in establishment of the Norwich free academy and his own house for church services. Emmanuel other objects. In April, 1882, he placed in the church in Slaughter parish having been rebuilt, he hands of trustees $1,000,000, the interest of which accepted charge of it, and served there while health is to be used for the education of freedmen in the and strength sufficed. He received the degree of south.-His son, WILLIAM ALBERT, in November, D. D. from William and Mary in 1874. Of late 1886, transferred to the Free academy, Norwich, a years he has held the office of historiographer of building costing $150,000, which he erected in the diocese of Virginia, which was tendered to him memory of his father. by the convention. Dr. Slaughter has made large SLAUGHTER, Gabriel, governor of Kentucky, contributions to religious and general literature, b. in Virginia about 1767; d. in Mercer county, not only in publishing special sermons, orations Ky., 19 Sept., 1820. He emigrated to Kentucky at addresses, tractates, and magazine articles, but also an early age, was a skilful and successful farmer, in bringing out various volumes from his pen dur- and frequently chosen to the legislature. At the ing the last forty years. Among these are “ St. battle of New Orleans he was colonel of a Kentucky George's Parish History” (Richmond, 1847); - Man regiment, and he received the thanks of the legis- and Woman” (1860); "Life of Randolph Fairfax" lature for his gallant services on that occasion. (1862); “ Life of Colonel Joshua Fry, Sometime Pro- In 1816 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Ken- fessor in William and Mary College, Va., and Wash- tucky, and on the death of the governor, George ington's Senior in Command of Virginia Forces, in Madison, soon afterward, he served as acting gov- 1754” (New York, 1880); “ Historic Churches of ernor for the four years of Madison's term. Virginia," in Bishop Perry's “Centennial History" SLAUGHTER, William Bank, lawyer, b. in (1882); “Life of Hon. William Green, Jurist and Culpeper county, Va., 10 April, 1798 ; d. in Madi- Scholar” (Richmond, 1883); " Views from Cedar son, Wis., 21 July, 1879. He was educated at Mountains, in Fiftieth Year of Ministry and Mar- William and Mary, admitted to the bar, practised riage" (New York, 1884); “ The Colonial Church first in Bardstown, Ky., and then in Bedford, Ind., of Virginia " (1885); “ Christianity the Key to the and in 1832 was elected to the legislature of the Character and Career of Washington," a discourse latter state. While in that body he introduced a before the ladies of Mount Vernon association, in set of resolutions strongly sustaining President Pohick church (1886); and “ Address to the Min- Andrew Jackson's proclamation to the South Caro- ute-Men of Culpeper” (1887). lina nullifiers. He was appointed register of the SLEEPER, John Sherburne, author, b. in land-office at Indianapolis in 1833, and at Green Tyngsboro, Mass., 21 Sept., 1794; d. in Bostoa Bay in 1835, and in the latter year was elected a Highlands, Mass., 14 Nov., 1878. He was during member of the legislative council of Michigan, and twenty-two years a sailor and a shipmaster in the introduced a memorial to congress asking that the merchant service from Boston. He afterward en- territory to the west of Lake Michigan be organ- gaged in journalism, was connected with the New ized into a new territory to be named Wisconsin. Hampshire “ News Letter” at Exeter in 1831-2, After residing in Wisconsin and in his native and the Lowell “ Daily Journal" in 1833, and was place, he returned in 1861 to Middleton, Wis., and editor of the Boston - Journal” in 183+54. He in 1862 was appointed commissary of subsistence was mayor of Roxbury, Mass., in 1856-'8, and pub and quartermaster. He wrote for periodicals and lished - Tales of the Ocean " (Boston, 1812); " Salt- encyclopædias, and published Reminiscences of Water Bubbles" (1854); "Jack in the Forecastle" Distinguished Men I have Met” (Milwaukee, 1878). (1860); Mark Rowland, a Tale of the Sea, by -His cousin, Philip, clergyman, b. in Spring- Hawser Martingale" (1867); and various address field, Culpeper county, Va., 26 Oct., 1808. He is a SLEMMER, Adam J., soldier, b. in Mont- son of Capt. Philip Slaughter, of the 11th conti- gomery county, Pa., in 1828 ; d. in Fort Lara- nental regiment in the army of the Revolution. mie, Kan., 7 Oct. 1868. He was graduated at the His education was obtained partly at home and United States military academy in July, 1850, and partly in a classical academy at Winchester, Va. assigned to the 1st artillery. After a short cam- He entered the University of Virginia in 1825, and, paign against the Seminole Indians in Florida, in after studying law, was admitted to the bar in which he took a creditable part, he was for four 1828. Five years later, having resolved to enter years on frontier service in California, and in the ministry, he went to the Episcopal theological 1855–9 was assistant professor of mathematics at seminary, Alexandria, Va. He was ordained dea- the U. S. military academy. He afterward re- con in Trinity church, Staunton, 25 May, 1834, by turned to garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, S. (., Bishop Meade, and priest in St. Paul's church, and in 1860 was transferred to Florida, where in Alexandria, in July, 1835, by Bishop Richard C. 1861 he commanded a small body of U.S. soldiers Moore. His first charge was in Dettingen parish, in Pensacola harbor, occupying with them Fort Va. In 1836 he accepted a call to Christ church, Barrancas; but when intelligence of the surrender Georgetown, D.C., in 1840 he issumed charge of of Pensacola navy-yard reached him, he trans- Meade and Johns parishes, and in 1813 he be- ferred his troops on 10 Jan. to Fort Pickens, oppo came rector of St. Paul's church, Petersburg, Va. site, which he successfully held until he was re- Health failing, he spent 1848–²9 in Europe. On lieved by Col. Harvey Brown, thus preserving the returning home he established in 1850, and edited, key to the Gulf of Mexico. He was promoted " The Virginia Colonizationist " at Richmond, Va. major of the 16th infantry in May, 1861, was for Six years later he built a church on his farm in a short time inspector-general of the Department Culpeper county, and officiated gratuitously for of the Ohio, returned to active duty in May, 1562, his neighbors and servants until his church was and participated in the siege of Corinth and the destroyed by the National army in 1862. He then subsequent movement to Louisville, Ky., and to edited in Petersburg “ The Ariny and Navy Mes- the relief of Nashville, Tenn. He was made brig- senger," a religious paper for soldiers, and also adier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, and preached and visited in camp and hospitals. When took part in the battle of Stone River, 31 Der SLENKER 549 SLIDELL 66 John Slidell 1862, where he was so severely wounded as to be | 1849; but his party were in the minority, and in incapacitated for further active service in the the canvass of 1852 he was active in behalf of field. On 8 Feb., 1864, he was proinoted lieuten- Franklin Pierce. On the inauguration of the lat- ant-colonel of the 4th infantry, and in March, ter he refused a diplomatic appointment to Central 1865, he was brevetted colonel and brigadier- America, but, on the acceptance by Pierre Soulé of general, U. S. army, for his meritorious services. the French mission, he was sent to the U. S. sen- He was mustered out of the volunteer service in ate and served, August, 1865, and was afterward sent to command with re-election, Fort Laramie, where he died of heart disease. from 5 Dec., 1853, SLENKER, Elmina Drake, author, b. in La to 4 Feb., 1861. Grange, N. Y., 23 Dec., 1827. She is a daughter of He rarely spoke, Thomas Drake, was educated at district schools, but was a member and then alternated between teaching and study of important com- ing at higher schools. She married Isaac Slenker mittees, and ex- in 1856, and has long resided in Snowville, Va. erted great influ- Mrs. Slenker has contributed to various journals, ence. Preferring and was in 1880–'1 assistant editor of the New to remain in the York " Physiologist and Family Physician.” The senate, he declined Children's Corner" in the “ Boston Investigator," a cabinet appoint- and “Elmina Column” in “ The South Land," have ment from Presi- been under her charge for several years, and she has dent Buchanan, published “Studying the Bible” (Boston, 1870); but continued a * John's Way” (New York, 1878); - The Darwins confidential friend (1879); and “Mary Jones " (Nashville, 1885). of the latter SLICER, Henry, clergyman, b. in Annapolis, throughout his ad- Md., in 1801 ; d. in Baltimore, 23 April, 1874. He ministration. Mr. received a good education, worked for a time as Slidell was a stren. a furniture-painter, studying theology at the same uous supporter of time, and in 1821 was licensed as a preacher of the doctrines of state-rights, and, when Louisiana the Methodist Episcopal church. After serving passed the ordinance of secession, he withdrew from on the Hartford and Redstone circuits, he was the senate with his colleague, after making a defi- transferred in 1824 to the navy-yard at Washing- ant speech. In September, 1861, he was appointed ton. In 1832 he was appointed presiding elder of Confederate commissioner to France, and set out the Potomac district, and in 1837 he was elected with James M. Mason for Southampton from Ha- chaplain of the U. S. senate, being twice re-elected. vana in November. He was seized on the high-seas In 1846 he was stationed at Carlisle, Pa., was again by Capt. Charles Wilkes, and brought to the United elected chaplain of the U. S. senate, and held the States. After imprisonment in Fort Warren he office till 1850. In the following nineteen years was released and sailed for England on 1 Jan., 1862. he was stationed at Baltimore and Frederick city, From England he went at once to Paris, where, in was again chaplain of the senate, and a presiding February, 1862, he paid his first visit to the French elder for eight years. From 1862 till 1870 he was minister of foreign affairs. His mission, which had chaplain of the Seaman's chapel at Baltimore, and for its object the recognition of the Confederate in 1870 he was again presiding elder of the Balti- states by the French government, was a failure, more district. He had been a member of seven but the well-known sympathy of Napoleon III., quadrennial general conferences. He received the who at that time was deeply interested in the degree of D. D. from Dickinson college, Carlisle, project of a Mexican empire under Maximilian, Pa., in 1860. While chaplain of the senate he de- did much to favor the Confederate cause. In or- livered a sermon against duelling, which power- der to secure French aid, he proposed a commer- fully aided the passage of the act making duels cial convention, by which France should enjoy illegal (New York, 1838). His other works are valuable export and import privileges for a long “ Appeal on Christian Baptism” (New York, 1835), period, and which, if carried into effect speedily, and "A Further Appeal ” (1836). on the basis of breaking the blockade, because of SLIDELL, John, statesman, b. in New York its legal inefficiency, would give France control of city about 1793; d. in London, England, 29 July, southern cotton, and in return furnish the Con- 1871. He was graduated at Columbia in 1810, and federacy with ample supplies, including arms and engaged unsuccessfully in commerce. He then munitions of war. This was not accepted, on ac- studied law, and in 1819 removed to New Orleans, count of the emperor's refusal to recognize the where, making a specialty of coinmercial law, he | Confederate states unless the British authorities soon acquired a large practice. In 1828 he was a should co-operate. But the sympathy of Napoleon defeated Democratic candidate for congress, and III. proved of great value, for by his secret influ- actively canvassed the state for Andrew Jackson, ence Mr. Slidell was able to begin the negotiation who appointed him U. S. district attorney for of the $15,000,000 Confederate loan. Early in 1863 Louisiana, but after a year in office he resigned. the emperor permitted him to make proposals for Mr. Slidell was a candidate for the U. S. senate in the construction of four steam corvettes and two 1834, but Charles Gayarré was chosen. He dis- iron-clad rams at private ship-yards in Bordeaux posed of his practice in 1835 and continued as a and Nantes; but later in the year, information of leader in Louisiana politics until 1842, when he this fact coming to the knowledge of the U.S. rep- was elected to congress as a state-rights Democrat, resentative in Paris, imperial orders were issued and served from 4 Dec., 1843, till 10 Nov., 1845. In that the vessels should be sold to foreign powers. November, 1845, he was sent as minister to Mexico One of them was transferred to the Confederate by President Polk, to adjust the difficulty caused navy in January, 1865, after being purchased by by the annexation of Texas to the United States: Denmark, as is claimed by the Confederates, though but that government refused to receive him, and it is asserted on the other side that the purchase he returned in January, 1847, when he resigned. was fictitious. This vessel, the “Stonewall,” set He was again a candidate for the U. S. senate in out for the United States, but did not reach Ha- 550 SLOANE SLOAN He re- vana till May, after the surrender of the Confed- / was also pastor of the 1st Reformed Presbyterian erate armies. Mr. Slidell settled in England at church in Alleghany. He published numerous the close of the war, and continued there till his sermons and literary addresses. See his “ Life and death. A full account of the relations of Mr. Work,” edited by his son, William (New York, 10851. Slidell with the French government in regard to –His son, William Milligan, educator, b. ir the building of the vessels mentioned above is con- Richmond, Ohio, 12 Nov., 1850, was graduated at tained in “ France and the Confederate Navy,” by Columbia in 1868. He was instructor in classic John Bigelow (New York, 1888).—His brother, in Newell institute, Pittsburg, in 1868_'72, studied Thomas (1810–60), was a judge of the Louisiana in Berlin and Leipsic in 1872–6, and in 1873-3. supreme court in 1845–52, and then chief justice in addition, was also private secretary of George till 1855, when he was assaulted by a ruffian and Bancroft, then minister at Berlin, and worked received injuries from which he never recovered. under his direction on the tenth volume of the With Judah P. Benjamin, he prepared a “Digest “ History of the United States.” From 1877 til: of Supreme Court Decisions.” 1883 he was assistant and professor of Latin in SLOAN, Samuel, architect, b. in Chester county, Princeton, and he has since been professor of his Pa., 7 March, 1815 ; d. in Raleigh, N. C., 19 July, tory in that institution. In June, 1888, he declined 1884. He established himself in Philadelphia, and the professorship of Latin to which he was invited designed many important buildings, among them by Columbia college. He has been since 1885 edi- the Blockley hospital for the insane in that city, tor of the “ New Princeton Review." He edited his and the state insane hospital at Montgomery, Ala. father's “ Life and Work” (New York, 1888). He conducted the “ Architectural Review," begin- SLOANE, John, statesman, b. in York, Pa., in ning in 1868, and published “ City and Suburban 1779; d. in Wooster, Ohio, 15 May, 1856. Architecture” (Philadelphia, 1859): “ Constructive moved to Ohio at an early age, was a member of Architecture ” (1859); " Model Architect" (1860); the state assembly in 1804-6, and served the last and “ Designs for Rural Buildings ” (1861). two years as speaker. He was U. S. receiver of SLOAN, Samuel, railroad president, b. in Lis- public inoneys at Canton in 1808–'16, and at Woos. burn, near Belfast, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1817. He ter in 1816-19, was elected to congress from Ohio, came to this country in infancy, was graduated at and served by successive elections from 6 Dec. Columbia college grammar-school in 1830, was 1819, till 3 March, 1829. He was clerk of the engaged as a clerk, and afterward became a mer- court of common pleas for seven years, secretary of chant. He was supervisor of Kings county in state of Ohio three years, and was appointed treas- 1850-'1, and state senator in 1858–9, and was urer of the United States, serving from 27 Nov., elected president of the Hudson River railroad, 13 1850, till 1 April, 1853. During the war of 1812 Feb., 1855, which office he retained till 1862. Sub- he was a colonel of militia. sequently for two years he was commissioner of SLOANE, Rush Richard, lawyer, b. in San- the trunk lines of railroad to the west, as general dusky, Erie co., Ohio., 18 Sept., 1828. He was edus arbitrator of railroad disputes. Mr. Sloan was cated at Wesleyan academy, Norwalk, Ohio, studied elected president of the Delaware, Lackawanna, law, and was admitted to the bar. He was city and Western railroad company in 1867, which post clerk of Sandusky, Ohio, in 1855–7, was elected he now (1888) holds. He is also president of the judge of the probate court for Erie county in 1857, Oswego and Syracuse: Syracuse, Binghamton, and and re-elected in 1860, was appointed by President New York; Utica, Chenango, and Susquehanna | Lincoln to the general agency of the post-office Valley; Fort Wayne and Jackson ; Green Bay, Wi- department, serving from 1861 till 1866, and was nona, and St. Paul; and other roads. mayor of Sandusky in 1870, 1880, and 1881. Vr. SLOANE, Sir Hans, bart., British naturalist, Sloane was an ardent anti-slavery man, and was b. in Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, 16 April, instrumental in the escape of seven slaves in San- 1660 ; d. in London, 11 Jan., 1753. He studied dusky, on 20 Oct., 1850, where they had been ar- medicine in London, in 1685 was elected a fellow rested by their masters. He was prosecuted, and of the Royal society, and afterward spent some paid over $4,000 damages and costs, being the first time in Jamaica and other West India islands, victim of the fugitive-slave law of 1850. where he collected a great number of plants. He SLOANE, Thomas O'Conor, chemist, b. in Ves became physician-general to the army in 1716, York city, 24 Nov., 1851. He is a nephew of president of the College of physicians in 1719, and Charles O'Conor. After graduation at St. Fran- physician to the king in 1727, and about the same cis Xavier's college in 1870, and at the School of time succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as president of mines of Columbia in 1872, with the degree of the Royal society. His library and natural history E. M., he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1876 from collection were purchased by the British govern- the latter institution. His scientific work has in- ment after his death, and formed the beginning of cluded a method for the determination of sulphur the British museum. Besides numerous contribu-, in illuminating gas, and various other improved tions to the “ Philosophical Transactions, he pub- processes for the estimation of constituents in gas lished the “ Natural History of Jamaica ” (2 vols., analysis. Dr. Sloane has invented the thermo- London, 1725). phote, which is the only apparatus ever devised for SLOANE, James Renwick Wilson, educator, registering automatically and mechanically the b. in Topsham, Orange co., Vt., 29 May, 1833 ; d. illuminating power of gas. He has lectured exten- in Alleghany City, Pa., 6 March, 1886. He was sively in schools and before public audiences, and graduated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., since 1883 has been lecturer in chemistry and in 1847, and studied theology at the Reformed physics at Seton Hall college. His services have Presbyterian seminary in northwestern Ohio, where been frequently called for as an expert in patent he was graduated in 1853. In 1854 he became pastor suits, and he is regularly retained by law firms in at Rushsylvania, Ohio, and in 1856-'68 he held a New York city. In 1878–'80 he was one of the des .charge in New York city. He was president of partment editors of the “Sanitary Engineer," ani Richmond college, Ohio, in 1818-'50, of Geneva since 1886 has been one of the staff of the Scien- college, in the same state, in 1851-6, and professor tific American.", He has contributed largely to of systematic theology and homiletics in Alleghany technical journals in this country and abroad, theological seminary from 1868 till his death. He ) and is a member of scientific societies. From 18 а SLOAT 551 SLOCUM 66 was appointed col en. Slocum till 1886 he was treasurer of the American chemi- widow, and had children and grandchildren around cal society. Dr. Sloane is the translator of Alglave her. She was known among the Indians as Ma- and Boulard's “ Electric Light” (New York, 1883), conaqua (young bear), was regarded by them as a and is the author of " Home Experiments in Sci- queen, and was happy and in comfortable circum- ence” (Philadelphia, 1888). stances. When the Miamis were removed from SLOAT, John Drake, naval officer, b. in New Indiana, John Quincy Adams pleaded the cause of York city in 1780; d. in New Brighton. Staten Maconaqua so eloquently in congress that she and island, N. Y., 28 Nov., 1867. He entered the navy her Indian relatives were exempted. Congress as midshipman, 12 Feb., 1800, and was honorably gave her a tract of land a mile square, to be held discharged by the peace-establishment act, 21 May, in perpetuity by her descendants. 1801. He re-entered the navy as a sailing-master, SLỘCUM, Henry Warner, soldier, b. in Del- 10 Jan., 1812, and served in the frigate “United phi, Onondaga co., N. Y., 24 Sept., 1827. He was States” in 1812-'15. In this ship, on 25 Oct., 1812, graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1852, he participated in the capture of the British frigate appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery, and · Macedonian," and was subsequently blockaded ordered to Florida in Thames river, Conn., by the British fleet until the same year. He the end of the war. He received a vote of thanks was promoted 1st and silver medal for the victory over the “ Mace- lieutenant in 1855, donian," and was promoted to lieutenant, 24 July, but resigned in Oc. 1813. After the war he was on leave until 1817. In tober, 1856, and, 1823–5 he cruised in the schooner“Grampus,” sup- returning to New pressing piracy in the West Indies, and participated York, engaged in in the capture of the pirate brig“ Palmyra" near the practice of law Campeachy. He succeeded to the command of at Syracuse, and the “Grampus” in 1824, and assisted at the cap- was a member of ture and destruction of the town of Foxhardo, the the legislature in headquarters of the pirates on Porto Rico. In the 1859. At the op- spring of 1825 he captured a piratical brig near ening of the civil St. Thomas, W. I., with the pirate chief Colfrecinas, war he tendered who was subsequently executed by the Spaniards. his services, and He was promoted to master-commandant, 31 March, on 21 May, 1861, 1826, and to captain, 9 Feb., 1837, and was com- mandant of the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., onel of the 27th in 1840–²4. In 1844-6 he had command of the New York volun- Pacific squadron, during which he occupied Mon- teers. He commanded this regiment at the bat- terey in anticipation of a similar attempt by the tle of Bull Run on 21 July, where he was severe- English admiral, and when the Mexican war began ly wounded, on 9 Aug. was commissioned briga- he secured possession of San Francisco and other dier-general of volunteers, and was assigned to points in California until he was relieved by Com. the command of a brigade in Gen. William B. Robert F. Stockton, when he returned to Norfolk, Franklin's division of the Army of the Potomac. 27 April, 1847. He had command of the Norfolk In the Virginia peninsula campaign of 1862 he navy-yard in 1847–51, after which he was superin- was engaged in the siege of Yorktown and the tendent of the construction of the Stevens battery action at West Point, Va., and succeeded to the until 1855. He was placed on the reserved list, 27 command of the division on 15 May, on Franklin's Sept., 1855, and retired, 21 Dec., 1861, but was pro- assignment to the 6th corps. At the battle of moted to commodore, 16 July, 1862, and to rear- Gaines's Mills, 27 June, he was sent with his di- admiral, 25 July, 1866. vision to re-enforce Gen. Fitz-John Porter, who SLOCUM, Frances, captive among the Indians, was then severely pressed by the enemy, and ren- b. in Wyoming valley, Pa., in 1773 ; d. near Lo- dered important service, as he did also at the bat- gansport, Ind., in 1851. She was taken captive by tles of Glendale and Malvern Hill, his division oc- Delaware Indians on 2 Nov., 1778, and no intelli- cupying the right of the main line at both engage- gence was received regarding her till the summer ments. He was promoted to the rank of major- of 1837, when the surviving members of her family general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, engaged in the heard that she was residing near Logansport, Ind. second battle of Bull Run, at South Mountain, and Her brother, Joseph Slocum, and her sister pro- at Antietam, and in October was assigned to the ceeded thither, and, obtaining an interview with command of the 12th army corps. In the battles their long-lost sister, had no difficulty in establish- of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettys- ing her identity. She had entirely forgotten her burg he took an active part. At Gettysburg he native language and all knowledge of Christianity, commanded the right wing of the army, and con- and was an Indian in everything but the fairness tributed largely to the National victory. Having of her skin and the color of her hair. She had a been transferred with his corps to the west, he distinct recollection of her capture by the savages, served in the Department of the Cumberland till who, after taking her to a rocky cave in the moun- April, 1864, when, his corps being consolidated tains, departed for the Indian country. She was with the 11th, he was assigned to a division and treated kindly and adopted by an Indian family, the command of the district of Vicksburg. In Au- who brought her up as their daughter. For years gust, 1864, he succeeded Gen. Joseph Hooker in the she led a roving life, and became an expert in all command of the 20th corps, which was the first the employments of savage existence, and when body of troops to occupy Atlanta, Ga., on 2 Sept. grown to womanhood married a young chief of the In Sherman's march to the sea and invasion of the nation, and removed with him to Ohio. She was Carolinas, he held command of the left wing of so happy in her domestic relations that she dreaded the army, and participated in all its engagements being discovered and compelled to reside among from the departure from Atlanta till the surrender the whites. After the death of her first husband of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Durham station, she married one of the Miami tribe, and at the N. C. In September, 1865, Gen. Slocum resigned time of her discovery had been many years a from the army and resumed the practice of law in 552 SMALL SLOCUMB 6. Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1866 he declined the appoint- | In 1847 he settled with his parents in St. Louis, ment of colonel of infantry in the regular army. Mo. He was graduated at Westminster college, In 1865 he was the unsuccessful candidate of the Fulton, Mo., in 1860, in 1863 at Princeton theo- Democrats for secretary of state of New York, in logical seminary, and he was licensed as a preacher 1868 he was chosen a presidential elector, and he by the presbytery of New Brunswick the same was elected to congress the same year, and re- year. He has been settled as pastor in Rens- elected in 1870. In 1876 he was elected president selaer, and St. Louis, Mo., Duluth, Minn., and of the board of city works, Brooklyn, which post Shelbyville, Ind., and since 1881 at Arlington, he afterward resigned, and in 1884 he was again N. J. From 1866 till 1870 he was secretary of elected to congress. He was one of the commis- home missions of the synod of Missouri. He was sioners of the Brooklyn bridge, and was in favor assistant editor of the “Missouri Presbyterian " in of making it free to the public. 1866–70, and since 1881 has been the New York SLOCŮMB, Ezekiel, soldier, b. in Craven correspondent of the Cincinnati “ Herald and Pres- county, N. C., about 1750; d. near Dudley, N. C., byter." He has published - Life and Character of 4 July, 1840. His father, Joseph, was at one time Joseph Hamilton” (Shelbyville, Ind., 1872); “Me- a merchant in Atlanta, Ga. The son entered the morial of Mrs. Jane Major” (1874); “ History of our Revolutionary army at an early date, and served Beloved Church ” (1876); “Historical and Critical through the war. As a lieutenant he fought at Investigations of the Acta Pilati”. (Indianapolis, the battle of Moore's Creek, N. C., 27 Feb., 1776, 1879); Illustrated Historical Atlas of Shelby and he attained the rank of colonel before the County, Indiana” (Chicago, 1880); “ The Religion close of the war. After the battle of Guilford, in of Politics” (Shelbyville, 1880); “Life of the Em- 1781, his farm was ravaged by the British troops peror Tiberius” (New York, 1881); and minor works. while on their march from Wilmington to Vir- SMALL, Alvin Edmond, physician, b. in Maine, ginia, and, aided by Maj. Williams, he raised a 4 March, 1811; d. in Chicago, Ill., 29 Dec., 1866. He troop of about 200 men, and, following the royal began the study of medicine at Bath in 1831, and sub. army, succeeded in cutting off their foraging par- sequently continued it in the University of Pennsyl- ties and harassed them greatly until they crossed vania. He settled in Delaware county, Pa., but in Roanoke river, when he joined Gen. Lafayette 1845 returned to Philadelphia and took high rank with his troop, and was ať Yorktown on 19 Oct., in his profession. While here he became converted 1781. After the war he returned to his home to the homeopathic school of medicine. In 1849 on a plantation near Dudley, N. C., held many Dr. Small was appointed professor of physiology offices of honor and trust, and was a member of and pathology in the Homeopathic medical college the North Carolina house of commons from 1812 of Pennsylvania, where he remained for seven years, till 1818.—His wife, Mary Hooks, at the battle of during which time he wrote several medical works Moore's Creek, fearing for her husband's safety, and was editor of the “ Philadelphia Journal.” In visited the scene of the battle alone, and, having 1856 he removed to Chicago and entered at once been assured that he was unharmed, dressed the into an extensive practice, which he continued till wounds of the injured and returned to her home his death. Soon after his arrival in that city he forty hours after she had left it, having ridden 125 was called to the chair of theory and practice in miles on horseback. Their son Jesse, b. in Dud- Hahnemann college, which he held for life. ley, N. C., 20 Aug., 1780; d. in Washington, D. C., SMALL, Henry Beaumont, Canadian natural- 20 Dec., 1820, was elected to congress from North rist, b. in Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, Eng- Carolina for two successive terms, serving from 1 land, 31 Oct., 1831. He was educated at King's Dec., 1817, till his death. college, London, and Lincoln college, Oxford, where SLOUGH, John P. (slo), soldier, b. in Cincin- he was graduated in 1853, afterward emigrated to nati, Ohio, in 1829; d. in Santa Fé, N. M., 16 Dec., Canada, and in 1858 removed to the state of New 1867. He became a lawyer in his native city, and York, where he was a teacher of classics in a mili- in 1850 was elected to the legislature of Ohio, from tary school at Sing Sing in 1860-2. He afterward which he was expelled for striking a member. In taught for a time in New York city, served in the 1852 he became a secretary of the central Demo- U. S. sanitary commission in Virginia during part cratic committee of Ohio, and soon afterward he of the civil war, and in 1865 returned to Canada. went to Kansas, and in 1860 to Denver city, Col. At He entered the civil service of Canada in 1868, and the opening of the civil war he raised a company became chief clerk of emigration and quarantine of volunteers, assumed command of Fort Garland, in 1885. Mr. Small has contributed extensively to and afterward became colonel of the 1st Colorado the British, American, and Canadian press and to regiment, forming part of Gen. Edward R. S. Can- magazines, and among other works has published by's expedition to New Mexico. He fought there, “ Animals of North America, Mammals" (Mon- in opposition to orders, the battle of Pigeon's treal, 1865); “ Fresh-Water Fish" (1866); “Chroni- Ranche, gaining a victory over Gen. Henry H. cles of Canada" (1868); “Resources of the Ottawa Sibley, who was forced to retire into Texas. Im- Valley” (Ottawa, 1872); “ Mineral Resources of mediately after this he gave up his commission as Canada” (1880); and · Canadian Forests " (Mon- colonel and proceeded to Washington, where he treal, 1885). was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and SMALL, John, British soldier, b. in Strathardle, military governor of Alexandria. At the close of | Athole, Scotland, in 1726; d. in the island of the war he was appointed chief justice of New Guernsey, 17 March, 1796. After serving in the Mexico by President Johnson; but his manner and Scotch brigade in the Dutch service, he was com- irritable temper rendered him unpopular. A series missioned an ensign in the 420 Highlanders, 29 of resolutions were passed in the legislature ad- Aug., 1747, and was appointed a lieutenant on the vocating his removal from the chief justiceship, eve of the departure of that regiment for this which so incensed him against William D. Ryner country, to join the force under Loudon. He son, the member who had introduced them, that served under Abercrombie in the attack on Ticon- a personal encounter took place between the two deroga in 1758, accompanied Sir Jeffrey Amherst men, resulting in Gen. Slough's death. the following year in his expedition, went to Mon- SLUTER, George Ludewig, clergyman, b. in treal in 1760, was on service in the West Indies in Rodenberg, Hesse-l'assel, Germany, 5 May, 1837. 1702, and the same year was made captain. On 14 SMALL 553 SMALLS June, 1775, he received a commission as major to the service of the New York “ Tribune,” he accom- raise a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia in aid panied the National troops to Port Royal, after- of the crown. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, ward going with Gen. John C. Fremont into Vir- and is a prominent figure in Col. Trumbull's pic- ginia. Remaining with the Army of the Potomac, ture. He was appointed major commanding the he witnessed the battle of Antietam. Immediately 2d battalion of the 84th royal engineers, with part upon its close, Smalley rode thirty miles, found a of which he joined the army under Sir Henry Clin- train, and, going direct to New York, wrote his ton at New York in 1779, and in 1780 he became narrative of the engagement on the cars. This lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed colonel, 18 vivid description, with the energy that had been Nov., 1790, became lieutenant-governor of Guern- shown in its transmission and publication, gave him sey in 1793, and major-general, 3 Oct., 1794. rank among the best-known war correspondents. In SMALL, Michael Peter, soldier, b. in Harris- 1863 he was a member of the editorial staff of the burg, Pa., 9 Aug., 1831. He was graduated at the “ Tribune.” At the sudden beginning of the war U. S. military academy in 1855, assigned to the between Prussia and Austria in 1866 Mr. Smalley artillery, served against the Seminole Indians and was sent on a day's notice to Europe. At the close on frontier and other duty, and was promoted 1st of the war he returned for a few months to New lieutenant, 27 April, 1861. He served as chief com- York, but was sent to England in May, 1867, by the missary and quartermaster at Rolla, Mo., from 4 Tribune," with instructions to organize a London Sept., 1861, till 31 Jan., 1863; as chief commissary bureau for that journal. This he did, and the suc- of the 13th army corps, and of the army during cess that has attended the European department the field, in the Teche campaign in the Depart of the “ Tribune” is largely due to his efforts. In ment of the Gulf from 15 Sept. till 9 Nov., 1863 ; 1870, at the opening of the Franco-German war, and was supervising commissary of the states of the “ Tribune" devised a new system of news-gath- Illinois and Indiana from December, 1863, till Feb- ering. Mr. Smalley, as the agent of this policy, ruary, 1864. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel showed an energy and foresight which gave him an on the staff, 15 Sept., 1863, became chief commis- eminent rank in journalism. The English writer sary of the Department of Virginia and North Kinglake, in his ** History of the Crimean War,” Carolina at Fortress Monroe, supplied the armies says: “ The success of that partnership for the pur- operating against Richmond, and acted in a simi- pose of war news which had been formed between lar capacity for other armies and other military one of our London newspapers and the New York departments till the close of the war. He became “Tribune,' was an era in the journalism of Europe." brevet colonel of U. S. volunteers, 1 Jan., 1865, and Mr. Smalley's letters from Berlin, in April, 1888, brevet brigadier-general, 9 April, 1865, for merito descriptive of the Emperor William's death and rious services in the subsistence department dur- burial, were among the most brilliant that ap- ing the war. Since 31 Oct., 1884, he has been pur- peared on that occasion. chasing and depot commissary at Baltimore, Md. SMALLEY, John, clergyman, b. in Lebanon SMALLEY, Eugene Virgil, journalist, b. in (now Columbia), Conn., 4 June, 1734; d. in New Randolph, Portage co., Ohio, 18 July, 1841. He Britain, Conn., 1 June, 1820. After his graduation was educated in the public schools of Ohio and New at Yale in 1756 he studied theology under Rev. York, and passed one year in New York central col- Joseph Bellamy, and on 19 April, 1758, was or- lege at McGraw ville. He enlisted at the beginning dained and installed pastor over a newly organized of the civil war in the 7th Ohio infantry, and fre- church at New Britain, Conn., sustaining the rela- quently sent letters about different engagements to tion, with slight interruption, a little more than the newspapers, for which descriptions he had fifty years. In 1800 he received the degree of D. D. shown a predilection before entering the field. He from Princeton, and in 1810, being infirm, he was served until nearly the close of the struggle, when given a colleague, preaching afterward occasionally he was discharged on account of wounds, and as and devoting himself to the preparation of a sec- soon as he was able went to Washington, D. C., ond volume of discourses for publication. Dr. where, in 1865, he was appointed clerk of the mili- Smalley's sermons, which he always read in the tary committee of the house of representatives. pulpit, have seldom been surpassed in logical ac- He retained the post until 1873, at the same curacy, clearness, and strength. The Rev. Royal time corresponding at intervals for different jour- Robbins says in 1856: “ Dr. Smalley, in referring nals. He then formed a connection with a New to his treatise on Natural and Moral Inability, York journal, continuing to be its correspond seemed to think that no one previously had drawn ent and editorial writer for nine years, During his the proper distinctions on this subject--not even residence in Washington he had formed an intimate Edwards had made the matter clear. Admitting acquaintance with public men and measures, which the correctness of this opinion, he is to be regarded aided him greatly as a journalist. In 1882 he en- as the father of New England theology in that tered the employment of the Northern Pacific rail- branch of it.” He published two sermons on “ Nat- road, and in 1884 established the “ Northwest," ural and Moral Inability” (1769; republished in an illustrated magazine, in St. Paul, Minn., of London): two on “ Universal Salvation” (1785–6); which he is still (1888) the editor and publisher: one on “ The Perfection of Divine Law” (1787); He is a frequent contributor to periodicals, mainly , and an Election Sermon " (1800). Two volumes on subjects relating to the resources and develop- of his sermons were issued in 1803-'14. ment of the region in which he has made his home. SMALLS, Robert, member of congress, b. in He has published “ History of the Northern Pacific Beaufort, S. C., 5 April, 1839. Being a slave, he Railroad” (New York, 1883), and “ Ilistory of the was debarred from attending school, and was alto- Republican Party” (1885). gether self-educated. He removed to Charleston SMALLEY, George Washburn, journalist, b. in 1851, worked at the rigger's trade, afterward led in Franklin, Suffolk co., Mass., 2 June, 1833. He a seafaring life, and in 1861 was employed as a was graduated at Yale in 1853, read law with pilot on “The Planter," a steamer that plied in George F. Hoar at Worcester in 1853–4, and in Charleston harbor as a transport. In May, 1862, Harvard law-school in 1854-5, and in 1856 was he took this vessel over Charleston bar, and de- admitted to the Boston bar. He practised law in | livered her to the commander of the U.S. blockad- Boston until the opening of the civil war, when, in ing squadron. After serving for some time as pilot : i 554 SMILIE SMALLWOOD 66 a He was 66 ". in the U. S. navy, he was promoted captain for he was stationed at Wilmington, and captured a gallant and meritorious conduct, 1 Dec., 1863, and British brig in the Delaware laden with stores and placed in command of “The Planter," serving until provisions. He won new laurels in the battle of she was put out of commission in 1866. He re- Camden, and received the thanks of congress for turned to Beaufort after the war, was a member of his gallant conduct. In September, 1780, he was the State constitutional convention in 1868, was appointed major-general, but after the removal of elected a member of the state house of representa- Gates he refused to serve under Baron Steuben, tives the same year, and of the state senate in 1870, who was his senior officer, declaring his intention and was re-elected in 1872. He was elected to the to leave the army unless congress should antedate 44th congress from South Carolina, has been re- his commission two years. This claim was not al- elected to every succeeding congress except the lowed, being regarded as absurd, but Gen. Small- 46th, for which he was defeated, and served, with wood remained in the army until 15 Nov., 1783. In this exception, from 6 Dec., 1875, till 1888. He 1785 he was elected to congress, and in the same has been major-general of state troops. year he was chosen governor of Maryland, which SMALLWOOD, Charles, Canadian meteorolo- was the last public post that he held. gist, b. in Birmingham, England, in 1812; d. in SMARIUS, Cornelius Francis, clergyman, b. Montreal, 22 Dec., 1873. He became a physician, in Telburg, North Brabant, Holland, 3 March, and, emigrating to Canada in 1853, settled at St. 1823; d. in Detroit , Mich., 2 March, 1870. After Martin's, Isle Jesus, Canada East, and acquired a completing his studies at the University of North large practice. He soon afterward established his Brabant, he came to the United States and joined meteorological and electrical observatory, a descrip- the Society of Jesus at Florissant, Mo., 13 Nov., tion of which was given in the “Smithsonian Re- | 1841. In 1843 he went to Cincinnati, where he ports.” He discovered the effects of atmospheric pursued theological studies, and was assistant pro- electricity on the formation of snow crystals, and fessor of poetry and rhetoric in a school there un- investigated the action of ozone in connection with til 1848. During this period he published anony- light, and that of electricity in the germination of mously many poems of much beauty. seeds. In 1858 Dr. Smallwood received the honor- ordained priest in 1849, afterward studied in Ford- ary degree of LL. D. from McGill college, and was ham, N. Y., and was pastor of the church of St. appointed professor of meteorology in that institu- Francis Xavier in St. Louis in 1859–60. Here he tion, to which was subsequently added the chair of displayed such powers as a pulpit orator that he astronomy. In 1860 the Canadian government became very popular. In 1861 he was detailed for made him a grant for the purchase of magnetic missionary work, with a large field of operations, instruments, and in August, 1861, he began mak- and in 1865 he visited Europe for his health. He ing observations. When the U. S. signal-service was vice-president of the University of St. Louis system was established, Dr. Smallwood arranged in 1850–2, and again in 1857–8. "He published for stations in connection with it in Montreal and “Points of Controversy” (New York, 1865). other Canadian cities. He was one of the govern- SMEAD, Wesley, philanthropist, b. in West- ors of the College of physicians and surgeons of chester county, N. Y., 23 Dec., 1800, d. in Pough- Lower Canada, and was a member of many scien- keepsie, N. Y., 6 Jan., 1871. He first was a news- tific and literary societies in America and Europe. boy, then became a printer, afterward studied He was the author of numerous articles in scientific medicine, and was graduated at the Ohio medical periodicals and the “Smithsonian Reports,” and of college, Cincinnati. He practised in that city, and contributions to Canadian meteorology furnished was president of the Citizens' bank there from to various magazines for more than twenty years. 1843 till 1857. He became possessed of great SMALLWOOD, William, soldier, b. in Kent wealth, founded in 1850 the Widows' home in county, Md., in 1732; d. in Prince George county, Cincinnati, to which he gave $37,000, and gave Md., 14 Feb., 1792. On 2 Jan., 1776, he was elected liberally to every public charity that came to his colonel of the Maryland battalion, and on 10 July, notice. Besides essays on banking, he published with nine com- "Guide to Wealth, or Pathway to Health, Peace, panies, he joined and Competence" (Cincinnati, 1856). Washington in SMEDES, Susan Dabney, author, b. in Ray- New York. On 20 mond, Miss., 10 Aug., 1840. She is the daughter Aug. his troops of Thomas S. Dabney, a rich planter, and was edu- took an active part cated at home, at New Orleans, and at Jackson, in the battle of Miss. When twenty years of age she married Brooklyn Heights, Lyell Smedes, but was left a widow about three being hotly en- months afterward. With her sisters she originated gaged from sun- and supported the Bishop Green training-school at rise until the last Dry Grove, Miss. In 1887 she was appointed a gun was fired, and teacher in the Government Indian school in Rose- losing nearly half bud agency, Dakota territory. She has published their number. At “ Memorials of a Southern Planter," which conveys White Plains, on a graphic picture of southern plantation life at its 18 Oct., the Mary- best, and of slavery in its least repulsive aspect land line again (Baltimore, 1887). bore the brunt of SMILIE, John, member of congress, b. in Ire- the fight, and land in 1741; d. in Washington, P. C., 30 Dec., Smallwood 1812. He came to Pennsylvania in 1760, settled in wounded. For his Lancaster county, and served during the war of gallantry on this occasion congress appointed him the Revolution in both military and civil capaci- a brigadier-general, 23 Oct., 1776. In the battle of ties. He was a member of the legislature of Penn- Fort Washington, 16 Nov., 1776, his command again sylvania, served in congress, as a Democrat, in suffered severely, and at Germantown, 4 Oct., 1777, 1793-'5 and in 1799–1813, and was chairman of the Maryland line retrieved the day and captured the committee on foreign relations. He was a part of the enemy's camp. In the winter of 1777-'8 | presidential elector in 1796. Wmaliwood was SMILLIE 555 SMITH 66 6. SMILLIE, James (smi-lv), engraver, b. in Edin- from 1873 till 1878. Among his water-colors are burgh, Scotland, 23 Nov., 1807; d. in Poughkeepsie, • The Track of the Torrent, Adirondacks” (1869); N. Y., 4 Dec., 1885. He was at first apprenticed to A Scrub Race, California" (1876); “Old Cedars, James Johnston, a silver-engraver, after whose Coast of Maine" (1880): “Stray Lambs, near Mont- death, ten months later, he worked for a time with rose, Pa.” (1884); “Etrétal, Coast of France an engraver of pictures, Edward Mitchel. In 1821 (1887); and “ The Passing Herd” (1888). Mr. he came with his family to Canada, settling in Smillie is also well known as an etcher, and was Quebec, where his father and eldest brother estab- one of the founders of the New York etching club. lished themselves as jewelers. Young Smillie His pencil has been frequently employed in book worked with them for some time as a general en illustration, and he is the author as well as illus- graver, until Lord Dalhousie, struck with his evi- trator of the “ Yosemite” article in “Picturesque dent talent, gave him free passage to London and America."—Another son, William Main, b. in letters of introduction in 1827. This did not prove New York, 23 Nov., 1835; d. there, 21 Jan., 1888, of much assistance to the young artist, as the Lon- was known as an expert letter engraver. He was don engravers, regarding him as the governor's in the employ of a firm until merged, with seven protégé, asked most exorbitant premiums. Smillie other companies, into the old American bank-note thereupon went to Edinburgh, where he worked company in 1857. He remained with the company for about five months, after which he returned to until it was combined with two others to form the Quebec. He went in 1829 to New York, where he present company, after which he was general mana- settled permanently in the following year. His ger until his death.—Another son, George Henry, engraving after Robert W. Weir's “ Convent Gate” artist, b. in New York, 29 Dec., 1840, studied under first brought him into notice, and during 1832–’6 his father and James M. Hart in 1861-3. In 1871 he engraved a series of plates, mostly after paint- he visited the Yosemite valley, and in 1884 he went ings by Weir, for the New York Mirror." In abroad. He was elected an associate of the Na- 1832 he was elected an associate of the National tional academy in 1864, and an academician in academy, and he became an academician in 1851. 1882, and is also a member of the Water-color so- From the first his name became connected with ciety. Among his works in oil are “A Lake in the the art of bank-note engraving, and he has been Woods” (1872); “ A Florida Lagoon" (1875); “ A called the pioneer in this line. From 1861 till his Goat Pasture" (1879); “ Merrimack River” (1882); death his time was devoted to that branch of en- “On the Massachusetts Coast" (1883); “Summer graving. He is best known, however, as a land- Morning on Long Island” (1884); and “Light and scape-engraver, in which branch of art he probably Shadow along Shore,” which is owned by the Union had no equal in this country. Among his more league club, Philadelphia. His water-colors in- important plates, all executed in the line manner, clude “ Under the Pines of the Yosemite” (1872); are - Dream of Arcadia,” after Cole, and “ Dover | “Near Portland, Maine” (1881); “Swamp Willows Plains,” after Asher B. Durand (1850), and “ Mount at Newburyport” (1883); and “ September on the Washington," after John F. Kensett, and “ Ameri- New England Coast” (1885), which gained a prize can Harvesting," after Jasper F. Cropsey (1851)—all at the American art association's water-color exhi- engraved for the American art union; the series bition in 1885.—George Henry's wife, Nellie Shel. “ The Voyage of Life,” after Thomas Cole (1853–²4), don Jacobs, artist, b. in New York, 14 Sept., 1854, and “The Rocky Mountains," after Albert Bier- studied under Joseph 0. Eaton and James D. stadt (1865–6).- His brother, William Cumming, Smillie. Her works include " Grandmother's Old engraver, b. in Edinburgh, 23 Sept., 1813, emi- Love Letters” (1881), and “When the Dew is on grated with his parents to Canada in 1821. He the Grass " (1884), in oil; and “Priscilla” (1880); first worked at silver-engraving, but, after coming “Forgotten Strain” (1881); and “Family Choir” to New York in 1830, soon turned his attention to (1882), in water-color. She is a member of the bank-note engraving. He was connected as partner Water-color society. with several firms, the last of which, Edmonds, SMITH, Sir Albert James, Canadian states- Jones and Smillie, was eventually absorbed by the man, b. in Westmoreland county, New Brunswick, American bank-note company. In 1866 he estab- in 1824. He was educated in his native county, lished a bank-note engraving company at Ottawa, studied law, was called to the bar of New Bruns- Canada, having secured a contract to furnish the wick in 1847, and was afterward appointed queen's Canadian government with all its paper currency, counsel. He was a member of the New Brunswick bonds, etc. In 1874 he retired from this business, legislature from 1852 till the union of the province but eight years later he again established a com- with Canada in 1867, when he was elected to the pany in Canada. In this business he is still (1888) Dominion parliament. He was re-elected by ac- engaged.-James's son, James David, artist, b. clamation in 1872, on his appointment to office, and in New York city, 16 Jan., 1833, was educated by again at the general election in 1878. He was a his father as an engraver on steel. He produced member of the executive council of New Bruns- some excellent work, notably the illustrations for wick from 1856 till 1863 and for a short period in Cooper's novels after Felix 0. C. Darley's designs, 1866, attorney-general from 1862 till 1863, when he but his principal work was on bank-note vignettes. retired from the government and held the same In 1864, after his first visit to Europe, he turned office in his own administration in 1865. He was his attention to painting, studying without a mas- a delegate to London in 1858 on the subject of the ter. The same year he first exhibited at the Acad. Intercolonial railway, and on public business in emy of design, New York, and was elected an 1865, and to Washington with Mr. Galt (now Sir associate of the academy in 1865, and an academi- Alexander T. Galt) and others on the subject of re- cian in 1876. His work in oil includes " The Lift- ciprocal trade, in January, 1866. He declined the ing of the Clouds, White Mountains” (1868); chief justiceship of New Brunswick in 1866, the “ Dark against Day's Golden Death, Catskills lieutenant-governorship of the same province in (1870); “ Evening among the Sierras ” (1876); “ The 1873, and the post of minister of justice in June, Adirondacks" and " Up the Hill" (1879); and “The 1874. He became a member of the privy council, Cliffs of Normandy” (1885). He was one of the and was appointed minister of marine and fisheries, original members of the Water-color society, and 7 Nov., 1873. He represented the Dominion gov- was its treasurer from 1866 till 1873, and president | ernment before the fisheries commission at Halifax . 9 556 SMITH SMITH " 66 66 in 1877, and was created a knight commander of May, 1869, when he resigned. On 3 April of that the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1878. year he became postmaster of St. Louis. SMITH, Alfred Baker, soldier, b. in Massena, SMITH, Archibald Cary, naval architect, b. in St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 17 Nov., 1825. He was New York city, 4 Sept., 1837. He was educated at graduated at Union college in 1851, taught, studied the University grammar-school, New York city, law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and practised learned the trade of boat-building, and in 1860 in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He entered the National built the “Comet," a sail-boat that defeated all army in October, 1862, as major of the 150th New rivals for several years. He studied painting un- York volunteers, and was with his regiment in der Maurice F. H. de Haas in 1863, and subst- every march and action from Gettysburg till the quently painted pictures of many noted yachts. close of the war, succeeding to the command as He designed for Robert Centre, of New York city, senior officer at Atlanta. He was promoted lieu- in 1871, the cutter “ Vindex,” which was the first tenant-colonel and colonel, and was made briga- iron yacht that was built in Chester, Pa., and at- dier-general of volunteers by brevet for meritori- tracted much attention as a departure from the ous services in the campaign of Georgia and the usual type. His success in this business induced Carolinas. He has long been a member of the him to abandon painting, and he has since de Poughkeepsie board of education, of which he was voted himself to designing and altering yachts of president for several years, and in 1867–75 was all kinds, among which are the schooners “ In- postmaster of that city. trepid," ," "Fortuna," " Norma," • ;" • Harbinger.” “Car- SMITH, Andrew Jackson, soldier, b. in Bucks lotta, Iroquois, “ Oriole," "Dream," " Whim," county, Pa., 28. April , 1815. He was graduated at the sloops." Mischief," " Rover," " Kestrel," " Pris- the U. S. military academy in 1838, became 1st cilla," Cinderella," " Banshee," " Katrina," and lieutenant in 1845 and captain in 1847, and was “ Meteor.” The “Mischief" defended the “ Ameri- engaged on the frontier in operations against hos- ca's” cup in the race in 1887 with the Canadian tile Indians. He be- sloop " Atalanta.” He delivered a course of lec- came major in May, tures on naval architecture before the Seawanbaka 1861, colonel of the yacht club, New York city, in 1878, and for many 2d California caval. years was measurer of the New York yacht club. ry on 2 Oct. of that SMITH, Asa Dodge, clergyman, b. in Amherst, year, from 11 Feb. N. H., 21 Sept., 1804; d. in Hanover, N. H., 16 to 11 March, 1862, Aug., 1877. He was graduated at Dartmouth in was chief of cavalry 1830, and at Andover theological seminary in of the Department 1834, serving in 1830–'1 as principal of Limerick of the Missouri, and academy, Me. He was pastor of the 14th street in March and July Presbyterian church in New York city from 1834 of the Department till 1863, lectured on pastoral theology in Union of the Mississippi. theological seminary in 1843–4, and president of He became briga- Dartmouth from 1863 until his death. Williams dier-general of vol- gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849, and the Uni- unteers in March, versity of New York city that of LL. D. in 1864. 1862, engaged in He published a large number of addresses and ser- the advance upon mons, and “ Letters to a Young Student " (Boston, Corinth and siege 1832); “ Memoir of Mrs. Louisa Adams Leavitt" of that place, was (New York, 1843); “ Discourse on the Life and transferred to the Department of the Ohio, and Character of Rev. Charles Hall” (1854); “ The subsequently to the Army of the Tennessee, which Puritan Character," an address (1857); “ Home he accompanied on the Yazoo river expedition, and Missions and Slavery,” a pamphlet (1857); “Chris- participated in the assaults of Chickasaw Bluffs, tian Stewardship” (1863); and “Inauguration Ad- 27-29 Oct., 1862, and of Arkansas Post, 11 Jan., dress” (Hanover, N. H., 1863). 1863. During the Vicksburg campaign he led a SMITH, Ashbel, diplomatist, b. in Hartford, division in the 13th army corps. He was then as- Conn., 13 Aug., 1805; d. in Harris county, Tex., signed to the command of a division of the 16th 21 Jan., 1886. He was graduated at Yale in 1824, army corps, which captured Fort De Russy, en- and at the medical department in 1828, after study- gaged in the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in almost ing law in the interval. He also attended the Paris constant skirmishing during the Red River cam- hospitals in 1831-2, and practised in North Caro- paign, in April, 1864, receiving the brevet of colo- lina till 1836, when he removed to Texas, and was nel, U. S. army, for “ gallant and meritorious ser- appointed in the same year surgeon-general of the vice at Pleasant Hill." He became lieutenant-colo- new republic. He was joint commissioner in mak- nel, U. S. armý, in May, 1864, and major-general ing the first treaty with the Comanches in 1837, of volunteers on the 12th of that month, was or- Texan minister to the United States, Great Brit- dered to Missouri, aided in driving Gen. Sterling ain, France, and Spain, during the administration Price from the state, and was then called to re- of President Samuel Houston and President An- enforce Gen. George H. Thomas at Nashville, and son Jones, was recalled in 1844, and became see- to aid in pursuit of Gen. John B. Hood's army, be- retary of state under the latter, which office he ing engaged at Nashville. He received the brevets held until the annexation of Texas to the United of brigadier-general and major-general, U.S. army, States in 1845. He was a member of the legisla- on 13 March, 1865, for gallant service at the bat- ture from Harris county for several years, and tles of Tupelo, Miss., and Nashville, Tenn. From served throughout the Mexican war. In the early February till June of that year he commanded the part of the civil war he raised the 2d Texas vol- 16th army corps in the reduction and capture of unteers for the Confederate service, leading that Mobile. He was mustered out of volunteer service regiment in several campaigns east of Missouri in January, 1866, and on 28 July became colonel of river. He retired to his plantation on Galveston the 7th U. S. cavalry. He then commanded the bay in 1865, and while taking an active part in Department of the Missouri from 14 Sept., 1867, to state politics as a Democrat was also occupied in 2 March, 1868, and wis on leave of absence till 6! the preparation of papers on scientific and agri- a. Jsmitts : SMITH 557 SMITH was Benjamın ® Smith 9 cultural topics. In his profession his services were cepted the rectorship of Christ church, Lexington, rendered gratuitously, and in every yellow-fever Ky. This last post he held until 1837. While in epidemic he went to Houston or Galveston and Vermont he was editor of “The Episcopal Regis- devoted himself to the sufferers. He was instru- ter," and subsequently in Philadelphia he conduct- mental in the establishment of the state university, ed “ The Epis- and president of its board of regents. His publi- copal Recorder.” cations include “ Account of the Yellow Fever in He received the Galveston, in 1839 ” (Galveston, 1840); “ Account degree of S. T. D. of the Geography of Texas” (1851); and “ Per- from Geneva (now manent Identity of the Human Race" (1860). Hobart) college SMITH, Augustus William, educator, b. in in 1832, and that Newport, Herkimer co., N. Y., 12 May, 1802'; d. in of LL. D. from Annapolis, Md., 26 March, 1866. He was gradu- Griswold college, ated at Hamilton college in 1825, became a teacher Iowa, in 1870, and in Oneida conference seminary, Cazenovia, N. Y., from Brown uni- was professor of mathematics and astronomy in versity in 1872. Wesleyan in 1831–51, and at the latter date be- | He was elected came its president. From 1859 until his death he first bishop of was professor of natural philosophy in the U. S. Kentucky, and naval academy. Hamilton gave him the degree of consecrated LL. D. in 1850. In 1860 he was one of the corps in St. Paul's chap- of astronomers that were sent by the U. S. govern- el, New York ment to Labrador to observe the annular eclipse of city, 31 Oct., 1832. the sun. He was an excellent mathematician, and on the death of the author of several text-books, including an "Ele- Bishop Hopkins in 1868 he became the presiding mentary Treatise on Mechanics " (New York, 1846). bishop. From 1872 onward, owing to advanced age SMITH, Azariah, missionary, b. in Manlius, and accompanying infirmities, he was allowed to N. Y., 16 Feb., 1817; d. in Aintab, Asia Minor, 3 reside out of the limits of his diocese, and he was June, 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1837, furnished with an assistant in January, 1875. In ad- studied medicine and theology, and in 1842 em- dition to his contributions as editor to church jour- barked for western Asia as a missionary. He ar- nalism, Bishop Smith published “Five Charges to rived in Smyrna in January, 1843, made numerous the Clergy” of his diocese; " Saturday Evening, or journeys into the interior, and was the travelling Thoughts on the Progress of the Plan of Salva- companion of Sir Austin Henry Layard. Subse- tion" (New York, 1876); and “ Apostolic Succes- quently, when Asiatic cholera raged there, he suc- sion, Facts which prove that a Ministry appointed cessfully practised among the sufferers. He settled by Christ Himself involves this Position " (1877). at Aintab in 1848, and taught and preached there SMITH, Benjamin Mosby, clergyman, b. in until his death. He wrote several valuable papers Powhatan county, Va., 30 June, 1811. He was on meteorology and Syrian antiquities for the graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1829, and at the “ American Journal of Science.” Virginia union theological seminary in 1832. He SMITH, Benjamin, governor of North Caro- was tutor in Hebrew and introductory studies from lina, b. in Brunswick county, N. C., in 1750; d. in that date till 1836, and was successively pastor of Smithville, N. C., 10 Feb., 1829. He became aide- Presbyterian churches in Danville and Augusta de-camp to Gen. Washington in 1776, was with county, Va., from 1840 till his appointment in him in the retreat from Long Island, participated 1854 to the chair of Oriental and biblical litera- in the defence of Fort Moultrie, and served during ture in Union seminary, which office he still (1888) the British, invasion of South Carolina. In 1789 holds. In 1858-'74 he was pastor of Hampden he gave 20,000 acres of land to the University of Sidney college church, and he was moderator of North Carolina, whose trustees named a hall in the general assembly of the Presbyterian church that institution in his honor. He was fifteen times in 1876. Hampden Sidney gave him the degree of a member of the state senate from Brunswick D. D. in 1845. Dr. Smith exercises much influence county, served as major - general of militia in in the affairs of his church in Virginia. He has 1794–1810, and, when war with France was threat- published numerous sermons and addresses, “A ened in 1796, raised a regiment of North Carolina Commentary on the Psalms and Proverbs " (Glas- volunteers in his county. He was governor of the gow, 1859; Knoxville, Tenn., 1883), and “Ques- state in 1810-'12. A town and an island of North tions on the Gospels ” (Richmond, Va., 1868). Carolina are named in his honor. SMITH, Buckingham, antiquarian, b. on SMITH, Benjamin Bosworth, P. E. bishop, Cumberland island, Ga., 31 Oct., 1810; d. in New b. in Bristol, R. I., 13 June, 1794; d. in New York York city, 5 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at city, 31 May, 1884. He entered Brown university, Harvard law-school in 1836, and practised his pro- Providence, R. I., and was graduated in 1816. Al-fession in Maine, but soon returned to his family though of Congregational parentage, he studied estate in Florida, where he was a member of the for the ministry in the Episcopal church, was or- territorial legislature. He was U. S. secretary of dained deacon in St. Michael's church, Bristol, 23 | legation in Mexico in 1850–2, acting as chargé April, 1817, by Bishop Griswold, and priest in St. d'affaires in 1851. During his residence there he Michael's church, Marblehead, Mass., 24 June, made a thorough study of Mexican history and 1818, by the same bishop: His earliest work in the antiquities and Indian philology, and collected ministry was in Marblehead for two years, after many books and manuscripts. He was secretary which he became rector of St. George's church, Ac- of legation at Madrid in 1855–8, made important comack county, Va., and two years later rector of researches in the Spanish libraries and archives Zion church, Charlestown, with charge of the church respecting the colonial history of Florida and in Shepherdstown. In 1823 he removed to Ver- Louisiana, and rendered valuable services to George mont and became rector of St. Stephen's church, Bancroft, Jared Sparks, and Francis Parkman. He Middlebury, in 1828 he assumed charge of Grace settled in Florida in 1859, became a judge, and church mission, Philadelphia, and in 1830 he ac- served several terms in the state senate. A part of 558 SMITH SMITH 97 66 e a 1 6 his library was bought by the New York historical | lar Exposition of the Gospels,” with Rev. John G. society after his death. He edited translations of Morris (Baltimore, 1840); - Illustrations of Faith" the “Narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (Albany, 1850); “Men of the Olden Time” (Phila- (Washington, D. C., 1851 ; improved ed., New York, delphia, 1858); “ Before the Flood and After 1873); " The Letter of Hernando de Soto" and (1868); “ Among the Lilies ” (1872); “ Inlets and * Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda," Outlets” (1872); and “Stoneridge," a series of pas- of each of which 100 copies were printed (Wash-toral sketches (1877). ington, 1854; collected and published in Spanish SMITH, Charles Emory, journalist, b. in Mans- under the title of “ Coleccion de Varios Documen- field, Conn., 18 Feb., 1842. He was graduated at tos para la Historia de la Florida y Zierras Adya- Union college in 1861, became editor of the Albany centes,” Madrid, 1857); “A Grammatical Sketch of · Express” in 1865, and of the “ Albany Journals the Heve Language" (New York, 1861); a “Gram- in 1870, and since 1880 has conducted the Phila- mar of the Pima or Névome: a Language of Sonora, delphia " Press.” He was president of the New from a Manuscript of the 17th Century” (St. Au- York state press association in 1874, and delivered gustine, 1862); “Doctrina Christiana e Confesiona- the annual address at its meeting. He was a re- rio en Lengua Névome, ó sea la Névome” (1862); gent of the University of the state of New York in “ Rudo Ensayo, tentativo de una Prevencional De- 1879-'80, a delegate to the National Republican scripcion Geographica de la Provincia de Sonora' conventions in 1876 and in 1888, has repeatedly (1863); “ An Inquiry into the Authenticity of Docu- served in state conventions, and was temporary ments concerning å Discovery of North America and permanent chairman of that body in 1879. claimed to have been made by Verrazzano" (1864); SÑITH, Charles Henry, humorist, b. in Law. and a volume of translations of “ Narratives of the renceville, Ga., 15 June, 1826. He was graduated Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of at Franklin college, Athens, Ga., and in 1848 be- Florida" (1866). He also wrote for the magazines came a lawyer in Rome, Ga. He served in the concerning the early history and writers of Florida. Confederate army, and after the war settled as a SMITH, Caleb Blood, secretary of the interior, planter near Cartersville, Ga., was state senator in b. in Boston, Mass., 16 April, 1808; d. in Indian- 1866, and mayor of Rome, Ga., in 1868–9. He apolis, Ind., 7 Jan., 1864. "He emigrated with his began his literary career in 1861 in a series of news- parents to Ohio in 1814, was educated at Cincin- paper letters under the signature of “ Bill Arp." nati and Miami colleges, studied law in Cincinnati | They enjoyed a wide popularity, and are remark- and in Connersville, Ind., and was admitted to the able for homely humor and shrewd philosophy. bar in 1828. He began practice at the latter place, A southern writer says of his widely read and established and edited the “Sentinel” in 1832, served quoted letter to Artemus Ward in July, 1865, that several terms in the Indiana legislature, and was it was the first chirp of any bird after the sur- in congress in 1843–9, having been elected as a render, and gave relief and hope to thousands of Whig. During his congressional career he was drooping hearts.” He is also a successful lecturer. one of the Mexican claims commissioners. He re- His publications include “ Bill Arp's Letters" (New turned to the practice of law in 1850, residing in York, 1868); Bill Arp's Scrap-Book” (Atlanta, Cincinnati and subsequently in Indianapolis. He 1886); and many humorous and philosophical was influential in securing the nomination of Abra- sketches that he has contributed to the press. ham Lincoln for the presidency at the Chicago Re- SMITH, Charles Henry, soldier, b. in Hollis, publican convention in 1860, and was appointed York co., Me., 1 Nov., 1827. He was graduated at by him secretary of the interior in 1861, which post Colby university in 1856, entered the National he resigned in December, 1862, to come U. S. army in 1861 as captain in the 1st Maine cavalry, circuit judge for Indiana. was attached with his regiment to the Army of SMITH, Charles, bookseller, b. in New York the Potomac, and served throughout its opera- city in 1768; d. there in 1808. He was a book- tions, participating in numerous battles. He became seller in New York city, translated plays for the major of volunteers in 1862, lieutenant-colonel in stage from the German of Kotzebue and Schiller, March, 1863, and colonel of the 1st Maine cavalry, and edited the “ Monthly Military Repository” in commanding that regiment at Upperville, Gettys- 1796–7, the Revolutionary descriptions in which burg, Shepardstown, and through the movements were said to have been supplied by Baron Steuben southward to the Rapidan. In the Mine run cam- and Gen. Horatio Gates. He also published a “ Po- paign, in November, he conducted the rear-guard litical Pocket Almanac" (New York, 1797). of the left column of the army from Mine run to SMITH, Charles Adam, clergyman, b. in New and across the Rapidan. During Gen. Philip H. York city, 25 June, 1809; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., Sheridan's cavalry campaign in May and June, 15 Feb., 1879. His parents were German. Charles 1864, he fought at Todd's Tavern and South was educated at Hartwick seininary, ordained to Anna, at Trevillian Station, and on 1 Aug., 1864, the ministry of the Lutheran church in 1830, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for was pastor successively in Palatine, N. Y., and in gallant and meritorious conduct at St. Mary's Baltimore, Md., where he was also an editor of the church, where two horses were killed under him, “ Lutheran Observer.” He was called to the Wür- ! and he was shot through the thigh. He command- temberg church in Rhinebeck, N. Y., in 1842, and ed a cavalry brigade and was wounded at Reams's remained there till 1852, when he became pastor Station, and the 3d brigade of Gen. David M. in Easton, Pa. He afterward had charge of a Gregg's division from October, 1864, till the opera- Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and then of tions that ended in the surrender of Lee's army. a parish in East Orange, N. J., after which he de- During the Appomattox campaign he was wound- voted himself to literary pursuits. He originated ed, and a horse was killed under him at Dinwiddie and published in 1850 a monthly home journal en- Court-House, and he participated in the battles of titled “The Evangelical Magazine," which, after | Sailor's Creek, Brier Creek, and Farmville. In adopting several names, is now published as the May and July, 1865, he was in cominand of a sub- " Lutheran and Missionary.” He translated many district of the Appomattox, comprising five coun- works from the German, including " Krummacher's ties. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Parables” (New York, 1833); and is the author of 13 March, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service * The Catechumen's Guide "(Albany, 1837);“ Popu- during the civil war, and in March, 1867, brigadier- SMITH 559 SMITH " general, U. S. army, for Sailor's Creek, and major- | tance above the Lachine rapids. Mr. Smith was general for gallant service during the civil war. elected a member of the American society of civil He became colonel of the 28th infantry on the re- engineers in 1873, and was a director of that organization of the U. S. army in 1866, was trans- organization in 1877–8. His publications are con- ferred in 1869 to the 19th infantry, and now (1888) fined to a few professional papers, notably “A holds that command. Comparative Analysis of the Fink, Murphy, Boll- SMITH, Charles Perrin, genealogist, b. in man, and Triangular Trusses ” (1865); “Propor- Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Jan., 1819; d. in Trenton, tions of Eyebars, Heads, and Pins as determined N. J., 27 Jan., 1883. On attaining his majority he by Experiment” (1877); and “Wind-Pressure upon became proprietor and editor of “The National Bridges " (1880). Standard” in Salem, N. J., and conducted it for SNITH, Cotton Mather, clergyman, b. in Suf- eleven years. He served in the legislature of 1852, field, Conn., 26 Oct., 1731 ; d. in Sharon, Conn., 27 and was clerk of the supreme court of New Jersey Nov., 1806. He was descended from Rev. Henry in 1857–72. He was early identified with the old Smith, who came to this country in 1636, and was Whig party, and during the Harrison campaign first pastor at Wethersfield, Conn. His mother travelled extensively through the west and north- was the granddaughter of Increase Mather. Cotton west, publishing a graphic account of his journey was graduated at Yale in 1751, taught the Stock- in a series of letters. During the civil war he was bridge Indians while studying theology, and in a secret agent of the state of New Jersey. Mr. 1753 was licensed to preach. From 1755 until his Smith was a corresponding member of the Phila- death he was pastor of the Congregational church delphia numismatic and antiquarian society. He in Sharon. During the Revolution he served as was the author of “Lineage of the Lloyd and Car- chaplain under Gen. Philip Schuyler in 1775–²6. penter Families" (printed privately, Camden, N.J., During his ministry he delivered more than 4,000 1870) and “Memoranda of a Visit to the Site of public discourses. He published three sermons Mathraval Castle, with a Genealogical Chart of (Hartford, 1770, 1771, 1793). He was distinguished the Descent of Thomas Lloyd" (1875). See a for force of character, tact, tenderness of heart, fine memoir of him by Charles Hart in the “ Necrology scholarship, and grace of manner. His views were of the Philadelphia Numismatic and Antiquarian of advanced liberality, and he was an effective and Society for 1883." persuasive preacher, whose influence long survived. SMITH, Charles Shaler, engineer, b. in Pitts---His son, John Cotton, statesman, b. in Sharon, burg, Pa., 16 Jan., 1836; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 19 Conn., 12 Feb., 1765; d. there, 7 Dec., 1845, was Dec., 1886. He attended a private school in Pitts- graduated at Yale in 1783, admitted to the bar in burg, but at the age of sixteen entered on the 1786, and served several terms in the legislature, study of his profession by securing an appointment of which he was as rodman on the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven clerk in 1799 and railroad. After various services he became in speaker in 1800. 1856 engineer in charge of the Tennessee division He was elected to of the Louisville and Nashville railroad. Subse- congress as a Fed- quently he became chief engineer of bridges and eralist in the lat- buildings of the Wilmington, Charlotte, and Ru- ter year, served till therford railroad in North Carolina, where he re- 1806, was chair- mained until the beginning of the civil war. He man of the com- then entered the Confederate army as captain of mittee on claims engineers, and continued so until 1865, during in 1802–’6, and in which time, as chief engineer of government works the once celebrat- in the Augusta district, he constructed the Con- ed discussion on federate states powder-works, with a daily capacity the judiciary in of 17,000 pounds of powder, and one of the largest 1801 presided over that had then been built. Mr. Smith continued the committee of in the south as engineer of bridges, and con- the whole. He re- structed the Catawba and Congaree bridges on sumed an exten- John bmonefritt. the Charlotte and South Carolina railroad. In sive legal practice 1866, with Benjamin H. Latrobe, he organized the when he returned engineering firm of Smith, Latrobe and Co., which from his congressional career, was again in the in 1869 became the Baltimore bridge company, with legislature in 1808–9, and was chosen a judge of Mr. Smith as president and chief engineer. This the Connecticut supreme court the next year. He company continued in business until 1877, and did was lieutenant-governor in 1810 and governor in a large amount of work. He removed to St. 1813-'18, after which he retired and did not again Charles, Mo., in 1868, to take charge of the rail- accept office, devoting himself to literary pursuits road bridge then just begun across Missouri and the care of a large estate. He was president river, and in 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he of the Litchfield county foreign missionary society, remained until the end of his life, mainly occupied and of the County temperance society, first presi- as a consulting engineer. His name will ever be dent of the Connecticut Bible society, of the Ameri- connected with the great bridges that were built can Bible society in 1831-²45, and of the American under his supervision. They are hundreds in num- board of foreign missions in 1826–²41. Yale gave ber and include four over the Mississippi, one over him the degree of LL.D. in 1814. He was a mem- the Missouri, and one over the St. Lawrence. His ber of the Northern society of antiquaries in Copen- most important work was the practical demonstra- hagen, Denmark, and of the Connecticut historical tion of the uses and value of the cantilever, be- society, and an occasional contributor to scientific ginning in 1869 with the 300-foot draw-span over reviews. He combined strength of character with Salt river on the line of the Elizabeth and Paducah | true amiability in a remarkable degree. His fine railroad, and including the Kentucky river bridge personal appearance and graceful, commanding on the Cincinnati Southern railroad, that over the manners added a charm to the eloquence for which Mississippi near St. Paul, and finally his last great his speeches were noted. True to his convictions bridge across the St. Lawrence river a short dis- and his friends, enduring no thought of com- 560 SMITH SMITH or- promise on any moral question, he was yet a man 16 June, 1818. He emigrated to Tennessee at an of broad views and enlightened statesmanship. early age, being one of the first settlers of that Though belonging to a defeated party, he was ever state, and filled many public offices. He was a held in high respect by his opponents as an able, major-general of militia, was appointed by Gen, unflinching, and generous foe. See his “ Corre- Washington secretary of the territory south of spondence and Miscellanies,” edited with a eulogy Ohio river in 1790, sat in the convention that by Rev. William W. Andrews (New York, 1847). — formed the constitution of Tennessee, and was U.S. John Cotton's grandson, John Cotton, diploma- senator from that state in 1798-'9, in place of An- tist, b. in Tivoli, N. Y., in 1810; d. in Sharon, drew Jackson, who had resigned, and again from Conn., 21 Nov., 1879, was graduated at Yale in 1805 till his own resignation in 1809. He pub- 1830, elected to the legislature at twenty-one years lished the first map of Tennessee and a geography of age, and served for many terms. He was an of the state (Philadelphia, 1799). active member of the Democratic party, and in SMITH, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Salisbury, 1856–60 was U. S. minister to Bolivia. He was Conn., 16 Sept., 1806; d. in Kingston, N. Y., 23 June, an eloquent speaker and possessed of wide infor- 1852. He was educated at Wilbraham academy mation and many attractions.-Cotton Mather's under Rev. Wilbur Fisk, ordained to the ministry grandson, Thomas Mather, clergyman, b. in of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1831, and Stamford, Conn., 7 March, 1797; d. in Portland, was a pastor in Connecticut and New York for the Me., 6 Sept., 1864, was the son of Cotton Mather's subsequent twenty-one years. He was active in Sun- daughter, who married Rev. Daniel Smith, pastor day-school and temperance work, lectured extensive- of the church at Stamford from 1793 until his ly in the latter cause, and wrote more than fifty re- death in 1841. Thomas was graduated at Yale ligious books for the young. Throughout his min- in 1816, and at Andover theological seminary in istry he gave all his salary to benevolent objects. 1820. He was ordained to the ministry of the His publications include " Anecdotes for the Congregational church in 1822, was successively Young ” (New York, 1840); “ Teacher's Assistant" pastor in Portland, Me., Fall River, Catskill, N. Y., (1847) “ Lady's Book of Anecdotes "(1851); “ Pror- and New Bedford, Mass., in 1826–²42, and in 1844, erbs” (1851); and “ Lectures to Young Men”(1852). having changed his theological views, was SMITH, Daniel B., educator, b. in Philadel- dained in the Protestant Episcopal church. He phia, Pa., 14 July, 1792; d. in Germantown, Pa., was professor of theology in the Gambier (Ohio) 29 March, 1883. He was educated under John seminary in 1845–’63, and president of Kenyon in Griscom, from whom he acquired a fondness for 1850-?4. Bowdoin gave him the degree of D. D. in scientific studies. On leaving school, he was ap- 1850.- Thomas Mather's son, John Cotton, clergy- prenticed to the drug business, and on completing man, b. in Andover, Mass., 4 Aug., 1826; d. in his term was admitted to partnership. In 1819 he New York city, 10 Jan., 1882, was graduated at opened a drug-store, and continued thereafter in Bowdoin in 1847, studied theology at the Gambier active mercantile pursuits until within a few years (Ohio) seminary, was ordained deacon in the Prot- of his death. He was one of the founders of the estant Episcopal church in 1849, and priest in Apprentices' library in 1820, and was active in the 1850. He was successively rector of St. John's movement that led to the establishment of the Col- church, Bangor, Me., assistant on the Green foun- lege of pharmacy in 1822. In 1821 he became sec- dation at Trinity church, Boston, and from 1860 retary of the preliminary organization, which office until his death was rector of the Church of the he then held until his election as vice-president in Ascension, New York city. During his pastorate 1828, and from 1829 till 1854 he was its president, there he was active in mission work, the church | also serving as chairman of the committee on publi- contributing under him $1,000,000 to charity. He cation that in 1826 issued the first number of the organized the first successful attempt to establish “ American Journal of Pharmacy." Meanwhile, in improved tenement-houses, and was instrumental 1834, he became professor of moral philosophy, in erecting two blocks of such homes that are English literature, and chemistry in Haverford under the care of an association in Ascension school (now college), and continued in that place church. He built the Mission chapel on the until 1846. He was influential in organizing the corner of Jane and Greenwich streets, and House of refuge in 1828, and the American phar- that on West 43d street, which number 3,000 maceutical association in 1852, and presided over pupils, and was also active in foreign mission its first meeting in Philadelphia. Prof. Smith was work. He was a member of the American Bible a member of the Franklin institute from its incep- society, and one of a committee of three to revise i tion in 1824, of the Historical society from its or- the received Greek text. Columbia gave him the ganization in 1825, and was its first corresponding degree of D. D. in 1862. Dr. Smith was a strong secretary. He was also a member of the American and effective preacher, a profound scholar, and philosophical society and of the Philadelphia acad- of wide and Catholic views. For several years he 'emy of natural sciences. He published "The Prin- edited the Church and State," a paper established ciples of Chemistry” (Philadelphia, 1842). as the representative of the liberal branch of the SMITH, David M., inventor, b. in Hartland, church. He discussed scientific, literary, and Vt., in 1809; d. in Springfield, Vt., 10 Nov., 1881. social subjects in it and in his pulpit, and aided He began to learn the carpenter's trade in Gilsum, largely in the gathering of the church congress in N. II., when he was twelve years old, and seven New York in 1874. Dr. Smith published an “Ar- years later taught in a school. Subsequently he tillery Election Sermon ” (Boston, 1858), and nu- began the manufacture of “awls on the haft," for merous other occasional sermons and tractates; which he obtained a patent in 1832. The awl-haft Limits of Legislation as to Doctrine and Ritual” as manufactured by him was similar if not identi- (New York, 1874); " Miscellanies Old and New” 'cal with the one now known as the Aiken awl. (1876); “ Briar Hill Lectures: Certain Aspects ! In 1810–'1 he represented the town of Gilsum in of the Church” (1880); “ The Church's Mission of the New Hampshire legislature, after which he Reconciliation" (1881); and “ The Liturgy as a removed to Springfield, Vt. He patented a combi- Basis of Union” (1881). | nation-lock in 1849, of which an English expert SMITH, Daniel, senator, b. in Fauquier coun- named Hobbs, who had opened all the locks that ty, Va., about 1740; d. in Sumner county, Tenn., , were brought to him in London, said: “It cannot 1 SMITH 561 SMITH common use. be picked.” This lock he also patented in Eng-west, in February, 1887. In 1880 he became a land, and about this time he invented an improve director of the Canadian Pacific railway company, ment on the first iron lathe dog that is now in was largely instrumental in securing the successful He also devised a peg-splitting ma- completion of the road, and in 1886 was knighted chine, and two sewing-machines, after which he for his services in connection with this undertak- produced a patent clothes-pin. In 1860 he began ing. He is a governor of McGill university, and the manufacture of a spring hook and eye, for gave $120,000 to constitute a special course or which he also devised the machinery. Mr. Smith college for women in connection with that institu- showed great ingenuity in inventing the machinery tion. With Sir George Stephen, bart., he founded by which his original articles were made. In addi- in 1885 the Montreal scholarship of the Royal tion to perfecting the ideas of other people that college of music, London, for residents of Montreal secured patents, he took out for himself nearly six- and its neighborhood. Sir Donald has one of the ty, among which was that for the machinery that finest private residences in the Dominion at Mon- is now used in folding newspapers. treal, a seat at Pictou. Nova Scotia, and another at SMITH, Sir David William, bart., Canadian Silver Heights, near Winnipeg, Manitoba. He pos- statesman, b. in England, 4 Sept., 1764; d. in Aln- sesses a fine collection of pictures. wick, Northumberland, England, 9 May, 1837. Uis SMITH, Edward Delafield, lawyer, b. in Roch- father, who was lieutenant-colonel of the 5th foot, ester, N. Y., 8 May, 1826; d. in Shrewsbury, N. J., died while commandant of Fort Niagara, Canada 13 April, 1878. He was graduated at Uni- West, in 1795. At an early age the son was ap- versity of the city of New York in 1846, was ad- pointed an ensign in his father's regiment, in which mitted to the bar in 1848, and practised in New he subsequently attained the rank of captain. He York city. He was U. S. district attorney for the afterward studied law and was admitted to the southern district of New York in 1861-5, returned bar of Upper Canada, was appointed surveyor-gen- to practice in the latter year, and from 1871 till eral of lands, one of the trustees for the Six Nations, 1875 was corporation counsel of New York city. a member of the executive council, and of the com- He was an active member of the Republican party, mittee for administering the government during and a member of the law committee of the Univer- the governor's absence. He was a member of the sity of the city of New York. Among his many three first Canadian parliaments, and a speaker of cases of importance was that of the People against the house of assembly in two of them. He resided Nathaniel Gordon, master of the slave-ship “ Erie,” in England for many years preceding his death, whom he brought to the scaffold in 1862, and that and administered the affairs of the Duke of North- against John Andrews, a leader of the draft riots umberland. For his public services he was created in New York city in 1863. At the time of his a baronet by patent, 30 Aug., 1821. death he was attorney of record in the Eliza B. SMITH, Delazon, senator, b. in Berlin, N. Y., Jumel estate case. Mr. Smith also attained success in 1816; d. in Portland, Oregon, 18 Nov., 1860. in private practice, and was widely known for his He was graduated at Oberlin collegiate institute in legal ability. He published“ A vidæ." a poem (New 1837, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, York, 1843); “ Destiny," a poem (1846); " Oratory," but adopted journalism as his profession, and be- a poem (1846); “ Reports of Cases in the New York came editor of the “True Jeffersonian in Roches- Court of Common Pleas” (4 vols., 1850-'9); and ter, N. Y., and subsequently of the “ Western Em- * Addresses to Juries in Slave-Trade Trials” (1861). pire” at Dayton, Ohio. He was appointed by Presi- SMITH, Edward Parmelee, clergyman, b. in dent Tyler special commissioner to Quito, Ecua- South Britain, Conn., 3 June, 1827; d. in Accra, dor, in 1842, removed to lowa in 1846, and was West Africa, 15 June, 1876. He was graduated at licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal Yale in 1849, and at Andover theological seminary church. He settled in Oregon in 1852, was a mem- in 1855, was ordained in 1856, and settled in charge ber of the territorial legislature in 1854–6, a dele- of the Congregational church in Pepperell, Mass. gate to the convention that framed the state consti- He was superintendent of the western department tution in 1857, and served in the U. S. senate from of the Christian commission in 1863–5, field secre- 4 Feb., 1859, to 3 March of the same year, having tary in 1866–7, and at the same time general field been chosen as a Democrat. From 1859 until his agent of the American missionary association. He death he edited the “Oregon Democrat." became U. S. commissioner of Indian affairs in SMITH, Sir Donald Alexander, Canadian 1873, and president of Howard university, Wash- legislator, b. in Morayshire, Scotland, in 1821. | ington, D. C., in 1876. Mr. Smith died on a visit After completing his course of education he came to the coast of Africa in the interests of the Ameri- to Canada, and early in life entered the service of can missionary association. He published - Inci- the Hudson bay company, of which he became a dents of the United States Christian Commission” director, and later resident governor and chief com- (Philadelphia, Pa., 1869). missioner. He was appointed in 1870 a member of SMITH, Eli, missionary, b. in Northford, Conn., the executive council of the Northwest territories, 13 Sept., 1801; d. in Beirut, Syria, 11 Jan., 1857. and in December, 1869, was a special commnissioner He was graduated at Yale in 1821, and at Andover to inquire into the causes, nature, and extent of the theological seminary in 1826, ordained the same obstructions that were offered in the Northwest year, and went to Malta as superintendent of a territories to the peaceful entrance of the lieutenant- missionary printing establishment. He was sub- governor, William McDougall, during the Riel in- sequently transferred to the Syrian mission, trav- surrection. For the important services that he elled through Greece in 1829, and with Dr. Harri- rendered on this occasion he received the thanks son G. O. Dwight in Armenia, Georgia, and Persia of the governor-general in council. He represented in 1830-'1, which journey resulted in the establish- Winnipeg and St. John in the Manitoba assembly ment of the Armenian and Nestorian missions of from 1871 till January, 1874, when he resignel, the American board. Ile settled in Beirut in 1833, and was elected to the Dominion parliament for and in 18:38 and again in 1852 was the companion Selkirk. Manitoba, in 1871, being re-elected in and coadjutor of Prof. Edward Robinson in his ex- 1872, 1874, and 1878, but upon petition the last tensive exploration of Palestine. His intimate election was declared void. lle was an unsucess- knowledge of Arabic enabled him to render im- ful candidate in 1880, but was elected for Montreal, 1 portant service in the production of a new and im- VOL. 1.-36 99 562 SMITH SMITH 66 proved form and font of Arabic type, which was pital in 1796, and the same year was a founder and cast under his supervision at Leipsic in 1839. He editor of the “ Medical Repository.” During the published with Harrison G. O. Dwight “Missionary yellow-fever epidemic in 1798 he was unremitting Researches in Armenia” (2 vols., Boston, 1833), in his care of the sick, but finally contracted the and from 1847 until his death was engaged in disease, which proved fatal. He contributed to the translating the Bible into the Arabic, which work “ Medical Repository“ papers on pestilential fevers; was subsequently completed by Dr. Cornelius V. edited“ American Poems, Selected and Original Van Dyke (New York, 1866–7).-His wife, Sarah (Litchfield, 1793); was the author of " Letters to Lanman, missionary, b. in Norwich, Conn., 18 June, William Buel on the Fever which prevailed in New 1802 ; d. in Boojah, near Smyrna, Asia, 30 Sept., York in 1793 ” (1794); “ Edwin and Angelina," an 1836, was the daughter of Jabez lluntington. She opera in three acts (1795); and prefixed to the Ameri- married Dr. Smith in 1833, accompanied him to can edition of Darwin's works an “ Epistle to the Beirut, and, having learned Arabic, assisted him in Author of the Botanic Garden " (1798). Ile also his translations into that language, and taught in supposed to have written an anonymous five-act a native school for girls which she established. tragedy entitled “ André " (1798). See her“ Memoir, Journal, and Letters,” edited by SMITH, Erasmus Darwin, jurist, b. in De the Rev. Edward Hooker (London, 1839). Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., 10 Oct., 1806 ; d. in SMITH, Elias, author, b. in Lyme,"Conn., 17 Rochester, N. Y., 11 Nov., 1883. Fle was educated June, 1769; d. in Lynn, Mass., 29 June, 1846. at Hamilton college, admitted the ba became a His early education was scanty, but he became a master in chancery in 1832, serving three succes. teacher, and in 1792 was ordained to the ministry sive terms, was made injunction-master for the 8th of the Congregational church. He was pastor at Wo- district of New York in 1840, and clerk of that burn, Mass., in 1798–1801, and afterward supplied court in 1841, and was a justice of the supreme various vacant pulpits. He edited the “ Christian court of New York from 1855 till 1877, when he Magazine," a quarterly, in 1805–7, and in 1808 began was retired on account of age. He served on the the publication of the “Herald of Religious Liber- court of appeals in 1862 and 1870, and was general ty,” the first religious newspaper that was ever term justice in 1872–7. Chief-Justice Chase said printed, it having preceded the “ Religious Re- of his decision in the legal-tender case of Hayes 2:8. membrancer” of Philadelphia by five years and Powers, which settled the power of the Federal the Boston Recorder” by eight. "His publications government to issue paper money as a war measure, include “ The Clergyman's Looking-Glass” (Wo- that its influence on the credit of the government burn, 1803); “ The History of Anti-Christ” (1803); was equal to a victory in the field.” Rochester “Twenty-two Sermons on the Prophecies” (1808); gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. “New Testament Dictionary” (Philadelphia, 1812); SMITH, Erasinus Peshine, jurist, b. in New “ The Fall of Angels and Men" (1812); "Life, Con- | York city, 2 March, 1814; d. in Rochester, N. Y., version, Preaching, Travels, and Sufferings of Elias 21 Oct., 1882. While he was quite young his par- Smith " (Portsmouth, N. II., 1816); “ The Christian ents removed to Rochester, N. Y., and his early Pocket Companion” (Exeter, N. H., 1825); “ The education was received there. He was graduated Family Physician and Family Assistant" (Boston, at Columbia in 1832, and at the Harvard law-school 1832); and the “People's Book” (1836).—His son, in 1833, and entered upon the practice of law at Matthew Hale, author, b. in Portland, Me., in Rochester soon afterward. During the early years 1816; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1879, was edu- of his practice he was an editorial writer on the cated in the public schools, and at seventeen years | Rochester " Democrat," and later he was editor of of age ordained to the ministry of the Universalist the Buffalo “ Commercial Advertiser" and of the church, from which he withdrew about 1840, became “Washington Intelligencer." He was called to the a Unitarian, and in 1842 was ordained in the Con- chair of mathematics in the University of Roches- gregational ministry, and for the subsequent ten ter in 1850, holding office two years, when he be- years preached in Boston, Nashua, and other came state superintendent of public instruction at churches in Massachusetts. He studied law and Albany. In 1857 he was appointed reporter of the was admitted to the bar in 1850, removed to New court of appeals of the state of New York, and in York city, added journalism to his two other pro- this post he instituted the custom of numbering fessions, and as correspondent of the “ Boston the reports consecutively through the entire series, Journal,” under the pen-name of " Burleigh," at- and only secondarily by the name of reporter, a tained reputation for brilliancy of style and humor. custom that has since been generally followed. Ile was also a successful lecturer, and made several He was appointed commissioner of immigration at extensive tours in that capacity throughout the Washington in 1864, which post he relinquished United States. His publications include - Text- soon afterward to become examiner of claims in Book of Universalism” (Boston, 1836); “ Universal- the department of state, where he exercised much ism Examined, Renounced, and Exposed” (1842); influence in shaping the policy of the department “ Universalism not of God” (New York, 1847); under William II. Seward and Hamilton Fish, and “Sabbath Evenings ” (1849); Mount Calvary” where his great knowledge of international law (1866); and “Sunshine and Shadow in New York” was of value to the government. In 1871, Sec. (Ilart ford, 1868-'9). Fish being asked by the Japanese government to SMITH, Elihu Hubbard, physician, b. in name an American to undertake the duties of ad- Litchfield, Conn., 4 Sept., 1771; d. at New York city, viser to the mikado in international law (a post 19 Sept., 1798. He was graduated at Yale in 1786, analogous to that of the secretary of state in the subsequently followed a classical course under Cnited States), Mr. Smith was recommended. He Dr. Timothy Dwight, and studied medicine in was the first American that was chosen to assist Philadelphia. He then settled in Wethersfield, the Japanese government in an official capacity, and Conn., where he wrote as well as practised, and, re- remained in Japan five years, making treaties and moving to New York city in 1794, soon established establishing a system of foreign relations. While a reputation both in literature and in his profession. thus engaged he rendered an important service His house was the headquarters of the Friendly to the world, as well as to the government by club, and a centre of the literary society of that which he was employed, in breaking up the coolie city. Ile became a physician to the New York hos- trade. The Peruvian ship “ Maria Luz," having a 66 66 SMITH 563 SMITH cargo of coolies, was wrecked off the coast of Israel (Poultney, Vt., 1825); “ A Key to the Reve- Japan, and, under Mr. Smith's advice, the 230 lation" (New York, 1833); and a “ Prophetic Cate- wrecked Chinamen were detained by the Japanese chism” (1839). government. The case was submitted to the arbi- SMITH, Eugene Allen, geologist, b. in Ala- tration of the emperor of Russia, and under his bama, 27 Det., 1841. He was graduated at the decision, Mr. Smith representing the Japanese University of Alabama in 1862, where he was as- government, the coolies were sent back to China, sistant in mathematics and Latin in 1863–5, and with the result of breaking up the trade. Mr. then spent three years at the universities of Berlin, Smith published a “ Manual of Political Economy” | Göttingen, and Heidelberg, receiving in 1868 the (New York, 1853), in refutation of the theories of degree of Ph. D. from the last-named institution. Ricardo and Malthus. It is “an attempt to con- In 1868 he became assistant state geologist of Mis- struet a skeleton of political economy on the basis sissippi, and he held that office until 1871, and in of purely physical laws, and thus to obtain for its 1873 he was made state geologist of Alabama, which conclusions that absolute certainty that belongs to appointment he has since filled. Dr. Smith was the positive sciences.” In this regard the work is called to the chair of mineralogy and geology in the wholly original, and has largely affected the work University of Alabama in 1871, and in 1874 the title of later economists. It has been translated into of his chair was changed to that of chemistry, geol- French. Mr. Smith contributed a word to the ogy, and natural history, which he still fills. Ile English language in suggesting, through the Al- was honorary commissioner to the World's fair in bany “ Evening Journal," the use of “telegram” | Paris in 1878, and during 1880-2 was special census in place of cumbrous phrases, such as “ telegraphic agent engaged in the preparation of reports on cot- message and“ telegraphic despatch.” He re-ton-production in Alabama and Florida. In 1885–²6 turned from Japan in 1876. he was commissioner for selecting lands that had SMITH, Erminnie Adelle, scientist, b. in been given to the University of Alabama. Dr. Marcellus, N. Y., 26 April, 1836 ; d. in Jersey City, Smith is a member of various scientific societies, N. J., 9 June, 1886. Her maiden name was Platt. has been secretary of the section on geology and She was educated at Mrs. Willard's seminary in geography of the American association for the Troy, N. Y., and in 1855 married Simeon H. Smith, advancement of science, and is a member of the of Jersey City, N. J. She early devoted herself to American committee of the International geologi- geology, and made one of the largest private col- cal congress, and its reporter on the marine tertiary lections in the country. She spent four years in in 1886–8. Besides geological memoirs, his publi- Europe with her sons, studying science and lan- cations include annual “Geological Reports of the guage, during which period she was graduated at Alabama State Survey” (Montgomery, 1874 et seq.), the School of mines, Freiberg, Saxony, and after also special reports to the U. S. geological survey, her return gave frequent courses of lectures. She the U. S. entomological commission, and the U. S. organized and became president of the Æsthetic census bureau. society of Jersey City, whose monthly receptions SMITH, Ezekiel Ezra, educator, b. in Duplin from 1879 to 1886 were widely known. In 1878 county, N. C., 23 May, 1852. He is of African she undertook ethnological work under the au- descent and was born a slave, but enjoyed early spices of the Smithsonian institution, and ob- educational advantages, studied in the public tained and classified over 15,000 words of the Iro- | schools, and became a teacher in 1870. In 1873-²4 quois dialects. To facilitate her work in this he was one of the Jubilee singers that raised $20,- direction, she spent two summers with the remnant 000 for Shaw university, at which he was gradu- of the Tuscaroras in Canada. She published nu- ated in 1878, and in the next year he was licensed merous papers on scientific subjects, and was a to preach. He was principal of the graded school member of the Historical society of New York, of at Goldsborough, N. C., from 1879 till 1883, when the London scientific society, and the first lady he became principal of the State colored normal fellow of the New York academy of sciences. At school at Fayetteville, N. C. He was secretary of the meeting of the American association for the the State colored Baptist convention in 1876–83, advancement of science in 1885 she was secretary commissioned major of the 4th battalion of the of the section of geology and geography. Her North Carolina guards in 1880, and in 1888 was Iroquois-English dictionary was in course of print- appointed U. S. minister and consul-general to ing at the time of her death. A volume of essays Liberia, Africa. He was a founder of the North and poems by the Æsthetic society, written and Carolina industrial association, and established and delivered under her direction, was issued in 1883. edited the “ Carolina Enterprise.' In 1888 a geological prize was founded at assar SMITH, Francis, British soldier, b. in Eng- college in her honor. land about 1720; d. there, 17 Nov., 1791. He be- SMITH, Ethan, clergyman, b. in Belchertown, came captain of the 10th foot in 1747, major in Mass., 19 Dec., 1762 ; d. in Pompey, N. Y., 29 Aug., 1758, lieutenant-colonel in 1762, colonel and aide- 1849. He was apprenticed to the leather trade in de-camp to the king in 1775, and the same year his boyhood, was a private in the Continental army commanded the troops that were sent to destroy in 1780-'1, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1790, the American stores at Concord, Mass. He was and the same year licensed to preach. From 1791 wounded in the fight at Lexington, became briga- till 1832 he was pastor of Congregational churches dier-general in 1776, and commanded a brigade in in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and the battles on Long Island in August of that year, Vermont, and he served as city missionary in Bos- and at Quaker Hill in 1778. He was promoted ton from the latter date until his death. He was a to the grade of major-general in 1779, and lieu- founder of the New Hampshire missionary society, tenant-general in 1787, its secretary for sixteen years, and the author of SMITH, Francis Henney, soldier, b. in Nor- · Dissertation on the Prophe- folk, Va., 18 Oct., 1812. He was graduated at the cies" (Concord, N. H., 1809); “ Key to the Figura- U.S. military academy in 1833, and was assistant tive Language of the Prophecies” (1814); A professor there in 1834, but resigned in 18:36, was View of the Trinity” (1824); “ A View of the He- professor of mathematics at Hampden Sidney in brews,” designed to prove that the aborigines of 1837-9, and, on the organization of the Virginia America are descended from the twelve tribes of military institute in the latter year, became its su- numerous sermons: 564 SMITH SMITH 66 2 perintendent, and professor of mathematics and February, 1871, and of the Dominion cabinet, with- moral and political philosophy, which office he still out a portfolio, 29 July, 1882. He resigned in 1887, (1888) holds. He was appointed colonel of a Vir- but his resignation was not accepted. ginia regiment soon after the beginning of the civil SMITH, Frank Hill, artist, b. in Boston, war, and was stationed at Norfolk and in command Mass., 15 Oct., 1842. He studied architecture in of the fort at Craney island. During the cam- his native city with Hammatt Billings, later be paigns against Richmond in 1864, with his corps of came a pupil at the Atelier Suisse, Paris, and stud- cadets he aided in its defence, and was subse- ied painting also under Léon Bonnât. His work in quently transferred to Lynchburg to protect that oil includes portraits, figure-pieces, and landscapes. city against the National forces under Gen. David Some of his Venetian pictures belong to the Som- Hunter. The institute buildings having been erset club, Boston. In the course of his studies in destroyed by fire during the war, he took active Europe he gave much attention to interior decora- measures to reconstruct them when he returned to tion, making many sketches of famous interiors. his duties there in 1865, and subsequently he has Of late years he has devoted himself especially to successfully administered its affairs. William and this branch of art. He has decorated the Windsor Mary gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. He hotel and the opera-house at Holyoke, Mass., and has published, with Robert M. T. Duke, a series of numerous public and private buildings in Boston arithmetics (New York, 1845): a series of algebras and Cambridge and other cities. Mr. Smith has (1848); and is the author of The Best Methods been a director of the school of the Boston mu- of conducting Common Schools” (1849); “ College seuin of fine arts. Reform” (1850); and a “ Report to the Legislature SMITH, George, historian, b. in Delaware of Virginia on Scientific Education in Europe county, Pa.. 12 Feb., 1804; d. in Upper Darby, (1859). He translated Bicot's “ Analytical Geome- Delaware co., Pa., 10 March, 1882. His father, try” from the French (1840). Benjamin, was a member of the Pennsylvania SMITH, Francis Hopkinson, artist, b. in Bal- legislature in 1801-?4, and held several minor offices timore, Md., 23 Oct., 1838. He is by profession an of trust in his county. George was graduated at engineer, and has built a large number of public the medical department of the University of Penn- works, many of them under contract with the U.S. sylvania in 1826, but retired from practice after government. These include the Race Rock light- five years, and served in the state senate in 1832–6. honse off New London harbor, Long Island sound | He was an associate judge of the court of common (1871–7); Block Island breakwater (1879). He is pleas of Delaware county from the latter date till well known as an artist, and has produced some 1857, and was re-elected in 1861 for a term of five very effective work in water-colors and charcoal. years. He was chosen the first superintendent of Among his water-colors are “In the Darkling the Delaware county common schools in 1854, and Wood" (1876); “ Peggotty on the Harlem” (1881); for the subsequent twenty-five years was president “ Under the Towers, Brooklyn Bridge" (1883); " In of the school board of Upper Darby school district. the North Woods" (1884); and “ A January Thaw” He also devoted much attention to scientific pur- (1887). He has been occupied also in book and suits, especially to geology. Dr. Smith was a magazine illustration, and he is known as an author founder of the Delaware county institute of science, by his books “Well-worn Roads.” (Boston, 1886); and its president from 1833 until his death, pre- "Old Lines in New Black and White" (1886); and senting it with his valuable herbariuin about 1875. “A Book of the Tile Club” (1887), partly illus- He was also an honorary member of the Pennsyl- trated by himself. From 1875 till 1878 he was vania historical society, and a contributor on his- treasurer of the American water-color society. torical and scientific subjects to the press. He SMITH, Francis Osmond Jon, congressman, published several essays and “A History of Dela- b. in Brentwood, N. H., 23 Nov., 1806; d. in Deer- ware County, Pa., from the Discovery of the Terri- ing, Me., 14 Oct., 1876. He was educated at Phillipstory included within its Limits to the Present Exeter academy, admitted to the bar, and practised Time” (Philadelphia, 1862).- His son, Clement in Portland. He was a member of the legislature | Lawrence, educator, b. in Delaware county, Pa., in 1832, president of the state senate in 1833, and 13 April, 1844, was graduated at Haverford col- sat in congress from December of the latter year lege, Pa., in 1860, and at Harvard in 1863. He till 1839, having been chosen as a Whig. During was assistant professor of classics and mathematics his later life he was connected with many local and at Haverford in 1863-5, student of classical phi- national improvements, was instrumental in estab- Jology at Göttingen for one year in 1865–6, trav. lishing the Portland gas company, and the York elled a year (1866–7) in England and on the conti- and Cumberland and Portland and Oxford Central nent, about half of the time being spent in study railroads, the latter having been mainly built by and travel in Italy and Greece; then, after two him. But his greatest public service was the intro- years' study at home, assisted in the organization duction of the Morse electric telegraph, which owes of Swarthmore college in 1869-'70, filling the chair much of its success to his labor. He published of Greek and German. He became tutor in Latin "Reports of Decisions in the Circuit Courts-Mar- at Harvard in 1870, in 1873 assistant professor, and tial of Maine" (Portland, 1831); “Laws of the in 1883 professor of the same, and since 1882 he State of Maine" (2 vols., 1834); and “Secret Cor- has been dean of the college faculty. He has responding Vocabulary : Adopted for Use to Morse's published several papers on philological and edu- Electro- Magnetic Telegraph” (1815). cational matters, and is now (1888) engaged, with SMITH, Frank, Canadian senator, b. in Rich Prof. Tracy Peck, of Yale, in editing a "College Hill, Armagh, Ireland, in 1822. He accompanied Series of Latin Authors," several volumes of which his father to Canada in 1832, and settled near are in an advanced state of preparation. Toronto. He was engaged in business in London, SMITH, George, banker, b. in Old Deer, Aber- Ont., from 1849 till 1867, when he removed to deenshire, Scotland, 8 March, 1808. He passed Toronto, and there continued the business of a two years in Aberdeen college with the intention wholesale grocer. He was mayor of the city of of studying medicine, but, his eyesight failing, he London in 1866, and is president or director of turned to furming. In 1833 he came to this coun- several financial or industrial institutions. Mr. try, and in 1834 settled in Chicago, where he in- Smith became a member of the Canadian senate in vested largely in city lots. He also bought land SMITH 565 SMITH e mith where the city of Milwaukee now stands, but sold SMITH, Goldwin, Canadian author, b. in his real estate in 1836 for one quarter in cash and Reading, Berkshire, England, 13 Aug., 1823. He the balance in notes, and returned to Scotland. was educated at Eton and Oxford, where he was The financial depression of 1837 made it necessary graduated in 1845. In 1847 he was elected a fellow for him to return to of University college, London, where he acted for Chicago and take back some time as a tutor, and in the same year he was the land he had sold. admitted to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he has In 1837 he obtained a never practised. In 1850 he was appointed assist- charter for the Wis- ant secretary of the royal commission that was consin marine and fire charged with the duty of making an inquiry into insurance company, the condition of Oxford university, and he was which enabled him to secretary to the second Oxford commission, which receive deposits and effected many salutary changes in the constitution issue certificates there and government of that institution. He was ap- for to the amount of pointed a member of the Popular education com- $1,500,000. Alexander mission in 1858, and the same year was made Mitchell was made sec- regius professor of modern history at Oxford, retary of the company, which chair he held till 1866. He was an active with headquarters at champion of the U. S. government during the civil Milwaukee. The in- war, when he wrote “Does the Bible Sanction surance company's cer- American Slavery ?” (London, 1863), “On the tificates circulated free- Morality of the Emancipation Proclamation" ly, and were for many (1863), and other pamphlets that influenced pub- years the most popu- lic opinion on this subject. In 1864 he visited this lar currency in the north west. In 1839 Mr. Smith, country and gave a series of lectures, receiving an under the firm-name of George Smith and Co., enthusiastic welcome and the degree of LL. D. founded the first banking-house in the city of from Brown univer- Chicago. When, in 1854, the Wisconsin legislature sity. He returned suppressed the circulation of the Wisconsin ma- to the United States rine and fire insurance company's certificates, Mr. in 1868, was appoint- Smith sold the insurance company, of which he ed professor of Eng- had become sole owner, to Alexander Mitchell, lish and constitu- and bought the charters of two banks in Georgia, tional history in which together had the right to issue notes to the Cornell university, extent of $3,000,000. These notes were duly issued and resided at Itha- in Georgia, sent to Chicago, and there circulated by ca till 1871, when he George Smith and Co. Mr. Smith began to close up exchanged his chair his business affairs in 1857, and in 1861 he returned for that of a non- to Great Britain, residing chiefly in London. resident professor, SMITH, George Williamson, clergyman, b. and removed to To- in Catskill, N. Y., 21 Nov., 1836. He was gradu- ronto, where he has ated at Hobart in 1857, was principal of Bladens- resided ever since. burg academy, Md., in 1858–9, and served as a clerk Prof. Smith was ap- in the U. S. navy department in 1861-'4, at the pointed a member same time studying theology. He was ordained of the senate of deacon in 1860, and priest in 1864, in the Protestant Toronto university, Episcopal church, and was an assistant at various was elected first president of the council of public churches in Washington, D. C. He was acting instruction, and was for two years president of the professor of mathematics in the U. S. naval acad- Provincial teachers' association. He edited the emy at Newport, R. I., in 1864–5, chaplain at the “Canadian Monthly” in 1872-²4, founded the Annapolis academy in 1865-'8, and chaplain on the Nation” in 1874, the “ Bystander" in 1880, and U. S. steamship “ Franklin ” in 1868–71. He was the Toronto “ Week,” the principal literary and rector of Grace church, Jamaica, L. I., in 1872-'81, political journal in Canada, in 1884. In his writings of the Church of and lectures he has advocated annexation of that the Redeemer, country to the United States, which he regards as Brooklyn, N. Y., the manifest destiny of the Dominion, and he has in 1880–3, and also favored the project of commercial union, or since the latter unrestricted reciprocity with this country, which date has been was adopted as a plank in the political platform of president of Trin- the Canadian Liberals in 1888. He has written ity college, a por- much for the English reviews, and, among other tion of which is works, has published " Irish History and Irish mn shown in the ac- Character” (London, 1861); "Lectures on Modern companying illus- History (1861); Rational Religion and the NO tration. Rationalistic Objections of the Bampton Lectures ceived the degree for 1858" (1861); “The Empire” (1863); “The of D. D. from Ho-Civil War in America ” (1866): “ Experience of the bart in 1880, and American Commonwealth” (1867); “ Three Eng- from Columbia in lish Statesmen” (1867); “ The Reorganization of 1887. Trinity the University of Oxford ” (1868); “ 'I'he Relations gave him the de- between America and England: A Reply to the gree of LL. D. in the latter year. He has pub- Speech of the late Mr. Sumner" (1869); "A Short lished occasional sermons, and is the author of a History of England down to the Reformation” "Memoir of Rev. John H. Van Ingen” (printed (1869); “ The Conduct of England to Ireland" privately, Rochester, N. Y., 1878). (1882); and “False Hopes" (1883). Soldwin Smith 66 He re- MAH 66 99 566 SMITH SMITII He was SMITH, Gustavus Woodson, soldier, b. in / in 1860 he was knighted, and soon afterward left Scott county, Ky., 1 Jan., 1822. He was gradu- the Conservative party and was defeated as a can- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1842, ap- didate for parliament. pointed to the engineer corps, and for the subse- SMITH, Henry, police commissioner, b. in quent two years engaged in constructing fortifica- Amsterdam, Montgomery co., N. Y., 20 Oct., 1890; tions in New London harbor, Conn. He was as- d. in New York city, 23 Feb., 1874. Early in life sistant professor of engineering in the U. S. mili- he engaged in trade in New York city, and for tary academy in 1844-6, commanded the sappers, twenty-five years he was one of the most active miners, and pontoniers during the siege of Vera politicians in the Whig and Republican parties. Cruz and in the subsequent operations of the war He was a member of the New York board of coun- with Mexico, and in 1847 was brevetted 1st lieu- cilmen in 1854–7, supervisor in 1862-'8, and presi- tenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in the dent of the board of police in 1868–74. battle of Cerro Gordo, and captain for Contreras. SMITH, Henry Boynton, clergyman, b. in He was recalled to the U.S. military academy as Portland, Me., 21 Nov., 1815; d. in New York city, principal assistant professor of engineering in 1849, 7 Feb., 1876. He was graduated at Bowdoin in became 1st lieutenant in 1853, and resigned from 1834, was tutor there for several years, and studied the army the next year. He was subsequently em- at Andover and Bangor theological seminaries, ployed in the construction of various government and subsequently at Halle and Berlin. He was buildings, and in the iron-works of Cooper and pastor of the West Amesbury, Mass., Congrega- Hewitt, Trenton, N. J. He was street commis- tional church in sioner of New York city in 1858–61, and a mem- 1842–7, professor ber of the board to revise the programme of in- of mental and mor- struction at the U. S. military academy in 1860. al philosophy at He returned to Kentucky at the beginning of the Amherst in 1847- civil war, entered the Confederate service, and in '50, of church his- September, 1861, was appointed major-general. He tory in Union the- succeeded Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in temporary ological seminary, command of the Army of Northern Virginia on 31 New York city, May, 1862, and subsequently commanded at Rich- for the subsequent mond, was in charge of the state forces of Georgia five years, and of in 1864–5, and was taken prisoner at Macon on 20 systematic theolo- April of the latter year. He was superintendent gy there from 1855 in charge of the Southwest iron-works at Chatta- till his resignation nooga, Tenn., in 1866–9, was insurance commis- in 1873. sioner of the state of Kentucky in 1870–6, and since moderator of the that time has resided in New York city. assembly of the SMITH, Hamilton Lanphere, educator, b. in new-school Pres- New London, Conn., 5 Nov., 1819. He was gradu- byterian church in ated at Yale in 1839, and, while a student there, 1863, and at the constructed what was then the largest telescope in general assembly of the next year delivered a this country, and, in connection with Ebenezer P. discourse, which was published under the title of Mason, made an extended series of observations on the “ Reunion of the Presbyterian Churches " (New various nebulæ, the results of which were published York, 1864). He was subsequently a member of in the proceedings of the American academy of the general assembly's committee on reunion with arts and sciences (Philadelphia, 1844). the old-school branch of the church, and presented professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at a report on a doctrinal basis of reunion (1867). Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, in 1853–68, and He read a “ Report on the State of Religion in the since the latter date has held the same chairs at United States before the Evangelical alliance Hobart. Trinity gave him the degree of LL. D. which met in Amsterdam in 1867, to which body in 1871. He is president of the American society he was a delegate. He founded the “ American of microscopists and a member of several foreign Theological Review," and was its editor from 1859 and domestic learned societies. His publications till 1862, when it was consolidated with the “ Pres- include Natural Philosophy (Cleveland, Ohio, byterian Review," which he edited till 1871. The 1847); “ First Lessons in Astronomy and Geology University of Vermont gave him the degree of (1848); “Species Typicæ Diatomacearum," 750 LL. D. in 1850, and Princeton that of D.D. in specimens in thirty cases (1885-'7); and addresses 1869. His principal works are “ The Relations of before the American society of microscopists. Faith and Philosophy” (New York, 1849); "The SMITH, Sir Henry, Canadian statesman, b. in Nature and Worth of the Science of Church His- London, England, 23 April, 1812; d. in Kingston, tory" (1851); “The Problem of the Philosophy of Ont., 18 Sept., 1868. When he was eight years old History" (1853); - The Idea of Christian Theology he accompanied his parents to Canada. He was as a System ” (1857); “ An Argument for Christian educated at Montreal and Kingston, studied law, Churches” (1857); " History of the Church of was admitted to the bar in 1836, and in 1846 be- Christ in Chronological Tables" (1859); a new came queen's counsel. Soon after the union of edition of the Edinburgh translation of Greseler's Upper and Lower Canada in 1841 he was elected “Church History," volumes iv. and v. of which a member of the Canadian parliament for Fronte- he chiefly translated (5 vols., 1859-'63); a revis- nac, and he represented it till 1861, when he was ion of the Edinburgh translation of Hagenbach's defeated. He became a member of the MacNab- “ History of Christian Doctrine" (2 vols., 1861-2): Morin administration as solicitor-general, west, in a new edition of Stier's “ Words of the Lord Jesus," 1854, and held this portfolio in successive adminis- with James Strong (1864 et seq.); and, with Ros- trations till 1858, when he was appointed speaker. well 1. Hitchcock, " The Life, Writings, and Char- In this capacity he went to London in 1859 and in- acter of Edward Robinson " (1864). vited the queen, in behalf of the Canadian parlia- SMITH, Henry Hollingsworth, surgeon, b. in ment, to visit Canada and open the Victoria bridge. Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Dec., 1815. He was gradu- During the visit of the Prince of Wales to ('anada ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, Henry B. Smith He was 1 66 : . SMITH 567 SMITH an and at the medical department in 1839, spent the (1854); William B. Carpenter's “ Principles of Hu- subsequent eighteen months in study abroad, and man Physiology" (1856); his “ Microscope and its on his return settled in practice in Philadelphia. Revelations and Uses” (1856); and William S. He became a surgeon to St. Joseph's hospital in Kirke and James Paget's “ Physiology" (1856); and 1849, surgeon to the Episcopal hospital soon after- was the author of Domestic Medicine, Surgery, ward, one of the surgical staff to Blockley hospital and Materia Medica” (1852), and, with John Neill, in 1854, and was professor of surgery in the medi- · Analytical Compendium of Medicine" (1857). cal department of the University of Pennsylvania SMITH, Hezekiah, clergyman, b. on Long from 1855 till 1871, when he became professor Island, N. Y., 21 April, 1737; d. in Haverhill, emeritus. At the beginning of the civil war he Mass., 22 Jan., 1805. He was graduated at Prince- was appointed to organize the hospital department ton in 1762, and soon afterward was ordained to of Pennsylvania, and at the same time made sur- the ministry at Charleston, S. C. In 1764 he geon-general of Pennsylvania. In this capacity he visited New England and preached for some time contributed much to the efliciency of the medical in Haverhill, Mass. In 1765 a Baptist church was services of the Pennsylvania reserves and other organized in this place, and Mr. Smith became its state regiments. At the first battle at Winches- pastor. He maintained this relation to the end of ter, Va., he originated the plan of removing the his life, a period of forty years. Under his minis- wounded from the battle-field to large hospitals try the church grew into commanding strength in Reading, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and other and influence. Meanwhile he performed extensive cities, and established the custom of embalming missionary tours through destitute regions of New the dead on the battle-ground. He organized and Hampshire and Maine. In 1776–'80 he filled the directed a corps of surgeons, with steamers as office of chaplain in the American army. In this floating hospitals, at the siege of Yorktown, and service he became acquainted with Washington, served the wounded after the battles of Williams- besides possessing the confidence and esteem of the burg, West Point, Fair Oaks, and Cold Harbor. whole army. In encouraging the soldiers and After thoroughly organizing the department of ministering to the wounded, he repeatedly exposed which he was in charge, he resigned his commis- his life in battle. He was an ardent friend of edu- sion in 1862, and has since been actively engaged cation, and was especially active in establishing in the practice of his profession. Dr. Smith is and supporting Brown university, of whose board widely known as a medical author. His publica- of fellows he was long a member. From this uni- tions include “ An Anatomical Atlas," to illustrate versity he received in 1797 the degree of D. D. No William E. Horner's “Special Anatomy” (Phila- man in his day did more to give character to the delphia, 1843); * Minor Surgery” (1846); “Sys- denomination with which he was identified. tem of Operative Surgery," with a biographical SMITH, Hezekiah Bradley, inventor, b. in index to the writings and operations of American Bridgewater, Vt., 24 July, 1816; d. in Smithville, surgeons for 234 years (2 vols., 1852); “ The Treat- Burlington co., N. J., 3 Nov., 1887. He learned the ment of Disunited Fractures by Means of Artificial trade of a cabinet-maker, and became an inventor Limbs” (1855); “Professional Visit to London and manufacturer of wooden machinery. He set- and Paris” (1855); “ Practice of Surgery” (2 vols., tled in Woodbury, Mass., about 1860, engaged in 1857–63); and numerous surgical articles in medi- the manufacture of window-blinds, and invented cal journals; and he has translated from the a machine that cut and cleansed forty mortises a French Civiale's “ Treatise on the Medical and minute, for which the Massachusetts mechanical Prophylactic Treatment of Stone and Gravel” association presented him with a gold medal. He (Philadelphia, 1841), and edited the “ l'nited States subsequently took out more than forty patents for Dissector" (1844), and Spenser Thompson's “ Do- original inventions. Ile established a wood-manu- mestic Medicine and Surgery” (1853).- His cousin, factory in Smithville, N. J., in 1871, which settle- Francis Gurney, physician, b. in Philadelphia, ment was named in his honor, and spent large Pa., 8 March, 1818; d. there, 6 April, 1878, was sums in building model houses, halls, and places of graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in amusement for his workmen. He was elected to 1837, and at its medical department in 1840, and congress as a Democrat in 1878, served one term, became a resident physician to the Pennsylvania and in 1882 was elected state senator, declining re- hospital for the insane in 1841, lecturer on physi- nomination. ology in the Philadelphia medical association in SMITH, Hezekiah Wright, engraver, b. in 1842, and in 1850 professor of the same branch in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1828. Ile came to New the Pennsylvania medical college. He was pro- York with his family in 1833, and entered the es- fessor of the institutes of medicine in the medi- tablishment of an engraver, where he remained cal department of the University of Pennsylvania until his majority. He then passed two years with from 1863 till 1877, was one of the first medical Thomas Doney, a mezzotit engraver, and in 1850 staff of the Episcopal hospital, and for six years an went to Boston and began to practise his profes- attending physician and clinical lecturer in the sion, engraving a large number of plates for the Pennsylvania hospital. During the civil war he publications of Ticknor and Field, and Little, was physician in charge of a military hospital. Brown and Co. His most important plates are a He founded and established the first laboratory in full-length of Daniel Webster, after Chester Har- which physiology was taught experimentally and ding: a three-quarter length Edward Everett, after by demonstration in the University of Pennsylva- Moses Wright; and Washington, after Gilbert Stu- nia, was the first president of the Philadelphia ob- art's Athenæum head, this last being the best ren- stetrical society, and vice-president of the Ameri- dering of the picture that has yet been produced can medical association in 1870. For nine years by the engraver. It was a labor of love with Mr. he was an editor of the Philadelphia “ Medical Smith, and to its completion he devoted all the Examiner.” He contributed frequently to medical leisure he could secure from his regular work dur- literature, translated and edited Barth and Roger's ing several years. Ilis plates are executed in the ** Manual of Auscultation and Percussion” (Phila- dotted style, improperly called stipple, and most of delphia, 1849); edited Daniel Drake's “Systematic his smaller portraits have considerable roulette Treatise," with H. Hanbury Smith, on the “ Dis work, giving them a mezzotint appearance. In eases of the Interior Valley of North America" | 1870 he returned to New York, and in 1877 he re- a 9 568 SMITH SMITH . Ia. Smitha moved to Philadelphia, where he remained until | England, and also of assembling a general congress. the beginning of April, 1879. He then suddenly At this meeting he was one of a committee of three expressed a determination to give up engraving. to prepare instructions for the representatives, and disposed of all his effects, left the city, and noth- | these instructions, together with Smith's essay ing has since been heard of him. During the last “ On the Constitu- year of his residence in Philadelphia he essayed tional Power of Great etching in the style of Henry B. Hall, and pro- Britain over the Col- duced ten plates in this manner, his last being a onies in America," portrait of James L. Claghorn, president of the gave the first strong Pennsylvania academy of the fine arts. impulse to the patriot SMITH, Isaac, patriot, b. in Trenton, N. J., in cause in that region. 1736; d. there, 29 Aug., 1807. He was graduated He was a member at Princeton in 1755, was a tutor there, studied of the Pennsylvania medicine, and subsequently practised that profes- convention in Janu- sion, and early espoused the patriot cause, com- ary, 1776, and of the manding a regiment in 1776. He was judge of the provincial conference supreme court of New Jersey from 1783 till 1801, that assembled on 18 served in congress in 1795–7, and in the latter June of the same year year was appointed by President Washington to to form a new gov- treat with the Seneca Indians. At the time of his ernment for Pennsyl- death he was president of the Bank of Trenton. vania, and seconded SMITH, Isaac Townsend, consul-general, b. the resolution that in Boston, Mass., 12 March, 1813. He was edu- was offered by Dr. cated at the Latin and the English high-schools in Benjamin Rush in Boston, and at Capt. Alden Partridge's military favor of a declaration of independence. This, hav- academy at Middletown, Conn. He entered com- ing been unanimously adopted, was signed by the mercial life, and as supercargo made several voy- members, and presented to congress a few days be- ages to the East Indies, China, Manila, Singapore, fore the Declaration. On the day of the adoption Java, and Africa. Then he settled in New York, of the resolution, Smith was appointed, with Col. where as a merchant and ship-owner he conducted John Bayard and others, to organize a volunteer business for several years. He was an incorpora- camp of Pennsylvania militia for the protection tor and for many years president of the Metropoli- of Philadelphia. He was a member of the con- tan savings-bank, and was a commissioner of emi- vention of 15 July, 1776, that assembled in Phila- gration for the state of New York for several years. delphia for the purpose of forming a new constitu- Mr. Smith was a presidential elector at the election tion for the state, and on the 20th of the same month of Abraham Lincoln in 1864, and is Siamese con- was elected to congress, remaining in that body till sul-general for the United States. He has been a 1778. In 1779 he served in the general assembly of contributor to the Magazine of American His- Pennsylvania. In 1780 he was commissioned judge tory" and other periodicals. of the high court of appeals. In 1782 he was ap- SMITH, Israel, senator, b. in Suffield, Conn., 4 pointed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia. April, 1759; d. in Rutland, Vt., 2 Dec., 1810. He He was appointed a counsellor on the part of Penn- was graduated at Yale in 1781, and settled as a sylvania in the controversy between that state and lawyer in Rupert, Vt., but removed afterward to Connecticut in 1784, and in the following year was Rutland. He was a boundary commissioner in 1789, chosen to congress in the place of Matthew Clark- and took an active part in the admission of Ver- son, who had resigned, but his advanced age com- mont into the Union. He was a delegate to the pelled him to decline a re-election. After the peace, convention that adopted the Federal constitution having lost his fortune during the war, he resumed in 1791, a member of congress from that year till the practice of his profession, in which he continued 1797, having been chosen as a Democrat, and was till 1801. He was the personal and political friend U. S. senator from 1803 till 1807, when he resigned of Washington and an ardent Federalist. to become governor of Vermont. In 1809 he was SMITH, James, pioneer, b. in Franklin county, a presidential elector. Pa., in 1737;d. in Washington county, Ky., in 1812. SMITH, James, signer of the Declaration of He was captured by the Indians when he was Independence, b. in Ireland about 1720 ; d. in York, eighteen years of age, and adopted into one of their Pa., 11 July, 1806. The date of his birth is un- tribes, but escaped in 1759, was a leader of the certain, for he never told it. His father emigrated “ black boys” in 1763-'5, and a lieutenant in Gen. with his family to this country in 1729, and en- in 1729, and en- Henry Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio In- gaged in farming on Susquehanna river. James dians in 1764. He was one of an exploring party was educated at the College of Philadelphia, studied into Kentucky in 1766, settled in Westmoreland law, and settled first in Shippensburg as a lawyer county in 1768, and during Lord Dunmore's war and surveyor, and afterward in York, Pa., where for was captain of a ranging company, and in 1775 many years he was the sole practitioner at the bar. major of the Associated battalion of Westmoreland During this period of his life he was as widely county. He served in the Pennsylvania conven- known for his humorous stories, his wit, and con- tion in 1776, and in the assembly in 1776–7. In viviality as for his learning and success in prac- the latter year he commanded a scouting party in tice, his drollery being heightened by an awkward- the Jerseys, and in 1777 was commissioned colonel ness of gesture, a ludicrous cast of countenance, in command on the frontiers, doing good service in and a drawling utterance. He also successfully frustrating the marauds of the Indians. He settled engaged in extensive iron-manufactures on Codo- in Cane Ridge, near Paris, Ky., in 1788, was a mem- rus creek, and at the beginning of the Revolution ber of the Danville convention, and represented possessed considerable property. In 1774 he raised Bourbon county for many years in the legislature. the first volunteer company in the state for the le published two tracts entitled “Shakerism De- purpose of resisting Great Britain, and was a mem-veloped " and Shakerism Detected," " Remark- ber of the convention to consider the expediency able Adventures in the Life and Travels of Col. of abstaining from importing any goods from James Smith” (Lexington, 1799; edited by Will- SMITH 569 SMITH iam M. Darlington, and republished, Cincinnati, were unimpaired by age, and were retained until 1870), and “A Treatise on the Mode and Manner his death. For many years he was the patron and of Indian War” (Paris, Ky., 1804). close friend of Daniel Webster. Harvard gave SMITH, James, Canadian jurist, b, in Montreal him the degree of LL.D. in 1807. He published in 1808. He was educated in his native city and a sketch of Judge Caleb Ellis (Haverhill, 1816). in Scotland, studied law, was admitted to the bar See his “ Life" by John H. Morison (Boston, 1845). of Lower Canada in 1830, and in 1844 was elected SMITH, Jerome van Crowninshield, physi- to the parliament of Canada for the county of cian, b. in Conway, N. H., 20 July, 1800; 11. in New Mississquoi. He held office as attorney-general, York city, 21 Aug., 1879. He was graduated at east, in the Viger-Draper administration till 22 the medical department of Brown in 1818, and at April, 1847, when he resigned, and was appointed Berkshire medical school in 1825, becoming its first a judge of the court of queen's bench of Lower professor of anatomy and physiology. He settled Canada. Ile afterward became one of the judges in Boston in 1825, edited the - Weekly News-Let- of the superior court. ter” for two years, was port physician in 1826-'49, SMITH, James Milton, governor of Georgia, and mayor of Boston in 1854.' He subsequently b. in Twiggs county, Ga., 24 Oct., 1823. He was occupied the chair of anatomy and physiology, and educated at Culloden academy, Monroe county, Ga., afterward of anatomy alone, in New York medical becan a lawyer, entered the Confederate army in college. He established in 1823, and edited for 1861 as major in the 13th Georgia regiment, be- many years, the “ Boston Medical Intelligencer," came colonel in 1862, and was a member of the conducted the “ Boston Medical and Surgical Confederate congress from that year until the close Journal” in 1828–56, and the “ Medical World” in of the civil war. He served in the legislature in 1857–9. His publications include " The Class- 1871-2, was speaker, and in 1872 was chosen gov- Book of Anatomy” (Boston, 1830); “Life of An- ernor to fill the unexpired term of Rufus B. Bul- drew Jackson” (1832); Natural History of the lock, which office he held by re-election till 1874. Fishes of Massachusetts” (1833); “ Pilgrimage to SMITH, James Wheaton, clergyman, b. in Palestine" (1851); “ Pilgrimage to Egypt” (1852); Providence, R. I., 26 June, 1823. He was gradu- “ Turkey and the Turks” (1854); and a “ Prize ated at Brown in 1848, and at Newton theological Essay on the Physical Indications of Longevity” seminary in 1851. In 1853 he became pastor of (New York, 1869). He also edited - Scientific the Spruce street Baptist church in Philadelphia, Tracts" (6 vols., 1833-4) and - The American Pa., and he continued in this relation until 1870, Medical Almanac" (3 vols., 1839–41). when he went out from it with a colony which es- SMITH, Jesse C., soldier, b. in Butternuts, tablished the Beth Eden church. He held the Otsego co., N. Y., 18 July, 1808; d. in Brooklyn, pastoral charge of this body until 1880. Im- N. Y., 11 July, 1888. He was graduated at Union paired health obliging him to resign, he was there in 1832, and studied law in New York city, under upon elected pastor emeritus. He is the author of Alva Clark. He took much interest in military a "Life of John P. Croser” (Philadelphia, 1868). affairs, became adjutant, and subsequently major, In 1862 he received from Lewisburg (Bucknel) of the 75th regiment of New York militia, and university the degree of D. D. afterward colonel of the 14th regiment. While SMITH, James Youngs, governor of Rhode commanding the latter, he suppressed the “ Angel Island, b. in Groton, Conn., 15 Sept., 1809; d. in Gabriel " riots, which were caused by the preach- Providence, R. I.. 26 March, 1876. He removed to ing of a lunatic who gave himself that appella- Providence in 1826, engaged in the lumber business, ition. Gen. Smith was surrogate of Kings county and in 1838 in the manufacture of cotton goods in , in 1850–5, and state senator in 1862. At the be- Willimantic, Conn., and Woonsocket, R. I., ac- i ginning of the civil war he was instrumental in quiring a fortune. He served several terms in the the reorganization of the National guard, and in Rhode Island legislature, was inavor of Providence forming the 139th regiment of New York volun- in 1855–7, and governor of Rhode Island in 1863–5. teers. He commanded the 11th brigade of the During his service he efficiently supported the National guard at the battle of Gettysburg. After National cause, and largely contributed to it with the war he practised law in Brooklyn. his private fortune. He controlled extensive manu- SMITH, Job Lewis, physician, b. in Spafford, facturing enterprises, and occupied many posts of Onondaga co., N. Y., 15 Oct., 1827. Ile was gradu- trust in banking and other corporations. Ile was ated at Yale in 1849 and at the New York college a Republican from the organization of that party, of physicians and surgeons in 1853, after which he SMITH, Jeremiah, jurist, b. in Peterborough, settled in New York city, and has been a success- N. H., 29 Nov., 1759; d. in Dover, N. H., 21 Sept., ful practitioner there, making a specialty of the 1842. He enlisted in the patriot army about 1775, diseases of children. He is clinical professor of and was wounded at the battle of Bennington, Vt. that branch in Bellevue medical college and physi- He then renewed his studies, was graduated at cian to the New York charity hospital and the New Rutgers in 1780, studied law, and was admitted to York foundling and infant asylums. His publica- the bar of Dover, N. H., early attaining to emi- tions include a " Treatise on Diseases of Children” nence as a lawyer and a scholar, He served in (Philadelphia, 1876). congress in 1791-7, having been chosen as SMITH, John, adventurer, b. in Willoughby, Federalist, and ably supported the measures of Lincolnshire, England, in January, 1579 ; d. in Lon- Washington. He was U. S. district attorney in don, 21 June, 1632. Biographies of Smith are gener. 1798-1800, a judge of the U. S. circuit court of ally based on Smith's own accounts of his life and New Hampshire in 1801-2, and then became chief services, which are not trustworthy. He was the justice, but resigned in 1809 to become governor, eldest son of George and Alice Smith, poor tenants in which office he served one term. Ile then re- of Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, and was turned to practice, and was again chief justice in baptized in the parish church at Willoughby, 6 Jan., 1813-'16, but afterward occupied no public office. 1579, 0. S. At the age of fifteen he was appren- He was president of the Exeter bank for thirty- ticed to a trade, but ran away from his master and nine years, trustee and treasurer of Phillips and served under Lord Willoughby in the Netherlands dover academy, and a member of the State histori- and other countries. Sinith represents himself as cal society. His extraordinary mental endowments one of the train of Peregrine Bertie, a young son a 570 SMITI SMITH on Go Smith . son. of Lord Willoughby, but, on a list recently discova | fact that he had the interest of the colony at heart ered of the members of that company, Smith's and was a born leader of men, excited the suspi- name appears as a servant. He went abroad again cion of his fellow-adventurers that he had designs to fight against the Turks under Baron Kisell, be- against the expedition. The box of sealed instruc- came a captain, and, he says, distinguished him- tions was opened on the night of their arrival at self by daring exploits in Hungary and Transylva- Old Point Comfort, Va., 14 May, 1607. Smith was nia, receiving from Sigismund Bathori, prince of named a councillor, but, as he was under arrest, he Transylvania, a patent of nobility and a pension, was not sworn in. On 22 May, with Newport and but after engaging in many bloody battles he was 22 others, he set out to discover the source of James left for dead on the field in a fight three leagues river, and made a league of friendship with Pow- from Rothethurm, and, having fallen into the ene- hatan and other great Indian chiefs. On their re my's hands, was sent as a slave to Constantinople. turn they found the settlers embroiled in difficul. There he professes ties with the Indians, and Smith's counsels regard- to have gained the ing defences and obtaining a proper supply of food affection of his so far obtained recognition that on 10 June he was mistress, a young admitted into the council. His enemies had urged woman of 'noble that he return to England with Capt. Newport, who birth, who sent was going home, but Smith demanded to be tried him with a letter, by the colony, and was acquitted. Scanty food be- in which she con- gan to reduce their numbers, President Wingfield fessed her feelings was accused of embezzling the stores and deposed, for him, to her and Ratcliffe became his successor, but Smith, by brother, a pacha his energy and fertile resources, became the real the Sea of head. He at once set about procuring food by Azov. The prince trading with the neighboring Indians, and built up maltreated Smith, and fortified Jamestown against their depredations until at length he He explored the Chickahominy in November, dis- beat out his mas- covered and visited many villages, and procured ter's brains with a provisions. While on a similar voyage up the flail, put on the James, he was taken prisoner by Powhatan, who, dead man'sclothes, after a six-weeks' captivity, sent him back to and finally reached Jamestown. Smith makes no allusion to the le- a Russian garri- gend of his rescue by the chief's daughter Poca- Smith also hontas (9. v.) till 1616 when, about the time of Po- says that he was authorized to wear three Turks' cahontas's arrival in England as the wife of John heads in his arms, in token of three Turks killed Rolfe, he wrote an account of it in a letter ad- by him in a series of remarkable single combats, at dressed to Anne, queen of James I. The Indian this time, and that “Sigismundus Bathor, Duke of princess by that time had become a person of some Transilvania, etc.,” afterward, in December, 1603, importance, and her substantial friendship to the gave him a patent to that effect; but the Turks colony had been acknowledged by Smith in his were Sigismund's allies in 1599-1602, and he was “ True Relation,” in which he referred to her as not duke of Transylvania in December, 1603; the “Nonpareil” of Virginia. In this letter he neither was he king of Hungary, as “writ in the says of the heroic act: “At the minute of my exe- table" over Smith's tomb. Other accounts of these cution she hazarded the beating out of her own wars do not mention Smith, and the accounts fur- braines to save mine, and not only that, but so nished by himself are evidently untrustworthy. prevailed upon her father that I was safely con- After travelling throughout Europe and at- veyed to Jamestown.” This is all that was said of tempting to take part in a war in Barbary, Smith it, except a brief reference in his “ New England returned to England, probably about 1605, and Trials" (London, 1622), till the appearance of his was persuaded by Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, who “Generall Historie” (London, 1624). It may be had already visited the coasts of America, to en- that, while the story as given by Smith is false as gage in the founding of a colony in Virginia. The to detail, Pocahontas, who was at that time twelve expedition, which set sail, 19 Dec., 1606, consisted or thirteen years of age, was touched with com- of 3 vessels and 105 men. The ships were com- passion for the captive and induced her father to manded by Capt. Christopher Newport in the treat him kindly. When Smith returned to James- Susan Constant,”, Capt. Gosnold in the - God- town he found the colony reduced to forty men, Speed," and Capt. John Ratcliffe in the “ Discov- many of whom had deterinined to return to Eng- ery.” Smith is described in the list of passengers land, but his entreaties and the arrival of Capt. as a planter. By the charter no local councillors Nelson with 140 emigrants revived their spirits were named for the colony, but sealed instructions In June and July, 1608, he explored the coasts of were delivered to Newport, Gosnold, and Ratcliffe, the Chesapeake as far as the mouth of the Pa- which were to be opened within twenty-four hours tapsco, and on 24 July set out on another expedi- of their arrival in Virginia, wherein would be tion, and explored the head of the Chesapeake, re- found the names of the persons who had been des- turning to Jamestown on 7 Sept. On these two ignated for the council. On the voyage dissen- voyages Capt. Smith sailed, by his own computa- sions sprang up among the colonists. Smith says tion about 3,000 miles, and from his surveys con- that he was accused of intending to usurp the gov- structed a map of the bay and the country border- ernment, murder the council, and make himself ing upon it. In all this exploration he showed king. When they reached the Canaries he was himself as skilful as he was vigorous and adven- kept a prisoner for the rest of the voyage. But no turous. In his encounters with the savages he mention of this quarrel is made by any contempo- lost not a man, traded squarely with them, kept his rary writers, and Smith omits it in his - True Re- promises, and punished them when they deserved it. lation," although he describes it in his “Generall In consequence, they feared and respected him. Historie.” It is probable that his vanity, his pre- On 10 Sept., 1608, by the election of the council sumption, his previous adventurous career, and the and the request of the company, Smith became SMITH 571 SMITH : president. He repaired the church and store- his children, Virginia being the other. In January, house, reduced the fort to a “ five-square form," 1615, he again sailed from Plymouth with two trained the watch, and exercised the company ships. His intention was, after the fishing was every Saturday. But the return of Capt. Newport over, to remain in New England with fifteen men with seventy colonists did not improve the condi- I and begin a colony. Within 130 leagues out a tion of affairs. The new settlers were eager to ob- storm compelled him to return. On 24 June he tain riches, not to build up the colony. Newport again set out with a vessel of sixty tons and thirty- and Ratcliffe conspired to depose Smith, several eight men, but his ship was captured by a French exploring expeditions proved fruitless, and great inan-of-war, and he was carried to La Rochelle. discontent followed. In the next year there were He escaped, and on his return home wrote an ac- Indian uprisings and insubordination among the count of his voyages to New England, which he settlers, and evil accounts of Smith's administra- published (1616). He then set himself resolutely tion were carried to England by Newport and Capt. to obtain means to establish a colony in New Eng- Samuel Argall. The company at home were dis- land, devoting the remainder of his life to that gusted that the returning ships were not freighted project, everywhere beseeching a hearing for his with the products of the country; the promoters scheme, and so far succeeding that he obtained the had received no profits from their ventures, and no promise of twenty ships of sail to go with him the gold had been found. A new charter was granted, next year (1617), the title of admiral during his and the powers that were previously reserved to life, and half the profits of the enterprise to be di- the king were transferred to the company. Lord vided between himself and his companions. But Delaware was made governor, and three commis- nothing came of this fair beginning except the sioners — Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir title of “ Admiral of New England,” which he George Somers-were empowered to manage the at once assumed and wore all his life, styling him- affairs of the colony until his arrival. self on the title-page of all that he printed " Some- In May, 1609, they set sail with more than 500 time governor of Virginia and admiral of New people and nine ships; but one vessel was sunk on England.” After this he remained in England the voyage, and the “ Sea-Venture," with 150 men, and devoted himself to his works, which are large- the new commissions, bills of lading, all sorts of ly eulogistic of himself. instructions, and much provision, was wrecked on Smith was a product of his adventurous and the Bermudas. (This incident furnished the basis boastful age. His low origin may have hindered for Shakespeare's play, “ The Tempest.") Seven his advancement, but it doubtless embittered his vessels reached Jamestown in August, bringing spirit toward those better born. He had, no doubt, several gentlemen of good means and a crowd of courage, immense energy, and a great deal of tact. the riff-raff of London, " dissolute gallants, broken His reputation rests almost wholly upon his own tradesmen, gentlemen impoverished in spirit and writings, and he is the most entertaining of the in fortune, rakes and libertines, men more fitted to travel-writers of his day. He had a better compre- corrupt than to found a commonwealth.” Disorder hension of colonization than most of his Virginia quickly ensued, and the newcomers would have de- associates, and the “sticking” of the settlement posed Smith on report of the new commission, but for two and a half years was largely due to his they could show no warrant, the state papers having courage and good sense. But he has doubtless ap- been sent over in the wrecked “ Sea-Venture." He propriated credit to himself in Virginia that was therefore held on to his authority and enforced it to due to others. Smith's romantic appearance in save the whole colony from anarchy. But at the ex- history is chiefly due to his facility as a writer of piration of his year he resigned, and Capt. Martin romance. He was never knighted, although it has was elected president. But, knowing his inability, been said that he was. His arms were not grant- he too resigned after holding office three hours, ed for services in America. William Segar, " the and Smith again became president. King of Armes of England,” in August, 1625 Flaving subdued the refractory, he set out on new (nearly a generation after the services are said to explorations, and endeavored to establish new set- have been rendered), certified that he had seen tlements. On one of these he met with the acci- Sigismund's patent, and had had a copy thereof dent that suddenly terminated his career in Vir- recorded in the herald's office. All this is evi- ginia. While he was sleeping in his boat his dent; but Segar must have been imposed upon (in powder-bag exploded, severely wounding him. To the patent itself), as he was when he granted “the quench the flames, he leaped into the river, and royal arms of Arragon, with a canton of Brabant, before he was rescued was nearly drowned. When to George Brandon, the common hangman of Lon- he returned to the fort, the rebels Ratcliffe, Archer, don.” Smith owes his exalted position in our his- and others, who were awaiting trial for conspi- tory to the Oxford Tract of 1612, and to his own racy, united against him, and he would probably - Generall Historie," a work which is thus perfectly have been murdered had he not promised to re- described by Capt. George Percy in a letter to the turn to England. He arrived in London in the Earl of Northumberland : The Author hathe not autumn of 1609. Failing to obtain employment spared to appropriate many deserts to himself which in the Virginia company in 1614, he persuaded he never performed, and has stuffed his relacyons some London merchants to fit him out for a with many falseties and malycyous detractyons.” private sailing adventure to the coast of New He was buried in St. Sepulchre's church, London. England. With two ships he arrived in April His works are ** · A True Relation," the first tract within the territory appropriated to the Plym- ever published relating to the colony at Jamestown outh company, named several points, and made a (London, 1608 ; reprinted, with introduction and map of " such portion as he saw.” This is the notes, by Charles Deane, Boston, 1867); “A Map first fair approach to the real contour of the New of Virginia” (1612); “ A Description of New Eng- England coast. Having examined the shore from land" (1616; reprinted in the “ Collections " of the Penobscot to Cape Cod, and secured 40,000 cod. Massachusetts historical society); “ New England's fish, he returned to England within six months of Trials” (1620; reprinted privately, Boston, 1867); his departure. This was his whole experience in “ The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, New England, which he ever afterward regarded as and the Summer Isles" (1622) appeared in “ Pur- particularly his discovery, and spoke of as one of chas's Pilgrimes," and was republished with Smith's 572 SMITH SMITH The Unit 66 “True Relation” (Richmond, Va., 1819); “ An Ac- | tice. He was state's attorney for Franklin coun- cidence for Young Seamen ” (1626); “ The True ty in 1826–32, a member of congress in 1839-'41, Travels" (1630); and “ Advertisements for the In- resumed practice at the latter date, became chan- experienced Planters of New England” (1631 ; cellor of Vermont, and was subsequently interested new ed., Boston, 1865). His life has been written in railroad enterprises.-His son, John Gregory, by Mrs. Edward Robinson (London, 1845); William governor of Vermont, b. in St. Alban's, V't., 32 Gilmore Simms (New York, 1846); Charles Deane, July, 1818. was graduated at the University of Ver- in his “ Notes on Wingfield's Tract on a Discourse mont in 1838, and at the law department of Yale on Virginia” (Boston, 1859); George Channing in 1841. He began practice with his father, whom Hill (1858); George S. Hillard, in Jared Sparks's he succeeded as chancellor in 1858, became active "American Biography"; Charles Dudley Warner in railroad interests in Vermont, was a member of in the series of “ American Worthies " (New York, the state senate in 1858–9, and of the house of rep- 1881); and Charles Kittridge True (1882). resentatives in 1861-2, becoming speaker in the SMITH, John, senator, b. in Hamilton county, latter year. He was governor of Vermont in Ohio, in 1735; d. there, 10 June, 1816. He had 1863–5, and actively supported the National cause few early advantages, but by persistent effort ac- during the civil war, He became president of the quired a respectable education, and, possessing Northern Pacific railroad in 1866, and subsequent- much natural ability, was one of the most conspicu- ly was president of the Central Vermont railroad. ous of the early politicians in Ohio. He was also a sity of Vermont gave him the degree of popular Baptist preacher, and in 1790 organized LL. D. in 1871. at Columbia the first church of that denomina- SMITH, John Augustine, physician, b. in tion in the state. He was a member of the first Westmoreland county, Va., 29 Aug., 1782; d. in territorial legislature in 1798, and in 1803-'8 was New York city, 9 Feb., 1865. He was graduated at U. S. senator from Ohio, having been chosen as a William and Mary in 1800, studied medicine, and Jeffersonian Democrat. During the early part of settled as a physician in New York city in 1809, his service he enjoyed the close friendship of Presi. becoming lecturer on anatomy at the College of dent Jefferson, who in 1804 sent him on confi- physicians and surgeons, and editor of the “ Meli- dential mission to Louisiana and Florida to dis- ical and Physiological Journal.” He was presi- cover the attitude toward the United States of the dent of William and Mary college from 1814 till Spanish officers that were stationed in these states, 1826, when he resigned, resumed practice in New that he might learn how far their friendship was York city, and was president of the College of phr- to be depended on in the event of a war between sicians and surgeons in 1831-'43. He published this country and France. Smith's intimacy with numerous addresses, lectures, and essays, includ- Jefferson was interrupted by the charge of his ing an · Introductory Discourse before the New implication in the Aaron Burr treason. Smith Medical College, Crosby Street, New York City": and Burr were personal friends, and appearances (New York, 1837); “ Functions of the Nervous were so much against him that a motion was made System " (1840); “Mutations of the Earth" (1846): in the U. S. senate to expel him; but it failed by Monograph upon the Moral Sense” (1817); and one vote. Smith denied all connection with the * Moral and Physical Science" (1853). affair, and was believed to be innocent by his con- SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, b. in the can- stituents. See “ Notes on the Northwestern Ter- ton of Berne, Switzerland, 3 Aug., 1816. His father ritory," by Jacob Burnet (New York, 1817). was an officer under Napoleon, and after the em- SMITH, John, senator, b. in Mastic, near peror's downfall emigrated to Philadelphia, where Brookhaven, N. Y., 12 Feb., 1752; d. there, 12 Aug., the son received an academic education and be. 1816. He was carefully educated, served in the came a jeweler. He entered the National army legislature in 1784_'99, and was in congress from in 1861 as colonel of the 45th Illinois infantry, en- the latter year till 1804, when he took his seat in gaged in the capture of Fort Henry and Fort Don- the U. S. senate in place of De Witt Clinton, who elson, and in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Cor- had resigned, holding office till 1813. He had been inth, became brigadier - general of rolunteers, 29 chosen as a Democrat. After the close of his term Nov., 1862, commanded the 8th division of the he became U. S. marshal for the district of New 16th army corps in December, 1862, was engaged York, and he was also a major-general of militia in the Vicksburg campaign, leading the 3d divis- for many years. ion of the 17th corps in June, 1863, and was trans- SMITH, John, clergyman, b. in Newbury, ferred to the 15th corps in September, taking part Mass., 21 Dec., 1752; d. in Hanover, N. H., 30 in the capture of Mission Ridge, and in the At- April, 1809. He was graduated at Dartmouth in lanta and Carolina campaigns in 1864-5. In De- 1773, and served as tutor there from 1774 till 1778, cember, 1870, he was assigned to the 14th U.S. in- when he became professor of languages in the col- fantry. Ile was mustered out of the volunteer ser- lege, holding that office and that of college pastor vice in April, 1866, and became colonel of the 27th until his death. Brown gave him the degree of U. S. infantry in July of that year. IIe received 1. D. in 1803. Ile was college librarian for thirty the brevet of major-general of volunteers on 12 years, delivered lectures on systematic theology for Jan., 1865, for faithful services and gallantry in two years, and published · Hebrew Grammar' action, and the brevets of brigadier- and major- (Hanover, 1772): - Latin Grammar" (1802); “ He- general, U. S. army, on 2 March, 1867, for his brew Grammar” (1803); an edition of “ Cicero de conduct at the siege of Vicksburg and in action Oratore, with Notes and a Brief Memoir of Cicero at Savannah in December, 1864. In May, 1851, in English ” (1804); a * Greek Grammar" (1809); he was retired. and several sermons.-His wife, Susan Mason, SMITH, John Hyatt, clergyman, b. in Sara- b. in Boston in 1765; d. in 1815, was the daughter toga, N. Y., 10 April, 1824 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., of Col. David Mason. In her eightieth year she 7 Dec., 1886. His father, a Presbyterian clergy- wrote a "Memoir” of her husband (Boston, 1813). man, gave him a thorough education, and he then SMITH, John, congressman, b), in Barre, Mass., engaged in business in Detroit, Mich. Deciding 14 Aug., 1789; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 26 Nov., 1858. to study for the ministry, he removed to Albany. He removed to St. Albans in boyhood. was ad- N. Y., and while preparing for that profession mitted to the bar in 1810, and established a prac- | worked in a bank. He was licensed to preach in SMITH 573 SMITH 1848, was pastor of Baptist churches in Pough- / appointed by the Turkish government to explore keepsie, N. Y., Cleveland, Ohio, Buffalo, N. Y., its mineral resources. For four years he devoted Philadelphia, Pa., and Brooklyn, N. Y. During his energies to this work, and the Turkish govern- his occupation of the last charge his advocacy of ment still derives part of its income from his dis- open communion caused the exclusion of Mr. Smith coveries. Besides the chrome-ore and coal that he and his congregation from the Long Island Bap- made known, his discovery of the emery-deposits of tist association. He was elected to congress in Asia Minor was of great value, for the island of 1880, as an Independent, receiving 22,085 votes, Naxos was at that time the only source of supply, against 20,626 votes for Simeon B. Chittenden, and, in consequence of the opening of new deposits, Republican. For a time he did double duty in his the use of the substance was extended. The sub- church and in congress, but resigned his pulpit in sequent discovery and application of emery in this September, 1881, and on the expiration of his con- country is due to his publications on the subject. gressional term became pastor of the East Con- In 1850 he severed his relations with the Turkish gregational church, Brooklyn, N. Y. His publi- authorities, spent some time in Paris, and projected cations include “Gilead” (New York, 1863), and there the inverted microscope, which he completed * The Open Door" (1870). after his return to the United States in October. SMITH, John Lawrence, chemist, b. near Dr. Smith then made New Orleans his home, and Charleston, S. C., 17 Dec., 1818; d. in Louisville, was elected to a chair in the scientific department Ky., 12 Oct., 1883. He entered the University of of the university of that city, but in 1852 he suc- Virginia in 1836, and devoted two years to the ceeded Robert E. Rogers in the professorship of study of chemis- chemistry in the University of Virginia. While try, natural phi- filling this chair, with his assistant, George J. Brush, losophy, and civ- he undertook the “Re-examination of American il engineering, Minerals,” which at the time of its completion was after which for the most important contribution to mineral chem- a year he was as- istry by any American chemist. He resigned this sistant engineer appointment in 1854, and settled in Louisville, Ky., in the construc- where he married Sarah Julia Guthrie, daughter of tion of a rail- James Guthrie, secretary of the treasury in 1853–7. road line be- Dr. Smith filled the chair of chemistry in the medi. tween Charles- cal department of the University of Louisville till ton and Cincin- 1866, and was superintendent of the gas-works in nati. Abandon- that city, of which he also acted as president for ing civil engi- several years. He established a laboratory for the neering, he stud- production of chemical reagents and of the rarer ied medicine, pharmaceutical preparations, in which he associ- and was gradu- ated himself with Dr. Edward R. Squibb. From ated at the Medi- the time of his settlement in Louisville he devoted cal college of the attention to meteorites, and his collection, begun state of South by the purchase of that of Dr. Gerald Troost, be- Carolina in 1840. After studying in Paris, he de- came the finest in the United States. It is inferior termined in 1841 to devote himself to chemistry, only to those of London and Paris, and is now and thereafter he spent his summers in Giessen owned by Harvard. His interest in this subject with Baron Justus von Liebig and his winters in led to the study of similar minerals with the sepa- Paris with Théophile J. Pelouze. He returned to ration of their constituents, and while investigating Charleston in 1844, began the practice of medicine, smarskite, a mineral rich in the rare earths, he an- delivered a course of lectures on toxicology at the nounced his discovery of what he considered a new Medical college, and in 1846 established the “Medi- element, to which he gave the name of mosandrum. cal and Surgical Journal of South Carolina." Mean- Dr. Smith was exceeding ingenious in devising while he had published in the "American Journal new apparatus and standard methods of analysis. of Science” several papers, including one “On the He was a chevalier of the Legion of honor, and re- Means of detecting Arsenic in the Animal Body ceived the order of Nichan Iftabar and that of the and of counteracting its Effects” (1841), in which Medjidieh from the Turkish government, and that certain of the conclusions of Orfila were shown to of St. Stanislas from Russia. In 1874 he was be erroneous, and one on “ The Composition and president of the American association for the ad- Products of Distillation of Spermaceti (1842), vancement of science, and he was president of the which was the most elaborate investigation on or- American chemical society in 1877. In addition ganic chemistry published by an American up to to membership in many foreign and American sci- that time. Dr. Smith's fondness for chemistry led entific bodies, he was one of the original members to his appointment by the state of South Carolina of the National academy of sciences, and in 1879 to assay the bullion that came into commerce from was elected corresponding member of the Academy the gold-fields of Georgia and the Carolinas. About of sciences of the institute of France, to succeed Sir this time his attention was directed to the marl- Charles Lyell. The Baptist orphan home of Louis- beds in the vicinity of Charleston, and his investi- ville was founded and largely endowed by him. In gations of the value of these deposits for agricul- 1867 he was one of the commissioners to the World's tural purposes were among the earliest scientific fair in Paris, furnishing for the government re- contributions on this subject. He also investigated ports an able contribution on "The Progress and the meteorological conditions, soils, and modes of Condition of Several Departments of Industrial culture that affect the growth of cotton, and made Chemistry," and he represented the United States a report on these subjects. In 1846 he was invited at Vienna in 1873. where his report on “ Chemicals by the sultan of Turkey, on the recommendation and Chemical Industries” supplements his excel- of James Buchanan, to teach Turkish agricultu- lent work at the earlier exhibition. At the Cen- rists the proper method of cotton-culture in Asia tennial exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 he was Minor. On reaching the East, he found the pro- one of the judges in the department relating to posed scheme to be impracticable, and was then chemicai arts, and contributed a valuable paper on Mauvena hnitt 574 SMITH SMITH a “ Petroleum ” to the official reports. His published | Point in 1883, and subsequently appointed pro- papers were about 150 in number. The inore im- moter fisculis of the diocese of Ogdensburg. He portant of them were collected and published by is a regular contributor to the “ Catholic World." him under the title of " Mineralogy and Chemistry, and other magazines and journals, and makes a Original Researches” (Louisville, 1873; enlarged, specialty of questions connected with labor. He with biographical sketches, 1884). Mrs. Smith trans- has written Woman of Culture," a novel (New ferred to the National academy of sciences $8,000, York, 1882); “History of Ogdensburg Diocese" the sum that was paid by Harvard university for (1885);. “Solitary Island," a novel (1888); and Dr. Smith's collection of meteorites, the interest of “Prairie Boy," a story for boys (1888). which is to be expended in a Lawrence Smith medal SMITH, Jonathan Bayard, member of the valued at $200 and presented not oftener than once Continental congress, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 21 in two years to any person that shall make satisfac- Feb., 1742; d. there, 16 June, 1812. His father, tory original investigations of meteoric bodies. The Samuel, a native of Portsmouth, N. H., settled in first presentation of this medal was on 18 April, Philadelphia, where he became a well-known mer- 1888, to Prof. Hubert A. Newton (q. v.). chant. The son was graduated at Princeton in SMITH, John Speed, congressman, b. in Jes- 1760, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was samine county, Ky., 31 July, 1792; d. in Madison among the earliest of those who espoused the cause county, Ky., 6 June, 1854. He received a public of independence, and he was active in the Revo- school education, became a skilled Indian fighter, lutionary struggle. In 1775 he was chosen secre- served under Gen. William H. Harrison at the bat- tary of the committee of safety, and in February, tle of Tippecanoe, and was his aide in the battle of 1777, he was elected by the assembly a delegate the Thames, 5 Oct., 1813. He was frequently in to the Continental congress. He was & second the legislature, its speaker in 1827, and a member time chosen to this post, serving in the congresses of congress in 1821-3, having been elected as a of 1777-'8. From 4 April, 1777, till 13 Nov., 1778, Democrat. During the administration of John he was prothonotary of the court of common pleas. Quincy Adams he was secretary of the delegation On 1 Dec., 1777, he presided at the publie meeting. that was sent by the United States to the South in Philadelphia, of "Real Whigs.” by whom it was American congress which met at Tacubaya. In resolved “That it be recommended to the council 1828–32 he was U. S. district attorney for Ken- of safety that in this great emergency every tucky. In 1839 he was appointed, with James T. person between the age of sixteen and fifty years Morehead, a commissioner to Ohio to obtain the be ordered out under arms." During this year he passage of a law for protecting slave property in was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of a battalion Kentucky. For several years previous to his death of “ Associators” under Col. John Bayard, who was he was state superintendent of public works, and Col. Smith's brother-in-law, and the latter subre in 1846-'8 he was a member of the Kentucky sen- quently commanded a battalion. In 1778 he was ate. His son, Green Clay, soldier, b. in Rich- appointed a justice of the court of common pleas, mond, Ky., 2 July, 1832, was named for his grand- quarter sessions, and orphans' court, which post he father, Gen. Green Clay. After serving a year in held many years. He was appointed in 1781 one the Mexican war as lieutenant of Kentucky caval- of the auditors of the accounts of Pennsylvania ry, he entered Transylvania university, where he troops in the service of the United States. In 1792, was graduated in 1850, and at Lexington law- and subsequently, he was chosen an alderman of school in 1853, and practised in partnership with the city, which was an office of great dignity in his his father. In 1858 he removed to Covington. day, and in 1794 he was elected auditor-general In 1853–'7 he served as school commissioner. In of Pennsylvania. He became in 1779 one of the 1860 he was a member of the Kentucky legislature, founders and a member of the first board of trus- where he earnestly upheld the National govern- tees of the University of the state of Pennsylvania, ment, and in 1861 he entered the army as a private. and when in 1791 this institution united with the He became colonel of the 4th Kentucky cavalry in College of Philadelphia, under the name of the February, 1862, served under Gen. Ebenezer Du- University of Pennsylvania, he was chosen a trus- mont, and was wounded at Lebanon, Tenn. He tee, which place he held until his death, and was was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 June, also from 1779 till 1808 a trustee of Princeton. He 1862, but, having been chosen a member of con- was a vice-president of the Sons of Washington, gress, resigned his commission on 1 Dec., 1863, and grand-master of Masons in Philadelphia, and after taking part in numerous engagements. He for forty years was a member of the American served till 1866, when he resigned on being ap- philosophical society.–His son, Samuel Harri. pointed by President Johnson governor of Mon- son, editor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1772; d. in tana, where he remained till 1869. He was a dele- Washington, D. C., 1 Nov., 1845, was graduated at gate to the Baltimore Republican convention in the University of Pennsylvania in 1787. edited the 1864, and on 13 March, 1865, was given the brevet New World” in 1796–1800, and on the remoral of major-general of volunteers. On his retirement of the seat of government to Washington, D. C., from the governorship of Montana he entered the on 31 Oct. of the latter year, founded the “ Nation- Christian ministry, was ordained in 1869, and be- / al Intelligencer," which he edited till 1818. le came in the same year pastor of the Baptist church was commissioner of revenue from 1813 till the in Frankfort, Ky. Much of his later ministry has office was abolished. He published “ Remarks on been employed in evangelistic service. Gen. Smith Education” (Philadelphia, 1798); " Trial of Samuel has also taken an active part in furthering the Chase, Impeached before the l'. S. Senate," with temperance reform, and in 1876 was the candidate Thomas Lloyd (2 vols., Washington, 1805); and an of the Prohibition party for the presidency of the “Oration ” (1813). — His wife, Margaret Bayard, United States, receiving a popular vote of 9,522. b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1778: d. in Washing- SMITH, John Talbot, clergyman and author, b. ton, D. C., in 1844, was the daughter of Col. John in Saratoga, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1855. He was edu- Bayard, of Philadelphia. She was educated at the cated at the Christian Brothers' schools, Albany, i Moravian seminary, Bethlehem, Pa., married Mr. and at St. Michael's college, Toronto, Canada, was Smith in 1800, and removed with him to Washing. ordained a priest in 1881. and appointed curate of ton, D. C., where she was for many years a popular Watertown, N. Y. He was made pastor of Rouse's, leader of society, her house being the resort of 60 SMITH 575 SMITH Jossmith several of the early presidents and of Henry Clay. | Redstone, or Historical Sketches of Western Pres- She engaged in many religious and charitable en- byterianism” (Philadelphia, 1854), and “ History of terprises. Mrs. Smith wrote with facility, and pub- Jefferson College, Pa.” (1857). lished several tales and biographical sketches, in- SMITH, Joseph, Mormon prophet, b. in Sha- cluding “A Winter in Washington” (2 vols., Wash- ron, Vt., 23 Dec., 1805; d. in Carthage, 11., 27 June, ington, 1827) and “What is Gentility?" (1830). 1844. His parents were poor, and when he was ten SMITH, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Boston, years of age they moved to Palmyra, N. Y., and Mass., 30 March, 1790; d. in Washington, D. C., 17 four years later to Manchester, a few miles distant. Jan., 1877. He entered the navy as a midshipman, In the spring of 1820, in the midst of great relig- 16 July, 1809, and was commissioned a lieutenant, ious excitement, four of his father's family having 24 July, 1813. He was the 1st lieutenant of the brig joined the Presbyterian church, Joseph claimed to Eagle” in the victory on Lake Champlain, 11 have gone into the woods to pray, when he had a Sept., 1814, and was severely wounded in the bat- vision in some respects similar to St. Paul's, but was tle, but continued told by his religious advisers that “it is all of the at his post. With devil," and he was ridiculed by the public. On the other officers, he evening of 21 Sept., 1823, after going to bed, he received thethanks claimed to have had another vision. According to of congress and a his story, an angel named Moroni visited him and silver medal for his told m of a book written upon golden plates, in services. In the which was a history of the former inhabitants of frigate “Constella- this country and the fulness of the everlasting tion,” in the Medi- gospel,” and indicated to him where the book was terranean in 1815- deposited in the earth. He subsequently went to '17, he co-operated the spot that he had seen in his vision, found the in the capture of plates of gold, but an unseen power prevented him Algerine vessels, from removing them. Moroni, with whom Smith and he sailed again claimed to have had many interviews, told him to the Mediterra- that he had not kept the Lord's command, that he nean in 1819, re- valued the golden plates more than the records turning in 1822. upon them, and not till his love for gold had He was commis- abated and he was willing to give his time to the sioned commander Lord and translate the inscriptions upon the plates 3 March, 1827, and would they ever be delivered to him. It is claimed captain, 9 Feb., that this was done by the angel, 22 Sept., 1827. 1837. During two years, until December, 1845, he Smith told of his visions from time to time, and, commanded the Mediterranean squadron, with the to escape the jeers and ridicule of the people of frigate “ Cumberland” as flag-ship. Upon his re- Manchester, he went to reside with his wife's family turn home he was appointed chief of the bureau of in Susquehanna county, Pa., where, according to his yards and docks, which post he filled until the own account, he began to copy the characters on the spring of 1869. He was then president of the ex- plates and by the aid of - Urim and Thummim," amining board for the promotion of officers until a pair of magic spectacles, translated them from September, 1871. He had been retired, 21 Dec., behind a curtain, dictating the “ Book of Mormon” 1861, and promoted to rear-admiral, 10 July, 1862. to Martin Harris and later to Oliver Cowdery, who He resided at Washington after his service with joined him in April, 1829. These two frequently the examining board until his death, at which time went into the woods to pray for divine instruction, he was the senior officer in the navy on the retired and on 15 May, 1829, they claimed that they were list. He was highly esteemed by Com. Isaac Hull, addressed by the materialized spirit of John the whose flag-ship, “Ohio” he commanded in 1839. Baptist, who conferred upon them the priesthood His son was killed on board the “ Congress” when of Aaron and commanded that they baptize each she was attacked by the “ Merrimac," 8 March, other by immersion for the remission of sins. 1862. When the admiral heard that the ship had Both claimed after they were baptized to have re- surrendered, he exclaimed: “Then Joe is dead.” ceived the gift of the Holy Ghost, and from that SMITH, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Westmore- time had the spirit of prophecy. The “ Book of land county, Pa., 15 July, 1796; d. in Greensburg, Mormon” was printed in Palmyra, N. Y., by Eg- Pa., 4 Dec., 1868. He was graduated at Jefferson col- bert B. Grandin in 1830. The Mormon church was lege in 1815, studied at Princeton theological semi- organized, 6 April, 1830, by six “ saints," at the nary, was licensed to preach in 1819, and became house of Peter Whitmer, in Fayette, N. Y., and a missionary in Culpeper, Madison, and Orange Oliver Cowdery preached the first sermon on the counties, Va. He was principal of an academy in following Sunday, at the house of Mr. Whitmer, Staunton, Va., for several years, removed to Fred when several were baptized. The first confer- erick city, Md., about 1832, and was pastor of the ence of the church was held in June, 1830, at Presbyterian church there and principal of an which thirty members were present, and there- academy. He was pastor of a church in Clairs- after the “ prophet” claimed supernatural powers. ville, Ohio, in 1840, and became president of Numerous miracles were performed by him, of Franklin college, New Athens, Ohio, in 1844, but which the casting the devil out of Newell Knight, resigned on account of his conservative views re- of Colesville, N. Y., was the first that was done garding slavery, resumed his former charge in in the church. The membership increased rap- Frederick city, Md., and was president of the new- idly, and Kirtland, Ohio, was declared to be the ly organized college there. He became general promised land of the Mormons. In February, agent of the synods of the Presbyterian church for Smith and the leaders of the church settled in that the territory embracing western Pennsylvania, place, and almost at once missionaries were sent to northwestern Virginia, and eastern Ohio. He sub- make converts. Early in June, Missouri was an- sequently held charges in Round Hill and Greens- nounced by Smith to be the chosen land, and in burg, Pa. He received the degree of D. D. from July he located the new city of Zion. Soon after- Jefferson college. His publications include “Old ward he returned to Kirtland, and during a visit 6 " 576 SMITH SMITH ! to Hiram, Ohio, with Sidney Rigdon, he was tarred | denounced. These accusations greatly incensed and feathered. (See Rigdon, SIDNEY, for the the “prophet," and the city council declared the subsequent events of this period.) Meanwhile paper a nuisance, and ordered that it should be the building of the first “temple” in Kirtland abated. Under cover of this ordinance the follos- was decided upon, and each Mormon was com- ers of Smith attacked the building, destroyed the pelled to give one seventh of his time in labor presses, and made a bonfire of the paper and fur- for its completion in addition to the tithes that niture. Foster and Law fled to Carthage, and a war- were paid into the treasury. It was 80 feet long, rant was issued for the arrest of Joseph Smith, the 59 feet wide, and 50 feet high, and was dedicated mayor of Nauvoo, and seventeen of his adherents. on 27 March, 1836. At a conference of the elders. He refused to acknowledge the validity of the war- held 3 May, 1834, the name of “ The Church of rant, and the constable who served it was marched Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints” was adopted, out of Nauvoo by the city marshal. The militia and on 14 Feb., 1835, a quorum of the twelve apos- was called out, and the Mormons gave up their pub- tles was organized. During 1837-'8 dissensions lic arms. Joseph and Hyrum Smith were arrested arose in the church, owing to the financial difficul- on a charge of treason and taken to Carthage jail. ties of the time, and many of the members left it. The governor visited the Smiths in jail, made Smith was charged with having recommended two a promise of protection to them, and had a guard of his followers to take the life of Grandison Newell, placed over the building. On the evening of ?? an opponent of Mormonism, but, although he was June, 1844, a band of more than 100 men, with brought before the courts, he was discharged, owing blackened faces, rushed into the jail and fired to the lack of evidence. The failure of the bank, upon the brothers, killing Hyrum first, while charges of fraud, and other difficulties occurred, Joseph was pierced with four bullets and fell dean. and on 13 Jan., 1838, he made his escape to Illinois, See • Mormonism and the Mormons,” by Daniel P. ultimately reaching Far West, Mo. Toward the Kidder (New York, 1842); “ The Mormons: or Lat- close of the year the conflict between the Mormons ter-Day Saints, with Memoirs of Joseph Smith" and Missourians, who had previously insisted that (London, 1851); and the “ Early Days of Mormon- the former should leave their territory, assumed ism,” by J. H. Kennedy (New York, 1888).—His the proportions of civil war. The Mormons armed son, Joseph, b. in Kirtland, Ohio, 6 Nov., 1832. themselves and, assembling in large bodies, fortified after the death of his father in 1844 remained their towns and detied the officers of the law. The in Nauvoo with his mother, who would not ge- militia of the state was called out by the governor. knowledge the authority of Brigham Young. For Smith and many of his associates were lodged years she kept a hotel, in which her son assisted in jail, having been indicted for “murder, treason, her. He also was clerk in a store, worked on a burglary, arson, and larceny," but on 16 April, farm, was sub-contractor on a railroad, and studied 1839, during their removal to Boone county, made law. After standing aloof from the Mormon their escape to Illinois, whither their families had church till he was about twenty-four years of age, fled. After this the leaders of the church were fre- he resolved to put himself at the head of a “ reor- quently arrested on various charges, the " ' prophet ganized ” branch of it, which he did in 1860. In being in custody nearly fifty times. Most of the 1866 he left Nauvoo and took up his abode as edi- refugees met in Hancock county, Ill., and on the tor and manager of “The Saints' Herald ”at Plano, site of the town of Commerce the city of the saints, I. He then went abroad and preached frequently Nauvoo, was founded and a charter obtained, signed for about fifteen years, and then removed to La- by the governor, 16 Dec., 1840. The municipal moni, Iowa, where he now (1888) resides, as the election was held on 1 Feb., 1841, Smith was elect- acknowledged head of the reorganized church of ed mayor, and two days previously he was chosen Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a strong oppo- sole trustee of the Mormon church, with unlimited nent to the doctrine and practices of the polyga- powers. The charter of the city granted the right mists of Utah. to form a military organization, called the Nauvoo SMITH, Joseph Lee, jurist, b. in New Britain, legion, which at one time contained about 1,500 Conn., 28 May, 1776; d. in St. Augustine, Fla., 27 men, and on 4 Feb., 1841, Smith was elected lieu- May, 1846. Ilis father, Elnathan, was an officer tenant-general. The erection of a new temple in the old French war, and a major in the commis- was begun, missionaries were sent to England, sary department in the Revolution. Joseph was through whom large accessions were made to the educated at Yale, studied law in Hartford, and church, and in 1842 Smith was at the height of his practised in his native county until the second war prosperity. Not only was his fame known from with Great Britain, when he was appointed major one end of the land to the other, but his favor was in the 25th infantry, participating in the invasion sought eagerly by the leaders of the two great po- of Canada. In the battle of Stony Creek, 6 June, litical parties, who flattered and praised him that 1813, in which Gen. William H. Winder was taken they might win his support. Jealousies soon arose prisoner, he saved his regiment by a judicious among the leaders, some of whom were driven inovement. Ile was promoted lieutenant-colonel from the church, and by his revelation of 12 July, and brevetted colonel, U. S. army, for that action, 1813, authorizing him to take spiritual wives, he and became colonel of the 3d V. S. infantry in antagonized certain of his followers, among whom 1818. He resigned from the army in that year, were Dr. Robert D. Foster and William Law, removed to Florida in 1821, and was U. S. judge whose wives he had solicited to enter into the of the superior court in 1823–'37. Of the 1,000 married state with him. In 1841, with other apos- cases that he decided previous to 1836, not one was tate Mormons, Foster and Law decided upon the reversed. Judge Smith was remarkable for his establishment of a newspaper in Nauvoo, for the great physical strength and imposing appearance. purpose of making war upon the leaders of Mor- He married Frances Marvin, daughter of Ephraim monism. This was the "Nauvoo Expositor," the Kirby:-His son, Ephraim Kirby, soldier, b. in first and only number of which contained what Litchfield, Conn., in 1807; d. near the city of purported to be aſlidavits from sixteen women Mexico, 11 Sept., 1847, was graduated at the i. S. who insisted that Smith and Sidney Rigdon were military academy in 1826, served on frontier duty guilty of moral impurity and were in favor of in 1828-9, and was dismissed from the army in the “spiritual-wife” system, which they openly | October, 1830, for inflicting corporal punishment SMITH 577 SMITH he was on kirby Senich on mutinous soldiers, but was reinstated in 1832. of topographical engineers. During the civil war He became 1st lieutenant in 1833, captain in 1838, he served on Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's staff in and during the war with Mexico was engaged in July and August, 1861, received the brevet of cap- numerous battles, including Molino del Rey, where tain, U. S. army, in the latter month “for gallant he was mortally wounded in leading the light in- and meritorious service in the Shenandoah valley, fantry battalion under his command in an assault Va.," became colonel of the 432 Ohio volunteers in on one of the enemy's batteries.—Another son, September, and was in command of a brigade of Edmund Kirby, soldier, b. in St. Augustine, Fla., the Army of the Mississippi in the capture of New 16 May, 1824, was graduated at the U. S. mili- Madrid, Mo., in March, 1862. He was brevetted tary academy in 1845, and appointed brevet 2d major, U. S. army, for the capture of Island No. lieutenant of infantry. In the war with Mexico 10,*7 April, 1862, served on the expedition to Fort he was twice brevetted, for gallantry at Cerro Pillow, fought at the siege of Corinth in May of Gordo and Contreras. He was assistant professor that year, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in of mathematics at West Point in 1849–52, be- the U. S. army for repelling a Confederate sortie came captain in the 2d cavalry in 1855, served from that city. He was in command of a regiment on the frontier, and in operations in northern Mississippi in September was wounded, 13 and October, was engaged at the battle of Iuka, May, 1859, in an and mortally wounded at Corinth, 4 Oct., while engagement with charging “ front forward to repel a desperate Comanche Indians attack on Battery Robinett. For this service he near old Fort At- was brevetted colonel in the regular army, his com- chison, Tex. In 1861 mission dating 4 Oct., 1862. thanked SMITH, Joseph Mather, physician, b. in New by the Texas legis- Rochelle, Westchester co., N. Y., 14 March, 1789 ; lature for his ser- d. in New York city, 22 April, 1866. His father, vices against the Dr. Matson Smith, was a well-known physician in Indians. He was Westchester county, N. Y., and his mother was a promoted major in descendant of the Mather family of Massachusetts. January, 1861, but Joseph was educated in the academy of his native resigned on 6 April, town, attended medical lectures at Columbia in secession of 1809-'10, was licensed to practise in 1811, and in Florida, and was 1815 was graduated at the New York college of appointed lieuten- physicians and surgeons. He then settled in prac- ant-colonel in the tice in that city, and about that time was a founder corps of cavalry of of the Medico-physiological society, and edited the the Confederate ar- first volume of its transactions, to which he con- my. He became tributed a paper entitled the “ Efficacy of Emetics brigadier-general, 17 June, 1861, major-general, in Spasmodic Diseases ” (1817), which won him 11 Oct., 1861, lieutenant-general, 9 Oct., 1862, and reputation. He was physician to the New York general, 19 Feb., 1864. At the battle of Bull state prison in 1820–4, became in 1821 a fellow of Run, 21 July, 1861, he was severely wounded in the New York college of physicians and surgeons, the beginning of the engagement. În 1862 he was in which he was appointed professor of the theory placed in command of the Department of East and practice of physic in 1826, held office for more Tennessee, Kentucky, North Georgia, and Western than thirty years, and in 1855 was transferred to North Carolina. He led the advance of Gen. Brax- the chair of materia medica, which he held until ton Bragg's army in the Kentucky campaign, and his death. He became an editor of the New York defeated the National forces under Gen. William “ Medical and Physiological Journal in 1828, & Nelson at Richmond, Ky., 30 Aug., 1862. In visiting physician to the New York hospital in 1829, February, 1863, he was assigned to the command president of the Academy of medicine in 1854, of the Trans-Mississippi department, including vice-president of the National quarantine and sani- Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Indian territory, tary convention in 1859, and president of the and was ordered to organize a government, which Citizens' association of New York on the organiza- he did. He made his communications with Rich- tion of the council of hygiene in 1864. During the mond by running the blockade at Galveston, Tex., cholera epidemic of 1849 he was one of the medical and Wilmington, N. C., sent large quantities of council of the sanitary committee of New York cotton to Confederate agents abroad, and, introduc- city, and performed arduous and excessive labors ing machinery from Europe, established factories throughout the pestilence. He contributed largely and furnaces, opened mines, made powder and cast- to professional literature. His publications in- ings, and had made the district self-supporting when clude “ Elements of the Etiology and Philosophy of the war closed, at which time his forces were the Epidemics," of which an eminent English authority last to surrender. In 1864 he opposed and defeated said : “It is fifty years in advance of the medical Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in his Red river cam- literature of the day on that subject ” (New York, paign. Gen. Smith was president of the Atlantic 1824); “ Discussion on Cholera Morbus” (1831); and Pacific telegraph company in 1866–’8, and Public Duties of Medical Men” (1846); “ Influ- chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1870–5, ence of Diseases on Intellectual and Moral Powers and has been professor of mathematies in the Uni- (1848); “ Report on Public Hygiene" (1850); “Illus- versity of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., since 1875. trations of Medical Phenomena in Military Life -Ephraim Kirby's son, Joseph Lee Kirby, sol- (1850); Puerperal Fever” (1857); " Therapeu- dier, b. in New York city in 1836; d. at Corinth, tics of Albuminuria" (1862); and several addresses Miss., 12 Oct., 1862, was graduated at the U. S. that were subsequently published, and include that military academy in 1857, served as assistant top- on the “ Epidemic Cholera of Asia and Europe' ographical engineer in the office of the Missis- (1831), and an admirable“ Report on the Medical sippi delta survey in Washington, D. C., in 1857–8, Topography and Epidemics of the State of New on the Utah expedition, the survey of the northern York,” delivered before the American medical asso- lakes in 1859–61, and then became 1st lieutenant ciation. In the meteorological portions of this VOL. V.-37 99 9 578 SMITII SMITH work he introduced several new and appropriate pastor successively of Baptist churches in Lanes- scientific terms, which have since been adopted by borough, Sandisfield, and Hinsdale, Mass., Bristol, scientific writers, and he illustrated the climate of Conn., Amherst, Mass., Woodstock, Conn., and the state in an original and ingenious manner by Warwick, R. I. Brown gave him the degree of maps, plates, and tables (1860). M. A. in 1879, and the University of Iowa that of SMITH, Joseph Rowe, soldier, b. in Stillwater, D. D. in 1880. His publications include many maga- N. Y., 8 Sept., 1802; d. in Monroe, Mich., 3 Sept., zine articles, miscellaneous contributions to the re- 1868. He was graduated at the U. S. military ligious press, and “ Examination of Sprinkling as academy in 1823, became 1st lieutenant in 1832 the Only Mode of Baptism,'etc., by Absalom Peters. and captain in 1838, and served in the Florida war D. D.” (Boston, 1849); and “The Scriptural and in 1837-42. During the Mexican war he was bre- Historical Arguments for Infant Baptism Esam- vetted major for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and ined” (Philadelphia, 1850). lieutenant-colonel for Contreras and Churubusco, SMITH, Judson, educator, b. in Middlefield, receiving in the latter engagement a wound that Hampshire co., Mass, 28 June, 1837. He was ever afterward disabled his left arm. He became graduated at Amherst in 1859, and at Oberlin theo major of the 7th infantry in 1851, and in 1861 was logical seminary in 1863, was tutor in Latin and retired on account of his wounds, but in the follow- Greek in Oberlin in 1862-'4, instructor in mathe- ing year was appointed mustering and disbursing matics and metaphysics in Williston academy, officer for Michigan, with headquarters on the Easthampton, Mass., for the subsequent two years. lakes. He became chief mustering officer of professor of Latin at Oberlin in 1866–70. occupied Michigan in 1862, military commissary of musters the chair of ecclesiastical history and positive insti. in 1863, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general, tutions in Oberlin theological seminary in 1870-'84, U. S. army, for “ long and honorable service.” lecturer on modern history in Oberlin in 1875–84, SMITH, Joshua Toulmin, British author, b. and lecturer on history in Lake Erie female semi- in Birmingham, England, 29 May, 1816; d. in nary in 1879—'84. In 1866 he was ordained to the Lansing, Sussex, England, 28 April, 1869. He was ministry of the Congregational church. He elite educated in the public schools of his native city, the “ Bibliotheca Sacra” in 1882–²4, and has since and became an eminent publicist, constitutional been one of its associate editors, was president of the lawyer, and scholar, being especially learned in the Oberlin board of education in 1871-'84, and since Scandinavian languages and literature. He resided that date has been foreign secretary of the Ameri- in this country in 1837–42, and while here pub- can board of commissioners for foreign missions. lished his “ Discovery of America by the Northmen Amherst gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877. His in the 10th Century” (Boston, 1839). This work publications include, besides many magazine arti- is accompanied by maps and plates, and has ever cles, a series of " Lectures in Church Iristory and since been regarded as the standard authority on the History of Doctrine from the Beginning of that subject. The most eminent American his- the Christian Era till 1684” (Oberlin, 1881). He is torians have quoted it, and it was the ground of his also the author of “ Lectures on Modern History" election as a corresponding member of the Society (printed privately, 1881). of northern antiquaries, Copenhagen, Denmark. SMITH, Julia Evalina, reformer, b. in Glas- On his return to Europe he devoted himself to con- tonbury, Conn., 27 May, 1792; d. in Hartford, stitutional and old Saxon law, was admitted to the Conn., 6 March, 1886. Her father was a preacher bar in 1849, for eight years edited the “ Parliament- and physician, an early Abolitionist, and both ary Remembrancer," and gave much time and parents were Sandemanians. She became known study to antiquarian researches, physical science, throughout the country as one of the five “Glas- geology, and mineralogy. His publications in- tonbury sisters,” who resisted the payment of taxes clude * Popular View of the Progress of Philoso- because they were denied suffrage, and submitted phy among the Ancients" (London, 1836); “ Paral- to the sale of their property by the town authori- lels between the Constitution and the Constitutional ties rather than obey the law. With her sister, History of England and Hungary” (1849); “ The Abigail H. (1796–1878), she was an early and active Parish, its Obligations and Powers” (1854); “ The member of the Woman's suffrage party and an in- Laws of Nuisances and Sewerage Works” (1855); teresting and conspicuous figure at their conven- " The Right Holding of the Coroner's Court tions. In 1876 they addressed a petition to the (1859); and “ History of the English Guilds” (1870). legislature of Connecticut, in which they set forth SMITH, Josiah, clergyman. b. in Charleston, their grievances. Julia kept a weather-record from S. C., in 1704; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in October, 1832 till 1880. In 1879 she married Amos G. 1781. His grandfather, Thomas, was a landgrave Parker, a lawyer of New Hampshire, aged eighty- and governor of the province of South Carolina. six years. The Glastonbury sisters were well versei Josiah was graduated at Harvard in 1725, being the in modern and ancient languages, and for many first native of South Carolina to receive a college years were engaged on a translation of the Hols degree. He was ordained in 1726, returned to Scriptures literally from the original tongues, Charleston, and was successively pastor of Presby- which was published (Hartford, 1876). terian churches in Bermuda, Cainhoy, and Charles- SMITH, Junius, pioneer of ocean steam navi- ton, S. C. lle maintained a learned disputation gation, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 2 Oct., 1780; d. in with Hugh Fisher in 1730 on the subject of the Astoria, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1853. Ilis father, Gen. right of private judgment, and in 1740 espoused David Smith, was an officer of militia. Junius was the cause of George Whitefield, whom he invited to graduated at Yale in 1802, studied at the Litch- occupy his pulpit. He was an earnest friend of field law-school, and in 1803 delivered the annual American independence, and on the surrender of oration before the Society of the Cincinnati of (on- Charleston became a prisoner of war, was taken to necticut. He practised at the New Haven bar till Philadelphia, and died there while in confinement. 1805, when he was appointed to prosecute a elaim He published numerous discourses, and a volume against the British government for the capture of of sermons (Charleston, 1752). an American merchant ship. He pleaded the cause SMITH, Josiah Torrey, clergyman, b. in Will- in the admiralty court in London, succeeded in ot- iamsport, Mass., 4 Aug., 1815. He was graduated : taining large damages, and on his return to this at Williams in 1842, ordained in 1845, and has been country extensively engaged in commerce, and con- 22 : SMITH 579 SMITII 6 ducted a prosperous business for many years. He ated at the State normal school in Westfield, Mass., began the project of navigating the Atlantic ocean in 1866, and at Temple Grove seminary, Saratoga, with steamships in 18:32, published a prospectus of N. Y., in 1868. Since the latter date she has been the enterprise in 1835, in 1836 established the a principal of public schools in Massachusetts, British and American steam navigation company. Connecticut, and New York. She married J. Had- and in the spring of 1838 proved the feasibility of ley Smith in 1875. Mrs. Smith has written numer- the scheme by the crossing of the steamer “Sirius." ous newspaper articles and published “ Wayside Capt. Moses Rogers had crossed in the "Savannah," Leaves ” under the pen-name of “J. Luella Dowd ” using both sails and steam, in 1819. Mr. Smith's (Boston, 1879), and "Wind-Flowers” (1887). anticipation of the pecuniary advantages of the SMITH, Martin Luther, soldier, b. in New project were not realized, and he abandoned it, en- York city in 1819; d. in Rome, Ga., 29 July, 1866. gaging in the introduction of the tea-plant into He was graduated at the U. S. military academy South Carolina. He purchased an extensive planta- in 1842, served in the Mexican war as lieutenant tion near Greenville, and was endeavoring to prose- of topographical engineers, became 1st lieutenant cute the industry at the time of his death. * Yale in 1853 and captain in 1856, and resigned 1 April, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1840. 1861. He then entered the Confederate service, SMITH, Justin Almerin, clergyman, b. in became a brigadier-general, commanded a brigade Ticonderoga, N. Y., 29 Dec., 1819. He was gradu- | in defence of New Orleans, was at the head of the ated at Union college in 1843, and during 1844-'5 engineer corps of the army, and planned and con- was principal of Union academy, East Bennington, structed the defences of Vicksburg, where he was Vt. Having been ordained to the ministry, he was taken prisoner. He subsequently attained the rank pastor of a Baptist church at North Bennington, of major-general. After the war he became chief Vt., from 1845 till 1849, and at Rochester, N. Y., engineer of the Selma, Rome, and Dayton railroad. from 1849 till 1853. In the last-named year he be- SMITH, Mary Louise Riley, author, b. in came editor of "The Christian Times,” now ** The Brighton, Monroe co., N. Y., 27 May, 1842. Her Standard,” in Chicago, Ill., and he has continued maiden name was Riley. She was educated at in that relation ever since. “ The Standard” is Brockport (N. Y.) collegiate institute, and in 1869 the chief Baptist journal of the north west, and its married Albert Smith, of Springfield, I., with prosperity is largely due to the ability and tact whom she afterward removed to New York city. that have marked its editorial management. From She has published " A Gift of Gentians, and other 1861 to 1866 he united with his journalistic labors Verses” (New York, 1882), and “ The Inn of Rest” the pastoral care of the Indiana avenue Baptist (1888). Some of her short poems, notably “ Tired church, Chicago. Shurtleff college, Il., gave himn Mothers," have been widely popular, and several the degree of D. D. in 1858. Dr. Smith is a mem- of them, including “ His Name” and “Sometime,” ber of the board of trustees of the University of have been published separately as booklets, and Chicago, and of that of Morgan park theological had a large circulation. seminary, ļlis publications include " The Martyr SMITH, Mary Prudence Wells, author, b. in of Vilvorde,” a sketch of William Tyndale, for chil- Attica, N. Y., 30 July, 1840. She was graduated dren (New York, 1856); “Sinclair Thompson, the at the Greenville, Mass., high-school in 1857, and Shetland Apostle” (Chicago, 1867); “The Spirit at Hartford female seminary in 1859, taught in in the Word” (1868); “ Memoir of Nathaniel Col- Greenville in 1859–²61, and in 1864–72 was a clerk (Boston, 1871); “Uncle John upon his in Franklin savings institution, being the first Travels," a book for children (1871); “ Patmos, or woman employed in a bank in Massachusetts. She the Kingdom and the Patience" (1874); " Memoir was secretary of the Greenville freedmen's aid so- of John Bates” (Toronto, 1877); “ Commentary on ciety in 1865–6, and school commissioner in 1874. the Revelation ”(Philadelphia, 1884); and Nod- She married Judge Fayette Smith, of Cincinnati, in ern Church History” (New Haven, 1887). the latter year, and since 1881 has been president SMITH, Lucius Edwin, educator, b. in Will of the Cincinnati branch of the Woman's auxil- iamstown, Mass., 29 Jan., 1822. He was graduated iary conference of the Unitarian church. She has at Williams college in 1843, studied law in Will- published many magazine articles under the pen- iamstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. name of “P. Thorne," and “ Jolly Good Times, or He served during 1847–8 as associate editor of the Child Life on a Farm.” (Boston, 1875); “Jolly Hartford “Courant,” and in 1849 as associate Good Times at School" (1877); " The Browns” editor, with Henry Wilson, of the “ Boston Repub- (1884); and “ Miss Ellis's Mission " (1886). lican.' From 1849 till 1854 he was assistant cor- SMITH, Melancton, Continental congressman, responding secretary of the American Baptist b. in Jamaica, L. I., in 1724; d. in New York city, missionary union, Boston. The next three years 29 July, 1798. He was educated at home, settled he spent in Newton theological seminary, where he in business in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1744, be- was graduated in 1857, and became in 1858 pastor came sheriff of Dutchess county in 1777, and, says of the Baptist church in Groton, Mass., whence he Chancellor Kent, was early noted “for his love of was called in 1865 to the professorship of rhetoric, reading, tenacious memory, powerful intellect, and homiletics, and pastoral theology in Bucknell uni- for the metaphysical and logical discussions of versity, at Lewisburg, Pa. From 1868 till 1875 he which he was a master.” He was a member of the was literary editor of the New York “ Examiner.” first Provincial congress that met in New York In 1877 he became editor of the “Watchman," city, 23 May, 1775, and a commissioner in 1777 for Boston, of which journal since 1881 he has re- detecting and defeating all conspiracies formed in mained associate editor. While he was professor the state, served in the Continental congress in at Bucknell university he edited the “ Baptist Quar- 1785–8, and in the latter year represented Dutchess terly.” He received from Williams the degree of county in the convention that met at Poughkeepsie D. D. in 1869. Besides contributing numerous to consider the ratification of the Federal constitu- articles to periodicals, Prof. Smith has edited tion of 1787. In the deliberations of that body he • Heroes and Martyrs of the Modern Missionary exhibited talents of a high order, and ably sup- Enterprise” (Hartford, Conn., 1852). ported Gov. George Clinton and the State-rights SMİTH, Luella Dowd, author, b. in Sheffield, i party. He removed to New York city about 1785 Berkshire co., Mass., 16 June, 1847. She was gradu- | and largely engaged in mercantile pursuits, at the ver 580 SMITH SMITH son. same time taking a conspicuous part as an anti- | July, 1862 (under orders to return north), but was Federalist leader. He was in the legislature in assigned to the temporary command of the “Mon- 1791, in which year a commission-consisting of ongahela,” on which vessel the admiral hoisted his Gov. Clinton, State Secretary Lewis L. Scott, At- flag on his passage from New Orleans to Port Hud- torney-General Aaron Burr, State Treasurer Ge- In 1864 he had command of the monitor rard Bancker, and Auditor Peter Y. Curtenius-sold Onondaga," and appointed divisional officer on 5,500,000 acres of land belonging to New York James river, and subsequently he had charge of the state, at the sum of eighteen cents per acre, to squadron in Albemarle sound, N.C., and recaptured Alexander McComb, James Caldwell, John and the steamer“ Bombshell.” He participated in both Nicholas Roosevelt, and others. When the trans- attacks on Fort Fisher in the steam frigate “Wa- action became public, resolutions of censure were bash.” He was commissioned commodore, 25 July, moved in the legislature; but Jabez D. Hammond, 1866, and served as chief of the bureau of equip- the historian of New York, says: “ After a long ment and recruiting in the navy department until and acrimonious discussion of the resolutions of 1870. He was commissioned rear-admiral, 1 July, censure, they were finally rejected, and Melancton 1870, had charge of the New York navy-yard in Smith, as pure a man as ever lived, introduced a 1870-2, and was retired, 24 May, 1871. After he resolution approving of the conduct of the com- was retired, he was appointed governor of the missioners, which was adopted in the assembly by Naval asyluin at Philadelphia. a vote of thirty-five to twenty." He canvassed the SMITH, Meriwether, statesman, b. at the state for the re-election of Gov. Clinton in 1792, family seat, Bathurst, Essex co., Va., in 1730; d. and was subsequently circuit judge. He died of 25 Jan., 1790. He was a signer of the articles of yellow fever, his being the first fatal case in the the Westmoreland (county) association in opposition epidemic of 1798.-His son, Melancton, soldier, b. to the stamp-act, 27 Feb., 1776, and also of the in New York city in 1780; d. in Plattsburg, N. Y., resolutions of the Williamsburg association, a mem- 28 Aug., 1818, received a military education, and, ber of the house of burgesses from Essex county in at the beginning of the second war with Great 1770, and of the Virginia conventions of 1775 and Britain, joined the U. S. army, became major of 1776, in which he was active. He was a member the 29th infantry, 20 Feb., 1813, and colonel of of the Continental congress in 1778–'82, and of the that regiment the next month, which office he held Virginia convention of 1788, which ratified the until the end of the war, serving throughout the constitution of the United States. The belief is frontier campaign of that year, and commanding held by his descendants that he was the author of the principal fort at the battle of Plattsburg in the Virginia bill of rights. He was a member of September, 1814. — The second Melancton's son, the select committee to which the draft of George Melancton, naval officer, b. in New York city, 24 Mason was submitted, and appears to have sub- May, 1810, entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 mitted a draft for the state constitution. He was Nov., 1826, attended the naval school in New York twice married ; first, about 1760, to Alice, daughter in 1831, and became a passed midshipman, 28 April, of Philip Lee, and secondly, 29 Sept., 1769, to 1832. He was commissioned lieutenant, 8 March, Elizabeth, daughter of Col. William Daingerfield. 1837, served in the Of his issue by the first marriage was GEORGE steamer “ Poin- William, lawyer and governor of Virginia, who sett” until 1840, perished, with fifty-nine others, in the burning of and in 1839, on the Richmond theatre, 26 Dec., 1811, this cruise, he SMITH, Morgan Lewis, soldier, b. in Oswego commanded a fort county, N. Y., 8 March, 1822; d. in Jersey City. during engage- N. J., 29 Dec., 1874. He settled in New Albany, ments with the Ind., about 1843, and enlisted as a private in the Seminoles in Flor- U. S. army in 1846, rising to the rank of orderly ida. He made a sergeant, but resigned, and at the beginning of the full cruise in the civil war was engaged in the steamboat business frigate “ Constitu- He then re-entered the service, having raised the tion” on the Med- 8th Missouri infantry, a regiment whose meru- iterranean station bers were bound by an oath nerer to surrender. in 1848–51, and, He was chosen its colonel in July, 1861, took part after beingon wait- in the advance of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's army to ing orders for sev- Fort Henry, commanded the 5th brigade of the 31 Mulancton Smit eral years,wascom- division of the Army of the Tennessee at Fort missioned com- Donelson, and successfully stormed a strong pos- mander, 14 Sept., tion of the enemy. He led the 1st brigade of the 1855, after which he was light-house inspector. On same army at Shiloh, was engaged at Corinth and 9 July, 1861, while in command of the “ Massachu- Russell House, accompanied Gen. William T. Sher- setts” off Ship island, he had an engagement with a man to Moscow, Tenn., and was subsequently in Confederate fort and three Confederate steamers, charge of an expedition to Holly Springs, Nis. and on 31 Dec., 1861, the fort at Biloxi, La., sur- and Memphis, Tenn. He was appointed brigadier- rendered, cutting off all regular communication be- general of volunteers in July, 1862, and made +1- tween North Carolina and Mobile, and getting pos- peditions and reconnoissances into Mississippi tili session of the sound. When in command of the November of that year, when he was placed i • Mississippi” he passed Forts Jackson and St. command of the 2d division of Gen. William T. Philip with Farragut, and destroyed the Confeder- Sherman's army, and was severely wounded a ate ram" Manassas," for which he was highly com- Vicksburg, 28 Dec., 1862. He assumed his con- mended by the admiral. He participated in the at- mand on his recovery in October, 1863, and win tack on Port Hudson. In an attempt to run the engaged at Missionary Ridge in the movements 11 batteries the “ Mississippi” grounded, and he set the relief of Knoxville and in the Atlanta can- his ship on fire to prevent her falling into the hands paign. He was then placed in charge of Vicksbu-2 of the enemy. This course was approved by the and, by his stern adherence to military law, brought navy department. He was promoted to captain, 16 that city into peace and order. Ile was sutar's 66 SMITH 581 SMITH & am- quently V. S. consul at Honolulu, declined the death, also delivering courses of lectures on medi- governorship of Colorado territory, and be- cine and surgery at the University of Vermont in came a counsel in Washington, D. C., for the col- 1822–5, and at Bowdoin on the theory and practice lection of claims. At the time of his death he was of medicine in 1820–5. His practice extended over connected with a building association in Washing- four states, and while he was conservative in his ton, D. C. Gen. William T. Sherman said of him: methods, he was more than ordinarily successful as • He was one of the bravest men in action I ever an operator. It has been asserted that he was the knew.”—His brother, Giles Alexander, soldier, first in this country to perform the operation of b. in Jefferson county, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1829; d. in extirpating an ovarian tumor, and that of staphylor- Bloomington, I., 8 Nov., 1876, engaged in the raphy. He devised and introduced a mode of dry-goods business in Cincinnati, and subsequently putating the thigh which, although resembling in Bloomington, III., and at the beginning of the methods that had previously been employed, is civil war was the proprietor of a hotel in the last- sufficiently original to bear his name, and he de- named town. He became captain in the 8th Mis- veloped important scientific principles in relation souri volunteers in 1861, was engaged at Fort to the pathology of necrosis, on which he founded Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth, and be a new and successful mode of practice. He invent- came lieutenant-colonel and colonel in 1862. He led ed an apparatus for the treatment of fractures, his regiment at the first attack on Vicksburg, was and a mode of reducing dislocations of the hip. wounded at Arkansas Post, and in the capture of He published “ Practical Essays on Typhus Fever Vicksburg rescued Admiral David Porter and his (New York, 1824), and“ Medical and Surgical iron-clads when they were surrounded and hemmed Memoirs,” edited, with addenda, by his son, Na- in by the enemy. In August, 1863, he was pro- than Ryno Smith (Baltimore, Md., 1831).-His son, moted brigadier-general of volunteers " for gallant Nathan Ryno, surgeon, b. in Concord, N. II., 21 and meritorious conduct in the field.” He com- May, 1797; d. in Baltimore, Md., 3 July, 1877, was manded his brigade in the 15th army corps in the graduated at Yale in 1817, and studied medicine un- siege of Chattanooga and the battle of Missionary der his father there, receiving his degree in 1820. Ridge, in which he was severely wounded. He led In 1824 he began the practice of surgery in Burling- a brigade in the 15th corps in the Atlanta cam- ton, Vt., and in 1825 he was appointed professor of paign, was transferred to the command of the 2d surgery and anatomy in the University of Ver- division of the 17th army corps, fought at Atlanta, mont. In 1827 he was called to the chair of sur- and, in Sherman's march to the sea, engaged in all gery in the medical department of the University the important movements, especially in the opera- of Maryland, but he resigned in 1828 and became tions in and about Columbia, S. C. “After the sur- professor of the practice of medicine in Transyl- render of Gen. Robert E. Lee he was transferred vania university, Lexington, Ky. In 1840 he re- to the 25th army corps, became major-general of sumed his chair in the University of Maryland, volunteers in 1865, and continued in the service till which he held until 1870. He invented an instru- 1866, when he resigned, declining the commission ment for the easy and safe performance of the of colonel of cavalry in the regular army, and set- operation of lithotomy, and also Smith's anterior tled in Bloomington, Ill. He was a defeated can- splint for treatment of fractures of the thigh. In didate for congress in 1868, was second assistant addition to articles in the “ American Journal of postmaster-general in 1869-'72, but resigned on Medicine,” Dr. Smith published “ Physiological account of failing health. He was a founder of the Essay on Digestion " (New York, 1825); “ Address Society of the Army of Tennessee. to Medical Graduates of the University of Mary- SMITH, Nathan, physician, b. in Rehoboth, land” (Baltimore, 1828); “ Diseases of the Internal Mass., 13 Sept., 1762'; d. in New Haven, Conn., 26 Ear," from the French of Jean Antoine Saissy, July, 1828. He enlisted in the Vermont militia with a supplement (1829): “Surgical Anatomy of during the last eighteen months of the Revolu- | the Arteries” (1832–5); " Treatment of Fractures tionary war, and, having accompanied his father of the Lower Extremities by the Use of the An- to an unsettled part of Vermont, subsequently led terior Suspensory Apparatus" (1867); and a small the life of a pioneer and hunter, having no educa- volume entitled Legends of the South,” under tion and no advantages. He decided to become a the pen-name Viator.” — Nathan Ryno's son, physician when he was twenty-four years of age, Alan Penneman, physician, b. in Baltimore, Md., studied under Dr. Josiah Goodhue, and practised | 3 Feb., 1840, received his instruction in Balti- for several vears in Cornish, N. II., when he en- more under private tuition, and was graduated in tered the medical department of Harvard and 1861 at the school of medicine of the University of received the degree of M. B. in 1790, being the Maryland. In 1868 he was elected adjunct pro- only graduate of that year and the third of the fessor of surgery in that university, and in 1875 department. At that time the practice of medicine professor of surgery. He is connected with nearly was at a low ebh in the state, and physicians were all the hospitals of Baltimore as consulting physi- poorly educated and unskilful. To procure bet- cian or surgeon, and has performed the operation ter advantages for them, he established the medical of lithotomy more than 100 times, successfully in departinent of Dartmouth in 1798, was appointed every instance. He is one of the original trustees its professor of medicine, and for many years of Johns Hopkins university, and is a member of taught all, or nearly all, the branches of the pro- many foreign and American medical societies. fession unaided. Ile held the chair of anatomy SÁITH, Nathaniel, jurist, b. in Woodbury, and surgery till 1810, and that of the theory and Conn., 6 Jan., 1762 ; d. there, 9 March, 1822. He practice of medicine till 1813. He was given the studied law under Judge Tapping Reeve at Litch- degree of A. M. by Dartmouth in 1798, and that field, Conn. From 1789 till 1795 he was a member of M. D. by that college in 1801 and by Harvard of the legislature, in whose deliberations he took an in 1811. He went to Great Britain about 1803, energetic part in abolishing slavery, founding the attended lectures in Edinburgh for one year, and public-school system, and settling the public lands on his return resumed his duties. He was elected belonging to Connecticut. From 1795 till 1799 he professor of the theory and practice of physics was a member of congress, and assisted in ratify- and surgery in the medical department of Yale in ing the Jay treaty with Great Britain, which closed 1813, and held the chair from that date until his | the century. Mr. Smith declined a re-election to 582 SMITH SMITH 66 congress in 1799, and, after six years in the state | Mr. Smith practised law in New York until he was senate, was raised to the supreme bench of Connec- appointed by President Lincoln in 1862 judge of ticut, where, from 1806 till 1819, he formulated the court of arbitration, and afterward of the decisions, many of which are still quoted. He court of claims. He was also legal adviser to the was one of the leaders of the famous Hartford government in many questions arising out of the convention in 1814, to which his own great char- civil war. He wrote one book, “ An Examination acter helped to give weight, and the pure patriot- of the Question of Anesthesia” (Boston, 1859), ism of whose purpose he strenuously defended in published as "An Inquiry into the Origin of Mod- company with William Prescott, Stephen Long- érn Anästhesia” (Hartford, 1867), and published fellow, Chauncey Goodrich, James Hillhouse, and many separate speeches. Mr. Smith was a man of Roger Minot Sherman. “ Judge Smith," says giant frame, and lived to be nearly ninety-three Goodrich (Peter Parley), in his “ Recollections of a years old.-Perry, senator, of the same ancestry, Lifetime,” was regarded by Connecticut as one b. in Woodbury, Conn., 12 May, 1783; d. in New of the intellectual giants of his time.” Gideon H. Milford, Conn., 8 June, 1852, studied law, and Hollister, in his History of Connecticut,” de- made his residence in New Milford, where he lived scribes him as one whom the God of nations during the remainder of his days. Becoming well chartered to be great by the divine prerogative of known in his profession, he was chosen a member genius.”—His brother Nathan, senator, b. in Wood of the legislature in 1822–4, and again in 1835–6, bury, Conn., 8 Jan., 1769 ; d. in Washington, D. C., and in the mean time was judge of the probate 6 Dec., 1835, also studied law with Judge Reeve, court. In 1837 he was elected U. S. senator from of Litchfield, and, moving to New Haven, became Connecticut, serving till 1843. He resigned the one of the most distinguished advocates in New practice of his profession on going to Washington, England. He was a and never resumed it. He published a “Speech member of the leg- on Bank Depositaries" (1838).--Of Nathan's grand- islature for many sons, the Rev. CORNELIUS BISHOP SMITH, D.D., has years, and took an been rector of St. James church, New York city, active part in dis- since 1869, and his younger brother, the Rev. solving the connec- ALEXANDER MACKAY-Smith (9. v.), was first arch- tion between church deacon of the diocese of New York. and state in Con- SMITH, Oliver, philanthropist, b. in Hatfield, necticut and in Mass., in January, 1766 ; d. there, 22 Dec., 1845. moulding the new He engaged in farming at an early age, and ae- state constitution quired large wealth by stock-raising. He was a that was adopted in magistrate for forty years, twice a representative 1818. As an ear- to the legislature, and in 1820 a member of the nest member and State constitutional convention. He amassed a councillor of the large fortune, which he bequeathed to establish Episcopal church, the “Smith Charities," a unique system of be- he advocated suc- nevolence, now holding $1,000,000, the interest of cessfully her claims which is expended in marriage-portions to poor to an equal rec- and worthy young couples.- His niece, Sophia, ognition with all founder of Smith college, b. in Hatfield, Mass., 27 other religious bod- Aug., 1796; d. there, 12 June, 1870, received few ies, and was one of the founders and incorporators early advantages, and led a life of retirement in of Washington (now Trinity) college. He was for her native village until, at the age of sixty-five, several years U. S. district attorney, and in 1825 she inherited a large fortune from her brother the opponent of Oliver Wolcott for the governor- Austin. She then determined to found a college ship, but was defeated. In May, 1832, he was for the higher education of women, and passed the elected senator to succeed Samuel A. Foote. He remainder of her life in perfecting plans for its at once took an active part in the debates of the organization. By the terms of her will the insti- senate, and at his death, which took place sudden- tution was established at Northampton, Mass., and ly, was even more conspicuous for his private vir- endowed with $387,468. It was opened in the tues than for his public services. It was said that autumn of 1875, and its charter was the first that at his funeral in the senate chamber every promi- was ever issued by the state of Massachusetts to nent public man of the day, including President an institution for the education of women. Miss Jackson and his cabinet, was present.-Truman, Smith also bequeathed $75,000 to the town of senator, a nephew of Nathaniel and Nathan Smith, Hatfield for the endowment of a school prepara- b. in Woodbury, Conn., 27 Nov., 1791 ; d. in Stam- | tory to Smith college. ford, Conn., 3 May, 1884. was graduated at Yale in SMITH, Oliver Hampton, senator, b. on 1815, studied law, and was a member of the legis- Smith's island, near Trenton, N. J., 23 Oct., 1794; lature in 1831-'4, of congress in 1839–49, and U.S. d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 19 March, 1859. He receivel senator from Connecticut in 1849–54, when he scanty early education, emigrated to Indiana in suddenly resigned from weariness of public life. 1817, and was licensed to practise law in 1820. He He was remarkable for his wide, though silent, in- was a member of the legislature in 1822, prosecut- fluence in national politics, having taken a de- ing attorney for the 3d judicial district of Indiana cisive part in the nomination of Gen. Zachary in 1824, and served in congress in 1827-9, having Taylor for president in 1848. He conducted that been chosen as a Jackson Democrat. He then re- presidential campaign as chairman of the Whig sumed the practice of his profession, in which he national committee, and was offered a post in took high rank, was chosen U. S. senator as a President Taylor's cabinet, which he declined. He Whig in 1836, served one term, and was chairman was, in conjunction with Daniel Webster, the of the committee on public lands. He was de foremost opponent of the spoils system” in con- feated in the next senatorial canvass, settled in gress. He strenuously combated 'the views of Indianapolis, largely engaged in railroad enter- Stephen A. Douglas in the passage of the Kansas- prises, and was the chief constructor of the Indi- Nebraska bill. Afttis resigning from the senate, anapolis and Bellefontaine road. He published Nathan Smith SMITH 583 SMITH Genithmith “Recollections of a Congressional Life" (Cincin- | the care of his father's estate, a large part of which nati, 1834), and " Early Indiana Trials, Sketches, was given to him when he attained his majority. and Reminiscences” (1857). At the age of fifty-six he studied law, and was ad- SMITH, Persifor Frazer, soldier, b. in Phila- mitted to the bar. delphia, Pa., in November, 1798; d. in Fort Leav- He was elected to enworth, Kan., 17 May, 1858. His grandfather, congress as an in- Col. Robert Smith, was an officer in the Revolu- dependent candi- tion, and his maternal grandfather, Persifer Frazer, date in 1852, was a lieutenant-colonel in the same army. Persifer but resigned after was graduated at Princeton in 1815, studied law serving through under Charles Chauncey, and settled in New Orleans, one session. Dur- La. At the beginning of the Florida war, being ad- ing his boyhood jutant-general of the state, he volunteered under slavery still exist- Gen. Edmund P. Gaines as colonel of Louisiana vol-ed in the state of unteers and served in the campaigns of 1836 and New York, and 1838. He was appointed colonel of a rifle regi- his father was a ment in May, 1846, commanded a brigade of in- slave-holder. One fantry from September of that year till the close of the earliest of the war with Mexico, and received the brevet forms of the phi- of brigadier-general, U. S. army, for his service lanthropy that at Monterey, and major-general in the same for marked his long Churubusco and Contreras, 20 Aug., 1847. The life appeared in official report of the latter battle records that he his opposition to closely directed the whole attack in front with the institution of his habitual coolness and ability." He also fought slavery, and his at Chapultepec and at the Belen gate, and in the friendship for the oppressed race. He acted for latter battle is described by Gen. Winfield Scott ten years with the American colonization society, as “cool, unembarrassed, and ready." He was contributing largely to its funds, until he be- commissioner of armistice with Mexico in October, came convinced that it was merely a scheme of 1847, afterward commanded the 2d division of the the slave-holders for getting the free colored peo- U. S. army, became military and civil governor of ple out of the country. Thenceforth he gave his Vera Cruz in May, 1848, and subsequently had support to the Anti-slavery society, not only writ- charge of the departments of California and Texas. ing for the cause and contributing money, but He was brevetted major-general, U. S. army, in taking part in conventions, and personally assist- 1849, appointed to the full rank of brigadier-gen- ing fugitives. He was temperate in all the dis- eral, 30 Dec., 1856, and ordered to Kansas. Just cussion, holding that the north was a partner in before his death he was placed in command of the the guilt, and in the event of emancipation with- Utah expedition. His cousin, Persifor Frazer, out war should bear a portion of the expense: but lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1808; d. in West the attempt to force slavery upon Kansas con- Chester, Pa., 17 May, 1882, was graduated at the vinced him that the day for peaceful emancipation University of Pennsylvania in 1823, studied law, was past, and he then advocated whatever measure was admitted to the bar in 1829, became clerk of of force might be necessary. He gave large sums the orphan's court of Chester county, Pa., in 1835, of money to send free-soil settlers to Kansas, and prosecuting attorney for Delaware county in 1839, was a personal friend of John Brown, to whom he served in the Pennsylvania legislature in 1862–’4, had given a farm in Essex county, N. Y., that he and became state reporter in 1865. He published might instruct a colony of colored people, to whom “ Forms of Procedure " (Philadelphia, 1862), and Mr. Smith had given farms in the same neighbor- Reports of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania hood. He was supposed to be implicated in the (32 vols., 1865–’82). Harper's Ferry affair, but it was shown that he had SMITH, Peter, merchant, b. in Greenbush, only given pecuniary aid to Brown as he had to Rockland co., N. Y., 15 Nov., 1768; d. in Schenec- scores of other men, and so far as he knew Brown's tady, N. Y., 13 April , 1837. His ancestors came plans had tried to dissuade him from them. Mr. from Holland. At the age of sixteen he became a Smith was deeply interested in the cause of tem- clerk in an importing-house in New York city, and perance, and organized an anti-dramshop party in afterward he was a partner of John Jacob Astor in February, 1842. In the village of Peterboro, Madi- the fur business. They bought the furs of Indians son co., where he had his home, he built a good in the northern part of the state, and Smith, who hotel, and gave it rent-free to a tenant who agreed spoke the Indian language, established a trading- that no liquor should be sold there. This is be- post on what is known as the Bleecker property at lieved to have been the first temperance hotel ever Utica. When the partnership was dissolved, and established. But it was not pecuniarily successful. Mr. Astor bought real estate in New York city. He had been nominated for president by an indus- Mr. Smith purchased large tracts in Oneida, Che- trial congress at Philadelphia in 1848, and by the nango, Madison, and other counties. In some land-reformers in 1856, but declined. In 1840, and cases these included whole townships, and the again in 1858, he was nominated for governor of total amount was nearly a million acres. His New York. The last nomination, on a platform of first wife, whom he married in 1792, was Elizabeth, abolition and prohibition, he accepted, and can- daughter of Col. James Livingston. His manu- vassed the state. In the election he received 5,446 script journals, still in existence, contain interest- votes. Among the other reforms in which he was ing descriptions of his journeys among the In- interested were those relating to the property- dians. In his later years he was deeply interested rights of married women and female suffrage and in religion, and spent considerable sums for the abstention from tobacco. In religion he was origi- distribution of tracts. His son, Gerrit, philan- nally a Presbyterian, but became very liberal in his thropist, b. in Utica, N. Y., 6 March, 1797; d. in views, and built a non-sectarian church in Peter- New York city, 28 Dec., 1874, was graduated at boro, in which he often occupied the pulpit himself. Hamilton college in 1818, and devoted himself to He could not conceive of religion as anything apart 66 584 SMITA SMITH from the affairs of daily life, and in one of his pub- to this country and settled in 1841 in Cincinnati, lished letters he wrote: “ No man's religion is bet- Ohio. Richard apprenticed himself to a carpenter ter than his politics; his religion is pure whose and builder until he could secure a better opening. politics are pure; whilst bis religion is rascally On reaching his majority, he gained employment whose politics are rascally.” He disbelieved in the on the “ Price Current,” of which he soon became right of men to monopolize land, and gave away proprietor, and greatly improved it, making it thousands of acres of that which he had inherited, virtually a new publication. He accepted also the some of it to colleges and charitable institutions, agency of the newly organized Associated Press, and some in the form of sınall farms to men who and was the first man in Ohio to transinit a presi- would settle upon them. He also gave away by dential message over the wires. About 1854 be far the greater part of his income, for charitable purchased an interest in the Cincinnati “Gazette," purposes, to institutions and individuals. In the the oldest daily in the city, which was then in a financial crisis of 1837 he borrowed of John Jacob languishing condition from lack of proper manage- Astor a quarter of a million dollars, on his verbal ment. Selling the “ Price Current," he concen- agreement to give Mr. Astor mortgages to that trated all his energy on the “Gazette,” which be- amount on real estate. The mortgages were exe- came prosperous under his direction, especially cuted as soon as Mr. Smith reached his home, but during the civil war. But in 1880 its interests through the carelessness of a clerk were not de- and those of the Cincinnati “ Commercial " indi- livered, and Mr. Astor waited six months before cated the financial and political wisdom of their inquiring for them. Mr. Smith had for many union, and accordingly the first of the following years anticipated that the system of slavery would year they were consolidated under the name of be brought to an end only through violence, and the “Commercial Gazette.” Richard Smith is the when the civil war began he hastened to the sup- vice-president of the new company, He exercises port of the government with his money and his much influence, journalistic and political, through- influence. At a war-meeting in April, 1861, he out Ohio. Though he is often jocularly referred made a speech in which he said : • The end of to as “ Deacon,” he is only a lay member of the American slavery is at hand. The first gun fired Presbyterian church. at Fort Sumter announced the fact that the last SMITH, Richard Somers, educator, b. in fugitive slave had been returned ..:. The armed Philadelphia, Pa., 30 Oct., 1813; d. in Annapolis, men who go south should go more in sorrow than Md., 23 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at the in anger. The sad necessity should be their only U.S. military academy in 1834, but resigned from excuse for going. They must still love the south; | the army in 1836, was assistant engineer of the we must all still love her. As her chiefs shall, one Philadelphia and Columbia railroad company in after another, fall into our hands, let us be re- 1836–7, of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal in strained from dealing revengefully, and moved to 1839–40, and projected several other important deal tenderly with them, by our remembrance of railroads. He was reappointed in the U. S. ariny the large share which the north has had in blind in the latter year with the rank of 2d lieutenant, ing thein.” In accordance with this sentiment, two was assistant and afterward full professor of draw- years after the war, he united with Horace Greeley ing at the U. S. military academy in 1846–52, and and Cornelius Vanderbilt in signing the bail-bond was then transferred to the 4th artillery, becom- of Jefferson Davis. At the outset he offered to ing quartermaster and treasurer, but in 1856 he equip a regiment of colored men, if the govern- again resigned. He was professor of mathematics, ment would accept them. Mr. Smith left an estate engineering, and drawing in Brooklyn collegiate of about $1,000,000, having given away eight times and polytechnic institute in 1855–9, director of that amount during his life. He wrote a great Cooper institute, New York city, for two years. deal for print, most of which appeared in the form was reappointed in the army as major of the 12th of pamphlets and broadsides, printed on his own U. S. infantry in 1861, and served as mustering press in Peterboro. His publications in book-form and disbursing officer in Maryland and Wisconsin were “ Speeches in Congress“ (1855); Sermons in 1861–2. He then took part in the Rappahan- and Speeches” (1861); - The Religion of Reason” nock campaign with the Army of the Potomac, (1864) ; Speeches and Letters (1865); “ The participating in the battle of Chancellorsville, Va., Theologies” (2d ed., 1866); "Nature the Base of 2-4 May, 1863. He resigned in the same month to a Free Theology" (1867); and “ Correspondence become president of Girard college, Pa., which with Albert Barnes ” (1868). His authorized biog- post he held till 1868. For the next two years he raphy has been written by Octavius B. Frothing- was professor of engineering in the Polytechnic ham (New York, 1878). college of Pennsylvania, and from 1870 till his SMITH, Preston, soldier, b. in Giles county, death he was at the head of the department of Tenn., 25 Dec., 1823; d. in Georgia, 20 Sept., 1863. drawing at the U. S. naval academy. Columbia He received his early education at a country school, gave him the degree of A. M. in 1857. He pub and at Jackson college, Columbia, Tenn. İle stud- lished a “ Manual of Topographical Drawing ied law in Columbia, and after practising there for (Philadelphia, 1854), and a work on Linear Per- several years removed to Waynesboro', Tenn., and spective Drawing" (1857). subsequently to Memphis. Ìle became colonel of SMITH, Robert, clergyman, b. in Londonderry, the 154th Tennessee regiment of militia, which was Ireland, in 1723 ; d. in Rockville, Pr., 15 April, afterward mustered into the service of the Confed- | 1793. Ilis father emigrated to this country when eracy, and he was promoted to brigadier-general, the son was seven years of age, settling in Chester 27 Oct., 1862. He was severely wounded at the bat- county, Pa. Robert received a classical education tle of Shiloh, and commanded his brigade under from Rer. Samuel Blair at Fogg's Manor school, Gen. E. Kirby Smith at Richmond, ky. He was Chester county, Pa., was licensed to preach in killed, with nearly all his staff, by a sudden volley 1749, and from 1751 till his death was pastor of during a night attack at Chickamanga, Ga. the Presbyterian church in Pequea, Pa., a part of SMITH, Richard, journalist, b. in the south of the time supplying the church at Leacock. Shortly Ireland, 30 Jan., 1823. His father, a farmer of after his settlement in Pequea he founded a clase Scottish ancestry, died when Richard was seven- sical and theological seminary, which enjoyed a teen years old, and the widow and her son emigrated | high reputation, and was one of the most popu- 9 SMITH 585 SMITH Samedemitt lar schools in Pennsylvania and Maryland. He the epidemic that was then raging. He pub- received the degree of D.D. from Princeton in lished" The Enlargement of Christ's Kingdom," a 1760, was an overseer of that college from 1772 sermon (Albany, N. Y., 1797).—John Blair's grand- till his death, and in 1791 was second moderator son, Charles Ferguson, soldier, b. in Philadel- of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church phia, Pa., 24 April, 1807; d. in Savannah, Tenn., in the United States. In 1749 he married Eliza- 25 April, 1862, was the son of Dr. Samuel Blair beth, sister of Rev. Samuel Blair.—Their son, Smith, assistant surgeon, U. S. army. His maternal Samuel Stanhope, clergyman, b. in Pequea, Pa., grandfather, Ebenezer Ferguson, of Pennsylvania, 16 March, 1750; d. in Princeton, N. J., 21 Aug., was a colonel in the Continental army. He was 1819, was graduat- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1825, ed at Princeton in became 2d lieutenant in the 2. artillery, and was 1769, became an as- promoted 1st lieutenant, 30 May, 1832, and captain, sistant in his fa- 7 July, 1838, in the same regiment. He served at ther's school, was the military academy from 1829 till 1842, as assist- tutor at Princeton ant instructor of infantry tactics in 1829–'31, ad- in 1770—3, while jutant in 1831-'8, and as commandant of cadets studying theology and instructor of infantry tactics till 1 Sept., 1842. there, and in 1774 He was with the army of Gen. Zachary Taylor in was ordained to the military occupation of Texas in 1845–6, and the ministry of was placed in command of four companies of artil- the Presbyterian lery, acting as infantry, which throughout the war church. He labored that followed was famous as “Smith's light bat- as a missionary in talion." When in March, 1846, Gen. Taylor crossed western Virginia Colorado river, the passage of which, it was be- for the next year, lieved, would be disputed by the Mexicans, this became first presi- battalion formed the advance. He was present at dent of Hampden the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Sidney college in and for “gallant and distinguished conduct” in 1775, and held office these two affairs he received the brevet of major. till 1779, when he At the battle of Monterey, Maj. Smith was in com- of moral philoso- which, in the words of Gen. Worth, was “ most phy at Princeton. gallantly carried.” For his conduct in the several At that date the college was in a deplorable condi- conflicts at Monterey he received the brevet of tion from the ravages of the Revolution; the stu- lieutenant-colonel. Be was present at Vera Cruz, dents were dispersed and the buildings were burned. Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, and Churubusco, and Dr. Smith made great exertions and many pecu- in these operations he commanded and directed his niary sacrifices to restore it to prosperity. He ac- light battalion with characteristic gallantry and cepted in 1783 the additional chair of theology, ability. For his and in 1786 the office of vice-president of the col- conduct in the lege. He was a member of the committee to draw battles of Con- up a system of government for the Presbyterian treras and Chu- church in 1786, and in 1795 succeeded Dr. John rubusco he re- Witherspoon (one of whose daughters he had mar- ceived the bre- ried) as president of the college, holding office till vet of colonel, 1812. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1783, 20 Aug., 1847. and Harvard that of LL. D. in 1810. As a preach- He was present er Dr. Smith was popular and eloquent. He at the storming published“ Essay on the Causes of the Variety of of Chapultepec Complexion and Figure of the Human Species” and the assault (Philadelphia, 1787); “Sermons” (Newark, 1799); and capture of · Lectures on the Evidences of Christian Religion the city of Mexi- (Philadelphia, 1809); “Lectures on Moral and co, and Political Philosophy.” (2 vols., Trenton, N. J., again honorably 1812); and “ Comprehensive Views of Natural and mentioned in Revealed Religion” (New Brunswick, N. J., 1815). despatches. In After his death appeared six of his sermons with a 1849-'51 he was brief memoir (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1821).—Another a member of a son of Robert, John Blair, clergyman, b. in board of officers Pequea, Pa., 12 June, 1756; d. in Philadelphia, to devise a com- Pa., 22 Aug., 1799, was graduated at Princeton in plete system of 1773, studied theology under his brother, Samuel instruction for S., at Hampden Sidney, Va., and in 1779 succeeded siege, garrison, sea-coast, and mountain artillery, him as president of that college. He soon became which was adopted, 10 May, 1851, for the service celebrated for his pulpit oratory. Dr. Addison of the United States. He was promoted major of Alexander says of him: “In person he was about the 1st artillery, 25 Nov., 1854, and in 1855, on the the middle size, his hair was uncommonly black, organization of the new 10th regiment of infant- divided at the top and fell on each side of his face. ry. he was made its first lieutenant-colonel. He His large blue eye, of open expression, was commanded the Red river expedition in 1856, en- piercing that it was common to say, Dr. Smith gaged in the Utah expedition in 1857–61, and for looked you through." He was called to the 3d a time was in command of the Department of Presbyterian church of Philadelphia in 1791, and Utah. At the beginning of the disturbances that thence to the presidency of Union college upon its preceded the civil war he was placed in charge foundation in 1795, but in 1799 returned to his of the city and department of Washington, D. C. former charge in Philadelphia, where he died of On 1 Aug., 1861, he was appointed brigadier-gen- a 66 was C.F. Chmith SO 586 SMITH SMITH son. success. eral of volunteers, and ordered to Kentucky. The Dictionary of the English Language." under the next month he became colonel of the 3d Ú. S. in- editorship of Prof. William D. Whitney. It will fantry, and was placed in command of the National comprise five octavo volumes and about 6,000 pagesa forces then at Paducah. He acquired reputation SMITH, Russell, artist, b. in Glasgow, Scut- as an adroit tactician and skilful commander in land, 26 April, 1812. He was originally name the operations about Fort Henry and Fort Donel William T. Russell Smith, but for many yean In the severe fight for the possession of Fort has used only the name Russell . In 1819 he came Donelson he commanded the division that held the to the United States with his parents, and later left of the National investing lines, and, leading he studied painting with James R. Lambdin. He it in person, he stormed and captured all the high began to devote himself to scene-painting, and ground on the Confederate right that commanded went in 1834 to Philadelphia, where he worked s: the fort. He was then ordered to conduct the new the Walnut' and the old Chestnut street theatres movement up Tennessee river, arrived at Savan- for six years. After his marriage he abandoned nah, about 13 March, with a large fleet, took com- scene- for landscape-painting, meeting with great mand of that city, and prepared the advance upon He became noted also as a scientific Shiloh. On 22 March, 1862, he was promoted draughtsman, being employed in that capacity by major-general of volunteers, but the exposure to Sir Charles Lyell and others, and also in the ga which he had been already subjected aggravated a logical surveys of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In chronic disease, which ended his life soon after his 1850 he went abroad, and after his return to Phila- arrival in Savannah. Gen. William T. Sherman delphia he painted many landscapes until 18j. says of him in his “ Memoirs": “He was adjutant At that time the Academy of music was building, of the military academy during the early part of and Smith was employed to paint its scenery. The my career there, and afterward commandant of ca- handsome landscape drop-curtain that he produce dets. He was a very handsome and soldierly man, brought him many commissions for similar work. of great experience, and at the battle of Donelson One of his latest productions of this kind is the had acted with so much personal bravery that to curtain for the Grand opera-house, Philadelphia him many attributed the success of the assault.” Among Mr. Smith's numerous landscapes are SMITH, Robert, P. E. bishop, b. in the county Chocorua Peak” and “Cave at Chelton Hills." of Norfolk, England, 25 June, 1732; d. in Charles- which was at the Philadelphia exhibition of 1576. ton, S. C., 28 Oct., 1801. He entered Goreville and He is a member of the Pennsylvania historical so- Caius college, Cambridge, was graduated in 1753, ciety and the Pennsylvania academy of the fine and was elected a fellow of the university. He arts, where he has contributed regularly to the es- was ordained deacon, 7 March, 1756, by the bishop hibitions for the past fifty years.-His wife, MARY of Ely, and priest, 21 Dec., 1756, by the same bish- P., and his daughter, Mary, were artists of soine op. He came to this country in 1757, was assistant ability. His son, Xanthus, b. in Philadelphia, minister of St. Philip's church, Charleston, for two 26 Feb., 1839, is known as a marine- and landscape- years, and became rector in 1759. Though he ad- painter. He served during the civil war under hered to the crown early in the Revolution, he be- | Admiral Samuel F. DuPont, and has painted many came an ardent patriot, and at one time joined the of the naval engagements of the war. ranks of the Continental army as a private. On SMITH, Samuel, historian, b. in Burlington, the capture of Charleston by the British in 1780, N. J., in 1720; d. there in 1776. He was educated Mr. Smith was banished to Philadelphia. For a at home, early took part in local politics, was a brief period he had charge of St. Paul's parish, member of the council and the assembly, and in Queen Anne county, Mo., but he returned to 1768 was commissioned, with his brother John Charleston in 1783 and opened an academy, which and Charles Read, to take charge of the seals dur- was chartered in 1786 as South Carolina college. ing the absence of Gov. William Franklin in Eng- Of this institution he was president until 1798. land, and affix his name to official documents. He He received the degree of D. D). from the University was subsequently treasurer of West Jersey. Mr. of Pennsylvania in 1789. He was unanimously Smith's valuable manuscripts were used by Robert elected in 1795 to be the first bishop of the Prot- Proud in his “ History of Pennsylvania" (Philadei- estant Episcopal church in South Carolina, and phia, 1797–8), and he published a “ History of Ver was consecrated in Christ church, Philadelphia, Jersey from its Settlement to 1721 " (1755).--His 14 Sept., 1795. Bishop Smith, though an excellent brother, John, provincial councillor, b. in Burling- scholar and very acceptable preacher, made no ton, N. J., 20 March, 1722 ; d. there, 26 March, contributions in print to church literature or 1771, engaged in the West Indian trade in Phila- otherwise. He was one of the earliest members of delphia, and was so successful in business that he the Society of the Cincinnati. occupied one of the finest houses in the city, and SMITH, Roswell, publisher, b. in Lebanon, entertained the most eminent persons of the time. Com., 30 March, 1829. He was educated at Brown, He was a Quaker in religion, but did much to in 1850 married Miss Ellsworth, granddaughter of ameliorate the severities of the sect by founding Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth, studied law, and one of the first social clubs that was ever formed for nearly twenty years practised in Lafayette, for young men of that denomination. He organ- Ind. Mr. Smith came in 1870 to New York city, ized the Philadelphia Contributionship, which was where, in connection with Dr. Josiah G. Holland one of the first fire insurance companies in this and Charles Scribner, he established Scribner's country, and was a founder of the Philadelphia Monthly" (now the “ Century Magazine"). In hospital. He served in the Pennsylvania assembly 1873 he began the publication of " St. Nicholas,” in 1750-'1, was active in the Friends' councils, and a magazine for children. The first organization occupied many offices of trust. In 1745 he mar- was under the firm-name of Scribner and Co., ried Hannah, daughter of Chief-Justice James Lab which subsequently became the Century company, gan. He returned to Burlington, N. J., about this with Mr. Smith as president. Under his direction time, was a subscriber in 1757 to the New Jersey these magazines have enjoyed great popularity and association for helping the Indians, the next year an extensive circulation on both sides of the Atlan- was chosen a member of the governor's counci. tic. The Century company is engaged in the pub- and, with his brother Samuel and Charles Read, lication of miscellaneous books, and an elaborate was a keeper of the seals in 1768. In 1761 he was . SMITH 587 SMITH a commissioner to try pirates. Many anecdotes SMITH, Samuel, soldier, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 27 are told of him. On one occasion, his health being July, 1752; d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 April, 1839. His impaired, he was disturbed in his morning slumbers father, John, a native of Strabane, Ireland, removed by a bellman going about the streets shouting that about 1759 to Baltimore, where he was for many Gov. William Franklin's park and a hundred deer years a well-known merchant. In 1763 he was one were to be sold that day. "Mr. Smith put his head of the commissioners to raise money by lottery to out of the window and said to the bellman: “Put erect a market-house in Baltimore, and in 1766 up your bell and go home; I will buy the property was one of the commissioners to lay off an addi- at the owner's price.” He then closed the win- tion to the town. On 14 Nov., 1769, he was chair- dow and resumed his interrupted sleep.- Another man of a meeting of the merchants to prohibit brother, Richard, member of the Continental con- the importation of European goods, and on 31 gress, b. in Burlington, N. J., 22 March, 1735; d. May, 1774, was appointed a member of the Balti- near Natchez, Miss., in 1803, was carefully edu- more committee of correspondence. In 1774 he cated, and devoted much time to literary pursuits. was also appointed one of the justices of the peace, Part of his correspondence with Dr. Tobias Smol- and in November became one of a committee of lett at the beginning of the Revolution was pub- observation whose powers extended to the general lished in the “ Atlantic Monthly.” He was chosen police and local government of Baltimore town to the Continental congress in 1774, and served and county, and to the raising of forty companies till 1776, when he resigned on account of the fail- of “minute-men." The Continental congress hav- ure of his health, and a probable reluctance to ing recommended measures for procuring arms and take further part against Great Britain. He died ammunition from abroad, he was appointed on the while on a journey through the southern states. committee for that purpose from Baltimore. On -John's grandson, John Jay, librarian, b. in Bur- 5 Aug., 1776, he was elected a delegate to the con- lington county, N.J., 16 June, 1798; d. in Philadel- vention that was called to frame the first state phia, Pa., 23 Sept., 1881, was educated at home, and constitution. In 1781 he was elected to the state from 1829 till 1851 was librarian of the Philadel- senate, and in 1786 was re-elected. Samuel, son phia and Loganian libraries. He edited the “ Sat- of John, spent five years in his father's count- urday Bulletin” in 1830–2, the “ Daily Express" ing-room in acquiring a commercial education, in 1832, “Littell's Museum " for one year, Walsh's and sailed for Havre, France, in 1772, as super- National Gazette," and Andrew J. Downing's cargo of one of his father's vessels. He travelled “ Horticulturist " in 1855-'60. He superintended extensively in Europe, and returned home after more than 100 volumes that do not bear his name, the battle of Lexington. He offered his services edited Walter Scott's “ Life of Napoleon” (1827); to Maryland and was appointed in 1776 captain of Celebrated Trials” (1835); “ Animal Magnetisın: the 6th company of Col. William Smallwood's regi- Report of Dr. Franklin with Additions” (1837); ment of the Maryland line. In April, 1776, Capt. Guide to Workers in Metals and Stones, with James Barron intercepted on the Chesapeake bay Thomas U. Walter (1846); “ Designs for Monuments a treasonable correspondence between Gov. Robert and Mural Tablets” (New York, 1846); “ Letters Eden (9. v.) and Lord George Germaine, and Gen. of Dr. Richard Hill" (1854); and “North American Charles Lee, who commanded the department, or- Sylva" (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1857); and was the dered Capt. Smith to proceed to Annapolis, seize author of “ Notes for a History of the Library Com- the person and papers of Gov. Eden, and detain pany of Philadelphia ” (1831); “ A Summer's Jaunt hiin until the will of congress was known. Upon Across the Water" (1842); and, with John F. Wat- his arrival at Annapolis the council of safety for- son, “ Historical and Literary Curiosities" (1846). bade the arrest, claiming that it was an undue as- -John Jay's son, Lloyd Pearsall, librarian, b. in sumption of authority. His regiment did eminent Philadelphia, 6 Feb., 1822 ; d. in Germantown, Pa., service at the battle of Long Island, where it lost 2 July, 1886, was graduated at Haverford college, one third of its men. He took a creditable part in Pa., in 1836, became hereditary assistant and treas- the battles of Harlem and White Plains, where he urer in the Philadelphia and Loganian library, and was slightly wounded, and in the harassing retreat in 1851 succeeded his father as librarian. He ed- through New Jersey. He was promoted to the ited • Lippincott's Magazine " in 1868–70, compiled rank of major, 10 Dec., 1776, and in 1777 to that vol. iii. of the catalogue of books belonging to the of lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Maryland regi- Library company of Philadelphia, including the ment, under Col. James Carvill Hall. He served index to the first three volumes, and, besides with credit at the attack on Staten island and at numerous magazine articles and pamphlets, was the Brandywine, and, upon the ascent of the Brit- the author of " Report to the Contributors of the ish fleet up the Delaware, was detached by Wash- Pennsylvania Relief Association for East Tennes- ington to the command of Fort Mifflin. In this see of a Commission of the Executive Committee naked and exposed work he maintained himself sent to examine that Region” (Philadelphia, 1864); under a continued cannonade from 20 Sept. till 11 “Remarks on the Existing Materials for forming a Nov., when he was so severely wounded as to make Just Estimate of Napoleon I." (New York, 1865); it necessary to remove him to the Jersey shore. ** Remarks on the Apology for Imperial Usurpation For this gallant defence congress voted him contained in Napoleon's · Life of Cæsar (1865); thanks and a sword. When he was not entirely " Address delivered at Haverford College before the recovered from the effects of his wound, he yet Alumni” (Philadelphia, 1869); “Symbolism and took part in the hardships of Valley Forge. He Science" (1885); and was the bibliographer of the took an active part in the battle of Monmouth. order of the Cincinnati.—Samuel's grandson, Sam. Being reduced, after a service of three years and a uel Joseph, poet, b. in Moorestown, N. J., in half, from affluence to poverty, he was compelled 1771; d. near Burlington, N. J., 14 Nov., 1835, to resign his commission, but continued to do duty was liberally educated, and, having inherited large as colonel of the Baltimore militia until the end wealth, lived on his estate, dividing his time be- of the war. In July, 1779, he was challenged to tween his farin, literature, and public benefactions. fight a duel with pistols by Col. Eleazer Oswald, Two of his lyrics are in “Lyra Sacra Americana,” one of the editors of the Maryland - Journal," and his “ Miscellanies,” with a memoir, were pub- published at Baltimore. The trouble grew out of lished (Philadelphia, 1836). the publication in the “ Journal” of Gen. Charles 6 588 SMITH SMITH vania. Lee's queries, “political and military," which re- He served in the city council of Baltimore, vis flected on Gen. Washington, and for which the president of the Baltimore club and the Maryland editors were mobbed. By the advice of friends, club, a director in the Baltimore and Ohio rail. Col. Smith declined the challenge. In 1783 he was road, and a trustee of the Peabody institute and of appointed one of the port-wardens of Baltimore, Washington university. and from 1790 to 1792 was a member of the SMITH, Samuel Émerson, jurist, b. in Hollis house of delegates. In consequence of the threat. N. H., 12 March, 1788; d. in Wiscassett, Me, 4 ened war with France and England in 1794, he was March, 1860. His father, Manasseh, was a chap appointed brigadier-general of the militia of Bal- lain in the Revolution, and subsequently a lawye timore, with the rank of major-general, and com- in Wiscassett. Samuel was graduated at Harvard manded the quota of Maryland troops engaged in in 1808, studied law, was admitted to the Boston suppressing the whiskey insurrection in Pennsyl- bar, settled in Wiscassett in 1812, and was in the In 1793 he was elected a representative in legislature in 1819–20. He was chief justice of congress, holding the place until 1803, and again the court of common pleas of Maine in 1821, a from 1816 till 1822. He was a member of the justice of the state court of common pleas ir. U. S. senate from 1803 to 1815, and from 1822 to 1822–30, governor in 1831-²4, again a judge of com- 1833. Under President Jefferson he served with mon pleas in 1835–'7, and a commissioner to revise out compensation a short time in 1801, as secretary the statutes of Maine in the latter year. of the navy, though declining the appointment, SMITH, Samuel Francis, clergyman, b. in He was a brigadier-general of militia, and served Boston, Mass., 21 Oct., 1808. He attended the as major-general of the state troops in the defence Boston Latin-school in 1820–'5, and was graduated of Baltimore in the war of 1812. He was one of at Harvard in 1829 and at Andover theological the originators of the Bank of Maryland in 1790, seminary in 1832. He was ordained to the ministry and one of the incorporators of the Library com- of the Baptist church at Waterville, Me., in 1834. pany of Baltimore in 1797, and of the Reisters- occupied pastorates at Waterville in 1834–42, and town turnpike company. He was among the pro- Newton, Mass., in 1842–54, and was professor of jectors of the Washington monument and the Bat- modern languages in Waterville college (now Collos tle monument at Baltimore. In August, 1835, when university) while residing in that city. He was he was in his eighty-third year, a committee of his editor of "The Christian Review” in Boston in fellow-citizens having called on him to put down a 1842–8, and editor of the various publications of mob that had possession of the city, he at once the Baptist missionary union in 1854–69. In consented to make the attempt, was successful, and 1875–²6 and 1880-2 he visited the chief missionary elected mayor of the city, serving until 1838.—His stations in Europe and Asia. He received the de son, John Spear, b. in Baltimore, Md., about 1790 ; gree of D. D. from Waterville college in 1854. Dr. d. there, 17 Nov., 1866, acted as volunteer aide- Smith has done a large amount of literary work. de-camp to his father in the defence of Baltimore mainly in the line of hymnology, his most noted in 1812–’14. While a young man he prepared, composition being the national hymn, “ My Cous- under government auspices, some volumes of valu- try, "Tis of Thee," which was written while he was able research on the commercial relations of the a theological student and first sung at a children's United States. He was appointed secretary of the celebration in the Park street church, Boston, 4 U. S. legation at London, and in 1811 was left in July, 1832. The missionary hymn, “ The Morning charge as chargé d'affaires by William Pinkney. Light is Breaking," was written at the same place He was a member of the Internal improvement and time. He translated from the German mest convention of Maryland in 1825, and upon the of the pieces in the “Juvenile Lyre ' (Boston. formation of the Maryland historical society in 1832), and from the “Conversations - Lexicon 1844 was made its first president, which post he nearly enough articles to fill an entire volume of held until his death. He was at one time judge the “Encyclopædia Americana” (1828–32). His of the orphans' court, and in 1833 was a presiden- collections of original hymns and poetry and poeti tial elector:- Robert, statesman, brother of Gen. cal translations have been published under the ti- Samuel, b. in Lancaster, Pa., in November, 1757; d. tles of “ Lyric Gems ” (Boston, 1843): “ The Psalm- in Baltimore, 26 Nov., 1842, was graduated at Prince- ist,” a noted Baptist hymn-book (1843); and “Rock ton in 1781, and was present at the battle of Bran- of Ages” (1866; new ed., 1877). He has also pub- dywine as a volunteer. He then studied law and lished a “Life of Rev. Joseph Grafton " (1848): practised in Baltimore. In 1789 he was one of the · Missionary Sketches" (1879; 2d ed., 1883): - His presidential electors, and he was the last survivor tory of Newton, Mass.” (1880); “ Rambies in Mis- of that electoral college. In 1793 he was state sion-Fields" (1884): and contributions to numer- senator, from 1796 till 1800 served as a member of ous periodicals. His classmate, Oliver Wendell the house of delegates, and from 1798 till 1801 sat Holmes, in his reunion poem entitled “ The Boys" in the first branch of the city council on Baltimore. thus refers to him: He was secretary of the navy from 26 Jan., 1802, “ And there's a nice youngster of excellent pith: till 1805, U.S. attorney-general from March till De- Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith: cember, 1805, and secretary of state from 6 March, But he chanted a song for the brave and the 1809, till 25 Nov., 1811. On 23 Jan., 1806, he was free- appointed chancellor of Maryland, and chief judge Just read on his medal, 'My country, of thee!** of the district of Baltimore, but he declined. He SMITH, Saralı Louisa Hickman, poet, b. in resigned the office of secretary of state, 1 April, Detroit, Mich., 30 June, 1811; d. in New York cits, 1811, and was offered the embassy to Russia, which 12 Feb., 1832. She wrote verses at an early age. he declined. He was president of an auxiliary of was liberally educated at her home in Newton, the American Bible society in 1813, president of Mass., and in 1829 married Samuel Jenks Smith. the Maryland agricultural society in 1818, and in of Providence, R. I. They removed to Cincinnati, 1913 succeeded Archbishop John Carroll as provost Ohio, in the same year, where she was a contributor of the University of Maryland. He was the author to the “ Gazette. Her verses evince a graceful of an “ Address to the People of the United fancy and poetic feeling, and her stanzas of States” (1811).-His son, Samuel W., b. near Bal- White Roses” are included in many collections. timore, 14 Aug., 1800, was educated at Princeton. She published “ Poems” (Providence, R. I., 1829) 9 . . SMITH 589 SMITH a 9 SMITH, Seba, journalist, b. in Buckfield, Me., / elected to the legislative council, but he resigned 14 Sept., 1792 ; d. in Patchogue, L. 1., 29 July, in 1863, and unsuccessfully contested Victoria for 1868. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1818, and the house of assembly. In 1866 he was appoint- subsequently settled in Portland, Me., as a jour- ed inspector of registry offices for Upper Canada, nalist, where he edited the “Eastern Argus," the which post he still holds. Family Recorder," and the “ Portland Daily SMITH, Sidney Irving, biologist, b. in Nor- Courier.” During the administration of President way, Me., 18 Feb., 1843. He was graduated at the Jackson he wrote a series of humorous and satiri- Sheffield scientific school of Yale in 1867, and was cal letters under the pen-name of Major Jack assistant in zoology from that time till 1876, Downing,” which attained wide celebrity. They when he was chosen professor of comparative were subsequently collected and published (Port- anatomy. He had charge of the deep - water land, 1833), and passed through several editions. dredging that was carried on in Lake Superior He removed to New York city in 1842, where he by the U. S. lake survey in 1871, and by the continued his profession of journalism until shortly U. S. coast survey in the region of St. George's before his death. His other publications include banks in 1872. Prof. Smith has also been associ- “ Powhatan," a metrical romance (New York, ated in the biological work of the U. S. fish com- 1841); “ New Elements of Geometry,” an ingenious mission on the New England coast since 1871. He but paradoxical attempt to overturn the common is a member of various scientific societies, and in definitions of geometry (1850); and “Way Down 1884 was elected to the National academy of East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life” (1855). — sciences. His papers have been published in the His wife, Elizabeth Oakes (PRINCE), author, b. in Reports of the U. S. Fish Commission,” “ Reports North Yarmouth, Me., 12 Aug., 1806, was educated of Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada," in her native town, married Mr. Smith early in and other government reports, and he has also life, and aided him in the editorship of several contributed memoirs on his specialties to the trans- papers. For three years she was in charge of the actions of scientific societies of which he is a mem- Mayflower,” an annual published in Boston, ber, and to technical journals. Mass. She removed with her husband to New SMITH, Solomon Franklin, actor, b. in Nor- York city in 1842, and engaged in literary pur- wich, Chenango co., N. Y., 20 April, 1801 ; d. in suits. She was the first woman in this country St. Louis, Mo., 20 April, 1869. After spending that ever appeared as a public lecturer. She also three years as a clerk in Albany, N. Y., he was ap- preached in several churches, and at one time prenticed to a printing establishment in Louisville, was pastor of an independent congregation in Ky. He joined Alexander Drake's dramatic com- Canastota, Madison co., N. Y. Her books include pany in 1820, withdrew at the end of the season, · Riches without Wings” (Boston, 1838); “ The studied law in Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1822 be- Sinless Child” (New York, 1841); “Stories for came the editor of the “Independent Press,” a Children” (Boston, 1847); Woman and her Jacksonian Democratic organ, and at the same time Needs” (1851); Hints on Dress and Beauty' a manager of the Globe theatre. The latter enter- (1852): Bald Eagle, or the Last of the Rama- prise proved unsuccessful; but he travelled with paughs” (London, 1867); The Roman Tribute," his company the next year and gained wide repu- à tragedy (1850); and “Old New York, or Jacob tation as a low comedian, his principal rôles being Leisler," a tragedy (1853). Mawworm in “The Hypocrite," Sheepface in “ The SMITH, Sidney, Canadian statesman, b. in Village Lawyer,” and Billy Lackaday in “Sweet- Port Hope, Upper Canada, 16 Oct., 1823. His hearts and Wives.” He abandoned theatrical man- grandfather, Elias, adhered to the cause of the agement and the stage in 1853, settled as a lawyer crown during the American Revolution, and, re- in St. Louis, and was a member of the Missouri moving to Canada, founded what is now the town state convention in 1861. He was an uncondi- of Port Hope. Sidney was educated at Cobourg tional Union man, and bore an active part in form- and Port Hope, studied law, and was admitted to ing a provisional government for the state. He the bar in 1844. He began practice at Cobourg, published " Theatrical Apprenticeship” (Philadel- in 1853 was elected warılen of the united counties phia, Pa., 1845); “ Theatrical Journey Work" of Northumberland and Durham, in 1854 was (1854); and an Autobiography" (New York, elected to the legislative assembly for the west 1868).-His son, Marcus, actor, b. in New Orleans, riding of Northumberland, and was twice re-elected La., 7 Jan., 1829 ; d. in Paris, France, 11 Aug., 1874, for this constituency. Till 1856 he supported the made his debut in New Orleans in 1849 as Dig- coalition of which Sir Allan Mac Nab was the head, gory in “ Family Jars.” He then connected him- but he then went into opposition. He afterward self with Wallack's theatre, New York city, where travelled in Germany for his health, and on 2 Feb., he became widely popular, subsequently playing suc- 1858, was appointed postmaster-general with a seat cessful star engagements in the principal cities in in the cabinet, which office he held till the resig- this country. He visited England in 1869, where nation of the government in 1862, with the excep- he was favorably received. When Edwin Booth tion of the period of the ministerial crisis in 1858, opened his theatre in New York city in February, when he became president of the council and 1869, Smith became his manager and was a mem- minister of agriculture. From 1858 till 1862 ber of his company for several years. His last Mr. Smith was a member of the board of rail- public appearance was in London, where he was way commissioners, and in 1858 he introduced connected with St. James's theatre. and carried through parliament the consolidated SMITH, Stephen, physician, b. in Onondaga jury act for Upper Canada, which is still the law county, N. Y., 19 Feb., 1823. He was educated in with a few unimportant changes. While postmaster the public schools and at Cortland academy, general he succeeded in forming arrangeinents with Homer, N. Y., and, after attending · lectures at the United States, France, Belgium, and Prussia Geneva and Buffalo, N. Y., medical college, was for the conveyance of mail matter across the graduated at the New York college of physicians Atlantic in Canadian steamers, and through Cana- and surgeons in 1850, became a resident physician da on the Grand Trunk railway. In 1860 Mr. at Bellevue hospital, and afterward settled in New Smith secured the abolition of Sunday labor in the York city. He became an attending surgeon to post-offices in Upper Canada. In 1861 he was Bellevue in 1854, was professor of surgery there in 9 590 SMITH SMITH 1861-5, and was then transferred to the chair of Mr. Smith continued pastor of the 1st church in anatomy. Since 1874 he has been professor of Portland more than sixty-eight years, and officiated clinical surgery in the medical department of in part of the services till within two years of his the University of New York. He became joint death. He kept an historical and personal diary editor with Dr. Samuel S. Purple of the “New from 1720 till 1788, a greater length of time prob- York Medical Journal” in 1853, its sole editor in ably than that during which any similar record 1857, changed it into a weekly and published it has been kept within the limits of the state. It under the name of the “ Medical Times," in 1860, was edited by the Rev. Samuel Freeman (Portland, and continued in its charge until 1863, when the 1821), and a new edition, with notes and a memoir paper was discontinued. He was among the first by William Willis, former president of the Maine to propose the organization of Bellevue medical historical society, was issued in 1849. college, and was a member of its faculty for ten SMITH, Thomas Church Haskell, soldier, b. years, and it was mainly due to his efforts that the in Acushnet, Mass., 24 March, 1819. He was Medical journal library was established. He made graduated at Harvard in 1841, was admitted to a thorough examination of the sanitary condition the bar of Cincinnati in 1844, engaged in the es- of New York in 1865, and presented to the legis- tablishment of the Morse telegraph system in the lature an official report of his investigations, which west and south, and was president of the New was published (New York, 1865). He was appoint- Orleans and Ohio telegraph company. At the be- ed by the governor a health commissioner in 1868. ginning of the civil war he became lieutenant- and reappointed by the mayor in 1870 and in 1872, colonel of the 1st Ohio cavalry, served under Gen. was chiefly instrumental in founding the Ameri- John Pope in Virginia, and became brigadier-gen- can health association in that year, and was its eral of volunteers in September, 1862. He was president for four terms. He was also active in placed in command of the district of Wisconsin organizing a National board of health, of which he in 1863 to quell the draft riots, became inspector- was appointed a member by the president in 1879. general of the Department of the Missouri in 1864, In 1882-8 he was state commissioner of lunacy, and while commanding that district dealt with the during which service he published six voluminous disturbances that arose from the return of 1.800 reports on the condition of the insane, and of the Confederate soldiers to their homes after the sur- institutions for their cure. Since 1880 he has been render. He carried out Gen. Pope's policy of a member of the State board of charities. He has withdrawing government troops from Missouri , tied the common iliac artery for aneurism, and was and restored the state without delay to its own the second in this country to perform Symes's am- civil control. He was mustered out of the vol- putation at the ankle-joint. He is a member of unteer service in 1866, and in 1878 entered the various medical societies, and has published" Mono- regular army as major and paymaster. In 1883 he graph of Seventy-five Cases of Rupture of the Uri- was retired. nary Bladder,” which was highly commended in SMITH, Thomas Kilby, soldier, b. in Boston, this country and abroad (1851), “ Hand-Book of Mass., 23 Sept., 1820; d. in New York city, 14 Dec., Surgical Operations” (1863), and “ Principles of 1887. His father, George, was a captain in the Operative Surgery” (1879). East Indian trade for many years, but removed to SMITH, Theophilus Washington, jurist, b. Ohio about 1828, and settled on a farm in Hamil- in New York city, 28 Sept., 1784; d. in Chicago, ton county. Thomas was graduated at Cincinnati Ill., 6 May, 1846. After serving in the U. S. college in 1837, read law with Salmon P. Chase, navy, he was admitted to the bar in his native was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practised till city, 11 Dec., 1805, having been a law-student in 1853, when he became bureau and special agent in the office of Aaron Burr, and a fellow-student with the post-office department in Washington, D. (. Washington Irving. On 2 April, 1806, he was He was U. S. marshal for the southern distriet of commissioned notary public by Gov. Morgan Ohio in 1855-'6, and subsequently deputy clerk of Lewis. In 1816 he visited the west in the interest Hamilton county, Ohio. He became lieutenant- of his father-in-law, who had a large estate in colonel in the 54th Ohio infantry in September, Ohio, and proceeding as far as Edwardsville, Ill., 1861, was promoted its colonel in October, and settled there. In 1823 he was elected state sena- commanded the regiment at Pittsburg Landing. tor, introduced and supported the original bill for the advance on Corinth, and the Vicksburg cam- the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal, paign. He was assigned to the 24 brigade, 21 divis- and was appointed one of the commissioners. In ion of the 15th army corps, in January, 1863, was 1825 he was elected judge of the supreme court of on a court of inquiry, and on staff duty with Gen. the state. In 1836 he removed to Chicago, and in Ulysses S. Grant from May till September, 1873, April, 1841, he was assigned the judgeship in the and was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 7th circuit of the state in addition to his duties as teers in August of that year. He commande judge of the supreme court. Failing health com- brigades in the 17th army corps, and led a division pelled him to resign his office, 26 Dec., 1842. of artillery, cavalry, and infantry in the Red river SMITH, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Boston, expedition. His special duty being to protect the Mass., 10 March, 1702; d. in Portland, Me., 25 gun-boats when the main body of the army at Sä. Mav, 1795. He was the son of Thomas Smith, a bine cross roads, endeavoring to reach Shreveport, well-known merchant of Boston, and was gradu- fell back, Gen. Smith was left with 2,500 men ated at Ilarvard in 1720. After leaving college he to protect the fleet in its withdrawal down the at once entered upon theological studies, and be- river. He accomplished the task in the face of gan to preach on 19 April, 1722. In June, 1725, opposing armies on both banks of the stream. he came for the first time to Falmouth (now Port- Subsequently he commanded the 30 division de land), then the extreme settlement in Maine, and i tachment of the Army of the Tennessee, and then preached for several months to the great satisfac- had charge of the district of southern Alabama tion of the people, who extended to him a call to and Florida and the district and port of Mobile. become their pastor, 26 April, 1726. This he did He was compelled to resign field duty in Juiy, not accept until 23 Jan., 1727, and he was publicly 1864, on account of the failure of his health, was ordained on 8 March of the same year. This salary brevetted major-general of volunteers, 5 March, was " £70 mot the first year besides his board.” 1865, and in 1866 became U. S. consul at Panama 1 SMITH 591 SMITH He removed to Torresdale, Pa., in 1865, and resided | in 1767, and held office nominally till 1782. Dur- there until his death. In the spring of 1887 he be- ing the Revolution he seems to have been at a loss came engaged in the business department of the as to which cause he should espouse. Gov. Tryon Star," New York city. He was an active member wrote to Lord George Germaine, 24 Sept., 1776, of the Loyal legion, and was at one time junior that “Smith has with- vice-commander of the Pennsylvania commandery. drawn to his plantation SMITH, Thomas Lochlan, artist, b. in Glas- up the North river, gow, Scotland, 2 Dec., 1835; d. in New York, 5 and has not been heard Nov., 1884. He came to the United States at an from for five months." early age, and was for a time the pupil of George It is probable he real- H. Boughton at Albany, N. Y., where he opened a ly joined the loyalists studio in 1859. Three years later he removed to about 1778; previous New York, and in 1869 was elected an associate of to that year he had the National academy. He devoted himself chiefly been confined on pa- to painting winter scenes. His “ Deserted House" role at Livingston and “Eve of St. Agnes” were at the Centennial ex- Manor on the Hudson. hibition at Philadelphia in 1876. But as he was in pos- SMITH, William, jurist, b. in Newport-Pag- session of his costly nell, Buckinghamshire, England, 8 Oct., 1697; d. furniture, his servants in New York city, 22 Nov., 1769. His father, and his family, and Thomas, a tallow-chandler, came to this country none of his property on account of his religious opinions in 1715, ac- had been confiscated, it companied by his three sons. William was brought is probable that the up as a Calvinist and a republican, was graduated Americans did not con- at Yale in 1719, served as tutor there for five years, sider him wholly inimical to them. When he final- and in 1724 returned to New York city and was ly attached himself to the British cause the Whigs admitted to the bar. His eloquence and address wrote scurrilous verses on his apostasy, and called soon brought him into notice, but in 1733 he was him the weather-cock. The royalists welcomed disbarred on account of his participation as coun- him with honors, although his motives were strong- sel in a lawsuit against Gov. William Cosby, where ly suspected. Fle went to England in 1783 with the principle that was involved was the right of the British troops, became chief justice of Canada the provincial council to provide a salary for one in 1786, and held office until his death. He was of their own number as acting governor during an upright and just judge, and, among the minor the interval between the death of one royal ap- changes that he instituted in the courts, established pointee and the arrival of another. He was re- the office of constable, whose duties before his ad- stored in 1736, and his son, William Smith, the his- ministration had devolved upon the soldiers. He torian, recites as an instance of his eloquence that was intimate with many eminent English statesmen. by his consummate art in telling the story of the He published, with William Livingston, “ Revised crucifixion he succeeded in inducing the New York Laws of New York, 1690–1762” (New York, 1762), assembly to reject all the votes of the Jewish mem- and “ History of the Province of New York from bers, and so to establish the disputed election of its Discovery in 1732," of which Chancellor James his client. He also practised extensively in Con- Kent says: It is as dry as ordinary annals," and necticut, and in 1743-'4 was counsel for that col- which John Neal calls “ a dull, heavy, and circum- ony in their case against the Mohegan Indians. stantial affair ” (London, 1793 ; republished, with He was appointed attorney-general and advocate- additions by William Smith, the third, 1814). —The general by Gov. George Clinton in 1751, succeed- second William's son, William, historian, b. in ing Richard Bradley, and served one year, but was New York, 7 Feb., 1769; d. in Quebec, Canada, not confirmed by the royal authorities. He became 17 Dec., 1847, accompanied his father to England a member of the governor's council in 1753, and in 1783, and returned with him to Canada in held office till 1767, when he was succeeded by his 1786, meanwhile attending a grammar-school near son, William. In that capacity he attended the Kensington, England. He became successively congress of the colonies that was held in Albany, clerk of the provincial parliament, master in chan- N. Y., in June, 1754, and was the member from cery, and in 1814 secretary of state for the colonies New York of the committee to draft the plan of and a member of the executive council. He pub- union, which he earnestly favored. In the same lished a History of Canada from its Discovery month he was a commissioner to fix the boundary- (2 vols., Quebec, 1815).—Another son of the first lines between New York and Massachusetts. He William, Joshua Hett, lawyer, b. in New York declined the oflice of chief justice of New York city in 1736; d. there in 1818, was educated for the in 1760, became the associate justice of the same bar, and practised with success. During the Revo- court in 1763, and held office until his death. The lution he was a Tory in politics, and in Benedict · New York Gazette" of the next week described Arnold's treason in 1780 figured as his tool or ac- him as “a gentleman of great erudition, the most complice. When André went up the Hudson river eloquent speaker in the province, and a zealous to meet Arnold, the two conspirators passed the and inflexible friend to the cause of religion and night of 22 Sept. at Smith's house. When the plot liberty.”—His son, William, historian, b. in New was complete André was ready to return, but, for York city, 25 June, 1728; d. in Quebec, Canada, 3 some reason that Smith never explained, the latter Nov., 1793, was graduated at Yale in 1745, studied refused to carry him on board the “ Vulture," but law, was admitted to the bar of New York city, and accompanied him by land to a place of supposed soon acquired an extensive practice. He was an safety, exchanging coats before they parted, for eloquent speaker, and many of his law opinions the better protection of André. Smith was subse- were collected and recorded by George Chalmers quently tried by a military court for his connection in his “Opinions on Interesting Subjects arising with the affair, and was acquitted, but taken into from American Independence" (1784). He became custody by the civil authorities and committed to chief justice of the provinces of New York in 1763, jail. After several months' imprisonment he es- succeeded his father as a member of the council caped in woman's dress and made his way to New 592 SMITH SMITH en- Wm)Smitt York, where he was protected by the loyal popula- | lished in 1786, but the alterations were never sanc- tion. He went to England at the close of the war, tioned by any action of the church. In 1789 the but subsequently returned to the United States. charter was restored by the legislature to the col- He published " An Authentic Narrative of the lege in Philadelphia, and Dr. Smith, on being in- Causes that led to the Death of Major André,” of vited to return, resumed his office as provost. He which Jared Sparks says: "The volume is not wor- spent the latter years of his life at his residence at thy of the least credit except when the statements Falls of Schuylkill , near Philadelphia, and en- are corroborated by other authorities” (London, gaged largely in secular pursuits, especially land 1808; New York, 1809). speculations. He was much given to scientific re- SMITH, William, clergyman, b. near Aber- search, was a man of more than ordinary ability deen, Scotland, in 1727; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 and broad culture, and was regarded as an eloquent May, 1803. He entered the college in his native and effective preacher. Besides separate sermons city, and was graduated in 1747. After spending and various addresses and orations, he published a several years in teaching he embarked for this collection of Discourses on Public Occasions country, and in (London, 1759 ; 2d ed., enlarged, 1763); - Brief 1752 was invited Account of the Province of Pennsylvania" (Lon- to take charge don, 2d ed., 1755; New York, 1865); a series of of the seminary eight essays, entitled “The Hermit,” in the "Amer- in Philadelphia, ican Magazine," at Philadelphia (1757-8); an ac- which subse-count of “ Bouquet's Expedition against the West- quently became ern Indians ” (1765: new ed., with preface by Fran- the University cis Parkman, Cincinnati, 1885); and an edition of of Pennsylvania. the poems of Nathaniel Evans, with a memoir He went to Eng. (1772). Shortly before his death he made a collec- land in 1753, re- tion of his printed sermons, addresses, etc., for ceived orders in publication. Bishop White furnished a preface, the Church of and added other sermons from manuscripts of Dr. England, and on Smith's, which were published in two vols. (Phila- his return the delphia, 1803). See Life and Correspondence of next year Rev. William Smith,” by his great-grandson, Horace tered upon hised- Wemyss Smith (2 vols., 1879). Dr. Smith's vignette ucational work. is from the portrait painted in 1800 by Gilbert He revisited Stuart. His daughter, Mrs. Blodget, was also т England in 1759, painted by the same artist.-His son, William received the de- Moore, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 June, gree of D. D. 1759; d. at Falls of Schuylkill, Pa., 12 March, 1821, from the University of Oxford, and was honored was graduated at the College of Philadelphia in subsequently with the same degree from Aberdeen 1775, studied law, and attained to a high rank in his college, and from Trinity college, Dublin. In addi- profession. He was appointed an agent for the tion to his work as an instructor, Dr. Smith engaged settlement of claims that were provided for in the actively in missionary duty as one of the Propaga- 6th article of John Jay's treaty, and visited England tion society's workers in Pennsylvania from 1766 in 1803 to close his commission, after which he re- till the opening of the Revolution. He favored the turned to Pennsylvania and devoted the remainder American view of the differences with England, of his life to scholarly pursuits. His publications in- and delivered a sermon in June, 1775, by request clude several political pamphlets and essays, and a of the officers of Col. Cadwallader's battalion, which volume of poems (Philadelphia, Pa., 1784; London, produced a sensation both here and in the mother 1786). - William Moore's son, William Rudolph, country. Subsequently he lost popularity in this politician, b. in La Trappe, Montgomery co., Pa., respect, and was looked on as giving doubtful sup- 31 Aug., 1787; d. in Quincy, Ill., 22 Aug., 1868, port to patriotic measures, the charge of disloyalty was carefully educated by his grandfather, Rev. being partially owing to his marriage to Rebecca William Smith, until 1803, when he accompanied daughter of Gov. William Moore. The charter of his father as private secretary to England, studied the College of Philadelphia was taken away by the law in the Middle Temple, and on his return was legislature of Pennsylvania in 1779, whereupon Dr. admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 1808. He Smith removed to Chestertown, Md., and became removed to Huntingdon county, Pa., the following rector of Chester parish. He established a clas- year, became deputy attorney-general for Cambria sical seminary, which was chartered as a college by county in 1811, and during the second war with the general assembly of Maryland in June, 1782. Great Britain, having previously been major-gen- It was named Washington college, and Dr. Smith eral of state militia, was appointed colonel of became its president. In May, 1783, a convention the 420 Pennsylvania reserves. He commanded of the clergy of Maryland was held for organiza- this regiment in support of the movement on tion of the American Protestant Episcopal church Canada under Gen. Winfield Scott, and partici- in that state, and Dr. Smith was chosen president. pated in the battle of Lundy's Lane. He subse- At a convention in June of the same year he was quently served many terms in both branches of the elected bishop of Maryland, but, as the election legislature, and in 1837 was appointed, with Gov. was not approved by many, and the general con- Henry Dodge, U. S. commissioner to treat with the vention of 1786 refused to recommend him for Chippewa Indians for the purchase of their pineries. consecration, he was not elevated to the episcopate. a large part of the territory that is now embraced He was several times clerical delegate to the general in the state of Minnesota. After successfully nego- convention, and was uniformly chosen president of tiating that enterprise he settled at Mineral Point, that body.' He was appointed in 1785 on the com- Wis., where he passed the remainder of his life. mittee to propose alterations in the liturgy, which He was adjutant-general of the territory of Wis- resulted in what is known in ecclesiastical litera- consin in 1839-'52, and district attorney of lowa ture as the “ Proposed Book.” In the preparation county for many years, presided over the first of this he had the chief part, and the book was pub- | Democratic convention in Wisconsin in 1840, and SMITH 593 SMITH 66 was clerk of the territorial council in 1846. He in 1864, and engaged in business in New York was a member of the Constitutional convention of city. On 3 July, 1887, he delivered an address at that year, took an active part in its proceedings, Gettysburg on the unveiling of the monument and was chairman of the committee on militia. erected in honor of Lieut. Alonzo H. Cushing and Mr. Smith was chief clerk of the state senate in the 4th V. S. artillery by the 71st Pennsylvania 1849–50, and attorney-general in 1856–8. For volunteers:- Another son of William, Charles, many years he was president of the Wisconsin his lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 March, 1765; d. torical society. He published : Observations on there, 18 March, 1836, was graduated at Washington Wisconsin Territory (Philadelphia, 1838); “ Dis- college, Md., in 1783, studied law with his brother, course before the State Historical Society" (Madi. William Moore Sinith, and was admitted to the son, Wis., 1850); and “ History of Wisconsin,” com- Philadelphia bar in 1786. He practised in Sunbury, piled by direction of the legislature (1st and 3d | Pa., for several years, was a delegate to the State vols., 1854; 2d and 4th vols., 1866).- Another son constitutional convention in 1792, settled in Lan- of William Moore, Richard Penn, author, b. in caster, Pa., and attained eminence as a land lawyer. Philadelphia, Pa., 13 March, 1799 ; d. in Falls of He became president judge in 1819 of the judicial Schuylkill, Pa., 12 Aug., 1854, evinced a fondness district composed of the counties of Cumberland, for literary pursuits at an early age, and con- Franklin, and Adams, and in 1820 of the newly tributed to the Union " a series of essays entitled | formed district court of Lancaster city and county. “ The Plagiary.” He studied law under William His later life was spent in Philadelphia. He was Rawle, the elder, was admitted to the bar in 1821, a member of the American philosophical socie- succeeded William Duane as editor and proprietor ty, and in 1819 received the degree of LL. I). of the Aurora" in 1822, and published it for five from the University of Pennsylvania. He was ap- years, during which it was one of the chief journals pointed by the legislature in 1810 to revise the of the country. He resumed practice in 1827, but laws of the state, and to frame a compilation of subsequently devoted much time to literary pur- them, which he published with a " Treatise on the suits, and was the author of several poems and Land Laws of Pennsylvania” (5 vols., Philadelphia, many plays, fifteen of which were produced on the 1810–12). - William's half-brother, Thomas, mem- Philadelphia stage, and in London, England, in ber of the Continental congress, b. near Aberdeen, most instances with decided success. Of these the Seotland, in 1745; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 June, best known are the tragedy of “Caius Marius," 1809, emigrated to this country at an early age, written for Edwin Forrest and acted by him in became deputy surveyor of an extensive frontier 1831, and the farces and comedies “ Quite Correct," district of Pennsylvania, and, establishing himself “ The Disowned," " The Deformed," A Wife at a in Bedford county, became prothonotary clerk, Venture," " The Sentinels," " William Penn," " The clerk of the sessions, and recorder. He early joined Water-Witch," “ Is She a Brigand ?? " My Uncle's the patriot cause, was a colonel of militia during Wedding,” “ The Daughter," “ The Actress of the Revolution, and a member of the State consti- Padua," and a five-act drama entitled the “ Vene- tutional convention in 1776, served several terms in tians.” He possessed brilliant social qualities and the legislature, and was in congress in 1780–2. a trenchant wit. Besides his plays he wrote He became judge of the courts of the counties of " The Forsaken,” a novel (2 vols., Philadelphia, Cumberland, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Franklin, 1831); “Life of David Crockett” (1836); “ Life of in 1791, and from 1794 until his death was a judge Martin Van Buren” (1836); and many tales. A of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. He was a selection of his miscellanies, with his memoir by devoted adherent of the Federal party. Thomas's Morton McMichael, was collected and published by son, George Washington, author, b. in Philadel- his son, Horace Wemyss Smith (1856), and his phia, Pa., 4 Aug., 1800; d. there, 22 April, 1876, “ Complete Works, embodied in his Life and Cor- was graduated at Princeton in 1818, studied law respondence” was also published by the latter au- under Horace Binney, and was admitted to the bar thor (4 vols., 1888).— His son, Horace Wemyss, of Philadelphia in 1823, but did not practise, and anthor, b. in Philadelphia county, Pa., 15 Aug., 1825, spent several years in Europe and Asia exploring was educated in the Philadelphia high-school, and the antiquities of those countries. He was a founder studied dentistry, but never practised, being early of the Pennsylvania historical society, for many inclined to literary pursuits. "He entered the Na- years one of its councillors, and at his death senior tional army in 1861, but soon returned to journal- vice-president. Mr. Smith possessed a large estate, ism, in which he had previously engaged, and has of which he gave liberally to benevolent objects. since devoted himself to literature. He collected He was a member of the vestry of Christ church, the Miscellanies” of his father that are referred Philadelphia, for more than thirty years, and an- to above, and is the author of “ Nuts for Future nually deposited $5,000 in its offertory for the Historians to Crack" (Philadelphia, 1856); “ York- benefit of the Episcopal hospital. He was a mem- town Orderly-Book” (1865); “ Life of Rev. William ber of the Ainerican philosophical society in Smith” (2 vols., 1880); and “ History of the German- 1840–76. He published " Facts and Arguments in town Academy” (1882). — Another son of Richard Favor of adopting Railroads in Preference to Penn, Richard Penn, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Canals ” (Philadelphia, 1824); “ Defence of the Pa., 9 May, 1837; d. in West Brighton, Staten Pennsylvania System in favor of Solitary Confine- island, N. Y., 27 Nov., 1887, was educated at West ment of Prisoners ” (1829); and several pamphlets Chester college, Pa. Immediately after leaving col- on similar subjects, and edited Nicholas Wood's lege he settled in Kansas, and successfully engaged treatise on " Railroads” (1832).— William's nephew, in business there, but returned to Philadelphia in William, clergyman, b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1860, became lieutenant in the 71st Pennsylvania 1754; d. in New York city, 6 April, 1821, was edu- volunteers, and rose to the rank of colonel. He cated at one of the Scotch universities (probably was engaged in the battles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Aberdeen). He studied for the ministry, and was White Oak Swamp, and Malvern Hill, covered admitted to orders in the Church of England about the retreat at second Bull Run, was wounded at 1780. He came to the United States in 1785, was Antietam, and at Gettysburg did good service by minister of Stepney parish, Md., for two years, then bringing guns into use against Gen. George E. became rector of St. Paul's church, Narragansett, Pickett's charge. He was mustered out of service R. I., for a year and a half, after which he accepted G VOL, V-38 594 SMITH SMITH the rectorship of Trinity church, Newport, in 1790. / served a third term in the state senate, but, differing This post he held for seven years. He aided in in politics from John C. Calhoun, removed to Ala- organizing the Episcopal church in Rhode Island, bama, that he might not reside where the latter's and delivered the sermon at its first convention in policy prevailed. He served several sessions in November, 1790. He next was rector of St. Paul's the legislature of that state, and declined in 1836 church, Norwalk, Conn., in 1797-1800, then re- the appointment of justice of the U. S. supreme moved to New York city, opened a grammar-school, court, which was offered him by President Jack- and acquired high reputation as a teacher. In 1802 son. Having bought large tracts of land in Louisi- he accepted the principalship of the Episcopal ana and Alabama during his first term in the academy, Cheshire, Conn., and gave instruction to U. S. senate, he accumulated a large fortune, built candidates for orders in connection with his other a costly residence in Huntsville, and died a mill- duties. In 1806 he returned to New York city, ionaire. He was an able though tyrannical judge, where he resumed teaching the classics, mostly to an implacable opponent, and an ardent friend. He private scholars. He performed clerical duty to was a state-rights advocate of the strictest sort, but some extent, but was never again settled in any opposed nullification as a new doctrine, a protec- parish. Dr. Smith was a man of superior ability tive tariff, and a national system of improveinents. and excellent scholarship and culture, possessing SMITH, William, governor of Virginia, b. in ready command of language, but he lacked good King George county, Va., 6 Sept., 1796; d. in War- judgment and skill in managing youth and guiding renton. Va., 18 May, 1887. He was educated at affairs. His ability was clearly displayed in the classical schools in Virginia and Connecticut, be- preparation of the Office of Induction of Ministers gan to practise law in Culpeper county, Va., in into Parishes." He was requested by the convoca- 1818, and engaged in politics. After serving the tion in Connecticut to prepare such an office, which Democratic party in a dozen canvasses as a politi- was approved and set forth with slight changes by cal speaker, he was chosen state senator in 1830, the general convention of 1804. It was issued served five years, and in 1840 was elected to con- again, with some alterations, in 1808; the title was gress, but was defeated in the next canvass, his changed to “ An Office of Institution of Ministers district having become strongly Whig. He then into Parishes or Churches,” and its use was made removed to Fauquier county, where in December, permissible. Dr. Smith was the author of “ The 1845, he was one day addressed as Governor Smith. Reasonableness of setting forth the Praises of God, He then heard for the first time that, without con- according to the Use of the Primitive Church, with sulting him, the Virginia legislature had chosen Historical Views of Metre Psalmody” (New York, him governor for the term beginning 1 Jan., 1816. 1814); " Essays on the Christian Ministry” (a con- He removed to California in 1850, was president troversial work in defence of episcopacy); “ Chants of the first Democratic convention that was held for Public Worship”; and several occasional ser- in that state, returned to Virginia the same year, mons and articles in magazines. and in 1853–'61 was a member of congress, during SMITH, William, member of the Continental which service he was chairman of the committee congress, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1730; d. there, on the laws of public printing. In June, 1861, he 27 March, 1814. He supported the patriot cause, became colonel of the 49th Virginia infantry, was a delegate to the Continental congress in and he was chosen soon afterward to the Con- 1777–8, served in the 1st congress in 1789-'91, federate congress, but he resigned in 1862 for having been chosen as a Federalist, was appointed active duty in the field. He was promoted briga- by Gen. Washington auditor of the treasury in July dier-general the same year, and severely wounded of the latter year, served three months, and was a at Antietam. He was re-elected governor in 1803, presidential elector in 1792, casting his vote for served till the close of the war, and subsequently George Washington. sat for one term in the state house of delegates. SMITH, William, statesman, b. in North Caro- | Although he was never a student of statesmanship, lina in 1762 ; d. in Huntsville, Ala., 10 June, 1840. he was a marvellously adroit politician, and few Nothing is known of his ancestry. He emigrated to members of the Democratic party were furnished South Carolina when he was very young and poor, with so large a number of ingenious pleas. As a sol- but obtained means to procure an education, and dier he was noted, on the contrary, for valor rather in 1780 was graduated at Mount Zion college, than tactical skill. Throughout his long career Winnsborough, S. C. He was admitted to the bar he was a familiar figure in many legislative bullies of Charleston, S. C., in 1784, served in the legisla- / and his eccentricities of habit and his humor en- ture for several years and in the state senate in deared him to his constituents. In early manhovi 1806–8, at the latter date, while president of the he established a line of post-coaches through Vir- senate, becoming circuit judge. He was chosen to ginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, on which he code congress as a Democrat in 1796, served one term, tracted to carry the U. S. mail. His soubriquet returned to the bench, and occupied it till 1816, of “Extra Billy," which clung to him throughout when he was elected to the U. S. senate to fill the his life, grew out of his demands for extra compeu- vacancy caused by the resignation of John Taylor, sation for that service. — His cousin, William serving in 1817–23. He was a Unionist candidate for Waugh, educator, b. in Warrenton, Fauquier cung re-election in 1822, but was defeated by Robert Y. Va., 12 March, 1845, was educated at the C'niver- Hayne. He was then chosen to the state house of sity of Virginia and at Randolph Macon college, representatives, and in 1825 led the party that re-entered the Confederate service at seventeen years versed John C. Calhoun's previous policy in South of age, fought through the war in the ranks, i wice Carolina. In December, 1826, he was returned to refusing commissions, and was wounded at the mi- the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of John tles of Fair Oaks and Gettysburg. He was princi- Gaillard. He was defeated in the next canvass, but pal of Bethel academy in 1871-'8, when he became during his senatorial service was twice president professor of languages in Randolph Macon, heid pro tempore, and declined the appointment of judge office till 1886, and since that time has been presi- of the supreme court of the United States. In dent of that college. He has published - Outlines 1829 he received the seven electoral votes of of Psychology” (New York, 1883), and "Chart of Georgia for the vice-presidency. In 1831 he signed Comparative Syntax of Latin, Greek, French, Ger- the appeal to the Union türty of South Carolina, man, and English ” (1885). . SMITH 595 SMITH was en- 02 neers. Ganskrit SMITH, William, naval officer, b. in Wash- | ons are situated. He was chairman of the New ington, Ky., 9 Jan., 1803; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 1 York state central Democratic committee in 1884, May, 1873. He entered the U. S. navy as a mid- and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland shipman in 1823, was attached to the Sea-Gull," assistant secretary of the treasury, which post he and served in Com. David Porter's squadron held till 1886, when he resigned to become gen- against the West Indian pirates. He became lieu- eral solicitor to the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and tenant in 1831, co-operated in the “Vandalia” with Manitoba railroad. His death was the result of the army in several expeditions against the Semi- overwork in that office. nole Indians in Florida in 1835–'7, and during the SMITH, William Farrar, soldier, b. in St. Al- Mexican war assisted at the capture of Tuspan and bans, Vt., 17 Feb., 1824. He was graduated at the Tobasco. He became commander in 1854, was in U. S. military academy in 1845, appointed to the charge of the “ Levant,” of the East Indian squad-corps of topographical engineers, and, after a year's ron, and participated in the capture of the barrier service on lake survey duty, was assistant professor forts at Canton, China, in 1856. During the civil of mathematics war he was in the frigate Congress ” when she at West Point was sunk by the “Merrimac,” became commodore, in 1846–²8. He 16 July, 1862, commanded the “Wachusett” and then gun-boats co-operating with Gen. George B. McClel- gaged in sur- lan's army in that year, and was subsequently in veys in Texas command of the Pensacola naval station till 9 Jan., for the Mexican 1865, when he was retired. boundary com- SMITH, William Andrew, clergyman, b. in mission, and in Fredericksburg, Va., 29 Nov., 1802; d. in Rich- Floridatill1855, mond, Va., 1 March, 1870. He was admitted to when he return- the Virginia conference of the Methodist Episco- ed to his for- pal church in 1825, became agent of Randolph Ma- mer duty at the con college in 1833, and was subsequently pastor military acade- of Methodist churches in Petersburg, Richmond, my. In 1853 he Norfolk, and Lynchburg, Va. He was a member became 1st lieu- of every Methodist general conference from 1832 tenant of topo- till 1814, of the Louisville, Ky., convention, at graphical engi- which the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was He was organized in the latter year, and of every general placed on light- conference of that body till his death. In 1846—66 house construc- he was president of Randolph Macon college, tion service in 1856, became captain of topographi- and during his occupation of that office he also cal engineers, 1 July, 1859, and was engineer secre- filled the chair of moral science there, and lectured tary of the light-house board from that year till in Virginia and North Carolina. He was trans- April, 1861. After serving on mustering duty in ferred to the St. Louis conference in 1866, and was New York for one month, he was on the staff of appointed by the general conference one of the Gen. Benjamin F. Butler in June and July, 1861, commissioners on the part of the southern church at Fort Monroe, Va., became colonel of the 3d Ver- to settle the property question with the Methodist mont volunteers in the latter month, and was en- Episcopal church. In 1869 he became president gaged in the deferoes of Washington, D. C. He of Central university, Mo. He edited the “Chris- became brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 Aug., tian Advocate” at Richmond, Va., for several participated in the Virginia peninsula campaign, years, and published “ Lectures on the Philosophy and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel , U. S. army, of Slavery," a defence of that institution as it ex- for gallant and meritorious service at the battle isted in the southern states (Richmond, Va., 1860). of White Oak Swamp, 30 June, 1862. He became SMITH, William E., statesman, b. in Scotland major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, and led in 1824. He came to this country when a boy, his division at South Mountain and Antietam, spent his youth in New York and Michigan, and receiving the brevet of colonel, U. S. army, 17 finally settled at Fox Lake, Wis., where he engaged Sept., 1862, for the latter battle. He was assigned in business. He was elected a member of the Legis- to the command of the 6th corps, and engaged lature in 1851 and re-elected in 1871, when he was at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., in Decem- made speaker of the house, Besides holding many ber, was transferred to the 9th corps in Febru- other offices, he has been twice elected governor of ary, 1863, and became major in the corps of en- Wisconsin, in 1877 and 1879, on the latter occasion gineers on 3 March. The next day his appoint- receiving the largest majority that was ever given ment of major-general of volunteers, not having to a governor in that state. He is earnestly en- been confirmed by the senate, expired by constitu- gaged in all philanthropic and Christian enter- tional limitation, and he resumed his rank of brig- prises, especially those connected with the Baptist adier-general in the volunteer service. He was in denomination, with which he is identified. command of a division of the Department of the SMITH, William Ernest, assistant secretary Susquehanna in June and July, 1863, became chief of the treasury, b. in Rockton, N., 8 June, 1852; engineer of the Department of the Cumberland in d. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 30 March, 1888. He was October, and of the military division of the Missis- graduated at Lafayette in 1872 with the degree of sippi in November, 1863. He was engaged in op- mining, engineer, admitted to the bar of Platts- erations about Chattanooga, Tenn., participating burg, N. Y., in 1875, and was its mayor in 1877–8. in the battle of Missionary Ridge. He rendered He was in the legislature in 1884, and became a important services in carrying out the Brown's leader of the supporters of Samuel J. Tilden. Dur- ferry movement, which made it possible not only ing this service he inserted in the supply bill what to maintain the Army of the Cumberland at Chat- is known as the “ Freedom of worship clause,” by tanooga, but to bring Sherman and Hooker to which an appropriation of $1,500 is paid to Roman its assistance. In his report to the joint commit- Catholic priests for their services to prisoners in tee of congress on the conduct of the war, Gen. the three parishes where the New York state pris- | George H. Thomas said : “ To Brig.-Gen. W. F. 596 SMITH SMITH Smith should be accorded great praise for the in- | lature, and was one of the governor's council. In genuity which conceived, and the ability which 1788 he was elected to the first congress, and his executed, the movement at Brown's ferry. When was the first contested election case before that the bridge was thrown at Brown's ferry, on the body, his opponent being Dr. David Ramsay, the morning of the 27th Oct., 1863, the surprise was as historian. Mr. Smith was sustained with only great to the army within Chattanooga as it was to one negative vote. He was an able and frequent the army besieging it from without.” The house debater, advocating, among other measures, a com- committee on military affairs, in April, 1865, unani- mercial treaty with England instead of France. mously agreed to a report that “as a subordinate, When Jay's treaty was before the senate, he was Gen. William F. Smith had saved the Army of burnt in effigy in Charleston, in the outburst of the Cumberland from capture, and afterward di- public feeling against it. He became chargé d'af- rected it to victory.” He was confirmed as major- faires to Portugal in 1797. In 1800 he was trans- general of volunteers in March, 1864, and in May ferred to the Spanish mission, which he held till assigned to the 18th corps, which he commanded 1801. He supported the administrations of Wash- at Cold Harbor and at Petersburg till July, when ington and Adams, but was a vehement opponent he was placed on special duty. On 13 March, of Jefferson, against whose pretensions to the 1865, he received the brevets of brigadier-general, presidency he published a pamphlet. His other U. S. army, for “ gallant and meritorious services works include Speeches in the House of Repre- at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn.," and that of sentatives of the United States " (London, 1791); major-general for services in the field during the “* Address to his Constituents” (1794); - Fourth- civil war. He resigned his volunteer commission of-July Oration” (1796); “ Comparative View of in 1865, and that in the U. S. army in 1867. He the Constitution of the States” (Philadelphia, became president of the International telegraph 1796); and several essays, published under the sig- company in 1865, police commissioner of New nature of “ Phocion” as “ American Arguments for York city in 1875, and subsequently president of British Rights” (London, 1806). the board. Since 1881 he has been a civil engineer. SMITH, William Nathan Harrell, jurist, b. He was known in the army as “ Baldy” Smith. in Murfreesborough, N. C., 24 Sept., 1812; d. in SMITH, William Henry, journalist, b. in Co- Raleigh, N. C., 14 Nov., 1889. He was graduaitd lumbia county, N. Y., 1 Dec., 1833. In 1836 his at Yale in 1834, studied at the law department parents emigrated to Ohio, where he had the best there, was admitted to practice in his native state educational advantages that the state then afforded. in 1840, and took high rank at the bar. He served He was tutor in a western college, and then assist in the legislature in 1840, and in the state senate ant editor of a weekly paper in Cincinnati, of which, in 1848, in which year he was chosen solicitor for at the age of twenty-two, he became editor, doing the 1st judicial circuit, and held office for two also editorial work on the “ Literary Review. terms of eight years. He was defeated as a Whig At the opening of the civil war he was on the edi- candidate for congress in 1856, returned to the leg. torial staff of the Cincinnati “Gazette," and dur- islature, was chosen to congress in 1858, and served ing the war he took an active part in raising troops one term. He declared himself for secession at the and forwarding sanitary supplies, and in political beginning of the civil war, was a member of the work for strengthening the government. He was Confederate congress in 1861–5, and of the North largely instrumental in bringing Gov. John Brough Carolina legislature in the latter year. During the to the front as the candidate of the united Republic administration of President Johnson he aided in the cans and War Democrats; and at Brough's elec- reconstruction of the state according to the policy tion, in 1863, he became the latter's private secretary. that he suggested. Ile practised his profession in The next year he was elected secretary of state of Norfolk, Va., in 1870–2, returned to North Caro- Ohio, and he was re-elected in 1866. He retired from lina in the latter year, and settled in Raleigh. He public office to establish the “ Evening Chronicle” was appointed chief justice of the state supreme at Cincinnati, but, his health giving way, he was court, succeeding Richmond W. Pearson in 1878 forced to withdraw from all active work. In 1870 and continued to serve by re-election after that date. he took charge of the affairs of the Western asso- SMITH, William Russell, congressman, b. in ciated press, with headquarters at Chicago. In Tuscaloosa, Ala., 8 Aug., 1813. He was educatid 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes collect at the University of Alabama, but was not gradu- or of the port at that city, and was instrumental ated, and began the practice of law in Greensboro in bringing about important reforms in customs ough, Ala. He served in the Creek war in 1836 as methods in harmony with the civil-service policy a captain of volunteer infantry, removed to Tusa- of the administration. In January, 1883, he effect- loosa in 1838, founded the Monitor " in that city, ed the union of the New York associated press with and was mayor in 1839. He was a circuit judge the Western associated press, and became general and major-general of state militia in 1850-'1, and manager of the consolidated association. Mr.: in the former year was chosen to congress as a Smith is a student of historical subjects. He is Whig, serving by re-election till 1857. During his author of "The St. Clair Papers" (2 vols., Cincin- last term in that office he delivered a notable nati, 1882), a biography of Charles Hammond, and speech in denunciation of Louis Kossuth. He was many contributions to American periodicals. He a member of the Alabama convention in 1861, op- has partly completed (1888) a “* Political History of posed secession, but after the opening of hostilities the United States." By his investigations in the sat in the Confederate congress till 1865. He was British museum he has brought to light many un- president of the University of Alabama for severu. published letters of Washington to Col. Henry years after the war, but resigned to devote himxif Bouquet, and has shown that those that were pub- to his profession and to literary pursuits. He has lished by Jared Sparks were not given correctly. published The Alabama Justice " (New York, SMITII, William Loughton, diplomatist, b. 1841); “ The Uses of Solitude," a poem (albury, in Charleston, S. C., in 1758; d. there in 1812. Ile N. Y., 1860); " Isit Is," a novel (Tuscaloosa, 1; was educated in England, and in Geneva, Switzer- “ Condensed Alabama Reports" (1862); and several land, studied law in the Middle Temple, and re- poems and legal pamphlets. turned to Charleston in 1783, after an absence of SMITH, William Sooy, civil engineer. b in thirteen years. He was twice chosen to the legis- i Tarlton, Ohio, 22 July, 1830. He was graduated SMITH 597 SMITHSON 66 at Ohio university in 1849, and at the U. S. mili- SMITH, Worthington, educator, b. in Hadley, tary academy in 1853. He resigned in 1854 and Mass., in 1795; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 13 Feb., 1856. became assistant to Lieut.-Col. James D. Graham, He was graduated at Williams in 1816, studied of the U. S. topographical engineers, then in charge at Andover theological seminary, and was licensed of the government improvements in the great lakes. to preach in 1819. He was pastor of a Congrega- In 1855 he settled in Buffalo, N. Y., and was prin- tional church in St. Albans, Vt., from 1823 till cipal of a high-school. In 1857 he made the first 1849, and from 1849 until his death president of surveys for the international bridge across Niag- the University of Vermont, which gave him the ara river, and was employed by the city of Buf- degree of D. D. in 1845. He published "Sermon falo as an expert to examine the bridge plans that on Popular Instruction” (St. Albans, Vt., 1846), were submitted. He was then elected engineer and “Inaugural Discourse ” (1849). His “ Select and secretary of the Trenton locomotive-works, Sermons” were edited, with a memoir, by the Rev. N. J., which was at that time the chief iron-bridge Joseph Torrey (Andover, 1861). manufacturing company in this country, and he SMITH, Zachariah Frederick, author, b. in continued so until 1861. While serving in this Henry county, Ky., 7 Jan., 1827. He was partially capacity he was sent to Cuba by the company, and educated at Bacon college, Ky., engaged in farm- he also constructed an iron bridge across Savan- ing, and during the civil war was president of nah river, where he introduced improvements in Henry college, Newcastle, Ky. He served four sinking cylinders pneumatically. The beginning years as superintendent of public instruction for of the civil war stopped this work, and he was ap- Kentucky, was the originator and for four years pointed lieutenant-colonel of Ohio volunteers and president of the Cumberland and Ohio railroad assigned to duty as assistant adjutant-general at company, became interested in the construction of Camp Denison. On 26 June, 1861, he was com- railroads in Texas, and was four years manager for missioned colonel of the 13th Ohio regiment and a department of the publishing-house of D. Apple- participated in the West Virginia campaigns, ton and Co., of New York. He was a founder, and after which he joined the Army of the Ohio, and for twelve years president, of the Kentucky Chris- was present at Shiloh and Perryville. He was tian education society. He has published a “His- promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 tory of Kentucky” (Louisville, Ky., 1886). April, 1862, and commanded successively the 2d SMITH IRIŠARRI, Antonio, South Ameri- and 4th divisions of the Army of the Ohio until can artist, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1832; d. there, late in 1862, after which he joined the army un- 24 May, 1877. He was educated in the National der Gen. Grant and took part in the Vicksburg institute, and in 1849 entered the academy of paint- campaign as commander of the 1st division of the ing in the University of Chili. He served as a 16th corps. Subsequently he was made chief of conscript in 1853–7, but returned afterward to cavalry of the Department of the Tennessee, and as his art, and in 1858 was employed as a carica- such was attached to the staffs of Gen. Grant and turist on the “Correo Literario." In 1859 he went Gen. William T. Sherman until, owing to impaired to Europe and studied in Florence under Charles health, he resigned in September, 1864. Return- Marcó. "On his return to Chili in 1866 he opened ing to his profession, he built the Waugoshanee a studio, devoted himself to landscape-painting, light-house at the western entrance of the Straits and soon acquired fame as an artist, obtaining the of Mackinaw, where in 1867 he sank the first pneu- grand premium in the national exposition of 1872. matic caisson. He aided in opening the harbor of His principal pictures are “ The Valley of Santi- Green Bay, Wis., and has been largely engaged in ago, “ A Moonlight Night,” “A Waterfall,” building, bridges. He built the first great all. Wood Wood Scenery in the Mountains,” “A Sunset steel bridge in the world, across Missouri river at in the Andes," • Surrounding of a Mountain- Glasgow, Mo., and was concerned in the construc- Lake,” and “ Mist on the Sea-Shore.” tion of the Omaha and the Leavenworth bridges, SMITHSON, James, philanthropist, b. in Eng- as well as many others, including that over Mis- land about 1754 ; d. in Genoa, Italy, 27 June, 1829. souri river at Plattsmouth, Neb. Gen. Smith has He was a natural served on numerous engineering commissions, both son of Sir Hugh for the government and for private corporations. Smithson, the first He is a member of the American society of civil Duke of Northum- engineers, and was president of the Civil engineers’ berland, and Mrs. club of the northwest in 1880. His writings have Elizabeth Macie, been confined to reports and professional papers. heiress of the Hun- SMITH, William Stephens, soldier, b. in New gerfords, of Stud- York city in 1755; d. in Lebanon, N. Y., 10 June, ley, and niece to 1816. He was graduated at Princeton in 1774, Charles, Duke of studied law, but entered the Revolutionary army as Somerset. Forsome aide to Gen. John Sullivan, was lieutenant-colonel time he bore the of the 13th Massachusetts regiment from Novem- name James Lewis ber, 1778, till March, 1779, and received several (or Louis) Macie, wounds while holding this command. He subse- but after 1791 he quently served for a short time on Baron Steuben's changed it to James staff, and was aide-de-camp to Gen. Washington Smithson. He was from 1781 till the close of the war. He married graduated at Ox- the only daughter of John Adams, and in 1785 ac- ford in 1786, and companied bim on his mission to Englandas Geo bad the reputation Janus Smiškoon retary of legation. by Gen. of excelling all Washington marshal of the district of New York er resident mem- in 1789, and afterward surveyor of the port of bers of the university in the knowledge of chem- New York, for three years was a member of the as- istry. In 1787, as a gentleman well versed in sembly, and sat in congress in 1813-'15. He be- various branches of natural philosophy and par- came secretary of the New York state society of ticularly in chymistry and mineralogy," he was the Cincinnati in 1790, and its president in 1795. recommended for election to the Royal society, 598 SMYBERT SMITHSON à of which body in later years he was a vice-presi- , congress, but in August, 1846, the Smithsonian in- dent. His first paper, presented to the society in stitution was founded, and an act of congress was 1791, was “* An Account of some Chemical Experi- passed directing the formation of a library, a mu- ments on Tabasheer,” and was followed from that seum (for which it granted the collections belong. time until 1817 with eight other memoirs treating ing to the United States), and a gallery of art, for the most part of chemical analyses of various while it left to the regents the power of adopting substances, principally minerals. He lived chiefly such other parts of an organization as they may abroad, engaged in extensive tours in various parts deem best suited to promote the objects of the be- of Europe, making minute observations wherever quest. Joseph Henry was chosen its executive he went on the climate, physical features, and officer, and under his wise management the insti- geological structure of the locality visited, the tution has developed until it has grown to be one characteristics of its minerals, the methods em- of the most important scientific centres of the ployed in mining or smelting ores, and in all kinds world. A portion of the institution, of which the of manufactures. Desirous of bringing to the corner-stone was laid 1 May, 1847, is seen in the practical test of actual experiment everything that accompanying illustration. On 24 Jan., 1865, a came to his notice, he fitted up and carried with part of it was destroyed by fire. See “The Scien- him a portable laboratory. He collected also a tific Writings of James Smithson” (Washington, cabinet of minerals, composed of thousands of 1879); “The Smithsonian Institution : Documents minute specimens, including all the rarest gems, relative to its Origin and History,” by William J. so that immediate comparison could be made of a Rhees (1879); and “Smithson and his Bequest," novel or undetermined specimen with an accu- by William J. Rhees (1880). rately arranged and labelled collection. · Among SMOCK, John Conover, geologist, b. in Holm- the minerals that he examined was a carbonate of del, N. J. , 21 Sept. , 1842. He was graduated at zinc that he discovered among some ores from Rutgers in 1862, and was tutor in chemistry at Somersetshire and Derbyshire, England, that was that institution in 1865–7. In 1867 he became pro- named Smithsonite in his honor by the great French fessor-elect of mining and metallurgy, and he held mineralogist, Beudant. From 1819 till his death full possession of the chair in 1871-'85. Mean- his scientific memoirs were contributed to Thom- while he studied at the Berg-Akademie and at the son's “ Annals of Philosophy.” Besides his con- university of Berlin in 1869-'70, and he was assistant nection with the Royal society, he was long a mem- on the geological survey of New Jersey in 1864'85, ber of the French institute. He died in Genoa, except during 1869-'70. Prof. Smock was ap- where he had been residing temporarily, and a pointed assistant-in-charge of the New York state monument was erected to his memory in the Prot- museum in 1885, which place he now (1888) holds. estant cemetery. His illegitimate birth seems The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by to have induced a strong desire for posthumous Lafayette in 1882. He was a manager of the fame, although his scientific reputation was of the American institute of mining engineers in 1875–7. best, and at one time he writes: “ The best blood Prof. Smock is the author of numerous papers that of England flows in my veins; on my father's have been contributed to the transactions of so- side I am a Northumberland, on my mother's I am cieties of which he is a member, and was associated related to kings: but it avails me not. My name with Prof. George H. Cook in the preparation of shall live in the memory of man when the titles of the annual reports of the geological survey of New Jersey for the years 1871-'84, and also in the separate volumes on the “Geology of New Jersey” (Newark, 1868) and the “ Report on Clay Deposits (1878). He has recently issued, from the New York state museum of natural history, Bulletin No. 3, “ On Building-Stones in New York” (Albany, 1888). SMYBERT, or SMIBERT, John, artist, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, about 1684; d. in Boston, Mass., in 1751. He had some elementary instruc- tion in Edinburgh, and subsequently studied in Sir James Thornhill's academy in London. Then followed a three years' sojourn in Italy, where he was commissioned by the grand-duke of Tuscany to paint the portraits of some Siberian Tartars. After his return to London, Bishop Berkeley en- gaged him as professor of the fine arts in his projected college in Bermuda, and he accompanied Berkeley to this country, arriving at Newport in the Northumberlands and the Percys are extinct 1729. The Bermuda project proving a failure, and forgotten.” In order to carry out his ambi- Smybert went to Boston, where he established tion he bequeathed his property, about £120,000, himself as a portrait-painter, and married in 1730. to his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, for his Gulian C. Verplanck said of him: “Smybert was life, and after his decease, to his surviving chil- not an artist of the first rank, for the arts were dren, but in the event of his dying without a then at a very low ebb in England, but the best child or children, then the whole of the property portraits which we have of the eminent magis- was " left to the United States for the purpose of trates and divines of New England and New York founding an institution at Washington to be who lived between 1725 and 1751 are from his called the Smithsonian institution for the increase pencil." His most important work is the painting and diffusion of knowledge among men.” By the of Bishop Berkeley and his family, executed in death of his nephew in 1835 without heirs, the 1731, and presented to Yale college in 1808. Other property devolved upon the United States, and on portraits from his hand, including those of Jona- i Sept., 1838, after a suit in chancery, there was ihan Edwards, Judge Edmund Quincy, Gov. John paid into the U. S. treasury $508,318.46. The dis- Endicott, and Peter Faneuil, are in the possession position of the bequest was for several years before of the Boston museum of fine arts, the Massachu- SMYTH 599 SMYTH setts historical society, the New England historic- floating kidney to the wound to retain the organ genealogical society, and Bowdoin college, and in in place instead of extirpation. From 1862 till various private collections. The Berkeley group 1877 he was a member of the board of health of is said to have been sketched at sea during the Louisiana, and in 1881-'5 was superintendent of voyage from England, although the child in the the U.S. mint in New Orleans, and now (1888) prac- arms of its mother must have been added later, as tises his profession in that city: Dr. Smyth has it was born in America. This was the first paint published a brochure on the “ Collateral Circulation ing of more than a single figure that was executed in Aneurism” (New Orleans, 1876; 2d ed., 1877), in this country. Horace Walpole, in his “ Anec- and a paper on "The Structure and Function of dotes of Painting” (Strawberry Hill, 1762–71), calls the Kidney,” giving original views on the anatom- Smybert “ a silent and modest man, who abhorred ical and physiological construction and action of the finesse of some of his profession, and was en- the Malpighian bodies, contending that a commu- chanted with a plan that he thought promised him nication between the interior of the capsule of these tranquillity and an honest subsistence in a health- bodies and the uriniferous tubules could not exist, ful elysian climate.” Walpole and George Vertue and that excretion in the organ is carried on by spelled the name Smibert. His works are said to systolic pressure and diastolic relaxation, which are have had much influence on Copley, Trumbull, and correlative, and effected by constriction of the Allston. The last has spoken of the instruction he efferent artery of the glomerule. gained from a copy after Vandyke, by Smybert.- SMYTH, Clement, R. C. bishop, b. in Finlea, Ilis son, Nathaniel, b. in Boston, 20 Jan., 1734; d. County Clare, Ireland, 24 Jan., 1810; d. in Dubuque, there, 8 Nov., 1756, showed great talent for portrait- Iowa, 27 Sept., 1865. He received his early educa- ure. Judge Cranch, of Quincy, Mass., wrote of him: tion in his native village and in a college in Lim- “ Had his life been spared, he would probably have erick, and afterward was graduated at Dublin been in his day what Copley and West have since university. He then entered a convent of the Pres- been—the honor of America in imitative art.” His entation order in Youghal, and subsequently be- portrait of John Lovell is owned by Ilarvard. came a Trappist in the monastery of Mount Melleray, SMYTH, Alexander, lawyer, b. on the island Waterford. He established a college in connection of Rathlin, Ireland, in 1765; d. in Washington, with the monastery, which is still one of the chief D. C., 26 April, 1830. He came to this country in educational institutions in Ireland. Having com- 1775, settled in Botetourt county, Va., and, after pleted his ecclesiastical studies, he was ordained a receiving an academic education, studied law, was priest in 1844. He was sent by his brethren at the admitted to the bar in 1789, and began to practise head of a body of Trappists to solicit alms in the in Abingdon, but removed to Wythe county in United States during the Irish famine, and also to 1792. For many years he was a member of the select a suitable place for a Trappist monastery; Virginia house of representatives, and he was ap- He landed in New York in the spring of 1849, and pointed by President Jefferson, on 8 July, 1808, travelled extensively through the country, finally colonel of a U. S. rifle regiment, which he com- reaching Dubuque. 'Here he was offered by Bishop manded in the southwest until 1811, when he was Loras a grant of land in Dubuque county, Iowa, ordered to Washington to prepare a system of which he increased by purchase to more than 1,600 discipline for the army. On 6 July, 1812, he was acres. By good management and the manual labor appointed inspector - general, and ordered to the of himself and his companions, he brought this Canadian frontier, where he failed in an invasion farm into a state of great productiveness, and then of Canada, was removed from the army, and re- founded on it the monastery of New Melleray, of sumed his profession. He was made a member of which he was elected prior. He built a church the Virginia board of public works, served in the for the congregation that he had organized in the house of representatives, and was elected to con- neighborhood, and established a free school, which gress as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., 1817, till was largely attended by children of every denomi- 3 March, 1825, and again from 3 Dec., 1827, till nation. Having increased the number of his 17 April, 1830. Gen. Smyth was the author of monks to forty-seven, and placed the different in- Regulations for the Infantry” (Philadelphia, stitutions he had founded on a basis of great pros- 1812) and “ An Explanation of the Apocalypse, or perity, he set out for St. Paul in 1856. In the fol- Revelation of St. John” (Washington, 1825). lowing year he was appointed coadjutor to Bishop SMYTH, Andrew Woods, physician, b. near Loras, of Dubuque, and he was consecrated on 3 Londonderry, Ireland, 15 Feb., 1833. He settled May, with the title of Bishop of Thanasis in par- in New Orleans in 1849, was graduated at the tibus. He succeeded to the bishopric in Febru- medical department of the University of Louisi- ary, 1858. He at once essayed to finish the cathe- ana in 1858, and was house-surgeon of the Charity dral, which had been begun some time before, and hospital in New Orleans from 1858 till 1878. Here soon had it ready for service. He visited every he performed, on 15 May, 1864, the first and only part of the diocese, and made successful efforts to recorded operation of tying successfully the arteria furnish priests and churches for the congregations innominata for subclavian aneurism. All previous that were springing up in every part of lowa. attempts had failed, and his success was attributed | During his episcopate the number of churches in- to ligating, where secondary hæmorrhage had oc- creased from 50 to 84, with 8 chapels and 20 sta- curred, the vertebral artery, which prevented re- tions, the number of priests from 37 to 63, and that gurgitant hæmorrhage. Dr. Valentine Mott, who of Roman Catholics from 45,000 to over 90,000. was the first to perform this operation in New York, The Sisters of Charity largely increased the num- in 1818, and who never doubted its ultimate suc- ber of their institutions, and the Society of St. cess, said that Dr. Smyth's operation had afforded Vincent de Paul was established in every parish. him more consolation than all others of a similar SMYTH, John Ferdinand D., British soldier, nature, Ile also made the first successful reduc- I lived in the eighteenth century. He came to Vir- tion of a dislocation of the femur of over nine ginia, and, after travelling in the west and south, months' duration, in 1866, and performed the op- settled in Maryland, where he cultivated a farm eration of extirpation of the kidney in 1879, then for several years. During a visit to the sons of almost unknown to the profession" (nephrotomy), 1 Col. Andrew Lewis in Virginia he joined the troops and in 1885 that of nephorrhaphy, attaching a \ that were ordered out by Gov. Dunmore, and ac- 600 SNEAD SMYTH 99 companied Maj. Thomas Lewis to the Kanawha, 1 ogy at Andover, and in 1825 was made adjunct participating in the action against the Indians in professor of mathematics at Bowdoin, being ap which Maj. Lewis was killed. On his return he pointed in 1828 to the full chair, which he heid found Maryland agitated by the beginning of the until his death. In 1845 he became adjunct pri- Revolution. He supported the British government fessor of natural philosophy. He was the author so earnestly that his house was surrounded by of numerous valuable text-books, which had an er- armed troops, which threatened his capture. Es- tensive sale. These include “ Elements of Algebra caping twice, he fled to Virginia, hiding in the (Brunswick, Me., 1833); “ Elementary Algebra for Dismal Swamp, passed the guards at Suffolk, and Schools” (1850); “ Treatise on Algebra” (1852): enlisted in the Queen's royal regiment in Norfolk. • Trigonometry, Surveying, and Navigation The officers were seized by a company of riflemen (1855); “Elements of Analytical Geometry" (1855); at Ilagerstown and taken to Frederick, Md. Smyth “Elements of the Differential and Integral Cal- escaped, and travelled across the Alleghanies, but culus" (1856; 2d ed., 1859); and “ Lectures on was recaptured and imprisoned in Philadelphia, Modern History,” edited by Jared Sparks (Boston, and afterward in Baltimore. Escaping again, he 1849).- His son, Egbert Coffin, clergyman, b. in gained with difficulty a British ship off Cape May, Brunswick, Me., 24 Aug., 1829, was graduated at N. J., and visited New York and New England. Bowdoin in 1848 and at Bangor theological semi- Subsequently he published " A Tour in the United nary in 1853. He was professor of rhetoric at States of America" (2 vols., London and Dublin, Bowdoin in 1854-6, and of natural and revealed 1784; in French, Paris, 1791). John Randolph religion from 1856 till 1863, since which time he of Roanoke said: “This book, although replete with has been professor of ecclesiastical history at An- falsehood and calumny, contains the truest picture dover theological seminary, Since 1878 he has been of the state of society and manners in Virginia also president of the faculty. Bowdoin gave him (such as it was half a century ago) extant." the degree of D. D. in 1866, and Harvard the same SMYTH, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Belfast, in 1886. He has edited the “ Andover Review Ireland, 14 July, 1808; d. in Charleston, S. C., 20 since its foundation in 1884, and, in addition to Aug., 1873. He was educated in Belfast and Lon- pamphlet sermons and a lecture on the “ Value of don, and in 1830 came with his parents to New the Study of Church History in Ministerial Edu- York. He entered Princeton theological seminary cation" (1874), has published, with Prof. William L. in the same year, was ordained in 1831, and from Ropes, a translation of Gerhard Uhlhorn's “ Conflict 1832 until his death was pastor of the 2d Presby- of Christianity and Heathenisı" (New York, 1879). terian church of Charleston, S. C. Princeton gave -- Another son, Samuel Phillips Newman, cler- him the degree of D. D. in 1843. He collected a gyman, b. in Brunswick, Me., 25 June, 1843, was valuable theological library of about 12,000 vol- graduated at Bowdoin in 1863, and began to study umes, and was the author of a large number of theology at Bangor. He then taught in the naval books, among which are “Lectures on the Prelati- academy at Newport, R. I., entered the military cal Doctrine of Apostolic Succession (Boston, service as 1st lieutenant of a Maine regiment, be- 1840); · Ecclesiastical Catechism of the Presby- came acting quartermaster, and commanded his terian Church” (1841); " Presbytery and not Prel- company in the advance on the Weldon railroad, acy the Scriptural and Primitive Polity” (1843; Va... At the close of the war he resumed his theo- Glasgow, 1844); “ History, etc., of the Westminster logical studies, and after graduation at Andorer Assembly.” (New York, 1844); " Calvin and his in 1867 was pastor of a mission chapel in Provi- Enemies” (Philadelphia, 1844); Prelatical Rite dence, R. I. He was pastor of the 1st Congrega- of Confirmation Examined" (New York, 1845); tional church in Bangor, Me., in 1870–5, and of “ The Name, Nature, and Functions of Ruling Eld- the 1st Presbyterian church in Quincy, Ill., in ers (1845); “Union to Christ and His Church” 1876–82. Since 1882 he has had charge of the 1st (Edinburgh, 1846); “ The Unity of the Human Congregational church in New Haven, Conn. The Races proved to be the Doctrine of Scripture, University of the city of New York gave him the Reason, and Science” (New York, 1850; Edin- | degree of D. D. in 1881, and elected him professor burgh, 1851); “ Nature and Claims of Young of intellectual and moral philosophy, which chair Men's Christian Associations” (Philadelphia, 1857); he declined. He is the author of The Religious “ Faith the Principle of Missions” (1857); " Why Feeling. a Study for Faith" (New York, 1877); Do I Live” (1857); “ Well in the Valley” (1857); “Old Faiths in New Light” (1879); “ The Ortho- and “Obedience, the Life of Missions” (1860). dox Theology of To-Day” (1881); and a volume of SMYTH, Thomas A., soldier. b. in Ireland ; sermons entitled “The Reality of Faith" (1884). d. in Petersburg, Va., 9 April, 1865. In his youth SMYTHE, Sir James Carmichael, bart., Brit- he emigrated to this country, settling in Wilming- ish soldier, b. in Scotland about 1775; d. in British ton, Del., where he engaged in coach-making. At Guiana, 4 March, 1838. His father, James Car- the beginning of the civil war he raised a com- michael Smythe, M. D., was physician extraorli- pany in Wilmington and joined a three months' nary to George III. The son entered the British regiment in Philadelphia, serving in the Shenan- army, served in Canada in 1812-'15, and became a doah valley. On his return he was made major of major-general in 1825. He was made a baronet in a Delaware regiment, rose to the ranks of lieuten- 1821, and was governor of British Guiana from ant-colonel and colonel, and commanded a brigade, June, 1833, till his death. He prepared for the winning a high reputation for bravery and skill. private use of the Duke of Wellington “ A Précis For gallant conduct at Cold Harbor, Va., he was of the Wars in Canada from 1755 till the Treaty of appointed brigadier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 1 Ghent in 1814" (London, 1826). Oct., 1864. He was mortally wounded by a sharp- SNEAD), Thomas Lowndes, soldier, b. in Hen- shooter near Farmville, Va., on 6 April, 1865. rico county, Va., 10 Jan., 1828. Ile was graduate-/ SMYTH, William, educator, b. in Pittston, at Richmond college in 1846 and at the University Kennebec co., Me., in 1797; d. in Brunswick, Me., of Virginia in 1848, was admitted to the bar, and 3 April, 1868. During the last year of the Revo- removed in 1850 to St. Louis, where he was editor lutionary war he served as quartermaster-sergeant, and proprietor of the “ Bulletin” in 1860-'1. He and he afterward taught a school at Wiscasset. Hle was aide-de-camp of Gov. Claiborne F. Jackson, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1822, studied theol- I and adjutant-general of the Missouri state guard 66 | SNEED 601 SNETHEN Isnelling in 1861, and as such was in the battles of Boone- may I return and be married ?" Gen. Hull gave ville, Carthage, Wilson's Creek, and Lexington. his consent, and the wedding took place on the He was commissioned from Missouri to negotiate same evening. At the surrender of Detroit he re- a military convention with the Confederate states fused to raise the in October, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general white flag. He was in the Confederate army, served with Price in Ar- taken as a pris- kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi, and was elected oner to Montreal, to the Confederate congress by Missouri soldiers and while being in May, 1864. He removed to New York in 1865, marched through was inanaging editor of the “ Daily News” in the streets was or- 1865–6, and was admitted to the bar of New York dered by a British in 1866. He has published the first volume of a officer to take off projected history of the war in the trans-Missis- his hat to Nelson's sippi department, entitled The Fight for Mis- monument. This souri” (New York, 1886). he refused to do in SNEED, John Louis Taylor, jurist, b. in Ra spite of the efforts leigh, N. C., 12 May, 1820. He was educated at of the soldiers to Oxford male academy, N. C., removed to Tennes- remove it, and final- see, became a member of the legislature in 1845, ly Gen. Isaac Brock and was captain of a Tennessee company in the ordered them to Mexican war in 1846–7. He was attorney-general “respect the scru- of the Memphis judicial district in 1851, attorney- plesof a braveman." general of the state of Tennessee in 1854–9, and in He was appointed 1861 was commissioned brigadier-general of the colonel of the 5th provisional army of the state of Tennessee. He infantry on 1 June, was judge of the state supreme court in 1870-'8, 1819, was ordered to Council Bluffs, Mo., and and of the court of arbitration in 1879, presidential thence to the confluence of the Mississippi and the elector on the Hancock ticket in 1880, and judge Minnesota rivers. The location of the fort was re- of the state court of referees in 1883–'4. In 1888 moved to the present site of Fort Snelling, which he was chosen president of the Memphis school of he completed in 1824, after succeeding to the com- law. He is the author of "Reports of the Supreme mand. He gave it the name of Fort St. Anthony, Court of Tennessee, 1854–9" (Nashville). which was changed by Gen. Winfield Scott in honor SNELL, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Cumming- of its builder and commander. Maj. Snelling al- ton, Mass., 21 Nov., 1774; d. in North Brookfield, ways carried the sword of Charles Carroll of Carroll- Mass., 4 May, 1862. After graduation at Dart- ton, which had been presented to him. He was a mouth in 1795 he taught in Haverhill for a year, witness against Gen. William Hull at the latter's was licensed to preach by the Tolland association trial, and wrote “Remarks on Gen. William Hull's on 3 Oct., 1795, and was ordained pastor of the 20 Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern Congregational church, North Brookfield, Mass., Army, 1812” (Detroit, 1825).—His son, William on 27 June, 1798, holding this charge until his Joseph, journalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 26 Dec., death. Amherst gave him the degree of D. D. in 1804; d. in Chelsea, Mass., 24 Dec., 1848, was edu- 1828. Twenty-four of his discourses were pub- cated at the U. S. military academy, became a fur- lished, among which were “Sermons on the Com- | trapper in Missouri, and subsequently was em- pletion of the 40th Year of his Ministry,” with a ployed at the Galena lead-mines. About 1828 he brief history of the town (Brookfield, 1838); “Ser- became connected with several journals, and for a mon on the Completion of the 50th Year of his few years before his death he was editor of the Bos- Ordination" (1848); Discourse, containing an ton • Herald.” He contributed to periodicals, and Historical Sketch of North Brookfield ” (1850); published" The Polar Regions of the Western Con- and “ Historical Sketch of the 1st Congregational tinent Explored” (Boston, 1831), and “Truth, a Church, North Brookfield ” (1852). New-Year's Gift for Scribblers: a Satirical Poem” SNELLING, Josiah, soldier, b. in Boston, (1832). He wrote for William Apes, the Pequod Mass., in 1782; d. in Washington, D. C., 20 Aug. Indian preacher, a small book on Indian Nullifi- 1829. He joined a rifle company at the first call cation” (1835). —Another son, Henry Hunt, edi- for troops for the war with Tecumseh, was ap- tor, b. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 8 Nov., 1817, was taken pointed lieutenant in the 4th infantry in 1808, be- by his father to Council Bluffs, Mo., in infancy, came a captain in June, 1809, served with credit and in early life suffered many hardships. He was at Tippecanoe, 7 Nov., 1811, and was brevetted educated at a military academy in Georgetown, major for services at Brownstown, 9 Aug., 1812. D. C., and in Detroit, after which he entered busi- He became assistant inspector-general on 25 April, ness, and for a time was librarian of the New York 1813, lieutenant-colonel of the 4th rifles on 21 Feb., lyceum. Owing to impaired health, he removed to 1814, inspector-general with the rank of colonel, the country, and settling in Cornwall, N. Y., in 12 April, 1814, lieutenant-colonel of the 6th infant- 1871, published and edited until 1887 the “Reflec- ry in 1815, and colonel of the 5th infantry on 1 tor of Cornwall," which he relinquished owing to June, 1819. He participated in the battles of blindness. He devoted much time to photography, Lundy's Lane, Chippewa, and Fort Erie, and on and edited - The Photographic Art Journal , “” in his march to Detroit was captured by a force of New York in 1851–3, and from 1854 till 1860 the British and Indians that was superior to his own. “ Photographic and Fine Art Journal.” He is the He escaped, with the loss of three or four men, to author of " History and Practice of Photography' Fort Shelby, Detroit, where he became betrothed (New York, 1849), and has also published a -- Dic- to Abigail, daughter of Col. Thomas Hunt. On tionary of the Photographic Art” (1853). the night that had been appointed for his mar- SNÉTHEN, Nicholas, clergyman, b. in Fresh riage he was sent by Gen. William Hull with an Pond (now Glen Cove), Long Island, N. Y., 15 inadequate detachment to check the landing of the Nov., 1769; d. in Princeton, Ind., 30 May, 1845. British at Spring Well. On leaving the fort, he His youth was spent on the farm of his father, said to Gen. Hull: “If I drive the Redcoats back, Barak, who had served in the British army at the 9 602 SNOWDEN SNIDER 99 capture of Montreal in 1760. The son entered the graduation at Brown in 1813 he was librarian itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal there in 1814-'18, received his medical degree from church in 1794, travelled and preached for four that university in 1821, and acquired a large prac- years in New England and the south, and actively tice in his native city. He was the author of a favored the limitation of the episcopal prerogative. “ History of Boston, with Some Account of its His plan for a delegated general conference was Environs" (Boston, 1825), and a “Geography of adopted in 1808. He also advocated a preachers' Boston and Adjacent Towns” (1830). anti-slavery tract society, and was active against the SNOW, Marshall Solomon, educator, b. in future admission of any slave-holder into the Hyannis, Mass., 17 Aug., 1842. He was graduated church. Afterward he travelled as private secre- at Harvard in 1865, in 1865–’6 was sub-master of tary to Bishop Francis Asbury, who called Mr. high-schools in Worcester, Mass., in 1866–7 prin- Snethen his "silver trumpet.” In 1804–6 he was cipal of a high-school in Nashville, Tenn., in stationed in New York, whence he removed to his 1867–8 professor of mathematics in the University farm in Frederick county, Md. By his marriage of Nashville, in 1868–70 professor of Latin and he became the holder of slaves, whom he emanci- principal of Montgomery Bell academy in that pated as soon as the law would permit. From university, in 1870-'4 professor of belles-lettres in 1809 till 1814 he was again an itinerant. While Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., and since he was in Georgetown, D. C., he was elected chap- 1874 has occupied the chair of history in that in- lain to the U. S. house of representatives. He was stitution. He was appointed registrar in 1871, the first to introduce camp-meetings into New dean of the faculty in 1877, and since January. York and Maryland, and was a leader of a large 1887, has been acting chancellor of the university. meeting on Wye river, Md., in 1809. In 1821 he Besides articles upon historical subjects, he has pub- began to write in favor of lay representation. The lished an excellent monograph upon the “ City Gor refusal of this right by the general conference in ernment of St. Louis” in the 5th series of " Johns 1828, and the expulsion from the church of many Hopkins University Studies ” (Baltimore, 1887). of its advocates, led to the formation of the Meth- SNOW, William Dunham, lawyer, b. in Web- odist Protestant church, in which he bore an active ster, Worcester co., Mass., 2 Feb., 1832. He set- part, and in connection with which he travelled tled in Rochester, N. Y., where he published - The and preached after his removal to Indiana in 1829, Tribune” in 1852-'4. Afterward he removed to till shortly before his death. He died on his way Arkansas, was a member of the Constitutional con- to become president of the Snethen school for vention in 1863 that made Arkansas a free state, young clergymen in Iowa City. Mr. Snethen be- and was elected U. S. senator in 1864 under the came an editor with the Rev. Asa Shinn of the proclamation of President Johnson, but was not · Methodist Protestant” in 1834, contributed to admitted to a seat. He was largely instrumental periodicals, and published" Lectures on Preach- in raising a brigade of Arkansas troops for the ing the Gospel (1822); “ Essays on Lay Represen- U.S. army in 1865, and declined the commission tation (1835); and “Lectures on Biblical Sub- of brigadier-general. Since his graduation at jects" (1836). His son, Worthington, edited a Columbia law-school in 1876 he has practised in volume of his sermons (1846). New York city and in the Federal courts. He SNIDER, Denton Jaques, author, b. in Mt. has invented a successful carburettor, a gas-regu- Gilead, Ohio, 9 Jan., 1841. After graduation at lator, a thermostatic apparatus for the mainte- Oberlin in 1862, he engaged in teaching, and is now nance of equal heat for furnaces and steam appara- (1888) a lecturer on general literature. He is the tus, and a system for fac-simile telegraphy. Mr. author of “ A System of Shakespeare's Dramas Snow is the author of several anti-slavery poems, (St. Louis, 1877); “ Delphic Days” (1880); “ A Walk and has contributed to magazines. in Hellas" (Boston, 1882); “ Agamemnon's Daugh- SNOW, William Parker, English explorer, h. ter” (1885); “ Epigrammatic Voyage" (1886); in Poole, England, 29 Nov., 1817. In 1861 Capt. Commentary on Goethe's · Faust (1886); and Snow endeavored to enlist interest in behalf of an “ Commentary on Shakespeare's Tragedies ” (1887). expedition to search for the companions of Sir SNODGRASS, William Davis, clergyman, b. John Franklin. He has published Voyage of the in West Hanover, Pa., 30 June, 1796 ; d. in Goshen, • Prince Albert'in Search of Sir John Franklin, à N. Y., 28 May, 1885. He was the son of the Rev. Narrative of Every-Day Life in the Arctic Seas" Benjamin Snodgrass, who from 1784 until his (London, 1851); “A Two-Years' Cruise off 'Terra death in 1846 was pastor of the Presbyterian del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and the Seaboard church in West Hanover. After graduation at of Patagonia" (2 vols., 1857); “ Catalogue of the Washington college, Pa., in 1815, and at Prince Arctic Collection in the British Museum." (1875); ton theological seminary in 1818, he held Presby- " The Patagonian Missionary Society (1858): terian pastorates in the south till 1823, when he “ British Columbia Emigration,” etc. (1858); and was called to New York city. From 1834 till 1844 “Southern Generals” (New York, 1866). he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy, SNOWDEN, James Ross, numismatist, b. in N. Y., after which he established the Fifteenth Chester, Delaware co., Pa., in 1810: d. in Hulme street church in New York city, serving as its ville, Bucks co., Pa., 21 March, 1878. Kis great- pastor in 1846–9. From 1849 until his death he grandfather, Nathanael Fitz Randolph, serveel in was pastor in Goshen, N. Y. In 18:30 he became the Revolutionary war, being known as “ Fight- a director of Princeton theological seminary, and ing Nat,” and was presented with a sword by the he was president of its board of trustees in 1868. legislature of New Jersey. He also started the first Columbia gave him the degree of 1. D. in 1830.' subscription paper for Princeton college, and gave He published a discourse on the death of Rev. the ground upon which Nassau hall, the first eli- John M. Mason (New York, 1830): “ Perfectionism, fice of that college, was built. This received its Lectures on Apostolic Succession " (1844); and sev- name in honor of William III., of the “ illustrions eral other discourses. house of Nassau." It has been twice burned down. SNOW, Caleb Hopkins, physician, b. in Bos- Ilis father, Rev. Nathanael Randolph Snowden, ton, Mass., 1 April, 1796; d. there, 6 July, 1835. was curator of Dickinson college from 1791 till He was the son of Prince Snow, who for several 1827, where the son was educated. Subsequently years was deputy-sheriff of Suffolk county. After he studied law, and, settling in Franklin, Pa., was 99 1 : 6 2) 1 SNYDER 603 SOJOURNER TRUTII 6 made deputy attorney-general, elected to the legis- | Thomas Hutchinson refused to sign his death- lature, and served as speaker in 1842– 4. He was warrant, and after two years' imprisonment he state treasurer from 1845 till 1847, treasurer of the was pardoned by the king. U. S. mint from 1847 till 1850, and its director SNYDER, Simon, governor of Pennsylvania, from 1853 till 1861. In addition to numerous ad- b. in Lancaster, Pa., 5 Nov., 1759 ; d. near Selins- dresses and pamphlets on numismatics and cur- grove, Pa., 9 Nov., 1819. His father, Anthony, rency, seven annual mint reports, and contribu- a mechanic, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1758. tions to journals, he published " Descriptions of After his death in 1774 the son apprenticed him- Coin in the U. S. Mint”. (Philadelphia, 1860); self to a tanner in York, Pa., and employed his * Description of the Medals of Washington, of leisure in study. In 1784 he removed to Selins- National and Miscellaneous Medals, and of other grove, opened a store, became the owner of a mill, Objects of Interest in the Museum of the Mint, and was justice of the peace for twelve years. He with Biographical Notices of the Directors from was a member of the convention that framed the 1792 to 1851" (1861); “ The Mint at Philadelphia constitution of 1790, and in 1797 was elected a (1861); “ The Coins of the Bible, and its Money member of the house of representatives, of which Terms” (1864); and “The Cornplanter Memorial ” he was chosen speaker in 1802, serving in this ca- (Harrisburg, 1867); and contributed articles on the pacity for six successive terms. With him origi- coin of the United States to the National almanac nated the “hundred-dollar act,” which embodied of 1873, and articles on numismatics to Bouvier's the arbitration principle and provided for the “ Law Dictionary” (12th ed., Philadelphia, 1868). trial of causes where the amount in question was - His nephew, Archibald Loudon, b. in Cum- less than one hundred dollars. In 1808 he was berland county, Pa., 11 Aug., 1837, after graduation made governor of Pennsylvania and served three at Jefferson college in 1856 was made register of terms. Upon his retirement in 1817 he was elected the U. S. mint on 7 May, 1857, became chief coiner to the state senate, and died while a member of on 1 Oct., 1866, and in 1877–9 was postmaster of that body. Snyder county, Pa., was named for him. Philadelphia. In 1879-'85 he was superintendent SOISSONS, Charles de Bourbon, Count de. of the mint, and in 1878 he declined the office of viceroy of New France, b. in France in 1565; d. general director of all the mints in the United | there, 1 Nov., 1612. The death of Henry IV. States. He has made improvements and inventions weakened Champlain's chances of successfully relating to coining-machinery, and has written ar- colonizing New France, and, by the advice of De ticles on subjects relating to coinage, the great seal Monts, he sought a protector in the person of the of the United States, and other subjects. Mr. Count' de Soissons, who accepted the proposal to Snowden was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of become the “father of New France," obtained from Pennsylvania volunteers' in 1861, and was subse- the queen regent the authority necessary to pre- quently elected captain of the 1st city troop of serve and advance all that had been already done, Philadelphia, which is the oldest military organi- and appointed Champlain his lieutenant with un- zation in the United States. It was the body restricted power. In his commission to Champ- guard of Gen. Washington during the Revolution, lain he styles himself “lieutenant-general of New and bore a conspicuous part in the battles of Tren- France,” but he died soon after issuing it. ton, Princeton, and the Brandywine. He has been SOJOURNER TRUTH, lecturer, b. in Ulster identified with railroads, insurance companies, and county, N. Y., about 1775; d. in Battle Creek, other business interests. Mich., 26 Nov., 1883. Her parents were owned SNYDER, Christopher, called “the first martyr by Col. Charles Ardinburgh, of Ulster county, and of the Revolution," b. about 1755; d. in Boston, she was sold at the age of ten to John J. Dumont. Mass., 23 Feb., 1770. During the excitement in Though she was emancipated by the act of New 1770 on the subject of non-importation a few York which set at liberty in 1817 all slaves over merchants continued to sell articles that had been the age of forty, she does not appear to have ob- proscribed, and one, Theophilus Lillie, incurred tained her freedom until 1827, when she escaped such displeasure that, in order to mark his shop as and went to New York city. Subsequently she one to be shunned, a mob, consisting chiefly of lived in Northampton, Mass., and in 1851 began to half-grown boys, erected near his door a wooden lecture in western New York, accompanied by head on a tall pole, upon which were written the George Thompson, of England, and other Aboli- names of the other importers, and a hand pointing tionists, making her headquarters in Rochester, to Lillie's shop was also attached. One of his N. Y. Subsequently she travelled in various parts friends, Ebenezer Richardson, attempted to remove of the United States, lecturing on politics, tem- this figure, but was pelted and driven into Lillie's perance, and women's rights, and for the welfare house by the mob. Greatly exasperated, he ap- of her race. She could neither read nor write, but, peared with a musket and fired a random shot being nearly six feet in height and possessing a into the crowd, which mortally wounded a young deep and powerful voice, she proved an effective lad, Christopher Snyder, the son of a poor widow. lecturer. She carried with her a book that she Snyder died on that evening, and his inurder pro- called “The Book of Life,"containing the auto- duced a sensation throughout the country. His graphs of many distinguished persons that were funeral, on the 26th, was the occasion of a solemn identified with the anti-slavery movement. Her pageant. A procession of 500 children walked be- name was Isabella, but she called herself - So- fore the bier, and the coffin was taken to Liberty journer," claiming to have heard this name whis- tree, where an assemblage of nearly 1,500 persons pered to her from the Lord. She added the appel- had gathered. The bells of the city and of neigh- lation of “ Truth” to signify that she should boring towns were tolled. The newspapers were preach nothing but truth to all men. filled with accounts of the story and of the funeral, much time in Washington, D. C., during the civil and Christopher Snyder was called the first mar- war, and passed her last years in Battle Creek, tyr in the cause of American liberty. The mob Mich., where a small monument was erected near seized Richardson and an associate named Wilmot her grave, by subscription. See Narrative of and took them to Faneuil hall, where they were Sojourner Truth, drawn from her · Book of Life,' examined and committed for trial. Richardson with Memorial Chapter," by Mrs. Francis W. Ti- was declared guilty of murder, but Lieut.-Gov. | tus (Battle Creek, 1884). She spent 604 SOLIS Y RIVADENEYRA SOLANA 66 years. SOLANA, Alonso de (so-lah'-nah), Spanish mis- | 1874). See her “ Life,” by M. L. Amunátegui (1867). sionary, b. in Solana, Toledo, about 1530; d. in - Her children, AMELIA DE CLARO and ENRIQUE in- Merida, Yucatan, in 1600. He studied in Sala- herited her poetic talent. The latter, b. in Santiago manca, and was graduated in law, but resolved to in 1844, studied in the Jesuit college, and in 1870 enter the church, and united with the Franciscans was elected to congress for the departments of in Toledo. Afterward he retired to the convent of Rancagua and Curico. He has published poems in Salceda, but in 1560 he came with Diego Landa - El Independiente," " Estrella de Chile,” Revista (7. v.) to Yucatan, where he soon became active in de Santiago”; “Poesías Líricas” (Santiago, 1867), the conversion of the Maya Indians. He was and • Leyendas y Tradiciones" (1868). much loved by the natives, and several times re- SOLCHAGA, Miguel (sole-tchah-gah), Mexican fused dignities that were offered him to remain clergyman, b. in Queretaro in 1674; d. in Durango with his flock. He wrote - Diccionario Maya y in 1718. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1689, Español,” “ Sermones en Lengua Maya," and "No- and, after finishing his studies, was sent as profes- ticias sagradas y profanas de las Antigüedades y sor of theology to the College of Durango. When Conversión de los Indios de Yucatan,” the manu- Gen. Gregorio Mendiola was sent in 1715 to subdue scripts of which were in the Franciscan convent of the Indians of the Nayarit mountains, between Merida, but have been lost. New Biscay and New Galicia, Bishop Tapiz a SOLANO, Juan, Peruvian R. C. bishop, b. in pointed Solchaga spiritual director of the expedi- Spain about 1504; d. in Rome, Italy, in 1580. He tion, and as such the latter brought it about that became a member of the Dominican order and en- the cacique Tonatiuh, of Nayarit, went in 1718 to tered the convent of Salamanca. He was nomi: Mexico to make a treaty with the viceroy. But on nated for the bishopric of Cuzco, Peru, by Charles account of sickness Solchaga returned in the same V. in 1543, and consecrated in February, 1544, but year to Durango, where death overtook him before found it impossible to enter Cuzco after his arrival, he could publish his description of the expedition. as Gonzalo Pizarro, who had just revolted, held It was afterward printed in Spain under the title that city. Solano joined the royal army, and was Carta Relación de la entrada de la Expedición present at the defeat of Huarinas, 20 Oct., 1547, Española en el Nayarit” (Barcelona, 1754). where he escaped only by the swiftness of his SOLEY, James Russell, author, b. in Roxbury, horse. After this defeat Solano joined Pedro de Mass., 1 Oct., 1850. He was graduated at Harvani la Gasca (9. v.), accompanied him in his march in 1870, became assistant professor of English in against Pizarro, and was present at the battle of the U. S. naval academy in 1871, and in 1873 was Sacsahuana, 9 April, 1548, in which the insurgents placed at the head of the department of English were defeated. He was now enabled to exercise studies, history, and law, where he remained nine pastoral functions in Cuzco, and showed much zeal In 1876 he was commissioned a professor in defending the rights of the Indians, as well as in the U. S. navy, and in 1878 he was on special in converting them to Christianity. As the num- duty at the Paris exposition. He also examined the ber of sick and poor among them had largely systems of education in European naval colleges, increased in consequence of the civil war, he in- and on his return made an extensive report. In sisted on the conquerors' expending part of their 1882 he was transferred to Washington, where he spoils in relieving the prevailing distress. With collected and arranged the navy department li- the money that he thus obtained he built a hos- brary, and since 1883 he has superintended the pital in 1552, the first of the kind in Peru. He publication of the naval records of the civil war. then endeavored to recall to habits of order the old He has been lecturer on international law at the Spanish veterans, whose excesses and turbulence Naval war college at Newport since 1885, and has interfered with his plans for the benefit of the In- also delivered courses before the Lowell institute, dians. Not succeeding in his efforts, he deter- Boston, on “ American Naval History" (1885) and mined on a voyage to Spain to implore the aid of “ European Neutrality during the Civil War" the sovereign in reducing these adventurers to (1888). Prof. Soley has published “ History of the obedience. He also wished to obtain a division of Naval Academy” (Washington, 1876); - Foreign his diocese, which he considered too large for the Systems of Naval Education,” the report inen- care of a single bishop. After arriving in Spain he tioned above (1880); “ The Blockade and the Cruis- laid the reasons for his journey before the court ers” (New York, 1883); " The Rescue of Greely." and the council of the Indies, but met with no with Com. Winfield S. Schley (1885); and - The He then went to Rome with the object Boys of 1812 " (Boston, 1887). He has edited the of interesting Pope Pius IV. in the matter. There Autobiography of Commodore Morris" (Annapo- too he failed, and, resigning his bishopric in 1561, lis, 1880), and contributed to the Battles and Lead. he retired into the Dominican convent of St. ers of the Civil War," and to Justin Winsor's “ Nar- Mary, where he spent the remainder of his life. rative and Critical History of America." SOLAR, Mercedes Marin de, Chilian poet, h. SOLIS Y RIVADENEYRA, Antonio de, in Santiago, Chili, in 1804; d. there, 21 Dec., 1866. Spanish author, b. in Alcala de Henares. 18 Jur, She was a daughter of Jose Gaspar Marin and 1010; d. in Madrid, 19 April, 1686. He studied the Luisa Recabarren, and showed from her youth a humanities in Alcala and jurisprudence at Sala- decided talent for poetry. Her literary reputation manca, and at the age of seventeen wrote a comedy was first established by a poem on the death of in verse, which was soon followed by others. In Gen. Portales, which was published in 1837 in “ El 1640 he became private secretary of Duarte de Araucano.” Soon her poems were widely known, Toledo, Count de Oropesa, president of the council and she and Salvador Sanfuentes (9. 2.) may be of Castile, and in 1654 he was appointed one of called the first Chilian poets after the establish the secretaries of King Philip IV. and chief clerk ment of independence. She contributed several of the secretary of state, which office he heid tiil poems to the papers, of which the best are · Ple- 1666, when he became historiographer of the Indies garia" and Al pie de la Cruz,” and published In the following year he entered the Society of * Canto Fúnebre á la muerte del General Portales” Jesus, but retained his office and devoted all his (Santiago, 1837); a biography of her father (1845); time to the composition of his great historical and “ Canto á la Patria" (1957). A collection of work. He published the comedies" Amor y Obli- her poems was published ! Cume (Santiago, gación” (Madrid, 1027); “ Un bobo hace ciento " success. O. 1 SOLORZANO Y PEREIRA SOMERVILLE 605 а (1630); “ Amor al uso" (1632); “La Gitanilla de on 3 Nov., 1799, and in 1801 again went to France Madrid ” (1634); and “Euridice y Orféo" (1642). as 1st lieutenant of the sloop Boston," with Some authorities consider him to be the author of Chancellor Livingston on board as passenger. He *Gil Blas de Santillana,” and look upon Le Sage was appointed to command the schooner “ Nau- as only its translator. He also wrote “ Poesías tilus,” fitted out to form a part of Preble's squadron sagradas y profanas” (1674), but his chief fame in the war with Tripoli, and he was the first to depends on his Historia de la Conquista, población arrive at Gibraltar. He participated in the block- y progreso de la América Septentrional" (Madrid, ade and operations at Tripoli in 1803-'4. In the 1684; many subsequent editions), which was trans- first attack he commanded a division of gun-boats, lated into French (Paris, 1691), into Italian (Flor- and at one time fought five Tripolitan vessels at ence, 1699), and into English (London, 1724). close quarters. On 7 Aug., 1804, he led the 1st SÓLORZANO Y PEREIRA, Juan de (so-lor- division of three gun-boats in the second attack, thah'-no), Spanish author, b. in Madrid, 30 Nov., and successfully fought superior forces for three 1575; d. there in 1654. He studied in the Uni- hours. He was promoted commander, 16 Feb., versity of Salamanca, and was afterward professor 1804, and was conspicuous for his ability in the of Roman and common law in the same university. attacks on 28 Aug. and Sept., 1804. As the sea- In 1609 he was appointed by Philip III. judge of son for operations drew to a close he proposed to the audiencia of Lima, where he organized the tri- destroy the Tripolitan fleet by fitting the “* In- bunals, introduced improvements in the adminis- trepid" as a bomb-vessel to explode in their midst tration, and promoted the working of the mercury- and cause a panic. About 15,000 pounds of powder mines of Huancavelica. In 1627 he returned to and 200 loaded shells were stowed in the “ In- Spain, and was successively member of the treasury trepid ” and arranged with a slow-match to ex- board, of the council of the Indies, and of the su- plode after the crew should have escaped. Lieut. preme council of Castile. He wrote several valu- Henry Wadsworth, Midshipman Israel, and ten able juridical works, of which the principal one is men voluntarily accompanied Somers in the night “ De Indiarum jure disputatione” (Madrid, 1653). of 4 Sept., 1804, toward the inner harbor, con- SOMERBY, Horatio Gates, genealogist, b. in voyed by the brig “Siren.” The enemy sighted Newburyport, Mass., 24 Dec. , 1805; d. in London, the “Intrepid ” and opened fire upon her as she England, 14 Nov., 1872. His ancestor, Anthony, approached, and when 500 yards from her destina- came from England to Newbury, Mass., in 1639. tion she suddenly blew up, and all on board per- Ile received a public school education in his na- ished. No damage was done to the enemy. The tive town, studied art in Boston, and had a studio cause of the premature explosion was never ascer- in Troy, N. Y., for several years, but in 1832 tained, and none of the bodies of the unfortunate returned to Boston, where he was a fancy painter crew were found. The report was heard for miles, and japanner. After 1845 he resided chiefly in but it had no effect except subsequently to convince London as a professional genealogist, and was the the foe that Americans were ready to undertake first American to devote himself exclusively to the most perilous measures to accomplish their ob- such work. He became very skilful, and many ject. Other events had prepared them to dread families in this country availed themselves of his the American navy, and, since this was the last services in tracing their English ancestry. Mr. hostile operation, it doubtless was potent in the Somerby was on confidential terms with George negotiations by which the Tripolitans acceded to Peabody, and became secretary to the board of the terms demanded by the Americans. Congress trustees of the Peabody fund. He was a member passed a resolution of condolence with the friends of the New England historic-genealogical society, to of those who perished, and several ships of the whose publications he contributed valuable papers, navy have been named after Somers. and a large quantity of his unpublished material is SOMERVILLE, Alexander, Canadian journal- in possession of the Massachusetts historical society, ist, b. in Springfield, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, with which he had been connected since 1859. Jie 15 March, 1811; d. in Toronto, Canada, 17 June, was the originator of systematic research for the 1885. He was educated in the parish school, en- purpose of connecting New England families with tered the army, and served for several years in the their ancestors in Great Britain. — His brother, Scots greys. He was with his regiment at Bir- Frederic Thomas, author, b. in Newburyport, 4 mingham, England, in 1832, at the time of the Jan., 1814; d. in Worcester, Mass., 18 Jan., 1871, first reform-bill agitation, and for some act of sup- was educated in his native place, and became an posed insubordination was sentenced to receive 200 ornamental painter, He was for many years a lashes on the bare back, half of which were in- correspondent of the Boston “ Post and the flicted. The whole matter, which has been de- “Spirit of the Times,” and published, under the scribed by him in his “ Diligent Life” (Montreal, name of “ Cymon,” “ Hits and Dashes, or a Medley 1860), was made the subject of discussion in par- of Sketches and Scraps touching People and liament at the time, and resulted in mitigating Things” (Boston, 1852). the injustice and severity of military discipline. SOMERS, Richard, naval officer, b, on Somers During 1835-'7 Mr. Somerville served in a High- point, Great Egg harbor, N. J., in 1778; d. near land regiment in Spain, and soon afterward he left Tripoli, Africa, 4 Sept., 1804. His grandfather the service. From 1838 till 1858 he wrote for sev- emigrated from England about 1730 and settled eral of the chief British newspapers, under the at Somers point, and his father was colonel of pen-name of " Whistler at the Plough,” his graphic militia, judge of the county court, and an active descriptive sketches attracting attention. In 1858 Whig in the Revolution. The son entered the he came to Canada, and from that time till his navy as midshipman, 30 April, 1798, after some death was engaged in journalism. Ile edited the experience at sea in small coasting vessels. He i “ Canadian Illustrated News," and among other sailed from Philadelphia in the frigate “ United works wrote “ Autobiography of a Workman" States” in July, 1798. to Cape Cod and along the ! (London, 1849); “ History of the Fiscal System coast to the West Indies in search of French cruis- | (Liverpool, 1850): "The Whistler at the Plough ers during that brief war with France. He was (Manchester, 1852); “ The Conservative Science of commissioned lieutenant, 21 May, 1799, sailed in Nations” (Montreal, 1860); and “A Narrative of the “United States” with the embassy to France | the Fenian Invasion of 1866" (Toronto, 1867). 99 606 SONTAG SOMERVILLE 66 SOMERVILLE, William Clarke, author, b. in direction he described twenty-six species of Ameri- St. Mary's county, Md., 25 March, 1790; d. in can birds, comprising those belonging to the gal- Auxerre, France, 5 Jan., 1826. In early life he linaceous order, and the water-fowl. Ile after- took part in the struggle of the South American ward served in the French navy, travelled exten- states' for independence, attaining the rank of sively in Asia and Africa, and wrote numerous major, and receiving a grant of three square leagues books of travel and agriculture and natural his- of land from the Venezuelan government for his ser- tory, among others “ Histoire naturelle des rep- vices. He travelled in Europe in 1817-'18, and on tiles" (4 vols., Paris, 1802–26), and “ Histoire na- his return to this country took an active part in turelle des poissons et des cétacés" (14 vols., 1804). politics as a Whig and a personal friend of John See • Éloge historique de Sonnini," by Arsène Quincy Adams. He purchased Stratford House, Thiebaud de Berneaud (1812). the former seat of Gen. Henry Lee (see LEE, SONNTAG, George, soldier, b. in Philadelphia. RICHARD), and lived with great elegance. Mr. Pa., in 1786; d. in Odessa, Russia, 23 March, 1841. Somerville was appointed minister to Sweden by His father, William Louis Sonntag, a French John Quincy Adams, and sailed on the ship that officer, came to this country during the Revolu- carried Lafayette to Europe after his visit to this tion, and at its close established a mercantile house country, but he died shortly afterward, and, in ac- in Philadelphia. The son went to Russia in 1815. cordance with his own wishes, was buried at La entered the military service, and with the allied Grange, Lafayette's residence. He provided in his army entered Paris.' He became a general in the will for the ultimate emancipation of all his slaves. Russian army and an admiral in the navy. Mr. Somerville possessed varied accomplishments, SONNTAG, William Lonis, painter, b. near and was striking in personal appearance. At the Pittsburg, Pa., 2 March, 1822. His youth was passed time of his death he was engaged to be married to in Cincinnati, and there he began to practise art Cora, daughter of Edward Livingston. He was as a profession in 1848. Six years later he settled the author of " Letters from Paris on the Causes permanently in New York. During 1853–'4, 1857-7, and Consequences of the French Revolution" and 1861 he was abroad, spending most of the time (Baltimore, 1822); “ Extracts of a Letter on the in Italy. He has devoted himself to the delinea- Mode of choosing the President” (1825); and sey- tion of American landscape, strongly idealized. eral poetical pieces. His principal works are View on Licking River, SOMMERS, Charles George, clergyman, b. in Ky." (1846); four pictures on the “ Progress of London, England, 4 March, 1793 ; d. in New York Civilization,” illustrating William Cullen Bryant's city, 19 Dec., 1868. His father was a Norwegian, poem (1848); “Spirit of Solitude” (1851); “ Evan- and the early part of the son's life was spent in geline” (1852); “ A Dream of Italy" (1860); “ A Denmark, where, after attending school, he entered Morning in the Alleghanies ” (1865); “Sunset in a mercantile house at Elsinore. He came to this the Wilderness"; "Spirit of the Alleghanies" ; country in 1808, and in 1811 entered the employ and · Fog rising off Mount Adams" (about 1885). of John Jacob Astor, for whom he went to Canada He was elected an associate of the National acade- on a difficult mission during the war of 1812, but my in 1860, and an academician the following year, he abandoned business soon afterward for the Bap- and is also a member of the Water-color society tist ministry. After a six years' pastorate in Troy, and the Artists' fund society. N. Y., he was called to the charge of the South SONTAG, Henriette, German singer, b. in Cob- Baptist church in New York city, where he re- lentz, 13 May, 1805; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 mained till his retirement in 1856. He was an ac- June, 1854. Her parents belonged to the theatrical tive worker in connection with the tract and Bible profession, and carefully cultivated her vocal and societies, and a founder of the American Baptist dramatic powers, which were naturally great. Be- home mission society. In 1852 he received the de- fore she was six years old she sang on the stage in gree of D. D. from Madison university. Dr. Som-children's parts at Darmstadt, Berlin, and Prague. mers published numerous controversial articles in She studied for four years at the conservatory of defence of Baptist doctrines, edited a volume of Prague, where, in her fifteenth year, with marked • Psalms and Hymns” (Philadelphia, 1835) and success, she took the leading part in Boieldieu's “ The Baptist Library” (3 vols., Prattsville, N. Y., * Jean de Paris.” She then went to Vienna, and 1843), and was the author of a “ Memoir of John before she was nineteen she was prima donna of the Stanford, D. D., with Selections from his Corre- Berlin stage. Shortly afterward she left for Paris, spondence" (New York, 1835). where she competed successfully with Malibran, SONNINI DE MANONCOURT, Charles Nico- Pasta, and Catalani. In 1828 she made her debut las Sigisbert, French traveller, b. in Luneville, in London, but at the close of the season she mar- France, 1 Feb., 1751 ; d. in Paris, France, 9 May, ried Count Rossi, a Piedmontese nobleman, and 1812. Although, from deference to his father's after a triumphant operatic career in the great wishes, he studied law, his fondness for natural capitals of Europe retired to private life. She still history and his passion for travel led him to enter retained her great love of art for its own sake, and the navy in 1772, shortly after he had been called continued to study while mingling in the highest to the bar at Nancy. He went to Cayenne in 1773, circles of society. In 1848 her husband became and soon acquired reputation for his daring jour- involved in political troubles, and lost his fortune. neys into the interior.' The government employed For his sake and for that of their children she him several times in expeditions that were of the resolved to resort again to her art, and accepted an greatest advantage to the colony. In 1774 he engagement at London for the season of 1819. In traversed Guiana in its entire breadth as far as 1853, encouraged by the successful career of Jenny Peru. In another expedition he discovered, after Lind, she decided to visit the United States, and wandering through immense marshes, a water in the autumn of that year arrived in New York. route through which he reached the Gabrielle Iler tour through the chief cities of the Union was mountain. He made a valuable collection of rare brilliant, remunerative, and exceeded her expects- birds, which he presented to the Paris cabinet of i tions. In 1854 she accepted an engagement from natural history. An attack of fever obliged him the manager of the principal theatre of Mexico, at to return to France, and he selected Montbard as Vera Cruz; but she was suddenly stricken down by his reside fear the home of Buffon, by whose cholera while preparing for her first appearance. 1 a SONTHONAX 607 SOTIIERAN CC Esorm esc SONTHONAX, Léger Félicité, French com- | Remarks on Greek Orthography and Pronuncia- missioner, b. in Oyonnax, Ain, 17 March, 1763; d. tion” (Cambridge, 1848); "Glossary of Later and there, 28 July, 1813. He practised law at Bourg, Byzantine Greek (Boston, 1860, forming vol. vii., and going to Paris at the beginning of the French new series, of “Meinoirs of the American Acad- revolution, to become a member of the noted club, emy”); and “Greek Lexicon of the Roman and " Les amis des noirs,” lectured and issued pam- Byzantine Periods," his chief work (Boston, 1870). phlets in advocacy of the enfranchisement of the SORIN, Edward, clergyman, b. near Paris, slaves in the French dominions. The negroes France, 6 Feb., 1814. He was graduated at the having rebelled in Santo Domingo, Sonthonax, University of Paris, afterward studied for the Étienne Polverel, and Jean Ailhaud were appoint- priesthood, and was ordained, 9 June, 1838. At ed high commissioners to the Leeward islands. the end of a year he felt a desire to become a mis- They sailed from La Rochelle in July, 1791, with sionary among the Indians of America, and, with an army of 6,000 men, and landed at Cape Fran- | the view of pre- çais on 19 Sept. Ailhaud soon returned to France, paring himself and Sonthonax and Polverel, after a brilliant cam- for this work, he paign, divided the colony into two governments. entered the new- Gen. Galbaud arrived from France in June, 1793, ly founded order to assume the command of the French forces, but of the Holy was opposed by Sonthonax and removed from Cross. He was office. Galbaud then attacked Cape Français, and, shortly after- securing possession of the arsenal, compelled Son- ward appointed thonax to take refuge in the interior. But the bishop of Ben- latter made his junction with Polverel, and, return- gal, but declined. ing, issued his famous decree of 29 Aug., 1793, | He sailed from which enfranchised the slaves forever. Through Havre, 5 Aug., the help of the negroes Galbaud was finally de- 1841, reached feated, and sailed for the United States. Sontho- New York on nax's opposition to the whites continued meanwhile, 14 Sept., and at and they asked succor from the authorities at once set out for Jamaica. An English expedition landed at Mole Indiana, where Saint Nicholas, and soon occupied the principal he began his la- parts of the colony ; Sonthonax retired to Jacmel, bors among the and sailed in 1794 for France, where he had been | Indians. He was indicted for his conduct. But he easily justified forced to aban- himself before the convention, and was again ap- don this field by. pointed in 1796 high commissioner to Santo Do- the superior of his order, who directed him to es- mingo. After removing Gen. Rochambeau he was tablish schools wherever an opportunity offered. compelled to appoint Toussaint L'Ouverture com- He arrived at the present site of Notre Dame on mander-in-chief, and finally left the island in July, 24 Nov., 1842, with only five dollars to begin the 1797, having been elected a deputy to the assembly work of erecting a school. The waste was cov- of the five hundred by the colony. He was exiled ered with snow, and the only building for miles after the coup d'état of 1799, and again in 1803 for around was a dilapidated log-hut. He began with having criticised the appointment of Gen. Rocham- energy, and spent five days in repairing the log; beau as commander-in-chief in Santo Domingo. cabin and in fitting it up so that one half served Napoleon forbade him to remain in Paris after as a chapel and the other as a dwelling for him- 1810, and he retired to his estate at Oyonnax. self and six brothers. He then began to build a SOPHOCLES, Evangelinus Apostolides,schol- college, which was chartered as a university in ar, b. in Tsangaranda, near Mount Pelion, Thessaly, 1844 by the legislature of Indiana. From that day Greece, 8 March, 1807; d. in Cambridge, Mass., in the University of Notre Dame progressed under Dec., 1883. He resided in Egypt during the Greek his guidance until it is to-day the largest and revolution, studied in the convent of the Greek most important Roman Catholic educational es- church on Mount Sinai, and in 1829 came to this tablishment in the United States. In 1857 he country under the patronage of the American was appointed provincial superior of the houses board of commissioners for foreign missions. After of the order of the Holy Cross in the United studying in Monson, Mass., he entered Amherst, States, and in 1868 he was elected superior-general but did not complete his course. He then taught for life. He crossed the Atlantic forty-three times, in schools in Amherst, Hartford, and New Haven, and it has been computed that his journeys and and in 1840–'5 and 1847-'9 was tutor in Harvard. voyages together would more than equal eight In the last year he became assistant professor, and times the circumference of the earth. Besides the in 1860 he was given the chair of ancient, modern, University of Notre Dame, he established flourish- and Byzantine Greek, which he retained till his ing colleges and schools in every part of the United death. He received the degree of A. M. from Yale States and Canada. He is likewise the founder and in 1837 and from Harvard in 1847, and that of superior-general of the Sisters of the Holy Cross LL. D. from Western Reserve in 1862 and from in the United States, of whom there are more Harvard in 1868. He made two voyages to his than eight hundred, chiefly engaged in conducting native country, returning each time with valuable academies and schools. books. Prof. Sophocles published “Greek Gram- SOTHERAN, Charles, bibliographer, b. in Stoke mar for the Use of Learners” (Hartford, Conn., Newington, Surrey, England, 8 July, 1847. He was 1838; 3d ed., entitled “Greek Grammar for the educated at private schools, and in 1862 was ap- Use of Schools and Colleges," 1847): “ First Les- prenticed to a bookseller at Rugby by his uncle, sons in Greek” (1839); “ Greek Exercises" (1841); Henry Sotheran, the London publisher. After mak- “Romaic Grammar” (1842; 2d ed., Boston, 1857; ing a reputation as a bibliographer and antiquary, London, 1866); “Greek Lessons for Beginners" he came to this country in 1874, and became editor (Hartford, 1843); “ Catalogue of Greek Verbs and proprietor of the New York “Echo" in 1878, (1844); “ History of the Greek Alphabet, with and literary editor of the “Star” in 1879. He has 608 SOTO SOTHERN " 8 lectured on philological, historical, and popular sub- entirely his own, and he composed the best part of jects, and has compiled bibliographical catalogues the love scenes in Robertson's comedy of “ Home.” of many well-known libraries, including those of He was also part author of " Trade," a comedy, Rush C. Hawkins, Charles O'Conor, and William which has not yet been acted. The illustration Beach Lawrence. His works include “Genealogi- represents him in the character of Dundreary. cal Memoranda relating to the Family of Sotheran SOTO, Bernardo, president of Costa Rica, b. and to the Sept of MacManus ” (printed privately, in San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1853. From his youth London, 1871-°4); “ Manchester Diocesan Church he served in the army, and had attained the rank Calendar" (Manchester, 1873–²4); “ Alessandro di of colonel, when President Tomas Guardia died in Cagliostro, Impostor or Martyr ” (New York, 1876); 1882. The new president, Prospero Fernandez, and · Percy Bysshe Shelley as a Philosopher and called him to his cabinet as secretary of the treas- Reformer" (1876). He edited vols. vi. and vii. of ury, and he also had temporary charge of the port- the “ American Bibliopolist” (New York, 1874–5). folio of war. In February, 1884, Soto's proposi- SOTHERN, Edward Askew, actor, b. in Liver- tion for the adoption of radical measures of econo- pool, England, 1 April, 1830 ; d. in London, 20 Jan., my caused a cabinet crisis, and the secretaries of 1881. He was intended by his parents for the min- war and the interior, Miguel and Victor Guardia, istry, but became an actor, making his first appear- resigned. The president, with the sanction of the ance as an amateur in Jersey; and, coming to the assembly, resolved to reduce the cabinet to two United States soon afterward, he made his debut in secretaries, and Soto was charged with the port- this country at the folios of the interior, commerce, and agriculture, Boston national being at the same time elected first vice-president, theatre in Septem- and promoted brigadier. When Gen. Rufino Bar- ber, 1852, as Dr. rios issued his decree of 28 Feb., 1885, declaring Pangloss in " The the forcible union of the five Central American re- Heir at Law.” At publics, Nicaragua and Costa Rica protested, and this time he was the latter declared war upon Guatemala on 10 known as Doug- March. On the next day President Fernandez las Stewart, and died suddenly, and Soto, who was preparing the he did not assume army to march against Barrios, was called to the his own name till executive. Leaving the second vice-president in 1858. His early charge, he marched with his contingent to Nicara. career was marked gua, and, together with the army of that country, by seeming inca- invaded Honduras, the ally of Barrios. There he pacity, and he heard of the death of Barrios at Chalchuapa and played only minor the collapse of the scheme of unification, and re- parts till on 18 turned with his little army to Costa Rica. On the Oct., 1858, he was expiration of Fernandez's term, 10 Aug, 1886, cast for the char- Soto was re-elected as constitutional president for acter of Lord Dun- the term of four years. During his administration dreary in Tom great improvements have been introduced, the Taylor's comedy “Our American Cousin," at Laura finances have been put on a sound basis, and Costa Keene's theatre, New York, where he had been Rica, which had always opposed Central American playing for some time. The part consisted of union, as it was formerly advanced to favor an only a few lines, and Sothern assumed it under ambitious leader, has taken the initiative. Dele- protest, but made such a hit in it that it was en- gates of the five republics assembled in Guatemala larged, and became the great attraction of the and concluded, 15 Aug., 1887, a treaty of mutual play, which ran for one hundred and forty con- union with a proviso for the possible establishment secutive nights. It is said that the laughable skip of a confederation in 1890. Soto concluded also, which was one of the most amusing of Sothern's in July, 1887, a treaty with Nicaragua, in a per- absurdities of manner in this part was at first acci- sonal interview with the president in Granada, for -dental, and was caused by the actor's stumbling the submission of the dispute regarding the bound- over some“ properties” as he made his first en- ary and the interoceanic canal to the arbitration of trance on the stage. This skip, with a peculiar lisp President Cleveland. He also made an arrange- and drawl, never failed to win the applause of his ment with an English company for the adminis- audiences. Dundreary's part became virtually a tration of the different sections of a railroad and series of monologues, which were interspersed in the completion of the same from ocean to ocean. various parts of the original play. On 11 Nov., SOTO, Marco Aurelio, president of Honduras, 1861, he appeared in the part at the Haymarket b. in Tegucigalpa, 13 Nov., 1846. He studied in theatre, London, where the play ran four hundred the University of Guatemala, where he received and ninety-six consecutive nights. He afterward the degree of LL. D. in 1866, and began the prac- acted in it continually till his death, always with tice of law. President Barrios soon called him to success, except in Paris in 1867, where he was not his cabinet as secretary of foreign affairs, and pub. well received. Besides playing this part, the details lic instruction and worship, which place he held of which he constantly changed, Sothern was suc- till February, 1876. At that time hostilities be- cessful as David Garrick in Robertson's comedy of tween Guatemala and Honduras began, President that name, and in many pieces that were written Ponciano Leiva, of the latter republic, was deposed, for him by English playwrights. Though he was and, by agreement of the contending parties, Soto very popular in England, where he remained till was sent as commissioner to his native country, 1871, he preferred the American stage. He also and in August was appointed provisional presi- plaved in his native country in 1874-6. His last dent. In May, 1877, he was elected constitutional appearance in the United States was in New York president, and, assisted by his general secretary, on 27 Dec., 1879. Sothern's acting was marked by i Dr. Ramon Rosa, he created resources, fostered the perfect refinement, even in the most farcical touches mining industry, encouraged the exportation of of his “ Dundreary.” He wrote well, though slowly, i cattle, built telegraphic lines, and pushed for- and but little. The part of Dundreary was almost ward the construction of the interoceanic railway. SOTOMAYOR 609 SOUBLETTE ernor. In 1881 he was re-elected for a second term, but in of the booty, Soubin left him in disgust. In 1671 1883, when President Barrios brought forward he participated in the expedition to Panama, again the scheme of a Central American confed- served in the first division, and led the assault on eracy, with a view of becoming its leader, Soto. the fortress of San Lorenzo, on Chagres river. out of personal jealousy, opposed the idea strenu- Joining Moyse Van Vin in 1672, he ravaged the ously, and retired in May to San Francisco, whence coast of Cuba, besieged the city of Maracaibo, he attacked Barrios in several pamphlets. A tri- which paid them a ransom, pillaged the pearl-fish- umvirate had meanwhile taken charge of the ex- eries near Rio Hacha, and continued the war ecutive, and after Soto's formal resignation, 15 against the Spaniards till his death. Oct., 1883, Gen. Bogran, Barrios's intimate friend SOUBLETTE, Carlos, Venezuelan soldier, b. and follower, was elected president. Soto came in Caracas in 1790; d. there, 11 Feb., 1870. He later to New York, where he schemed against Bo- received an excellent education, and, on the proc- gran, and in February, 1886, an alleged filibuster- lamation of independence in 1810. entered the pa- ing expedition for Honduras was captured in the triot service. In 1811 he became secretary to Gen. steamer “City of Mexico” by the U. S. sloop “Ga- Francisco Miranda, and, after the capitulation of lena” and brought to Key West. Soto then left the latter in 1812, retired to his property in the New York for Costa Rica, and thence despatched in interior. Afterward he joined Bolivar in the August of the same year an expedition of seventy- western provinces, and entered Caracas with him, seven men, under the leadership of the officers that | 7 Aug., 1813, but after the defeat of La Puerta on had been captured in the "City of Mexico," to stir 15 June, 1814, he fled to Barcelona and Margarita. up a revolutionary movement. But in Honduras When that island fell into the hands of Morillo, none seemed inclined to join the enterprise, the expe- Soublette went to Cartagena, where he partici- dition was defeated and captured near Comayagua, pated in the memorable defence of that fortress and the four leaders were shot in that city on 18 | against Morillo. He then went to Hayti and Oct., 1886. Soto then left Costa Rica, and re- joined Bolivar's expedition in 1816, being second turned to the United States. in command of a division during the campaign of SOTOMAYOR, Cristobal de (so-to-mah-vohr'), 1816. When Mariño pronounced against Bolivar, Spanish officer, b. in Spain in the last quarter of Soublette joined the latter, and as his chief of staff the 15th century; d. in Guanica, Porto Rico, 25 July, occupied Angostura, 17 July, 1817, and was a 1511. He arrived in Santo Domingo with the ex- member of the congress that met in that city. pedition of Diego Columbus in August, 1509, and Soon after the occupation of Bogota, Soublette the same year went to Porto Rico with the expedi- was sent with part of the army to Apure, and on tion of Juan Ceron, who had been appointed gov; the way defeated the enemy in Las Cruces. After In 1510, when Ponce de Leon obtained the occupation of Caracas, 14 May, 1821, he was from King Ferdinand the appointment of gov- sent to Barcelona, where he organized the Army ernor of Porto Rico, Sotomayor entered his service of the East, which assisted in the victory of Cara- and became his lieutenant, assisting in the founda- bobo on 24 June. When Bolivar left for Bogota tion of Caparra and the conquest of the island. on 1 Aug., he appointed Soublette vice-president, Toward the end of 1510 he discovered on the in which place he showed great talent as an ad- southwest of the island a great bay, on the coast ministrator. In 1825 he was appointed intendant of which he founded the city of Guanica, from of the department of Magdalena, and in 1826 Co- which that bay afterward took its name. One year lombian secretary of war under the vice-presidency afterward he founded on the north coast another of Santander. In 1829 he was sent by Bolivar to town, which was called after his name, Sotomayor. Venezuela to try to prevent the separation of the In 1511, when the cacique Agueynaba, aided by Colombian republic, but when he saw the impossi- the Caribs, revolted. the city was surprised during bility of maintaining the union he accepted an the night of 25 July and set on fire, and Soto- election to the constituent assembly of Venezuela, mayor, after a brave resistance, met his death with and as president of that body was one of the chief the greater part of the garrison. promoters of a liberal constitution. Gen. Paez SOTOMAYOR, Pedro de, Central American called him to his cabinet as secretary of war, and linguist, b. in Guatemala in 1554; d. there in 1631. in 1834 he was sent by President Vargas as minis- He was the son of the Spanish post-commander of ter to England, France, and Spain. Ile was about his native city, but in 1581 entered the order of St. to conclude with the last-named power a treaty for Francis, and soon became professor of theology the recognition of the independence of Venezuela and learned in the language of the natives. He when, in 1836, he was recalled by his election as was elected in 1612 provincial of his order. He provisional president, on the resignation of Dr. wrote “ Arte, Vocabulario, y Sermones Guatemal. Vargas. From 1839 till 1842 he was again secre- tecos” and “ Historia de los Varones ilustres del tary of war under Gen. Paez, and in the latter year Orden de San Francisco, del Reino de Guatemala," he was elected constitutional president. In 1847 which are preserved in manuscript in the Francis- he retired to his estate, but, after the forcible dis- can convent of Guatemala. solution of congress in 1848, he protested against SOUBIN, Pierre, surnamed LE MARSEILLAIS Monagas's unconstitutional proceedings, and was (soo-bang), French buccaneer, b. in Marseilles about obliged to emigrate to New Granada, where he 1625; d. at sea near Cuba in 1676. He served on lived till 1858. By a special act of congress he re- a Dutch merchant vessel, and, being captured in ceived his pay as general of Colombia. He took Cuban waters by a Spanish man-of-war, was com- no part in the political commotions of his country, pelled to enlist among the crew, but in 1652 he and after the fall of Monagas in 1858 he was re- deserted, joined the buccaneers in Tortugas, and called and ordered to put down the revolution in soon rose to be a leader. After 1665, in asso- the western provinces, but when his conciliatory ciation with other chiefs, he participated in the measures were not approved he resigned, retiring pillaging of Puerto Cabello, San Antonio de Gib- to his farm. Under the short administration of raltar, and of the Isthmus of Darien. Afterward, Paez in 1862 he was again a member of the cabi- joining Sir Henry Morgan, he was placed at the net, and several times was elected to congress. He head of a division and led the assault on Puerto was more than a party-leader, and is regarded as del Principe, but, as Morgan kept the larger share , among the most honorable statesmen of Venezuela.. VOL. V.-39 610 SOULÉ SOUDER war. SOUDER, Casper (sow'-der), journalist, b. in / ics, and has held many offices in benevolent and Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Nov., 1819; d. there, 21 Oct., civic societies. He has published“ Practical 1868. He supplemented a common-school educa- Mathematics" (New Orleans, 1872); a series of tion by private study, and in 1850-'64 was connect- “ Philosophic Arithmetics" on a new system (1884); ed with the Philadelphia “ Dispatch," devoting and “Science and Practice of Accounts” (1887). himself specially to local antiquities. In 1853 he SOULE, Joshua, M. E. bishop, b. in Bristol, also became associated with the “ Evening Bulle- Me., 1 Aug., 1781 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 6 March, tin," of which he was afterward an editor and part 1867. His father was a man of great local influ- proprietor till his death. Mr. Souder was an active ence, went by the name of " Captain Soule," and supporter of the adıninistration during the civil was one of the select-men of Bristol. When Joshua His “ History of Chestnut Street," which was sixteen he united with the Methodist church, was published serially, has been praised for trust- and about a year later introduced himself to a worthiness and originality of treatment. Methodist presiding elder and asked that he might SOULABIE, Louis Ferdinand (soo-lah-bee), travel with him. Consent being given, he began explorer, b. in Pierre-fitte-Lestatas, Bearn, in 1587; his career as a boy preacher.” but, though young, d. in Bahia in 1656. He became a Jesuit, was he was tall, dignified, and able, and acquired note sent to labor among the Indians of Brazil, and as an opponent of Calvinism, Unitarianism, and was attached for years to the Amazon missions. Universalism. He studied hard and made great His travels in the country, which extended to Napo progress. When he was but twenty-three he was river, gave him opportunities to make hydrograph- placed in charge of the state of Maine as presiding ical observations, and he prepared a valuable chart elder. He was on the committee to draft the of the basin of the Amazon, with which he became constitution of the delegated general conference, thoroughly familiar. In 1637 he became assistant which, since 1813, has been the fundamental law of Father Cristobal Acuña and accompanied Texei- of the church. He was a delegate to the general ra's expedition, which sailed down the Amazon from conference of 1812, and also to that of 1816. At Peru to its mouth. The maps and geographical ob- the latter he was elected book-agent and editor of servations in Acuña's narrative, “Descubrimiento the “ Methodist Magazine.” He did not like these del Rio de las Amazonas ” (Madrid, 1641), are Soula- ! posts, and had made up his mind not to accept a bie's work. Soulabie was afterward professor of re-election ; but in 1820, before that question was theology in the college of the Jesuits at Bahia. He raised, he was elected a bishop. A great debate left in manuscript - Historia del descubrimiento y had occurred on whether presiding elders should de la conquista de la America meridional," which be elected or, as before, appointed by the bishops. was afterward published (Rome, 1752). Mr. Soule was opposed to their election, but the SOULÉ, Caroline Augusta (soo-lay'), author, majority of the conference voted in favor of it. b. in Albany, N. Y., 3 Sept., 1824. Her father's Having full confidence in his sincerity, they elected name was Nathaniel White. She was graduated him bishop, but he declined rather than administer at Albany female academy in 1841, and on 28 what he believed to be an unconstitutional law, re- Aug., 1843, married Rev. Henry B. Soulé, a Uni- entered the pastorate, and was stationed first in versalist clergyman, who died in 1851, leaving her New York and then in Baltimore. In 1824 the with five children to support. Since that time she general conference reversed its action and re- has devoted herself to teaching and to literature. elected him bishop. These circumstances have no She was corresponding editor of the “ Ladies' Re- parallel in the history of the denomination, and pository” in Boston from 1855 till 1863, and for are indisputable proofs of his great ability and eleven years edited and published “ The Guiding influence. Up to 1842 he continued in the du- Star," å Sunday-school fortnightly, in New York. ties of the office, and then visited Great Britain Afterward she was ordained as a minister of the as a delegate from the general conference of the Universalist church, and in 1879 became its first United States to the British Wesleyan conference. foreign missionary. She is now (1888) pastor of a In 1844 the general conference was held in New congregation in Glasgow, Scotland. In a recent York. Bishop James 0. Andrew had become com- letter Mrs. Soulé says: “I have written everything plicated with slavery, and the conference passed a from a sermon to a song, and done everything resolution asking him to desist from the exercise from making sorghum molasses in a log-cabin on of his functions until this encumbrance should be a prairie to preaching three times a Sunday in the removed. It was Bishop Soule's opinion that the city of London.” Besides numerous contributions conference had no right to pass such a resolution. to current literature, she has published" Memoir Bishop Andrew declined the proposition, and the of Rev. H. B. Soulé" (New York, 1852); “ Flome result was a division of the church. Bishop Soule Life" (Boston, 1855); “The Pet of the Settlement adhered to the southern members, and when the (1859); and “ Wive or Water" (1861); and edited Methodist Episcopal church, south, was established for two years “ The Rosebud," an annual, to which he went with it, and became its senior bishop. In she contributed many articles (1854-5). 1848 he visited the general conference of the Meth- SOULÉ, George, educator, b. in Barrington, odist Episcopal church at Pittsburg, but was not Yates co., N. Y., 14 May, 1834. After the death recognized as a bishop or a delegate, though he was of his father in 1838 he was taken to Illinois by courteously received as a visitor. At the age of sev- his mother. He was graduated at Sycamore acad- enty-two he retired from public life. Bishop Soule emy, 111., in 1852, and during the next three years was a great man intellectually, of remarkable per- studied medicine, law, and the commercial sciences sonal appearance, dignified and even ostentatious in St. Louis, Mo. In 1856 he founded the Soulé in bearing, of a strong and imperious will. Had he commercial and literary college in New Orleans, been thoroughly educated, und in early life brought La., of which he is still (1888) president. He was into close relations with educated men, his infirmi- an officer in the Confederate army from 1862 to ties, if not eradicated, would have been concealed. the close of the war, attaining the rank of lieu- As it was, few men in church or state have exerted tenant-colonel. He was captured at Shiloh, and greater influence over their contemporaries. afterward was chief of the labor bureau of Gen. SOULÉ, Pierre, statesman, b. in Castillon, in Kirby Smith's army. Col. Soulé is engaged in lec- the French Pyrenees, in September, 1802; d. in turing and writing on educational and social top- | New Orleans, 26 March, 1870. His father held the SOULÉ SOULÉ 611 piene souli inherited post of a magistrate when the French civil and criminal cases in the Louisiana courts; revolution began. He then entered the army of but he was more distinguished for originality, the new republic, and rose to high rank, but power, and brilliancy as an advocate than for pro- finally returned to the bench. Pierre, his youngest fundity as a jurist. He entered politics, in the sorr, was sent to the Jesuits' college at Toulouse, first presidential campaign after he began his le- to be prepared for gal career, as a public speaker on the Democratic ecclesiastical orders; side. Under the new constitution of 1845 Mr. but the rigid disci- Soulé was elected to the state senate. In 1847 pline was repugnant Gov. Isaac Johnson appointed him to the U. S. to him, and he re- senate to fill a vacancy, and in 1849 he was elected turned home in 1816. to that body by the legislature for the full term. The following year he In all public measures affecting the south he was sent to the city espoused the extreme southern view. He took an of Bordeaux to com- active part in the long debates upon Henry Clay's plete his education; compromise bill of 1850, and led his party in op- but he took part in a position to that measure. He frequently chal- plot against Louis lenged Clay and Webster in debate, and advocated XVIII., was detected, secession without delay, foreseeing, as he claimed, and fled on foot to that from compromise to compromise the sov- the mountains of the ereignty of the states would speedily surrender to ancient Béarn coun- the supremacy of a central government. In March, try, where, disguised 1853, President Pierce offered Soulé the mission to as a shepherd, he re- Spain, with the special object in view of the ac- mained a year. The quisition of Cuba. This news preceded him to government pardoned Madrid, and he was received there very coldly. him, and he returned to Bordeaux, where he taught At a ball in Madrid a remark by the Duke of in an academy, and he then removed to Paris, Alva was accidentally heard by Mr. Soulé's son, where he earned support as a tutor while complet- Nelvil, who considered it offensive to his fam- ing his education, and then studied law. In 1824 ily, and, though the duke denied any such in- Soulé's pen found access to the Paris Liberal jour- tention, a duel with swords was the result. Mr. nals, and introduced him to the intimacy of the Soulé then challenged the French ambassador, the Liberal leaders. In 1825 he was an editor of "Le Marquis de Turgot, as responsible for what had Nain jaune," a paper noted for its extreme liberal taken place under his roof, and crippled him ideas and the bitterness of its attacks upon the for life. On 28 Aug., 1854, a revolutionary out- ministers of Charles X. One of the severest of burst took place in the streets of Madrid. It has these articles was traced to Soulé, and he was ar- been charged that Mr. Soulé favored this with all rested and tried before the cour correctionnelle. his power; but there is no evidence to show it, Soulé's lawyer sought rather to soften the severity though he doubtless sympathized, as was natural, of the impending sentence than to defend his with the Spanish Liberal party. In 1854, Mr. Soulé client's course, whereupon Soulé, indignant at this was one of the ministers that framed the cele- surrender of his honest convictions, rose in court brated “ Ostend manifesto” (see PIERCE, FRANK- and defended them boldly, frankly, and eloquently. LIN), and it was understood that he was the mov- His sentence was only the more severe—close con- ing spirit in its preparation. At some previous finement in the prison of St. Pélagie and a fine of period he had violently attacked Napoleon III., 10,000 francs. The only escape from this was self- and when on his way to Ostend he was stopped by exile. Soulé left Paris, with the passport of his the authorities at the southern frontier of France; friend, the poet Barthélemy, who closely resembled but as soon as the officials at Paris were in- him. He had an offer from the president of Chili formed of this they sent him authority to pursue to become his private secretary, and he intended his journey. At the same time French spies fol- to sail from England with the Chilian chargé lowed him to Ostend. Mr. Soulé was naturally d'affaires, but when he had crossed the channel the deeply disappointed by his government's policy of ship on which he was to embark had departed. non-action upon the manifesto. He resigned in Soulé now was reduced to such a strait that he June, 1855, and returned to New Orleans, where returned to France, prepared to face the dungeon. he resumed the practice of law without aban- At Havre, just as he landed, he was met by a doning politics. În 1856, and again in 1860, he friend, afterward a French admiral, who persuaded warmly advocated the nomination of Stephen A. . him to embark for Hayti, where he arrived in Douglas for the presidency. After the election September, 1826. He was kindly received by of Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Soulé, to the surprise of President Boyer, to whom he bore letters of intro- his friends, opposed secession, and favored “co- duction, but, finding no opening, sailed in October operation” of the southern states to secure what for Baltimore, and thence went to New Orleans they considered their rights. With this view, toward the close of the year. He found a knowl- when Gov. Thomas 0. Moore called a state conven- edge of English indispensable, and went to Ten- tion in January, 1861, Mr. Soulé was a candidate nessee to study it, becoming for a while a guest of for delegate, but was not elected. During the can- Gen. Andrew Jackson. Afterward he went to vass he depicted in the darkest colors the calami- Bardstown, Ky., where, falling sick and being ties secession would bring, and predicted the de- without funds, he obtained employment as a feat of the south, but declared that he would gardener, and while engaged in that capacity abide by the decision of his state. On the passage learned English and studied the elements of of the ordinances of secession he tendered his ser- American law. On his return to New Orleans, vices to the Confederate government, but, being in Soulé studied Louisiana law in the office of Moreau failing health, he soon returned to New Orleans, and Lislet, speedily passed his examination in English, remained there until the city fell into the hands of and then became Lislet's partner. He rose rapidly the National forces in April, 1862. Shortly after- in his profession, and for many years he was asso- ward he was arrested and taken to Fort Lafayette, ciated in the conduct of most of the celebrated New York harbor, where he was imprisoned for 66 612 SOUPÉ SOULE several months. Finally he was released and went to party, he began to attach the blacks to his in- to Nassau, whence, in the autumn of 1862, he ran terest. The mulattoes retaliated by conspiring; but the blockade at Charleston and tendered his ser- Soulouque began to decimate his enemies by con- vices to Gen. Beauregard. After serving on his fiscation, proscriptions, and executions. The black staff for some time as an honorary member, Mr. soldiers began a general massacre in Portº au Soulé went to Richmond in 1863, and was com- Prince, which ceased only after the French con- missioned a brigadier-general to raise a foreign le- sul, Charles Reybaud, threatened to order the land- gion; but the plan was not carried out. Mr. Soulé ing of marines from the men-of-war in the harbor. then went to Havana. In the summer of 1864 Ambitious to unite the two parts of the island, he became connected with Dr. William M. Gwin Soulouque invaded the Dominican territory in in the latter's scheme for settling Sonora, in Mex- March, 1849, with 4,000 men, but was defeated in ico, with immigrants from California. This was a decisive battle by Pedro Santana near Ocoa on a project patronized by Napoleon III. ; the Con- 21 April and compelled to retreat. Despite the federate government had no connection with it. failure of the campaign, he caused himself to be It failed through disagreement between Maximil. proclaimed emperor on 26 Aug. 1849, under the ian and Dr. Gwin. When, at the close of the war, name of Faustin I., apparently by the will of the Mr. Soulé returned to New Orleans, though his people and the unanimous action of parliament. health was broken and his fortune was gone, he He surrounded himself with a numerous court, resumed the practice of his profession, but in 1868 created dukes and other nobles, founded military he had to give up all work. Soulé's remarkable and civil orders, and issued a constitution, reserv- powers of eloquence were acknowledged by Henry ing to himself the right to rule at any juncture as Clay and Daniel Webster. The effect of his glow- he pleased. On 18 April , 1852, with his wife Ade- ing periods was deepened by a strong, clear, and lina, a woman of questionable character, whom he mellow voice and by a massive and imposing form, had married in December, 1849, against the advice a noble head, with long, glossy, black locks, flash- of his lieutenants, he was crowned with great ing black eyes, and an olive-tinted face, which was pomp by the vicar of Port au Prince, in imitation cast in the mould of the great Napoleon's and was of the ceremonial at the coronation of Napoleon I. full of expression. Toward the close of 1855 he invaded the Domini- SOULĖ, Richard (sole), lexicographer, b. in can territory again at the head of an army of 8,600 Duxbury, Mass., 8 June, 1812; d. in St. Louis, men, but was again defeated by Santana, and Mo., 25 Dec., 1877. He was descended in the sixth barely escaped being captured. His treasure and generation from George Soule, who was one of the crown fell into the hands of the enemy. In the signers of the compact on the Mayflower." Rich- following year a new campaign was again unsuc- ard was graduated at Harvard in 1832 and was a cessful, and two years later there was a commer- civil engineer till 1838. From 1840 till 1853 he cial crisis in the island. Insurrections began in engaged in sugar-refining, and after 1855 he de- several counties, but they were put down. În De- voted himself to literary pursuits. Most of his cember, 1858, Gen. Fabre Geffrard put himself at life was spent Boston. He was a member of the the head of the movement, and, after some en- school committee of that city in 1848 and 1849, counters with the imperial troops, entered Port au and of the legislature in the latter year. From Prince, 15 Jan., 1859, Soulouque's soldiers refusing 1855 till 1859 Mr. Soule had supervision of the to fight. He took refuge at the French consulate, corps of editors that assisted Dr. Joseph E. Worces- and, protected in his flight by Geffrard, sailed with ter in the preparation of his quarto dictionary. He his family on board the British ship “Melbourne" published" Memorial of the Sprague Family,” a for Jamaica, arriving in Kingston on 22 Jan. with poem, with genealogical and biographical notes great riches, consisting of jewelry, diamonds, and (Boston, 1847); “ Manual of English Pronuncia- money, although his property in Hayti was confis- tion and Spelling, with a Preliminary Exposition cated. After the accession of Salnave in March, of English Orthoëpy and Orthography,” with Will. 1867, he was permitted to return to Hayti, and iam A. Wheeler (1861); “ Dictionary of English died soon afterward. Synonymes” (1871); and “ Pronouncing Hand- SOUPÉ, Marie Joseph (soo-pay), French phy- Book," with Loomis J. Campbell (1873). sician, b. in Asnières in 1738; d. in Paris in 1794. SOULOUQUE, Faustin Élie (soo-look), Hay. He studied principally contagious diseases, and tian emperor under the name of FAUSTIN I., b. presented to the Academy of Sciences a memoir in in Petit Goave in 1785; d. there 6 Aug., 1867. which he asserted that he had discovered the real He was a negro slave of the Mandingo race, but cause of the plague known as the black cholera, was freed by the decree of Félicité Sonthonax, is- which raged in Europe and Asia in the 14th cen- sued 29 Aug., 1793, and took part in the civil war tury. He was surgeon in the Hôtel Dieu at Paris that raged in the island, and in 1803 in the negro when news was received that cholera had broken insurrection against the French. He became in out in Callao, and at the invitation of the academy 1810 a lieutenant in the horse-guards of President Soupé went to Peru to study its effects in 1783. Alexandre Pétion, and was promoted captain by He arrived in Callao when the disease was at its President Jean Boyer, but in 1843 joined the party height and the city was nearly deserted by physi- of Rivière-Hérard, who made him a colonel. He cians, and, offering his services to the authorities, was promoted brigadier-general by President Guer- was appointed a member of the sanitary council. rier and lieutenant- general by President Jean He divided the city into relief wards, and, by pull- Riché, and, after the death of the latter in Febru- ing down old wooden houses and Indian huts in ary, 1847, while rival aspirants were disputing and or near the city, contributed to ward off a greater plotting for the succession, the leaders of the senate calamity from Callao. Before returning to France agreed to elect an old and incapable negro general. he visited Lima and other large cities, went on Senators Ardouin and Dupuy nominated Soulouque. botanical expeditions in the Andes, and, passing urging in his favor that he was unable to read or to Chili, collected an herbarium of about 500 me- write, and he was unexpectedly elected on 1 March, dicinal plants (1784–6). His report to the acade- 1847; but, instead of proving a tool in the hands my was criticised, as he claimed that cholera was of the senators, he showed a strong will, and, al- a poisonous blood disease, and suggested as its though by his antecedents belonging to the mulat- | remedy a treatment by spirits, which he said he C. SOUTHAMPTON 613 SOUTHGATE secre- had used with great efficacy in Callao. Modern | the legislature in 1814, became associate justice of science has in part adopted Soupé's theory, which the state supreme court in 1815, was a presidential was in his time strongly opposed. Although he elector in 1820, and was chosen to the U. S. senate was very popular in Paris, his title of physician to as a Whig in place of James J. Wilson, who had the king caused his arrest and subsequently his resigned, serving from 16 Feb., 1821, till 3 March, death during the reign of terror. His works in- 1823. In 1821 he clude “ Origine et marche de la peste noire" (Paris, met his father on 1779); "Le choléra à Callao, son origine, sa marche, a joint committee, ses progrès ” (1787); “Coup d'eil sur les plantes and they voted to- médicinales du Pérou et du Chili” (1787); and gether on the Mis- “Monographie du sang et de ses affections" (1791). souri compromise. SOUTHAMPTON, Henry Wriothesley, Earl In September, 1823, of, English statesman, b. 6 Oct., 1573; d. in Hol- he became secre- land, 10 Nov., 1624. In 1596 he served in the ex- tary of the navy, pedition of the Earl of Essex to Cadiz, and in 1599 and he served tilí he was general of horse under Essex in Ireland. 3 March, 1829, act- After seeing further service in Holland, he took ing also as part in the insurrection that his former chief tary of the treasury headed in London, and was sentenced to death, from 7 March till but pardoned by the queen. He took part in the 1 July, 1825, and colonization of this country under Sir Walter Ral- taking charge of egh, sending out the expedition in the “Concord,” the portfolio of war under Batholomew Gosnold in 1602, at his own ex- for a time. When pense, and also interested many others in schemes he was dining with for developing the New World, including his Chief-Justice Kirk- Samol. Southard brother-in-law, Lord Arundel, and the latter's patrick, of New Jer- son-in-law, Cecil Calvert, afterward Lord Balti- sey, soon after his more. In 1605, with Lord Arundel he despatched appointment to the navy, the judge, aware of his an expedition to New England. Though his name ignorance of nautical affairs, said : “Now, Mr. does not appear in the first charter of the London Southard, can you honestly assert that you know company of Virginia, he is credited with the chief the bow from the stern of a frigate ?" On his part in obtaining it, and in the second charter his retirement from the secretaryship of the navy in name stands next to those of the high officers of 1829 he became attorney-general of New Jersey, state. When his friend, Sir Edwin Sandys, who and in 1832 he was elected governor of the state. had converted him to Protestantism, retired from He was chosen U. S. senator again in 1833, and the treasurership of the company (its chief office), served till his resignation on 3 May, 1842. In Southampton was unanimously chosen in his stead, 1841, on the death of President Harrison and the and he continued the liberal policy of Sandys, re- consequent accession of John Tyler, he became taining office till the company's charter was taken president of the senate. He was made a trustee away. Southampton was a firm supporter of re- of Princeton in 1822, and in 1833 the University ligious liberty, and was imprisoned by the king's of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of LL. D. order for some time in 1621 on a charge of corre- Mr. Southard published “ Reports of the Supreme sponding with the Independents. After the Vir- Court of New Jersey, 1816–20” (2 vols., Trenton, ginia company had been suppressed, he commanded 1819–20), and numerous addresses, including a a regiment in the Netherlands in the struggle for "Centennial Address” (1832), and Discourse on Dutch independence. In their winter-quarters at William Wirt” (Washington, 1834).—Samuel Lew- Rozendaal he and his son were seized with fever. is's son, SAMUEL LEWIS, clergyman (1819-'59), was The latter died, and the earl followed him after graduated at Princeton in 1836, and took orders recovering sufficiently to reach Bergen-op-Zoom on in the Protestant Episcopal church. He published his way home. Shakespeare dedicated to him his “ The Mystery of Godliness," a series of sermons “Venus and Adonis" in 1593, and the “ Rape of (New York, 1848), and single discourses. Lucrece" in 1594, and he is the only man from SOUTHGATE, Horatio, P. E. bishop, b. in whom the poet acknowledges receiving a benefit. Portland, Me., 5 July, 1812. He was graduated at SOUTHARD, Henry (suth'-ard), congressman, Bowdoin in 1832, and then went to the Andover b. on Long Island, N. Y., in October, 1749 ; d. in theological seminary, intending to enter the minis- Baskingridge, N. J., 2 June, 1842. The family try. Iwo years later he applied for orders in the name was formerly Southworth. His father, Abra- Episcopal church, and was confirmed in October, ham, removed to Baskingridge in 1757. The son 1834. He was ordained deacon in Trinity church, was brought up on a farm and earned money as a Boston, Mass., 12 July, 1835, by Bishop Griswold, day-laborer to purchase land for himself. He was and soon afterward was appointed by the foreign an active patriot during the Revolution, served in committee of the board of missions to make an in- the state house of representatives for nine years, vestigation of the state of Mohammedanism in and sat in congress in 1801-'11 and 1815–21, hav- Turkey and Persia. He sailed from New York in ing been chosen as a Democrat. Mr. Southard was April, 1836, and was occupied for five years in this a man of superior talents and possessed a remarka- field of research. On his returning to the United ble memory. Until he had passed ninety years he States he was ordained priest in St. Paul's chapel, neither wore glasses nor used a staff. His son, New York city, 3 Oct., 1839, by Bishop Benjamin Samuel Lewis, senator, b. in Baskingridge, N. J., T. Onderdonk. He was appointed missionary to 9 June, 1787; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 26 June, Constantinople in 1840, and served for four years 1842, was graduated at Princeton in 1804, taught in that capacity, during which time he made a in his native state, and then went to Virginia as tour through Mesopotamia. The Episcopal church tutor in the family of John Taliaferro. After having resolved henceforth to send bishops into studying law and being admitted to the bar in that the foreign missionary field, Dr. Southgate was state, he returned to New Jersey and settled at consecrated bishop for the dominions and depend- Hemington. He was appointed law-reporter by encies of the sultan of Turkey, in St. Peter's church, 1 1 614 SOUTHWORTH SOUTAWICK .6 { Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Oct., 1844. In the following against Free-Masonry” (1827); “A Layman's year he returned to Constantinople, and was occu- Apology for the Appointment of Clerical Chap- pied in the duties of his office until 1849. He then lains "; “ Letters to Thomas Herttell,” under the came back to the United States and offered his pen-name of “Sherlock” (1834); and “Five Les- resignation, which was accepted by the house of sons for Young Men” (1837). bishops in October, 1850. He received the degree SOUTHWORTH, Constant, colonist, b. in Ley- of S. T. D. from Columbia in 1845, and the same den, Holland, in 1614; d. in Duxbury, Mass., about from Trinity in 1846. He was elected bishop of 1685. His father, Edward, a merchant and business California in 1850 and of Hayti in 1870, but de- agent for the Leyden Pilgrims, died in 1621, and clined. In 1851 he went to Portland, Me., and or- his mother, a woman of great worth and ability, ganized St. Luke's parish, now the cathedral church came over in the third vessel to Plymouth colony of the diocese. The following year he accepted in 1623 to become the second wife of Gov. William the rectorship of the Church of the Advent, Bos- Bradford, whom she had formerly known. The ton, which he held until the close of 1858. In the son was educated by his step-father, and in 1633 autumn of 1859 he became rector of Zion church, was one of the early settlers of Duxbury, which New York city, and discharged the duties of that he represented in the legislature, becoming also post for thirteen years, resigning in September, commissioner for the united colonies, governor of 1872. Since that date he has lived in retirement the Kennebec plantation, and assistant governor of in Ravenswood, N. Y. Bishop, Southgate's chief Plymouth. He was the supposed author of the publications are “ Narrative of a Tour through supplement to • New England's Memorial,” by his Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Mesopotamia” cousin, Nathaniel Morton (Cambridge, 1669). He (2 vols., New York, 1840); “ Narrative of a Visit bequeathed to one of his daughters two beds and to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia furniture, “provided she do not marry William (1844); A Treatise on the Antiquity, Doctrine, Fobbes; but if she do, then to have five shillings." Ministry, and Worship of the Anglican Church,” The daughter preferred the latter alternative. in Greek (Constantinople, 1849); “ Practical Di- SOUTHWORTH, Emma Dorothy Eliza Ne- rections for the Observance of Lent” (New York, vitte, author, b. in Washington, D. C., 26 Dec., 1850); “The War in the East " (1855); “ Parochial 1819. She was educated by her step-father, Joshua Sermons” (1859); and “ The Cross above the Cres- L. Henshaw, at whose school she was graduated in cent, a Romance of Constantinople” (Philadelphia, 1835, and in 1840 she married Frederick H. South- 1877). He has also contributed freely to church worth, of Utica, N. Y. She taught in a public and other literature in magazines and reviews. school in Wash- SOUTHWICK, Solomon, journalist, b. in New- ington in 1844–9, port, R. I., 25 Dec., 1773; d. in Albany, N. Y., 18 and while so occu- Nov., 1839. His father was editor of the Newport pied began to write “ Mercury,” and an active patriot. After engaging stories, the first in several humble employments the son entered a of which, “The printing-office in New York city, and in 1792 re- Irish Refugee,” ap- moved to Albany, where he was employed by his peared in The brother-in-law, John Barber, the owner of the Al- Baltimore Satur- bany“ Register.” He soon became Barber's partner, day Visitor.” Sub- and on the latter's death in 1808 succeeded to his sequently she wrote interest in the paper and became its sole editor. for the “ National Under his management it attained great influence Era,” and became in the Democratic party. Mr. Southwick held one of its regular many local offices at this time, including those of contributors. sheriff of the county and postmaster of Albany, its columns ap- and in 1812 he became a regent of the state peared her first university. But he quarrelled with his party, his novel, “ Retribu- journal lost support, and in 1817 it was discon- tion.” It original- tinued. In 1819 he established “ The Ploughboy,” ly was intended to EDEN the first agricultural paper in the state, conducting be a short story, it for a time under the pen-name of “ Henry Home- but grew into a spun," and then in his own name. About this long novel, and was afterward issued in book-form period he also conducted the “Christian Visitant,” (New York, 1849). With unusual rapidity she wrote à religious periodical. Subsequently he edited the her succeeding stories, issuing sometimes three in “National Democrat," in opposition to the views of a year, and they have attained great popularity. a majority of his party, and presented himself as a Her works display strong dramatic power and con- candidate for governor. He was afterward nomi- tain many excellent descriptive passages of south- nated by the anti-Masons for the same office, and ern life and scenery, to which they are chiefly de- conducted for several years the “National Observer," voted. In 1853 she settled in a villa on the Poto- which he had established in the interest of that mac heights, near Washington, where she lived party. Shortly after this he retired from political until 1876, when she removed to Yonkers, N. Y. life, and between 1831 and 1837 delivered courses Mrs. Southworth claims to have invented for her of lectures on “ The Bible," " Temperance," and own use the manilla box envelope that was after- “Self-Education,” which were very popular. For ward patented by others. Her published novels the last two years of his life he was connected with are now (1888) about fifty-six in number. A uni- the “ Family Newspaper," which was published by form edition, beginning with “Retribution ” and his son Alfred. Just before his death, which came ending with “ The Fatal Secret," was issued in suddenly, he had projected a literary and scientific Philadelphia in 1872. It includes forty-two sto- institute, under his personal supervision, to aid ries. Since 1874 her stories comprise “Unknown” young men in pursuing a course of self-education. (1874); " Gloria ” (1877); “ The Trail of the Ser- Mr. Southwick published many addresses and pent” (1879); “ Nearest and Dearest ” (1881); pamphlets, including “ The Pleasures of Poverty," * The Mother's Secret” (1883); and · An Exile's à poem (Albany, 1823); “A Solemn Warning Bride” (1887); and others were issued serially in > In & Youthworth 6. SOUTHWORTH 615 SOUZA . the “ New York Ledger.” Many of Mrs. South- dreuil, when he saw the perilous position of De worth's works have been translated into French, Grasse, assumed command of the whole fleet. German, and Spanish, and have been republished While carrying Vaudreuil's orders to the other in London, Paris, Leipsic, Madrid, and Montreal. divisions Souvestre was killed. SOUTHWORTH, Nathaniel, artist, b. in Scitu- SOUZA, Martim Affonso de, Portuguese gover- ate, Mass., in 1806; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 25 nor, b. in Coimbra near the end of the 15th century; April, 1858. He took high rank in Boston, where d. in Goa, India, about 1550. The coast of South he established himself as a miniature-painter, his America, of which Cabral had taken possession for portraits being characterized by accurate drawing the crown of Portugal in 1500, had been visited and very delicate execution. In 1848 he visited only occasionally by Portuguese vessels, but when Europe, and after his return practised his profes- King John III. heard that many French vessels sion in New York and Philadelphia. came to the coast of Brazil he resolved to colonize SOUTMAN, Cornelius, South American ex- the country. In December, 1530, he despatched plorer, b. near Berbice, Dutch Guiana, in 1686; d. from Lisbon a fleet of five sail and four hundred in Harlem, Holland, in 1751. He studied at Ley- men, the command of which was given to Souza, a den, and returned to Guiana after the death of his young officer, with the title of governor of New father to assume the management of his estate. Lusitania, and extraordinary powers to distribute The general peace of 1713 afforded him facilities land and exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction. to follow his natural tastes, and he explored the Capturing three French vessels loaded with Brazil- three Guianas, crossed to Brazil, and was making wood, he touched the American coast at Cape St. botanical researches on the banks of the Oyapoc Augustine, whence he despatched Diogo Leite with river when an uprising of the negroes compelled two ships to explore the coast northward to Amazon him to flee, abandoning his papers, which were river, while he continued to the south, entering lost. He was captured in the basin of the Ouanari Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, where he remained for by his pursuers, and, although he was rescued some time to construct two brigantines and take from the stake by a party of friendly Indians, he fresh water. Continuing his voyage to the south, never afterward" completely recovered from the he anchored, on 12 Aug., 1531, at the island of Ab- injuries that he had suffered. In 1723 he vis- rigo, where from some Spanish settlers he obtained ited Batavia and the Sunda archipelago, doubled reports of rich mines. He landed near Cananea, Cape Horn, visited Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, and sent into the interior an expedition of eighty Saint Eustatius, and several of the West Indies, men, who perished at the hands of the Indians. and made a valuable collection of medicinal plants. On 26 Sept. he continued to the south, but his flag- in , Surinam. Failing health decided him to reside and he despatched his brother to explore the river in Europe, and he settled in Harlem, devoting his Plate. On 22 Jan., 1532, he founded the first Por- last years to the culture of tulips and endeavoring tuguese colony in Brazil on an island to which he to naturalize in his fine garden tropical and medici- gave the name of São Vicente. The Indians of the nal plants from Guiana. His works include • Be- locality showed signs of hostility, but Souza re- schryving van Cayenne en Surinam, gelegen op ceived the unexpected assistance of João Ramalho, het vaste landt van Guyana in Amerika" (The who had been shipwrecked long ago on the coast, Hague, 1722); " Beschryving eener Reis in Zuid- and had received aid and protection from the sav- Amerika, bevattende verschillende beschouvingen ages. He arrived with the chief Tybirica at São on trent medicinale planten in Brazilie en Guya- Vicente, and made a treaty between the hostile (Amsterdam, 1729); “Reis naar Cayenne en Indians and Souza, who thenceforward always re- in het binnenland van Guyana en Brazilie” (1732); ceived assistance and support from the savages. “Beschryving van Batavia en van de Eilanden van Besides this colony, Souza, by the advice of Ra- het Sonda archipel” (1735); and “Geschiedenis malho, also founded that of Piratininga on the der planten van Guyana, in orde gebracht volgens bank of the river of that name. He sent his brother de sexneele methode” (Harlem, 1746). with a report of his discoveries to Portugal, and SOUVESTRE, Henry Victurnien, Chevalier established in the neighborhood of the colony the de, French naval officer, b. near Rochefort in 1729; first sugar-mill in the country, having brought cane- d. at sea, 12 April, 1782. He entered the navy as a plants from the island of Madeira. In 1533 he was midshipman in 1744, and fought at Louisbourg and recalled to his native country to consult about the in the campaign in Canada in 1756–9. After the partition of the newly erected hereditary captain- conclusion of peace he was attached to the station cies, but, although he was given the richest one, of North America, and made a cruise in 1771 to that of São Vicente, he did not return, but in 1534 Halifax and Newfoundland to determine the longi- sailed for India, where he acquired great mili- tude of several points. When France declared war tary fame and died.- His brother, Pero Lopes, b. against England in 1778 he commanded a frigate in Coimbra about 1500; d. on the coast of Mada- and was ordered to the West Indies, where he cap- gascar in 1539, had served in the navy against the tured several English privateers. Joining after- Mediterranean corsairs, when, in 1530, he was ap- ward Vaudreuil's division, he was employed to con- pointed by his brother commander of one of the vey troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and vessels of the expedition to Brazil. He took a participated under De Guichen in the engagements principal part in the capture of the French ships, of 17 April and 15 and 19 May, 1780. When Count and the command of the largest prize was awarded de Grasse left for Chesapeake bay, 5 July, 1781, to him. After saving Martim Affonso from the Souvestre assumed command of the few frigates shipwreck at Chuy, he was sent with his two vessels that were left at the disposal of the Marquis de to explore the river Plate, with orders to rally at Bouillé, and successfully opposed the English forces the island of Palmas. He sailed on 23 Nov., en- in the West Indies, repelled their landing in Mar- tered the estuary of the Plate, and beyond the con- tinique and Dominica, and conveyed the French fluence of the Uruguay explored the Parana for a troops that captured St. Eustatius, Saba, and considerable distance above 30° S., returning on 27 St. Martin in 1781. Joining Vaudreuil's division Dec., 1531. Having joined his brother at Palmas, early in 1782, he assisted at the battle off Dominica, he participated in the foundation of São Vicente, 12 April, 1782, and through his suggestion Vau- and in May, 1532, was sent with despatches to Por- na 616 SOWER SOUZA a tugal, being also commissioned to give a detailed but for this timely information. On Marshall's report to King John. On the division of the land retreat from that battle, Judge Cecil was captured, into captaincies on 28 Sept., 1532, he was awarded and Sowards upbraided him with the death of his two tracts of twenty-five leagues, and sailed in 1533 aged father. Å taunting reply caused Sowards to with a party of colonists to occupy the northern lose his self-control, and he shot Cecil as Cecil had division between Parahiba and Pernambuco, but, shot his father. A court-martial sentenced Sov- meeting with opposition from a neighboring tribe, ards to death; but Garfield was careful to enjoin the Petiguares, he went to Europe to collect more upon his colonel to select as his guard only such abundant means for colonization. He was offered men as were especially friendly to the prisoner, the command of a fleet to the East Indies, and, hop- who naturally was allowed to escape. After this ing to obtain funds from his brother, he accepted, he performed the most important services, hang- but perished on his return voyage by shipwreck on ing about Garfield's camp and giving constant in- the coast of Madagascar. The manuscript of his formation as to the movements of the enemy. No report to King John III. lay in the royal archives one knew how he lived or where he could be found, till it was published by Adolpho de Varnhagen but he was sure to appear whenever he was wanted. under the title “ Diario de navigação da Armada, Through him Garfield was enabled to drive the que foi a terra do Brazil em 1530 ” (Lisbon, 1829). last organized body of Gen. Humphrey Mar- SOUZA, Thomé de, first governor-general of shall's men from Kentucky. They had strongly Brazil, b. in Souza, Beira. early in the 16th century; intrenched themselves at Pound Gap, and were d. in Lisbon about 1560. In the hereditary cap- fast receiving re-enforcements from Virginia, when taincies that had been established in Brazil abuses Sowards penetrated their camp, learned their soon became general, so that King John III., on 7 strength and position, and then returned to Gar- Jan., 1549, ordered the organization of a general field's lines with the suggestion that he should fall government, abolishing the extraordinary privileges upon and destroy them. The result was the Pound that he had granted to the captains. For the exe- Gap expedition, which Sowards guided over a hun- cution of this difficult and important work the dred miles of rough road and through a blinding royal choice fell upon Thome de Souza, a natural son snow-storm. He was so thoroughly disguised that of one of the first families, a prudent and enlight- Garfield, though he knew Sowards was with the ened officer and statesman, who had achieved re- troop, did not recognize him until he disclosed nown in the wars of Africa and India. He sailed himself on the eve of the battle. This is the last from Lisbon on 2 Feb., 1549, with a squadron of that is certainly known of Sowards, but he is re- six vessels, having on board six hundred volunteers, ported to have been killed in the following year four hundred pardoned convicts, several families as by a band of Confederate guerillas. colonists, some artillery officers, engineers, mechan- SOWER, Christopher, printer, b. in Laasphe, ics, and six Jesuits under the lead of Father Manoel near Marburg, Germany, in 1693; d. in German- de Nobrega. On 29 March he entered the harbor town, Pa., 25 Sept., 1758. He wrote his name of Todos os Santos. The aged Diogo Alvares Cara- Christophe Saur on his German publications. He muru (see PARAGUASSU) hastened to welcome the was a graduate of a German university, and stud- governor-general, and his allies, the Tupinambas, ied medicine at Halle. He came to Philadelphia offered their services. There Souza founded a city, in 1724 and settled in Lancaster county as a naming it São Salvador, which was afterward farmer, but removed in 1731 to Germantown, changed to Bahia a todos os Santos. The as- sistance that he received from the Tupinambas hastened the progress of building, and soon the cathedral, the governor's palace, a Jesuit college, and one hundred houses had been completed. He organized the administration by appointing a chief justice and other authorities. The colony flourished under Souza's prudent administration, and numer- ous emigrants arrived, founding new villages. In 1551 a bishopric was established in Bahia, with jurisdiction over the whole Portuguese colony. Souza, weakened by the fatigues of his responsible office, solicited relief, and on 13 July, 1553, his successor, Duarte da Costa, arrived, to whom he delivered the government and sailed for Portugal. SOWARDS, Joseph, scout, b. in eastern Ken- where, in the same year, he built a large dwell- tucky about 1840; d. there about 1863. He was ing (see engraving) for his residence. In order to of Scotch-Irish descent, and at the beginning of supply the needs of his countrymen who were lib- the civil war occupied, with his aged father, a erally educated, especially in theology, he first sup- small farm in the upper part of Johnson county, plied them with Bibles and religious works from Ky. He was a decided Unionist. The threats of his Germany. In 1738, having obtained a printing- neighbors caused him to take refuge in the woods. press and materials, he issued an almanac, in Ger- While he was thus in hiding a party demanded of man, of twenty-four pages, which was continued his father his place of concealment, and, on the lat- by his descendants till 1798. In 1739 he brought ter's refusal to disclose it, Judge Cecil, one of the out the first number of “ Der Hoch-Deutsch Pen- number, shot the old man dead before his own sylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber,” a religious and doorway. Sowards now enlisted in the 8th Ken- secular journal, a small folio, nine by thirteen tucky regiment in the National army, and in De- inches, which attained a circulation of nearly ten cember, 1861, was selected by Gen. James A. Gar- thousand, and had great influence among his field as a scout. Sowards rendered important countrymen. It was the first of its kind that was services, among others going, at imminent risk, published in a foreign language in Pennsylvania. into Marshall's camp on the eve of the battle of This was followed by a number of larger works Middle Creek and reporting to Garfield an ambus- and in 1743 by a quarto edition of the Bible in cade into which he would doubtless have fallen German, Luther's translation, which was limited 1 SOWER 617 SPAIGHT to 1,200 copies of 1,284 pages. It was three years | 21 Nov., 1821, removed the establishment to Phila- in press, the largest work as yet issued in the colo- delphia in 1844, where he continued publishing, nies, and was the first Bible printed in this coun- first in his own name, then successively as Sower try, with the exception of Eliot's Indian Bible. and Barnes, Sower, Barnes and Potts, and Sower, Thereafter his publications were very numerous, Potts and Co. In 1888, one hundred and fifty years both in English and German. In the same year after it was founded by Christopher Sower, the house he began printing he established the first type- was incorporated as the Christopher Sower com- foundry in this country, and a manufactory for pany by a charter granted by the state. Charles printer's ink. He afterward made his own paper, G. Sower remains as president of the company. bound his own books, and was the inventor of SPAETH, Adolph (spate), theologian, b. in many things of practical use in his business. He Esslingen, Würtemberg, Germany, 29 Oct., 1839. is supposed to have invented cast-iron stoves. He received his classical and theological education which he at least introduced into general use. In in the University of Tübingen, where he was addition to farming and printing, he practised his graduated in 1861. He was ordained to the min- profession, and manufactured tall eight-day clocks. istry of the Lutheran church in October, 1861, He was also active in all public measures, and fre- came to the United States in 1863, and has been quently represented his countrymen in their inter- pastor of St. John's German Lutheran congrega- course with the government. Upon his death, his tion in Philadelphia since 1867. He became pro- business and his estate were inherited by his son, fessor in the Lutheran theological seminary, Phila- Christopher, b. in Laasphe, Germany, 26 Sept., delphia, in 1873, president of the general council 1721 ; d. in Methatchen, Pa., 4 Aug., 1784. He of the Evangelical Lutheran church in North was liberally educated, and when he was twenty- | America in 1880, and was a delegate of the general six years old became a minister, and was associated council to the general conference of Lutheran with the Rev. Sanders Mack in Germantown, in ministers at Hamburg, Germany, in 1887. Al- the oldest Dunker church in this country. Five though a German by birth and education, he has years later he was chosen overseer, or bishop, and become thoroughly identified with American in- continued the duties of his office in connection terests, both ecclesiastical and political. He has with his secular business until his death. Upon acquired the English language and speaks it with taking charge of the business, he so increased it ease. The University of Pennsylvania gave him that for many years it was the largest book-manu- the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Spaeth is a fre- factory in the country. In 1763 he published a quent contributor to the periodicals of his church second edition of the great quarto Bible, in 1776 in this country and in Europe. He has been edi- a third, all in German. These editions were issued tor of the “ Jugend-Freund," a German monthly, previous to the publication of an English Bible since 1877. Among his published works are “ Die in the American colonies. A part of the unbound Evangelien des Kirchenjahrs” (Philadelphia, sheets of the edition of 1776 was seized by the 1870); “ Brosamen von des Herrn Tische ” (1871): British during their occupation of Germantown “Sonntagschulbuch des General-Concils,” edited and used for littering horses. Copies of all the (1876); “ Kirchenbuch des General-Concils," edited editions are in the Lenox library, New York city, (1877); “ Amerikanische Beleuchtung” (1882); the Library company of Philadelphia, and the Luther im Lied seiner Zeitgenossen” (Reading, Historical society of Pennsylvania. He did his Pa., 1883); “ The Luther Jubilee in Philadelphia own type-founding, wood-engraving, paper- and (Philadelphia, 1884); “ The General Council," in ink-making, and binding, carrying on also a large English and German (1885); “Phæbe, the Dea- business in his father's medical preparations, which coness,” in English and German (1885); “ Faith and he sent to various parts of the country. He was Life as represented by Martin Luther” (1887); one of the founders of the Germantown academy, “Liederlust" (Allentown, Pa., 1887); and a large to which he largely contributed. He also was an number of sermons and addresses. He has for opponent of slavery, and his advocacy of the doc- several years been engaged in the preparation of trines of universal peace caused him to be misun- a complete “ Life, Correspondence, and Works” of derstood, so that during the Revolution, though Charles P. Krauth, the Lutheran theologian. he did not espouse the British cause, he was ar- SPAIGHT, Richard Dobbs, governor of North rested and imprisoned. On a second arrest for not Carolina, b. in New Berne, N. C., 25 March, 1758 ; conforming to an edict, of which he seems to have d. there, 6 Sept., 1802. His father, Richard, was a been ignorant, he was taken from his bed, mal- member of the king's council in 1757, and secre- treated in various ways, and led before the provost tary of North Carolina under the crown in 1762. as a spy. His large property was confiscated, but. His mother was the sister of Arthur Dobbs, gov- instead of having recourse to the law, he said: “Iernor of the colony in 1753–65. The son lost his made them to understand that I should permit parents at eight years of age and received his everything to happen to me that the Lord should education abroad, being graduated at the Univer- ordain.". The remainder of his old age was spent, sity of Glasgow. He returned home in 1778, and except when visiting churches within his jurisdic- at twenty years of age became aide-de-camp to tion, at Methatchen, where, assisted by a faithful Gen. Richard Caswell, and was present at the bat- daughter, he supported himself at binding and tle of Camden. His kinsman, Capt. William selling remnants of his publications. He died in Spaight, of the 65th regiment, had already been poverty. No one in his denomination has been engaged at the battle of Bunker Hill on the Brit- held in higher veneration, and his benevolence to ish side. In 1781 he was elected to the North the poor families of the soldiers earned him the Carolina legislature, and again in 1782 and 1783. title of the “ bread father.” He was an eloquent In the last year he became a member of congress speaker, and his reputation as a writer extended and was placed on the committee to devise a plan throughout the colonies.- His son, Christopher, for the temporary government of the western ter- b. in Germantown, Pa., 27 Jan., 1754; d. in Balti- ritory. He was a delegate to the convention to more, Md., 3 July, 1799, was engaged in business frame the constitution of the United States in in Philadelphia during the war, and afterward led 1787, and was active in the proceedings. In the an unsettled life. The second Christopher's great- Hillsboro', N. C., convention in July, 1788, though grandson, Charles Gilbert, b. in Norristown, Pa., afterward a Jeffersonian Republican, he earnestly 2 618 SPALDING SPALDING a advocated the adoption of the U. S. constitution, New York “Courier and Enquirer” during his so- but in vain. He had been in correspondence with journ abroad won great admiration by their philo- Gen. Washington on the subject, and the follow- sophical grasp of events and persons and brilliancy ing interesting paragraph occurs in an unpublished of style. On his return to the United States in letter to Gov. Spaight, dated Mt. Vernon, May 25, the spring of 1850 he became attached to the 1788: “I am sorry to find by your letter that the “ Courier and Enquirer” as its leading writer. state of North Carolina is so much opposed to the His reputation led in 1859 to the establishment proposed government. If a better could be agreed of the New York “ World,” and his headship of it. on, it might be well to reject this; but without The design of the enterprise was altogether new- such a prospect (and I confess none appears to me), that of a model journal conducted throughout on policy I think must recommend the one that is Christian principles, independent of particular submitted.” On the invitation of Gov. Spaight, sects or political parties. The financial crisis Washington visited North Carolina, and, in conse- that attended the progress of the civil war so af- quence of their united counsels, North Carolina fected the paper that it passed under a new man- ratified the constitution, 21 Nov., 1789. Owing agement and editorship. In 1862 Mr. Spalding to feeble health Gov. Spaight retired during four took a post in the editorial corps of the New York years from public life. In 1792 he was elected to "Times," and many of its patriotic editorials were the legislature, and he was immediately chosen from his pen. He was stricken with paralysis governor by that body, being the first native of when in the full vigor of his powers, and died after the state that was chief magistrate. In 1793 and years of sickness. Richard Grant White, who was 1797 he was a presidential elector. He was a associated with him both in the “ Courier and En- member of congress again from 1798 till 1801, and quirer” and the “World,” wrote of Mr. Spalding: in the latter year sat in the North Carolina senate. With a theme congenial and an occasion to arouse He died of a wound that he had received in a duel him, his vigor and elegance have never been ex- with John Stanly, his successor in congress.His celled by a writer upon the city press." His pub- eldest son, Richard Dobbs, governor of North lished addresses are “Spiritual Philosophy and Ma- Carolina, b. in New Berne, N. Č., in 1796; d. there terial Politics” (1854), and “The True Idea of in November, 1850, was graduated at the Univer- Female Education” (1855).-His brother, George sity of North Carolina in 1815, and was a member Burley, clergyman, b. in Montpelier, Vt., 11 Aug., of the legislature in 1819, and of the state senate 1835, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1820-2. He sat in congress in 1823–5, was in 1856, studied law at Tallahassee, Fla., spent two again state senator in 1825–'34, and governor of years at Union theological seminary, New York the state in 1835–7, being the last governor that city, and was graduated at Andover seminary in was elected by the legislature. Gov. Spaight was 1861. He was ordained at Vergennes, Vt., the a member of the Constitutional convention of 1837, same year, and after holding Congregational pas- which transferred the election to the popular vote. torates in Hartford, Conn., and Dover and Man- SPALDING, Henry Harmon, missionary, b. chester, N. H., took charge in 1885 of the 1st in Bath, N. Y., in 1804; d. in Lapwai, Idaho, 3 Presbyterian church in Syracuse, N. Y., which Aug., 1874. He was graduated at Western Re- place he now holds. Dr. Spalding has done much serve college in 1833, and entered the class of 1837 editorial work on the New York World,” the in Lane theological seminary, but left, without “ Times,” the “ Watchman,” Boston, and the “ New graduation, upon his appointment in 1836 by the Hampshire Journal,” which was established by American board as missionary to the Nez Percés him in 1881. He was a member of the Constitu- Indians of Idaho. He remained at Lapwai till tional convention of New Hampshire in 1877, and 1847, when he fled with his family to the Willa- of the legislature of the same year. He received mette valley upon the murder of his associate, the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth in 1878. Dr. and all those that were attached to his post at Spalding has travelled extensively in the Old Walla-Walla, by the Indians. After this he la- World. His published sermons and addresses in- bored fourteen years among the savages, using his clude "Sermon Commemorative of Gen. Samuel translations of the Scriptures, and acting also in P. Strong” (1854); - Scriptural Policy." a political 1850—5 as commissioner of common schools for tract (1868); “In Memoriam, John Parker Hale" Oregon. He returned to Lapwai in 1862, combining (1873); and “ The Idea and Necessity of Normal- with his mission work that of superintendent of School Training ” (1878). education for the Nez Percés Indians till 1871. SPALDING, John Franklin, P. E. bishop, b. His labors thereafter were under the auspices of in Belgrade, Me., 25 Aug., 1828. He was gradu- the Presbyterian board of missions, and were in ated at Bowdoin in 1853, and at the Episcopal northwestern Idaho and northeastern Washington general theological seminary, New York city, in territories. Several thousands of Indians were 1857, and was ordained deacon in Portland, Me., 8 civilized through his efforts, and more than 1,000 July, 1857, by Bishop Burgess, and priest, in Gar- became professedly Christians. Mr. Spalding diner, Me., 14 July, 1858, by the same bishop. He translated parts of the Bible into the Nez Perce did missionary duty in Old Town, Me., for two language, which he had reduced to writing. years, was rector of St. George's church, Lee, SPALDING, James Reed, journalist, b. in Mass., in 1859-'60 assistant minister in Grace Montpelier, Vt., 15 Nov., 1821 ; d. in Dover, N. H., church, Providence, R. I., in 1860-'1, officiated 10 Oct., 1872. His father was for nearly half for a short time in St. John's church, Providence, of a century a well-known physician in Vermont. and in April, 1862, became rector of St. Paul's The son was graduated at the University of Ver- church, Erie, Pa. This post he held for nearly mont in 1840, and was a private tutor in Georgia, | twelve years. Having been elected missionary at the same time studying law. On his return to bishop of Colorado, with jurisdiction in the terri- Montpelier he was admitted to the bar, but his lit- tory of Wyoming, he was consecrated in St. Paul's erary tastes led him to give up his profession, and church, Erie, 31 Dec., 1873. Trinity gave him the he spent several years in travel through Europe degree of D. D. in 1874. Bishop Spalding is author and into Asia as a student of manners, morals, and of " A Devotional Manual," several tracts, and politics. He was a witness of the events of the numerous occasional sermons and addresses. His French revolution of 1848. His letters to the latest publication is entitled “ The Church and its 9 1 6 SPALDING 619 SPALDING Martin Sohn Afalling Apostolic Ministry,” a course of lectures delivered transferred to the pastorship of St. Peter's church in St. Mark's church, Denver, in January, 1887 in Lexington. Upon the removal of the see from (Milwaukee, Wis., 1887). Bardstown to Louisville in 1841 he returned to the SPALDING, Lyman, physician, b. in Cornish, former city, where his presence was thought neces- N. H., 5 June, 1775; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 30 sary to reconcile Oct., 1821. He was graduated at Harvard medical the Roman Cath- school, with the degree of M. B., in 1797. In 1798, olic inhabitants while still a student, he assisted Prof. Nathan to the change. In Smith in establishing the medical school at Dart- 1844 he was re- mouth, collected and prepared chemical apparatus, called to Louis- delivered the first course of lectures at the opening ville and appoint- of the institution, and published “ A New Nomen- ed vicar-general. clature of Chemistry, proposed by Messrs. De Mo- The age of Bish- vau, Lavoisier, Berthollet and Fourcroy, with Ad- op Flaget and the ditions and Improvements” (1799). His medical illness of his co- studies were afterward continued at Cambridge adjutor to a great and Philadelphia, and he entered upon the practice extent threw the of medicine at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1799. He administration of was given the degree of M. D. by Dartmouth in the diocese into 1804 and Harvard in 1811. He devoted much at- the hands of Dr. tention to the study of the human structure, was a Spalding, yet he skilful anatomist, and his preparations, particular- was frequently ly of the lymphatics, were highly praised. In 1812 engaged in giving ern district of the state of New York, at Fairfield, ville and other Herkimer co., was incorporated, Dr. Spalding cities, and at the being elected president and professor of anatomy, same time prepared some of his works for the press. and he made annual visits to this school. In 1813 In February, 1848, he was appointed coadjutor bish- he removed to New York city and, a few years op of Louisville, and he was consecrated bishop of later, resigned his position at the college. With Lengone in partibus on 10 Sept. following. He Dr. Spalding originated the plan for the formation provided for the establishment of parochial schools, of the Pharmacopæia of the United States," by the built an orphan asylum for boys at St. Thomas authority of all the medical societies and medical and one for boys and girls of German parentage in schools in the Union. In January, 1817, he sub- Louisville, and laid the foundation of a cathedral. mitted the project to the New York county medi. He recalled the Jesuits into his diocese, and the cal society. In February, 1818, it was adopted by Trappist abbey at Gethsemane was established un- the Medical society of the state of New York and der his auspices. After taking steps to have his ordered to be carried into execution by their com- diocese divided and the see of Covington created, mittee, Dr. Spalding being one of the number. The he visited Europe in 1853–54 to obtain assistants. first edition of the work was published in 1820, and He then set about establishing the St. Vincent de a new one is issued every ten years. Dr. Spalding Paul society, which soon had conferences in the was a contributor to medical and philosophical jour- principal towns. In 1857 he founded the American nals, and, besides several lectures and addresses, college in Louvain, which up to 1884 has sent 301 published Reflections on Fever, and particu- priests to the missions of the United States. At farly on the Inflammatory Character of Fever the beginning of the Know-Nothing movement he (1817); “ Reflections on Yellow-Fever Periods became involved in a controversy with George D. (1819); and "A History of the Introduction and Prentice, and during the riots in Louisville in 1855 Use of Scutellaria Lateriflora as a Remedy for pre- he showed great prudence, his influence probably venting and curing Hydrophobia” (1819). Dr. preventing the disturbances from assuming larger Spalding was active in introducing into the United proportions. Bishop Spalding did much to secure States the practice of vaccination as a preventive hospital accommodations for the sick of the Na- of the small-pox. He was a trustee of the only tional troops that were encamped around Louis- free schools that New York then possessed, and ville in the first year of the civil war. On the aided in the establishment of the first Sunday- death of Archbishop Kenrick in June, 1864, Bishop schools in that city. Spalding was transferred to the see of Baltimore SPALDING, Martin John, archbishop, b. near and installed as archbishop on 31 July. He founded Lebanon, Marion co., Ky.. 23 May, 1810; d. in the House of the Good Shepherd in Baltimore, and Baltimore, Md., 7 Feb., 1872. In 1821 he was sent began a boys' protectory, which he placed in charge to St. Mary's seminary in Marion county, where of the Xaverian Brothers. In 1865 he was appointed he was graduated in 1826. He then studied theol- administrator of the diocese of Charleston, the ogy in St. Joseph's seminary, Bardstown, for four bishop of which was unable to return, and made years, and then in the Urban college of the propa- successful appeals to the Roman Catholics of the ganda, Rome, where he won his doctor's diploma north in aid of their southern brethren. He also by defending for seven hours in Latin 256 theologi- secured important contributions for the American cal propositions against some of the ablest theo college at Rome. In 1866 he presided over the logians in the city. He was ordained priest on 13 second plenary council of Baltimore, the largest Aug., 1834, and on his return to Kentucky was assembly of the kind since the general council of charged with the pastorship of the cathedral at Trent. The work that this body performed was Bardstown and with the professorship of philoso- entirely planned by Archbishop Spalding. In 1867 phy in the diocesan seminary. He was instru- he was present in Rome at the 18th centenary of mental in founding the “ Catholic Advocate," and the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, and his articles in this journal attracted wide attention again in 1869-'70 as a member of the æcumenical among Roman Catholics in the United States. In council of the Vatican. He was at first opposed 1838 he was appointed president of St. Joseph's to the definition of the dogma of the pope's infalli- college. After holding this post two years he was bility on the ground that it was inopportune, but " 620 SPALDING SPALDING 66 > 66 gradually became convinced of its necessity. Dur- | to the pope, and he was accordingly consecrated ing the deliberations of the council his scholarship bishop of the new see on 1 May by Cardinal Mc- and theological ability produced a marked impres- Closkey in the cathedral of New York. His admin- sion. After his return to Baltimore in 1870 he istration has been marked by energy, and he has made a visitation of his diocese, delivered lectures had signal success in developing the resources of for the benefit of local charities, built fine parochial his diocese. In 1877 it contained 75 churches, 51 schools near his cathedral, and began the Church of priests, and about 45,000 Roman Catholics. In St. Pius. Archbishop Spalding acquired great repu- 1887 there were 163 churches, 113 priests, 12 cleri- tation as a lecturer and pulpit orator. He con- cal students, 32 religious institutions, 9 academies, tributed largely to the Roman Catholic literature 41 parochial schools, an orphan asylum, and 5 hos- of the country, and takes high rank as a reviewer. pitals. Bishop Spalding has given much attention He was for some time one of the editors of the to the question of emigration, and his efforts have " United States Catholic Magazine.” His prin- attracted numerous emigrants to the west. He cipal works are “ D'Aubigné's History of the Ref- has also labored successfully to establish a Roman ormation Reviewed (Baltimore, 1844, London, Catholic university in the United States, and his 1846; Dublin, 1846); Sketches of the Early plans for carrying out this enterprise were adopted Catholic Missions in Kentucky 1787 – 1826–7” by the council of Baltimore in 1884. He is a con- (Louisville, 1846); " Lectures on the General Evi- tributor to Roman Catholic periodicals and reviews dences of Christianity" (1847; 4th ed., Baltimore, and the author of a "Life of Archbishop Spalding 1866); “Life, Times, and Character of the Rt. Rev. (New York, 1872); “Essays and Reviews” (1876); B. J. Flaget” (Louisville, 1852); “ Miscellanea: Religious Mission of the Irish People” (1880); comprising Reviews, Lectures, and Essays on His- and “ Lectures and Discourses" (1882). — Their kins- torical , Theological, and Miscellaneous Subjects” woman, Catherine, first superior of the Sisters (1885); and “History of the Protestant Reformation of Charity of Nazareth, b. in Charles county, in Germany and Switzerland, and in England, Ire- Md., 23 Dec., 1793; d.' in Louisville, Ky., 20 land, Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and North- March, 1858, was left an orphan at the age of ern Europe” (2 vols., 1860). He also edited, with four, and was brought up by an aunt in Ken- an introduction and notes, Abbé Darras's “General tucky. In 1813 she became a member of a new History of the Catholic Church” (4 vols., New society of Sisters of Charity, which had been insti- York, 1866). The life of Archbishop Spalding has tuted the year before by Bishop David. . She was been written by his nephew, John Lancaster Spal- made superior, and, under the patronage of the ding, bishop of Peoria (New York, 1872).— His bishop, opened the convent of Nazareth. In 1814 brother, Benedict Joseph, clergyman, b. in Ma- she established a boarding- and day- school near rion county, Ky., 15 April, 1812; d. in Louis- the convent, which increased rapidly in numbers ville, Ky., 4 Aug., 1868, studied at St. Mary's and reputation. In 1816 the order was regularly college, and entered the diocesan seminary in organized, and Mother Spalding and two of her Bardstown, Ky. In 1832 he went to the College of associates were allowed to take the ordinary vows. the propaganda, where he was graduated five years In 1819 she sent a colony of sisters to Bardstown, later, and then entered the priesthood of the Ro- who established the Bethlehem day-school, and in man Catholic church. On his return to the United 1820 St. Vincent convent was founded in Union States in 1837 he taught for a time in the theo- county. She opened St. Catherine's school in Scott logical seminary of St. Thomas, and was afterward county in 1823. It was afterward removed to made agent of St. Joseph's college. In 1840, with Lexington, where it still exists, and is regarded as the Rev. John Hutchins, he established a seminary one of the community's most flourishing establish- for boys in Breckinridge county, which they car- ments, The Academy of the Presentation was ried on for two years. Mr. Spalding returned to opened in Louisville in 1831, of which Mother Bardstown in 1842 to accept the vice-presidency Spalding took personal charge. She also began of St. Joseph's college, and continued in that place the founding of St. Vincent's orphan asylum, in until 1844, when he was made pastor of the church which afterward provision was made for 200 or- of St. Joseph, in Bardstown. In 1847 he was called phan girls, and opened an infirmary. The rest of to the charge of the cathedral church in Louisville, her life was spent principally in caring for the and was appointed vicar-general of the diocese. wants of orphan children, or in visiting the poor These offices he held until his death, with two ex- and sick of the city. The illness of which she died ceptions, when during the vacancy of the see he was contracted while she was hastening through was invested by his superiors with the administra- the snow to aid a poor family that lived at some tion of the bishopric. He received no salary be- distance from the asylum. Mother Spalding be- yond his food and clothing, but gave largely of his longed to a family that is distinguished in the an- own private fortune to those that were in need. nals of the Roman Catholic church in the United Father Spalding was greatly beloved by both Ro- States. She was nearly related to Archbishop man Catholics and Protestants for his blameless Spalding and Archbishop Elder. life, his liberality, and his self-sacrificing disposition. SPALDING, Rufus Paine, jurist, b. in West -His nephew, John Lancaster, R. C. bishop, b. Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 3 May, 1798; d. in Lebanon, Ky., 2 June, 1840, was educated in the in Cleveland, Ohio, 29 Aug., 1886. He was gradu- United States and in Europe, ordained in 1863, ated at Yale in 1817, and subsequently studied law and attached to the cathedral of Louisville as under Zephania Swift, chief justice of Connecticut, assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of whose daughter, Lucretia, he married in 1822. In colored people and built for their use the Church 1819 he was admitted to practice in Little Rock, of St. Augustine, of which he was appointed pastor. Ark., but in 1821 he went to Warren, Ohio. Six- He was soon afterward made chancellor of the teen years later he moved to Ravenna, Ohio, and he diocese and secretary to the bishop. He left was sent to the legislature in 1839–40 as a Demo- Louisville in 1873 and came to New York, where crat, serving as speaker in 1841-2. In 1849 he he did missionary work in the parish of St. was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio Michael's, becoming noted as an eloquent preacher for seven years, but when, three years later, the and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria was new state constitution was adopted, he declined a created in 1877 his appointment was recommended | re-election and began practice in Cleveland. In SPALDING 621 SPARKMAN 6 1852 he entered political life as a Free-soiler, and / progress of the American work, returning in 1754. he was one of the organizers of the Republican During the French and Indian wax, and especially party. He was a member of congress in 1863-9, after the massacre of the missionaries on the where he served on important committees, but he Mahony, near what is now Mauch Chunk, Pa., 24 subsequently declined all political honors. Judge Nov., 1755, he displayed no little courage. Beth- Spalding exercised an important influence in re- lehem became the frontier town in the direction of storing the Masonic order to its former footing the Indian country, was surrounded with a stockade, after the disappearance of William Morgan. and carefully guarded against attacks from the SPALDING, Simon, soldier, b. in Plainfield, savages. Spangenberg was in stated correspond- Conn., 16 Jan., 1742; d. 24 Jan., 1814. He re- ence with the governor of Pennsylvania, who moved to Wyoming, Pa., in 1772, and was a soldier acknowledged the great benefit the bishop was con- in the Revolutionary army, becoming a lieutenant, ferring upon the whole colony by thus holding his 26 Aug., 1776, and being promoted to captain, 24 town. After the conclusion of the war he resumed June, 1778. He was present at the action of Bound those visits to the Indian country in which he had Brook, N. J., 13 April, 1777, and the escape of the always taken a particular delight, and baptized Americans with slight loss was largely due to his several converts. In 1760 Zinzendorf died and personal efforts. He served until the close of the Spangenberg was called to Europe in order to as- war, and he was in the Sullivan campaign, during sist in the gov nment of the Unitas Fratrum which he and his company won honor for heroic according to the new constitution. He took his service. On 30 May, 1783, he removed to Shese- seat in the chief executive board, of which body he quin, Bradford co., Pa., the upper part of the was the president for twenty-three years. He Wyoming settlement, where he rose through the lived to be eighty-eight years of age, and his epis- various grades to general of militia. He was a copate continued for forty-eight years. Span- large man, of fine and imposing appearance. genberg was a learned theologian and a man of SPANGENBERG, Augustus Gottlieb, Mora- great power, and yet as a Christian humble as a vian bishop, b. in Klettenberg, Prussia, 15 July, little child. His presence was commanding; his 1704; d. in Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, Saxony, countenance showed the nobility of his character 18 Sept., 1792. He was graduated at Jena, and and the love of an overflowing heart. Among his then became an assistant professor in the university numerous works the most important are · Idea there. Subsequently he was appointed to a pro- Fidei Fratrum” (Barby, 1782 ; translated into Eng. fessor's chair at Halle, but his association with Zin- lish by La Trobe under the title “ Exposition of zendorf and the Moravians gave such offence that Christian Doctrine,” London, 1784); " Darlegung he was dismissed from the university, and joined richtiger Antworten "(Leipsic, 1751), and “ Schluss- their church. In 1735 he put himself at the head Schrift" (1752): two polemical works in defence of of a body of Moravian immigrants, and established Zinzendorf; and “ Leben des Grafen von Zinzen- a colony at Savannah, Ga. Thither came Bishop dorf” (3 vols., Barby, 1772–4; abridged English David Nitschmann, who ordained Spangenberg a translation, London, 1838). There are two biogra- presbyter of the church, and sent him to Pennsyl- phies of Spangenberg, Jeremiah Risler's “ Leben vania, where he labored among the German sects. Spangenbergs ” (Barby, 1794), and Carl F. Ledder- Such work was interrupted by a visit that the bishop hose's “ Leben A. G. Spangenbergs, Bischofs der commissioned him to undertake to the mission in St. Brüdergemeinde” (Heidelberg, 1846; French trans- Thomas. After his return he resumed his labors in lation, Toulouse, 1850; English, London, 1855). Pennsylvania, went to Savannah in order to cheer SPARHAWK, Frances Campbell, author, b. his brethren, who were in distress on account of the in Amesbury, Mass., about 1858. Her education war impending between England and Spain, and was received in private schools. The poet Whittier finally sailed for Europe in 1739. Having been ap- was an early and intimate friend of her father, Dr. pointed to preside over the Moravian churches in Thomas Sparhawk. She has published a large this country, he was consecrated to the episcopacy, number of serial stories in “ The Christian Union” 15 June, 1744, at Ilerrnhaag. He arrived at Beth- and - The Bay State Monthly." Her most impor- lehem, Pa., in the autumn of the same year, and, tant contribution to serial fiction is entitled “Eliza- with the exception of a brief period from 1749 till beth,” a romance of colonial days, and describes 1751, which he spent in Europe, ruled the church New England and the siege of Louisburg. This until 1761 with singular ability. The settlers at appeared in “ The Bay State Monthly.” She is also Bethlehem, Nazareth, and other Moravian stations the author of " A Lazy Man's Work” (New York, were poor and had heavy financial engagements to 1881); "Little Polly Blatchley” (Boston, 1887); meet, but Spangenberg provided for them with and “ Miss West's Class in Geography ” (1887). such care, and managed the affairs of the entire SPARKMAN, James Truslow, reformer, b. colony so successfully, that his brethren gave himn in Brooklyn, N. Y., 27 Sep., 1842. He was edu- the honorary name of Joseph.” This name he ac- cated at Brooklyn polytechnic institute and at cepted, and used it in signing his letters, and Tarrytown institute, after which he followed a occasionally even official documents. In the year special course of commercial training. In 1861 he after his arrival at Bethlehem he undertook a visit entered into business with his father, James D. to Onondaga, the capital of the Six Nations, with Sparkman, who was a large importing merchant, whom he concluded a treaty that had in view the with whom he continued until after the civil war. establishment of a mission among them. On this Mr. Sparkman has been active in politics, although journey, which proved to be very arduous and full not holding office, and his opinion and counsel are of dangers, he was adopted into the Iroquois con- valued by the leaders of the Democratic party. federacy, receiving the name of Tgirhitontie, or a In recent years he has advocated various meas- Row of Trees. In 1752, accompanied by five asso- ures of reform, notably the labor-day bill, the ciates, he made his way into the wilds of North half-holiday bill, the small-parks bill, and the tene- Carolina, where he superintended the survey of a ment-house reform bill, and has been uniformly large tract of land that the church had bought of successful in procuring the passage of measures of Lord Granville. It was a hazardous and difficult reformatory legislation. He secured the commuta- undertaking. In the following year he visited tion of the sentence of the Theiss boycotters, who Europe and reported to Count Zinzendorf on the were imprisoned for a long period at a time when 66 622 SPARKS SPARKS 2 66 Janedo Sparks public feeling was bitter against them. Mr. Spark-ceived the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1843, man has contributed to various periodicals. and was a member of many learned societies. The SPARKS, Jared, historian, b. in Willington, first volume that Dr. Sparks published was “ Let- Conn., 10 May, 1789; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 14 ters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrines of the March, 1866. He obtained in 1809 a scholarship Protestant Episcopal Church," in reply to a sermon in Phillips Exeter academy, through the influence of Rev. William E. Wyatt directed against Unitari- of Rev. Abiel Abbott, and, after remaining two an doctrines (Baltimore, 1820). His sermon before years, entered Har- the house of representatives on the death of Will- vard, where he was iam Pinkney was printed (Washington, 1822). He also given a scholar- began in Baltimore, and continued in Boston, the ship, which he sup- publication of a “Collection of Essays and Tracts plemented by teach- in Theology from Various Authors," with bio- ing during a part of graphical and critical notices (6 vols., 1823–6). In the year. While em- 1827 he published, in the form of two letters to ployed in a private Judge Joseph Story, an account of the Washington school at Havre de papers at Mount Vernon, with a plan for their pub- Grace, Md., in 1813, lication. His first biographical work was a "Life he served in the of John Ledyard” (Cambridge, 1828), which was militia against the translated into German (Leipsic, 1829). While en- British, who cap- gaged in collecting the public and private writings tured and burned of President Washington, Sparks, by authority of the town. After his congress, gathered and edited “The Diplomatic graduation in 1815 Correspondence of the American Revolution, being he taught a classi- the Letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, John cal school at Lan- Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Ralph caster, Mass., but he Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmichael, Henry returned to the uni- Laurens, John Laurens, and others, concerning the versity in 1817 to Foreign Relations of the United States during the study divinity, and Whole Revolution; together with the Letters in for the two years that he was there he was tutor in Reply from the Secret Committee of Congress and mathematics and natural philosophy in the college the Secretary of Foreign Affairs; also the Entire and acting editor of the “ North American Review." Correspondence of the French Ministers Gerard In May, 1819, after the completion of his theologi- and Luzerne with Congress" (12 vols., Boston, cal studies, he was ordained pastor of a new Unita- 1829–30). He also wrote at this time "The Life rian church in Baltimore, Md. He took part in the of Gouverneur Morris" (3 vols., 1832). After nine doctrinal controversy with orthodox theologians. years of preparatory labor he began the publication In 1821 he was chosen chaplain of the National of “ The Writings of George Washington, being his house of representatives. He edited in 1821-3 a Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other monthly periodical called the Unitarian Miscel- Papers, Official and Private, selected and published lany and Christian Monitor," in which he printed from the Original Manuscripts, with a Life of the letters addressed to Rev. Samuel Miller on the Author, Notes, and Illustrations" (12 vols., 1834-8). “ Comparative Moral Tendency of Trinitarian and The first volume, containing the Life of Wash- Unitarian Doctrines” that were afterward expandington," appeared in 1837, and was reissued sepa- ed and republished in a volume (Boston, 1823). He rately (Boston, 1839). An abridgment by the au- resigned his pastorate in Baltimore in 1823 on ac- thor was also published (2 vols., Boston, 1843). count of impaired health, and, after a journey in the Those parts of the correspondence that were of in- western states, returned to Boston and purchased terest to the French public, with the biography in the “ North American Review," which he conducted full, were translated and published under the title from January, 1824, till April, 1831. He undertook of " Vie, correspondance, et écrits de Washington," in 1825 the task of collecting and editing the writ- with an introductory discourse by François P. G. ings of George Washington, and, after examining Guizot on the influence and character of Washing- the papers in the public archives of the thirteen ton in the American Revolution (6 vols. and atlas, states of the Continental federation, he secured Paris, 1839–40). The first volume of the corre- possession, through an arrangement with Bushrod spondence was reprinted in London, but found no Washington and Chief-Justice John Marshall, of sale. An English publisher issued the “ Personal the papers of Gen. Washington that were preserved Memoirs and Diaries of George Washington," with at Mount Vernon. In 1828 he went to Europe for the name of Jared Sparks on the title-page, though the purpose of transcribing documents in the gov- without his authorization (2 vols., London, 1839). ernment archives at London and at Paris. Several Friedrich von Raumer made a German translation years later he made a second journey to Europe, of the biography, with extracts from the writings and, in his renewed researches among the French (Leipsic, 1839). Historians and critics generally archives, discovered the map with the red line accorded praise to Sparks for the thoroughness and marked upon it, concerning which, and the use accuracy of his work; yet his manner of refining made of it in settling the question of the north- the language of the letters and diaries and sup- eastern boundary in 1842, there was much debate, pressing objectionable words and passages drew both in this country and in England. Mr. Sparks upon him the unfriendly criticism of Lord Mahon, was the originator and first editor of the “ Ameri- | who charged the editor not only with omissions, can Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowl- but with substituting and interpolating passages, edge” (Boston, 1830–61). He was professor of afterward withdrawing the latter part of the ancient and modern history at Harvard from 1839 charge. Mr. Sparks, in a "Reply to Lord Mahon till 1849, and president of the college from Febru- and Others” (1852), defended his mode of editing. ary, 1849, till February, 1853, when he resigned on The letters of Washington to Joseph Reed that account of failing health. He devoted his last were referred to in the controversy were reprinted years to a work on the “ History of the American in their original form (Philadelphia, 1852), eliciting Revolution," which he left unfinished. He re- from Sparks “ Remarks on a Reprint of Washing- 66 66 SPARKS 623 SPAULDING ton's Letters ” (1853). Sparks was the editor of moved to Virginia and became professor in the " The Library of American Biography.” (10 vols., Episcopal theological seminary at Alexandria, Boston, 1834-8), containing twenty-six lives, to which post he held during the remainder of his which a second series of thirty-four lives was added | life. He received the degree of D. D. from Ken- (15 vols., 1844-'7). This work passed through yon college in 1838. Dr. Sparrow was evangelical many editions. Of the lives he wrote those of after the pattern of Charles Simeon, Bishops Meade Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Father Marquette, and Mcllvaine, and Dr. Stephen H. Tyng. He La Salle, Count Pulaski, John Ribault, Charles Lee, was an able and successful teacher and was a ser- and John Ledyard, the latter being reprinted from monizer of rare excellence. He published numer- his previously published work. He edited also the ous addresses, sermons on special occasions, trac- * Works of Benjamin Franklin, with Notes and a tates on important topics, and the like. Two years Life of the Author" (10 vols., 1836–40). The first after his death a volume was published containing volume, containing Franklin's “Autobiography," his “Life and Correspondence”., (Philadelphia, with notes and a continuation by Mr. Sparks, was 1876), together with " Fragments," selected from issued separately (1844). Besides “Remarks on his manuscripts. American History” (Boston, 1837), additions to SPAULDING, Edward, inventor, b. in Milford, William Smyth's “ Lectures on Modern History N. H., 3 Sept., 1824. He was educated at the pub- (Boston, 1841), and other minor works, his only lic school of his native town, and has since followed other publication was Correspondence of the the trade of a blacksmith and machinist. Mr. American Revolution, being Letters of Eminent Spaulding has invented a graduated elliptic spring Men to George Washington from the Time of his for carrying heavy loads that is applicable to horse- taking Command of the Army to the End of his cars or to freight - cars for which he received in Presidency” (4 vols., 1853). He left manuscript 1880 a medal of excellence at the American insti- journals containing reminiscences of Thomas Jef- tute fair in New York city. He has also patented ferson, James Madison, and other eminent men, & wrought-iron shackle which is used in conjunc- and recorded conversations with many of them. tion with his spring, and a magnetic and electric His manuscript collection of original materials for ear telephone for enabling the deaf to hear more American diplomatic history was given to Harvard readily. Among his other inventions is a process college. See a “ Memoir of Jared Sparks,” by for keeping cider sweet in any climate without Brantz Mayer (Baltimore, 1867), and one by George bottling or preserving in a cool place. He has taken E. Ellis (Cambridge, 1869). out about ten patents in the United States and SPARKS, William Henry, author, b. on St. eleven in various foreign countries. Simon's island, Ga., 16 Jan., 1800; d. in Marietta, SPAULDING, Elbridge Gerry, banker, b. in Ga., 13 Jan., 1882. He was taken in infancy to his Summer Hill, Cayuga co., N. Y., 24 Feb., 1809. father's plantation in Greene county, and in his He is a lineal descendant in the seventh generation eighteenth year was sent to complete his education of Edward Spaulding, who came from England in Litchfield, Conn., where he subsequently stud- and settled in Massachusetts soon after the arrival ied law. On his return to Georgia he practised of the Puritans in the “Mayflower.” His father, his profession and was a member of the legislature. Edward, was a pioneer from New England to central In 1830 he removed to Natchez, Miss., engaged New York. The son studied law in Batavia and largely in sugar-planting, and about 1850 entered Attica, N. Y., was admitted to practice in Genesee into a law partnership with Judah P. Benjamin in county, and soon afterward removed to Buffalo, New Orleans, which was dissolved ten years later. N. Y. He was associated in practice with Heman He declined many public offices, once only accept- B. Potter, George R. Babcock, and John Ganson. ing the nomination for U. S. senator from Louisi- After accumulating a fortune in the practice of the ana, but withdrawing in favor of his friend, Alex- law he gave his attention to banking, in which he ander Barrow. He contributed largely to south has been equally successful. He was instrumental ern publications, and among other verses wrote in causing the removal of the Farmers' and me- Somebody's Darling,” “ The Dying Year,” and chanics' bank of Batavia to Buffalo, and soon there- “ The Old Church - Bell.” He published " The after became its president. Upon the passage of Memories of Fifty Years ” (Philadelphia, 1870; 4th the Federal banking-law the bank was reorgan- ed., 1882), and left ready for the press a second ized under its provisions with the name of the volume; also “ Father Anselmo's Ward," " Chi- Farmers' and mechanics' national bank, and Mr. lecah,” “ The Woman with the Iron-Gray Hair,” Spaulding as president and principal owner. He and other manuscripts. has been largely identified with public affairs. SPARROW, William, clergyman, b. in Charles- He was mayor in 1847 and assemblyman in 1848, town, Mass., 12 March, 1801 ; d. in Alexandria, Va., was a representative in congress in 1849–51, hava 17 Jan., 1874. He was taken by his father to Ire- ing been chosen as a Whig, was state treasurer in land in 1805, where he remained until 1817. His 1853, and again elected to congress as a Republi- education was obtained partly in that country, and can in 1858, serving till 1863. During his last was completed in his native land. He entered Co- term in congress Mr. Spaulding achieved a wide lumbia in 1819, and remained for three years, but reputation. He was a member of the ways and was not graduated with his class. In 1822 he re- means committee, and chairman of the sub-com- joined his father's family in Ohio. He engaged in mittee that was intrusted with the duty of pre- teaching, first in Worthington, Ohio, then in Cin- paring legislative measures. The result was the cinnati, in Miami university as professor of an- presentation and passage of the Greenback or Le- cient languages, and in 1825 as professor in the gal-Tender act, and the National currency bank saine department in Kenyon college, Ohio. He was bill. Both of these were drawn by Mr. Spaulding: ordained deacon in Columbus, Ohio, 7 June, 1826, They were offered and urged as war measures, and by Bishop, Philander Chase, and priest, 11 June, I are claimed to be the best financial system that was 1826, in Worthington, Ohio, by the same bishop. I ever conceived or adopted by any government. Mr. From this date onward he was occupied in paro- | Spaulding is entitled to the credit of formulating chial work in different parishes in Ohio, in editing these measures and securing their adoption. By a church paper, and in the duties of theological reason of his connection with this important legis- professor in Kenyon college. In 1840 he lation he has been called the “Father of Green- re- 624 SPEAR SPAULDING 6 backs.". Mr. Spaulding prepared a “ History of the the Revolutionary army, and beginning to study Legal-Tender Paper Money used during the Great law, he was graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, stud- Rebellion (Buffalo, 1869), which is regarded as ied for the ministry, and preached in New Eng- standard authority on the subject. He was chosen land. In 1795 he settled in Cherry Valley, N. Y., to deliver the address before the Banking associa- where he entered into business with his brother, tion at the Centennial exposition, in which he gave and four years later in Richfield, N. Y. In 1809 he a review of "One Hundred Years of Progress in removed to New Salem (now Conneaut), Ohio, and the Business of Banking." established an iron-foundry with Henry Lake. This SPAULDING, Levi, missionary, b. in Jaffrey, enterprise proving unprofitable, on account of the N. H., 22 Aug., 1791 ; d. in Ceylon, 18 June, 1873. war with Great Britain, he went to Pittsburg, and He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1815, finished afterward to Amity, Pa., where he died. While his theological course at Andover seminary three residing at Conneaut, he wrote a romance entitled years later, and soon afterward was ordained at " The Manuscript Found,” purporting to be an ac- Salem, Mass. In 1820 he arrived as a missionary count of the original people of this continent, their of the American board at Jaffna, Ceylon, where he customs, and conflicts between the different tribes. labored fifty-four years, making but one visit to It pretended to be taken from a manuscript that the United States during that period. In addition to had been discovered in an ancient mound. Mr. his missionary labors, he superintended the Oodoo- Spaulding read his manuscript to some of his ville boarding-school for girls and prepared tracts, friends in 1811-'12, and tried to get published, hymns, and school-books in the Tamil language, but without success. In 1830 Mormon elders many of the best lyrics in the vernacular hymn- preached in northeastern Ohio, and their account book' being from his pen. Among his principal of how the golden plates, from which the “ Book of works are a translation of “ Pilgrim's Progress," a Mormon” was made, had been found, brought to “Scripture History," a Tamil dictionary (Madras, mind the story written by Spaulding twenty years 1844), an enlarged edition of an English and Tamil before. A suspicion was raised that the Book of dictionary, "Notes on the Bible,” and a revision Mormon ” might have been an outgrowth from the of the Scriptures in Tamil. He was one of the latter. This suspicion ripened into a general be- most accurate Tamil scholars in southern India, lief, and in time became the accepted theory of the using the language with great facility and power. origin of the “ Book of Mormon." It is alleged that Ten days before his death “ Father Spaulding,” as Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon compiled the he was called, celebrated the fifty-fourth anniver- Book of Mormon” from Spaulding's manuscript sary of his embarkation at Boston for Ceylon, at story, Rigdon having stolen it, or a copy of it, from which time he was the oldest missionary of the a printing-office in which he worked in Pittsburg. American board. In 1834 Dr. P. Hurlbut, who had been expelled SPAULDING, Nathan Weston, inventor, b. in from the Mormon church, obtained from the widow the town of North Anson, Me., 24 Sept., 1829. At of Solomon Spaulding, Mrs. Matilda Davison, of the age of thirteen he began to learn the trade of a Monson, Mass., what was supposed to be the origi- carpenter and builder under the tuition of his nal copy of the Spaulding story, and the same year father, who was both a school-teacher and a prac- Eber D. Howe, editor of the Painesville “Telegraph," tical mechanic. Afterward learning the trade of compiled a book entitled “ Mormonism Unveiled," a millwright from an uncle and spending a year in which was a severe criticism on the " Book of Mor- a saw-factory, he had become at twenty the chief mon” and its believers. This book was reproduced mechanic of his neighborhood. Going to California in 1840. Upon the title-page and in the last chap- in 1851, he went at once to the mines, but did not ter is suggested the “probability that the historical succeed, and was employed as superintendent of part of the Golden Bible' was written by Solomon the construction of one of the first quartz-mills in Spaulding.”. From the time Mr. Hurlbut obtained the state. Its success led to the erection of a sec- the manuscript story in 1834 up to 1884 its where- ond on the same stream-Mokelumne river. In abouts was unknown to the world. In 1884 Presi- 1859 he opened a saw-manufactory in Sacramento, dent James H. Fairchild, of Oberlin college, visited where he began to develop an inventive talent in his old anti-slavery friend, Lewis L. Rice, of Hono- the line of his business and devised the adjustable lulu, Hawaiian islands. Mr. Rice in 1839–40 suc- saw-tooth that has made him widely known. The ceeded Mr. Howe in the office of the Painesville demand for these teeth became so great that Mr. - Telegraph," and the books and manuscripts came Spaulding, finding it difficult to supply them in into his possession. President Fairchild asked Mr. sufficient quantities, was compelled to contrive Rice if he had among his old papers anything relat- other devices, and finally brought out the chisel- ing to the early anti-slavery movement which he bit saw-tooth. He has also completed and pub- would contribute to the Oberlin library. When ex- lished a scale for the measurement of logs, which amining for these he came upon “an old worn and has been adopted as the legal standard in Califor- faded inanuscript of about 175 pages of small nia and other states, as also in several territories. quarto,” which proved to be the long-lost manu- It is known as the Spaulding log-scale. In 1861 script of Solomon Spaulding. Comparisons were he removed his factory to San Francisco, and he made with the “ Book of Mormon," and President has since taken part in the industrial development Fairchild says: “The manuscript has no resem- of California. In 1881 he was appointed by Presi- blance to the Book of Mormon’except in some dent Garfield to be assistant U. S. treasurer at San very general features. There is not a name or an Francisco, which oflice he held until 20 Aug., 1885. incident common to the two." A verbatim copy of During that period he received and disbursed, or the manuscript has been issued by the Mormons at safely kept and transferred to his successor, more Lamoni, Iowa (1885). See “ Who wrote the Book than $:320,000,000 without loss. He has twice of Mormon,' by Robert Patterson (Pittsburg, served as mayor of Oakland, where he resides, and 1882); “ New Light on Mormonism,” by Ellen E. has been selected by Leland Stanford as a trustee Dickinson (New York, 1885); and “Early Days of of the Leland Stanford, Jr., university. Mormonism," by J. H. Kennedy (New York, 1888). SPAULDING, Solomon, clergyman, b. in Ash- SPEAR, Charles, philanthropist, b. in Boston, ford, Conn., in 1761; d. in Amity, Washington co., Mass., 1 May, 1801; d. in Washington, D. C., 18 Pa., 20 Oct., 1816. After serving in his youth in April, 1863."He became a Universalist minister, $ SPEAR 625 SPEED 65 9 66 66 99 and was settled over societies in Brewster and in Troy, N. Y., and was ordained in 1835. In the Rockport, Mass., but afterward removed to Boston, following year he was installed over the 2d Pres- where he devoted many years to prison-reform, byterian Church of Lansingburg, N. Y., from urging upon legislatures the adoption of measures which he was called in 1843 to the South Presby- for the benefit and reformation of convicts. He terian church of Brooklyn, N. Y., holding that also visited prisons and took discharged convicts pastorate till 1871. since which time he has been to his own home, sometimes six at a time, keeping connected editorially with the Independent.” He them till they found employment. During his has published“ Family Power" (New York, 1846); last efforts in behalf of the prisoners of war in “ Religion and State" (1876); “Constitutionality Washington he contracted a disease which resulted of the Legal-Tender Acts” (revised ed., 1877); in his death. His second wife, Catharine Swan “The Law of the Federal Judiciary” (1883); “The Brown, is now (1888) writing his life. He pub- Law of Extradition ” (revised ed., 1884); and “The lished " Names and Titles of Christ” (Boston, Bible Heaven” (1886). He also published in 1842); Essays on the Punishment of Death" pamphlet-form eighteen sermons on the rebellion, (1844); “Plea for Discharged Convicts". (1844); delivered during the civil war, and ten essays con- and “Voices from Prison,” a selection of poems tributed to periodicals. He has received the de- (1849). He edited “ The Prisoner's Friend (Bos- gree of D. D. from Union college in 1851. ton, 1848-'54), a monthly periodical, and was con- SPEECE, Conrad, clergyman, b. in New Lon- nected with several religious newspapers. — His don, Va., 7 Nov., 1776; d. in Staunton, Va., 15 brother, JOHN M., also devoted himself to the Feb., 1836. He labored on his father's farm till he cause of prison - reform near Boston, and wrote was sixteen years old, then attended a grammar- “ Labors for the Prisoner" (Boston, 1848); Mes- school near his home, and finished his education sages from the Superior State (1852); * Twelve at Liberty Hall (afterward Washington college). Discourses on Government (1853); and “ The He studied divinity, and while a tutor in Hamp- Educator " (vol. i., 1857). den Sidney college in 1799 became a Baptist SPEAR, Ellis, commissioner of patents, b. in preacher, but he was licensed in 1801 by the presby- Warren, Knox co., Me., 15 Oct., 1834. He was tery of Hanover. He was appointed to mission- graduated at Bowdoin in 1858, entered the Na- ary work, with occasional pastoral charges, in east- tional army in August, 1862, as a captain of Maine ern Virginia and Maryland and in the valley west volunteers, was promoted through the intermedi- of the Blue Ridge till 1813, when he became pastor ate grades to colonel, and from October, 1863, till of Augusta church, near Staunton, Va. Here Dr. February, 1865, commanded a regiment in the Speece spent the remaining twenty-two years of Army of the Potomac. He was brevetted for his his life. He was among the eminent preachers of services at Peebles Farm, where he was in com- the day, and of great influence in his denomina- mand of a brigade while holding the rank of major, tion. He was also noted for his benefactions, and subsequently received the brevet of colonel for gal- especially for his strenuous efforts to promote the lantry in action, and on 9 April, 1865, that of temperance-reform. He received the degree of brigadier-general. He served for a short time as D. D. from Princeton in 1820. He published "The inspector of division, and at the close of the war Mountaineer,” a volume of essays written in was in command of a brigade. He was mustered 1813-'16 after the manner of “ The Spectator," out in July, 1865. In November of that year he single sermons (1810–'32); and hymns, the most became an assistant examiner of railway and civil important of which is “The Cross of Christ,” in engineering in the U.S. patent-office. He was ap- the general assembly's collection. pointed examiner in 1868, examiner-in-chief in the SPEED, James, lawyer, b. in Jefferson county, same bureau in 1872, and assistant commissioner Ky., 11 March, 1812 ; d. there, 25 June, 1887. lie of patents in 1874. In 1876 he resigned and en- was graduated at St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, gaged in private business till January, 1877, when Ky., in 1828, studied law at Transylvania, and he was appointed commissioner of patents. He began practice at Louisville. His ancestors were held this office till November, 1878, when he again identified with that resigned. He has since been in practice as an at- state from pioneer torney and solicitor in patent cases. days, and were active SPEAR, Samuel P., soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., participants in the in 1815; d. in New York city, 5 May, 1875. He best political life of enlisted in the U. S. army in 1833, and served in the young common- the 2d dragoons in the Seminole war and through wealth. Inheriting a the Mexican campaign, in which he was wounded repugnance to every at Cerro Gordo. Subsequently he served on the form of oppression plains against hostile Indians and in the Utah and injustice, he was expedition, and was long sergeant-major of his naturally opposed to regiment. In the beginning of the civil war he slavery, and his well- entered the volunteer army as lieutenant-colonel of known opinions on the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry, his commission that subject prevent- dating from 25 Sept., 1861. The regiment was ed his taking any raised as an independent body for scouting service , prominent part in pol. under authority of the secretary of war, but in itics until the opening November, 1861, was incorporated in the Pennsyl- of the civil war. He vania state organization. Spear became its colonel was then nearly fifty on 25 Aug., 1862. He commanded several expedi- years old, but he had established his reputation as tions during the war, was brevetted brigadier-gen- a jurist, and was recognized eren by those wholly eral on 13 March, 1865, received severe wounds at opposed to him on the issues of the time as able, Five Forks, and resigned on 9 May, 1865. consistent, and upright. He also held at this time SPEAR, Samuel Thayer, clergyman, b. in a chair in the law department of the University of Ballston Spa, N. Y., 4 March, 1812. He was gradu- Louisville. A powerful element in Kentucky ated at the College of physicians and surgeons, strove to commit the state to the disunion cause, New York, in 1833, then studied for the ministry and against that element he exercised all his tal- VOL. 1.-40 James Speed 626 SPELMAN SPEER ents and influence. To him as much as to any one | Chinese Christian church in the New World. He man is ascribed the refusal of Kentucky to join the founded, and maintained for two years, " The Ori- Confederacy. He became in early manhood a ental,” a religious and secular paper in Chinese and friend of Abraham Lincoln, and their subsequent English devoted to the interests of the emigrants. relations continued to be intimate. When the He greatly influenced religious bodies and thinking war came, he promptly yielded to the president's people toward throwing open to the Chinese the urgent request that he should assist in organizing benefits of Christian civilization. His efforts led to the National troops in his native state, and he de- the repeal of the legislative act of 1854-'5, designed voted himself to the cause of loyalty until 1864, to exclude the Chinese from the mines. After de- when he was made attorney-general of the United voting five years to this mission he was again States. He was a member of the legislature in obliged to go in quest of health. In 1865 he was 1847, and in 1849 was Emancipation candidate for called to Philadelphia, to be corresponding secre- the State constitutional convention, but was de- tary of the Presbyterian board of education, which feated by James Guthrie, Pro-slavery. He was a he aided in reorganizing, a measure that resulted Unionist state senator in 1861-3, mustering officer from the reunion of the two branches of the church, of U. S. volunteers in 1861 for the first call for which took place in 1869. In connection with his 75,000 men, and U. S. attorney-general from 1864 duties on the board of education he prepared a till 1866, when he resigned froin opposition to series of publications, some of which are of per- Andrew Johnson's administration. He was also a manent value. Relinquishing his educational la- delegate to the Republican conventions of 1872 bors in 1876, Dr. Speer travelled in Japan and and 1876. His last appearance in public was in China, and has since served the cause of missions delivering an address on Lincoln before the Loyal on both continents. The degree of D. D. was league of Cincinnati, 4 May, 1887. In 1875 he conferred upon him in 1866. His works include returned to his law professorship.-His brother, “China and the United States” (Hartford, Conn., Joshua Fry, merchant, b. in Jefferson county, 1870); “ The Great Revival of 1800” (Philadel- Ky., 14 Nov., 1814; d. in Louisville, Ky., 29 May, phia, 1872); “God's Rule for Christian Giving" 1882, was educated at the local schools and at St. (1875); and sermons, pamphlets, and reviews. Joseph's college, Bardstown. After leaving col- SPEIGHT, Jesse, senator, b. in Greene county, lege he spent some time as a clerk in a wholesale N. C., 22 Sept., 1795; d. in Columbus, Miss., 1 May, mercantile house in Louisville. He next went to 1847. He received a public-school education, was Springfield, 11., where he kept a country store for a member of the lower house of the legislature in seven years, and formed a close and lasting friend- 1822, and in 1823–'7 of the senate, presiding over ship with Abraham Lincoln, then a young man. both bodies. In 1829–'37 he sat in congress, hav- He took a warm interest in public affairs, and for ing been chosen as a Democrat, also serving in a time assisted in editing a newspaper, and had 1835 as a member of the convention to revise the intimate association with men of widely different constitution of North Carolina. Having moved polities and opinions. He returned to Kentucky to Plymouth, Lowndes co., Miss., he represented in 1842 and engaged in farming in Jefferson county. that county in the legislature in 1839, serving as In 1848 he was elected to the legislature, but was speaker, and in the senate in 1844, of which he was never again willing, though often solicited, to hold made president. In the latter year he was elected office. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, gaining U. S. senator, serving until his death. a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. In SPEIR, Samuel Fleet, surgeon, b. in Brook- 1861 he embraced with ardor the National cause, lyn, N. Y., 9 April, 1838. He was educated at the and was intrusted with many delicate and impor- Brooklyn polytechnic institute and at the medical tant missions by President Lincoln, whom he fre- department of the University of the city of New quently visited in Washington.—His nephew, John York, where he was graduated in 1860, with three Gilmer, b. in 1852, was educated as a civil engi- prizes. He also received the prize essay gold neer, and held the office of assistant city engineer medal from the American medical association in of Louisville. In 1876 he became connected with 1864. After spending two years in study abroad, the transportation bureau of the United States at chiefly in Paris, he settled in his native city, where the World's fair held in Philadelphia, and later he he still (1888) practises his profession. Dr. Speir went to New York city, where he joined the staff has been connected with various hospitals and dis- of the “World,” and was successively its managing pensaries, and during the civil war served under editor and publisher. Mr. Speed was commis- the U. S. sanitary commission. He has contrib- sioner-general of the Louisville American exhibi- uted to professional literature and is the inventor tion, and in 1885 became its secretary. He has of a new method of arresting surgical hæmorrhage contributed to periodicals. by artery-constriction, for which he received a SPEER, William, missionary, b. in New Alex- prize from the State medical society in 1871, and andria, Pa., 24 April, 1822. He was graduated at of a new method for the differential diagnosis of Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1840, studied medicine morbid growths, based on the examination of under his father, a surgeon of Pittsburg, Pa., and minute specimens. divinity at the Presbyterian theological seminary, SPELMAN, Henry, colonist, b. in England Alleghany City. He was licensed to preach in 1846, about 1600; d. in Virginia in 1622. He was a son and in the same year was sent with two colleagues of Sir Henry Spelman, the antiquary, and came to by the Presbyterian board of foreign missions to es- Virginia in 1609. About 1614 he was one of a tablish their first mission in Canton, China. He de- party under Capt. Ratcliff, a councillor for James- voted himself specially to hospital work and tract town, who had gone in some small vessels in search distribution. In 1850, having lost his wife and of food for the colony. Deceived by the treachery child, and with failing health, he returned home. of Powhatan, Ratcliff and his party were slain, In 1852 he was sent on a mission to the Chinese in two only escaping. Henry, who was saved by Po- California, as the first preacher in their own tongue. cahontas, lived several years among the Indians, He soon established a Chinese school, opened a when he was rescued from Jopassus, the brother of dispensary, lectured on the Chinese in various Powhatan, by another party that had sailed up the towns, and largely from the funds thus obtained | Potomac for corn. Having acquired the Indian built a brick mission-house. lle organized the first i language during his captivity, he was of great use SPENCE 627 SPENCER 66 a to his countrymen as interpreter till he was killed | made a post-captain in 1815 at the age of twenty- by the savages in 1622. He left in manuscript a seven. In 1822, on the “Cyane," as the senior Ameri- Relation of Virginia.” It was first owned by can naval officer in the West Indies, he issued a Dawson Turner, and bought by Lilly, the book- protest against Francisco Morales, who had threat- seller, in whose hands it remained ten years. Henry ened death to Americans in the Spanish Main-an Stevens then bought it for James F. Hunnewell, of act as much applauded at home as it was effective Charlestown, Mass., who had a small edition print- at the time and place of danger. In Africa he ed privately (London, 1872). built the first fort at Mesurado, in Liberia. He was SPENCÉ, John, physician, b. in Scotland in ordered to command the West India fleet in 1826, 1766; d. in Dumfries, Va., 18 May, 1829. He was but died before sailing.--Capt. Spence's sons, CAR- educated in the University of Edinburgh, but, ROLL and CHARLES LOWELL STEWART, were after- owing to impaired health, was not graduated. In ward in the diplomatic service of the United 1788 he came to this country, settling in Dumfries, States, the former being minister to Turkey under Va., as a private tutor, and, having regained his President Pierce, and the other secretary of lega- health, entered upon the practice of medicine in tion, and afterward envoy to Persia. His sister 1791. He was active in introducing vaccination became the mother of James Russell Lowell. into the United States, and acquired distinction in SPENCER, Asa, soldier, b. in Salisbury, Conn., his profession. The University of Pennsylvania in September, 1747; d. in Fort Covington, N. Y., gave him the degree of M. D, in 1828. His corre- in 1828. The first ancestor of the Spencer family, spondence with Dr. Benjamin Rush in 1806 was William, came from England to Cambridge, Mass., published in the “ Medical Museum of Philadel- in 1631, and again in 1633 with his brothers, phia.” He also contributed to the “Medical Re- Thomas and Jared. William and Thomas were pository” and the “ American Journal of the Medi- among the first settlers of Hartford, Conn., the cal Sciences,” and left several manuscripts on former being a landed proprietor, a select-man of medical subjects. the town, and a deputy of the general court of SPENCE, John Selby, senator, b. near Snow Connecticut in 1639. Ne prepared the first revisal Hill, Worcester co., Md., 29 Feb., 1788; d. near of the laws of that colony, and died in Hartford in Berlin, Worcester co., Md., 24 Oct., 1840. His an- 1640. His descendant in the fifth generation, Asa, cestors came to Snow Hill from Scotland about served throughout the war of the Revolution, and 1680. He was educated at district schools in Wor- was under Gen. Anthony Wayne at the storming cester and Somerset counties, received his medical of Stony Point. He early espoused the principles degree from the University of Pennsylvania about of Democracy under Thomas Jefferson.—His son, 1809, and practised his profession in Maryland un- James Bradley, soldier, b. in Salisbury, Conn., til his death. After serving in the legislature he 26 April, 1781 ; d. in Fort Covington, N. Y., 26 was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving March, 1848, was an early settler of Franklin from 1 Dec., 1823, till 3 March, 1825, and again county, N. Y., raised a company for the war of from 5 Dec., 1831, till 2 March, 1833. He was elect- 1812, and served as captain in the 29th U. S. in- ed U. S. senator to succeed Robert H. Goldsbor- fantry at Plattsburg. Subsequently he was county ough, serving from 11 Jan., 1837, till his death, judge and surrogate, and held other local offices which occurred at the country-seat of his family in Fort Covington, served in the legislature in near Berlin.-llis brother ARA served in the legis- | 1831-2, and was elected to congress as a Demo- lature, and was chief justice of the 4th judicial cir- crat, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1839. cuit of Maryland, comprising the lower counties; - Another son, Abner Peck, settled with his fa- and another brother, IRVING, was the author of ther and brother at Fort Covington, was captain Early History of the Presbyterian Church” (Phila- in the 29th U. S. infantry in 1812, and, remaining delphia, 1838). — His nephew, Thomas Adam, law- in the army, was appointed military governor of yer, b. in Accomac county, Va., 20 Feb., 1810; d. in Arkansas.-James Bradley's son, James Clark, Washington, D. C., 10 Nov., 1877, was graduated jurist, b. in Fort Covington, Franklin co., N. Y., at Yale in 1829, studied law, was admitted to the 29 May, 1826, studied law, was admitted to the bar bar, and practised in Snow Ilill, Md. He was in 1848, and practised in his native town and in elected a representative to congress as a Whig and Ogdensburg until 1865, serving as U. S. district served from 4 Dec., 1843, till 3 March, 1845. In attorney for four years. He then removed to New 1872–7 he was assistant attorney-general for the York and entered into partnership with Charles U. S. post-office department. A. Rapallo. From 1869 till 1872 he was a judge SPENCE, Robert Traill, naval officer, b. in of the superior court of New York, afterward prac- Portsmouth, N. H., about 1785; d. near Baltimore, tising law until 1883, when he was appointed an Md., 26 Sept., 1827. He became a midshipman in aqueduct commissioner.-William's descendant in the U. S. navy in 1800, and was serving under De- the fifth generation, Ambrose, jurist, b. in Salis- catur on the captured Tripolitan gun-boat, “ No. bury, Conn., 13 Dec., 1765; d. in Lyons, N. Y., 13 8,” when, on 7 Aug., 1804, she was blown up by a March, 1848, was educated at Yale and Harvard, hot shot that was sent through her magazine. Af- where he was graduated in 1783. He studied law ter the explosion, with her stern blown to pieces under John Canfield, of Sharon, Conn., and settled and under water, Spence kept on loading the long in Hudson, N. Y., where he was appointed city 26-pounder gun' forward, fired it, and, with his clerk in 1786. He was elected to the assembly in crew of eleven survivors, gave three cheers, and, 1793 and in 1795 to the state senate, serving until sitting astride his piece and waving his cap, went 1798, when he was re-elected for four years. He down into the water, but was rescued. His father, was the author of a bill, which became a law, to Kieth Spence, purser of the U. S. frigate “ Phila- abolish capital punishment in all cases except delphia” when she grounded and was captured, those of treason and murder, substituting impris- as a prisoner in Tripoli was witness of his son's onment and hard labor. He also secured the erec- valor. Robert was made a lieutenant in 1807 and tion of a state prison near New York city. In 1796 master-commandant in 1813. He was highly com- he was appointed assistant attorney-general of Co- mended by Com. Rogers for his promptness and lumbia and Rensselaer counties, and in 1802–4 he ingenuity in laying obstructions in the way of the was attorney-general of the state. In 1804 he be- British tieet off Baltimore, 30 Sept., 1814, and was came a justice of the supreme court, of which he 628 SPENCER SPENCER was chief justice from 1819 till 1823. In 1808 he elected to the legislature, and in 1839–40 he was was chosen by the legislature, with Peter J. Munro, secretary of state and superintendent of common to prepare and report such reforms in the chancery schools. He was appointed U. S. secretary of war system of the state as they should deem expedient. on 12 Oct., 1841, and on 3 March, 1843, was trans- Judge Spencer possessed energy, resolution, and ferred to the treasury department, but, opposing legal attainments, and was a master of equity the annexation of Texas, resigned on 2 May, 1844, jurisprudence. He served as a presidential elector and resumed the practice of law. He served on in 1809. He was the warm friend of De Witt Clin- many state commissions and aided in the organiza- ton, but separated from him on the question of the tion of the State asylum for idiots. In 1840 he war of 1812, and in that year was active in the was made a regent of Union college, which gave struggle to prevent the charter of the six-million him the degree of LL. D. in 1849. He published bank. He was a member of the State constitu- an edition of Henry Reeve's translation of De tional convention of 1821. After he resumed the Tocqueville's “ Democracy in America,” contribut- practice of law in Albany he held various local ing a preface and notes (2 vols., New York, 1838), offices, and was mayor of that city in 1824–6. He and also, with John Duer and Benjainin F. Butler, was then elected to congress, serving from 7 Dec., a " Revision of the Statutes of New York” (3 vols., 1829, till 3 March, 1831, and during his term unit- Albany, 1846). See ** Review of John C. Spencer's ed with William Wirt and other philanthropists in Legal and Political Career,” by Lucien B. Proctor endeavoring to arrest the injustice of the govern- (New York, 1886). — Another son of Ambrose. Will. ment toward the Cherokees. In 1839 he removed iam Ambrose, naval officer, b. in New York in to Lyons, N. Y., where he engaged in agriculture. 1793; d. in New York city, 3 March, 1854, was ap- He was president of the Whig national convention pointed midshipman in the U. S. navy, 15 Nos., in Baltimore in 1844. The University of Pennsyl- 1809, became ſientenant on 9 Dec., 1814, com- vania gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1819 and mander on 3 March, 1813, and captain, 22 Jan., Harvard the same in 1821. His last public act was 1841, and resigned on 9 Dec., 1843. He was act- to address a letter to his fellow-citizens in opposi- ing lieutenant in Com. Thomas Macdonough's vie- tion to a proposed amendment to the constitution tory on Lake Champlain, 11 Sept., 1814.- Another providing for an elective judiciary with brief terms son of Ambrose, Theodore, clergyman, b. in Hud- of office. His decisions are contained in the “ New son, N. Y., 24 April, 1800; d. in Utica, N. Y., 14 York Supreme Court Reports, 1799–1803,” edited June, 1870. He entered the U.S. military academy, by William Johnson (3 vols., New York, 1808-'12), but left it to study law, and, beginning to practise and “ New York Chancery Reports” (1814-23). See in Auburn, N. Y., became district attorney for Ca- * Memorial ” of Ambrose Spencer (Albany, 1849). yuga county. Afterward he studied theology, was - His son, John Canfield, lawyer, b. in Hudson, pastor of the 2d Congregational church in Rome, N. Y., 8 Jan., 1788; d. in Albany, N. Y., 18 May, and preached also in Utica. Retiring from active 1855, was graduated at Union college in 1806, and work, owing to impaired health, he was made sec- in 1807 became private secretary to Gov. Daniel retary of the American home missionary society D. Tompkins. He for central and northern New York. He was the was admitted to the author of “ Conversion, its Theory and Process bar at Canandaigua Practically Delineated” (New York, 1854), and in 1809, became mas- other theological works.—Thomas's descendant in ter in chancery in the sixth generation, Ichabod Smith, clergyman, 1811, judge-advocate- b. in Rupert, Vt., 23 Feb., 1798; d. in Brooklyn, general in the army N. Y., 23 Nov., 1854, was graduated at Union in on the northern fron- 1822 and was principal of the grammar-school in tier in 1813, postmas- Schenectady, N. Y., until 1825, and of an academy ter of Canandaigua in in Canandaigua, N. Y., until 1828. After studying 1814, and assistant theology he was licensed by the presbytery of Ge attorney - general for neva in 1826, and on 11 Sept., 1828, was appointed western New York in colleague pastor, with the Rev. Solomon Williams, 1815. In that year of the Congregational church in Northampton, he was also made dis- Mass., remaining until 1832. He then became pas- trict attorney. Ile tor of the 2d Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, was then elected to N. Y., which charge he held until his death. From congress as a Demo- 1836 till 1840 he was professor extraordinary of crat, serving from biblical history in Union theological seminary, Dec., 1817, till 3 New York, of which institution he was a founder. March, 1819, and during his term was one of a In 1830 he was offered the presidency of the l’ni- committee to examine the affairs of the U. S. versity of Alabama and in 1832 that of Hamilton. bank, and drew up its report. Fifteen years after- The latter college gave him the degree of D. D. in ward, when Gen. Andrew Jackson was using this 1841. His best-known publication is his “ Pastor's report against the bank, Mr. Spencer was found Sketches,” which passed through many editions, among its friends. In 1820–'1 he was a member and was republished in England and France ( of the state house of representatives, serving in series, New York, 1850–3). After his death ap- the first year as speaker, and in 1824-'8 he was a peared “ Sermons," with a memoir by the Rev. inember of the state senate, being a leader of the James M. Sherwood (2 vols., 1855); “Sacramental Clinton faction. In 1827 he was appointed by Discourses” (1861); and Evidences of Divine Gov. De Witt Clinton one of the board to revise Revelation (1865). — Jared's descendant in the the statutes of New York, and took an impor- fourth generation, Joseph, soldier, b. in East Had- tant part in that task. Joining the anti-Masonic dam, Conn., in 1714; d. there, 13 Jan., 1789, joined party, he was appointed special attorney-general to the northern army in 1758, and was major in the prosecute those that were connected with the ab- 2d Connecticut regiment under Col. Nathaniel duction of William Morgun, but resigned in May, Whiting. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the 1830, having involved himself in a controversy two following campaigns, rose to the rank of colonel, with Gov. Enos T. Throop. In 1832 he was again and was one of the eight brigadier-generals ap- g. e. Spencer SPENCER 629 SPENCER pointed by congress at the instance of Gen. Wash- SPENCER, Cornelia Phillips, author, b. in ington on 22 June, 1775. Taking offence when Harlem, N. Y., 20 March, 1825. She is the daugh- Gen. Israel Putnam, a younger officer, was appoint- ter of the Rev. James Phillips (9. 1.), who was pro- ed over him, he was about to retire from the army, fessor of mathematics the University of North but, deciding to remain, served near Boston until Carolina at Chapel Hill. She was educated there, its evacuation, and then marched with his division and married James M. Spencer, of Alabama, who to the defence of New York. On 9 Aug., 1776, he died in 1861. Mrs. Spencer has contributed to cur- was appointed major-general, and opposed the rent literature, and is the author of " The Last evacuation of New York. Gen. Spencer was Ninety Days of the War" (New York, 1867). She is ordered in 1778 to take command at Rhode Island, now (1888) writing a “ History of North Carolina.” which was surrounded by Admiral Sir Peter Par- SPENCER, Francis Elias, jurist, b. in Ticon- ker. The British army having taken possession of deroga, Essex co., N. Y., 25 Sept. , 1834. When he Newport, Gen. Spencer assembled a large force at was twelve years of age his parents removed to Providence, but the enterprise proved a failure, Plainfield, 11. Hearing exciting accounts of the and, after remaining in the vicinity for several wealth that was to be acquired in California, he re- weeks, the militia was dismissed. Gen. Spencer moved to that state in 1852 and located at San was censured for the failure of this expedition, but José, where he has since resided. Soon after his a court of inquiry attributed the result to forces be- arrival he began the study of the law, was admitted yond his control. He resigned on 14 June, 1778, to the bar in 1858, and soon secured an extensive in consequence of an order of congress to inquire practice. In 1861 he was elected district attorney into the reasons for his failure, and afterward ap- of Santa Clara county, which office he filled until peared but little in public life. — His brother, March, 1866. Desiring to make a specialty of land Elihu, clergyman, b. in East Haddam, Conn., 12 i practice, he studied the Spanish language and made Feb., 1721; d. in Trenton, N. J., 27 Dec., 1784, was himself thoroughly familiar with the legislation of graduated at Yale in 1746, and, with a view to be- Spain and Mexico regarding real property. In 1871 coming a missionary to the Indians of the Six Na- he was elected to the lower branch of the legisla- tions, studied their dialect and prepared himself ture as a Republican, and was made chairman of the for this office under the Rev. John Brainerd and judiciary committee. In that capacity he was of Jonathan Edwards, accompanying the latter to the great assistance to his colleagues in shaping the Indian conference in Albany in 1748. He was or- code legislation of the session. At its close he re- dained on 14 Sept., 1748, and, after laboring in tired from political life. In 1879 he was elevated to western New York, was appointed pastor of the the bench of the superior court of Santa Clara Presbyterian church in Elizabeth, N. J., in 1750, county, where he still (1888) remains. For a num- holding this charge until 1756, when he was called ber of years he was a member of the board of fund to the Presbyterian church of Jamaica, L. I. commissioners of the city of San José. and was About 1758 he was appointed by Gov. James De mainly instrumental in settling its title to the large Lancey chaplain of the New York troops that body of its Puebla lands. He has recently been were forming for service in the French war, after appointed a trustee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., which he labored in the contiguous congregations university, California. of Shrewsbury, Middletown Point, Shark River, SPENCER, Frederick R., artist, b. in Lennox, and Amboy, N. J. In 1764 he was sent by the Madison co., N. Y., 7 Jan., 1806 ; d. in Wampoville, synod of New York and Philadelphia with the N. Y., 3 April , 1875. He had some instruction at Rev. Alexander McWhorter on a mission to organ- the American academy, New York, and about 1830 ize the irregular congregations of North Carolina, settled in that city. In 1837 he was elected an as- which district they again visited in 1775 at the re- sociate of the National academy, and in 1846 he quest of the Provincial congress of that colony. As became an academician. His portraits were gen- he had contributed to the cause of independence, erally successful, and he had many well-known the Tories were embittered toward him, and on sitters, among them Robert E. Launitz, Thomas one occasion burned books and papers of his that Thompson, and Zadock Pratt. The National acad- had fallen into their possession. From 1769 until emy owns his portrait of Edwin White. his death he was pastor of the Presbyterian church SPENCER, George Eliphaz, senator, b. in in Trenton, N. J. Ile was frequently called Jefferson county, N. Y., 1 Nov., 18:36. He was edu- “ Ready money Spencer,” from his facility in ex- cated in Montreal, Canada, and after studying law tempore address. From 1752 until his death he was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1856. Two years was a guardian of Princeton college. The Univer- later he was secretary of the Iowa senate, and in sity of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of D. D. October, 1862, he entered the National army as in 1782. In 1759 he wrote a letter to the Rev. assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of cap- Ezra Stiles, afterward president of Yale, on “ The tain. In the autumn of 1863 he recruited the 1st State of the Dissenting Interest in the Middle Alabama cavalry, of which he became colonel, and Colonies of America,” which was published and during Gen. William T. Sherman's march to the sea attracted attention. he commanded a brigade of cavalry under Gen. SPENCER, Aubrey George, colonial Anglican Judson Kilpatrick in the Army of the Tennessee. bishop, b. in London, England, 12 Feb., 1785; d. in He received the brevet of brigadier-general of vol- Torquay, England, 24 Feb., 1872. He was the unteers on 13 March, 1865, and resigned from the eldest son of William Robert, who was well known army on 4 July of that year. In May, 1867, he was in England as a wit and poet of society, and his appointed register in bankruptcy for the 4th dis- brother, George Trevor, was bishop of Madras in trict of Alabama, and he was also chosen U.S. 1837–'49, and chancellor of St. Paul's cathedral, senator from that state as a Republican, serving London, in 1860. After receiving his education with re-election from 25 July, 1868, till 3 March, at Oxford he held several curacies in England, 1879. After he had left the senate he was active and was appointed archdeacon of Bermuda in 1812, in the prosecution that led to the exposure of the bishop of Newfoundland in 18:39, and bishop of star-route frauds, and in furthering the legislation Jamaica, W. I., in 1843. He published a volume of that reduced letter postage to two cents. In 1881 “ Sermons on Various Subjects” (London, 1827), he was appointed commissioner of the l'nion Pacific and numerous fugitive poems. | railroad, and he has since engaged in ranching and 630 SPENCER SPENCER same. name. mining business Nevada.—His first wife, Bella | ated at McGill university, Montreal, in 1874, with Zilfa, b. in London, England, 1 March, 1840; d. in first honors in geology and mineralogy, and then Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1 Aug., 1867, came to this country studied at the University of Göttingen, where, in in infancy, and married Gen. Spencer in 1862. She 1877, he received the degree of Ph. D. On his re- published “Ora, the Lost Wife” (Philadelphia, turn in 1877 he became science master in the Col- 1864); " Tried and True, a Story of the Rebellion' legiate institute of Hamilton, Ontario, and in 1880 (Springfield, 1866); and · Surface and Depth" professor of geology and allied subjects in King's (1867). --His second wife, William Loring, b. in college, Nova Scotia, and vice-president of the St. Augustine, Fla., is a niece of Gen. William W. In 1882 he was elected professor of geology Loring, and daughter of Albert A. Nuñez. She is in the University of Missouri, which chair he now called " Major,” perhaps because of her masculine (1888) holds. The museum building of this uni- She married Gen. Spencer in 1877. She versity, which is the largest west of Washington, has published “Salt-Lake Fruit” (Boston, 1883); D. C., was designed by him and erected under his Story of Mary” (New York, 1884; republished as supervision, and he also obtained the large zoologi- " Dennis Day, Carpet-Bagger,” 1887); - A Plucky cal collection and procured the private cabinets One” (1887); and ** Calamity Jane" (1887). of Prof. Joseph G. Norwood and Prof. George C. SPENCER, Jesse Ames, clergyman, b. in Hyde Swallow for the geological department. Dr. Spen- Park, Dutchess co., N. Y., 17 June, 1816. His cer's work has been mainly in questions relating father and family removed in 1826 to New York, to surface and glacial phenomena both in America where he entered a printing-office in 1830, and in and Europe, and he was one of the pioneers in this two and a half years mastered the compositor's art. country in the department of lacustrine geology. For several years he was assistant to his father, Dr. Spencer is a fellow of the Geological society of who was a city surveyor. He was graduated at London, and of the American association for the Columbia in 1837, and at the Episcopal general advancement of science, and a member of other theological seminary in 1840. While a student he scientific societies in the United States and Canada. was actively engaged in Sunday-school work in His scientific papers exceed thirty in number. what was then a new part of the city. He was or- SPENCER, Pitman Curtius, surgeon, b. in dained deacon, 28 June, 1840, by Bishop Benjamin Charlotte county, Va., in 1790; d. in Petersburg, T. Onderdonk, and priest, 28 July, 1841 by the Va., in February, 1861. He was graduated at the same bishop. He was elected rector of the church medical department of the University of Pennsyl- in Goshen in 1840. After two years' labor in his vania in 1818, and settling in Not toway county, parish his health failed, and he spent a winter in Va., practised there for fifteen years, after which Nice, on the Mediterranean. On returning he was he went to Europe to pursue his studies. On his occupied in educational and various literary pur- return he settled in Petersburg and devoted himself suits. A return of illness led to his going abroad to surgery. Ile was a successful lithotomist, and again, and in 1848–9 he travelled in Europe, Egypt, claimed to be the first to practise this branch of and the Holy Land. He was chosen to be secre- surgery in this country. tary and editor of the General Protestant Episcopal SPENCER, Platt Rogers, originator of the Sunday-school union and Church book society in Spencerian system of penmanship, b. in East Fish- 1851, and served in that capacity until 1857. He kill, Dutchess co., N. Y., 7 Nov., 1800; d. in Gen- accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's church, Flat- eva, Ashtabula co., Ohio, 16 May, 1864. His father, bush, N. Y., in 1863, which post he held for two Caleb, a farmer and soldier of the Revolution, died years. He was elected professor of the Greek lan- in 1806, and in 1810 the family removed to Jeffer- guage and literature in the College of the city of son, Ashtabula co., Ohio, then a wilderness. The New York in 1869, and discharged the duties of this son was passionately fond of writing. Paper being department for ten years of active service, with two difficult to get, he wrote on birch-bark, sand, ice, years as emeritus professor. In 1883 he was ap- snow, the fly-leaves of his mother's Bible, and by pointed custodian of the Standard Bible, and has de- permission of a cobbler, upon the leather in his voted his time to authorship, editing, and teaching. shop. In 1815 he taught his first writing.class. He received the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia From 1816 till 1821 he was a clerk and book-keep- in 1852, and from Trinity in 1872. Dr. Spencer has er, and from 1821 till 1824 he studied law, Latin, published " The Christian instructed in the Ways English literature, and penmanship, taught in a of the Gospel and the Church” (New York, 1844); common school, and wrote up merchants' books, · History of the Reformation in England" (1846); In 1824 he contemplated entering college with a " The East : Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the view to preparing for the ministry, but, being a vic- Holy Land” (1850); “ History of the United States tim of inherited alcoholism aggravated by the preva- from the Earliest Period to the Death of President lent drinking customs, he fell and his plans were Lincoln (4 vols., 1856–69); “Greek Praxis” changed. He then tanght in New York and Ohio. (1870); " The Young Ruler who had Great Posses- In 1832 he became a total abstainer, and was, as he sions, and other Discourses ” (1871); A Course of believed, the first publie advocate in this country English Reading" (1873); “Sketch of the History of that principle, for which he labored during the of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United remainder of his life. Soon after his reformation States” (1878); and “ Five Last Things, Studies he was elected to public oflice, and was county in Eschatology” (1887). lle edited - The New treasurer twelve years. Ile was instrumental in Testament in Greek, with Critical and Exegetical collecting the early history of Ashtabula county, Notes on the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles” and was deeply interested in American history. The (New York, 1847); “ Cæsar's Commentaries, with early engaged actively in the anti-slavery move- Copious Notes and Lexicon " (1848); the “ Arnold ment and was an advocate of universal liberty. Series of Greek and Latin Books” (1846–56); Through his work and influence as a teacher, by " Richard Chenevix Trench's Poems” (1856): his system of penmanship, through his pupils, and Xenophon's Anabasis,” from the manuscripts of by his public addresses and encouragement, he was Alpheus Crosby (1975); and “ Origen’s Works," instrumental in founding the business colleges of vol. iv. in “ Ante-Nicene Library” (Buffalo, 1885). the United States and in promoting their growth SPENCER, Joseph William, geologist, b. in and development. In the winter of 1864 Mr. Dundas, Canada, 24 March, 1850. He was gradu- | Spencer delivered before the business college in 66 SPENCER 631 SPIELBERGEN 66 Brooklyn, N. Y., his last lecture, and gave his last | in 1863–5. He was commissioned captain, 22 April, course of lessons in the business college in New 1870, and commanded the monitor “ Dictator" York city. His first publications on penmanship in 1874–5 during the threatened war with Spain were issued in 1848 under the name of “Spencer on account of the “ Virginius” affair, after which and Rice's System of Business and Ladies' Pen- he was at the rendezvous at Boston in 1875–6. manship," later published under the title of “Spen- He was made commodore, 25 April, 1877, and was cerian or Semi-Angular Penmanship.” His other commandant of the Boston navy-yard until his publications on penmanship appeared from 1855 death. He was well known as a poet and musician, till 1863. The “ New Spencerian Compendium,” and was the author of several popular ballads, issued in parts, was completed in 1886. among which are Absent Friends and you, Mary," SPENCER, Sara Andrews, reformer, b. in “The Gale," Manhattan's Dear Isle," " Ah, who Savona, Steuben co., N. Y., 21 Oct., 1837. Her can tell ? " " The Commodore's Return,” “Death at maiden name was Andrews. After graduation at Sea," "Coming Home,” ** All Hands, up Anchor,”. the normal school of St. Louis, Mo., in 1856, she The Old Relief," " Off Scilly's Isles," * Adeline,” taught until she married Henry C. Spencer, a son · Maurice," “ The Norfolk Girls,” “The Date of of Platt R. Spencer, in 1864 and removed to Wash- '39,” and “The Last Voyage." ington, D. C. On 14 April, 1871, Mrs. Spencer and SPIEKER, George Frederick, theologian, b.. seventy-two other women of Washington attempted in Elk Ridge Landing, Howard co., Md., 17 Nov., to register and vote, but were refused. She then 1844. He was graduated at Baltimore city college brought suit in the supreme court of the District, in 1863, and studied in Gettysburg theological and Judge David K. Cartter's decision that“ women seminary and in the Lutheran seminary in Phila- are citizens but have not the right to vote without delphia, where he was graduated in 1867. In the local legislation” was reaffirmed by the U. S. su- same year he was ordained to the ministry by preme court in 1874. In 1871–2 Mrs. Spencer de- the ministerium of Pennsylvania. He received feated the pending bill to license the “ social evil” the degree of D. D. in 1887 from Roanoke college, in Washington. In 1873 she secured a bill from Salem, Va. In 1864 he was called to the professor- the District of Columbia legislature for the reform ship of German in the Philadelphia theological of outcast girls, and she was also the author of a seminary, which post he occupied till 1866. Im- bill in congress for a girls' reform-school (1876). mediately after his graduation there he was called From 1874 till 1881 she was secretary of the Na- to the professorship of German in the Keystone tional woman suffrage association, which she repre- state normal school, Kutztown, where he remained sented at the Republican presidential convention in 1867–8. On his removal thither he became pas- in Cincinnati in 1876, and delivered an address. tor of Lutheran congregations in and near Kutz- She also engrossed and signed the woman's decla- town, which he served till 1883. Since October, ration of rights, presented at the Centennial cele- 1883, he has been the pastor of St. Michael's Lu- bration in Philadelphia. In 1871-6 she was presi- theran congregation, Allentown, Pa. He has been dent of the District of Columbia woman franchise professor of Hebrew in Muhlenberg college, Allen- association, and is general secretary of the Charity town, since 1887, president of its board of trustees organization society of the District of Columbia. since 1886, and examiner in doctrinal theology of She has published " Problems on the Woman Ques- the ministerium of Pennsylvania since 1882. He tion” (Washington, 1871), and “Thirty Lessons in is an occasional contributor to periodicals, and was the English Language ” (1873). associate editor of the “ Lutheran Church Review," SPENCER, Thomas, physician, b. in Great Philadelphia, in 1883–5. He has published " Hut- Barrington, Mass., in 1793 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., ter's Compend of Lutheran Theology," translated, 30 May, 1857. From 1835 till 1850 he was pro- with Dr. Henry E. Jacobs (Philadelphia, 1868), fessor of the theory and practice of medicine in and “Wildenhahn's Martin Luther,” translated Geneva (now Hobart) college, N. Y., and subse- from the German (1883). quently he held chairs in medical colleges in Chicago SPIELBERGEN, Georg van (speel-bare-gen), and Philadelphia. Dr. Spencer served as surgeon Dutch navigator, b. in Muyden in 1557; d. in in the army during the war with Mexico. He was Amsterdam in 1621. He had acquired reputa- president of the New York medical association, and tion as a pilot, and commanded in 1601 an expe- was the author of " Practical Observations on Epi- dition to explore the coast of Africa and the In- demic Diarrhæa known as Cholera" (Utica, 1832); dies, and in 1614 he was given charge of a fleet “ Introductory Lecture at Medical Institute of of seven vessels, with orders to reach the Indies Geneva College" (1842): “ Lectures on Vital Chem- by the Strait of Magellan. Sailing from Texel, 8 istry, or Animal Heat” (Geneva, 1844-5); and a Aug., 1614, he ravaged the coast of Brazil, af- paper on “ The Atomic Theory of Life and Vital ter several engagements with the Portuguese, he Heat” (1853). See " Memoir of Dr. Spencer,” by wintered upon the Patagonian coast. On 7 March, Sylvester D. Willard, M. D. (Albany, 1858). 1615, he sighted the Cape of the Virgins, but was SPICER, William Francis, naval officer, b. in driven back by winds and currents, and entered New York city, 7 Feb., 1820; d. in the Boston the Strait of Magellan, 1 April, and the Pacific on navy-yard, 29 Nov., 1878. He entered the navy as 6 May, after the loss of a vessel. After touching a midshipman, 21 June, 1839, attended the nåval at Chiloe, he landed on the island of Santa Maria, school at Philadelphia in 1843-'5, and became a where he destroyed the Spanish establishments. passed midshipman, 2 July, 1845. He cruised in He attacked Valparaiso, put to flight a Spanish the steamer “ Vixen” during the latter part of the fleet of six vessels near Callao on 17 July, and en- Mexican war in 1846–’8, participating in the cap- tered that port on 21 July, but went to the island ture of Tuspan, and was promoted to master, 28 of San Lorenzo for repairs. After trying to burn June, 1853, and, lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1854. His first the city of Paita in December, he sailed for the service during the civil war was in the steam frigate Asiatic coast. He visited the Ladrone archipel- ** Niagara” in 1861. He was commissioned lieu ago, and, after being defeated in the Philippine tenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and commander, islands by Admiral Ronquillo, he arrived in Ba- 2 Jan., 1863, served in the North Atlantic blockad-tavia, where he seized the vessel of Schouten and ing squadron in command of the steamer “ Cam- Lemaire (9. 1.), returning safely to Texel in Au- bridge," and took part in the attacks on Fort Fisher gust, 1618. The journal of the voyage of Spielber- 632 SPINOLA SPIES gen by Jabob Cornelissen Maiz, secretary of the SPINNER, Francis Elias, financier, b. in admiral, was published under the title “ Specu- German Flats (now Mohawk), N. Y., 21 Jan., 1802. lum orientalis, occidentalisque Indiæ navigationis, His father, John Peter (b. in Werbach, Baden, 18 quarum una Georgii a Spielbergen, altera Jacobi Jan., 1768 ; d. in German Flats, 27 May, 1848), Lemaire, auspiciis directa est, annis 1614 usque officiated for twelve years as a Roman Catholic 1618” (Leyden, 1619; French translation, Am- priest, then embraced Protestantism, married, emi- sterdam, 1621 ; German translation, Frankfort, grated to the United States in 1801, and was pas- 1625). It is reprinted in Samuel Purchas's “ Pil- tor of Reformed churches at Herkimer and German grims,” and epitomized in James Burney's “ Dis- Flats until his death, preaching at first in German coveries in the South Sea” (London, 1803-’17). alone, and afterward alternately in German and SPIES, August Vincent Theodore, anarchist, English. The son was educated carefully by his b. in Landeck, Germany, 10 Dec., 1855; d. in Chi- father, who required him to learn a trade, and ap- cago, Ill., 11 Nov., 1887. In 1871 he came to the prenticed him at first to a confectioner in Albany, United States and learned the upholsterer's trade in and afterward to a saddler in Amsterdam, N. Y. Chicago. In 1876 he became interested in the labor He engaged in trade at Herkimer in 1824, and movement, and the next year joined the Socialists. became deputy sheriff of the county in 1829. He He became in 1880 publisher of the “ Arbeiter- was active in the militia organization, and by 1834 Zeitung," and in 1884 its editor and business mana- had reached the grade of major-general. In 1835-'7 ger. He was a ready writer and speaker, of good he was sheriff, and in 1838–9 commissioner for moral character, and had great influence with building the state lunatic asylum at Utica. When those of socialistic tendencies. He first became he was removed from this post, on political grounds well known by his connection with the labor alone, he became cashier of a bank at Mohawk, of troubles in Chicago in the spring of 1886. His which he was afterward president for many years. paper advocated anarchy, and his speeches, when He held various local offices, was auditor and dep- referring to the government and the customs of uty naval officer in the naval office at New York his adopted country, were bitter, denunciatory, in 1845–9, and in 1854 was elected to congress and defiant. On 3 May labor strikes and mob as an anti-slavery Democrat. He served on the violence had closed most of the machine-shops and comunittee on privileges and elections, on a special manufactories in Chicago. A crowd, estimated to committee to investigate the assault made by contain 12,000 men, carrying the national flag re- Preston Brooks on Charles Sumner, and on a con- versed, assembled to wreak vengeance upon those ference committee of both houses on the army that continued to work. An attack was made appropriation bill, which the senate had rejected upon the latter. They were defended by the po- on account of a clause that forbade the use of the lice, who shot five rioters, arrested eleven, and dis- military againt Kansas settlers. Gen. Spinner was persed the mob, which an hour before was ad- an active Republican from the formation of the dressed by Spies from the top of a freight-car. party. He was twice re-elected to congress, serv- Spies went to his office, indited a “ Revenge Cir- ing altogether from 3 Dec., 1855, till 3 March, cular," which was printed and circulated, sum- 1861. During his last term he was the chairman moning the workmen to arms to destroy the of the committee on accounts. When the Lin- police. Another one, calling a meeting for the coln administration was organized, Sec. Salmon next day at Haymarket square, urged workmen to | P. Chase selected him for the post of treasurer, come armed and in full force. In the evening a which he filled, under successive presidents, from large crowd assembled, and were addressed by 16 March, 1861, till 30 June, 1875. When, during Spies and others, when 180 policemen advanced the war, many of the clerks joined the army, Gen. and the crowd was ordered to disperse, whereupon a Spinner suggested to Sec. Chase the advisability bomb was thrown into the midst of the police and of employing women in the government offices, and exploded. Sixty-two policemen were wounded, carried into effect this innovation, though not one was killed on the spot, some others died of without much opposition. He signed the different their wounds, and many were maimed for life. series of paper money in a singular handwriting, Great excitement prevailed in the city, and many which he cultivated in order to prevent counter- arrests were made of those that were supposed to feiting. When he resigned his office the money in be instigators of the Haymarket massacre. the treasury was counted, and when the result were discharged but seven-Spies; George Engel, showed a very small discrepaney, many days were a native of Hesse, Germany (b. 15 April, 1836): spent in recounting and examining the books of Oscar Neebe, a tinner (b. 2 July, 1850, and educated accounts, until finally the mistake was discovered. in Germany); Adolph Fischer, a printer, and On retiring from office he went to the south for native of Bremen, Germany (b. in 1861); Louis the benefit of his health, and for some years he has Lingg, a carpenter (h. 9 Sept., 1864, at Carlsruhe, lived in camp at Pablo Beach, Florida. Germany); Michael Schwab, a journalist (b. in SPINOLA, Francis B., soldier, b. in Stony Bavaria, 9 Aug., 1853); and Samuel Fielden (b. in Brook, Long Island, N. Y., 19 March, 1821. He Throckmorton, England, 25 Feb., 1817). These was educated at Quaker IIill academy, Dutchess were indicted by the grand jury, and arraigned in co., N. Y., and engaged in business in New York court for murder on 21 June. Albert R. Parsons, city, where he was elected alderman and supervisor. a native of Montgomery, Ala. (h. 24 June, 1848), He subsequently served as a member of the ussein- who had been indicted' but had escaped arrest, bly and as a state senator, and in 1860 was a dele- gave himself up to be tried with his associates. gate to the Democratic National convention at The trial continued till 20 Aug. All were found Charleston, S. C. In 1862 he raised the Empire guilty and ati sentenced to death except Oscar | brigade of New York state volunteers, and on 1 Neebe, who was sent to the state-prison. They Oct. he was commissioned as brigadier - general. remained in Cook county jail till November, 1881. He served in the National army till the close of the Louis Lingg committed suicide by exploding a war, resigning on 8 June, 1865. Ile was subse- dynamite bomb in his mouth on the 9th. The quently connected with banking and insurance death-sentence of Schwab and Fielden was com- | companies in New York city, returned to the state muted to imprisonment for life on the 10th, and senate, and in 1886 was elected to congress for the the remaining four were hanged on 11 Nov., 1887. | terin that will end on 3 March, 1889. All SPIRE SPOFFORD 633 SPIRE, or SPEIER, Georg von, governor | tude in the trial of President Garfield's assassin, of Venezuela, b. in Spire, Gerinany, about 1496 ; where both prosecution and defence endeavored to d. in Coro, Venezuela, in 1540. He entered as a retain his services, but, failing, secured his attend- boy the banking-house of the famous Welsers, of ance through an attachment. He then testified Augsburg, and worked his way up as their confi- to the prisoner's insanity, and was the only ex- dential agent, accompanying in the latter capa- pert that did so. Dr. Spitzka is a member of city the fleet that was armed by the Welsers in various societies, has been secretary of the Society 1528, and sent under Ambrosius von Alfinger to of medical jurisprudence and medicine since 1886, conquer Venezuela. Returning to Europe after and was vice-president of the section in neurology Alfinger's death, Spire obtained from Charles V. at the Ninth international medical congress in the appointment of governor of Venezuela, despite 1887. In 1877 his essay on the somatic etiology the claims of Nicholas Federmann, who had been of insanity gained the W. and S. Tuke prize, which Alfinger's lieutenant. He armned a new expedition is given in international competition by the Brit- in Spain and the Canary islands, and on 22 Feb., ish medico-physiological association, and in 1878, 1534, landed at Coro. Against Welser's advice, by his paper on the action of strychnine, he won Spire had appointed Federmann his lieutenant. the William A. Hammond prize, which is awarded In the following year, accompanied by 450 regular by the American neurological association. He is troops and 1,500 friendly Indians, they set out on the author of numerous contributions to medical a journey of exploration to the interior. After journals, and was one of the editors of the “ Amer- marching together for about 200 miles, they di- ican Journal of Neurology” in 1881-²4. The sec- vided into two parties, agreeing to meet afterward. tions on diseases of the spinal cord and on inflam- Spire experienced great hardships from hostile In- mation, anæmia, and hyperæmia of the brain in dians, and the soldiers, unaccustomed to march William Pepper's “System of Medicine” (Phila- under a burning sun, mutinied several times. delphia, 1887) were written by him, and he has When at last they reached the appointed place of published - Treatise on Insanity” (New York, 1883). meeting without finding any trace of Federmann, SPOFFORD, Harriet Prescott, author, b. in the soldiers were discouraged, but Spire animated Calais, Me., 3 April, 1835. She is the daughter of them with the hope of discovering the riches of the Joseph N. Prescott and elder sister of Mary N. Pres- “ El Dorado," of which the survivors of Alfinger's cott. She was taken in youth by her parents to expedition had brought the first reports. They Newburyport, Mass., which has ever since been her continued the march to the south, but, when the home, though she rainy season set in, the overflow of the rivers im- has spent many of peded progress, and the consequent fevers deci- her winters in Bos- mated their ranks. Spire persevered for a long ton and Washing- time in his search for the El Dorado, until at last ton. She attend- his progress was arrested by a mighty river, prob- ed the Putnam ably the Orinoco, or its confluent, the Apure, and free school in her early in 1539 he returned to Coro with only eighty adopted city, and ragged and sickly men out of the host he had led later the Pinkerton forth more than four years before. He set out academy at Der- immediately for Europe to lay his complaint ry, N. 'H., where against Federmann before the Welsers, but heard she was graduated in Santo Domingo of the former's return to Spain, at seventeen years and was persuaded by the audiencia to return to his of age. At New- government, where he died soon afterward. Spire's buryport her prize narrative to Charles V., which he sent from Santo essay on Hamlet Domingo, is said to have been published, but no crew the attention copy of it is known to exist. It is hoped that the of Thomas Went- manuscript may be among the papers in the ar- chives at Simancas, of which the Spanish govern- who soon became ment has recently undertaken the publication. herfriend, and gave SPITZKA, Edward Charles, physician, b. in her counsel and encouragement. Her father was New York city, 10 Nov., 1852. He was educated attacked with slow paralysis about 1850, which ren- at the College of the city of New York, and dered him incapable of exertion during the re- graduated at the medical department of the Uni- mainder of his life. This misfortune preyed upon versity of New York in 1873, after which he the mind of her mother, and rendered her a con- studied at the medical schools in Leipsic and firmed invalid. As Harriet was the eldest child, Vienna, serving in the latter as assistant in the she felt the need of making her talents available, laboratory of embryology and histology. On his and began courageously to work, contributing to return he settled in practice in New York, making the story-papers of Boston, earning small pay with a specialty of the treatment of internal diseases, a great deal of labor. She once wrote fifteen hours particularly of the nervous system. In 1880–'3 a day, and continued her toil for years. These early he was professor of medical jurisprudence and the stories have never been acknowledged or collected. anatomy and physiology of the nervous system in In the “ Atlantic Monthly,” in 1859, appeared a the New York post-graduate medical school. He sparkling story of Parisian life, bearing the title has been consulting physician of the Northeastern In a Cellar." James Russell Lowell, then editor dispensary since 1884. Dr. Spitzka has made origi- of the magazine, admired it, but refrained from nal investigations in the anatomy of the nervous "publishing it, under the belief that it must be system, and has discovered the interoptic lobes of å translation from the French, until he was as- saurians, the absence of pyramid tracts in the ce- sured that it was written by Harriet Prescott. tacea, and numerous facts in the anatomy of the The story made her reputation, and she became human brain. He has been frequently consulted from that day a welcome contributor, both of as a medical expert in cases where insanity or in- prose and poetry, to the chief periodicals of the jury to the brain or spinal cord was a subject of country. Her fiction has very little in common litigation. Conspicuous among these was his atti- with what is regarded as representative of the a damit Pfhafere 634 SPOONER SPOFFORD 2 99 99 " New England mind. It is ideal, intense in feel- SPOONER, Alden Jeremiah, historian, b. in ing, and luxuriant in expression. In her descrip- Sag Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., 2 Feb., 1910; d. tions and fancies she revels in sensuous delights in Hempstead, Long Island, 2 Aug., 1881. His fa- and every variety of splendor. In 1865 she mar- ther, Alden, was the founder of the “ Long Island ried Richard S. Spofford, a lawyer of Boston, cousin City Star," which the son and his brother carried of Henry M. Spofford, mentioned below. Their on for many years afterward. He studied law and home is now on Deer island, in Merrimack river, practised in Brooklyn, but devoted himself largely in the suburbs of Newbury port. Mrs. Spofford's to local history, and wrote many articles on that books are “Sir Rohan's Ghost (Boston, 1859); subject for periodicals. Fle was the originator in “The Amber Gods, and other Stories" (Boston, 1863 of the Long Island historical society, and 1863); " Azarian " (1864); “ New England Le- gave more than 1,000 books and pamphlets as a gends” (1871); “ The Thief in the Night” (1872); nucleus for its library. Mr. Spooner edited, with "Art Decoration applied to Furniture (New notes and memoirs of the authors, Gabriel Furman's York, 1881); Marquis of Carabas" (Boston, · Notes, Geographical and Historical, relating to 1882); “ Poems” (1882); “ Hester Stanley at St. the Town of Brooklyn " (Brooklyn, 1865), and Silas Mark's” (1883); “ The Servant-Girl Question Wood's “Sketch of the First Settlement of the (1884): and “ Ballads about Authors ” (1888). Several Towns on Long Island” (1865). SPOFFORD, Henry Martyn, jurist, b. in SPOONER, Benjamin F., soldier, b. in Mans- Gilmanton, N. H., 8 Sept., 1821; d. in Red Sul- field, Ohio, 27 Oct., 1828; d. in Lawrenceburg, phur Springs, W. Va., 20 Aug., 1880. He was Ind., 3 April, 1881. At the beginning of the graduated at Amherst, at the head of his class, in Mexican war he enlisted in the 3d Indiana regi- 1840, was tutor there in 1842-'4, and after remov- ment, and was chosen 2d lieutenant. After serving ing to Louisiana, where he taught and at the same in Gen. Zachary Taylor's campaign he returned time studied law, was admitted to the bar of that home, studied law, and practised in Lawrenceburg, state at Monroe in 1846, and practised in Shreve holding the office of prosecuting attorney of Dear- port. He rose rapidly in his profession, was born county for several years. At the beginning elected a district judge in 1852, and from 1854 till of the civil war he became lieutenant-colonel of the his resignation in 1858 sat on the supreme bench 7th Indiana regiment, with which he fought at of the state. He then practised in New Orleans, Philippi and Laurel Hill, and he afterward held where, after the civil war, he was in partnership the same commission in the 51st Indiana, with with John A. Campbell. After 1870 he spent much which he was present at Shiloh and the siege of of his time in Pulaski, Tenn., engaged in adminis- Corinth. He then resigned and returned home, tering the estate of his father-in-law. In 1877 he but was soon made colonel of the 83d Indiana, and was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana by the took part in the engagements around Vicksburg, “ Nicholls” legislature, but the senate admitted the battle of Mission Ridge, and the Atlanta cam- William P. Kellogg, who had been chosen by the paign, receiving a wound at Kenesaw mountain rival, or “ Packard legislature. Judge Spofford that necessitated the amputation of his left arm. was seeking to recover health at Red Sulphur He then served on a military commission till his Springs at the tiine of his death. Amherst gave resignation in April , 1865, and on 13 March of him the degree of LL. D. in 1877. His judicial that year was brevetted 'brigadier-general and decisions are contained in vols. ix.-xiii. of the major-general of volunteers. He was U. S. mar- Louisiana reports. He was co-author of "The shal of the district of Indiana till 1879, when fail- Louisiana Magistrate and Parish Official Guide” ing health compelled him to resign. (1847).—His brother, Ainsworth Rand, librarian, SPOONER, John Coit, senator, b. in Law- b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 12 Sept., 1825, received a renceburg, Ind., 6 Jan., 1843. His father, Judge classical education by private tuition, but when he Philip L. Spooner, was an authority on the law of was about to enter college his health failed, and he real estate. The family removed to Madison, Wis., emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he established in June, 1859, and the son was graduated at the state himself as a bookseller and publisher. In 1859 he university in 1864, when he enlisted as a private in became associate editor of the Cincinnati “ Daily the 40th Wisconsin infantry. He subsequently re- Commercial," and in 1861 he was appointed first turned and served as assistant state librarian, but assistant librarian in the library of congress at entered the army again as captain in the 50th Washington. Three years later he was made libra- Wisconsin regiment. After he was mustered out rian-in-chief. During his administration the Na- in July, 1866, with the brevet of major, he studied tional library has grown from 70,000 to about 600,- law with his father, was admitted to the bar in 000 volumes. The change in the law of copyright 1867, became Gov. Lucius Fairchild's private sec- that was effected in 1870 has made the position of retary, and was then assistant in the attorney-gen- the librarian an onerous and important one, as all eral's office till 1870, when he removed to Hudson, American copyrights are issued from his office, and Wis., and began the general practice of his profes- all copyright publications are required to be de- sion. He was elected a member of the legislature posited in the Congressional library. As a libra- in 1872, and was active in his support of the state rian, Mr. Spofford is widely known for his compre- university, on whose board of regents he served in hensive knowledge of books and their contents. He 1882-'5. In 1885 he took his seat in the United is a member of many historical and philosophical States senate. having been chosen as a Republican societies, and received the degree of LL. D. from for the term that will end in March, 1891. Ainherst in 1884. He has written largely for the SPOONER, Lysander, lawyer, b. in Athol, periodical press on historical, economic, and literary Mass., 19 Jan., 1808 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 14 May, topies, and has published, besides catalogues of the 1887. He studied law in Worcester, Mass., but on library of congress, “ The American Almanac and completing his course of reading found that admis- Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Po- sion to the bar was permitted only to those who litical" (annually since 1878); and has edited with had studied for three years, except in the case others a ** Library of Choice Literature” (10 vols., ' of college graduates. This obnoxious condition at Philadelphia, 1881-'8); “Library of Wit and Hu- once engaged his attention and he succeeded in mor” (5 vols., 1884); and “ A Practical Manual of having it removed from the statute-books. In Parliamentary Rules" (1884). | 1814 The letter postage from Boston to New York SPOONER 635 SPOTSWOOD > was twelve and a half cents and to Washington and the approval of the people, while the burgess- twenty-five cents. Mr. Spooner, believing that es voted £2,000 to build him a “ palace.” In the the U. S. government had no constitutional right second year of his administration the house of bur- to a monopoly of the mails, established an inde- gesses refused to provide the means that he asked pendent service from Boston to New York, carry- for repelling the invasion of the French from ing letters at the uniform rate of five cents. His Canada, and he therefore requested the home business grew rapidly, but the government soon government for as- overwhelmed him with prosecutions, so that he was sistance. Virginia compelled to retire from the undertaking, but not also refused to con- until he had shown the possibility of supporting cur with his propo- the post-office department by a lower rate of post- sals for the dis- age. His efforts resulted in an act of congress that charge of the pub- reduced the rates, followed in 1851 and subsequent lic debt, but, not- years by still further reductions. Mr. Spooner was withstanding these an active Abolitionist, and contributed largely to differences, his pop- the literature of the subject, notably by his “ Uncon- ularity was undi- stitutionality of Slavery” (1845), the tenets of which minished for years. were supported by Gerrit Smith, Elizur Wright, He exerted himself and others of the Liberty party, but were opposed in behalf of Will- by the Garrisonians. He defended Thomas Drew, iam and Mary col- who in 1870 declined to take his oath as a witness lege, assisted in before a legislative committee on the ground that raising a large fund in the matter it was investigating it had no au- for its support and thority to compel him to testify. The case was in ' restoring the adversely decided on the ground of precedent, but building that had the principles of Mr. Spooner's argument were after- been burned sever- ward sustained by the U. S. supreme court. His al years before his writings include " A Deistic Reply to the Alleged arrival, established a school for the education of In- Supernatural Evidences of Christianity" and " The dian children, insisted on rigid economy in the offi- Deistic Immortality, and an Essay on Man's Ac- ces under his control, and supported every measure countability for his Belief” (1836); “ Credit, Cur- that was conducive to the general prosperity. He rency, and Banking” (1843); “ Poverty, Causes was the first to explore the Appalachian mountains. and Cure (1846); “ À Defence for Fugitive His expedition, which lasted from 17 Aug. till 20 Slaves.” (1856); “A New System of Paper Cur- Sept., 1716, consisted of a company of his friends, rency" (1861); " Our Financiers" (1877); “The well mounted and armed, and also rangers, Indian Law of Prices”.(1877); “Gold and Silver as Stand- guides, and servants, leading horses laden with ards of Value (1878); and “Letter to Grover provisions. No savage dared attack so well-ap- Cleveland on his False Inaugural Address ” (1886). pointed a party, and there was no lack of merry- SPOONER, Shearjashub, author, b. in Bran- making, as they hunted by day or cooked the spoils don, Vt., in 1809; d. in Plainfield, N. J., in March, by their camp-fires and drank of “white and red 1859. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1830, wine, usquebaugh, brandy shrub, two kinds of and at the College of physicians and surgeons, rum, champagne, canary, cherry punch, and cider," New York city, in 1835, and became a dentist in which were among their stores. The most ele- New York, attaining eminence in his profession. vated summits they named Mount George, for the In 1858 he retired from business. Dr. Spooner king, and Mount Spotswood or Mount Alexander , was the author of “Guide to Sound Teeth” (New in honor of the governor. He also took measures York, 1836); "Art of Manufacturing Mineral Teeth” to mark the valley of Virginia for the English (1837); a " Treatise on Surgical and Mechanical king, and John Fontaine, who was one of the party, Dentistry” (1838); “ Anecdotes of Painters, En- says in his journal: “ The governor had graving gravers, Sculptors, and Architects, and Curiosi- irons, but could not grave anything, the stones were ties of Art” (3 vols., 1853); and “ Biographical so hard. The governor buried a bottle with a and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, paper enclosed, on which he writ that he took pos- Sculptors, and Architects" (1853; new ed., 2 vols., session of the place, and in the name of and for 1865). He purchased, restored, and reissued the King George the First of England.” They re- plates of John Boydell's “Shakespeare Gallery," turned to Williamsburg, preceded by trumpeters, and bought those of the “Musée Française," but, and, to commemorate the event, Gov. Spotswood as the government refused to remit the heavy im- instituted the order of Tramontane to encourage port duty, they were returned to France. future expeditions. He gave to each of his com- SPOTS WOOD, Alexander, governor of Vir- panions a small golden horseshoe, to be worn as a ginia, b. in Tangier, Africa, in 1676 ; d. in An- badge, and the inembers of the expedition were napolis, Md., 7 June, 1740. He was bred to arms known afterward as the “ Knights of the golden from an early age, served under the Duke of Marl- horseshoe." As early as 1710 he sought to extend borough, was dangerously wounded at Blenheim, the line of the Virginia settlements to interrupt and became deputy quartermaster-general. He was the chain of communication between Canada and then appointed governor of Virginia and arrived the Gulf of Mexico, and favored the incorporation there in June, 1710, bringing with him as a peace of a Virginia Indian company, which, from the offering the writ of habeas corpus, which hitherto emoluments of a monopoly of the traffic, should had been withheld from the province. The satis- sustain forts in the western country; but this act faction with which this was received by the people was repealed. He secured a treaty with the Six and the evident necessity of such a protection Nations in 1722, who bound themselves to aban- turned his attention to the condition of their laws, don the region east of the Blue Ridge and south and he introduced reforms in the constitution, in of the Potomac, prevented the tributary Indians the general administration of justice, and in the from joining the Tuscaroras in their forays in character of the revenue laws and the collection of Carolina, and sought to renew an alliance with taxes, receiving the co-operation of the assembly this tribe, which he succeeded in dividing. He 66 66 636 SPRAGUE SPOTTS was the author of an act to improve the staple of Maj. Spotts with a sword. The son entered the tobacco and make tobacco-notes the medium of navy as a midshipman, 2 Aug., 1837, and made a ordinary circulation. Although the welfare of cruise around the world in the sloop“ John Virginia was his constant aim, he was often im- Adams” in 1837–40, in which he participated in perious and contemptuous. On one occasion he two battles on the island of Sumatra with the na- remarked to the house of burgesses that the people tives, who had committed piratical acts against had made a mistake in choosing "a set of repre- American merchant ships. He attended the naval sentatives whom heaven has not generally endowed school at Philadelphia in 1842–3. During the with the ordinary qualifications requisite to legis- Mexican war he served in the “ Lexington" on the lators,” and in placing at the head of standing Pacific coast in 1846-'9, participated in the en- committees men who could neither "spell English gagements that resulted in the conquest of (ali- nor write common sense.” The most bitter con- fornia, on the blockade of the Mexican Pacific flict in which he was involved was that of church ports, and at the capture of Guaymas, San Blas, patronage. Like his predecessors, the governor and La Paz. He was promoted to master, 8 April, claimed that the presentation to church livings 1851, and to lieutenant, 25 Nov., 1851. Though a was a privilege of his office, which admitted no native of the south, he promptly announced his interference of the vestries. With the aid of this devotion to the Union, taking command of the controversy, his enemies prevailed against him, and schooner Wanderer ” in June, 1861, and acted as he was removed from his post in 1722. He lived captain of the port of Key West. In July, 1862, eighteen years longer in Virginia, and from 1730 he took charge of the steamer “ Magnolia ” on the till 1739 was deputy postmaster-general of the Eastern Gulf blockade. He was promoted to com- colonies. In this capacity he arranged the transfer mander, 5 Aug., 1862, and had the steamer - South of mails with much energy, bringing Philadelphia Carolina" on the South Atlantic blockade in and Williamsburg within eight or ten days of each 1863-'4. He was transferred to the steamer - Paw- other, and through his influence Benjamin Frank- tucket,” in which he participated in both attacks lin was appointed postmaster of Pennsylvania. on Fort Fisher. In June, 1865, he was detached On his domain of 40,000 acres he found beds of and ordered to the Mare island navy-yard, where iron-ore, and, establishing a furnace, thus gave to he served until October, 1867. His duties had Virginia a new industry. He was also interested taken him to California so often that he made his in promoting vine-culture. At his houses on the home in San Fran- Rapidan and at Yorktown he maintained the cisco, and was one courtly state of the time and of his rank. In 1740 of the first naval he was made a major-general to command an ex- officers to identify pedition to the West Indies, and died while attend himself with the ing to the embarkation at Annapolis. He be- interests and de- queathed his books, maps, and mathematical in- velopment of Cali- struments to William and Mary college. Gov. fornia. He was Spotswood's official account of his conflict with promoted to cap- the burgesses is printed in the " Virginia Historical tain, 6 Aug., 1866, Register,” and he is best described in William commanded the Byrd's Progress to the Mines,” included in "The steamers “Sara- Westover Manuscripts, containing the History of nac” and “Pensa- the Dividing-Line betwixt Virginia and North Caro- cola” in the Pa- lina," written from 1728 to 1736 and published by cific squadron in Edmund and Julian C. Ruffin (Petersburg, 1841). 1870–2, and served The vignette is from a portrait now in the Virginia as light-house in- state library, His letters were used by George spector on the Pa- Bancroft, and then were lost sight of until 1873, cific coast in 1872– having been taken to England by George W. 4, being commis- Featherstonehaugh. They were bought from the sioned latter's widow by the Virginia historical society dore, 25 Sept., in 1882, and published as • The Official Letters of 1873. He served as president of the board of in- Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor of spection on the Pacific coast until 1880. He was Virginia in 1710–1722,” in the collections of the promoted to rear-admiral, 28 May, 1881, and took Virginia historical society, with an introduction command of the U. S. naval force on the South and notes by Robert A. Brock (2 vols., Richmond, Atlantic station in July. He was on a cruise to 1882–5). His speeches to the assembly in 1714-'18 visit the ports of that station when he was stricken are preserved in William Maxwell's “Virginia with apoplexy while receiving the farewell visit Historical Register” (vol. iv.).—His son, Robert, of the British colonial governor at Port Stanley. was killed by the Indians in 1757.-His grandson, After his death the authorities gave a lot in the Alexander, soldier, b. in Virginia ; d. in Not- cemetery for his burial, and every honor was paid tingham, Va., 20 Dec., 1818, served in the Revo- to the American admiral. lutionary army, and was appointed major of the 20 SPRAGUE, Alfred White, author, b. in Hono- Virginia regiment. He married Eliza, the daugh- lulu, Sandwich islands, 17 June, 1821. His father, ter of Gen. William Augustine Washington and Daniel Chamberlain, was the first missionary to the the niece of Gen. George Washington. The sec- Sandwich islands in 1819, and built the first frame ond Alexander's brother, John, served also in the house there, and his mother was the first white army, and was wounded severely at Germantown. woman to land on those islands. The son was SPOTTS, James Hanna, naval officer, b. in graduated at Amherst in 1847, and in 1849 changed Fort Johnson, Wilmington harbor, N.C., 11 March, his name to Sprague by an act of the legislature 1822; d. at Port Stanley, Falkland islands, 9 March, of Massachusetts. In 1854-'5 he was professor of 1882. His father was an officer in the U. S. army, natural philosophy and chemistry in Washington and commanded the artillery under Gen. Andrew university, St. Louis, and from 1859 till 1863 he Jackson at the battle of New Orleans. In acknowl- was experimental lecturer on these subjects in pri- edgment of his bravery, Gen. Jackson presented vate schools in Boston. In 1863 he applied the H. Spotto commo- SPRAGUE 637 SPRAGUE 66 Charles Squague automatic regulation of heat to the manufacture he served in the army, was severely wounded at of nitrous-oxide gas for surgical purposes. Mr. Gettysburg, and was given the brevet of captain in Sprague is the author of lectures entitled “ Chemi- 1865. He is the inventor of the “Sprague check- cal Experiments” (Boston, 1853); and “Elements book," has devised numerous account-books and of Natural Philosophy” (1856). forms, and also a savings-bank system for testing SPRAGUE, Charles, poet, b. in Boston, Mass., the accuracy of accounts, and has written many 26 Oct., 1791; d. there, 22 Jan., 1875. His father, articles on the subject, on which he has also lec- Samuel, a native of Hingham, Mass., was one of tured at Columbia college. Mr. Sprague is the the party that first prominent advocate in this country of the in- threw the tea in- ternational language that is called Volapük. Since to Boston har- 1887 he has edited the “ Volaspodel,” issued as part bor. The son was of “The Office," and he is the author of "Logical educated at the Symbolism” (printed privately, New York, 1882), Franklin schoolof - The Hand-Book of Volapük" (1888), and “The Boston, and at the Story of the Flag,” a poem read before the survi- age of ten lost the vors of the 44th New York regiment (Albany, 1886). use of his left eye SPRAGUE, John Titcomb, soldier, b. in New- by an accident. In buryport, Mass., 3 July, 1810; d. in New York city, 1804 he entered 6 Sept., 1878. In 1834 he became 2d lieutenant in mercantile life, the marine corps, and served in the Florida war, and in 1816 was being twice promoted for meritorious conduct, and taken into part- brevetted captain on 15 March, 1842. He was nership by his em- given that full rank in 1846, and brevetted major ployers. 'In 1820 on 30 May, 1848. He was made major of the 1st he became teller infantry, 14 May, 1861, and, when stationed with in the State bank, his regiment in Texas, was taken prisoner by Gen. and on the estab- David E. Twiggs, but was released on parole, and lishment of the became mustering and disbursing officer at Albany, Globe bank in N. Y., and adjutant-general of the state, with the 1824 he was employed as cashier, serving there rank of brigadier-general, holding this post until until 1865, when he retired from business. Mr. 1865. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sprague first attracted attention as a poet when 11th infantry in March, 1863, and colonel of the he won a prize for the best prologue at the open- 7th infantry on 12 June, 1865, and in that year ing of the Park theatre in New York. He achieved served in Florida and was made military governor, similar success at the opening of other theatres in but retired from the army on 15 July, 1870. He Philadelphia, Salem, and Portsmouth. In 1823 he was the author of “Origin, Progress, and Con- obtained the prize for the best ode to be recited at clusion of the Florida War" (New York, 1848). the exhibition in the Boston theatre of a pageant SPRAGUE, John Wilson, soldier, b. in White in honor of Shakespeare, and in 1830 he pro- Creek, Washington co., N. Y., 4 April, 1817. He nounced an ode at the centennial celebration of the was educated in common schools, and entered settlement of Boston. In 1829 he delivered before Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y., in the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard a poem on 1830, but was not graduated. He then became a “Curiosity,” which was considered his best pro- merchant, and in 1851-2 was treasurer of Erie duction. ‘Among his shorter poems are the "Ode county, Ohio. He was made a captain in the 7th to Shakespeare ” and “ Winged Worshippers.” Ed- Ohio volunteers at the beginning of the civil war, win P. Whipple says: “His prologues are the best became colonel of the 63d Ohio in 1863, and was which have been written since the time of Pope. appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on 30 His ‘Shakespeare Ode' has hardly been exceeded July, 1864, receiving the brevet of major-general, by anything in the same manner since Gray's U. S. volunteers, on 13 March, 1865. He also de- Progress of Poesy. But the true power and clined a lieutenant-colonelcy in the U. S. army. originality of the man are manifested in his do- After the war he was general manager of the Wi- mestic pieces. • The Brothers,' 'I see Thee Still,' nona and St. Peter railroad, Minn., but removed to and • The Family Meeting’are the finest consecra- Washington territory in 1870, having been made tions of natural affection in our literature.” There general agent and superintendent of the Northern have been several collections of Mr. Sprague's Pacific railroad, which offices he resigned in 1882. writings (N York, 1841); his “ Prose and Poeti- Since then he has engaged in various enterprises, cal Writings, revised by the Author” (Boston, and was for five years president of the National 1850); and other editions (1855 and 1876). — His bank in Tacoma, Washington territory. son, Charles James, poet, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 SPRAGUE, Peleg, jurist, b. in Duxbury, Mass., Jan., 1823, was educated in private schools, and 27 April, 1793 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 13 Oct., 1880. became cashier of the Globe bank in 1864, serving After graduation at Harvard in 1812, he studied until 1882. For many years he was curator of in the Litchfield law-school, was admitted to the botany in the Boston society of natural history, bar in 1815, and practised in Augusta, Me., and and he is known among cryptogamists for his col- afterward in Hallowell. He was a member of the lection of lichens. He has published several lists Maine legislature in 1820-'1, elected to congress as of New England fungi. Mr. Sprague has contrib- a Whig, serving from 5 Dec., 1825, till 3 March, uted poems to journals and magazines, and has 1829, and then chosen U. S. senator from Maine, written articles for scientific papers. During the serving from 7 Dec., 1829, till 1 Jan., 1835, when past thirty years he has translated numerous he resigned and practised law in Boston. He was poems for part-songs. a presidential elector on the Harrison and Tyler SPRAGUE, Charles Ezra, author, b. in Nas- ticket in 1840, and from 1841 till 1865 was U. S. sau, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 9 Oet.. 1842. He was judge for the district of Massachusetts. He was graduated at Union college in 1860, and since 1878 the last surviving member of the U. S. senate of has been secretary of the Union Dime savings in- 1830-2, in which Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, stitution of New York city. During the civil war i John C. Calhoun, Thomas H. Benton, and Robert 6 638 SPRANGER SPRAGUE son. Y. Hayne served. As a judge and lawyer he was Brown in 1861, of which university he has been a much esteemed, and he was regarded as a fine de- trustee since 1866. bater. Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. in SPRAGUE, William Bnel, clergyman, b. in 1847. He published Speeches and Addresses ” | Andover, Conn., 16 Oct., 1795; d. in Flushing, (Boston, 1858), and his " Decisions in Admiralty L. I., 7 May. 1876. He was the son of Benjamin and Maritime Cases in the District Court of the Sprague, a farmer. After graduation at Yale in United States for the District of Massachusetts, 1815 he was a private tutor, studied two years at 1841-1861.” were edited by Francis E. Parker Princeton theological seminary, and in 1819 was (Philadelphia, 1861). In this work “Two Charges ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational church to the Grand Jury,” 1851 and 1861, are included. in West Springfield, Mass., as a colleague of Rer. SPRAGUE, William, governor of Rhode Isl- Joseph Lathrop, D.D., remaining there until 1829. and, b. in Cranston, R. I., 3 Nov., 1799 ; d. in when he was installed as pastor of the 2d Presby- Providence, R. I., 19 Oct., 1856. He received a terian church in Albany, N. Y. He held this good education at an early age, became a member charge till 1869, when he resigned and removed to of the assembly, and in 1832 was chosen speaker Flushing. In 1828 and 1836 he visited Europe. of the house. He was then elected to congress as He received the degrees of A. M. from Yale in a Democrat, served from 7 Dec., 1835, till 3 March, 1819; S. T. D. from Columbia in 1828, and Har- 1837, and, declining a re-election, became governor vard in 1848 ; and LL. D. from Princeton in 1869. of Rhode Island in 1838–9. He was elected to Dr. Sprague made extensive collections of religious the U. S. senate in place of Nathan F. Dixon, pamphlets and autographs, and presented the serving from 18 Feb., 1842, till 17 Jan., 1844, when former to the state library at Albany, to which he he resigned, and was subsequently a member of also gave a manuscript volume of the “ Letters of the Rhode Island legislature. In 1848 he was an Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst.”. Dr. Sprague also pre- elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket. He sented to the library of Harvard the papers of was largely engaged in the manufacture of cotton, Gen. Thomas Gage. His autographs, numbering and was president of the Hartford, Providence, and nearly 100,000, probably the largest private collec- Fishkill railroad, and of two banks.--His nephew, tion in the world, are now in the possession of his William, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Cran- He was the author of more than 100 pub- ston, R. I., 12 Sept., 1830, received his education in lished sermons, memoirs, addresses, and essays, common schools, served in his father's factory, and and wrote many introductions to books. His engaged in making calico-prints. Subsequently principal work is “ Annals of the American Pul- he became a manufacturer of linen, woollen goods, pit” 19 vols., New York, 1857–69). His other and iron, a builder books are “ Letters to a Daughter" (1822); "Let- of locomotives and ters from Europe” (1828); "Letters to Young an owner of rail- People" (1830); “ Lectures on Revivals" (1832); roads and steam- “Hints designed to regulate the Intercourse of ships. In 1860–'3 Christians” (1834); " Lectures illustrating the Con- he was governor trast between True Christianity and various other of Rhode Island. Systems” (1837); “Life of Rev. Edward Dorr He had served as Griffin” (1838); "Letters to Young Men, founded colonel in the state on the Life of Joseph ” (2d ed., 1845); “ Aids to inilitia, offered a Early Religion”, (1847); "Words to a Young regiment and a Man's Conscience" (1848); “ Women of the Bible battery of light- (1850); “ Visits to European Celebrities” (1855); horse artillery for the life of Timothy Dwight in Sparks's “ Ameri- service in the civil can Biography " (1845); and “Memoirs ” of Rev. war, and with this John and William A. McDowell ” (1864). regiment partici- SPRANGER, Daniel Guerin, Hebrew colonist, pated in the bat- b. in Holland about 1610; d. in Cayenne, South tle of Bull Run, America, in 1664. He accompanied Maurice de where his horse Nassau in the conquest of Brazil, as he had a con- was shot under tract for furnishing supplies to the invading army. him. He received a commission as brigadier- During sixteen years he lived in Brazil occupied in general of volunteers, which he declined. He also colonization schemes, and opened an extensive served in other actions during the peninsular trade between that country and Amsterdam. When campaign, including Williamsburg and the siege the Portuguese army recovered possession of Brazil of Yorktown. He was chosen to the U. S. senate in 1654 all Ilebrews living in the country were as a Republican, was a member of the committee expelled, and Spranger sought refuge in the island on manufactures, and chairman of that on public of Cayenne, which had been abandoned by its lands, his term extending from 4 March, 1863, former possessors, the French company of the till 3 March, 1875, when he resumed the direction twelve lords. Although he was opposed at first of his manufacturing establishments. He oper- by the Galibi Indians, he gained their favor with ated the first rotary machine for making horse- presents and made a treaty with their principal shoes, perfected a mowing-machine, and also various chief, who granted to him the absolute possession processes in calico-printing, especially that of di- of the island. Being joined by several parties of rect printing on a large scale with the extract of Hebrews from Brazil , he undertook to colonize the madder without a chemical bath. Gov. Sprague island, and succeeded. This is the more remark- claims to have discovered what he calls the prin- able as it is the only instance in which a Hebrew ciple of the orbit as inherent in social forces." He colony has exclusively devoted itself to agriculture. asserts that money is endowed with two tendencies, Spranger introduced the culture of the sugar-cane the distributive and the aggregative, and that when and indigo-plant, which so prospered that, accord- the latter predominates, as before the civil war, ing to Jacques Dutertre in his - Histoire générale decadence results; but that when the former is in des Antilles," "under Spranger's administration, the ascendancy, as was until recently the case, there the island of Cayenne was reputed an El Dorado." is progress. He received the degree of A. M. from The population of the island at that time was William Opaque SPREAD 639 SPRING about 600—all Hebrews. In 1659 the Dutch com- / lin, and others. These counterfeits were written pany, organized in Amsterdam for the colonization on paper of the period, with ink prepared so as to of Guiana, sent a party of 250 Jewish emigrants, give the appearance of age to the writing, and and 150 more from Leghorn followed in the next readily deceived those who were not experts. He year. The colony was destroyed in 1664 by Le was frequently arrested by the civil authorities for Fèvre de la Barre, who retook Cayenne, and again obtaining money under false pretences, but always expelled all Hebrews, Spranger being killed while escaped punishment by confessing his guilt and he was defending his dominion. expressing contrition for his offence. Most of his SPREAD, Henry Fenton, artist, b. in Kinsale, counterfeit letters of Franklin and Nelson were Ireland, 21 Oct., 1844. He began the study of art sold in Canada and England. To sell his forgeries at the South Kensington schools, and later studied he resorted to various devices, finally pretending water-color painting with William Riviere and in his letters that he was a daughter of Gen. Henry Warren. In 1863 he went to Brussels and Thomas J. Jackson, who was compelleri by poverty became the pupil of Ernest Slingineyer. The fol- to part with family papers. By these means he lowing year he went to Australia, settling in Mel- sold many counterfeit autographs to Confederate bourne, and painted numerous portraits. In 1870 bond-holders in England. At the time of his death he came to the United States, spent a short time he was an inmate of a hospital and in poverty. in New York, and then removed to Chicago, where See “ The American Antiquarian " for May, 1888. he now (1888) resides. He was elected an acade- SPRING, Samuel, clergyman, b. in North- mician of the Chicago academy of design in 1871, bridge, Mass., 10 March, 1746; d. in Newburyport, and became its professor of drawing and painting. Mass., 4 March, 1819. After graduation at Prince- This post he held for about twelve years, during ton in 1771 he studied theology there and under which time the name of the institution was twice Dr. Joseph Bellamy, Samuel Hopkins, and Stephen changed, first to Academy of fine arts, and then to West in New England, and was licensed to preach Art institute. He left the institute to make a two in 1774. In 1775 he joined the volunteer corps of years' tour in Italy, and on his return founded 1,100 men under Col. Benedict Arnold as chap- Spread's art academy. He was also instrumental lain, marched with them to Canada, participated in organizing the Chicago society of artists, of in the attack on Quebec, and carried Aaron Burr which he is the president. Among his works are from the field when he was wounded. At the Chicago rising from her Ashes,” and “Sad News.” close of 1776 he left the army, and in February, SPRECHER, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Ha- 1777, he preached to the congregation in New- gerstown, Md., 28 Dec., 1810. He was educated at buryport, of which he became pastor, serving from Pennsylvania college and theological seminary, 1777 until his death. He possessed great influence Gettysburg, Pa., in 1830-'6, licensed by the Lu- and weight of character, was a leader of the Hop- theran synod, and was pastor of churches of that kinsian party (see HOPKINS, SAMUEL), and was denomination in Harrisburg. Pa., Martinsburg, active in promoting the union of the two parties Va., and Chambersburg, Pa., from 1836 till 1849, | in the Congregational churches by the establish- after which he was president of Wittenburg col- ment of the Andover theological seminary, of which lege, Springfield, Ohio, until 1874. Since that year he was a founder. He was also an originator of he has been professor of systematic theology there. the American board of commissioners for foreign Washington college, Pa., gave him the degree of missions. Dartmouth gave him the degree of A.M. D.D. in 1850, and Pennsylvania college that of in 1789, and Williams that of S. T. D. in 1806. He LL. D. in 1874. Dr. Sprecher is the author of published several controversial works and about “The Providential Position of the Evangelical | twenty-five miscellaneous discourses, including one Churches of this Country at this Time" (Selins-on the death of Washington and one on the duel grove, 1864); "Groundwork of a System of Evan- between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton.- gelical Lutheran Theology" (Philadelphia, 1879); His son, Gardiner, clergyman, b. in Newburyport, and various addresses. Mass., 24 Feb., 1785'; d. in New York city, 18 Aug., SPRING, Edward Adolphus, sculptor, b. in 1873, was graduated at Yale in 1805, taught in New York city, 26 Aug., 1837. He studied with Bermuda for two years, and on his return studied Henry K. Brown, John Q. A. Ward, and William law and was admit- Rimmer, and spent several years in study abroad. ted to the bar in In 1868 he discovered at Eagleswood, N. 'J., a fine 1808, but aban- modelling clay, peculiarly suited to terra-cotta doned his profes- work, and in 1877 he established at Perth Amboy sion, studied at An- the “ Eagleswood Art Pottery.” At the National dover theological academy he exhibited a bust of Giuseppe Mazzini seminary, and on in 1873, and several terra-cotta pieces in 1878. He 10 Aug., 1810, was has given lectures on clay modelling in various ordained pastor of cities in the United States, and since 1880 has been the Brick Presbyte- director of the Chautauqua school of sculpture, rian church in New SPRING, Robert, forger, b. in England in York city, where he 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Dec., 1876. He continued until his gained notoriety by his fabrication of autograph death, although he letters of Washington, Franklin, and Lord Nelson. offered the of his life prior to the time when he came to the presidency of Ham- United States nothing is known. Settling in Phila-ilton and Dart- delphia about 1858, he began to deal in a small way mouth colleges. In in books relating to America, autographs, and prints, 1856 he removed frequently obtaining literary rarities. Finding him with his congrega- self unable to supply the demand for genuine auto- tion to the new graph letters of eminent men of the Revolution, church on Murray, he began to make and sell counterfeits. Being an hill. During the last years of his life Dr. Spring expert penman, he soon acquired great facility in seldom preached, his pulpit being filled by an as- imitating the handwriting of Washington, Frank- ) sistant.Hamilton gave him the degree of S. T. D. а was Gordines Spring 640 SPROULL SPRINGER in 1819, and Lafayette that of D. D. in 1853. | free institutions, which was adopted-yeas, 233, In addition to many pamphlets he published - Es- nays, 18. This large affirmative vote contributed says on the Distinguishing Traits of Christian materially to the defeat of President Grant for re- Character” (New York, 1813); “ Fragments from nomination in 1876 for a third term. In 1875 he the Study of a Pastor” (1838); “ Obligations of was appointed chairman of the committee on es- the World to the Bible" (1841); " The Attraction penditures in the state department, and has been a of the Cross” (1845);: “ The Bible not of Man” member of other important committees, including (1847); Discourses to Seamen (1847); “ The the Potter committee, which investigated the presi- Power of the Pulpit" (1848); “ The Mercy-Seat” dential election of 1876, and of the joint committee (1849); “ First Things” (2 vols., 1851); “ The Glory which reported the electoral commission bill of of Christ” (2 vols., 1852); "Memoirs of the Rev. 1876–7, and in 1882–²4 delivered numerous and er Samuel J. Mills ” (1854); “ Contrast between Good haustive speeches in congress on the establishment and Bad Men” (2 vols., 1855); “Pulpit Ministra- of the tariff commission and the revision of the tions; or Sabbath Readings, a Series of Discourses” tariff. He has also introduced several notable bills, (2 vols., 1864); and“ Personal Reminiscences of the and his amendment to the bill granting $1,500,000 Life and Times of Gardiner Spring” (2 vols., 1866). to the Centennial commissioners and his successful He also published several occasional sermons, the efforts in recovering the amount through the U.S. last of which are contained in the “Brick Church supreme court have won for him a wide reputation. Memorial” (New York, 1861). Many of his books During the 50th congress he secured favorable were translated into French and other languages, action in the committee on territories, of which he and republished in Great Britain. A collective was chairman, on his bill to provide for the organi- edition of his earlier works was published (9 vols., zation of the territory of Oklahoma, and on his New York, 1855). bill to enable the people of Dakota, Montana, SPRINGER, Reuben Runyan, philanthropist, Washington, and New Mexico to form constitutions b. in Frankfort, Ky., 16 Nov., 1800; d. in Cincin- and state governments. In 1888 he was chair- nati, Ohio, 10 Dec., 1884. The family, originally man of the committee of the whole house pend- from Sweden, settled in Delaware in the 17th ing the protracted debate on the tariff bill. In May, century. Reuben's father, Charles, a native of 1888, he was renominated as a candidate for the West Virginia, moved to Kentucky, was a soldier 51st congress.-His wife, Rebecca Ruter, author, under Gen. Anthony Wayne in the Indian war, b. in Indianapolis, Ind., 8 Nov., 1832, is the daugh- and afterward postmaster at Frankfort. At thir- ter of the Rev. Calvin W. Ruter, a clergyman of teen his son became a clerk in the post-office, and the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1850 she was in three years succeeded his father as postmaster. graduated at the Wesleyan female college, Cin- He was next a clerk on a steamboat that ran be- cinnati, and on 15 Dec., 1859, she married Mr. tween Cincinnati and New Orleans, soon acquired Springer. She is the author of numerous fugitive an interest in the boat, and thus laid the founda- poems, and of two novels, “ Beech wood" (Phila- tion of his fortune. Later he became a partner in delphia, 1873), and “Self” (1881). a large and prosperous grocery house in Cincinnati, SPROAT, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Middle- but retired in 1840 on account of his health, and borough, Plymouth co., Mass., in 1752; d. in never resumed active business. He went abroad Marietta, Ohio, in February, 1805. He entered repeatedly, buying many fine works of art, most of the Provincial army as a captain early in 177), which are now the property of the Cincinnati art was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel, and He gave to the Music hall, the Exposi- finally given command of the 2d Massachusetts tion building, the Odeon theatre, and the Art mu- regiment. He was in Gen. John Glover's brigade seum in that city, in all $420,000; to private chari- at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Mon- ties of the Roman Catholic church, of which he mouth, and was appointed brigade-inspector by was a member, more than $100,000, and at least Baron Steuben. After the war he was a surveror $30,000 annually in the way of benevolence, besides at Providence, R. I., where he married a daughter contributing liberally and regularly to various of Com. Abraham Whipple. Subsequently he charities and public enterprises. He left about went to the west, and in 1786 began a survey of $3,000,000 to his nearest of kin, having no children; the territory now within the borders of ihe state also annuities to the College of music, the Music of Ohio. In 1788 he led the party of emigrants hall and the Art museum, and nearly $400,000 to that settled Marietta, and he was for fourteen various Roman Catholic charitable institutions, years sheriff and colonel of militia. He was tall among these, $40,000 to the cathedral schools, and commanding in person, and was known among $50,000 to St. Peter's benevolent society, and $100,- the Indians as “ The Big Buckeye." 000 for the education of priests. SPROU'LL, Thomas (sprowl), clergyman, b. SPRINGER, William McKendree, lawyer, near Freeport, Armstrong co., Pa., 15 Sept., 1803. b. in New Lebanon, Sullivan co., Ind., 30 May. He was graduated at the Western university of 1836. His family removed to Jacksonville, 11)., in Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg, in 1829. studied for 1848, and, after receiving his early education at the the ministry, and was pastor of the Reformed Illinois college, he was graduated at Indiana uni- Presbyterian congregation of Alleghany and Pitta versity in 1858, studied law, was admitted to the burg from 1834 till 1868. He was a professor in bar in 1859, and practised in Springfield, I., where 1838-40 in the Reformed Presbyterian western he still resides. He was secretary of the State con- theological seminary, and in 1840–'45 in the united stitutional convention of 1862, served in the legis- Eastern and Western seminaries. In 1856 he was lature in 1871-2, which was engaged in revising re-elected, and in 1874 was made professor emeri- the laws of the state, and was elected to congress as tus. In 1847 he was moderator of the synod of a Democrat, serving since 4 March, 1875. On 15 the Reformed Presbyterian church. H edited Dec., 1875, he introduced in the house his resolu- “ The Reformed Presbyterian" in 1855-'03 and tion declaring the precedent of retiring from the “ The Reformed Presbyterian and Covenanter" in presidential office after the second term has become 1863–74, both in Pittsburg. He received the de- à part of our republican system, and that any degree of D. D. from Westminster college, Pa., in parture from this time-honored custom would be 1857, and that of LL. D. from the Western univer- unwise, unpatriotic, and fraught with peril to our | sity of Pennsylvania in 1886. Besides numerous museun. 6. SPRUANCE 641 STADEN 66 . pamphlets, he has published “Prelections on cal institute of New York. In 1874 his health be- Theology" (Pittsburg, Pa., 1882). came so seriously impaired as to preclude further SPRÜANCE, Presley, senator, b. in Delaware original research, and though he subsequently re- in 1785; d. in Smyrna, Del., 13 Feb., 1863. He covered sufficiently to direct the final preparation was for some time a resident of the latter place, and revision of his work on Peru for publication, where he was engaged in business. He was sent the affection resulted in his death. He was a mem- to the state senate, of which body he was elected ber of numerous historical, archæological, and sci- president, and also represented Delaware in the entific societies, and several years chief editor of U. S. senate from 6 Dec., 1847, till 3 March, 1853. Frank Leslie's publishing-house. Besides many He belonged to the Whig party in politics. official reports, scientific papers, magazine articles, SPRY, William, jurist, b. in England; d. in and contributions to the - Encyclopædia Britan- Barbadoes, W. I., in September, 1772. He married nica” and foreign periodicals, his works include a niece of the Earl of Chatham, and on 25 Sept., “ Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New 1764, arrived with his family at Halifax, Nova York” (“Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- Scotia, having been appointed judge of the vice- edge," 1849; Buffalo, 1851); “Serpent Symbols” admiralty court over all America, which had been (1852); “ Nicaragua : its People, Scenery, and Monu- recently constituted by act of parliament. In the ments” (New York, 1852); Notes on Central proclamation that announces the opening of the America” (1854); “Waikna, or Adventures on the court he is styled “The Right Worshipful William Mosquito Shore” (1855); “ The States of Central Spry, Doctor of Laws.” The other officers of the America" (1857; revised ed., 1870); “ Monographs new court were: vice-admiral, the Earl of Nor- of Authors who have written on the Aboriginal thumberland; registrar, the Hon. Spencer Perci- Languages of Central America” (1860); “Tropical val; marshal, Charles Howard, gent. These of- Fibres and their Economic Extraction” (1861); ficers probably expected to fulfil their duties by and “Peru: Incidents and Explorations in the deputies. Judge Spry opened his court at Halifax Land of the Incas" (1877). on 9 Oct., 1764. Its creation had been opposed in SQUIER, Miles Powell, clergyman, b. in the colonies, and the passage of the stamp-act the Cornwall, Vt., 4 May, 1792 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., next year, with the accompanying disturbances, 22 June, 1866. He was graduated at Middlebury probably prevented its extension to other provinces. in 1811, and at Andover seminary in 1814, and was Judge Spry was appointed governor of Barbadoes licensed to preach by a Congregational associa- in June, 1767, and died in office. tion. After laboring at Oxford, Mass., and Ver- SQUIER, Ephraim George, author, b. in gennes, Vt., and doing missionary work for a year Bethlehem, N. Y., 17 June, 1821 ; d. in Brooklyn, in western New York, he was ordained on 3 May, N. Y., 17 April, 1888. In early youth he worked 1816, the first pastor of the 1st Presbyterian on a farm, attended and taught school, studied en- church of Buffalo, N. Y., which relation he main- gineering, and be- tained until 1824. In 1824–6 he acted as finan- came interested in cial agent of the Auburn theological seminary, American antiqui- and from 1826 till 1834 he was secretary of the ties. He was associat- Geneva agency of the American home missionary ed in the publication society. In 1831 he founded the Geneva lyceum, of the New York and was occupied in superintending its affairs un- State Mechanic,” at til 1841. The next eight years he resided at Ge- Albany, in 1841-2, neva, but supplied the pulpits of various neighbor- and engaged in jour. ing churches. From 1849 till 1863 he was pro- nalism in Hartford, fessor of intellectual and moral philosophy at Conn., and Chilli- Beloit, Wis. The remaining three years of his cothe, Ohio, in 1843– | life were spent in Geneva. Dr. Squier was an '8, during which pe- earnest student and fearless in the expression of riod he also inves- opinion, but genial in manner. Besides contribut- tigated the ancient ing to the periodical press, he published “The monuments of the Problem Solved, or Sin not of God ” (New York, Mississippi valley in 1855); “Reason and the Bible, or the Truth of Re- conjunction with Dr. ligion” (1860); " Miscellaneous Writings, with an Edwin Hamilton Autobiography, edited and supplemented by the Davis (q.v.), and pre- Rev. James R. Boyd, of Geneva, N. Y.” (1867). pared the narrative STACY, James, clergyman, b. in Liberty county, that was published in vol. i. of the “Smithsonian Ga., 2 June, 1830. He was graduated at Oglethorpe Contributions to Knowledge” (Washington, 1848). university, Ga., in 1849, studied theology at Colum- He also made an examination of the ancient re- bia, S. C., and in 1853 was ordained by the Georgia mains of New York state under the auspices of the presbytery. After preaching as a supply until New York historical society in 1848. Hle was ap- 1857, he was called to the pastorate of the New- pointed special chargé d'affaires to all the Central nan, Ga., Presbyterian church, where he still re- American states in 1849, and negotiated treaties mains. He has been stated clerk of the presbytery with Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador. In of Atlanta from its organization in 1867 to the 1853 he made a second visit to Central America present time, and has held the same office in the to examine a line for a projected interoceanic rail- synod of Georgia since 1876. He is president of road, and to make further study of the archæology the board of directors of the theological seminary of the country. In 1856 he received the medal of at Columbia, S. C. He received the honorary de- the French geographical society for his researches. gree of D. D. from Arkansas college in 1876. Dr. In 1863 Mr. Squier was appointed U. S. commis- Stacy has published a prize essay on the “ Iloly sioner to Peru, where he made an exhaustive inves- Sabbath” (Richmond, 1877); Water Baptism tigation of Inca remains and took numerous photo- (1882); and “ Day of Rest" (1885). graphs of them. In 1868 he was appointed consul- STADEN, Hans (stah'-den), German traveller, general of Honduras at New York, and in 1871 he b. in Hesse-Homburg in 1520; d. there about 1565. was elected the first president of the Anthropologi- He had received a good education and was in VOL. V.-41 > | l El equin a 642 STALLO STAGER a moderate circumstances, when desire for travel led | Hungarian revolution occurred. Stahel joined the him to enlist in 1547 on a ship that was bound for revolutionists and served on the staffs of Gen. Ar- Brazil. He returned, 8 Oct., 1548, and, going to thur Görger and Gen. Richard Debaufre Guyon. Seville, enlisted as a volunteer in an expedition for After the success of the Austrian arms he went to La Plata river, which sailed in March, 1549. On Germany, thence to England, and finally to New reaching the mouth of the river two ships sank in York city. There he essayed journalism, and in a storm, and, after vainly trying to build a bark, 1859 was editor of the - Deutsche illustrirte Fa- part of the shipwrecked crew set out overland for milienblätter," an illustrated German weekly. He Asuncion, while the other sailed upon the third became, in May, 1861, lieutenant-colonel of the vessel for the island of São Vicente, but were also 8th New York volunteers, commanded that regi- wrecked, and Staden, with a few survivors, passed ment in the first battle of Bull Run, and was made to the continent and established themselves at São colonel. He was promoted brigadier-general, 12 Marco in 1552. A few weeks later Staden, while Nov., 1861, given a brigade in Gen. Louis Blen- engaged in a hunting expedition, was captured by ker's German division, and took part in the battle a party of Tupinamba Indians, who carried him of Cross Keys, Va., 8 June, 1862. He was subse- to their village, where he was to be devoured at quently in command of a division of Gen. Franz the next festivity, but he won the friendship of a Sigel's army corps, the 11th, and on 14 March, powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and 1863, was commissioned major-general. He re- his life was spared. The Portuguese tried several signed from the army, 8 Feb., 1865. In 1866 he times to negotiate for Staden's ransom, but the was made U. S. consul at Yokohama, Japan, but Indians declined all overtures. At last he made after three years' residence there he was compelled his escape on a French ship, and on 22 Feb., 1555, to return on account of impaired health. He was arrived at Honfleur, in Normandy, and thence engaged in mining from 1870 till 1877, when he went immediately to his native city, which he was again appointed consul to Japan. There he never left afterward. His interesting narrative remained until March, 1884, when he was made “Geschichte eines Landes, gelegen in der Neuen U. S. consul-general at Shanghai, which latter Welt, America genannt, von Hans Staden aus Hom- office he resigned in 1885. He has since been en- burg in Hessen" (Marburg, 1557), which contains gaged in business in New York city. also a summary of the manners of Tupinamba STAIGG, Richard Morrell (stag), artist, b. in Indians and a description of their villages, has Leeds, England, 7 Sept., 1817; d. in Newport, been translated into French and reprinted in the R. I., 11 Oct., 1881. When he was about thirteen collection of Henry Ternaux-Compans. years of age he was placed in an architect's office, STAGER, Anson, soldier, b. in Ontario county, and he subsequently received a few weeks' instruc- N. Y., 20 April, 1825; d. in Chicago, III., 26 March, tion in portrait-painting. In 1831 he came to the 1885. At sixteen years of age he entered into the United States with his father, and four years later service of Henry O'Reilly, a printer, who subse- he settled with the family in Newport. In his quently became a pioneer in the building and artistic efforts he met with encouragement and ad- operating of telegraphs. He followed O'Reilly in vice from Washington Allston, and soon devoted his enterprise, and when the latter established a himself entirely to miniature-painting. Among line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg he was his portraits are those of Washington Allston, placed in charge of the first office at Lancaster, Edward Everett, Daniel Webster, William II. Pa., in 1846. He then went to Cincinnati, Ohio, Prescott, and others. Some of his miniatures were where he made several improvements in the con- exhibited at the Royal academy, and received warm struction of batteries and the arrangement of praise. He was a regular exhibitor at the Acade- wires, and in 1852 he was made general superin- my of design, New York, of which he was elected tendent of the principal lines in the west at that an associate in 1856, and an academician in 1861. time. After the consolidation of the Western He visited Europe in 1867-9, and again in 1872-'4. union company with these he was still superintend- The last twenty years of his life were devoted to ent, and to his industry and ability the success of painting life-size portraits in oil, as well as genre these lines is much indebted. At the opening of pieces and landscapes. Among his works in oil are the civil war he was asked to take the manage- portraits of himself, of Russell Sturgis and George ment of the telegraphs in southern Ohio and along H. Calvert, and the “ Crossing Sweeper"; "The the Virginia line, to which he consented and at Sailor's Grave" (1862); and “ Cat's Cradle" (1863). once prepared a cipher by which he could safely STALL, Sylvanus, clergyman, b. in Elizaville, communicate with those who had the key. In Oc- Columbia co., N. Y., 18 Oct., 1847. He was gradu- tober he was called to Washington and appointed ated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1872, general superintendent of government telegraphs and at the theological seminary there in 1874, in all departments. He remained in service till after studying also in Union theological seminary, September, 1868, and was brevetted brigadier- New York city. He was ordained by the Hartwick general of volunteers for valuable services. In Lutheran synod in 1874, and has held pastorates 1869 Gen. Stager returned to Chicago, and, in addi- at Cobbleskill, N. Y., in 1874–7, Martin's Creek, tion to his duties as general superintendent, he was Pa., in 1877-'80, and Lancaster, Pa., in 1880-'7. In the promoter of many enterprises, among which the last-named year he retired from the active was the Western electric manufacturing company, duties of the ministry in order to devote his time one of the largest of its kind in the United States. to “Stall's Lutheran Year-Book" (Lancaster, Pa.), Ile was also interested in the Babcock manufactur- which he originated in 1884. He has been statis- ing company and several others. He secured a tical secretary of the general synod since 1885. consolidation of the two telephone companies in He has published a Pastor's Record " (Albany, Chicago, and was president of them and also of the 76); “Hand-Book Lutheran Ilymns” (Phila- Western Edison electric light company, and a di- delphia, 1879); “How to pay Church Debts and how rector in many corporations. to keep Churches out of Debt" (New York, 1880); STAHEL, Julius, soldier, b. in Csongrad, Hun- and “ Methods of Church Work” (1887). gary, 4 Nov., 1825. After being educated at Buda- STALLO, John Bernhard, diplomatist, b. in pest, he entered the Austrian army and had risen Sierhausen, Oldenburg, 16 March, 1823. He came from the ranks to be 1st lieutenant when the to this country in 1839, taught in Cincinnati and 9 STANBERY 643 STANDISH 9 an Myles Stondish New York city till 1847, studied law, and was a taine Myles Standish,” were sent ashore for a judge of the Cincinnati court of common pleas in second exploration. They marched in single file 1853–²5. He took part in the Liberal Republican through what is now Provincetown, where they movement of 1872, and was appointed minister to saw several Indians, followed their tracks about Italy in 1885. He is the author of “ General Prin- ten miles, and spent the night in the woods. Three ciples of the Philosophy of Nature” (Boston, 1848) subsequent expe- and “ Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics’ ditions were sent (New York, 1882). out. On the third, STANBERY, Henry, attorney-general, b. in after landing in New York city, 20 Feb., 1803; d. there, 26 June, 1881. the vicinity of He was the son of Jonas Stanbery, a physician, who Eastham, they removed to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1814. Henry was went toward Well- graduated at Washington college, Pa., in 1819, and fleet, found began the study of law in that year, but could not Indian burying- be admitted to the bar until he was of age, in 1824. place and Indian Then, at the invitation of Thomas Ewing, he began houses, and en- practice in Lancaster county, Ohio, and rode the camped before circuit with him. Mr. Stanbery remained for nightfall at Nans- many years at Lancaster. In 1846 the office of keket. On the fol- attorney-general of Ohio was created by the gen- lowing day they eral assembly, and he was elected to be its first were surprised by occupant. He accordingly removed to Columbus, the Indians, upon where he resided for about five years. At that whom Standish time the U. S. courts were held there, and Judge fired, but the skir- Stanbery established a large and valuable prac- mish was slight. tice in them as well as in the supreme court of On 29 Sept., 1621, Ohio. In 1850 he was elected a delegate to the after the founding of Plymouth, a party of ten convention that framed the present state constitu- men, with three savages as guides, under com- tion. In 1853 he removed to Cincinnati, and in mand of Standish, who had been appointed mili- 1866 he was appointed attorney-general of the tary captain in February, 1621, explored Massa- United States by President Johnson. This office chusetts bay. They anchored off what is now he accepted, after consultation with his friends, Thomson's island, which Standish explored and solely from a desire to assist in carrying the gov- named Trevore. This party also explored the ernment safely through the perilous period that broad plain known as “ Massachusetts fields,” the followed the war, and resigned it at the request of gathering-place of the tribes, which comprised a the executive to become one of his counsel on the part of what is now Quincy. In 1622 Thomas impeachment trial. His health at the time was so Weston sent out emigrants to plant a new colony, delicate that most of his arguments were submitted which they did at Wessagussett (now Weymouth). in writing. On the termination of the trial he They incurred the enmity of the Massachusetts In- was nominated by the president to the office of dians, who formed a plot to destroy them; but, justice of the U. S. supreme court; but the senate fearing that such an act would be avenged by the refused to confirm him. He then returned to Cin- Plymouth colony, they decided to exterminate the cinnati, where he was president of the Law associa- English. Before this plan was executed, Massasoit tion of that city, but held no other public office. revealed the plot, and the Plymouth colonists de- He wrote occasionally on political questions, and termined to send an expedition to Wessagussett. sometimes made public addresses. As a lawyer, Fearful of exciting the suspicion of the Indians by although he was learned in technicalities and an armed body, Myles Standish selected eight men skilled in applying the nice rules of evidence and to march to the relief of that colony, which he practice, he especially delighted in the discussion found in a wretched condition. By Massasoit's of general principles. As a practitioner he was advice, Standish, with a few of his men, enticed the quick to perceive the slightest weakness in his op-chiefs Pecksuot and Wituwamat, with a half- ponent's case. He never attempted to browbeat brother of the latter, into a room, and, closing the or mislead a witness, but knew how to secure full door, killed the Indians after a desperate fight. and true answers even from those who had come This was the first Indian blood that was shed by upon the stand with hostile intentions. the Pilgrims. A general battle ensued in the open STANDISH, Myles, soldier, b. in Lancashire, field, from which the Indians fled and in which England, about 1584; d. in Duxbury, Mass., 3 Oct., no lives were lost. This victory of Standish spread 1656. It is supposed that he was a scion of the terror among the savages, and, as a warning to Standish family of Duxbury Hall in Lancashire, further depredations, the head of Wituwamat was and that his name was erased from the family exposed to view at Plymouth. When the news of register to deprive him of a share in the estate. Standish's exploit reached the pious John Robin- The name is ancient, and Froissart, describing the son, the pastor at Leyden, he wrote to the gover- meeting between Richard II. and Wat Tyler, re- nor of Plymouth on 19 Dec., 1623, “to consider lates how the latter was killed by a “squyer of the the disposition of their captain, who was of a kynges called John Standysshe," who was knighted warm temper,” and concluded with the remark: for this act. Later another Sir John Standish par- “O how happy a thing had it been that you had ticipated in the battle of Agincourt. While still a converted some before you had killed any!” In youth, Myles entered the English forces on the the summer of 1625 the colony was in great trouble, continent, and after serving in the Netherlands owing to its unhappy relation with its partners, the he joined in Leyden the colony that sailed in the so-called “merchant adventurers” in London, and Mayflower” from Plymouth, England, on 16 Capt. Standish was sent to England to seek relief, Sept., 1620. The vessel anchored in the Bay of bearing a letter from Gov. William Bradford to the Cape Cod on 21 Nov., 1620, and on 25 Nov. council of New England urging their intervention sixteen armed men, “everyone his Musket, in behalf of the colony; but Bradford says that, on Sword, and Corslet, Under the command of Cap- | account of the plague in London, Standish could 6 644 STANLEY STANFORD accomplish nothing. In 1628 Standish captured | admitted to the bar in 1849, and the same year Thomas Morton, of Merry Mount (9. r). In retalia- began to practise at Port Washington, Wis. In tion for an attack of 'D'Aulnay (see CHARNISÉ, 1852, having lost his law library and other property AULNAY DE), who drove away in 1635 a party of by fire, he removed to California and began mining Plymouth men at Penobscot, Plymouth despatched for gold at Michigan bluff, Placer co., subsequently a vessel and a force under Standish to compel the becoming associated in business with his three surrender of the French at that post; but this expe- brothers, who had preceded him to the Pacific dition failed. In addition to being the military coast. In 1856 he removed to San Francisco and leader of every exploit of importance in the col- engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale, ony, his counsel was often required in civil affairs, laying the foundation of a fortune that has recent- and for many years he was also treasurer of the ly been estimated at more than $50,000,000. In colony. He was not a member of the Plymouth 1860 Mr. Stanford made his entrance into public communion, but was a dissenter from the dissent- life as a delegate to the Chicago convention that ers. He was resolute, stern, bold, and of incorrupt- nominated Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. ible integrity, “an iron-nerved Puritan who could He was an earnest advocate of a Pacific railroad, hew down forests and live on crumbs." A por- and was elected president of the Central Pacific trait, painted on an old panel, was found in 1877 | company when it was organized in 1861. The in a picture-shop in School street, Boston, bearing same year he was elected governor of California, the date 1625, and “ Ætatis Sua, 38," on which the and served from December, 1861, till December, name of M. Standish was discovered after removing 1863. As president of the Pacific road he super- the frame. It now hangs in Pilgrim hall, Plym- intended its construction over the mountains, build- outh, and is reproduced in the accompanying vig- ing 530 miles in 293 days, and on 10 May, 1869, drove nette. His first wife, Rose, died on 29 Jan., 1621, the last spike at Promontory point, Utah. He also and his second courtship has been made the subject became interested in other roads on the Pacific slope, of a romance by Henry W. Longfellow, in which and in the development of the agriculture and there are several anachronisms. Although his en- manufactures of California. In 1885 he was elected voy, John Alden, won his chosen bride, Priscilla to the U. S. senate for the full term of six years Mullens, they remained close friends until death, from 4 March, 1886. In memory of his only son, and later generations of the Standish and Alden Mr. Stanford has given the state of California $20,- families intermarried. A tradition says that his 000,000 to be used in founding at Palo Alto a uni- second wife, Barbara, was the younger sister of versity whose curriculum shall not only include Rose Standish. In his the usual collegiate studies, but comprise instruc- will, dated 7 March, 1655, tion in telegraphy, type-setting, type-writing, jour- he left his property to nalism, book-keeping, farming, civil engineering, his wife, Barbara, and to and other practical branches of education. The his four sons, Alexan- corner-stone was laid on 14 May, 1887, and it is der, Myles, Josias, and expected that the various structures will be so far Charles. His goods and completed as to afford accommodation for several chattels, worth £350, were hundred students by January, 1889. Included in exhibited in the court the trust fund for the maintenance of the univer- that was held in Plym- sity is Mr. Stanford's estate at Vina, Tehama co., outh on 4 May, 1657. Cal., which is said to be the largest vineyard in One of his swords is pre- the world. It comprises 30,000 acres, 3,500 of served in the cabinet of which are planted with bearing vines. It is divided the Massachusetts histo- into 500-acre tracts, and most of the labor is per- rical society, and another formed by Chinamen. is in Pilgrim hall, Plym- STANLEY, Anthony Dumond, mathemati- outh. Several other rel- cian, b. in East Hartford, Conn., 2 April, 1810; ics are in the possession d. there, 16 March, 1853. He was graduated at of the Pilgrim society, Yale in 1830, was appointed tutor in 1832, and which also owns a piece professor of mathematics in the same institution of ingenious embroidery in 1836, which office he held until his death. He made by his daughter, published an Elementary Treatise of Spherical Lora. In 1632 several of Geometry and Trigonometry” (New Haven, 1848), the “Mayflower” families settled in Duxbury, and “ Tables of Logarithms of Numbers, and of Mass. Standish established himself on “Captain's Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, and Secants to Hill," so named from his military office, and it is Seven Places of Decimals, together with Other probable that he was buried there. It is supposed Tables" (1849). He also edited an edition of that his house stood unchanged until about 1666,- Day's Algebra," assisted in the revision of “ Web- and that it was then enlarged by his son Alexan- ster's Quarto Dictionary" (1847), and left several der, who it is thought was a trader and possibly unfinished works in manuscript. town-clerk of Duxbury. The present house was STANLEY, David Sloan, soldier, b. in Cedar built by this son. A granite monument is now Valley, Ohio, 1 June, 1828. He was graduated at being erected to his memory on Captain's Hill, the U. S. military academy in 1852, and in 1853 Duxbury, as seen in the accompanying illustra- was detailed with Lieut. Amiel W. Whipple to tion. The shaft is one hundred feet in height and survey a railroad route along the 35th parallel. As upon it stands a statue of Standish looking east- lieutenant of cavalry from 1855 till his promo- ward. His right hand, holding the charter of the tion to a captaincy in 1861, he spent the greater colony, is extended toward Plymouth, while his part of his time in the saddle. Among other In- left rests upon his sheathed sword. dian engagements he took part in one with the STANFORD, Leland, senator, b. in Watervliet, Cheyennes on Solomon's Fork, and one with the Albany co., N. Y., 9 March, 1824. His ancestors Comanches near Fort Arbuckle. At the beginning settled in the valley of the Mohawk, N. Y., about of the civil war he refused high rank in the Con- 1720. He was brought up on a farm, and when federate army. In the early part of the war he twenty years old began the study of law. He was fought at Independence, Forsyth, Dug Springs, STANLEY STANLEY 645 “ Truty a ruth Wilson's Creek, Rolla, and other places, and was He represented Preston in parliament, as a Con- appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 Sept., servative, from July, 1865, till December, 1868, 1861. He led a division at New Madrid, and the when he was elected for North Lancashire. He commanding general reported that he was espe- was lord of the admiralty from August till Decem- cially indebted” to Gen. Stanley for his “efficient ber, 1868, and financial secretary for war from aid and uniform zeal.” Subsequently he was com- February, 1874, till plimented for his untiring activity and skill” in August, 1877, when the battle of Island No. 10. He took part in most he became financial of the skirmishes in and around Corinth and in secretary to the treas- the battle of Farmington. In the fight near the ury. On 2 April, White House, or Bridge Creek, he repelled the ene- 1878, he was appoint- my's attack with severe loss, and he was especially ed secretary of state commended by Gen. William S. Rosecrans at Iuka. for war, which port- At Corinth he occupied the line between batteries folio he held till he Robinett and Williams, and was thus exposed to went out of office the severest part of the attack of the enemy, and, with his party in although other parts of the line gave way, his was April, 1880. In the never broken. Gen. Stanley was appointed major- government of Lord general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862. He bore an Salisbury he was sec- active part in most of the battles of the Atlanta retary of state for campaign, and as commander of the 4th army corps the colonies from he took part in the battle of Jonesboro'. After June, 1885, till Feb- Gen. George H. Thomas was ordered to Nashville, ruary, 1886, and in Gen. Stanley was directed on 6 Oct. to command the cabinet of Au- the Army of the Cumberland in his absence. Until gust, 1886, he was he was severely wounded at Franklin, he took an appointed president active part in all the operations and battles in de- of the board of trade, fence of Nashville. His disposition of the troops and raised to the peerage with the title of Lord at Spring Hill enabled him to repel the assault of Stanley of Preston. In June, 1888, he was ap- the enemy's cavalry and afterward two assaults of pointed governor-general of Canada, in succession the infantry. A few days afterward, at Franklin, to the Marquis of Lansdowne, who had been ap- he fought a desperate hand-to-hand conflict. Plac- pointed governor-general of India. In 1864 Lord ing himself at the head of a reserve brigade, he re- Stanley married Lady Constance, eldest daughter gained the part of the line that the enemy had of the fourth Earl of Clarendon. His elder brother broken. Although severely wounded, he did not being childless, he is heir-presumptive to the earl- leave the field until long after dark. When he re- dom of Derby. covered he rejoined his command, and, after the STANLEY, Henry Morton, explorer, b. near war closed, took it to Texas. He had received the Denbigh, Wales, in 1840. His name was originally brevets of lieutenant-colonel for Stone River, Tenn., John Rowlands. He was placed in the poor-house colonel for Resaca, Ga., brigadier-general for at St. Asaph when he was three years old, remain- Ruff's Station, Ga., and major-general for Frank- ing there and being educated for ten years. In lin, Tenn., all in the regular army. He was ap- 1855 he sailed as a cabin-boy to New Orleans, where pointed colonel of the 22d infantry, and spent a he was adopted by a merchant, whose name he took greater part of the time up to 1874 in Dakota. In instead of his own. This merchant died without command of the Yellowstone expedition of 1873, leaving a will, and young Stanley enlisted in the he successfully conducted his troops through the Confederate army, was taken prisoner, and subse- unknown wilderness of Dakota and Montana, and quently volunteered in the U.S. navy, serving as act- his favorable reports on the country led to the sub- ing ensign on the iron-clad “ Ticonderoga.” At the sequent emigration thither. In 1874 he went with close of the war he went as a newspaper corre- his regiment to the lake stations, and in 1879 moved spondent to Turkey. In 1868 he accompanied the it to Texas, where he completely suppressed Indian British army to Abyssinia as correspondent of the raids in the western part of the state. He also re- New York - Herald.” When he was in Spain in stored the confidence of the Mexicans, which had the service of the same paper he was asked by its been disturbed by the raid that the U. S. troops proprietor, in October, 1869, to go and find Dr. David made across the boundary in 1878. He was ordered Livingstone, the African explorer, of whom nothing to Santa Fé, N. M., in 1882, and placed in command definite had been heard for more than two years. of the district of New Mexico. While he was sta- After attending the opening of the Suez canal, tioned there, and subsequently at Fort Lewis, com- visiting Constantinople, the Crimea, Palestine, the plications arose at various times with the Navajos, valley of the Euphrates, Persia, and India, Stan- Utes, and Jicarillas, all of which he quieted with ley sailed from Bombay, 12 Oct., 1870, and reached out bloodshed. The greater part of his service has Zanzibar, on the eastern coast of Africa, early in been on the Indian frontier, and he has had to deal January, 1871. There he organized his search ex- with nearly every tribe that occupies the Mississippi pedition and set out for the interior on 21 March and Rio Grande valley, thus becoming perfectly with 192 followers. On 10 Nov. he found Dr. Liv- acquainted with the Indian character. In March, ingstone at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika, where he 1884, he was appointed a brigadier-general in the had just arrived from the south west. Stanley fur- regular army, and assigned to the Department of nished Dr. Livingstone with supplies, explored the Texas, where he has been ever since. northern part of Lake Tanganyika with him, and STANLEY, Frederick Arthur, Lord, governor remained till February, 1872, when Livingstone set of Canada, b. in London, England, 15 Jan., 1841. out on that journey from which he never returned, He is the youngest son of the fourteenth Earl of while Stanley made his way back to the coast, sail- Derby, and brother of the present earl. After re- ing thence on 14 March, 1872, and reaching Eng- ceiving his education at Eton, he entered the land late in July. The British association enter- Grenadier guards in 1858, became lieutenant and tained him at Brighton, where, on 16 Aug., he gave captain in 1862, and retired from the army in 1865. an account of his expedition. On 27 Aug. the 646 STANLY STANLEY " en- humpustanley 1 queen sent him a gold snuff-box set with diamonds, I miles, and founding the free state of the Congo, and on 21 Oct. a banquet was given him by the but he declined to be its first governor. On 13 Royal geographical society. In 1873 he received Jan., 1887, he was presented with the freedom of the the patron's gold medal of the Royal geographical city of London. At present (August, 1888) he is en- society. The New York “ Herald” and the London gaged on an African expedition to the Soudan, “ Daily Telegraph” again sent Stanley to explore sent out for the relief of Emin Pasha. He has the lake region of equatorial Africa. He reached published“ How I Found Livingstone" (New York, Zanzibar in the 1872); “ Through the Dark Continent,” an account autumn of 1874. of his second expedition (1878; abridged ed., 1885); There learning and “ The Congo and the Founding of its Free that Livingstone State” (1885). had died in cen- STANLY, Edward, statesman, b. in New Berne, tral Africa, he de- N. C., about 1811; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 12 termined to shape July, 1872. He was the son of John Stanly, who his course north was several times speaker of the North Carolina west and explore legislature and twice a member of congress. The the region of son was educated at Capt. Alden Partridge's mili- Lake Victoria tary academy in Middletown, Conn., studied and N'yanza. Leav- practised law, and was elected to congress as a ing at the head Whig in 1836, and re-elected for the two succeed- of 300 men, after ing terms. Having left congress in 1843, he repre- many hardships sented Beaufort in the state house of commons and severe from 1844 till 1849, serving during his last term counters with the as speaker. In 1847 he was elected attorney-gen- natives, he reach- eral of the state. He was re-elected to congress ed it in February, in 1848 and returned for the succeeding term, at 1875, having lost the close of which, in 1853, he removed to Cali- on the way 104 fornia, where he practised his profession, and in men by death or 1857 was the unsuccessful Republican candidate desertion. He cir- for governor. After the capture of New Berne on cumnavigated the 14 March, 1862, and the occupation of other points lake, sailing about 1,000 miles and minutely ex- in North Carolina by National troops, President amining all the inlets, in a boat that he had Lincoln appointed Stanly military governor of his brought with him in pieces, and found it to be a native state. The people were embittered by this, single large lake, instead of a series of lagoons, as and, after vainly endeavoring to consolidate and had been supposed by Richard F. Burton and give effect to the Unionist sentiment in North Livingstone, so that the opinion of the explorers Carolina, he resigned and returned to California. Speke and Grant was confirmed. Thus was Lake - His brother, Fabius, naval officer, b. in New Victoria N'yanza proved to be the largest body of Berne, N. C., 15 Dec., 1815; d. in Washington, fresh water in the world, having an area of 40,000 D. C., 5 Sept., 1882, entered the navy as a midship- square miles. On 17 April, 1875, continuing his man, 20 Dec., 1831, was promoted to lieutenant, explorations, he set out westward toward Lake 8 Sept., 1841, and during the Mexican war was Albert N'yanza, and found that it was not, as had attached to the Pacific squadron, where he did good been supposed, connected with Lake Tanganyika. service, participating in the capture and defence The hostility of the natives barred his further ad- of San Francisco and other California ports. He vance, and, forced to return to Ujiji, he resolved to assisted at the capture of Guaymas, where he led reach the coast by descending the great river that the storming party, and commanded a night ex- had been discovered by Livingstone, and named pedition to a fort twelve miles from that place, the Lualaba, but which Stanley had called the where with thirty men he passed through the Livingstone in honor of its discoverer. The latter enemy's lines, spiked the guns, and returned in had thought that it might be identical with the safety. He was also present at the capture of Nile; others supposed it to be part of the Congo, Mazatlan, commanded the outposts, and had fre- and Stanley, by his descent of it, proved that these quent skirmishes with the enemy, in one of which last were correct. The descent, chiefly by canoes, he had a hand-to-hand contest, and received a lance took eight months, was accomplished under very wound in the breast. He was highly commended great difficulties and privations, and cost him the for his zeal and ability, and received the thanks of lives of thirty-five men. On his reaching a west- two secretaries of the navy for his services in the coast settlement, a Portuguese man-of-war took Mexican war. He commanded steamers of the him to St. Paul de Loanda, whence an English Pacific mail company in 1850–’1. During the Para- vessel conveyed the party to the Cape of Good guay expedition he commanded the store - ship Hope, and thence to Zanzibar, where what re “Supply," and in 1859 – 60 he had the steamer mained of the men who had joined his expedition • Wyandotte” on the south side of Cuba. While were left at their own homes. Stanley reached he was at Key West he prevented what he supposed England in February, 1878. On 28 June, 1878, at to be an attempt by the secessionists to seize Fort the Sorbonne. Paris, he was presented with the cross Taylor in December, 1860; but the rumor was con- of chevalier of the Legion of honor by the president tradicted, and he was relieved from his command of the French geographical society. In 1879–82 for his excessive zeal, and sent to command the he was again in Africa, sent out by the Brussels receiving-ship " Independence” in California. He African international association with a view to was commissioned commander, 19 May, 1861, and develop the great basin of the river Congo. The was in the steamer “ Narragansett” in the Pacific in king of the Belgians devoted £50,000 a year from 1862–4. Ile received the thanks of the state depart- his own private means toward this enterprise. In ment for his diplomatic services in Mexico during 1884 Stanley completed the work, establishing this period. He commanded the “State of Georgia trading-stations along the Congo from its mouth on the coast of South Carolina in 1864-5, co-oper- to Stanley pool, a distance by the river of 1,400 ated in the expedition up the Santee, and had STANNARD 647 STANSBURY а charge of the expedition of Bull's bay. He was of the survey of proposed canals to unite Lake Erie commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866, commodore, and Lake Michigan with the Wabash river, and was 1 July, 1870, and rear-admiral, 12 Feb., 1874. He also engaged in other surveys of western rivers. was retired on 4 June, 1874, on his own application. In 1835 he had charge of numerous public works STANNARD), George Jerrison, soldier, b. in in Indiana, in 1836 he made a survey of James Georgia. Vt., 20 Oct., 1820; d. in Washington, river with a view toward improving the harbor of D. C., 31 May, 1886. He received an academic Richmond, and in 1837 he surveyed Illinois and education, worked on his father's farm, teaching Kaskaskia rivers, being afterward engaged upon in winter, and was a clerk in a foundry from 1845 the survey for a railroad from Milwaukee to Du- till 1860, when he became joint proprietor of the buque, and charged with the construction of a road business. He was a colonel of militia when the from Milwaukee to Mississippi river. He became civil war began, and was the first man in Vermont 1st lieutenant of U. S. topographical engineers on to offer his services after the president's call for 7 July, 1838, captain in 1840, and in 1841 was volunteers. He was commissioned as lieutenant- engaged in a survey of the lakes. In 1842–5 he colonel of the 2d Vermont regiment, which was was in charge of the survey of the harbor of Ports- mustered into the service in May, 1861. He was mouth, N. H., a work which for minute accuracy at the first battle of Bull Run, and while stationed of detail is unsurpassed in this country. In 1847 near the Chain bridge in the following autumn fre- he was charged with the construction of an iron quently led scouting parties into the enemy's terri- light-house on Carysfort reef, Florida, which is the tory. In May, 1862, he was commissioned colonel largest light-house on our coast. From 1849 till of the 9th Vermont infantry, which was stationed 1851 he was engaged in the Great Salt Lake expe- at Harper's Ferry when Col. Dixon S. Miles sur- dition, his report of which gave him a wide reputa- rendered that post, and on being paroled went into tion. In 1852–3 he was engaged upon the lake camp at Chicago. On 11 March, 1863, he was com- harbors, and in 1856 he was assigned to the charge missioned as brigadier-general. His brigade of of the military roads in Minnesota. He was ap- Vermont troops came up at the close of the first pointed major on 28 Sept., 1861, and at the time of day's battle at Gettysburg. On the second day he his death he was mustering and disbursing officer held the left slope of Cemetery hill till he was at Madison. Maj. Stansbury published “ An Expe- ordered farther to the left in the afternoon to dition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of oppose Gen. James Longstreet's assault after the Utah” (Philadelphia, 1852; 2d ed., 1855). rout of the 3d corps. His brigade closed the gap STANSBURY, Joseph, merchant, in Eng- speedily, saving two batteries, retaking another, land in 1750; d. in New York city in 1809. He and capturing two Confederate guns. On the third emigrated to Philadelphia, where he became an day it opposed a solid front to Gen. George E. importing merchant, and was generally respected Pickett's division, and, when the Confederate for his integrity. In 1776 it was reported that he column turned slightly to the left, threw the assail- sung ‘God save the King' in his house, and that ants into confusion by a flanking fire. Gen. Stan- a number of persons present bore him the chorus," nard was wounded in the action, and could not and before the close of that year he was imprisoned return to the field till May, 1864. At Cold Harbor in Burlington, N. J. In 1777 he was appointed by he was struck by a rifle-ball, but brought off the Sir William Howe a commissioner for selecting and remnant of his command. He led the advance governing the city watch of Philadelphia, and in on Petersburg, and was assigned to the com- 1778 he was a manager of that officer's lottery for mand of a division, but was again wounded and, the relief of the poor. In 1780 the Whigs were moreover, disabled by sickness. When he re- again in possession of Philadelphia, and again im- joined the army after a few weeks of absence he prisoned him, and the agent of the loyalists' es- led the advance upon the defences of Richmond tates was directed by the council of Philadelphia north of James river, and captured Fort Harri- to make an inventory of his possessions. His re- son, for which he was brevetted major-general on quest for permission to live within the British lines 28 Oct., 1864, but when the enemy attempted to was granted on the condition that he should pro- storm the works on the day after their capture a cure the release and safe return of two prisoners bullet shattered his arm, necessitating amputation. then on Long Island, and that he would do noth- He returned to his home, and in December, 1864, ing injurious to the Whig cause. He was liberated, after the raid on St. Albans, was placed in charge of his property was restored, and with his family he the defence of the northern frontier of Vermont. resided in New York during the remainder of the He resigned on 27 June, 1866, and was appointed war, and afterward removed to Nova Scotia, but collector of customs for the district of Vermont, returned to Philadelphia in 1785, inten ng to re- which office he held till 1872. sume his former occupation, but, threatened with STANSBURY, Arthur J., author, b, in New violence, he removed to New York, where he be- York city in 1781, d. about 1845. He was graduated came secretary of an insurance company. He wrote at Columbia in 1799, and licensed to preach in in support of the crown, and his verses were edit- 1810. Besides contributing to periodicals , he pub- ed by Winthrop Sargent under the title of Stans- lished several sermons and addresses, and was the bury's and Odell's " Loyal Verses " (Albany, 1860). author of " Elementary Catechism on the Consti- -- His son, Philip, traveller, b. in New York city tution of the United States.” (Boston, 1828) and a about 1802; d. about 1870, was the author of " À · Report of the Trial of Judge James H. Peck, or Pedestrian Tour of Two Thousand Three Hundred an Impeachment by the House of Representatives Miles in North America, to the Lakes, the Cana- of the United States" (1833). His reports of the das, and the New England States, performed in debates in congress for twenty years are embodied the Autumn of 1821 ” (New York, *1822). This in Joseph Gales's and William W. Seaton's " Regis- work, which is exceedingly rare, is characterized ter of Debates” (14 vols., Washington, 1825–37). by great keenness of observation, and contains one He also wrote and illustrated books for children. of the best descriptions extant of the important STANSBURY, Howard, explorer, b. in New battle-fields included in the conquest of Canada York city, 8 Feb., 1806; d. in Madison, Wis., 17 in 1759–’63, its invasion during the war of 1812, April, 1863. Early in life he became a civil engi. the wars with the Indians in the New England neer, and in October, 1828, he was placed in charge states, the Revolutionary contest in Massachusetts, (6 648 STANTON STANSEL and the disastrous expedition of Gen. Burgoyne. torney-general, 20 Dec., 1860. He was originally & As a comparison between the customs, habits of Democrat of the Jackson school, and, until lan living, modes of thought and educational interests Buren's defeat in the Baltimore convention of 1844, of New England and New York of seventy years took an active part in political affairs in his locality. since and to-day, Stansbury's work is valuable. He favored the Wilmot proviso, to exclude slavery STANSEL (styled by Spanish and Portuguese from the territory acquired by the war with Mexi- writers STANCÉL, ESTÅNSEL, and ESTAN. co, and sympathized with the Free-soil movement CEL), Valentine, German astronomer, b. in Mora- of 1848, headed by Martin Van Buren. He was via in 1621; d. in Bahia, Brazil, 18 Dec., 1705. He an anti-slavery man, but his hostility to that in- became a Jesuit in 1637, and taught rhetoric and stitution was qualified by his view of the obliga. mathematics in the colleges of Olmutz and Prague. tions imposed by the Federal constitution. He had He was in Brazil in 1664, and took observations of held no public offices before entering President the comets that appeared in that and the following Buchanan's cabinet except those of prosecuting year. He was appointed professor of theology in attorney for one year in Harrison county, Ohio, and the Jesuit college of San Salvador, and continued to reporter of the Ohio supreme court for three years, make astronomical observations, the results of which being wholly devoted to his profession. While a he sent to Europe. There is a full list of his works member of Mr. Buchanan's cabinet, he took a firm in Backer's " Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Com- stand for the Union, and at a cabinet meeting, pagnie de Jésus ” (5th series), in which it is also when John B. Floyd, then secretary of war, de- shown that the dates of his death given in the “Bio- manded the withdrawal of the United States troops graphie universelle” and other biographical dic- from the forts in Charleston harbor, he indignantly tionaries are incorrect. His principal writings are declared that the surrender of Fort Sumter would "Orbis Alfonsinus” (Evora, 1658); “ Legatus ura- be, in his opinion, a crime, equal to that of Arnold, nicus ex orbe novo in veterem ; hoc est. Observa- and that all who participated in it should be hung tiones Americanæ cometarum factæ conscriptæ ac like André. After the meeting, Floyd sent in his in Europam missa” (Prague, 1683); “ Uranophi- resignation. President Lincoln, though since his lus cælestis peregrinus, sive mentis Uranicæ per accession to the presidency he had held no com- mundum sidereum peregrinantis ecstases” (Ant- munication with Mr. Stanton, called him to the werp and Ghent, 1685); and " Mercurius Brasilicus, head of the war department on the retirement sive Cæli et soli brasiliensis economica." of Simon Cameron, 15 Jan., 1862. As was said STANTON, Daniel, Quaker preacher, b. in by an eminent senator of the United States: “He Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708; d. there, 28 June, 1770. certainly came to the public service with patriotic He began to preach in 1728, travelled in New Eng- and not with sordid motives, surrendering a most land and the West Indies, went to Europe in 1748, brilliant position at the bar, and with it the emolu- and visited the southern colonies in 1760, preach- ment of which, in the absence of accumulated ing zealously against slavery as well as worldliness wealth, his family was in daily need.” Infirmities and the vices of society. See “ Journal of his Life, of temper he had, but they were incident to the Travels, and Gospel Labors ” (Philadelphia, 1772). intense strain upon his nerves caused by his de- STANTON, Edwin McMasters, statesman, b. votion to duties that would have soon prostrated in Steubenville, Ohio, 19 Dec., 1814; d. in Wash- most men, however robust, as they finally pros- ington, D. C., 24 Dec., 1869. His father, a phy- trated him. He had no time for elaborate ex- sician, died while Edwin was a child. After act- planations for refusing trifling or selfish requests. ing for three years as a clerk in a book-store, and his seeming abruptness of manner was often he entered Kenyon but rapidity in transacting business which had to college in 1831, but be thus disposed of, or be wholly neglected. As left in 1833 to study he sought no benefit to himself, but made himself law. He was ad- an object of hatred to the dishonest and the in- mitted to the bar efficient, solely in the public interest, and as no in 1836, and, begin- enemy ever accused him of wrong-doing, the ning practice in charge of impatience and hasty temper will not Cadiz, was in 1837 detract from the high estimate placed by common elected prosecuting consent upon his character as a man, a patriot, and attorney. He re- a statesman. turned to Steuben- Mr. Stanton's entrance into the cabinet marked ville in 1839, and the beginning of a vigorous military policy. On was supreme court 27 Jan., 1862, was issued the first of the president's reporter in 1842–5, war orders, prescribing a general movement of the preparing vols. xi., troops. His impatience at Gen. George B. McClel- xii., and xiii. of the lan's apparent inaction caused friction between Ohio reports. In the administration and the general-in-chief, which 1848 he removed to ended in the latter's retirement. He selected Gen. , at Eduim w Stanton in 1857, on account Fort Donelson, which Gen. Henry W. Halleck in of his large busi- his report had ascribed to the bravery of Gen. ness in the U. S. su- Charles F. Smith, and in the autumn of 1863 he preme court, he established himself in Washing- placed Grant in supreme command of the three ton. During 1857-8 he was in California, attend- armies operating in the southwest, directed him to ing to important land cases for the government. relieve Gen. William S. Rosecrans before his army Among the notable suits that he conducted were at Chattanooga could be forced to surrender. Presi- the first Erie railway litigation, the Wheeling dent Lincoln said that he never took an important bridge case, and the Manney and McCormick step without consulting his secretary of war. It reaper contest in 1859. When Lewis Cass retired has been asserted that, on the eve of Mr. Lincoln's from President Buchanan's cabinet, and Jeremiah second inauguration, he proposed to allow Gen. S. Black was made secretary of state, Stanton was Grant to make terms of peace with Gen. Lee, and appointed the latter's successor in the office of at- that Mr. Stanton dissuaded him from such action. STANTON 649 STANTON LE а war. According to a bulletin of Mr. Stanton that was The value to the country of his services during issued at the time, the president wrote the despatch the civil war cannot be overestimated. His energy, directing the general of the army to confer with inflexible integrity, systematized industry, compre- the Confederate commander on none save purely hensive view of the situation in its military, politi- military questions without previously consulting cal, and international aspects, his power to com- the members of the cabinet. · At a cabinet council mand and supervise the best services of others, and that was held in consultation with Gen. Grant, the his unbending will and invincible courage, made terms on which Gen. William T. Sherman pro- him at once the stay of the president, the hope of posed to accept the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. the country, and a terror to dishonesty and im- Johnston were disapproved by all who were pres- becility. The vastness of his labors led to brusque- ent. To the bulletin announcing the telegram ness in repelling importunities, which made him that was sent to Gen. Sherman, which directed many enemies. But none ever questioned his hon- him to guide his actions by the despatch that had esty, his patriotism, or his capability. A“ Memoir” previously been sent to Gen. Grant, forbidding of Mr. Stanton is at present in preparation by his military interference in the political settlement, a son, Lewis M. Stanton. statement of the reasons for disapproving Sher- STANTON, Henry, soldier, b. in Vermont man's arrangement was appended, obviously by the about 1796 ; d. in Fort Hamilton, N. Y., 1 Aug., direction of Sec. Stanton. These were: (1) that it | 1856. He was appointed a lieutenant in the light was unauthorized; (2) that it was an acknowledg. artillery, 29 June, 1813, assistant deputy quarter- ment of the Confederate government; (3) that it master-general in July, 1813, military secretary to re-established rebel state governments; (4) that it Gen. George Izard in 1814, deputy quartermaster- would enable rebel state authorities to restore sla- general, with the rank of major. 13 May, 1820, act- very ; (5) that it involved the question of the Con- ing adjutant-general under Gen. Thomas S. Jesup federate states debt ; (6) that it would put in dis- in Florida in 1836–7, assistant quartermaster-gen- pute the state government of West Virginia ; (7) eral, with the rank of colonel, 7 July, 1838, and was that it abolished confiscation, and relieved rebels of brevetted brigadier - general for meritorious con- all penalties; (8) that it gave terms that had been duct in the Mexican war, 1 Jan., 1847. rejected by President Lincoln ; (9) that it formed STANTON, Henry Brewster, journalist, b. in no basis for peace, but relieved rebels from the Griswold, New London co., Conn., 29 June, 1805 ; pressure of defeat, and left them free to renew the d. in New York city, 14 Jan., 1887. His ancestor, Gen. Sherman defended his course on the Thomas, came to this country from England in ground that he had before him the public exam- 1635 and was crown interpreter-general of the In- ples of Gen. Grant's terms to Gen. Lee's army, and dian dialects, and subsequently judge of the New Gen. Weitzel's invitation to the Virginia legislature London county court. His father was a manufac- to assemble at Richmond. His central motive, in turer of woollens and a trader with the West In- giving terms that would be cheerfully accepted, he dies. After receiving his education the son went declared to be the peaceful disbandment of all the in 1826 to Rochester, N. Y., to write for Thurlow Confederate armies, and the prevention of guerilla Weed's newspaper. “The Monroe Telegraph,” which warfare. He had never seen President Lincoln's was advocating the election of Henry Clay to the telegram to Gen. Grant of 3 March, 1865, above presidency. He then began to make political quoted, nor did he know that Gen. Weitzel's per- speeches. He removed to Cincinnati to complete mission for the Virginia legislature to assemble his studies in Lane theological seminary, but left had been rescinded. it to become an advocate of the anti-slavery cause. A few days before the president's death Sec. At the anniversary of the American anti-slavery Stanton tendered his resignation because his task society in New York city in 1834 he faced the first was completed, but was persuaded by Mr. Lincoln of the many mobs that he encountered in his tours to remain. After the assassination of Lincoln a throughout the country. In 1837-40 he was ac- serious controversy arose between the new presi- tive in the movement to form the Abolitionists into dent, Andrew Johnson, and the Republican party, a compact political party, which was resisted by and Mr. Stanton took sides against the former William Lloyd Garrison and others, and which re- on the subject of reconstruction. On 5 Aug., sulted in lasting dissension. In 1840 he married 1867, the president demanded his resignation; but Elizabeth Cady, and on 12 May of that year sailed he refused to give up his office before the next with her to London, having been elected to repre- meeting of congress, following the urgent counsels sent the American anti-slavery society at a con- of leading men of the Republican party. He was vention for the promotion of the cause. At its suspended by the president on 12 Aug. On 13 close they travelled through Great Britain and Jan., 1868, he was restored by the action of the France, working for the relief of the slaves. On senate, and resumed his office. On 21 Feb., 1868, his return he studied law with Daniel Cady, was the president informed the senate that he had re- admitted to the bar, and practised in Boston, where moved Sec. Stanton, and designated a secretary he gained a reputation especially in patent cases, ad interim. Mr. Stanton refused to surrender but he abandoned his profession to enter political the office pending the action of the senate on the life, and removing to Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1847, president's message. At a late hour of the same represented that district in the state senate. He day the senate resolved that the president had not was a member of the Free-soil party previous to the power to remove the secretary. Mr. Stanton, the formation of the Republican party, of which he thus sustained by the senate, refused to surrender was a founder. Before this he had been a Demo- the office. The impeachment of the president fol- crat. For nearly half a century he was actively lowed, and on 26 May, the vote of the senate being connected with the daily press, his contributions "guilty,” 35, “ not guilty," 19, he was acquitted – consisting chiefly of articles on current political two thirds not voting for conviction. After Mr. / topics and elaborate biographies of public men. Stanton's retirement from office he resumed the Mr. Stanton contributed to Garrison's “ Anti- practice of law. On 20 Dec., 1869, he was appoint- Slavery Standard " and “ Liberator," wrote for the ed by President Grant a justice of the supreme i New York - Tribune," and from 1868 until his court, and he was forthwith confirmed by the sen- death was an editor of the New York “Sun." Hen- Four days later he expired. ry Ward Beecher said of him: “I think Stanton 1, a 66 ate. 650 STANTON STANTON 66 has all the elements of old John Adams; able, I in 1859-'60, and in the sloop “St. Mary's,” of the stanch, patriotic, full of principle, and always un- Pacific squadron, from December, 1860, till April, popular. He lacks that sense of other people's opin- 1862. He was commissioned lieutenant-command- ions which keeps a man from running against them." er, 16 July, 1862, commanded the steamer “ Tioga,' Mr. Stanton was the author of “Sketches of Re- in the special West India squadron, in 1862–'3, and forms and Reformers in Great Britain and Ireland” the steamer “Panola," on the Western Gulf block- (New York, 1849), and Random Recollections” ading squadron, in 1863-4. In 1865 he was on (1886).-His wife, Elizabeth Cady, reformer, b. ordnance duty at New York, after which he served in Johnstown, N. Y., 12 Nov., 1815, is the daughter at the naval academy until May, 1867. He was of Judge Daniel Cady, and, after receiving her first promoted to commander, 12 Dec., 1867, and had education at the Johnstown academy, was gradu- charge of the steamer Tahoma," of the North At- ated at Mrs. Emma Willard's seminary in Troy, N. lantic squadron, and the “ Purveyor," on special ser- Y., in 1832. While attending the World's anti-sla- vice, in 1867–9. He commanded the receiving-ship very convention in London in 1840 she met Lucretia at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1871, the steamer - Mon- Mott, with whom she was in sympathy, and with ocacy,” on the Asiatic station, from 1872 until 1874, whom she signed the call for the first Woman's when he was transferred to the “ Yantic." He was rights convention. This was held at her home in promoted to captain, 11 June, 1879, and in Novem- Seneca Falls, on 19 and 20 July, 1848, on which ber, 1881, went on duty at the Naval asylum at occasion the first formal claim of suffrage for wom- Philadelphia, where he remained until November, en was made. She addressed the New York legis- 1884, when he took command of the steam frigate lature on the rights of married women in 1854, and • Tennessee," flag-ship of the North Atlantic sta- in advocacy of divorce for drunkenness in 1860, tion. Since 31 Oct., 1885, he has had command of and in 1867 spoke before the legislature and the the naval station at New London, Conn. constitutional convention, maintaining that dur- STANTON, Richard Henry, jurist, b. in Alex- ing the revision of the constitution the state was andria, Va., 9 Sept., 1812. He received an aca- resolved into its original elements and that citizens demic education, studied law, was admitted to the of both sexes had a right to vote for members of bar, and practised in Maysville, Ky. Being elected that convention. She canvassed Kansas in 1867 and to congress as a Democrat, he served from 3 Dec., Michigan in 1874, when the question of woman suf- 1849, till 3 March, 1855, and he was presidential frage was submitted to the people of those states, elector on the Buchanan ticket in 1856, state at- and since 1869 she has addressed congressional com- torney for his judicial district in 1858, a delegate mittees and state constitutional conventions upon to the National Democratic convention in 1868, this subject, besides giving numerous lectures. and district judge in 1868–74. He has edited the She was president from 1855 till 1865 of the na- Maysville Monitor" and the “ Maysville Express, tional committee of her party, of the Woman's loy- and published a “ Code of Practice in Civil and al league in 1863, and of the National woman suf- Criminal Cases in Kentucky" (Cincinnati, 1855); frage association until 1873. In 1868 she was a “ Practical Treatises for Justices of the Peace, etc., candidate for congress. She has written many of Kentucky” (1861); and a “ Practical Manual calls to conventions and addresses, and was an for Executors, etc., in Kentucky” (1862).-His editor with Susan B. Anthony and Parker Pills- brother, Frederic Perry, lawyer, b. in Alexan- bury of " The Revolution,” which was founded in dria, Va., 22 Dec., 1814, obtained through his own 1868, and is joint author of History of Woman's exertion a good education, and was graduated at Suffrage (vols. i. and ii., New York, 1880; vol. Columbian college in 1833. He studied law, was iii., Rochester, 1886). — Their son, Theodore, jour- admitted to the bar of Alexandria in 1834, and re- nalist, b, in Seneca Falls, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1851, was moved to Memphis, Tenn., where he practised his graduated at Cornell in 1876. In 1880 he was the profession. He was elected to congress as a Demo- Berlin correspondent of the New York “ Tribune," crat, serving from 1 Dec., 1845, till 3 March, 1855, and he is now (1888) engaged in journalism in and in 1853–5 was chairman of the judiciary com- Paris, France. He is a contributor to periodicals, mittee. In 1857 he was appointed secretary of translated and edited Le Goff's “Life of Thiers' Kansas territory, and he was governor of Kansas (New York, 1879), and is the author of " The Wom- from 1858 till 1861. In 1863-'4 he edited with an Question in Europe" (1884). Robert J. Mather the “ Continental Monthly," and STANTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Charlestown, he has published numerous speeches in pamphlet- R. I., 19 July, 1739; d. there after 1807. He form.-Richard Henry's son, Henry Thompson, served as 2d lieutenant in the Rhode Island regi- poet, b. in Alexandria, Va., 30 June, 1834, was edu- ment that was raised for the expedition against cated at several colleges in Kentucky and at the Canada in 1759, was a member of the general as- U. S. military academy, but was not graduated. sembly of Rhode Island from 1768 till 1774 and of He served as captain and major in the Confederate the committee of safety in 1776, and a delegate to army. For several years he has been connected the State convention that adopted the constitution with the U. S. Indian commissioners in selecting of the United States in 1790. He was elected a lands for Indian reservations. He has invented an U. S. senator, as a Democrat, serving from 25 June, iron tie for binding cotton-bales, and is the author 1790, till 3 March, 1793, was again a member of of “ The Moneyless Man, and other Poems” (Balti- the Rhode Island house of representatives, and was more, 1872). From 1875 till 1886 he edited the afterward chosen to congress, serving from 7 Dec., Kentucky Yeoman." 1801, till 3 March, 1807. STANTON, Robert Livingston, clergyman, b. STANTON, Oscar Fitzalan, naval officer, b. in in Griswold, Conn., 28 March, 1810. After gradu- Sag Harbor, N. Y., 18 July, 1834. He entered ation at Lane theological seminary in 1836 he was the navy as acting midshipman, 29 Dec., 1849, and ordained by the presbytery of Mississippi in 1839, was warranted midshipman from the same date. and held charge of churches in Blue Ridge, Miss., Ile was graduated at the U. S. naval academy at from 1839 till 1841, Woodville, Miss., in 1841-3, Annapolis in 1855, promoted to master, 16 Sept., and in New Orleans, La., from 1843 till 1851, when 1855, and commissioned lieutenant, 2 April, 1856, he became president of Oakland college, Miss., serving in the steamer “ Memphis," on the Para- serving until 1854. From 1855 till 1862 he was pas- guay expedition, in 1858–9, on the coast of Africa tor of a Presbyterian church in Chillicothe, Ohio, STANTON 651 STARBUCK from 1862 till 1866 he was professor of pastoral | tee and steward of the John street preaching- theology and homiletics in Danville theological house in 1774-'8. Ile was one of the first to intro- seminary, and from 1866 till 1871 he was president duce sugar-refining into this country. His first of Miami university. In 1871-'2 he engaged in liter- refinery was in Rector street, and the second and ary work in New York city, and subsequently he larger one in Liberty street. This was the famous was an editor of the - Herald and Presbyter in sugar-house ” in which the British confined Cincinnati. The degree of D. D. was conferred on American prisoners during the Revolution. Mr. him by Princeton, and by Washington college, Staples acquired wealth, but his property was lost Va., in 1852. Dr. Stanton is the author of The by his son, John Jacob, who engaged in specula- Church and the Rebellion " (New York, 1864). tion in England. STANTON, Stiles Trumbull, journalist, b. in STAPLES, Waller Redd, jurist, b. in Patrick Stonington, Conn., 10 Dec., 1849; d. in New York Court-House, Patrick co., Va., 24 Feb., 1826. He city, 2 Feb., 1888. He was educated at Gen. was graduated at William and Mary in 1846, stud- William H. Russell's collegiate and commercial ied law, and was admitted to practice in 1848. He institute, New Haven, Conn. In 1875–8 he was served in the legislature in 1853-'4, was presiden- appointed aide on the brigade staff of the National tial elector on the Whig ticket in 1855 and 1860, guard. During the canvass of 1880 he served as and one of four commissioners to the Provisional secretary of the Republican state central com- congress that met in Montgomery, Ala., in 1861. mittee, and was an alternate delegate to the Re- He served in the Confederate congress for the sub- publican national convention at Chicago in that sequent three years, and took an active part in year. He was executive secretary of state in Con- | its deliberations. In 1870-'82 he was a judge of necticut in 1879-'80, and was a member of the the supreme court of Virginia. He was one of house of representatives in 1881–2, and served in the three revisers of the code of laws for the state the state senate in 1884–6, being president pro in 1884–6, elector on the Democratic presidential tempore in 1885–6. He was defeated for secretary ticket in 1884, and is now (1888) counsel for the of state on the Republican ticket in 1882, and in Richmond and Danville railroad. During his that year declined the post of secretary of legation term on the bench he acquired a national reputa- in Paris. Early in life he devoted himself to tion for the learning, soundness, and conservatism journalism, and became connected with the Nor- that characterized his opinions. He also takes wich, Conn., “ Bulletin " and the Worcester, Mass., high rank as a political speaker. “ Press,” achieving a reputation as a humorist. STAPLES, William Read, jurist and histo- STANWIX, John, British soldier, b. in Eng- rian, b. in Providence, R. I., 10 Oct., 1798; d. there, land about 1690; d. at sea in December, 1765. His 19 Oct., 1868. After graduation at Brown in 1817, uncle served with reputation in the wars of Queen he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Anne as a brigadier-general. Entering the army 1819. He was associate judge of the Rhode Island in 1706, John became a captain of the grenadiers supreme court from 1835 till 1854, and was chief in 1739, major of marines in 1741, and lieutenant- justice of that court in 1854–6. From 1856 until colonel in 1745, and was appointed equerry to his death he was secretary and treasurer of the Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1749. In 1750 he Rhode Island society for the encouragement of was promoted to the government of Carlisle, which domestic industry, contributed biographies to its city he represented in parliament. In 1754 he be- transactions, and was a founder of the Rhode came deputy quartermaster-general of the forces, Island historical society, serving as its librarian, and on i Jan., 1756, he was made colonel-com- secretary, and vice-president. Brown gave him the mandant of the 1st battalion of the 60th or royal degree of LL. D. in 1862. He edited the second American regiment. On his arrival in this coun- volume of the Rhode Island historical society's try he was given the command of the southern collections, and Samuel Gorton's “Simplicities' district. During 1757 his headquarters were at Defence against Seven - Ileaded Policy" (Provi- Carlisle, Pa., and he was appointed brigadier-gen- dence, 1835), and published the “ Annals of Provi- eral on 27 Dec. of that year. After his relief by dence to 1832 ” (1843); - Documentary History of Gen. John Forbes in 1758, Gen. Stanwix went to the Destruction of the Gaspé '" (1845); Pro- Albany, whence he was ordered to the Oneida ceedings of the First General Assembly for the carrying-place, to secure that important position Incorporation of Providence Plantations in 1647" by the erection of a work which was called Fort (1847); and “ Rhode Island Form-Book” (1859). Stanwix in his honor. A map of this fort, with an STARBUCK, Calvin Washburn, journalist, account of its history, is contained in the “Docu- b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 20 April, 1822 ; d. there, 15 mentary History of New York” (vol. iv.), and the Nov., 1870. He was educated at the public schools Harvard college library possesses a copy of the of his native city, but, as his parents' means were manuscript journal of Ensign Moses Dorr, which limited, he began very early to support himself. includes an account of the building of Fort Stan- He learned the printing trade, and, having saved wix. In 1759 he returned to Pennsylvania, repaired a little money, established, at nineteen, the Cin- the old fort at Pittsburg, and surmounted the works cinnati “ Times," an afternoon newspaper. Being with cannon, also securing, by his prudence, the the fastest type-setter in Ohio, he prepared a large good-will of the Indians. On 19 June, 1759, he was part of the paper for years, and also assisted in appointed major-general, but he was relieved by distributing it to subscribers. It rapidly gained Gen. Robert Monckton on 4 Mav, 1760, and became success, and its weekly edition had at one time the lieutenant-general on 19 Jan., 1761. After his re- largest circulation in the west. To his exertions turn to England he was appointed lieutenant- and generosity are mainly due the Relief union, governor of the Isle of Wight, became colonel of the Home of the friendless, and other charitable in- the 8th foot, and was a member of parliament for stitutions of Cincinnati, while his private gifts were Appleby. He was lost at sea while crossing from many and constant. During the civil war he strove Dublin to Holyhead in " The Eagle” packet. by voice and pen to establish the National credit STAPLES, John Jacob, manufacturer, b. in when the government needed money. To the Prussia ; d. in Newtown, Long Island, N. Y., in families of the men in his employment who had 1806. Early in life he came to New York, and was enlisted he continued their regular pay while they identified with the Methodist church, being a trus- were in the service. When in 1864 the governor 66 652 STARK STARIN 66 of Ohio tendered the home-guards of the state to colony of Massachusetts. The bold and defiant the country for a hundred days, Starbuck left his bearing of Stark excited the admiration of his business and went into the field. savage captors, and after the initiatory ceremony STARIN, John Henry, steamboat-proprietor, of running the gantlet, in which he took the un- b. in Sammonsville, Fulton co., N. Y., 27 Aug., expected part of 1827. He received a good education, intending to using his club on study a liberal profession, but began business as a the Indians, he druggist in Fultonville, N. Y., in 1845. He was was released from postmaster of the place under President Polk's the drudgery usu- administration. Afterward he began to hire canal- ally imposed on boats to carry freight in the waters about New captives, and was York city. Succeeding in this enterprise, he was called by them soon able to buy boats, and he next invested in the young chief." steamboats. Having. purchased for his summer The knowledge he residence a group of islands in Long Island sound, thus gained of for- nearly opposite New Rochelle, he opened a sum- est life and of the mer resort for excursionists there, and it has be- topography of the come very popular. He founded the Starin city, border was of great river, and harbor transportation company, of which service in subse- he is the president. In 1877 he was elected to con- quent conflicts gress, and served one term. with the Indians, STARK, Andrew, clergyman, b. in the county In 1755 he was ap- of Stirling, Scotland, in 1790; d. in Denny-loan- pointed a lieuten- John Stark head, Scotland. 18 Sept., 1849. He was graduated ant in Maj. Robert at the University of Glasgow in 1811, studied the- Rogers's famous ology at the University of Edinburgh, taught in corps of rangers, and served with it, soon rising London, and was licensed to preach in 1817 by the to the rank of captain, through all the campaigns Associate presbytery of Edinburgh. He was pastor around Lake George and Lake Champlain, where of the congregation of South Shields in 1818-'19, traditions still exist of his sagacity and bravery. and in 1820 came to New York, where in 1822 hé At the close of the war he retired from the was installed pastor of the Grand street associate army and engaged in farming at Derryfield (now church. In 1849, owing to impaired health, he Manchester, N. H.), and so continued till tidings visited Scotland, where he died. His remains were reached him of the battle of Lexington. Prompt- brought to this country. The University of Lon- ly he then mounted his horse, and, at the head of don gave him the degree of LL. D. about 1844. several hundred of his neighbors, set out to join He published several sermons, and wrote a “ His- the army at Cambridge. Being there appointed tory of the Secession” in a series of papers printed colonel, he in one day organized a regiment of in the “Religious Monitor,” and afterward in the eight hundred hardy backwoodsmen. On 17 June, “ Associate Presbyterian Magazine,” to which he 1775, he was stationed about three miles north was a frequent contributor. of Boston, in a position from which he had a full STARK, Benjamin, U. S. senator, b. in New view of Bunker's and Breed's hills. Seeing that Orleans, Lá., 26 June, 1820. He was graduated at a battle was inevitable, he waited for no orders, Union school, New London, Conn., in 1835, entered but set out at once for the ground, which he a counting-house in New York, and became a mer- reached just before the conflict began. He led his chant. In 1845 he removed to Oregon, and en- men into the fight, saying: “Boys, aim at their gaged in trade with the Sandwich islands, but waistbands”-an order that has become historical. studied law in 1850, was admitted to the bar of His ammunition giving out, he was forced to retreat, Oregon, and began practice in Portland, of which which he did with much deliberation, leading his city he was a founder. He was a member in 1853 men under a hot fire, but in good order, across of the territorial house of representatives, and in Charlestown neck to Merlin hill. After the evacu- 1860 of the state house of representatives, and was ation of Boston he marched with his regiment to appointed a U. S. senator from Oregon as a Demo- New York. He was subsequently ordered to Cana- crat, in place of Edward D. Baker, serving from da, and then rejoining Washington, was with him 27 Feb., till 1 Dec., 1862. He was a delegate from at Trenton and Princeton. Having been slighted, Oregon to the National Democratic convention at as he thought, in the promotions, he resigned his Chicago in 1864, and from Connecticut to the one commission and retired to his farm. When infor- in New York in 1868. Since 1867 he has been a mation arrived that Gen. Arthur St. Clair had re- member of the board of education of New London, treated and Ticonderoga had been taken, New Conn., a director of the New London Northern Hampshire flew to arms, and called for Stark to railroad company, and since 1871 a deputy to the command her troops. He consented on condition conventions of the Protestant Episcopal church. that he should not be subject to any orders but his STARK, John, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. H., own; and to this the council of state agreed, be- 28 Aug., 1728; d. in Manchester, N. H., 8 May, cause the men would not march without him. Set- 1822. His father emigrated from the north of Ire- ting out with a small force for Bennington, he land and settled on the extreme frontier of New there learned that Burgoyne had despatched Col. Hampshire in near neighborhood to the Indians, Frederick Baum with 500 men to seize the stores owned extensive tracts of land about Amoskeag collected at that place. Sending out expresses to falls, and was an original proprietor of Dunbarton call in the militia of the neighborhood, Stark (then called Starkstown). Here the son grew up marched out to meet him, hearing of which, Baum with few advantages of book education, but with intrenched himself in a strong position about six abundant training in hunting and all athletic em- miles from Bennington, and sent to Burgoyne for ployments. He made frequent hunting-excursions ' re-enforcements. Before they could arrive, Stark into the forest, and on one of these occasions, in attacked him on 16 Aug., 1777. Tradition says 1752, was taken prisoner by the savages, and re- that he called to his men as he led them to the as- tained in captivity till he was ransomed by the sault: " There they are, boys. We beat them to- STARK 653 STARKWEATHER " day, or Molly Stark's a widow !”—another of his tion act of New Hampshire, and his estate was con- sentences that has gone into history. Doubts have fiscated. Ile was a proprietor of Piggwacket (now been cast on its authenticity, for Mrs. Stark's Fryeburg, Me.), and a hill there was named for name was Elizabeth. The second British force of him. His death was caused by a fall from his 500 men, under Col. Breymann, presently arriving horse.—John's son, CALEB, merchant, b. in Dun- on the scene, was likewise totally defeated. Of the barton, N. H., 3 Dec., 1759; d. on his estate in (x- 1,000 British, not more than a hundred escaped, ford township, Ohio, 26 Aug., 1838, served at the all the rest being killed or captured, a result of age of fifteen as ensign in his father's regiment at great importance, as it led ultimately to the sur- Bunker Hill, and remained with the army until render of Burgoyne at Saratoga. Col. Baum, who the close of the war, rising to the rank of brigade- was mortally wounded, said of the provincials: major. He then engaged in commerce in Boston, • They fought more like hell-hounds than soldiers." and removed in 1828 to Ohio.-Caleb's son, Caleb, The American loss was only about seventy. Wash- author, b. in Dunbarton, N. H., 21 Nov., 1804; d. ington spoke of it immediately as “the great stroke there, 1 Feb., 1864, was graduated at Harvard in struck by Gen. Stark near Bennington”; and Bar- | 1823, studied law in Litchfield, and afterward in oness Riedesel, then in the British camp, wrote: New York city, and began to practise in Cincin- * This unfortunate event paralyzed our operations.” nati, Ohio, but soon removed to Concord, N. H., and For this victory Stark was made a brigadier-general, subsequently to Dunbarton, N. II., retiring from 4 Oct., 1777, and given the thanks of congress. He his profession. He was a member of the New Hamp- continued in active service during the remainder of shire legislature, and was the author of “Remi- the war, displaying everywhere distinguished abil. niscences of the French War, containing Rogers's ity and commanding the northern department in Expeditions with the New England Rangers, and 1778 and 1781. In 1783 he retired to his farm, an Account of the Life and Military Service of John where he lived in republican simplicity till his Stark” (Concord, 1831); “ Memoir and Official death at the age of ninety-three. When he was Correspondence of Gen. John Stark; with Notices eighty-nine years old congress allowed him a pen- of other Officers of the Revolution" (1860); and sion of sixty dollars per month ; but with his sim- a “ History of Dunbarton, N. H., from the Grant ple tastes and habits this was not essential to his by Mason's Assigns in 1751 to 1860" (1860).- comfort. He was a good type of the class of men John's great-grandson, William, lawyer, b. in who gave success to the American Revolution. Manchester, N. H., about 1820; d. in Somerville, With the exception of Gen. Thomas Sumter, he was Mass., 29 Oct., 1873, was graduated at Williams the last surviving general of the Revolutionary in 1850, studied law, was admitted to the bar of army. He was buried on his New York in 1851, and practised in Nassau. In own grounds on the east bank 1853 he removed to Manchester, remaining there of Merrimack river at Man- until 1870, when he was placed in the McLean asy- chester, where a simple granite lum in Somerville, Mass., as his faculties had be- obelisk was placed in 1829 to come impaired. Previously he had devoted him- mark his resting-place. The self to literary pursuits and to the care of a large citizens of Manchester planted collection of rare birds and animals. His park in memorial trees around it in Manchester, which was open to the public, was 1876. In August, 1887, the widely known. He wrote several poems, and fre- corner-stone was laid in Ben- quently lectured. nington of the monument seen STARKEY, Thomas Alfred, P. E. bishop, b. in the illustration. It is an in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1824. He was educated as obelisk of limestone, 301 feet a civil engineer, and practised that profession in high from foundation to apex. 1839–45. Having resolved to enter the ministry, It is also proposed to erect at he studied theology for two years, and was ordained Manchester à massive eques-deacon in the Church of the Ascension, Philadel- trian statue in bronze of the phia, 21 Feb., 1847, by Bishop Alonzo Potter, and general. Stark's biography was priest in Trinity church, Pottsville, Pa., 21 May, written by Edward Everett in 1848, by the same bishop. He served as missionary Sparks's ** American Biogra- in Schuylkill county, Pa., in 1847-50, where he phy.” See also his “Life and founded the Church of the Holy Apostles, at St. Official Correspondence,” by his Clair. He was rector of Christ church, Troy, grandson, Caleb Stark (Con- N. Y., in 1850-4, of St. Paul's, Albany, N. Y., in cord, N. II., 1860).—His broth- 1854-'8, of Trinity church, Cleveland, Ohio, in er, William, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. E., 12 1858–69, and of the Church of the Epiphany, April, 1724; d. on Long Island, N. Y., about 1776, Washington, D. C., in 1869–72. He served in acquired a good education, and was among the first 1875–²6 in the Mission rooms, New York city, and to whom the proprietors granted lands in London- became rector of St. Paul's church, Paterson, derry. Previous to the erection of a public meet- N. J., in 1877. This post he held for three years. ing-house the town-meetings were held at his home. He received the degree of D. D. from Hobart col- He served in the old French war, and, as a captain lege, N. Y., in 1864. He was elected bishop of of rangers on the northern frontier, was at Ticon- northern New Jersey in 1879, and was consecrated deroga, and fought under Gen. Jeffrey Amherst | 8 Jan., 1880. The name of his diocese was changed at Louisburg and Gen. James Wolfe at Quebec. to that of Newark in 1886. At the beginning of the Revolution he applied for STARKWEATHER, John Converse, soldier, the command of a regiment, but another officer b. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 11 May, 1830. His was preferred by the New Hampshire assembly, father. George Anson (b. in Connecticut in 1794; and deeming this an insult, he entered the British d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1878), was graduated service as colonel. He endeavored to persuade his at Union in 1819, held local offices in Otsego, N. Y., brother John to adopt this course, but without suc- was colonel of the New York 12th artillery, and cess. He is described as possessing great bravery was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving and hardihood, but as wanting in moral firmness. from 6 Dec., 1847, till 3 March, 1849. After gradu- His name appears in the banishment and proscrip- I ation at Union in 1850, the son removed to Mil- 654 STAUGHTON STARNES waukee, Wis., and practised law until 1861. On each other. He was one of the first to procure a 17 May, 1861, he was made colonel of the 1st Wis- patent (1858) to light railroad-cars with gas. consin volunteers, took part in the battles of Fall- STARR, Eliza Allan, author, b. in Deerfield, ing Waters, 2 July, 1861, and Edward's Ferry, 29 Mass., 29 Aug., 1824. She received her education July, 1861, and was mustered out on 21 Aug., 1861. in her native town, became a member of the Roman Reorganizing his regiment for three years, by spe- Catholic church in 1850, and has since devoted her- cial order of the war department, he again enlisted, self principally to the study of Christian art. In and served in Kentucky and northern Alabama. 1856 she removed to Chicago. She has published He participated in the battle of Perryville, Ky., a volume of poems (1867), and “ Patron Saints” 8 Oct., 1862. He was also engaged at Stone river, (New York, 1871). 31 Dec., 1862, and 1-2 Jan., 1863, and remained on STARR, Frederick Ratchford, author, b. in duty at Murfreesboro, Tenn., until 23 June, 1863. Halifax, Nova Scotia, 19 June, 1821. He removed He was appointed brigadier-general of V. S. volun- to this country and became president of an insur- teers on 17 July, 1863, commanded brigades and ance company in Philadelphia, but retired in 1870 divisions in the Army of the Ohio and in the Army and established at Litchfield, Conn., Echo farm, of the Cumberland, participated in the attack at a dairy and stock-farm that has become widely Chickamauga, 19-21 Sept., 1863, where he was known. Later the Echo farm company was or- wounded, in battles around Chattanooga, Tenn., ganized by him, which controls large creameries 23–25 Nov., 1863, and in the assault and capture throughout a great part of Litchfield county. of Mission Ridge, Tenn., 23-25 Nov., 1863. He Mr. Starr served in the Connecticut legislature in served on the court-martial that tried Gen. Will- 1883–²4, and has been interested in temperance and iam A. Hammond, surgeon-general, U. S. army other reforms. He has lectured and is the author (q. v.), and, after commanding several posts in of “Didley Dumps, the Newsboy” (Philadelphia, Tennessee and Alabama, he was mustered out of 1866); May I Not? or Two Ways of looking the army on 11 May, 1865. After farming for through a Telescope" (1867); “What Can I Do t a several years in Wisconsin, and occupying posts of Question for Professing Christians" (1867: revised importance and trust, he removed to Washington, ed., 1887); “ Farm Echoes” (New York, 1881); and D. C., where he now (1888) practises law, having “From Shore to Shore” (Philadelphia, 1887). been admitted to the bar in 1857.—His cousin, STARRS, William, clergyman, b. in Drum- Henry Howard, lawyer, b. in Preston. New Lon- quin, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1807; d. in New don co., Conn., 29 April, 1826 ; d. in Washington, York city, 6 Feb., 1873. After receiving a good D. C., 28 Jan., 1876, was educated in public schools, classical education, he studied theology at May- studied law, was admitted to the bar, served in the nooth college, near Dublin, Ireland, came to this Connecticut legislature in 1856, and was a delegate country in 1828, was received into the diocese of to the National Republican conventions that nomi- New York, completed his theological course at St. nated Lincoln in 1860 and Grant in 1868. In 1861 Mary’s seminary, Baltimore, and in 1834 was or- he was appointed by President Lincoln to be post- dained a priest at St. Patrick's cathedral in New master at Norwich, and he was reappointed by York, remaining curate there for ten years. In President Johnson in 1865, but resigned in 1866. 1844 he was made pastor of St. Mary's church in He was then chosen to congress as a Republican, Grand street, New York, serving until 1853, when and served from 4 March, 1867, until his death, he was appointed rector of St. Patrick's cathedral being thrice reelected. and vicar-general of the archdiocese of New York. STARNES, Henry, Canadian statesman, b. in After the death of Archbishop Hughes in 1864, Dr. Kingston, Ontario, 13 Oct., 1816. His grandfather, Starrs was administrator of the diocese until the a loyalist, settled in Canada at the close of the succeeding bishop was appointed, to whom he American Revolution. Henry was educated at, acted as theologian in the plenary council in Balti- Montreal college, and was for several years à mem- more in 1866, and also filled this office at two ber of the firm of Leslie, Starnes and Co., whole councils of the province. For twenty years he was sale merchants in Montreal. He represented Cha- the spiritual superior of the Sisters of Charity, and teauguay in the Canadian assembly from 1857 till president of the trustees of St. Vincent's hospital. 1863, when he retired. He became a member of He was instrumental in instituting the Sisters of the executive council, province of Quebec, in 1878, Mercy and Sisters of the Good Shepherd. speaker of the legislative council in 1879, was com- STAUGHTON, William, clergyman, b. in Co- missioner of railways in 1882-'4, and commissioner ventry, Warwickshire, England, 4 Jan., 1770; d. in of public works in the Taillon ministry for a short Washington, D. C., 12 Dec., 1829. He was gradu- time in 1887. Mr. Starnes has been warden of ated at the Baptist theological institution, Bristol, Trinity house, manager of the Ontario bank in in 1792, and the next year came to this country, Montreal, president of the Shedden County rail- landing at Charleston. After preaching for more way, and mayor of Montreal in 1856 and 1866. than a year at Georgetown, S. C., he removed to STARR, Alfred Adolphus, lecturer, b. in New New York city, and thence to New Jersey, residing York city, 25 Jan., 1820. He was educated in pri- for some time at Bordentown, where, in 1797, he vate schools in New York and in Mendham, N. J., was ordained, and then at Burlington. At the lat- after which he entered mercantile life, which he ter place he remained until 1805, when he accepted abandoned in 1845, and began to deliver lectures, a call to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church of which he illustrated with a crude solar microscope Philadelphia. After a successful ministry there of made of pasteboard. Afterward he made an oxy- six years, he identified himself with a new enter- hydrogen microscope, and several years later he prisé, which resulted in the formation of a church procured a fine apparatus. He has given more and the erection of a large house of worship on than 2,500 lectures and exhibitions before schools Sansom street. His pastorate of this church, ex- and colleges, and was also connected with Phineas tending from 1811 till 1822, was one of great suc- T. Barnum. Using a microscope of enormous Besides preaching regularly three times on power, he projected living specimens on his screen, Sunday and once or twice during the week, he was and, being a skilful manipulator, regulated their the principal of a Baptist theological school. In performances with dexterity, showing water-insects 1822 he was called to the presidency of Columbian and animalcules feeding upon or fighting with college, D. C., which office he resigned in 1827, and a cess, STAUNTON 655 STEARNS 66 > 9 was elected in 1829 president of Georgetown col- STEARNS, Charles Woodward, physician, b. lege, Ky. He died in Washington, while on his in Springfield, Mass., in 1818; d. in Longmeadow, way to this new field of service. He was probably Mass., 8 Sept., 1887. He was graduated at Yale in the most eloquent Baptist minister of his time in 1837, and took his medical degree at the Univer- this country. Ile received from Princeton the de- sity of Pennsylvania in 1840. After practising for gree of D. D. in 1801. Besides a volume of poems, some time he entered the army as a surgeon, subse- which he issued when he was seventeen years old, quently travelled and studied in Europe, and at his publications consisted of a few occasional ser- the opening of the civil war re-entered the service mons and discourses, among them “ Eulogium on as surgeon of the 3d New York regiment. He was Dr. Benjamin Rush ” (1813). See a Memoir” by on service at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Suffolk, Rev. S. W. Lynd (Boston, 1834). Va., Fortress Monroe, and in the field. Dr. Stearns STAUNTON, William, clergyman, b. in Ches- was widely known as an enthusiastic Shakespeare- ter, England, 20 April, 1803. At the age of fifteen an student and writer. His principal works are he came to the United States, and received a good “Shakespeare's Medical knowledge" (New York, English and classical training under one of the 1865); “The Shakespeare Treasury of Wisdom and professors in Hobart college, Geneva, N. Y. He Knowledge” (1869); and “ Concordance of the Con- studied theology under Rev. Dr. (afterward Bishop) stitution of the United States ” (1872). Whitehouse in Rochester, N. Y., from 1830 till 1833, STEARNS, George Luther, merchant, b. in was ordained deacon in Oneida Castle, N. Y., 9 Medford, Mass., 8 Jan., 1809; d. in New York, 9 June, 1833, by Bishop Benjamin T. Onderdonk, April, 1867. His father, Luther, was a teacher of and priest in Zion church, Palmyra, N. Y., 7 Sept., reputation. In early life his son engaged in the 1834, by the same bishop. During his diaconate business of ship-chandlery, and after a prosperous he served as missionary in Palmyra and Lyons, career undertook the manufacture of sheet- and N. Y. He was rector of St. James's church, Rox- pipe-lead, doing business in Boston and residing in bury, Mass., in 1835–’7, and of St. Peter's church, Medford. He identified himself with the anti- Morristown, N. J., in 1840–7, founded St. Peter's slavery cause, became a Free-soiler in 1848, aided church, Brooklyn, N. Y., and was its first rector in John Brown in Kansas, and supported him till his 1848–51, and was rector of Trinity church, Pots- death. Soon after the opening of the civil war Mr. dam, N. Y., in 1852–9. Since then, having given Stearns advocated the enlistment of negroes in the up active parochial work, he has resided in New National army. The 54th and 55th Massachusetts York city, and been engaged in literary and other regiments, and the 5th cavalry (colored), were occupations. He received the degree of D. D. from largely recruited through his instrumentality. He Hobart in 1856. Dr. Staunton has published “ Dic- was commissioned major through the recommenda- tionary of the Church,” which was subsequently tion of Sec. Stanton, and was of great service to revised and enlarged under the title of " Ecclesias- the National cause by enlisting negroes for the tical Dictionary” (New York, 1844–²61); “ The volunteer service in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Catechist's Manual ” (1850); “Songs and Prayers Tennessee. He was the founder of the “Common- for the Family Altar” (1860); " Book of Common wealth” and “Right of Way” newspapers for the Praise” (1866); a prize " Te Deum” and original dissemination of his ideas. “ Voluntaries for the Organ"; and “ Episodes in STEARNS, John, physician, b. in Wilbraham, Clerical and Parish Life" (1887). In 1878 he took Mass., 16 May, 1770; d. in New York city, 18 charge of the musical science department in a new March, 1848. He was graduated at Yale in 1789, cyclopædia, and wrote nearly all the articles on and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New that subject. He has also contributed freely to York, in 1812. He settled at Waterford, N. Y., in church literature in magazines and reviews. 1793, was in the New York senate in 1809-'13, in STEARNS, Asahel, educator, b. in Lunenburg, 1810 removed to Albany, and in 1819 went to New Mass., 17 June, 1774; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 5 York city, where he remained till his death. He Feb., 1839. His ancestor, Isaac Stearns, came to originated the Saratoga county medical society, this country from England in 1630, and was among and in 1807 the Medical society of the state of New the first settlers of Watertown, Mass. Asahel was York, and in 1846 was the first president of the graduated at Harvard in 1797, studied law, was ad- | New York academy of medicine. He was also a mitted to the bar, and began practice at Chelmsford, founder of the American tract society. He con- Mass. He was for several years county attorney tributed valuable medical discoveries to the New for Middlesex, a member of congress in 1815-'17, York " Medical Repository," and published nu- and professor of law at Harvard in 1817–29. He merous addresses (1818–²47). was a member of the American academy of arts STEARNS, John Glazier, author, b. in Ack- and sciences, and was one of the commissioners for worth, Cheshire co., N. H., 22 Nov., 1795 ; d. in revising the statutes of Massachusetts, which was Clinton, N. Y., 16 Jan., 1874. He was graduated his last labor. He published “Summary of the in the first class at Hamilton literary and theologi- Law and Practice of Real Actions, with an Ap- cal institution (now Madison university) in 1822, pendix of Practical Forms” (Hallowell, 1824), and, and was ordained a minister of the Baptist church. with Lemuel Shaw, “General Laws, 1780–1822," He was for fifty years a preacher in central New edited by Theron Metcalf (Boston, 1823). York, and published, among other works, “ Dia- STEARNS, Charles, clergyman, b. in Leomin- logue on the Means of separating Masonry from ster, Mass., 19 July, 1753 ; d. in Lincoln, Mass., the Church of Christ” (Utica, 1828); “ Inquiry into 26 July, 1826. He was graduated at Harvard in the Nature and Tendency of Freemasonry" (1829); 1773, afterward taught school, and studied theol- An Antidote for the Doctrine of Universal Sal- ogy, and in 1780-'1 was a tutor at Cambridge. Invation ” (1829); “ Essays on the Influence of the 1781 he was ordained pastor of the Unitarian Spirit and the Word in Regeneration”; “ The church at Lincoln, where he remained till his death. Primitive Church" (1853); - The Sovereignty of He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in God and Moral Agency” (1856); “ Letters on Free- 1810. He published “ The Ladies’ Philosophy of masonry” (1860); and several smaller works. Love, a Poem in Four Cantos” (1797); “Princi- STEARNS, John Newton, editor, b. in New ples of Morality and Religion” (1798); and ser- Ipswich, N. H., 24 May, 1829. He was educated at mons and other works. the academy in his native town, and was prepared 9 656 STEARNS STEARNS 1 for college, but impaired health prevented his enter- | Fort Fisher expedition, was with Gen. Alfred H. ing. On attaining his majority he came to New Terry at the capture of that fort, and afterward York city and engaged in literary ‘pursuits. In remained with his command in North Carolina 1858 he became editor and proprietor of " Merry's until he was mustered out of the service in De Museum,” and was widely known as • Robert cember, 1865. He then returned to Rochester, Merry.” He joined the order of the Sons of Tem- Minn., was soon afterward offered the professor- perance when it was in its infancy, and in 1866 was ship of agriculture in Cornell university, which chosen most worthy patriarch, its highest office in he declined, was again elected county attorney, this country. At his suggestion, in 1865, the and then appointed register in bankruptcy. In National temperance society and publication-house 1871 he was elected U. S. senator for the uner. was organized, and he was appointed its corre- pired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased, and sponding secretary and publishing agent. In 1865 served for a short period. In the spring of 1872 he also became the editor of the “ National Tem- he removed with his family to Duluth, and two perance Advocate," and he has since held that place years later became judge of the 11th judicial dis- as well as having charge of the “ Youth's Temper- trict of Minnesota, which office he has held ever ance Banner.” In addition to his editorial work, since. He is in favor of granting the right of suf- he has issued annually since 1869 “ The National frage to women.-His wife, Sarah Burger, re- Temperance Almanac and Teetotaler's Year-Book,” former, b. in New York city, 30 Nov., 1836, is the and he has published " The Temperance Chorus daughter of Edward G. Burger. She was educated (New York, 1867); “The Temperanee Speaker” chiefly at the Ann Arbor high-school, and the (1869); “ The Centennial Temperance Volume" State normal school, Ypsilanti, Mich. In 1858 (1876); “The Prohibition Songster”. (1885); and and afterward she made formal application to be * One Hundred Years of Temperance" (1885). admitted as a student to the Michigan state uni- STEARNS, John William, educator, b. in versity, which, though it was refused, had an in- Sturbridge, Mass., in 1840. He was graduated at fluence in finally deciding the regents in 1869 to Harvard in 1860, was appointed professor of Latin make their classes open to women. During the in the University of Chicago in 1865, and in 1874 civil war Mrs. Stearns was well known as a worker became director of the National normal school in on the sanitary commission, and lectured on behalf the Argentine Republic. In 1878 he became presi- of the soldiers' societies in Michigan and else- dent of the normal college at Whitewater, Wis. where. She married Col. Stearns in 1863, and re- STEARNS, Junius Brutus, artist, b. in Arling; moved to Minnesota in 1866. For many years she ton, Vt., 2 July, 1810; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 17 has been vice-president for Minnesota of the Na- Sept., 1885. He was a pupil at the Academy of de- tional woman suffrage association. She is presi- sign, New York city, where in 1848 he became an dent of the Duluth home society, and was instru- associate, and an academician the following year. mental in establishing a temporary home for needy In the same year he went to Europe and spent women and children in that city. She has been some time in London and Paris. On his return he active for years as an advocate of woman's rights. became in 1851 recording secretary at the National STEARNS, Samuel, author, b. in Bolton, Mass., academy, holding that post until 1865. His work in 1747; d. in Brattleborough, Vt., 8 Aug., 1819. was mainly in portraiture, but he painted also He became a physician and astronomer, practising numerous historical subjects. Of these the best his profession first in Worcester, Mass., then in known are the “ Washington Series," five paintings New York, and finally in Brattleborough, Vt. For representing Washington as a citizen, farmer, sol- his supposed loyalty to King George III. he suffered dier, statesman, and Christian. His “ Millennium" greatly from the persistent attacks of the Sons of is in the Academy of design, New York. Liberty, and was confined for nearly three years in STEARNS, Oakman Sprague, b. in Bath, Me., a prison in Worcester, Mass. While he was a resi- 20 Oct., 1817. He was graduated at Waterville dent of New York he made the calculations for the college (now Colhy university) in 1840, and at first nautical almanac in this country, which he Newton theological institution in 1846, and was published, 20 Dec., 1782. He edited the “ Philadel- instructor in Hebrew there in 1846–7. He was phia Magazine" in 1789, and published Tour to pastor of the Baptist church at Southbridge, Mass., London and Paris" (London, 1790); “ Mystery of in 1847–54, at Newark, N. J., in 1854–5, and at Animal Magnetism” (1791); “ American Oracle" Newton Centre, Mass., in 1855-'68. Since 1868 he (1791); and “The American Herbal, or Materia has been professor of biblical interpretation of the Medica”. (Walpole, N. H., 1801). He labored Old Testament in Newton theological institution. twenty-eight years on a “Medical Dispensatory," Colby gave him the degree of D. D. in 1863. He and to obtain information for it travelled for has translated Sartorius's Person and Work of nine years in Europe and this country, but died Christ” (Boston, 1848), and is the author of “A before its completion. On the list of subscribers Syllabus of the Messianic Passages in the Old for this work were the names of George Washing- Testament" (1884). ton and Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. STEARNS, Ozora Pierson, soldier, b. in De STEARNS, Samuel Horatio, clergyman, b. in Kalb, Lawrence co., N. Y., 15 Jan., 1831. He was Bedford, Mass., 12 Sept., 1801 ; d. in Paris, France, educated at Oberlin college and Michigan univer- 15 July, 1837. His father, Samuel, was for forty years sity, where he was graduated in the literary de- pastor of the Congregational church in Bedford, partment in 1858, and in law in 1860. Imme- Mass. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1823, diately after his graduation he began practice in became a minister of the Congregational church, and Rochester, Minn., and shortly afterward was pastor of the Old South church, Boston, from elected prosecuting attorney for Clinton county. | 16 April, 1834, till his death. A voluine of his dis- In August, 1862, he entered the National army as courses, with a memoir by his brother, William A. 1st lieutenant in the 9th Minnesota volunteer in- Stearns, was published (Boston, 1838).—His brother, fantry, and in April, 1864, he was commissioned William Angustus, clergyman, b. in Bedford, colonel of the 39th regiment of U. S. colored in- Mass., 17 March, 1805; d. in Amherst, Mass., 8 fantry. His regiment suffered severely at the June, 1870, was graduated at Harvard in 1827, mine-explosion before Petersburg on 30 Šuly. He studied theology at Andover, and, after teaching accompanied Gen. Benjamin F. Butler on his for a short time at Duxbury, was ordained a min- was STEARNS 657 STEDINGK : ister of the Congregational church, and installed | Our Fathers'” (New York, 1879); and “The Arch- pastor of the church at Cambridgeport, Mass., bishop's Champion Brought to Book” (1881). 14 Dec., 1831. When the Rev. Edward Hitchcock STEBBINS, Emma, artist, b. in New York resigned the presidency of Amherst college in 1854 city, 1 Sept., 1815; d. there, 25 Oct., 1882. For Mr. Stearns was chosen to succeed him, and he held several years she devoted herself to painting in oil and water-colors, working also in crayon and pas- tels. She subsequently turned her attention to sculpture. In 1857 she went to Rome, where she studied under an Italian master, and also with Paul Akers. She executed a large fountain repre- senting - The Angel of the Waters ” (1860—2) in Central park, New York; a statue of Horace Mann in Boston (1860); “ Joseph,” “The Angel of Prayer," and a bust of Charlotte Cushman (1859); a bust of John W. Stebbins in the Mercantile library, New York; and other works. While in Rome she won the friendship of Charlotte Cushman, with whom she returned to the United States in 1870. She prepared a memoir of Miss Cushman, at her request, after the actress's death (Boston, 1878). the office till his death. He published “Infant STECKEL, Louis Joseph Réné, Canadian Church Membership ” (Boston, 1844); “Infant civil engineer, b. in Wintzenheim, Alsace, 6 Sept., Church Member's Guide" (1845); “Life and Select 1844. He was educated at Benfeld, Alsace, and at Discourses of Rev. Samuel H. Stearns ” (1846); Laval university, Quebec. He came to Quebec in “ Discourses and Addresses” (1855); “ A Plea for 1857, and in the following year went to the west- the Nation," posthumous (1876): and sermons and ern part of the United States, remaining till 1860, discourses. — William Augustus's son, William when he returned to Quebec. After studying civil French, merchant, b. in Cambridgeport, Mass., engineering in Laval university, he practised his 9 Nov., 1834; d. in Orange, N. J., 21 May, 1874, profession successfully, and has been chief clerk of was engaged in the East India trade, and for the engineering branch of the department of pub- several years was a resident of Bombay, India, as lic works, Canada, since July, 1880. In addition head of the firm of Stearns, Hobart and Co. On to other important work, he carried on extensive his return to this country he established a house in hydrographic surveys in 1881–2 of St. Lawrence New York for the same class of trade. He rendered ship-channel between Quebec and Cap à la Roche, great services to the American board of foreign and from 1884 till 1887 extensive geodetic levelling missions during the civil war, built a church for operations along Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers, Amherst college, and, as the personal friend and from Lake Champlain to tide-water in the Gulf of correspondent of Dr. David Livingstone, aided St. Lawrence. He invented in 1868 a perfected largely in fitting out his last expedition.- Another flute, called the " Harmonic flute,” and exhibited brother of Samuel Horatio, Jonathan French, at the Indian and colonial exhibition, in London clergyman, b. in Bedford, Mass., in September, in 1886, a piccolo constructed on his system, and 1808, was graduated at Harvard in 1830, studied geodetic rods as perfected by him. He has pub- theology at Andover seminary, and was licensed to lished " Treatise on Geometry and Trigonometry preach in 1834. He was minister of the Presby- (Quebec, 1866), and “ Essay on the Contracted terian church in Newburyport, Mass., in 1835–49, Liquid Vein affecting the Present Theory of the and in December, 1849, became pastor of the 1st Science of Hydraulics ” (Ottawa, 1884). Presbyterian church in Newark, N. J., which con- STEDINGK, Curt Bogislaus Louis Chris. nection continued about thirty years. In 1836 he topher, Count von, Swedish soldier, b. in his fa- was a commissioner from the presbytery of London-ther's castle of Pinnau, Pomerania, 26 Oct., 1746; derry to the general assembly in Pittsburg, and he d. in Stockholm. He was graduated at the Uni- was moderator of the general assembly that met in versity of Upsala in 1768, entered the Swedish Harrisburg in 1868. Hle published "Sermon on army in his youth, took part in the war against the Death of Daniel Webster" (Newark, 1852), and Prussia, and, entering the French service in the “ Historical Discourses relating to the First Presby- Royal régiment of Sweden, rose to the rank of lieu- terian Church in Newark ” (1853). —Another broth-tenant-colonel. At Versailles, where he remained er, Eben Sperry, educator, b. in Bedford, Mass., on duty, he lived on intimate terms of friendship in 1821 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in 1887, was gradu- with Count Axel Fersen. In command of a bri- ated at Harvard in 1841, was master of the normal gade of infantry he sailed in D'Estaing's fleet in school at Framingham, Mass., of the Albany female 1778, and gained credit in the operations against academy, and in 1875 became chancellor of Nash- the West Indies, especially in the attack upon ville university. Amherst gave him the degree of Granada. In the attack upon Savannah, 9 Oct., D. D. in 1876.—Samuel Horatio's cousin, Edward 1779, the rashness and probable failure of which Josiah, author, b. in Bedford, Mass., 24 Feb., 1810, he predicted to D'Estaing, he led one of the two was graduated at Harvard in 1833, ordained a principal assaults, and, after planting the Ameri- clergyman of the Episcopal church, and was pro- can flag on the last intrenchment, was wonnded fessor of modern languages in St. John's college, and compelled to retreat with the loss of half his Annapolis, Md., in 1849-'53. At other times he brigade of 900 men. After his return to France Was either teaching or rector of a parish. He has the king made him colonel of the regiment of Al- published “ Notes on Uncle Tom's Cabin” (Phila- sace and knight of the Protestant branch of the delphia, 1853); “ Practical Guide to English Pro- Order of St. Louis, while the king of Sweden, in nunciation” (Boston, 1857); " The Afterpiece to recognition of his services in America, made him the Comedy of Convocation ” (Baltimore, 1870); colonel of dragoons and knight of the Order of the "Birth and New Birth, a New Treatment of an Old Sword. He also received the badge of the Society Subject” (1872); “The Faith of Our Forefathers, of the Cincinnati. He left France in 1787, took an Examination of Archbishop Gibbon’s • Faith of part in the war between Sweden and Russia, and VOL. V.-42 658 STEDMAN STEDMAN 66 was rewarded for his services by being appointed | work. Mr. Stedman soon purchased a seat in the Swedish ambassador at St. Petersburg in 1790, stock exchange, and became a broker. His poetry which post he long retained. In 1814 he repaired of this period is included in his “Alice of Mon- to Paris in command of the Swedish army, and mouth, an Idyl of the Great War, and other Poems was the ambassador of the king of Sweden to sign (New York, 1864), which was followed by “ The the treaty of peace with France. Blameless Prince, and other Poems" (Boston, 1869). STEDMAN, Charles, British soldier, b. in Eng- A collective edition of his “ Poetical Works " was land about 1745; d. in London, 26 June, 1812. He published in 1873. With Thomas B. Aldrich he entered the army, served as an officer under Lord edited “ Cameos" (Boston, 1874), selected from the Percy at Lexington in 1775, and subsequently with works of Walter Savage Landor; also, with an in- Lord Howe in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and troduction, “Poems of Austin Dobson " (New York, with Lord Cornwallis in the south. During his 1880). About 1875 he began to devote attention later years he was a deputy comptroller of the to critical writing, and contributed to “Scribner's stamp-office. He published - The History of the Monthly" a series of sketches of the poets and Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American poetry of Great Britain from the accession of Queen War” (2 vols., London, 1792; Dublin, 1794). This Victoria to the present time, which were rewritten excellent work is especially valuable for its mili- and published as Victorian Poets" (Boston, 1875; tary maps. William Thomas Lowndes ascribes its London, 1876; 13th ed., with a supplement, bring- authorship to Dr. William Thompson. ing it down to 1887). In a similar manner he STEDŇAN, Edmund Clarence, poet, b. in prepared “ Poets of America," a critical review of Hartford, Conn., 8 Oct., 1833. He is the son of American poets and poetry (Boston, 1886). At pres- Edmund B. Stedman, a merchant of Hartford, and ent he is engaged with Ellen M. Hutchinson Elizabeth C. Dodge, a sister of William E. Dodge, in editing a “ Library of American Literature,” to who, subsequent to be completed in ten volumes, of which three are the death of Mr. now published (1888). Mr. Stedman has delivered Stedman in 1835, several poems on public occasions. Of these the married William B. more important are " Gettysburg,” read at the an- Kinney. Through nual meeting of the Army of the Potomac in Cleve- his mother Mr. land in 1871, and the “ Dartmouth Ode,” deliv- Stedman is further ered in 1873 before that college. In 1876 he read related to Will-The Monument of Greeley” at the dedication in iam Ellery Chan- Greenwood cemetery of the printers' monument to ning and to Bishop Horace Greeley, and in 1878 he delivered his poem Arthur Cleveland on “ The Death of Bryant” before the Century Coxe. He was pre- club. At the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Yale pared for college class of 1853 he read“ Meridian, an Old-Fashioned by his great-uncle, Poem,” and in July, 1881, his * Corda Concordia” James Stedman, was read before the Summer school of philosophy. and entered Yalé He has also been engaged at intervals during many in 1849. As an un- years on a complete metrical translation of the dergraduate he dis- Greek idyllic poets. His other publications in- tinguished himself clude “Rip Van Winkle and His Wonderful Nap” in Greek and in (Boston, 1870); “Octavius Brooks Frothingham English composi- and the New Faith” (New York, 1876); “ Favorite tion. His poem of “ Westminster Abbey,” pub- Poems” (Boston, 1877); “Hawthorne, and other lished in the “ Yale Literary Magazine” in 1851, Poems” (1877); “Lyrics and Idylls, with other received a first prize. In his junior year he was Poems” (London, 1879), " The Raven, with Com- suspended for irregularities, and he did not return ments on the Poem (Boston, 1883); and a to receive his degree, but in 1871 the college authori- · Household Edition” of his poems (1884).—His ties restored him to his class, and conferred on him cousin, Griffin Alexander, soldier, b. in Hart- the degree of A. M. He became editor of the Nor- ford, Conn., 6 Jan., 1838; d. near Petersburg, Va., wich " Tribune” in 1852, and in 1854 of the Winsted | 6 Aug., 1864, was graduated at Trinity in 1859, “ Herald," but two years later he relinquished this and began to study law, but in 1861 entered the post after establishing some reputation for the pure volunteer army as captain in the 5th Connecticut literary tone of his journal. He then removed to regiment. He was transferred to the 11th Con- New York city, where for many years he con- necticut as major after seeing service in the Shen- tributed to “ Vanity Fair,” “ Putnam's Monthly," andoah valley, and took part in the battle of An- “Harper's Magazine,” and other periodicals. After tietam, leading half of the regiment in the charge a hard struggle for a competence, he drifted into on the stone bridge, and receiving a severe wound. journalism. His poems, "The Diamond Wedding." He commanded the regiment at Fredericksburg, a widely read satire on a society event, “ How Old Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and at the be- John Brown took Harper's Ferry,” “ The Ballad of ginning of the overland campaign of 1864 was Lager-Bier,” and similar lyrics, appeared in the placed at the head of a brigade. He repeatedly “ Tribune” during 1859, and their success led him won the commendation of his superiors, and was to issue his “ Poems, Lyric and Idyllic" (New York, mortally wounded in one of the skirmishes that 1860). In 1860 he joined the editorial staff cf the followed the mine-explosion at Petersburg. Fort “ World,” and he was its war-correspondent in Stedman, one of the works near that place, had 1861–3, during the early campaigns of the Army been named for him. He had been strongly recom- of the Potomac, from the headquarters of Gen. mended for promotion to brigadier-general, and Irvin McDowell and Gen. George B. McClellan, and was given that rank by brevet, to date from 5 Aug., then from Washington. He afterward accepted 1864. His grave at Hartford is marked by a monu- a confidential appointment under Attorney-Gen- ment of granite and bronze. eral Bates, but in 1864 he returned to New York, STEDMAN, John Gabriel, British soldier, b. and relinquished journalism to adopt some pur- in Scotland; d. in 1797. He lost his paternal es- suit that would afford him more leisure for literary tate shortly after his birth, and expected to enter Edemand C. Fabian STEEDMAN 659 STEELE а the navy, but accepted an ensign's commission in gate to the National Democratic convention at the Scotch brigade in the Dutch service, and was a Charleston, advocating the nomination of Stephen lieutenant when in 1772 a negro insurrection began | A. Douglas. At the opening of the civil war he in the colony of Surinam. He volunteered to ac- became colonel of the 4th Ohio regiment, and was company the expedition that was sent to suppress ordered to western Virginia. After taking part in it, and was given the brevet rank of captain. On the battle of Philippi he joined Gen. Don Carlos his return in 1777 he was promoted to major, and Buell in Kentucky, was promoted brigadier-general just before resigning from the service, at the begin- of volunteers, 17 July, 1862, and rendered valuable ning of hostilities with England in 1783, was made service at Perryville, arriving on the battle-field lieutenant-colonel. He published a valuable “ Nar- just in time to drive back the enemy, who had rative of an Expedition against the Revolted Ne- broken the National line and were pushing a heavy groes of Surinam,” which contains much valuable column toward the gap: In July, 1863, he was information about the country and its inhabitants placed in command of the 1st division of the re- (2 vols., London, 1796). serve corps of the Army of the Cumberland. At the STEEDMAN, Charles, naval officer, b. in battle of Chickamauga he re-enforced Gen. George Charleston, S. C., 24 Sept., 1811. He entered the H. Thomas at a critical moment, and it has been navy as midshipman, 1 April, 1828, became a claimed that he thus saved the day, though credit passed midshipman, 14 Jan., 1834, and cruised in for ordering the movement is usually given to the Mediterranean in the frigates “ Constitution" Gen. Gordon Granger. For his services here he and “ United States." He was promoted to lieu- was promoted major-general, 24 April, 1864. He tenant, 25 Feb., 1841, and during the Mexican war was afterward active in the Atlanta campaign, served in the sloop “St. Mary's " in 1846–7. At relieving the garrison at Dalton and defeating the bombardment of Vera Cruz he commanded the Gen. Joseph G. Wheeler's cavalry in June, 1864. siege-guns in the naval battery on shore, and he When Sherman marched to the sea he joined Gen. participated in other operations on the coast and Thomas, and did good service at Nashville. He in the boat expedition that captured Tampico. He resigned on 19 July, 1866, after serving as pro- was commissioned commander, 14 Sept., 1855, and visional governor of Georgia, and was appointed in the Paraguay expedition commanded the brig U. S. collector of internal revenue at New Orleans ** Dolphin." Notwithstanding the efforts of his by President Johnson, whose close friend he was. family and friends in his native state to induce him Here his lack of business ability involved him in to join the seceded states, he remained loyal and financial trouble, and he returned to Ohio, where rendered valuable service to the Union. He im- in 1879 he was chosen to the state senate, but was mediately asked for duty, took command of the rail- defeated in a second canvass. In the May before road ferry steamer “ Maryland," and conveyed Gen. his death he became chief of police of Toledo, and Benjamin F. Butler with the 8th Massachusetts he was editor and nominal owner of the “ Weekly regiment from Havre de Grace to Annapolis, Md., in Ohio Democrat.” On 26 May, 1887, a fine monu- April, 1861. He then went to the west temporarily ment was dedicated to his memory in Toledo. and assisted Admiral Foote in organizing the naval STEEL, William, reformer, b. in Biggar, Scot- forces that operated on the Mississippi river in the land, 26 Aug., 1809 ; d. in Portland, Ore.. 5 Jan., gun-boats. În September, 1861, he commanded the 1881. He came to the United States with his steamer “ Bienville,” in which he led the second parents in 1817 and settled near Winchester, Va., column of vessels at the capture of Port Royal, but removed soon afterward to Monroe county, Ohio, S. C., and participated in operations on the coast where, from 1830 till the civil war, he was an active of Georgia and Florida. He returned north in the worker in the Underground railroad," of which he spring, and took command of the steamer Paul was one of the earliest organizers. During these Jones,” in which he assisted in the capture of Fort years large numbers of slaves were assisted to es- McAllister, on Ogeechee river, in August, 1862, and cape to Canada, and in no single instance was one operated on St. John's river, Fla., during the fol- retaken after reaching him. At one time the slave- lowing month. He was promoted to captain, 13 holders of Virginia offered a reward of $5,000 for Sept., 1862, and in the steamer Powhatan” took his head, when he promptly addressed the com- part in the blockade off Charleston and in several mittee, offering to bring it to them if the money engagements there. He then towed the captured were placed in responsible hands. He acquired å Atlanta” to Philadelphia, took command of fortune as a merchant, but lost it in 1844. From the steamer - Ticonderoga," and went to the coast 1872 till his death he resided with his sons in Ore- of Brazil in pursuit the Confederate cruiser gon. In the early days of the anti-slavery move- “ Florida” until November, 1864. He participated ment Mr. Steel was the recognized leader of the in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, remained in Abolitionists in southeastern Ohio. He was at one command of the “ Ticonderoga" on a cruise in the time a candidate of the Liberty party for congress, Mediterranean, and returned in command of the and in 1844 circulated in eastern Ohio the great steam frigate “ Colorado” in September, 1867. petition," whose signers agreed to vote for Henry He was promoted to commodore, 25 July, 1866, Clay if he would emancipate his one slave. and was in charge of the Boston navy-yard in STEELE, Frederick, soldier, b. in Delhi, N. Y., 1869-'72. He was made a rear-admiral, 25 May, 14 Jan., 1819; d. in San Mateo, Cal., 12 Jan., 1868. 1871, and retired, 24 Sept., 1873. He was graduated at the L. S. military academy STEEDMAN, James Barrett, soldier, b. in in 1843, and served as 2d lieutenant in the Mexican Northumberland county, Pa., 30 July, 1818; d. in war, receiving the brevets of 1st lieutenant and Toledo, Ohio, 18 Oct., 1883. He went to Ohio in captain for gallant conduct at Contreras and Cha- 1837 as a contractor on the Wabash and Ene canal, pultepec respectively. Ile was promoted to 1st and in 1813 was chosen to the legislature of that lieutenant, 6 June, 1848, and served in California state as a Democrat. In 1849 he organized a com- till 1853, and then principally in Minnesota, Kan- pany to cross the plains to California in search of sas, and Nebraska till the civil war, receiving his gold, but he returned in 1850, and in 1851 became captain's commission on 5 Feb., 1855. Ile was a member of the Ohio board of public works. promoted to major on 14 May, 1861, and com- During Buchanan's administration he was public manded a brigade in Missouri from 11 June, 1861, printer at Washington, and in 1860 he was a dele- / till April, 1862, being engaged at Dug Spring and ram 660 STEELE STEELE а Wilson's Creek, and also in charge of the south- cil of his native state, and in John Adams's admin- eastern district of that state after February. He istration served as a commissioner to treat with had become colonel of the 8th Iowa regiment on the Cherokee Indians. From 1798 till 1801 he was 23 Sept., 1861, and on 29 Jan., 1862, was commis- secretary of Mississippi territory. sioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He led a STEELE, John, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, division in the Army of the Southwest from May Pa., 15 Aug., 1758; d. in Philadelphia, 27 Feb., till November, 1862, being engaged at Round Hill, 1827. He was educated for a Presbyterian clergy- 7 July, and in the occupation of Helena, Ark. On man, but on the breaking out of the war of the 29 Nov. he was made major-general of volunteers, Revolution entered the army, in which he rose to and, after engaging in the Yazoo expedition, he the command of a company, 23 March, 1779. He commanded a division in the Vicksburg campaign, was seriously wounded at the battle of the Brandy- taking part in the operations at Young's Point, the wine, and retired from the service, 1 Jan., 1783. advance to Grand Gulf, the attack on Jackson, and In 1801 he was elected state senator, but, as he the siege of Vicksburg. For his services in this held a United States appointment, his seat was campaign he received the brevet of colonel in the declared vacant. In 1804 he was re-elected, and regular army, 4 July, 1863, and on 26 Aug. he was in 1805 became speaker of that body. In 1806 he promoted to lieutenant-colonel. From July, 1863, was the Democratic candidate for U. S. senator, till 6 Jan., 1864, he was at the head of the Army of but was defeated by Andrew Gregg. He served Arkansas, taking part in the capture of Little Rock, as one of the commissioners to adjust the damages 10 Sept., 1863, and then till 29 Nov. he commanded sustained by the Wyoming sufferers at the hands the department of that state. He led a column in of the Indians. In 1808 President Jefferson ap- the Mobile campaign, and at the close of the war pointed him collector of the port of Philadelphia, received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. army, which post he filled during the remainder of his for services in the capture of Little Rock, and that life. He also held the rank of brigadier-general of major-general for services during the war. He in the Pennsylvania militia.--His brother, ARCHI- was then transferred to Texas, and placed in com- BALD (1741-1832), was adjutant at the siege of mand on the Rio Grande, and from 21 Dec., 1865, Quebec under Arnold, afterward deputy quarter- he had charge of the Department of the Columbia. master-general, and at the time of his death was From 23 Nov., 1867, till his death he was on leave military store-keeper at Philadelphia.—His cousin, of absence. He had been promoted colonel of the James, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 16 20th infantry, 28 July, 1866. Jan., 1765; d. at Harrisburg, Pa., 30 Sept., 1815, STEELE, Joel Dorman, educator, b. in Lima, received a classical education, and was a man of N. Y., 14 May, 1836; d. in Elmira, N. Y., 25 May, considerable enterprise. He erected a paper-mill 1886. He was graduated at Genesee college in on Octorara creek, and subsequently two cotton- 1858, and then taught at the Mexico académy, of mills. He served in the war of 1812–'14, and for which institution he was appointed principal in meritorious conduct was promoted to the rank of 1859. Soon after the beginning of the civil war brigadier-general of militia. Late in life he re- he became captain in the 81st New York volun- tired from business and removed to Harrisburg, teers, and served in the peninsula campaign, being where he died. His son, Francis B. Steele, was severely wounded at Seven Pines. He was chosen military store-keeper at the Falls of St. Anthony, principal of the Newark, N. Y., high-school in 1862, Minn., for a long period. and in 1866 accepted a similar office in the Elmira STEELE, John, statesman, b. in Salisbury, N. C., free academy, which place he retained until 1872. 1 Nov., 1764; d. there, 14 Aug., 1815. His mother, Subsequently he devoted his time exclusively to the Elizabeth, entertained at her house in Salisbury on preparation of text-books. The degree of Ph. D. 1 Feb., 1781, Gen. Nathanael Greene, who was then was conferred on him by the regents of the Uni- discouraged and penniless, and insisted on his versity of the state of New York in 1870, and dur- accepting two small bags of specie, her earnings ing the same year he presided over the New York for years. Never," says Greene's biographer, “did state teachers' association. In 1872 he was relief come at a more needed moment." John was elected a fellow of the Geological society of London, educated as a merchant, but when he had arrived and also in 1872 he was chosen by the alumni a at manhood became a successful planter, and was trustee of Syracuse university, in which Genesee also active in politics. He was elected to the legis- college had been merged, and to that university he lature in 1787 and 1788, and in the latter year, as a bequeathed $50,000 to found a professorship of member of the convention to consider the U.S. theistic science. Dr. Steele was the author of a constitution, made fruitless efforts to secure its popular series of scientific text-books, each intended adoption. He was a member of the first two con- for a course of fourteen weeks, including “Chem- gresses, from April, 1790, till 2 March, 1793, hav- istry” (New York, 1867); “ Astronomy” (1868); ing been elected as a Federalist, and was again in “ Natural Philosophy ” (1869); “ Geology” (1870); the legislature in 1794–5. On 1 July, 1796, Gen. “ Iluman Physiology” (1873); “ Zoology” (1875); Washington made him first comptroller of the and “ Key to the Practical Questions in Steele's treasury, which office he held through Adams's Sciences” (1871); also * Barnes's Popular History administration, resigning on 15 Dec., 1802, though of the United States” (1875); and with his wife, President Jefferson solicited him to remain. He ESTHER BAKER STEELE, a series of brief histories, was a commissioner to adjust the boundary between including “ The United States” (1872); “ France" North and South Carolina in 1806, and was again in (1874); Ancient Peoples" (1883); Mediaval the legislature in that year and in 1811-'13, serving and Modern Peoples" (1883); “ General History as speaker in 1811. He was elected for another (1883); “ History of Greece" (1883); and “ History term on the day of his death. He was active in of Rome” (1884). militia matters, and attained the rank of general. STEELE, John, soldier, b. in Augusta county, STEELE, William, soldier, b. in Albany, N. Y., Va., about 1755; d. about 1805. lle entered the in 1819; d. in San Antonio, Tex., 12 Jan., 1885. Revolutionary army, served as an officer at the bat. He was graduated at the C. S. military academy in tle of Point Pleasant, Va., 10 Oct., 1774, and at the 1840, assigned to the 2d dragoons, and served in battle of Germantown was shot through the boily. the Florida war, the military occupatior. of Texas, He was for many years one of the executive coun- and the war with Mexico, being promoted ist STEENDAM 661 STEINER 66 " Ab- lieutenant, 9 May, 1846, and brevetted captain for | in den Vereinigten Staaten " (1869); and “ Periodi- gailantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was cal Literature," a bibliography (1873). stationed in Texas from 1849 till 1852, being pro- STEIN, Conrad (stine), German historian, b. in moted captain, 10 Nov., 1851, and was then in New Heidelberg in 1701, d. in Breslau in 1762. He Mexico till 1854. From that time till the civil war was for many years professor of history in the he was chiefly in Kansas, Dakota, and Nebraska, University of Breslau, and afterward made re- taking part in several expeditions against hostile searches in the state and private libraries of Europe Indians. He resigned on 30 May, 1861, joined the and America upon the ancient history of the latter Confederate army as colonel of the 7th Texas cav- continent. His works include “ Abhandlung über alry, and took part in Gen. Henry H. Sibley's ex- die Atlantida der Alten, und ihren Zusammenhang pedition to New Mexico. On its return he was mit Amerika” (Breslau, 1750); “Geschichte der made brigadier-general, 12 Sept., 1862, and in Jan- Entdeckungen durch Scandinavische Seeleute vom uary, 1863, was assigned to the command of the 12ten zum 15ten Jahrhunderte" (1754); “ Ge- Department of Western Arkansas and the Indian schichte der deutschen Ansiedelungen in Nord- territory. Ile commanded at Galveston, Tex., in Amerika ” (1755); Abhandlung über die Spa- December, 1863, and had charge of a cavalry divis- nischen Eroberer Cortés, Pizarro, und Almagro ion in Louisiana in 1864, where he opposed the (1757); “ Historische Notizen über die Eroberung Red river expedition of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. von Venezuela durch die Welser" (1758); “Kurze In 1867 he became a commission merchant in San Beschreibung von Amerika” (1759); and Antonio, Tex., and for some time after 1874 he was handlung über die Indianer-Rasse oder Rothhäute, adjutant-general of the state. In this office be did deren Geschichte und Zusammenhang mit der ger- good service by procuring and publishing, at great manischen Rasse” (1760). pains and expense, lists of escaped convicts and STEINBEL, Roger Nelson, naval officer, b. in other fugitives from justice, which he furnished Middleton, Md., 27 Dec., 1810. He entered the to the sheriffs of the various counties in the state. navy as a midshipman, 27 March, 1832, and cruised STEENDAM, Jacob, Dutch poet, b. in Holland in the schooner Porpoise” when she was wrecked in 1616. It is uncertain when or where he died. near Vera Cruz in 1833. He was on duty in New He came to the colony of New Amsterdam about York at the naval school in 1834-'8, and became a 1632, and stayed there till 1662, when he returned passed midshipınan, 23 June, 1838. He was com- to Holland. During his residence in the Dutch missioned lieutenant, 23 Oct., 1843, served in the settlement he owned farms at Amersfort and coast survey until 1847, and then was on the Brazil Mespath, a house and lot on what is now Pearl station, on special duty in Washington, and in the street, and another on Broadway. He left Holland steamer “Mississippi," on the East India station, several years after his return, and made a voyage in 1857–9. When the civil war began he went to to Batavia, where he may possibly have died. The Cincinnati to fit out river gun-boats, and then ren- little that is known of him is due to the researches dered good service in the Mississippi river flotilla. of Henry C. Murphy, who, when he was U. S. min- He commanded the river gun-boat “Lexington” at ister to the Hague, discovered some poems written Belmont when Gen. Grant's force was defeated and by Steendam on New Amsterdam, and had them saved by the gun-boats in November, 1861. From printed with an English version in the same metre. August, 1861, until May, 1862, he participated in The work is entitled “ Jacob Steendam noch vaster. several engagements, and contributed greatly to A Memoir of the First Poet in New Netherlands, the successes and victories at Lucas Bend, 9 Sept., with his Poems descriptive of the Colony” (The 1861, Fort Henry, 6 Feb., 1862, Island No. 10 from Hague, 1861). The poems are " Complaint of New 16 March until its capture on 7 April, 1862, and in Amsterdam, in New Netherlands, to her Mother, the action with the rams at Fort Pillow in May, of her Beginning, Growth, and Present Condition," 1862. In this last engagement his vessel, the “Cin- and “ The Praise of New Netherlands: Spurring cinnati,” was sunk, and he was seriously wounded. Verses to the Lovers of the Colony and Brothership He then had special duty at Philadelphia and to be established on the South River of New Nether- Pittsburg until 1865. Ile was commissioned cap- land. Peter Cornelison Plockhoy, of Ziereckzee." tain, 25 July, 1866, and commanded the “ Canan- STEENSTRA, Peter Henry, clergyman, b. daigua” in the Mediterranean in 1866–7. He next near Franeker, Friesland, Netherlands, 24 Jan., served at the rendezvous in Boston, and was com- 1833. He emigrated to the United States and missioned commodore, 13 July, 1870, and appointed entered Shurtleff college, II., where he was grad- commander-in-chief of the Pacific squadron in uated in 1858. He then became a minister in the 1872. He was retired on 27 Dec., 1872, and subse- Baptist church, but afterward united with the quently promoted to rear-admiral on the retired Episcopalians, and was appointed rector of Grace list, 5 June, 1874. church, Newton, Mass., in 1864. He became pro- STEINER, Lewis Henry, physician, b. in Fred- fessor of Ilebrew_and Old and New Testament erick city, Md., 4 May, 1827. He was educated at exegesis in the Episcopal theological school of the Frederick academy and at Marshall college, Cambridge, Mass., in 1868. He translated and Pa., where he received the degree of A. M. in 1849, edited - Judges" and “Ruth” in the American and was graduated the same year at the medical edition of Lange's “Commentary” (New York, department of the University of Pennsylvania. He 1872). The degree of D. D. was conferred on him began to practise in Frederick, but in 1852 removed by Shurtleff college in 1882. to Baltimore, where for three years he was associ- STEIGER, Ernst, German-American bibliog- ated with Dr. John R. W. Dunbar in the conduct rapher, b. in Gastewitz, Saxony, 4 Oct., 1832. He of the Baltimore medical institute, at the end of was trained as a book-seller, emigrated in 1855 to which time he returned to Frederick. Soon after New York city, and in 1863 opened an independent he began to practise his attention was especially business. He became the publisher of important directed to chemistry and the allied sciences, and works of German-Americans and of language text- during his residence in Baltimore his time was books, and also a manufacturer and importer of all largely occupied in teaching. He was professor of that belongs to the Kindergarten system. Mr. chemistry and natural history in Columbian col- Steiger is the author of “ Der Nachdruck in Nord- lege, Washington, D. C., and also of chemistry and amerika” (New York, 1860); “ Das Copyright-Law i pharmacy in the National medical college, Washing- 662 STEINWEHR STEINHAUER 9 ton, in 1853; lecturer on chemistry and physics in | opponent, displayed remarkable originality and St. James college, Md., in 1854; lecturer on applied fertility of invention. chemistry in the Maryland institute in 1855, and STEINWAY, Henry Engelhard (stine'-way), professor of chemistry in the Maryland college of piano-forte manufacturer, b. in Wolfshagen, Ger- pharmacy in 1856. During the civil war he was many, 15 Feb., 1797; d. in New York city, 7 Feb., actively employed as an inspector by the U. S. sani- 1871. The original spelling of the name is Stein- tary commission, and for a period was in charge weg. After receiving a common-school education of its operations in the Army of the Potomac as in his native place, he was first apprenticed to a chief inspector. In 1871 he was elected by the Re- cabinet-maker, then worked in an organ-factory, publicans to the state senate for four years. He and thereafter studied the art of piano-forte mak- was re-elected for a like term in 1875, and again in ing. His earliest youthful musical constructions 1879. From 1855 till 1858 he was a contributor were zithers and guitars, for his own amusement. to, and afterward assistant editor of, “ The Ameri- At the age of fifteen the boy was left an orphan can Medical Monthly.” In 1884 he was appoint- and thrown on his own resources. After a time ed librarian of the Enoch Pratt free library in Mr. Steinway began to make piano-fortes in a small Baltimore, which office he now holds. He has pub- way in his native place, but, being dissatisfied with lished “ H. Wills's Outlines of Chemical Analysis," the surroundings, came with his family to New translated from the 3d German edition, with Dr. York city in 1850. Here for several years father Daniel Brud (Cambridge, 1855); “Cantate Domino: and sons were employed as journeymen in noted a Collection of Chants, Hymns, etc., for Church factories, until they resolved to unite their knowl- Service," with Henry Schwing (Boston, 1859); “ Re- edge and experience and established the firm of port containing a Diary kept during the Rebel Steinway and Sons. In 1862 they gained the first Occupation of Frederick, Md., etc.” (New York, prize in London in competition with the most emi- 1862); and also translations from the German, with nent makers in Europe; and this victory was fol- monographs, reports, lectures, and speeches. lowed in 1867 by a similar success at the Universal STEINHAUER, Henry Bird, Canadian clergy- exposition in Paris. According to Liszt, Rubin- man, b. in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake stein, and other high authorities, the Stein ways Simcoe, Ontario, in 1804; d. at Whitefish Lake, have done more to advance the durability, action, Northwest territory, Canada, 29 Dec., 1885. He and tone-quality of their instruments than any was a pure-blooded Chippewa Indian, and received other makers of Europe or America.—Henry En- his name of Steinhauer from a German family that gelhard's son, Albert, b. in Seesen, Germany, 10 adopted and educated him. He accompanied the June, 1840; d. in New York city, 14 May, 1877, Rev. John Evans, a Methodist missionary, to the early in the civil war was advanced to the colo- northwest in 1840, and settled at Norway House, nelcy of the 6th regiment of New York volunteers, where he remained until 1855, and made himself and later became brigadier-general on the staff of useful to the missionaries as an interpreter. He Gov. John T. Hoffman. assisted Mr. Evans in inventing and perfecting STEINWEHR, Adolph Wilhelm August the Cree syllabic characters, in which nearly all Friedrich, Baron von, soldier, b. in Blankenburg, books in the Indian languages are printed in the duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 25 Sept., 1822; d. north west. He also translated into Cree the Old in Buffalo, N. Y., 25 Feb., 1877. His father was a Testament from the book of Job to the end of the major in the ducal service, and his grandfather a lesser prophets, and most of the New Testament lieutenant-general in the Prussian army. Adolph He was ordained a minister in 1858, and lived was educated at the military academy in the city at Whitefish Lake. of Brunswick, and entered the army of the duchy STEINHEFER, Juan (stine'-hay-fer), German as lieutenant in 1841. In 1847 he resigned and botanist, b. in Silesia about 1650 ; d. in Sonora, came to the United States to offer his services to Mexico, in 1716. He studied medicine, entered the the government during the Mexican war. Failing Society of Jesus as lay-brother, and was sent as a to obtain a commission in the regular army, he re- physician to Mexico, where he was assigned to the turned to Germany after marrying an American missions of Sonora, making a study of the flora lady. In 1854 he again visited this country and of that region, which was entirely unexplored. He purchased a farm near Wallingford, Conn. At the wrote “ Florilogio Medicinal Mejicano” (Mexico, beginning of the civil war he raised a regiment, 1712; Amsterdam, 1719; and Madrid, 1732). the 29th New York, which he commanded at the STEINITZ, William (sty-nits), chess-player, b. first battle of Bull Run, forming part of the reserve in Prague, Bohemia, 17 May, 1836. He was edu- under Col. Dixon S. Miles. On 12 Oct., 1861, he cated in Prague, and finished his studies at the was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers Polytechnic institute in Vienna. He gained the and placed at the head of the 2d brigade, Gen. first prizes at several European tournaments, nota- Louis Blenker's division, which was attached in bly in London in 1872 and in Vienna in 1873. At May, 1862, to the Mountain department under Gen. the exhibition in Vienna in 1872 he tied for the John C. Frémont. When Gen. Franz Sigel as- prize. Since 1862 Mr. Steinitz has won all single- sumed command of the corps, after the organiza- handed games against other famous players. In tion of the Army of Virginia, Gen. Steinwehr was October, 1882, he came from London to New York, given the 2d division, and with it took part in the remaining until April, 1883, when he returned to campaign on the Rapidan and Rappahannock in England to participate in the London chess-tour- the following August. He also retained it when nament. In the autumn of 1883 he again came to the command of the corps passed into the hands this country, since which time the United States of Gen. Oliver 0. Howard, and under that officer has been his permanent residence. From 1885 fought in the battles of Chancellorsville and Get- until the present time (1888) he has edited the tysburg. He remained with the army until the ** Chess Magazine,” published in New York city. close of the war. His home for several years before In 1876 he published in London a pamphlet en- his death was in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he pre- titled “The Match between Messrs. Steinitz and pared an “ Eclectic Series " of school geographies Blackburn.” In his recent contest with Mr. Zu- that was widely circulated, and published " A Topo- kertort in New York city his best efforts, by con- graphical Map of the United States” and “The trast with the great memory and science of his | Centennial Gazetteer” (Philadelphia, 1873). а STEPHEN 663 STEPHENS STEPHEN, Adam, soldier, b. in Virginia about of the Hon. John Randolph in H. R., U.S., on Non- 1730; d. there in November, 1791. He joined the Importation, with Observations ” (1806); “ Ameri- expedition to the Ohio with a company in 1754, can Arguments on Neutral Rights,” etc. (1806); was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in the ab- Speech in the H. of C. on the Overtures of the sence of George Washington commanded the forces American Government” (1809); "The History of at Winchester, whence he set out in 1758 with an Toussaint L'Ouverture” (1814); and “The Slavery expedition against the Creeks for the relief of the of the British West India Colonies Delineated," colonists of South Carolina. He had charge of the etc. (2 vols., 1824-30). frontier defences of Virginia in 1763, performed STEPHENS, Alexander Hamilton, states- important services in bringing to a termination man, b. near Crawfordsville, Ga., 11 Feb., 1812; d. the French and Indian wars, and at the beginning in Atlanta, Ga., 4 March, 1883. His grandfather, of the Revolution was given the command of a Alexander, founder of the American branch of regiment. He was made a brigadier-general on 4 the Stephens family, was an Englishman, and an Sept., 1776, fought at Trenton, and on 19 Feb., adherent of Prince Charles Edward. He came to 1777, was promoted major-general. He led one of this country about 1746, settled in the Penn colony, the attacking columns at the Brandywine. At was engaged in several conflicts with the Indians Germantown his division became involved in a and in the old French war, serving under Col. combat with the troops of Gen. Anthony Wayne, George Washington. His home was at the junction owing to a fog. He was held responsible for the of the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. He was a blunder, accused of intoxication, and in the winter captain in the Revolutionary army, and soon after of 1777 dismissed from the service. the peace removed to Georgia. Alexander became STEPHEN, Sir George, bart., Canadian capi- an orphan at the age of fifteen. Under the charge talist, b. in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland, 5 Feb., of his uncle he attracted the attention of Charles 1829. After passing some time as clerk in a mer- C. Mills, a man of means, and after five months cantile house in London, he came to Canada in at school he was offered a home in Washington, 1850 and entered the warehouse of William Stephen Wilkes co., and a place in the high-school that was and Co., Montreal. taught by the Rev. Alexander Hamilton Webster, In a few years he pastor of the Presbyterian church. His middle obtained a junior name, Hamilton, was taken from this gentleman. partnership, and on He regarded this charity as a loan, and afterward the death of his repaid the full amount. He also accepted the offer relative, William of the Presbyterian educational society to send him Stephen, in 1862, he to college, with a view to the ministry, with the purchased the lat- proviso that he was to refund the cost in case of ter's interest and his change of mind, and in any event when he became head of the should be able. He entered Franklin college (now firm. He was elect- the State university) in August, 1828, was gradu- ed president in 1876 ated in 1832 with the first honor, and subsequently of the Bank of Mon- earned money by teaching to pay his indebtedness. treal, in 1878 of the At that period of his life he was much given to Manitoba and Min- morbid introspection, which was partly the result neapolis railway, of constitutionally delicate health. On 22 July, and in 1881 of the 1834, after two months' study, he was admitted to Canadian Pacific the bar, being congratulated by Senator William railway, but resign- H. Crawford and Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin ed the latter post on on the best examination they had ever heard. He 7 Aug., 1888. He lived on six dollars a month, and made $400 the was granted the confederation medal in 1885, and first year. Then he began to win reputation, and created a baronet in 1886 for his services in connec- he soon owned his father's old homestead, and tion with the construction of the Canadian Pacific bought the estate that is now Liberty hall. railroad. With his cousin, Sir Donald A. Smith, In 1836 he was elected to the lower branch of he founded in 1885 the Montreal scholarship of the legislature against bitter opposition because he the Royal college of music, London, England. strove against nullification, while believing in STEPHEN, James, publicist, b. in Poole, Dor- state sovereignty, and opposed vigilance commit- setshire, England, in 1759; d. in Bath, England, tees and the then common “slicking clubs,” the 10 1832. He was educated at Winchester, parent of the Ku-Klux Klan. His first speech in became a barrister, and subsequently was a parlia- the legislature secured the passage of the appro- mentary reporter. He received an appointment in priation for what is now the Western and Atlantic the prize court in the island of St. Christopher, W. I., railway from Atlanta to Chattanooga, the property returned to England with an ample fortune, and of Georgia. His advocacy secured a charter for the obtained a large practice as advocate in prize cases Macon, Ga., female college, the first in the world before the privy council . He was returned to par- for the regular graduation of young women in liainent for Tralee, appointed under-secretary for classics and the sciences. In 1839 he was a dele- the colonies, and made a master in chancery for gate to the Charleston commercial convention, and his services in drawing up the system of continen- in 1843 he was nominated for congress under the tal blockade against Napoleon. He was connected general-ticket system,” there being then no divis- by marriage with William Wilberforce, whose re- ion of the state into congressional districts. He ligious and anti-slavery principles he shared. Mr. was elected by 3,000 majority. His first speech Stephen was the author of a pamphlet, which was in favor of the power of congress to pass an Lord Brougham described as “of great merit,” en- act requiring the states to be divided into congres- titled War in Disguise, or the Frauds of the sional districts. He seemed thus to question his Neutral Flags" (London, 1805–6; New York, own right to sit, as Georgia had not obeyed the 1806), which elicited a reply from Gouverneur law. He won both point and seat. It was, in fact, Morris, "An Answer to‘War in Disguise '” (London the entering-wedge of the assertion of the power of and New York, 1806). He also published “Speech | the general government to legislate in state do- Ceo fepten 66 664 STEPHENS STEPHENS mestic affairs, under the plea of regulating its own but he always acted upon reasons and principles. organization. On the same principle Mr. Stephens, While a state-rights man, he supported Harrison in as senator-elect from Georgia, in 1866, was not al- 1840. In 1844, though in favor of the acquisition lowed to sit, Georgia not having complied with the of Texas, he supported Clay, who said it would re- terms of congress. He advocated the annexation open the slave issue and make war, as it did. In of Texas by legislative resolution as early as 1845 he voted with the Democratic party in ad- 1838–9, and opposed the John Tyler treaty of mitting Texas. In 1846 and 1847 he stood with 1844, but, with seven other southern Whigs, se- Calhoun and the Whig party upon the Mexican cured the passage of the Milton-Brown plan of war. His house resolutions in February, 1847, be- 1845. He bitterly opposed President James K. came the basis of the Whig reorganization, and Polk on the Mexican war, but adopted all its re- Gen. Zachary Taylor was elected president on the sults as a godsend of southern territory. In 1848 same policy in 1848. In 1850 he differed with Fill- he had a personal encounter with Judge Cone, of more on policy, as he had with Polk, and approved Greensboro, which illustrated the physical courage the compromise of Clay. In 1854 he was with Ste- for which he had been noted from youth-the phen A. Douglas, and in 1856 aided to elect James courage that comes, not from principle or duty, but Buchanan, his extreme foe. In 1859 he resigned from utter indifference to consequences. The diffi- his seat in congress, saying: “I saw there was culty grew out of a quarrel on the Clayton com- bound to be a smash-up on the road, and resolved promise of 1848. Cone cut Stephens terribly with to jump off at the first station.” In 1860 he sup- a knife and cried : “Now, you, retract, or I'll ported 'Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency cut your throat.” The bleeding, almost dying Ste- against John C. Breckinridge, the professed expo- phens said : “ Never !-cut," and grasped the swift- nent of state rights, holding that the territorial ly descending knife-blade in his right hand. That views of Mr. Douglas were his life-long principles. hand never again wrote plainly. Few of the wit- In 1860 he made a great Union speech, and in 1861 nesses of the affair, which occurred on the piazza became the vice-president of the Confederacy of se- of Thompson's hotel, Atlanta, expected him to re- ceded states—both times on principle. By 1862 he cover. He did, however, in time to make a speech was as much at issue with Jefferson Davis as he in favor of Zacha- had been with Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and on the ry Taylor for the same matter-state rights—and he continued to presidency, thecar- differ to the end. Mr. Stephens, Gov. Joseph E. riage being drawn Brown, and Gen. Robert Toombs, one Union man to the stand by the and two of the bitterest of the original secessionists people. In '1850 of 1860, formed the head of the Georgia peace par- Mr. Stephens op- ty of 1864, and all the three supported by speeches posed the secession and letters the Linton-Stephens peace, and habeas movement at the corpus resolutions passed by the Georgia legis- south, and thought lature in that year. In February, 1865, he was at the admission of the head of the peace commission on the part of California as a free the Confederate government in the Hampton Roads state a blessing, as conference. After the downfall of the Confederacy repealing the Mis- he was arrested and confined for five months in souri restrictions Fort Warren, Boston harbor, as a prisoner of state, and opening all but in October, 1865, he was released on his own the remaining ter- parole. On 22 Feb., 1866, he made a strong recon- ritories north and struction speech and plea for the new freedmen. south to slavery. He had been chosen to the senate by the legisla- He was one of the ture, but congress ignored the restoration of Geor- authors of the “Georgia platform" of 1850. Its gia to the Union under the presidential proclama- first resolve was “that we hold the American Union tion of Andrew Johnson, and he did not take his secondary in importance only to the rights and seat. On 16 April, 1866, he was called to testify principles it was designed to perpetuate.” On the before the congressional reconstruction committee. nominations of Franklin Pierce and Gen. Win- He both testified and spoke on his life-long theme. field Scott, at Baltiinore, the lines of Whig and In 1867 he published the first volume of his Democrat were drawn for the last time. Pierce ap- “ War between the States.” In December, 1868, he proved the settlement of 1850; Scott did not. Ste- was elected professor of political science and his- phens, with Charles G. Faulkner, Walker Brooke, tory in the University of Georgia, but declined Alexander White, James Abercrombie, Robert from failing health. He was kept in the house by Toombs, James Johnson, Christopher H. Williams, rheumatism nearly four years. In 1870 he com- and Meredith P. Gentry, killed the Whig party for- pleted the second volume of “The War between ever by their famous card of 3 July, 1852, giving the States," but in a more partisan and less hope- their reasons for refusing to support Gen. Scott. ful tone than the first volume. Later in the year Stephens wrote it. Daniel Webster was nominated he conceived the idea of a “School History of the without a party, but died, and Toombs and Ste- United States," which he carried out (1870–'1). phens voted for him after he was dead. In 1854 He taught a law class in 1871 as a means of sup- Mr. Stephens defended the principles of the Kan- port, and edited and became in part proprietor of sas-Nebraska act, as embodying the principle of the Atlanta “Sun,” which was published chiefly to 1850, “ the people of the territories left free to form defeat Horace Greeley for the presidency. The and regulate their own domestic institutions (in- enterprise proved financially unsuccessful, and ex- cluding slavery), subject only to the constitution hausted all the profits of his books. By 5 Sept., of the United States.” In 1859 he retired from Charles O'Conor had declined the straight-out congress, and in a farewell speech in Augusta, Ga., ' nomination in Louisville, and with that died Mr. intimated that the only way to get more slaves and Stephens's last hope. He was defeated in his can- settle the territories with slave-holding voters was vass for a seat in the U. S. senate in November, to reopen the African slave-trade. 1871, but in 1874 was elected to congress. He op- Mr. Stephens seemed a bundle of contradictions, posed the civil rights bill in a speech on 5 Jan., Alexandenb tupkem south tonelopers STEPHENS 665 STEPHENS 6 The Ann Shephens 66 1874, and the repeal of the increase of salary act. city her residence. She edited “ The Ladies' Com- He was re-elected in 1876, and continuously served panion” for four years, wrote for “ Graham's Maga- until his resignation in 1882. In the contest be- zine” and “ Peterson's Magazine,” and was for fore the electoral commission, on the Hayes-Tilden some time associate editor of these periodicals. issue, he advocated going behind the returns and She founded “ The Ladies' World” in 1843 and setting aside those of Florida and Louisiana, but The Illustrated New Monthly" in 1846, and was opposed all resort to force for seating Mr. Tilden. during her life In January, 1878, he reviewed the question in the a frequent con- - International Review.” On the announcement tributor to va- that Mr. Hayes was elected he advised acquiescence. rious other pe- His speech on the uncovering of the painting, riodicals. She “ The Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation,” also wrote sev- 12 Feb., brought praise from all quarters. An eral poems, one old admirer proposed to send his crutches to con- of which, " The gress after he should cease to be able to go. In Polish Boy,” has 1881-2 he undertook to write a “ History of the long been a fa- United States," which he completed and published vorite for recita- just before his death (New York, 1883). It had tion in schools. neither the vigor nor the value of his War be- Her principal tween the States," and was a failure, carrying with short stories it his last bonds, in which he had invested part of were “Mary Der- the proceeds of his really great life-work. He had went," for which received a bad sprain in May, 1882, on the capitol she obtained a steps, and at the close of the session left Washing- prize of $400, ton forever. In 1882 he was elected governor of # Malvia Gray," Georgia, by 60,000 majority, over Gen. Lucius J. Patch- Gartrell, a Confederate officer and lawyer. He work Quilt," worked hard and was an excellent governor. He and “ A Story of Western Life." In 1850 she made his last public speech at the Georgia sesqui- made a tour through Europe and the East. On centennial celebration in Savannah, 12 Feb., 1883. her return she published her first long novel, -His brother, Linton, jurist, b. in Crawfordsville, “Fashion and Famine” (New York, 1854), which Ga., 1 July, 1823; d. in Sparta, Ga., 14 July, 1872, is the best known, if not the best, of her stories. was left an orphan at the age of three years, but his In France three different translations of it were education was cared for by friends, and he was published. Although Mrs. Stephens belonged to graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843. He the intense school of novelists, her attention to then studied law at the University of Virginia and minute details and her clearness of vision enabled at Harvard, was admitted to the bar in his native her to be very realistic in the transcription of state, and, taking an active part in politics, repre- natural scenes, and she never hesitated to visit sented the counties of Taliaferro and Hancock in hospitals, public institutions, and even dangerous the legislature for several years. In 1858 he was resorts, in search of striking types of character. appointed to a vacancy in the supreme court of Her principal works besides those mentioned in- Georgia, and his decisions, contained in three vol- clude Zana, or the Heiress of Clare Hall” (Lon- umes of the “Georgia Reports," are characterized don, 1854; republished as "The Heiress of Green- by their precision, perspicuity, and power of logic. hurst," New York, 1857); “ The Old Homestead Judge Stephens was a delegate to the Georgia se- (1855 ; 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1860); “Sybil Chase" cession convention in 1861, and opposed that meas- (1862); and “ Ahmo's Plot” (1863). Mrs. Stephens ure, but subsequently proposed a preamble and also wrote a Pictorial History of the War for the resolution declaring that the lack of unanimity in Union.” A uniform edition of her writings was the convention was in regard to the proposed remedy issued (Philadelphia, 1869; new ed., 23 vols., 1886). and its application before a resort to other means STEPHENS, Daniel, clergyman, b. on his of redress, and not as to alleged grievances. This father's farm, Licking Creek, Bedford co., Pa., in was adopted, and he signed the ordinance. Dur- April, 1778; d. in Bolivar, Tenn., 21 Nov., 1850. ing the civil war he was a member of the Georgia He was graduated at Jefferson college, Cannons- legislature, where he introduced the peace reso- burg, Pa., in 1803, at the end of a two-years' course, lutions of 1864, and vigorously denounced the sus- with the highest honors, served as tutor in college pension of the privilege of the writ of habeas cor- for a short time, and then opened a school in pus by the Confederate congress. He also served Easton, Md. Although of a Baptist family, he re- in the army, and attained the rank of colonel. He solved to apply for orders in the Protestant Epis- continued his activity in politics during the re- copal church. After due preparation he was or- construction period, and prior to the presidential dained deacon in Upper Marlborough, St. Mary's canvass of 1872 publicly spoke in favor of the se- co., Md., in February, 1809, by Bishop Claggett, lection of a purely Democratic ticket instead of and priest at the diocesan convention in Baltimore adopting the candidacy of Horace Greeley. in 1810 by the same bishop. His earliest service STEPHENS, Ann Sophia, author, b. in Derby, was in Chestertown; thence he went to Centre- Conn., in 1813; d. in Newport, R. I., 20 Aug., ville, Queen Anne co., where he labored for four 1886. Her maiden name was Winterbotham. She years. Deeming a change necessary for health, he married Edward Stephens in 1831, and shortly af- moved to Havre de Grace, Harford co. In 1820 he terward settled in Portland, Me. She founded the received the degree of D. D. from the University of * Portland Magazine” in 1835, and continued to Pennsylvania. He was then called to the church edit it till 1837. In 1836 she issued a collection of in Staunton, Va., where he remained until 1828. writings by natives or residents of Portland, which Soon afterward he became rector of St. Peter's she entitled The Portland Sketch-Book.” Mean- church, Columbia, Tenn., and from 1833 till 1849 while her writings were beginning to be known, he was rector of St. James's church, Bolivar, Tenn. and when her husband received an appointment in He was very active and serviceable in organizing the New York custom-house in 1837 she made that the church in Tennessee and electing its first 666 STEPHENSON STEPHENS 66 66 bishop. Dr. Stephens, though an excellent scholar | San Salvador, and Guatemala, and was the first to and teacher, published only a few occasional ser- give an accurate account of the antiquities of Cen- mons.-His son, Abednego, clergyman, b. in Central America. He published after his return to treville, Md., 24 July, 1812 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., New York“ Incidents of Travel in Central Ameri- 27 Feb., 1841, was ordained deacon in October, ca, Chiapas, and Yucatan” (2 vols., 1841). It con- 1837, by Bishop Otey, and priest soon afterward by tained graphic accounts of the social and political the same bishop. His record is thus summed up condition of Central America, but its chief title to by his bishop: “At the age of seventeen he was the celebrity that it at once attained was its reve- the acting principal of a large academy, at twenty- lation of a new and rich field for archæological re- two professor of languages in a university, at search. The illustrations, taken on the spot by Mr. twenty-seven the president of a college, and when, Catherwood, added to the interest of the work. in his twenty-ninth year, his brilliant career was ar- He returned to Central America, making Yucatan rested by the hand of death, he stood in the front the principal scene of his next investigations, rank of scholars and orators." His published ad- which were carried on in a more thorough manner. dress (1838), delivered before the alumni of the The fruits of his labors appeared in his “ Incidents university, on “The Duty of the State to Endow of Travel in Yucatan,” with 120 engravings from Institutions for the Promotion of High Letters,” drawings by Frederick Catherwood (2 vols., 1843). is marked by felicity of style and great research. He was elected delegate to the New York constitu- STEPHENS, Harriet Marion, author, b. in tional convention in 1846, and he also took an ac- 1823 ; d. in East Hampden, Me., in 1858. She ap- tive part in organizing the first line of ocean steam- peared on the stage under the name of " Mrs. ships between New York and Bremen. He went Rosalie Somers,” but abandoned it in 1851 for lit- to the latter city on board the “Washington " as erature. She wrote “Home Scenes and Home an officer in the company and paid a visit to Baron Sounds” (Boston, 1853) and a novel, “ Hagar, the Humboldt. In 1849 he became a member of the Martyr" (1854), and also edited magazines, in company that was formed for building a railroad which many of her productions appeared. across the Isthmus of Panama, and the rest of his STEPHÉNS, Henry Louis, book-illustrator, b. life was devoted to the prosecution of this enter- in Philadelphia, 11 Feb., 1824; d. in Bayonne, N.J., prise. He was successively vice-president and presi- 13 Dec., 1882. About 1859 he went to New York dent of the company and negotiated with the gov- under an engagement with Frank Leslie, and after ernment of New Granada, and the constant and a year or so transferred his services to Harper personal supervision that he gave to the work Brothers. Mr. Stephens was a prolific artist, and planted the seeds of the disease of which he died. accomplished a great amount of work for book and A monument to him has been erected on the high- magazine illustration. He was well known as a est point overlooking the railroad. caricaturist, excelling especially in the humorous STEPHENS, William, president of the col- delineation of animals, and drew cartoons and ony of Georgia, b. in the Isle of Wight, England, sketches for “Vanity Fair" (1859–63), “Mrs. 28° Jan., 1671; d. in Georgia in August, 1753. He Grundy” (1868), “ Punchinello” (1870), and other was educated at Winchester school and King's col- periodicals. He gave some attention also to paint- lege, Cambridge, and studied law, but, abandoning ing in water-colors, but rarely exhibited his works. it for public affairs, was a member of parliament STEPHENS, John Lloyd, traveller, in and held several important offices. About 1730 he Shrewsbury, Monmouth co., N. J., 28 Nov., 1805; went to South Carolina for the purpose of survey- d. in New York city, 10 Oct., 1852. He was gradu- ing a barony of land. He was well pleased with ated at Columbia in 1822, and, after studying law his reception in the colony, became intimate with at Litchfield, Conn., and New York, was called to Gen. James Oglethorpe, and, on the recommenda- the bar. He practised his profession during eight tion of the latter, was appointed secretary to the years in the latter city, at the same time figuring trustees in Georgia in 1837. His duty in this office occasionally as a public speaker at meetings of the consisted in supervising the affairs of the colony. Democratic party, of which he was a warm sup- He was made president of the county of Savannah porter. His health becoming impaired, he under- in 1741, and of the entire colony in 1743. He held took a journey to Europe for recuperation in 1834, this post up to 1750, when he gave such evidence and extended his travels to some parts of Asia and of mental and physical decline that he was re- Africa along the Mediterranean. He wrote a se- quested to resign. He wrote “ A Journal of the ries of letters describing his journey, which ap- Proceedings in Georgia, beginning October 20, peared in Hoffman's “ American Monthly Maga- | 1737" (3 vols., London, 1742). This work includes zine.” When he returned to New York in 1836 he i “State of the Province,” which brings the narra- found that these letters had been the most popular tive down to 28 Oct., 1741. The latter was also feature in the periodical. This fact induced him published separately (London, 1742). The work, to give a more detailed account of his travels, and which is exceedingly rare, especially the third vol- he published Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia ume, is believed to be of great importance in con- Petræa, and the Holy Land” (2 vols., New York, nection with the early history of Georgia.—His 1837). This was followed by “ Incidents of Travel son, Thomas, was the author of “The Castle- in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland” (1838). Builder, or the History of William Stephens, of These works achieved success in England as well as the Isle of Wight" (2d ed., London, 1759). in the United States, and repeated editions of them STEPHENSON, Mathew, statesman, b. in appeared in London. In 1839 he was sent by Buckingham county, Va., about 1776; d. after President Van Buren to negotiate a treaty with 1834. Ile removed to Washington county, Tenn., the government of Central America ; but the con- and engaged in farming. The constitution of Ten- federation was falling to pieces when he arrived nessee, adopted in 1797, gave the right of suffrage there and he did not succeed in the object of his to all free men. Under it free colored men voted mission. He resolved, however, to explore the until 1834, when a convention was called and a new country to which he had been accredited. Accom- | constitution adopted, which deprived them of the panied by an English artist, Frederick Cather- right. In that convention the party in favor of wood, he made himself familiar with the most im- restricting the suffrage was boldly opposed by portant cities of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, twenty members; thirty-eight voted for the re- STERETT 667 STERNBERG striction. Mathew Stephenson led the liberal | schooner“ Reefer," of the Mosquito division of the element. All those that voted with him were U.S. naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico. He par- natives of slave states, while every native of a free ticipated in the expedition against Frontera and state voted against every proposition looking to Tabasco, 17-27 Oct., 1846, where he captured the ward the freedom of the slave. The friends of lib- Mexican schooner " Tabasco." On 14 Nov., 1846, erty sought to have fixed by the constitution a he took part in the attack and capture of Tampico, period beyond which slavery should not exist in where five Mexican vessels, forts, and supplies were the state, placing the period in 1866. The points captured. He was present during the bombard- that they made were defended by the Liberals with ment of Vera Cruz, 10–25 March, 1847, assisted in great power and earnestness, and the journal of covering the landing of Scott's army, and engaged the convention shows an advanced sentiment the Mexican forts and batteries. After the war among these men, of whom Mr. Stephenson was he resumed duties at the naval rendezvous in Bal- the admitted leader. timore, and was promoted to commander, 5 Feb., STERETT, Andrew, naval officer, b. in Bal- 1850. He was governor of the Naval asylum at timore, Md., about 1760; d. in Lima, Peru, 9 Jan., Philadelphia in 1852–'3 and in 1854-'5 command- 1807. He entered the navy as a lieutenant, 25 March, ed the sloop Decatur," protecting New England 1798, was the executive officer of the frigate “Con- fisheries. He was placed on the reserved list, 28 stellation" under Truxtun, participated in the cap- Sept., 1855, and promoted to captain, 2 March, ture of the French frigate “L'Insurgente,” off the 1857. When the civil war began he resigned his island of Nevis, W. I., 9 Feb., 1799, and also took part commission, 23 April, 1861, and entered the navy in the action with the “Le Vengeance” in February, of the seceded states; but the only record of his 1800. He commanded the schooner “ Enterprise," services is as a member of the court to investigate in which he captured the French ship “L'Amour the causes that compelled Com. Josiah Tatnall to de la Patrie" in December, 1800, in the West In- destroy the “Merrimac.” dies. He took the “ Enterprise" to the Mediter- STÈRLING, Richard, educator, b. in County ranean when war was declared against Tripoli, and Down, Ireland, in 1812; d. in Mocksville, N. C., 3 in August, 1801, fell in with a Tripolitan cruiser Oct., 1883. He was brought to the United States off Malta. A desperate engagement lasted for two at the age of twelve by his parents, who settled in hours, when the the Tripolitan hauled down her Newburg, N. Y. He was graduated at Princeton in colors. The Americans left the guns and gave 1835, taught in Fredericksburg and Richmond, Va.. three cheers for victory, whereupon the Tripolitan till 1848, was professor of natural philosophy and hoisted her colors and renewed the action. She chemistry at Hampden Sidney college for the next was compelled to strike again, and then ordered three years, and then had charge of the Edgworth under the quarter of the “ Enterprise," but as soon female seminary, Greensborough, N. C., till 1864. as she got into that position she renewed the fight While there he prepared a series of school-readers for a third time. Sterett's superior skill in hand and spelling-books that came into general use ling his vessel enabled him to rake the corsair fore throughout the southern and southwestern states. and aft, fifty of her crew were killed, and finally In 1870 he became principal of the female seminary her captain threw his colors overboard and begged at Paris, Tenn. In 1873 he opened a boarding- for quarter. Sterett then ordered her to be com- school in Evansville, Ind., and in 1875 removed to pletely dismantled and her guns and ammunition Mocksville, N. C., where he kept a similar school to be thrown overboard. A jury-mast was rigged till 1880, when he was elected superintendent of with a tattered sail, and she was sent into Tripoli. the public schools of the county. The “ Enterprise" did not lose a single man. The : the STERNBERG, George Miller, surgeon, b. in Tripolitans were humiliated by this defeat by an Hartwick seminary, Otsego. co., N. Y., 8 June, inferior force. The commander was mounted on a 1838. He was graduated at the College of physi- jackass and paraded through the streets as an ob- cians and surgeons, New York, in 1860, and ap- ject of scorn. He received five hundred bastinadoes pointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. army on 28 for his defeat. Sterett received a complimentary May, 1861. His first duty was with Gen. George vote of thanks from congress, and the president Sykes's command in the Army of the Potomac, was authorized to present him with a sword on and, after four months' hospital duty in Rhode account of this heroic action, 3 Feb., 1802. In the Island, he joined Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's expe- peace-establishment act he was retained as third on dition to New Orleans, and then served in the the list of lieutenants in 1801. After his return office of the medical director of the Department of from the “ Enterprise” he was promoted to master- the Gulf until January, 1864. Subsequently, he commandant, and ordered to a brig that was then was on hospital duty in Cleveland and Columbus, building at Baltimore. He had been senior to Ste- Ohio, till April, 1866, and since he has been sta- phen Decatur, and, on being informed of the decision tioned at various government posts, being pro- to promote Decatur above him, he declined further moted on 1 Dec., 1875, surgeon with the rank of service in the navy, and resigned his commission, major. Dr. Sternberg has recently been on duty 29 June, 1805. The appears afterward to have in Baltimore, where he has been engaged in experi- entered the merchant marine.- His first cousin, mental researches in bacteriology at Johns Hop- Isaac Sears, naval officer, b. in Baltimore, Md., kins university as a fellow by courtesy in that in- 28 Oct., 1801 ; d. in 1863. He entered the United stitution. In 1879 he was sent to Havana as a States navy as a midshipman, 24 March, 1819, member of the yellow-fever commission by the was commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and National board of health, and in 1885 he was a dele- was variously employed on shore duty and also on gate to the International sanitary conference in leave till 1835, when he made a two-years' cruise in Rome, Italy. Dr. Sternberg is an honorary mem- the sloop - John Adams” on the Mediterranean ber of the Royal academies of medicine of Rome, station. He served in the coast survey in 1839-²41. Rio Janeiro, and Havana, and a fellow of the Royal In January, 1842, he sailed as executive of the microscopical society of London, and, besides mem- frigate “United States” to the Pacific station, and bership in other medical and scientific societies at upon arrival at Callao took command of the “ Re- home and abroad, was in 1887 president of the lief” until April, 1844. During the Mexican war American public health association. The Lomb he rendered valuable services in command of the prize of $500 was awarded to him by the last asso- a а 668 STEUBEN STERNE » ciation in 1885 for his essay on " Disinfectants," | Tremont house, Boston, in 1830, and Barnum's and he has invented automatic heat-regulating ap- hotel, Baltimore, in 1833, became proprietor of the paratus. Besides contributions to scientific jour- Astor house, New York, in 1837, and kept it till nals on his specialties, he has published “ Photo- 1875, for the first twenty years of this period in Micrographs, and how to make them” (Boston, partnership with Robert B. Coleman. In 1851 he 1883); Bacteria” (New York, 1884); and “Ma- was quartermaster-general of New York, and he was laria and Malarial Diseases" (1884). usually known by his military title. Gen. Stetson STERNE, Simon, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, acquired a wide reputation as a hotel-keeper in the Pa., 23 June, 1839. He was graduated in the law days when the Astor house was almost the only department of the University of Pennsylvania in large hotel in New York, and became intimate with 1860, and established himself in practice in New many eminent men, including Daniel Webster, York city. In 1862 he was elected lecturer on po- Henry Clay, Rufus Choate, and William H. Seward. litical economy in Cooper union. He was on the The Astor house was the scene of all the great staff of the “ Commercial Advertiser” in 1863-4, public dinners of those times, and the regular rest- was a founder of the American free-trade league in ing-place of congressmen from the eastern states 1864, and in 1865 published the “ Social Science in going to and returning from Washington. Dur- Review.” Taking an active part in the movement ing the civil war Gen. Stetson showed many acts of for the purification of municipal politics, he was kindness to soldiers on their way through New chosen secretary of the committee of seventy in York, and he was publicly thanked by Gov. John 1870, and drafted the charter that was advocated A. Andrew, of Massachusetts. by that committee. In 1876 he was appointed by STEUART, Richard Sprigg, physician, b. in Gov. Samuel J. Tilden on a commission to devise a Baltimore, Md., 1 Nov., 1797, d. there, 13 July, plan for the government of cities, in 1879 acted as 1876. He was educated at St. Mary's college, Bal- counsel for the New York board of trade and trans- timore, and studied medicine at the University of portation and chamber of commerce in the investi- Maryland, receiving his degree in 1822. Beginning gation of abuses in railroad management, which practice in Baltimore, he was elected in 1828 presi- resulted in the appointment of a board of railroad | dent of the Maryland hospital for the insane, commissioners for the state of New York. He was which he reorganized, and of which he was presi- also a leader in the movement that resulted in the dent till his death. He was an active coadjutor of creation of the inter-state commerce commission, Dorothea L. Dix in her efforts to improve the con- drafting the inter-state commerce bill in conjunc- dition and treatment of the insane, occupied a good tion with the committee of the United States sen- position among the alienists of the country, and ate. In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleve- lectured to the public on the subject of insanity. land a commissioner to examine and report on the Mainly through his efforts the Spring Grove in- relations between the railroads and the govern- sane asylum was built for the state of Maryland at ments of western Europe. An essay that he read a cost of $850,000, the result of public and private before the American bar association on “ Slip-shod contributions. - His son, James Aloysius, phy- Legislation ” led to the appointment in 1888 of a sician, b. in Baltimore, Md., 3 April, 1828, was committee of the legislature to consider reforins in graduated at St. Mary's college in 1847 and at the the drafting of laws. He has been a frequent school of medicine of the University of Maryland writer on economical and political subjects, con- in 1850. He established himself in practice in tributed articles on “ Cities," * Legislation.”“. Mo- Baltimore, and became physician to the city general nopolies, Railways,” and “Representation " to dispensary, and assistant physician to the Maryland John J. Lalor's “ Cyclopædia of Political Science hospital for the insane. Since 1875 he has been and United States History” (1881–3), and is the au- health commissioner, registrar of vital statistics, thor of "Representative Government and Personal and president of the city board of health. Cnder Representation” (Philadelphia, 1870) and “ Consti- his management the health department has been tutional IIistory and Political Development in the reorganized, and the annual death-rate has been re- United States” (New York, 1882; 4th ed., 1888). duced from 26 to 19 per thousand. He checked an STETEFELDT, Carl August, mining engineer, incipient outbreak of yellow fever in 1886, and has b. in Holzhausen, near Gotha, Germany, 28 Sept., aided in suppressing two epidemics of small-pox. 1838. Ile was educated at the gymnasium in STEUBEN, Frederick William Augustus Gotha, the University of Göttingen, and at the Henry Ferdinand von, known in this country mining-school in Clausthal, where he was gradu- as Baron STEUBEN, German soldier, b. in Magde- ated in 1861. Soon afterward he came to this burg, Prussia, 15 Nov., 1730; d. in Steubenville, country, and since that time he has been engaged N. Y., 28 Nov., 1794. His father, a captain in the in the practice of his profession as a mining en- army, took him when a mere child into the Crimea, gineer and metallurgist. At present (1888) he de- whither he was ordered. The boy was only ten votes himself principally to consultation, and has years old when the father returned to Prussia. He his office in New York. Ile is widely known was educated in the Jesuit colleges at Neisse and through the mining districts by his invention of Breslau, and distinguished himself as a mathema- the Stetefeldt furnace, which is extensively used in tician. At fourteen he served with his father in the west for the roasting of silver ores preparatory the war of 1744, and was present at the siege of to the extraction of the metal by either amalga- Prague. At the age of seventeen he entered as mation or lixiviation. Mr. Stetefeldt has been a cadet in an infantry regiment, and in two years member of the American institute of mining en- was promoted to ensign, and four years afterward gineers since 1881, and was its vice-president in to lieutenant. He served in the seven years' war 1885-'7. Besides technical papers he has written and was wounded in the battle of Prague. In 1754 * The Lixiviation of Silver Ores with Hyposulphite he was made adjutant-general in the free corps of Solutions " (New York, 1888). Gen. John von May, but after the death of the STETSON, Charles Augustus, hotel-proprie- latter he re-entered the regular army in 1761, and tor, b. in Newburyport, Mass., 1 April, 1810; d. in was taken prisoner by the Russians at the capitu- Reading, Pa., 29 March, 1888.' His father was pro- lation of Colberg. In 1762 he was made aide to prietor of a hotel in Newburyport. The son adopted Frederick the Great, and took part in the celebrated ihe same calling, and after taking charge of the siege of Schweidnitz, which closed the military 1 STEUBEN 669 STEUBEN Baron de feuben operations of the seven years' war. Resigning his starved soldiers creep out of their huts, poorly post in the army, he was presented with the can- armed and only half clad, he was astounded and onry of the cathedral of Haselberg on a salary of said “no European army could be kept together a 1,200 florins, and afterward was made grand mar- week in such a state." A less noble and less reso- shal to the Prince of Hohenzollern, with an addi- lute nature would have abandoned his enterprise tional salary of 1,200 florins. Although he received at the outset. He began at once, and from that brilliant offers from the king of Sardinia and em- day our whole military system assumed new shape. peror of Austria to The awkwardness of the men, at times, would throw enter their service, him into terrible rage, but his kindness, care, and he declined, and, liberality toward the suffering soldier made him with a salary that beloved by all. In May, 1778, congress, acting un- enabled him to der the advice of Washington, made him inspector- live in elegant general of the army with the rank of major-general, ease, he felt no de- and he at once entered on his duties and appointed sire to re-enter sub-inspectors throughout the army. A thorough military life. But system of discipline and economy was established, in 1777, while on until the whole army became a single machine in his way to Eng. his hands. It is impossible to give in detail the land to visit some great work he accomplished. It was unseen by the English noblemen, country in general, for it was unattended with out- he spent some time ward display, but it can be safely said that no at Paris. Meeting major-general in the field did half so much toward here Count St. Ger- our success as this great organizer and disciplina- main, the French rian. The result of this discipline was seen in the minister of war, next campaign, in the battle of Monmouth, when who, knowing that he rallied the retreating and disordered troop of the great weakness Gen. Charles Lee like veterans. He commanded of the American colonists lay in their ignorance of here the left wing, and Alexander Hamilton, who military tactics and want of discipline, endeavored saw the steady action of the troops under Baron to persuade him to come to this country and instruct Steuben, said he “had never known till that day the soldiers. But the baron declined to give up his the value of discipline.” honors and his ample income and risk everything In the trial of Lee that followed, the testimony on our desperate fortunes. The French minister, of Steuben offended the former, and he made some however, brought about an interview with Benjamin disparaging remarks in regard to it. Steuben in- Franklin and Silas Deane. The manner with which stantly challenged him, but Lee apologized, and the former received him offended him, and this, nothing came of the matter. Steuben now wished with other reasons, caused him to abandon the pro- to take command in the field as major-general, but ject altogether. Recalled by Germain, he at length the American officers manifested so much opposi- yielded to the latter's solicitations and promises, and tion to it, on account of being outranked, that he resolved to cast his fortunes with the struggling withdrew his request and devoted himself to his colonies. Embarking a French gun-boat under old monotonous work, much of which seemed to the name of Frank, he set sail from Marseilles, 11 him more befitting a drill-sergeant than a major- Dec., 1777, and after a stormy passage of fifty-five general. In the autumn of 1780 he published a days, during which the forecastle took fire three manual for the army, furnished with diagrams to times while there were 1,700 pounds of powder explain his rules. It was entitled “ Regulations aboard, and a mutiny was suppressed, he arrived at for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the Portsmouth, N. H. The entire population went United States.” Each chapter was written first in out to receive him. He at once wrote to con- poor German, then translated into poor French, gress, offering his services to the colonies, saying then put into good French, and lastly into good that the motive that brought him here was to English, in which last condition it was entirely un- * serve a nation engaged in the noble work of de- intelligible to Steuben. It nevertheless served its fending its rights and liberties," and adding that, purpose, became the law and guide of the army, although he had “given up an honorable title and and, even after the war, was adopted by several of lucrative rank,” he asked “neither riches nor hon- the states. In this year he was selected as one of ors.” To Washington he expressed the same sen- the court-martial to try Maj. John André. After timents, and said he wished to serve simply as a the defeat of Gen. Horatio Gates at Camden he volunteer. He immediately began his journey was sent to Virginia to aid Gen. Nathanael Greene, inland for the south. A Pory landlord, in the then operating in North Carolina. Although he course of the journey, declared that he had neither now had his desire—a separate command-it was bed nor provisions for the party. Steuben levelled of little consequence to him, as his chief duty was his pistol at the man's head and demanded both. to forward troops to Greene as fast as he could They were quickly furnished, and in the morning raise them. The result was, when Arnold invaded the baron liberally rewarded his host in continen- Virginia he had only 150 men under him, and he tal money. Presenting himself to congress, he was compelled to see the traitor ravage the coun- proposed to enter the army as a volunteer, and, if try before his eyes; but he did everything in his his services were not satisfactory or the colonies power to harass him. Soon afterward Cornwal- failed to establish their independence, he was to lis was besieged in Yorktown, and Steuben took receive nothing.” If, on the other hand, they his place as major-general in the line. He was in were successful and he remained in the army, he the trenches when the proposition to surrender was expected “to be refunded the income he had given received. Lafayette came to relieve him; but this up, and remunerated for his services.” This gen- he refused, declaring that European etiquette re- erous offer was accepted, and he departed for Val- quired that the officer that received the first over- ley Forge, where the American army lay encamped. tures of surrender must, out of respect to his com- When the aide-de-camp of Frederick the Great mand, keep his post till the terms of capitulation reached the wintry encampment and saw the half- were agreed upon or hostilities resumed. 670 STEVENS STEVENS 66 66 After the close of the war he was sent to Canada | ist Episcopal church in Boston, Mass. He trav- to demand the surrender of the posts on the fron- elled in Europe in 1837, and on his return took tier, but, not succeeding, he returned to headquar- charge of a church Providence, R. I. He went ters. He now retired to private life and resided to Boston in 1840, and edited“ Zion's Herald” till in New York city, where he remained for several 1852. In 1853-'4 he was the editor of the “ Na- years. Congress refused to fulfil its contract with tional Magazine" in New York city. In 1856, him to pay him for his services, but he was given on his return from a second European Journey, grants of land in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New he was elected editor of the “ Christian Advocate and Journal ” in New York. He received in that year the degree of LL. D. from Indiana univer- sity. In 1860–2 he was pastor of a church in New York city, and in 1862–'5 of the one at Mamar- oneck, N. Y. From 1865 till 1874 he was one of the editors of the “Methodist.”. Subsequently he travelled extensively in the United States and Europe, and finally settled in Geneva, Switzer- land, as pastor of the Union church there, and a correspondent of American newspapers. While editing church papers, he became interested in the history of Methodism, which he reduced to a con- nected narrative in a series of works that were the first of their kind and remain the standard au- thority on the subject. His publications include “An Essay on Church Polity” (New York, 1847); Jersey. The latter he declined to accept when he • Memorials of the Introduction of Methodism found it consisted of the confiscated estates of an into the Eastern States” (2 vols., Boston, 1847–52); old Tory who would be left destitute, and, in the “Preaching required by the Times” (New York, kindness of his heart, interceded for him. He was 1855); “ The Great Reform," a prize essay (1856); given also a whole township near Utica, N. Y., and, “History of the Religious Movement of the Eight- after seven years' delay, congress at length allowed eenth Century, called Methodism” (3 vols., him a pension of $2,400. He now retired to this 1858–’61); “Life and Times of Nathan Bangs land, and, clearing off sixty acres, built a log-house, (1863); History of the Methodist Episcopal seen in the illustration, and settled down for life, Church in the United States of America * (4 vols., though he returned every winter to New York city. 1864-'7; German translation, Cincinnati, 1867); On 22 Nov., 1795, as he was making preparations The Centenary of American Methodism " (1865); for this annual visit, he was struck with paralysis, “The Women of Methodism: its Three Found- and three days afterward he died. As he had re- resses, Susanna Wesley, the Countess of Hunting- quested, he was buried near his house, with his don, and Barbara Heck” (1866); “ A Compendious military cloak around him and the star of honor History of American Methodism” (1867); “Ma- that he always wore on his breast. Only about dame de Stael: a Study of her Life and Times” (2 thirty farmers attended his funeral. Col. North, vols., 1881); “ Character Sketches” (1882); and his favorite aide, to whom he left all his property, “ Christian Work” (1882). erected a simple monument over his grave, to which STEVENS, Charles Ellis, clergyman, b. in many visitors annually resort. Numerous anecdotes Boston, Mass., 5 July, 1853. He studied at the are told of him, illustrating the tenderness and University of Pennsylvania and Yale, was gradu- generosity of his nature. These traits were espe- ated in 1875 at Berkeley divinity-school, Middle- cially exhibited at the breaking up of the army at town, Conn., spent one year in study in Europe, Newburg. His life has been written by Francis and was ordained priest in the Protestant Episco- Bowen, in Sparks's “ American Biography," and pal church in 1877. He became rector of a church by Friedrich Kapp (New York, 1860). in Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1878 secretary of an STEVENS, Aaron Fletcher, congressman, b. auxiliary of the board of missions of his denomi- in Derry, N. H., 9 Aug., 1819 ; d. in Nashua, N. H., nation. For several years he was associate editor 10 May, 1887. He was educated at Pinkerton of the “Living Church.” The degree of Ph. D. was academy, Derry, removed to Peterborough, after- given to him by Wooster university. He became ward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, an examining chaplain of the diocese of Long and gained a high reputation as a lawyer. He Island in 1886, and in 1887 was made archdeacon was a member of the legislature in 1849, a dele- of Brooklyn. He is a member of the Royal geo- gate to the Whig national convention in 1852, and graphical society of London and of the Society of a representative in the legislature again in 1854. antiquaries of Edinburgh, among other learned so- He identified himself with the Republican party cieties, and in 1888 received the degree of LL. D. when it was first organized, and was again sent to from Wooster university, and that of D. C. L. from the legislature in 1856 and the following years. King's college, Nova Scotia. Dr. Stevens has He was one of the first to enlist in the civil war, published oceasional pamphlets and frequent arti- and was made major of the 1st New Hampshire cles in the press, and has in preparation (1888) the volunteers, subsequently appointed colonel of the “ History and Development of the Constitutional 13th regiment, and brevetted brigadier-general on Law of England and the United States." 8 Dec., 1864, for gallantry at Fort Harrison, where STEVENS, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Boston, he was wounded. On his return home he was Mass., 22 Aug., 1751 ; d. in Rockaway, L. I., 2 elected to congress and re-elected for the follow- Sept., 1823. He was a member of the artillery ing term, serving from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, company of Boston, and participated in the de- 1871. From 1876 till 1884 he was a member of the struction of the tea in Boston harbor in December, legislature, and took part in its debates. 1773. Soon afterward he removed to Rhode STEVENS, Abel, author, b. in Philadelphia, Island, where he raised two companies of artillery Pa., 19 Jan., 1815. He was educated at Wesleyan and one of artificers, was commissioned as lieu- university, and in 1834 became pastor of a Method-tenant, 8 May, 1775, and took part in the expe- STEVENS 671 STEVENS a dition against Quebec. He joined Henry Knox's bankers of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia regiinent of artillery, was made a captain on 11 which first met in August, 1861, and decided to Jan., 1776, and on 9 Nov. received the brevet of take $50,000,000 of the government 7-30 loan. major. He commanded the artillery at Ticonde- They subsequently advanced $100,000,000 more, roga and Stillwater, and on 30 April, 1778, was and the terms of the transactions were arranged made lieutenant-colonel of John Lamb's regiment. chiefly by Mr. Stevens, as the head of the treasury He served under Lafayette in Virginia, and for a note committee. His advice was frequently part of the time commanded the artillery at the sought by the officers of the treasury department siege of Yorktown. After the Revolution he be- during the civil war. He was many years gove came an eminent merchant of New York city. He ernor of the New York hospital, and took an inter- was major-general of the state militia, and, with est in other benevolent institutions.-John Austin's Morgan Lewis, mustered for active service against son, John Austin, author, b. in New York city, the British the militia of the city in September, 1814. 21 Jan., 1827, was graduated at Harvard in 1846, -His son, Alexander Hodgdon, surgeon, b. in became a merchant in New York, and in 1862 New York city, 4 Sept., 1789; d. there, 30 March, was chosen secretary of the New York chamber of 1869, was graduated at Yale in 1807, studied in commerce, holding the office for six years. He the office of Dr. Edward Miller, attended medical has been librarian of the New York historical lectures in the College of physicians and surgeons society, and has devoted himself to the investiga- and at the University of Pennsylvania, and was tion of topics of American history. He founded, graduated M. D. by the latter institution in 1811. and for many years edited, the “ Magazine of His thesis on “ The Proximate Causes of Inflam- | American History.” His publications include mation” was praised by medical men. He took “ The Valley of the Rio Grande: its Topography passage for France with the object of pursuing and Resources” (New York, 1864); “ Memorial of surgical studies, but, on being captured by an the Chamber of Commerce on Ocean Steam Navi- English cruiser and taken into Plymouth, he went gation” (1864); " Colonial Records of the New to London and received the instructions of Dr. York Chamber of Commerce” (1867), containing John Abernethy and Sir Astley Cooper for a year, illustrations and biographical and historical and then studied for a year longer under Alexis sketches; “ The Progress of New York in a Cen- Boyer and Baron Larrey in Paris. On his return tury”. (1876); “ The Expedition of Lafayette to the United States he was appointed a surgeon against Arnold,” published by the Maryland his- in the army. Establish himself in New York torical society (Baltimore, 1878); and “ Albert Gal- city, he was elected professor of surgery in the latin" in the “ American Statesmen " series (Boston, New York medical institution in 1814. When ap- 1883). He contributed the historical chapters to pointed surgeon to the New York hospital in 1818, the "History of Newport County” (Boston, 1888). he introduced the European system of surgical STEVENS, Edward, soldier, b. in Culpeper demonstrations and instruction at the bedside. county, Va., in 1745; d. there, 17 Aug., 1820. In 1825 he became professor of the principles He commanded a battalion of militia at the battle and practice of surgery in the College of physi- of Great Bridge, 9 Dec., 1775, and in 1776 was ap- cians and surgeons. He took the chair of clini- pointed colonel of the 10th Virginia regiment. cal surgery in 1837, but in the following year re- Joining Washington's army in New Jersey in 1777, signed his active duties in this institution and in he checked the attack of Gen. William Howe's the college, and thenceforth acted mainly as a con- forces at the battle of the Brandywine, and, by sulting surgeon, both in public and private prac- holding the road till nightfall, prevented a serious tice. He was appointed consulting surgeon to disaster. He served with credit at Germantown, the New York hospital, and emeritus professor in and was made a brigadier-general. On 14 Aug., the College of physicians and surgeons, of which 1780, he joined the army of Gen. Horatio Gates he was made president in 1841. He was president with 700 Virginia militia, and urged him to en- of the American medical association in 1848. In gage Lord Rawdon's force near Camden, believing 1849 he received from the New York state univer- that it was too late to retreat, or mistrusting the sity the degree of LL. D. He retired from the report of the approach of Lord Cornwallis. His presidency of the college faculty in 1855. Besides brigade began the attack, but, being unfamiliar his contributions to medical periodicals, he pub- with the use of the bayonet, they gave way lished “Inflammation of the Eye” (Philadelphia, when the enemy charged. At Guilford Court- 1811); “ Cases of Fungus Hæmatodes of the Eye House they resisted the British attack with steadi- (New York, 1818); with John Watts, Jr., and ness, although finally forced back. Gen. Stevens, Valentine Mott, “ Medical and Surgical Register, who was severely wounded, received the praise of consisting chiefly of Cases in the New York Hos- Gen. Nathanael Greene for his conduct in this pital ” (1818); an edition of Astley Cooper's action. He also served with credit at the siege of First Lines of Surgery” (1822); “Clinical Yorktown. From the adoption of the state consti- Lecture in Injuries” (1837); “ Lectures on Lithot- tution till 1790 he sat in the Virginia senate. omy” (1838); “ Address to Graduates" (1847); and STEVENS, George Barker, educator, b. in Plea of Humanity in Behalf of Medical Educa- Spencer, Tioga co., N. Y., 13 July, 1854. He was tion," an address before the New York state medic educated at Cornell and Rochester, and was gradu- cal association (Albany, 1849). · Another son, ated at the latter university in 1877. After spend- John Austin, banker, b. in New York city, 22 ing a year at Rochester theological seminary, he Jan., 1795; d. there, 19 Oct, 1874, was graduated entered the divinity-school at Yale, where he was at Yale in 1813, entered mercantile life, and be graduated in 1880. He was pastor of a Congrega- came a partner in his father's business in 1818. tional church, in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1880-2, and in He was for many years secretary of the New York December, 1882, assumed the charge of a Presby- chamber of commerce, and one of the organizers terian church at Watertown, N. Y. In 1883, after and the first president of the Merchants'exchange. examination on a two years' course in philosophy, From its first establishment in 1839 till 1866 he he received the degree of Ph. D. from Syracuse was president of the Bank of commerce. He was university. In 1885–'6 he studied theology in the a Whig in politics, but an earnest advocate of low universities of Berlin and Leipsic, and in 1886 tariffs. He was chairman of the committee of received the degree of D. D. from Jena. On his 672 STEVENS STEVENS Tave Stevens return to the United States he was appointed | teers assumed by the government. In the presi- professor of New Testament criticism and inter- dential canvass of 1860 he acted as chairman of pretation at Yale. He has contributed theological the executive committee of the Breckinridge wing and philosophical articles to religious magazines, of the Democratic party. But when the leaders and edited the “Homilies of Chrysostom on the of his party afterward declared for secession, he Acts and Romans” for Dr. Philip Schaff's edition publicly denounced them, and urged President of “Post-Nicene Church Fathers." Buchanan to remove John B. Floyd and Jacob STEVENS, Isaac Ingalls, soldier, b. in An- Thompson from his cabinet. At the intelligence dover, Mass., 28 March, 1818; d. near Chantilly, of the firing on Fort Sumter he hastened from Fairfax co., Va., 1 Sept., 1862. He was graduated the Pacific coast to Washington, and was appointed at the U. S. military academy in 1839, ranking first colonel of the 79th regiment of New York volun- in his class, and was commissioned as 2d lieutenant teers, known as the Nighlanders. The regiment of engineers. He had lost heavily at Bull Run, and expected to be was promoted 1st sent home to recruit. Disappointment at being lieutenant on 1 kept in the field and commanded by regular army July, 1840, and officers caused eight companies to mutiny. The served as adju- courage and wisdom with which he restored dis- tant of the corps cipline won the respect of the men, who, by their of engineers dur- own desire, were transferred to his brigade when he ing the war with was commissioned as brigadier-general on 28 Sept., Mexico, being en- 1861, and took part in the Port Royal expedition. gaged at the siege He attacked the Confederate batteries on the Coo- of Vera Cruz saw in January, 1862, and captured them with the and at Cerro Gor- co-operation of the gun-boats. In June he was en- do, at Contreras gaged in actions on Stono river, and commanded and Churubusco, the main column in an unsuccessful assault on the where he gained enemy's position near Secessionville. After the re- the brevet of cap- treat of Gen. George B. McClellan from his position tain, at Chapulte- before Richmond, Gen. Stevens was ordered to pec, of major, at Virginia. He commanded a division at Newport Molino del Rey, News, and was made a major-general on 4 July, and at the tak- 1862, serving under Gen. John Pope in the cam- ing of the city of paign in northern Virginia. He was engaged in Mexico, where he was severely wounded. He su- skirmishes on the Rappahannock, distinguished perintended fortifications on the New England himself at Manassas, and while leading his division coast in 1841-'7 and in 1848–9, and had charge of at the battle of Chantilly was killed with the colors the coast-survey office in Washington, D. C., from 14 of the 79th regiment in his hand. He published Sept., 1849, till 17 March, 1853, when he resigned, “ Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico, with having been appointed governor of Washington Notices of the Recent Work of Major Ripley" territory. He was at the same time placed in (New York, 1851), and “ Report of Explorations charge of the exploration of the northern route for a Route for the Pacific Railroad near the 47th for a Pacific railroad. In 1853, at the head of a and 49th Parallels of North Latitude, from St. large exploring party, he surveyed a route between Paul, Minn., to Puget Sound,” which was printed St. Paul, Minn., and Puget sound, and established by order of congress (2 vols., Washington, 1855–’60). the navigability of the upper Missouri and Colum- STEVENS, James Gray, Canadian jurist, b. in bia rivers for steamers. He was superintendent of Edinburgh, Scotland, 25 Feb., 1822. His father, Indian affairs by virtue of his office of governor, Andrew Stevens, was a writer to the “Signet," and and in 1854–5 he made treaties with the Indian his mother, Grace Buchanan, daughter of Sir Colin tribes of the territory by which they relinquished Campbell, of Auchinbreck, was an author. He was their titles to more than 100,000 square miles of educated at Edinburgh university, came to New land. He also crossed the Rocky mountains to Brunswick in 1840, studied law, was admitted to conclude a treaty, in October, 1855, of friendship the bar in 1847, and practised his profession at St. with the Blackfeet Indians, at the same time inter- Stephen's, N. B. He was a member of the New vening successfully to make peace between them Brunswick assembly in 1861-5, was created a and the hunting tribes of Washington and Oregon. queen's counsel in February, 1867, the same year While he was absent on this expedition the disaf- was appointed judge of four county courts, and in fected Indians of Washington territory rose against | 1875 was a delegate from New Brunswick to the the whites. He returned before January, 1856, convention in Montreal, which resulted in the called out 1,000 volunteers, and conducted a cam- union of the various Presbyterian bodies in Canada. paign against the revolted Indians that was so vig. He has been president of St. Croix agricultural so- orous and successful that before the close of 1856 ciety thirty years. He is the author of “ An Analyt- they were subdued and their chiefs slain. White ical Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Courts sympathizers with the Indians were taken from of New Brunswick from 1825 to 1873, inclusive" their homes and confined in the towns, and, when ! (St. John, 1873); a further digest of the same re- Chief-Justice Edward Lander issued a writ of habeas ports from 1873 to 1887 (Toronto, 1887); “ Index corpus for their release, Gov. Stevens declared two to the Statutes, Rules, Orders, Regulations, Trea- counties under martial law, and on 7 May, 1856, tises, and Proclamations of the Dominion of Cana- caused Judge Lander to be arrested in his court- da" (St. Stephen's, 1876); and "Indictable Offences room, and held him a prisoner till the close of and Summary Convictions” (Toronto, 1880). the war. Ile resigned in August, 1857, and was STEVENS, John, member of the Continental elected a delegate to congress for two successive congress, b. in New York city about 1708; d. in terms, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 3 March, May, 1792. He was the son of John, who came 1861.' In congress he vindicated his course in the from England in 1699 at about the age of seven- Indian war, and saw his treaties confirmed, and teen, studied and practised law, and became a large the scrip that he had issued to pay the volun- land-owner. The son settled in New Jersey, and a STEVENS 673 STEVENS : 66 a was one of the joint commissioners for defining States. Still more remarkable is the fact that its the boundary-line between New York and that introduction into use in England was by the Archi- colony in November, 1774. Resigning as a royal- median screw of a single thread, and in America ist councillor in June, 1776, he was, from 27 Aug., by a multi-threaded screw on the outer surface of a 1776, till 1782, vice-president of the council of New cylinder; that the first was completely modified in Jersey, presiding over the joint meetings of the the course of five or six years into the short four- two branches of the legislature. He was elected to threaded screw that was used by Stevens in 1804, the Federal congress in November, 1783, and on and that in about ten years the multi-threaded 18 Dec., 1787, he presided over the State conven- screw was also replaced by the screw of 1804. In tion that ratified the United States constitution.- 1807, assisted by his son Robert, he built the pad- His son, John, engineer, b. in New York city in dle-wheel steamboat - Phænix” that plied for six 1748 or 1749; d. at Hoboken, N. J., 6 March, 1838, years on the Delaware. Prof. James Renwick, was graduated at King's (now Columbia) college who from his own observation has left the best in 1768, and was admitted to the bar, but practised description extant of Fulton's boat, the “Cler- little. During the Revolutionary war he held sev- mont," as she ran in the autumn of 1807, says that eral offices, among which was that of treasurer of “the Stevenses were but a few days later in moving New Jersey in 1776–9, and at its close he married a boat with the required velocity,” and that being and resided in winter on Broadway, New York, shut out of the waters of New York by the mo- and in summer on the island of Hoboken, which he nopoly of Livingston and Fulton, Stevens con- then owned. His life was devoted to experiments ceived the bold design of conveying his boat to at his own cost for the common good. In 1790 he the Delaware by sea, and this boat, which was so petitioned congress for protection to American in- near reaping the honor of first success, was the ventors, and his petition was referred to a commit- first to navigate the ocean by the power of steam.” tee, which reported a bill that became the law of Fulton had the advantage of a steam-engine that 10 April, 1790, the foundation of the American was made by James Watt, while his predecessors patent law. He had begun experiments in the were provided only with inferior apparatus, the application of steam in 1788, and now continued work of common blacksmiths and millwrights. them, having as his associates Nicholas I. Roose- The piston-rod of the “ Phænix was guided by velt and the elder Brunel, who afterward built the slides instead of the parallel motion of Watt, and Thames tunnel. Toward the close of the century the cylinder rested on the condenser. Stevens also he was engaged with his brother-in-law, Robert R. surrounded the water - wheel by a guard - beam. Livingston, and Roosevelt, in building a steamboat Among the patents that were taken out by Ste- to navigate Hudson river, the legislature of the vens was one in 1791 for generating steam; two state of New York in the same year described as improvements in having previously of- bellows and on Thomas Savary's engine, both de- fered a monopoly of signed for pumping; the multi-tubular boiler in exclusive privilege to 1803, which was patented in England in 1805 in the owners of a boat the name of his eldest son, John C.; one in 1816 that, complying with for using slides; an improvement in rack railroads given conditions, in 1824; and one in 1824 to render shallow rivers should attain a speed more navigable. In 1812 he made the first experi- of three miles an ments with artillery against iron armor. He then hour; but their boat proposed a circular vessel, to be rotated by steam failed to achieve the to train the guns for the defence of New York required speed, and harbor. On 11 Oct., 1811, he established the first their joint proceed- steam-ferry in the world with the “ Juliana," which ings were interrupt- plied between New York city and Hoboken. In ed by the appoint- 1813 he invented and built á ferry-boat made of ment of Livingston two separate boats, with a paddle-wheel between as minister to France them which was turned by six horses. On account in 1801. In Paris, of the simplicity of its construction and its econo- Livingston met Rob- my, this description of horse-boat continued long ert Fulton, and after- in use both on the East river and on the Hudson. ward was associated In February, 1812, shortly before the war with with him in establishing steam navigation. Ste- England and five years before the beginning of vens persevered, and in 1804 built a vessel pro- the Erie canal, Stevens addressed a memoir to pelled by twin screws that navigated the Hud- the commission appointed to devise water-com- son. The boiler was tubular and the screw was munication between the seaboard and the lakes, identically the short four - threaded screw that urging instead of a canal the immediate construc- is now used. That it was a helix, his letter of tion of a railroad. This memoir, with the ad- 1804 to Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, shows. verse report of the commissioners, among whom This was the first application of steam to the were De Witt Clinton, Gouverneur Morris, and screw - propeller. The engine and boiler of this Chancellor Livingston, was published at the time, steamboat are preserved in the Stevens institute and again, with a preface, by Charles King, presi- at Hoboken, N. J. Mr. Stevens always upheld dent of Columbia, in 1852, and by the “ Railroad the efficiency of the screw and its great advan- Gazette” in 1882. The correctness of his views tages for ocean navigation. Shortly after his death and arguments contrast strongly with the answer his sons placed the engine and boiler referred to of the commissioners on the impracticability of a in a boat, which was tried before a committee of railroad. At the date of the memoir, although the American institute of New York, and attained short railroads for carrying coal had been in use in a speed of about nine miles an hour. England for upward of 200 years, there was not a It is remarkable that after 1804 no serious at- locomotive or passenger-car in use in the world. tempt was made for the practical introduction Stevens's proposal was to build a passenger and of the screw until 1837, when it was brought into freight railroad for general traffic from Albany to use simultaneously in England and the United Lake Erie having a double track, made with wood- VOL. 1.-43 John Swem - 674 STEVENS STEVENS en stringers capped with wrought-plate rails rest- was under seven miles an hour, and at about that ing on piles and operated by locomotives. He enu- date Robert L. Stevens built the “ Philadelphia," merates comprehensively the advantages of a gen- which had a speed of eight miles. He built many eral railroad system, naming many details that steamboats, increasing the speed of each successive were afterward found necessary, putting the prob- one up to 1832, when the North America ” at- able future speed at from twenty to thirty miles tained fifteen miles. From 1815 until 1840 he an hour, or possibly at from forty to fifty. He stood at the head of his profession in the United gives a definite plan and detailed estimates of the States as a constructor of steam vessels and their construction and cost. His plan is identical with machinery, making innumerable improvements, that of the successful South Carolina railroad built which were generally adopted. In 1821 he origi- in 1830–'32, the first long railroad in the United nated the present form of ferry-boat and ferry-slips, States, which has been described as "a continuous making his boats with guards encircling them and prolonged bridge.”. The accuracy of his esti- throughout, and constructing the ferry-slips with mates was proved by the cost of this road. Ste- spring piling and spring fenders. In adopting the vens in 1814 applied to the state of New Jersey for overhead working-beam of Watt to navigation, he a railroad charter from New York to Philadelphia. made important improvements, inventing and ap- He received the charter in February, 1815, and lo- plying, in 1818, the cam-board cut-off , substituting cated the road, but proceeded no further. In 1823, in 1821 the gallows-frame that is now used for the with Horace Binney and Stephen Girard, of Phila- column that supported the working-beam, and delphia, he obtained from the state of Pennsylvania making that beam of wrought-iron strap with a a charter for a railroad from Philadelphia to Lancas- cast-iron centre, instead of purely of cast-iron. ter, on the site of the present Pennsylvania railroad. This he improved in 1829 into the shape that is These two were the first railroad charters that now universally used. He lengthened the propor- were granted in this country. On 23 Oct., 1824, tionate stroke of the piston, and invented the split he obtained a patent for the construction of rail- water-wheel in 1826. In 1831 he invented the bal- roads. In 1826, at the age of seventy-eight, to ance-valve, which was a modification of the Cornish show the operation of the locomotive on the rail- double-beat valve, and is now always used on the road, he built at Hoboken a circular railway hav- beam engine. He placed the boilers on the wheel- ing a gauge of five feet and a diameter of 220 feet, guards and over the water, improved the details in and placed on it a locomotive with a multi-tubular every part, and finally left the American working- boiler which carried about half a dozen people at beam (or walking-beam) engine in its present form. a rate of over twelve miles an hour. This was At the same time he strengthened the boiler, be- the first locomotive that ever ran on a railroad in ginning with a pressure of two pounds to the America. Col. Stevens was an excellent classical square inch, and increasing the strength of the scholar, and not only a close student of natural boilers, so that fifty pounds could be safely car- philosophy, but fond of metaphysical specula- ried. He made the first marine tubular boiler in tions, leaving several philosophical treatises, which 1831, and was among the first to use anthracite have never been published. He was through coal. In the hulls of his vessels he gradually in- life an enthusiastic botanist and amateur gar- creased the amount of iron fastening until it was dener, importing and cultivating many new plants. finally more than quadrupled, increasing the strength of vessels while diminishing their weight. He reduced the vibration of the hull by the masts and rods that are now used, and added greatly to their strength by his overhead truss-frame. On the opening of the Liverpool and Man- chester railway in 1830, he went to England, where he had made, from a model he brought over, the rails for the road he was building, with his brother, Edwin A., in New Jersey. This rail is the well-known T-pattern, used in this country and in a large part of Europe, which is fastened by spikes without the intervention of chairs, which are required by the form of rail that is still used in England. He also then ordered from the Ste- phensons the locomotive called the “ John Bull," The accompanying engraving, represents Castle the prototype of those that are made in this coun- Point, Mr. Stevens's residence in Hoboken, N. J., try, which is now preserved at the Smithsonian which in 1835 was replaced by the present more institution in Washington. Toward the close of spacious mansion. The second John's son, John the last war with England Robert was engaged in Cox, b. 24 Sept., 1785; d. in Hoboken, N. J., 13 making a bomb that could be fired from a cannon June, 1857, was graduated at Columbia in 1803, instead of from a mortar, and that could thus be and married Maria C. Livingston on 27 Dec., 1809. applied to naval warfare. In connection therewith In the early part of his life he resided on his he made many experiments on the Hoboken marsh- estate at Annandale, on the Livingston manor, es, for which he obtained from the government the and later in New York city. He was from his loan of heavy ordnance, and finally he succeeded youth a devoted yachtsman. He organized the in producing a successful percussion-shell. Presi- New York yacht club, was its first commodore, dent Madison then appointed a board to test this and commanded the “ America” in the mem- shell in the harbor of New York, both against solid orable race in England in 1851.- Another son, targets of wooden beams and against an actual Robert Livingston, b. 18 Oct., 1787; d. in Ho- section of a ship of the line, built for the purpose. boken, N. J., 20 April, 1856, having a strong en- Each was demolished by a single shell . The gov- gineering bias, began to assist his father when ernment then adopted the shell, purchasing a large only seventeen years old. He took the " Phænix quantity, together with the secret of its construc- to Philadelphia by sea in June, 1808. At the death tion. In 1814 Edwin, under the direction of his of Fulton the speed of steamboats on the Hudson father, had experimented with shot against inclined THE 99 STEVENS 675 STEVENS 66 1.A 9.A git UN iron-plating, and in 1841, when, on account of the of attack and defence in naval warfare. Robert U.S. boundary disputes with England, public atten- had bequeathed the Stevens battery to his brother, tion was directed to naval defences, he made a se- and Edwin, at the beginning of the civil war, pre- ries of experiments, which he and his brothers laid sented to the government a plan for completing before the government. President Tyler appoint- the vessel, together with a small vessel, called the ed a commission of officers of the army and navy Naugatuck.” to demonstrate the practicability of to superintend, at Sandy Hook, the experiments of his plans. This small vessel was accepted by the the brothers on the application of iron to war-ves- government, and was one of the fleet that attacked sels as a protection against shot, who, after many the “ Merrimac.” She was a twin screw-vessel, trials against iron targets, reported that iron four capable of being immersed three feet below her and a half inches thick resisted effectually the load-line, so as to be nearly invisible, of being force of a sixty-four pound shot fired at thirty yards with battering charges. Thereupon an act was passed, 14 April, 1842, authorizing the secre- tary of the navy to contract with Robert L. Ste- vens for an iron-clad steam vessel. Stevens im- mediately began to excavate a dry dock for his vessel, which he had finished within a year, and also had his vessel planned, and began its con- struction ; but the contract was changed in the latter part of 1843, when Com. Robert F. Stockton constructed a wrought-iron cannon having a bore of ten inches and throwing a round shot that pierced a four-and-a-half-inch target. At each successive important increase of the power of the gun, either at home or abroad, the increased thick- raised again in eight minutes by pumping out the ness of armor necessary for defence required in- immersing weight of water, and of turning end for creased tonnage in the vessel that Stevens had con- end on her centre in one minute and a quarter. tracted to build, causing interminable interruption The government refused to appropriate the money and consequent delay. This vessel, which was on the plans that were proposed by Mr. Stevens, known as the Stevens battery, lay in its basin at and at his death he left the vessel to the state of Hoboken for many years, and was never launched. New Jersey, together with $1,000,000 for its com- It was the first iron-clad ever projected, preceding pletion. He founded the Stevens institute (see by more than ten years the small iron-clad vessels illustration), bequeathing to it and to the high- used by the French at Kinburn in 1854.-Another school a large plot of ground in Hoboken, and son, James Alexander, b. in New York city, 29 $150,000 for the building and $500,000 for endow- Jan., 1790; d. in Hoboken, N. J., 7 Oct., 1873, was ment.-His widow, MARTHA BAYARD, has devoted graduated at Columbia in 1808, and admitted to $200,000 to religious and charitable institutions, the bar in New York city in 1811. In connection among which may be mentioned the erection of the with Thomas Gibbons, he established the Union Church of the Holy Innocents at Hoboken. steamboat line between New York and Philadel- STEVENS, John, clergyman, b. in Townsend, phia, which led to the suit of Ogden vs. Gibbons, Mass., 6 June, 1798; d. in Granville, Ohio, 30 April, memorable for the decision that placed all the 1877. He was graduated at Middlebury college, navigable waters of the United States under the Vt., in 1821, and studied at Andover theological jurisdiction of the general government.-Another seminary. In 1825 he became classical tutor in son, Edwin Augustus, b. in Hoboken, N. J., 28 Middlebury college, where he remained for three July, 1795; d. in Paris, France, 8 Aug., 1868, after years. Removing to Ohio, he served for seven assisting his brother Robert, in 1826 took charge years as editor of the “ Baptist Weekly Journal." of the Union line, which was shortly after merged In 1838 he was made professor of moral and intel- into the Camden and Amboy railroad, the charter lectual philosophy in Granville college (now Deni- for which the two brothers obtained from the state son university), performing at the same time the of New Jersey in 1830. They prosecuted the work main duties of president. From 1843 till 1859 he so vigorously that the road was opened for traffic was employed as district secretary of the American on 9 Oct. , 1832, the elder brother being president Baptist missionary union. In the last-named year and the younger treasurer and manager. In the he resumed a professorship in Granville college, next twenty years the railroad system of the United and continued in this relation until 1875, when he States, differing materially from that of England, resigned the chair and was made emeritus profess- was formed, and in aiding this development the He received in 1873 the degree of D. D. from brothers were conspicuous, inventing and intro- the University of Rochester. ducing many appliances on the road, locomotives, STEVENS, Paul, Canadian author, b. in Bel- and cars. The germ of many improvements after- gium in 1830; d. in Coteau du Lac, Canada, in ward perfected on other roads can be traced back 1882. He emigrated to Canada, became editor of to the Camden and Amboy. Of this the vestibule- “La patrie” in Montreal, and was afterward profess- car is a modern instance. The brothers, while en- or of literature in the College of Chambly. He re- gaged in railroad affairs, still retained their great turned to Montreal in 1860, and was for some time interests in navigation, and made many improve- editor of “L'Artiste.” He then became a tutor in ments in it. In 1827 the elder brother applied the De Beaujeu family at Coteau du Lac, where he forced draught to the “North America,” and its remained till his death. He published “ Fables use immediately became general, while in 1842 the (Montreal, 1857). This work gained him the title younger patented the air-tight fire-room for this of the " Lafontaine of Canada," and he is the only forced draught, and applied it on many vessels. Canadian that has distinguished himself in this This double invention of the two brothers is now species of composition. He also wrote “Contes used in all the great navies of the world. Both populaires ” (Ottawa, 1867). brothers spent a great part of their lives in de- STEVENS, Phinehas, soldier, b. in Sudbury, vising and effecting improvements in the means Mass., 20 Feb., 1707; d. in Chignecto, Nova Scotia, or. 676 STEVENS STEVENS a 6 Feb., 1756. He was a descendant of Thomas' teller that was put in use by congress in 1853, and Stevens, of London, England, a supporter and other intricate machines, originated an astronomi- friend of the Massachusetts colony, whose father, cal theory of weather indications, and published Thomas Stevens, of Devonshire, was one of the as- pamphlets on astronomy, music, and phrenology. signees of Sir Walter Ralegh's patent of Virginia. and many papers on agricultural topics.-Another He removed with his parents to Rutland, Mass., son, Henry, bibliographer, b. in Barnet, Vt., 24 about 1711, and when sixteen years old was carried Aug., 1819; d. in South Hampstead, England, 28 as a captive to St. Francis .by Indians, among Feb., 1886. His early education was received at whom he learned the savage mode of warfare. the school of his native village. In 1836 he attend- During King George's war he was commandant of ed Lyndon academy, and he was afterward for a Fort No. 4, which was erected at the farthest set- time at Middlebury college. He engaged in teach- tlement on Connecticut river, now Charlestown, ing at intervals, and also held a clerkship in the N. H. When it was attacked in May, 1746, he treasury department at Washington. In 1841 he routed the Indians in a bold sally, and on 19 June entered Yale, where he was graduated in 1843, and he defeated them in the open field. The fort was then studied law a short time at Cambridge. Mean- blockaded during the summer by French and In- while he became much interested in his father's dians, who attempted to carry it by assault in Au- work, and devoted his attention to early colonial gust. In March, 1747, Capt. Stevens, who had history and the historical relations between the evacuated the fort in the winter, resumed posses- states and England. Through his acquaintance sion with thirty men, and in April they sustained with collectors of historical and genealogical books an attack of 400 Frenchmen and savages. He held and manuscripts, and with an increasing knowledge the fort till the close of the war. In 1749 he was of their wants, under their encouragement and sup- sent to Canada by Gov. William Shirley to nego- port, he visited London in search of Americana in tiate an exchange of prisoners. He went again in 1845, and remained there forty years until his 1752 to treat for an exchange of prisoners, and death. Having good recommendations, he speedily with two ponies redeemed John Stark from cap- made the acquaintance of the principal booksellers, tivity among the Indians. After the renewal of and, to use his own expression, "drifted” one day hostilities he took part in Col. Robert Monckton's into the British museum and presented to Sir An. expedition against the French settlements in Nova thony Panizzi his letter of introduction from Jared Scotia, and died on the march to Beau Séjour. Sparks. His coming was most opportune, for the The journal of his trip to Canada in 1749 is printed authorities had just discovered that the museum in the “ New Hampshire Historical Collections."- was deficient in modern American books. The His son, Simon, soldier, b. in Rutland, Mass., 3 assistance of Mr. Stevens was immediately secured Sept., 1737; d. in Charlestown, N. H., was lieu- in supplying the deficiency, and from that time tenant of Capt. John Stark's company in the ex- until his death he was their trusted agent for pro- pedition against Ticonderoga in 1758, was taken curing North and South American books of all prisoner, and in May, 1759, escaped from Quebec, kinds, including state and national laws, journals sailed down St. Lawrence river in a captured and documents. As a result, the library of the schooner, and reached a British post after many British museum contains a larger collection of adventures, which are recounted in his unpublished American books than any single American library. journal. During the Revolution he served as a At the same time he was supplying many Ameri- loyal volunteer in the British army.- Another son, can public and private libraries with the rarest of Enos, loyalist, b. in Rutland, Mass., 13 Oct., 1739 ; | Americana. Many books supplied by him at mod- d. in Barnet, Vt., in 1808, was carried off by the erate prices are now worth fifty times the amount St. Francis Indians from Charlestown when ten that was paid him for them. Ile soon became an years old, and held in captivity three months. He experienced bibliographer, giving special atten- was a volunteer in the royal army on Long Island, tion to the early editions of the English Bible, and was engaged in foraging in privateers along and to early voyages and travels, especially those the coast during the Revolution. In 1782 he relating to America. In these two directions he joined the emigrant refugees who went to Nova became one of the highest authorities. John Car- Scotia. After several years he returned to Charles- ter Brown was one of his early correspondents, and town, N. H. He subsequently settled at Barnet, Vt. he may be said to have formed the Lenox library, He kept a journal of the events in which he par- as he was James Lenox's agent to collect the rarest ticipated from 1777 till 1783.- Enos's son, Henry, book treasures. He was an indefatigable bibli- antiquary, b. in Barnet, Vt., 13 Dec., 1791 ; d. there, ographer and a generous correspondent. He was 30 July, 1867, was educated at Peacham academy, constantly putting forth bibliographical brochures, Vt., and early began to collect manuscripts, tracts, and his catalogues are highly prized for their mi- newspapers, and printed volumes relating to Ameri- nute accuracy and valuable notes, as well as for pe- can history, especially that of Vermont. He was culiar excellence of typography. He never forgot the founder and first president of the Vermont the state in which he was born, but frequently historical society. The most valuable part of his signed himself Henry Stevens of Vermont, or wrote collection was placed for safe-keeping in the state after his name the initials G. M. B., "Green Moun- house at Montpelier, where in 1857 it was burned. tain Boy." He was a genial friend, full of quaint He was a member of the legislature for two terms. sayings and good-humor. In 1852 he was made a - Henry's son, Enos, inventor, b. in Barnet, Vt., fellow of the Society of antiquaries. In 1877 he 22 Jan., 1816; d. there, 31 Jan., 1877, was gradu- was a member of the committee for promoting the ated at Middlebury college in 1838, and taught for Caxton exhibition, and catalogued the exhibit of the next seven years in Paradise, Pa. He assisted Bibles. The same year he became a member of Dr. Samuel G. Howe in investigating the condi-' the Librarian's association and took an active part tion of the idiots of Massachusetts in 1847–8, in all its meetings. He formed a large collection and then returned to Barnet and engaged in agri- of documents relating to Benjamin Franklin, which culture and dairy-farming. He invented a sys- was purchased by the U. S. government. He wrote tem of musical notation, apparatus for automati- extensively on bibliographical subjects, and left cally recording atmospheric changes, an instru- several unpublished essays, among which were in- ment for phrenological measurements, a legislative , vestigations respecting Columbus and a supple- STEVENS 677 STEVENS 9 = 66 ment to Louis Fagan's "Life of Pannizzi,” con- ! defeated a bill to abolish the recently established taining anecdotes relating to the British museum. common-school system of Pennsylvania. In 1836 Among his publications are “ Catalogue of My Eng- he was a member of the State constitutional con- lish Library” (London, 1853); “ Catalogue of a Li- vention, and took an active part in its debates, brary of Works relating to America ” (1854); “ Cata- but his anti-slavery principles would not permit logue Raisonné of English Bibles" (1854); “ Ameri- him to sign the re- can Bibliographer" (Chiswick, 1854); " Catalogue port recommend- of American Books in the Library of the British ing an instrument Museum" (London, 1857); “ Analytical Index to that restricted the Colonial Documents of New Jersey in the State franchise to white Paper Offices of England” (New York, 1858); citizens. He was a Catalogue of American Maps in the British Mu- member of the leg- seum (London, 1859); "Catalogue of Canadian islature again in Books in the British Museum " (1859); “ Catalogue 1837, and in 1838, of Mexican and other Spanish-American and West when the election Indian Books in the British Museum” (1859); dispute between “ Bibliotheca Americana " (1861); “ Historical Nug- the Democratic gets” (1862); “ The Humboldt Library” (1863); and anti-Masonic * Historical and Geographical Notes on the Earlic parties led to the est Discoveries in America ” (New Haven, 1869); organization of “ Bibliotheca historica ” (Boston, 1870); “Schedule rival legislatures, of 2,000 American Historical Nuggets ” (London, he was the most 1870); “Sebastian Cabot-John Cabot = 0 ” (Bos- prominent mem- ton and London, 1870): “ Bibliotheca geographica ber of the Whig ha eleler Stevens et historica" (part i., London, 1872); “ American and anti-Masonic Books with Tails to 'Em" (1873); “Bibles in the house. In 1838 he Caxton Exhibition " (1878); “ History of the Ox- was appointed a canal commissioner. He was re- ford Caxton Memorial Bible” (1878); Photo- turned to the legislature in 1841. He gave a farm Bibliography” (1878); Historical Collections to Mrs. Lydia Jane Pierson, who had written poet- (2 vols., 1881-6); " Who Spoils our New English ry in defence of the common schools, and thus Books ?” (1885); and “Recollections of James aided him in saving them. Having incurred losses Lenox” (1886). He also edited important works in the iron business, he removed in 1842 to Lan- relating to American history, the latest being “ The caster, Pa., and for several years devoted himself Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies ” (Lon- to legal practice, occupying the foremost position don, 1886). —Another son, Benjamin Franklin, at the bar. In 1848 and 1850 he was elected to bibliographer, b. in Barnet, Vt., 19 Feb., 1833, en- congress as a Whig, and ardently opposed the tered Middlebury college, but on account of feeble Clay compromise measures of 1850, including the health did not finish his course. He went to Lon- fugitive - slave law. On retiring from congress, don to join his brother Henry in 1860, engaged in March, 1853, he confined himself to his profession the bookselling business with him, married a daugh- till 1858, when he was returned to congress as a ter of the printer Whittingham, and after the Republican. From that time till his death he was death of his father-in-law had charge of the Chis- one of the Republican leaders in that body, the wick press. He is U.S. despatch agent in London, chief advocate of emancipation, and the repre- is a purchasing agent there for American libraries, sentative of the radical section of his party His and sends English publications to the United great oratorical powers and force of character States. Mr. Stevens has edited and published earned for him the title, applied to William Pitt, “ The Campaign in Virginia in 1781,” containing of the great commoner. He urged on Presi- documents relating to the controversy between Sir dent Lincoln the justice and expediency of the Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis (2 vols., Lon- emancipation proclamation, took the lead in all don, 1888), and is engaged in compiling a cata- measures for arming and for enfranchising the logue of manuscripts in the possession of European negro, and initiated and pressed the fourteenth governments relating to American history, and amendment to the Federal constitution. During especially to the colonial period. the war he introduced and carried acts of confisca- STEVENS, Thaddeus, statesman, b. in Dan- tion, and after its close he advocated rigorous meas- ville, Caledonia co., Vt., 4 April, 1792; d. in Wash- ures in reorganizing the southern states on the ington, D. C., 11 Aug., 1868. He was the child of basis of universal freedom. He was chairman of poor parents, and was sickly and lame, but ambi- the committee of ways and means for three sessions. tious, and his mother toiled to secure for him an Subsequently, as chairman of the house committee education. He entered Vermont university in on reconstruction, he reported the bill which divided 1810, and after it was closed in 1812 on account of the southern states into five military districts, and the war he went to Dartmouth, and was graduated placed them under the rule of army officers until in 1814. He began the study of law in Peacham, they should adopt constitutions that conceded suf- Vt., continued it while teaching an academy in frage and equal rights to the blacks. In a speech York, Pa., was admitted to the bar at Bel Air, that he made in congress on 24 Feb., 1868, he pro- Md., established himself in 1816 at Gettysburg, posed the impeachment of President Johnson. "He Pa., and soon gained a high reputation, and was was appointed one of the committee of seven to employed in many important suits. He devoted prepare articles of impeachment, and was chairman himself exclusively to his profession till the con- of the board of managers that was appointed on test between the strict constructionists, who nomi- the part of the house to conduct the trial. He was nated Andrew Jackson for the presidency in 1828, exceedingly positive in his convictions, and attacked and the national Republicans, who afterward be- his adversaries with bitter denunciations and sar- came the Whigs, drew him into politics as an ar- castic taunts, yet he was genial and witty among dent supporter of John Quincy Adams. He was his friends, and was noted for his uniform, though elected to the legislature in 1833 and the two suc- at times impulsive, acts of charity. While skep- ceeding years. By a brilliant speech in 1835, he tical in his religious opinions, he resented slighting 678 STEVENS STEVENS remarks regarding the Christian faith as an insult | his bravery in this action he was made a lieu- to the memory of his devout mother, whom he tenant, 24 July, 1813, while he was with Com. venerated. The degree of LL. D. was conferred Oliver H. Perry at Erie, Pa., assisting in the build- on him by the University of Vermont in 1867. ing and equipment of the lake squadron. In the He chose to be buried in a private cemetery, ex- battle of Lake Erie he commanded the sloop plaining in the epitaph that he prepared for his “Trippe," and fought against the rear of the ene- tomb that the public cemeteries were limited by my's line, passing ahead of the “Tigress” and their charter-rules to the white race, and that he "Porcupine," pouring grape and canister into the preferred to illustrate in his death the principle “Queen Charlotte” until she struck her colors, that he had advocated through his life of equal- and, with Stephen Champlin, chasing and bringing ity of man before his Creator." The tomb is in back two of the enemy's vessels when they tried to a large lot in Lancaster, which he left as a burial- escape. For these achievements he was voted a sil- place for those who cannot afford to pay for their ver medal by congress, and presented with a sword graves. He left a part of his estate to found an by the citizens of Charleston. He was ordered in orphan asylum in Lancaster, to be open to both 1814 to the frigate “ Java,” which Com. Perry white and colored children.—His nephew, Thad. was fitting out for a cruise in the Mediterranean. deus Morrel, physician, b. in Indianapolis, Ind., In 1815, by legislative enactment, he changed his 29 Aug., 1830; d. there, 8 Nov., 1885, studied name to Stevens, which was that of his early medicine at the Indiana central medical college benefactor. In 1819–20 he was attached to the and at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, obtained frigate " Constellation." He performed valuable his degree of M. D. in 1853, and first settled at service in the cruise of Com. David Porter for Fairland, Ind., but removed to Indianapolis. Hav- the suppression of piracy in the West Indies, ing made a special study of medical chemistry, he commanding successively the “ Asp," the “ Jackal," was strongly attached to the idea of state medi- and the schooner “Shark," of the Mosquito fleet, cine, and labored unceasingly until a public board being promoted master-commandant on 3 March, of health was established in Indiana, of which he 1825. His last command afloat was the “Onta- was the first secretary. He was professor of medi- rio" sloop, which was attached to Com. James Bid- cal jurisprudence and toxicology in the Indiana dle's Mediterranean squadron in 1830–2. He was medical college and in the College of physicians made a captain, at that time the highest rank in and surgeons at Indianapolis, edited for some time the service, on 27 Jan., 1836, and commanded the the “ Indiana Journal of Medicine,” and was after- navy-yard and station at Washington until his ward assistant editor of the “ Lancet and Observer,” sudden death.-His son, Thomas Holdup, naval published in Cincinnati, Ohio. His publications officer, b. in Middletown, Conn., 27 May, 1819, was include brochures on “ Expert Testimony,” State appointed a midshipman on 14 Dec., 1836, served as Boards of Health," and " Automatic Filtration." aide to President Tyler in 1842, received his com- STEVENS, Thomas, bicyclist, b. in Great Berk- mission as lieutenant on 10 May, 1849, and in hamstead, Herts, England, 24 Dec., 1855. He was 1852–5 commanded the schooner - Ewing" in sur- educated at the village school of his native place, veys of the California and Oregon coasts. When and completed his course in 1869. Subsequently the civil war be- he came to the United States, and became an en- gan he applied for thusiastic bicyclist. He conceived the idea of mak- duty at the front, ing a tour around the world on his wheel, and, was ordered to starting from San Francisco on 22 April, 1884, command the “Ot- made his way across the continent of America, thence tawa," one of the to England, and through Europe to Constantinople, ninety-day gun- where he crossed to Asia. His progress through boats then build- several countries in Asia was prohibited by their | ing, raised a crew governments, and at times his advance was very of volunteers at difficult, owing to the hostility of the natives, but Erie, Pa., and ultimately persevering, he reached Japan, whence joined the South he went by steamer to San Francisco, landing on Atlantic block- 24 Dec., 1886. His experiences were given in a ading squadron of series of letters to a magazine which he has since Admiral Samuel collected in book-form as “ Around the World on F. Du Pont. a Bicycle” (2 vols., New York, 1887–8). While command- STEVENS, Thomas Holdup, naval officer, b. ing division in Charleston, S. C., 22 Feb., 1795; d. in Washing- of gun-boats, he ton, D. C., 22 Jan., 1841. He lost his parents, drove the fleet of whose name was Holdup, in early life, and was Com. Josiah Tat- adopted by a citizen of Charleston, who procured nall under the for him a midshipman's warrant in 1809. In the protection of the beginning of the war of 1812 he volunteered for forts at Port Royal, 4 Nov., 1861. In the battle service on the lakes, was assigned to duty under of Port Royal he engaged Fort Walker at short Capt. Samuel Angus on the Niagara frontier, and range. On 1 Jan., 1862, he had an engagement took part in a night attack on the enemy's works with Com. Tatnall's Mosquito fleet in Savannah opposite Black Rock, preparatory to the contem- river. His command was the leading vessel in a plated descent of Gen. Alexander Smythe on the combined attack of the navy and land forces on Canada shore. He was one of the leaders of a Fort Clinch, 3 March, 1862, and in the capture of detachment that captured the enemy's artillery, the town of St. Mary's, Ga., and commanded the and of a scaling-party that dislodged the British first expedition up St. John's river, occupying May- grenadiers by burning their barracks, and, although port, Jacksonville, Magnolia, and Palatka and Fort wounded in the right hand by a canister shot, re- Steele and Fort Finnegan, and capturing the yacht mained after the naval force had retreated, and, “ America.” Ile left the South Atlantic block- with two other midshipmen and five seamen, crossed ading squadron early in May, 1862, to take com- Niagara river at great risk in a leaky canoe. For | mand of the steamer - Maratanza," was present a Nai. STEVENS 679 STEVENS 9 the “ at the battle of West Point, and commanded the | Ga., in 1871-2, and taught physics at Chatham first expedition to Cumberland and White House academy, Savannah, Ga., in 1873-'6. Prof. Stevens to open James river, taking part in the demon- then settled in New York, and, after teaching sev- stration against Petersburg and the battle of Mal- eral years, was called in 1882 to the chair of mathe- vern Hill. On 4 July, 1862, he captured the Confed- matics and physics in Packer collegiate institute erate gun-boat “ Teazer.”. He was promoted com- in Brooklyn. In connection with his class-work he mander on 16 July, and ordered to the iron-clad has invented various improved forms of physical - Monitor," with which he covered the flank of the apparatus, of which his organ-pipe sonometer and army on James river and its rear during the with reversible stereoscope are the best known, descrip- drawal from the peninsula. In September, while tions of which have been published in the “ Ameri- attached to Com. Charles Wilkes's flying squadron, can Journal of Science.” He is a member of sci- he captured five prizes, and chased the privateer entific societies and secretary of the Brooklyn “Florida" on the Bahama banks. On 7 Oct., 1862, academy of science and art. The honorary degree off St. George, Bermuda, he stopped the steamer of Ph. D. was conferred on him by the University “ Gladiator," which had the appearance of a block- of Georgia in 1882, in recognition of his writings ade-runner, while she was under the convoy of the on “Physiological Optics,” which were published British sloop-of-war “Desperate," and both com- simultaneously in the “ American Journal of Sci- manders cleared their decks for action. Early in ence” and the London “ Philosophical Magazine August, 1863, he assumed command of the iron- in 1881-2. Prof. Stevens has written for the clad “ Patapsco," and in the engagements with the “ North American Review,” the “ Popular Science forts in Charleston harbor he performed gallant Monthly,” and other journals, prepared the parts services. After a severe engagement with the bat- relating to the physics of the earth's crust, the teries on Sullivan's island, he led a boat attack ocean, and the atmosphere in “ Appletons' Physical against Fort Sumter. Afterward he commanded Geography” (New York, 1887), and rewrote J. Dor- Oneida,” of the Western Gulf blockading man Steeles's “ Popular Physics ” (1888). squadron, but was temporarily transferred to the STEVENS, William Bacon, P. E. bishop, b. iron-clad “Winnebago " for the operations before in Bath, Me., 13 July, 1815; d. in Philadelphia, Mobile in July, 1864, in which he was conspicuous Pa., 11 June, 1887. He received his early educa- for the handling of his vessel and his personal dar- tion at Phillips Andover academy, but, his health ing. He commanded the “ Oneida " off the coast failing, he went of Texas in 1865, was commissioned captain on 26 abroad and spent July, 1866, commodore on 20 Nov., 1872, and rear- two years in trav- admiral on 27 Oct., 1879, and, after commanding el. At the end the Pacific fleet and acting as president of the of that time he board of visitors at the U. S. naval academy, he was returned and pur- retired on 27 May, 1881.— His son, Thomas HOLDUP, sued the study of is a lieutenant in the U. S. navy. medicine at Dart- STEVENS, Walter Husted, soldier, b. in Penn mouth, receiving Yan, N. Y., 24 Aug., 1827; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexi- his degree from co, 12 Nov., 1867. He was graduated at the U. S. this college in military academy in 1848, and commissioned as 1837, and also one lieutenant of engineers. He was engaged in con- from the Medical structing and repairing fortifications at New Or- college of South leans, La., built two forts on the coast of Texas, Carolina. He went removed the great Colorado river raft by order of to Savannah, Ga., congress, and built the Ship shoal light-house in upon graduating, 1855–6, and superintended the erection of the cus- where he prac- tom-house at New Orleans after Maj. Pierre T. G. tised his profes- Beauregard was called away, and also built the sion for five years. custom-house at Galveston, Tex. In May, In having resigned his commission and entered the ceived the ap- Confederate service, he accompanied Gen. Beaure- pointment of state historian of Georgia, and pub- gard to Virginia as his chief engineer. He was lished several volumes, among which were - The made a brigadier-general, and was the chief engi- Historical Collections " (Savannah, 1841–2). About neer of the Army of Northern Virginia until the this time his attention was directed toward the autumn of 1862, when he was placed in charge of ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and, the fortifications of Richmond. He completed relinquishing the profession of medicine, he began these defences and again became chief engineer of a course of study in preparation for orders. He Lee's army, and continued as such to the close of was ordained deacon in Christ church, Savannah, the war. He then sought and obtained employ- Ga., by Bishop Elliott, 28 Feb., 1843, and organ- ment as an engineer on the Mexican railway be- ized and took charge of Emmanuel church, Athens, tween Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico, and at Ga., of which he became rector on his advance- the time of his death was its superintendent and ment to the priesthood, 7 Jan., 1844. In this year constructing engineer. An English company was also he was elected professor of belles-lettres, ora- building this road, and during the revolution in tory, and moral philosophy in the University of which Maximilian was dethroned Gen. Stevens re- Georgia. In 1847 he was sent as a deputy to the mained in sole charge of it, and he skilfully pre- general convention from his diocese. In 1848 he served the property through that difficult period. accepted the rectorship of St. Andrew's church, STEVENS, Walter Le Conte, physicist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., and received the degree of D. D. Gordon county, Ga., 17 June, 1847. He is the from the University of Pennsylvania. The con- nephew of John and Joseph Le Conte. After his vention of the diocese having elected him assist- graduation at the University of South Carolina in ant bishop, he was consecrated in St. Andrew's 1868 he spent the year 1876-'7 at the University church, 2 Jan., 1862, and Union college conferred of Virginia, and meanwhile had held the professor- upon him the degree of LL. D. Upon the death of ship of chemistry at Oglethorpe college, Atlanta, Bishop Alonzo Potter in 1865, he became bishop of and also built the sion for five years . Im Pacon Stevens 680 STEVENSON STEVENSON 66 66 " 9 Pennsylvania. The diocese of Pennsylvania was tion of 1866, and in 1867 he was chosen lieutenant- divided in 1865, the western counties being erected governor of the state. The governor, John L. into a new diocese, which took the name of Pitts- Helm, died five days after his inauguration, and burg. Again in 1871 another division was made Mr. Stevenson acted as governor till 1868, and then by the setting off of the diocese of central Penn- was elected to the office by the largest majority sylvania. In the mean time Bishop Stevens had that was ever given to a candidate in the state, been appointed to the charge of the American serving till 1871. In the last year he took his seat Episcopal churches on the continent of Europe, in the U. S. senate, where he served till 1877. On and made one or more visits of supervision during the expiration of his term he became professor of the six years of his oversight. At the Pan-Angli- commercial law and contracts in the law-school at can council in 1878 he was chosen to preach the Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1880 he was chairman of the closing sermon, which he did in St. Paul's church, Democratic national convention that nominated London. He was in feeble health for many years Gen. Winfield S. Hancock for the presidency. In during the latter part of his life, and at last, in 1884 he was president of the American bar associ- 1886, Bishop Whittaker was elected his assistant, ation. He was a commissioner to prepare a “ Code and took upon himself most of the duties of the of Practice in Civil and Criminal Cases for ken- episcopate. His works include “ Discourses before tucky” (1854). the Historical Society of Georgia” (Savannah, 1841); STEVENSON, James, ethnologist, b. in Mays- * History of Silk-Culture in Georgia” (1841); ville, Ky., 24 Dec., 1840 ; d. in New York city, 25 History of Georgia” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1847); July, 1888. Before he was sixteen years old he Parables of the New Testament Unfolded was engaged in geologic work for the government (1855); " The Bow in the Cloud ” (1855); “ Home surveys of the northwest under Ferdinand V. Hay- Service" (1856); “ The Lord's Day” (1857): “ His- den. "He spent several winters among the Black- tory of St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia" (1858); | foot and Sioux Indians, studying their languages, “ Sabbaths of Our Lord” (1872); “Sermons " (New customs, and traditions, and made an exploration York, 1879); and many essays, charges, and tracts. of the Yellowstone country. When the civil war STEVENSON, Alexander Allan, Canadian began he joined the National army, and served till printer, b. in Riccarton, Ayrshire, Scotland, in the close of hostilities. He then resumed his ex- January, 1829. He came with his family to Can- plorations in the northwest in connection with the ada in 1846, and learned the printing trade in engineer corps, and afterward with the U. S. geo- Montreal. In 1853 he aided in establishing the logical survey, of which he became the executive “Sun " newspaper, and subsequently embarked in officer. He followed Columbia and Snake rivers a general printing business, which he conducted till to their sources, made the ascent of Great Teton 1879. In 1855 he assisted in organizing the Mon- mountain, discovered a new pass across the Rocky treal field-battery, in 1856 he became its com- mountains, assisted Prof. Hayden in the survey of mander, and he participated with this corps in Yellowstone park, and was instrumental in having 1858 in the military celebration in connection with it made a government reservation. He was con- the laying of the first Atlantic cable, his command tinued as executive officer of the survey, under thus being the only British military organization to Maj. John W. Powell, and detailed for research in carry the union Jack through the streets of New connection with the bureau of ethnology of the York since the evacuation. In 1874 he received Smithsonian institution, exploring the cliff houses the Conservative nomination to the Dominion par- of Arizona and New Mexico, and investigating the liament for Montreal, west, but was defeated, history and religious myths of the Navajos and though his opponent was afterward unseated on the Zuñi, Moqui, and other Pueblo Indians. the charge of bribery by agents. He has since STEVENSON, John D., soldier, b. in Staun- been nominated twice, but refused to serve. He ton, Va., 8 June, 1821. He spent two years in the has taken an active part in municipal matters in College of South Carolina, was graduated in law Montreal, and is president of the council of arts at Staunton in 1841, and in 1842 began practice in and manufactures of the province of Quebec. Franklin county, Mo. He organized a volunteer STEVENSON, Andrew, statesman, b. in Cul company in 1846, and served in Gen. Stephen W. peper county, Va., in 1784; d. at Blenheim, his Kearny's invasion of New Mexico. After his re- estate, in Albemarle county, Va., 25 Jan., 1857. He turn he removed to St. Louis, was frequently a studied law, won a high place in his profession, member of the legislature, president for one term and in 1804 was chosen to the state house of dele- of the state senate, and in 1861 was an earnest sup- gates, of which, after serving several terms, he porter of the Union. In that year he raised the became speaker. He was elected to congress as a 7th Missouri regiment, and during the siege of Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., 1823, till June, Corinth commanded the district of Savannah He 1834, when he resigned. From 1827 till 1834 he then led a brigade in Tennessee, was made briga- was speaker of the house. From 1836 till 1841 dier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, served in Mr. Stevenson was minister to England. On his the Vicksburg campaign, and made a charge at return he became rector of the University of Vir- Champion Hill that broke the enemy's left flank. ginia, and he devoted the rest of his life to the He led a successful expedition to drive the Con- duties of that office and to agricultural pursuits.- federates from northern Louisiana, commanded His son, Jolin White, senator, b. in Richmond, the district of Corinth, and then occupied and Va., 4 May, 1812; d. in Covington, Ky., 10 Aug., fortified Decatur, Ala. On 8 Aug., 1864, being left 1886, was educated at Hampden Sidney and the without a command, he resigned; but he was re- University of Virginia, where he was graduated in commissioned and given the district of Harper's 1832, and in 1841 settled in Covington, Ky., where Ferry. During the reconstruction period he was he practised law with success, and served in the in charge of northern Georgia. At the close of Kentucky legislature in 1845–7. He was a leader the war he was made brevet major-general of vol- of the State constitutional convention of 1849, was unteers, and in 1867, for his services at Champion chosen a delegate to the Democratic national con- Hill, brevetted brigadier-general in the regular ventions of 1848, 1852, and 1856, and from 1857 ' army, in which he had been commissioned a colo- till 1861 sat in the lower house of congress. Ile , nel on 28 July, 1866. He left the army in 1871, was a delegate to the Philadelphia Union conven- ) and has since practised law in St. Louis. . STEVENSON 681 STEWART STEVENSON, Sarah Hackett, physician, b. in | cynthia, which he fed on leaves of the ailantus- Buffalo Grove, Ill., 2 Feb., 1843. She was gradu- . tree. He was the author of a “Life of Dr. Ger- ated at the State university, Bloomington, II., in hard” (Philadelphia, 1864); translated Louis's 1863, and ten years later was studying at the South “ Researches on Emphysema of the Lungs” (Phila- Kensington scientific schools, London. On her delphia, 1838); and edited, with additions, Elliot- return to the United States she entered the Woman's son's ** Principles of Medicine" (Philadelphia, 1844). inedical college, Chicago, where she was graduated STEWART, Alexander, British soldier, b. in in 1875. Since that time she has held several pro- England about 1740; d. in December, 1794. He fessorships in the same college and many posts of was appointed captain in the 37th foot in 1761, and honor in other medical associations and institu- reached the grade of colonel in 1780. During the tions. In 1876 she was a delegate from the Ilinois Revolutionary war he served in the south. In May, state medical society to the American medical as- 1781, he commanded the British forces in South sociation at Philadelphia, and was the first woman Carolina, and was defeated at Eutaw Springs on physician to be elected a member of that body. 8 Sept. by Gen. Nathanael Greene, being subse- She was one of the promoters of the Home for quently compelled to retreat to Charleston. In incurables and Training school for nurses in Chi- 1790 he was made a major-general. cago, and outside of her large practice has found STEWART, Alexander, Canadian jurist, b. time to publish works on “ Biology” (2 vols.. New in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 30 Jan., 1794; d. there, 1 York, 1875) and “ Physiology” (Chicago, 1880). Jan., 1868. He was the son of a Scottish Presby- STEVENSON, Thomas Greely, soldier, b. in terian minister, was educated at the Halifax gram- Boston, Mass., 3 Feb., 1836; d. near Spottsylvania, mar-school, and became a clerk in the ordnance Va., 10 May, 1864. He early entered the militia, department. He afterward entered a house that and at the opening of the civil war was major of was engaged in the West India trade, and soon be- the 4th infantry battalion. He had a high reputa- came a member of the firm, but studied law and tion as a drill-master, and trained a large number was admitted to the bar in 1822. He became a of young men that afterward entered the National member of the Nova Scotia assembly in 1826, the army. After doing a month's garrison duty at legislative council in 1837, and in 1840 of the execu- Fort Independence, he recruited the 24th Massa- tive council. In 1846 he became master of the rolls chusetts regiment in the autumn of 1861, and com- and judge of the vice-admiralty court, and in 1856 manded it in the capture of Roanoke island and he was made a companion of the Bath. New Berne in 1862. After holding the outpost STEWART, Alexander Peter, soldier, b. in defences of the latter place for several months, he Rogersville, Hawkins co., Tenn., 2 Oct., 1821. He conducted several expeditions within the enemy's was graduated at the U. S. military academy in lines, and on 6 Sept. successfully defended Wash- 1842, became ad lieutenant in the 3d artillery, and ington, N. C., against a superior force. He led a was acting assistant professor of mathematics at brigade against Goldsboro' and Kinston later in the academy from 1843 till 31 May, 1845, when the year, and in the expedition against Charleston he resigned. He was then professor of mathe- in February, 1863, having been made brigadier-gen- matics and natural and experimental philosophy eral of volunteers on 27 Dec., 1862. He aided in in Cumberland university, Tenn., in 1845–9, and the reduction of Morris island, and led the reserves in Nashville university in 1854–5, and became in the assault on Fort Wagner. After a visit to city surveyor of Nashville in 1855. He was ap- the north to recruit his health, he was placed at pointed by Gov. Isham G. Harris major of_the the head of the 1st division of the 9th corps. He corps of artillery in the provisional army of Ten- was killed at the head of his troops in the battle of nessee, 17 May, 1861, and became brigadier-general Spottsylvania. A memoir of Gen. Stevenson was in the Confederate army, 8 Nov., 1861, major-gen- printed privately after his death (Cambridge). eral, 2 June, 1863, and lieutenant-general, 23 June, STEWARD, Theophilus Gould, clergyman, b. 1864. He was engaged in the battles of Belmont, in Gouldtown, N. J., 17 April, 1843. His parents Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro', and the campaign were of African descent. He was licensed to preach about Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Chattanooga, and at twenty years of age, and at twenty-one entered through the Dalton-Atlanta campaign under Gen. the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal Joseph E. Johnston. He was with Gen. John B. church, and was stationed in Camden, N. J. He | Hood in his movements in the rear of Gen. Sher- went to the south in 1867, and preached and taught man's army, and destroyed the railroads and in South Carolina and Georgia. He wrote the tured the garrison at Big Shanty and Acworth. cap- platform upon which the Republican party of He was at Franklin and Nashville under Hood, Georgia was first organized, and returning to the and at Cole's Farm, in North Carolina, under John- north in 1871, by appointment of his church, re- ston. In 1868 he became professor of mathematics opened the missions in the island of Hayti. On and natural philosophy in the University of Mis- his return he took a full course in theology at the sissippi, and chancellor of the university. Protestant Episcopal divinity-school in Philadel- STEWART, Alexander Turney, merchant, b. phia, and also studied in the School of elocution in Lisburn, near Belfast, Ireland, 12 Oct., 1803; d. there. He has written an “ Essay on Death, Hades, in New York, 10 April, 1876. He was the descend- and the Resurrection”; “ The End of the World”; ant of a Scotch emigrant to the north of Ireland and · Genesis Re-read" (Philadelphia, 1885). and the only son of a farmer, who died when he was STEWARDSON, Thomas, physician, b. in a school-boy. He studied with a view to entering Philadelphia, Pa., 10 July, 1807; d. there, 30 June, the ministry, but, with his guardian's consent, aban- 1878. He was graduated at the medical depart. doned this purpose and came to New York in the ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1830, summer of 1823, without any definite plans for the and continued his studies in Paris. On his return future. lle was for a period employed as a teach- he was associated with various hospitals in Phila- er in a select school in Roosevelt street near Pearl, delphia, and was an active member of the board of then one of the fashionable localities of the city. health for many years. About 1845 he removed to Returning to Ireland, he received the moderate for- Savannah, Ga., where he made a specialty of the tune his father had left him, bought a stock of treatment of yellow fever. In 1860 he introduced Belfast laces and linens, and on reaching New York into this country the new silk-worm, Bourbyx , opened a store at No. 283 Broadway, 2 Sept., 1825, a 682 STEWART STEWART Aley: 2 Sound for which he paid a rent of $250 per annum, giving benefit of the sufferers by the floods in Silesia, as as a reference Jacob Clinch, whose daughter, Cor- he would not permit his portraits of any descrip- nelia, he soon afterward married. The amount of tion to be made. He was also one of the largest the capital invested was about $3,000. The young contributors to the sum of $100,000 presented by merchant had a sleeping-room in the rearof his shop, the merchants of New York to Gen. Ulysses S. and under these humble conditions was formed Grant as an acknowledgment of his great services the germ of the most extensive and lucrative dry- during the civil war. At the time of his death goods business in the world. In 1826 he removed Mr. Stewart was completing, at the cost of $1,000,- to a larger store 000, the iron structure on Fourth avenue between at 262 Broadway, Thirty-second and Thirty-third streets, New York, and soon after- intended as a home for working-girls. He was also ward he again re- building at Hempstead Plains, L. I., the town of moved to 257 Garden City, the object of which was to afford to Broadway. He his employés and others airy and comfortable displayed a ge- houses at a moderate cost. Mr. Stewart's wealth nius for business, was estimated at about $40,000,000. His real es- met with remark- tate was assessed at $5,450,000, which did not in- able success from clude property valued at more than $500,000 on the first, and in which the taxes were paid by the tenants. He 1848 had accu- had no blood relatives, and by his will the bulk of mulated so much his estate was given to his wife. He bequeathed capital that he $1,000,000 to an executor of the will appointed to was enabled to close his partnership business and affairs. Many build the large bequests were made to his employés and to other marble store on persons. He left a letter, dated 29 March, 1873, Broadway be- addressed to Mrs. Stewart, expressing his intention tween Chambers to make provision for various public charities, by and Readestreets, which he would have been held in everlasting re- which afterward membrance, and desiring her to carry out his plans was devoted to in case he should fail to complete them. Unfor- the wholesale branch of his business. In 1862 he tunately, his noble schemes of benevolence were erected on the block bounded by Ninth and Tenth “turned awry, and lost the name of action," and a streets, Broadway and Fourth avenue, the five- large portion of his wealth passed to a person not story iron building used for his retail business. of his name or lineage, verifying the words, “ He This was said to be the largest retail store in the heapeth up riches and cannot tell who shall gather world at that time. Its cost was nearly $2,750,- them.” After Mr. Stewart's death his mercantile 000. About 2,000 persons were employed in the interests were transferred by his widow to other building, the current expenses of the establish- persons, who continued the business under the firm- ment were more than $1,000,000 a year, and the name of A. T. Stewart and Co., which was soon aggregate of sales in the two stores for the three changed to E. J. Denning and Co. Mr. Stewart's years preceding his death amounted to about $203,- residence, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Thir- 000,000. Besides these two vast establishments, Mr. ty-fourth street, a marble mansion, seen in the Stewart had branch houses in different parts of accompanying illustration, is perhaps the finest the world, and was the owner of numerous mills private house in the New World. His art-gallery, and manufactories. During the war his annual among the largest and most valuable in the coun- income averaged nearly $2,000,000, and in 1869 try, was sold he estimated it at above $1,000,000. In 1867 Mr. at auction in Stewart was chairman of the honorary commis. New York in sion sent by the United States government to the 1887. Two of Paris Exposition. In March, 1869, President Grant his most im- appointed him secretary of the treasury; but his portant paint- confirmation was prevented by an old law which ings were pre- excludes from that office all who are interested sented to in the importation of merchandise. The presi- the Metropol- dent sent to the senate a message recommending itan museum that the law be repealed in order that Mr. Stewart of art. There might become eligible to the office, and Mr. Stew- was no satis- art offered to transfer his enormous business to factory por- trustees and to devote the entire profits accruing trait of Mr. during his term of office to charitable purposes; Stewart, and but the law was not repealed, as it was believed that from that Mr. Stewart's proposed plan would not effectu- which the ac- ally remove his disabilities. Ilis acts of charity companying vignette is taken was painted after were numerous. During the famine in Ireland in death by Thomas Le Clear. He was slight and 1846 he sent a ship-load of provisions to that coun- graceful, of medium height, with fair hair and try and gave a free passage to as many emigrants complexion, and light-blue eyes. He possessed re- as the vessel could carry on its return voyage to fined tastes, a love of literature and art, and was this country, stipulating only that they should be fond of entertaining, which he did in a delight- able to read and write and of good moral character. ful manner. At his weekly dinners might be met After the Franco-German war he sent to France a men of distinction in all the various walks of life vessel laden with flour, and in 1871 he gave $50,000 —from the emperor of Brazil and a Rothschild, for the relief of the sufferers by the Chicago fire. to the penniless poet and painter. What was said When Prince Bismarck sent him his photograph of Stewart in the dedication of a volume pub- requesting that of Mr. Stewart in return, he for- lished in 1874 was but the simple truth — that warded instead a draft for 50,000 francs for the i he was “the first of American merchants and STEWART STEWART 683 66 in was 1 philanthropists." —His widow. Cornelia CLINCH, | was the first," says William Goodell, the historian died in New York city, 25 Oct., 1886. She erect- of abolitionism, to insist earnestly, in our consul- ed at Garden tations, in committee and elsewhere, on the neces- City, L.I., the sity of forming a distinct political party to promote Cathedral of the abolition of slavery.' He gradually brought the Incarna- the leaders into it, was its candidate for governor, tion as a me- and this new party grew, year by year, till at last morial of her it held the balance of power between the Whigs husband and and Democrats, when, uniting with the former, it as his mauso- constituted the Republican party. The character- leum, where istics of Mr. Stewart's eloquence and conversation she now rests were a strange and abounding humor, a memory by his side. It | that held large resources at command, readiness in is represent- emergency, a rich philosophy, strong powers of ed the reasoning, and an exuberant imagination. A col- vignette, and lection of his speeches, with a memoir, is in prepa- WMT formal- ration by his son-in-law, Luther R. Marsh. ly transferred STEWART, Archibald, member of the Conti- by Mrs. Stew. nental congress. He resided in Sussex county, art, together N. J., prior to the Revolution, and was active in with various the movements that hastened it. In July, 1774, he buildingscon- was appointed one of the committee to nominate nected with deputies to the Continental congress, which was to it, and also meet in Philadelphia the following September, and an endowment of about $15,000 per annum, to the in 1775 he was chosen a representative from Sussex diocese of Long Island, N. Y., 2 June, 1885. county in that congress to fill a vacancy. STEWART, Alvan, reformer, b. in South Gran- STEWART, Austin, author, b. in Prince Will- ville, Washington co., N. Y., 1 Sept., 1790; d. in iam county, Va., about 1793 ; d. after 1860. He New York city, 1 May, 1849. His parents removed was born in slavery, and when a lad was taken to when he was five months old to Crown Point, Bath, N. Y. He afterward fled to Canandaigua, N. Y., and in 1795, losing their possessions through and in 1817 he engaged successfully in business in a defective title, to Westford, Chittenden co., Vt., Rochester. In 1826 he delivered an oration at the where the lad was brought up on a farm. In 1808 celebration of the New York emancipation act, he began to teach and to study anatomy and medi- and in 1830 he was elected vice-president of the cine. In 1809 he entered Burlington college, Vt., National convention of negroes at Philadelphia. supporting himself by teaching in the winters, and, The following year he removed to a small colony visiting Canada in 1811, he received a commission that had been established in Canada West, named under Gov. Sir George Prevost as professor in the the township Wilberforce, and was chosen its presi- Royal school in the seigniory of St. Armand, but dent. He used his own funds to carry on the af- he returned to college in June, 1812. After the fairs of the colony, but, finding that no more land declaration of war he went again to Canada, and would be sold to the colonists by the Canada com- was held as a prisoner. On his return he taught pany, returned to Rochester in 1837. He after- and studied law in Cherry Valley, N. Y., and then ward opened a school in Canandaigua, and after in Paris, Ky., making his home in the former place, two years became an agent for the “ Anti-Slavery where he practised his profession and won reputa- Standard.” He published * Twenty-two Years å tion. He was a persistent advocate of protective Slave and Forty Years a Freeman " (2d ed., Roch- duties, of internal improvements, and of education. ester, N. Y., 1859). He removed to Utica in 1832, and, though he con- STEWART, Charles, soldier, b. in County tinued to try causes as counsel, the remainder of his Donegal, Ireland, in 1729; d. in Flemington, N. J., life was given mainly to the temperance and anti- 24 July, 1800. His grandfather, of the same name, slavery causes. A volume of his speeches was pub- was a Scottish officer of dragoons, who, for services lished in 1860. Among the most conspicuous of in the battle of the Boyne, was given an estate in these was an argument, in 1837, before the New Ireland. The younger Charles came to this coun- York state anti-slavery convention, to prove that try in 1750 and became a deputy surveyor-general congress might constitutionally abolish slavery; of the province of Pennsylvania. In 1774 he was a on the “Right of Petition " at Pennsylvania hall, member of the first convention in New Jersey that Philadelphia, and on the “Great Issues between issued a declaration of rights against the aggres- Right and Wrong" at the same place in 1838; be- sions of the crown, and in 1775 a delegate to its first fore the joint committee of the legislature of Ver- Provincial congress. By his adopted state he was mont; and before the supreme court of New Jersey made colonel of its first regiment of minute-men, on a habeas corpus to determine the unconstitu- then of the 2d regiment of the line, and in 1777 tionality of slavery under the new state constitu- was appointed by congress commissary-general of tion of 1844, which last occupied eleven hours in issues in the Continental army, serving as such on delivery. His first published speech against slavery Washington's staff till the close of the war. In was in 1835, under threats of a mob. He then drew 1784–5 he was a representative from New Jersey a call for a state anti-slavery convention for 21 Oct., in congress. - His grandson, Charles Samuel, 1835, at Utica. As the clock struck the hour he clergyman, b. in Flemington, N. J., 16 Oct., 1795 ; called the convention to order and addressed it, and d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 15 Dec., 1870, was gradu- the programme of business was completed ere the ated at Princeton in 1815, when, after studying threatened mob arrived, as it soon did and dispersed law, he took a theological course. He was or- the convention by violence. That night the doors dained and sent as missionary to the Sandwich and windows of his house were barred with large islands in 1823, but, owing to the failing health of timbers, and fifty loaded muskets were provided, his wife, returned in 1825, and afterward lectured with determined men to handle them, but the through the northern states in advocacy of foreign preparations kept off the menaced invasion. “He missions. In 1828 he was appointed chaplain in a 684 STEWART STEWART 66 66 . 66 the U. S. navy, and during his visits to all parts of of the brig“ Siren,” in Preble's squadron, off Trip: the world he collected material for his works. He oli, where he convoyed Decatur in the " Intrepid was subsequently stationed for many years at to destroy the “ Philadelphia," and participated in New York, where, in 1836–7, he edited the “ Naval all the attacks on Tripoli, being included in the Magazine.” In 1862 he was retired, and at his vote of thanks by congress on 3 March, 1805, to death he was the senior chaplain in the navy. The Preble's officers. While blockading Tripoli he degree of D. D. was given him in 1863 by the Uni- captured the Greek ship « Catapoliana” and the versity of New York. His works include “ Resi- British brig “Scourge” for violating the block- dence at the Sandwich Islands, 1823–25," which is ade. As mas- an authority on the early history of that mission ter-comman- (New York, 1828); " Visit to the South Seas in the dant he took U.S. Ship.Vincennes,' with Scenes in Brazil, Peru, charge of the etc.” (2 vols., 1831; improved ed., by Rev. William - Essex ” and Ellis, 2 vols., 1839); “Sketches of Society in Great went with Britain and Ireland in 1832” (2 vols., Philadelphia, the fleet to 1834); and “ Brazil and La Plata in 1850–'53: the Tunis, where Personal Record of a Cruise" (New York, 1856).— he convinced Charles Samuel's son, Charles Seaforth, soldier, his comman- b. at sea, 11 April, 1823, was graduated in 1846 at der-in-chief the U. S. military academy, where he was assistant that it was professor of engineering in 1849–54. He was illegal to made 1st lieutenant in the corps of engineers in make war ex- 1853, serving as assistant engineer in 1854–??, and cept by dec- as superintending engineer in the construction of laration of congress. He returned home in 1806, fortifications in Boston harbor till 1861, having commanding the “ Constellation,” and was pro- been promoted captain in 1860. He served during moted to captain, 22 April, 1806. He superintend- the civil war in the corps of engineers, was made ed the construction of gun-boats at New York in major in 1863, and was chief engineer of the Mid- 1806–7, was engaged in the merchant marine in dle military division in 1864-'5. He was made 1808-'12, but returned to the service in 1812, and lieutenant-colonel in 1867, colonel in 1882, and was with Bainbridge dissuaded the cabinet from the pro- retired in 1886. posed policy of not sending the navy to sea against STEWART, Charles, naval officer, b. in Phila- the British. He was assigned to command the ** Ar- delphia, Pa., 28 July, 1778; d. in Bordentown, gus” and “ Hornet” in a special expedition to the N. J., 6 Nov., 1869. His parents were Irish; his West Indies on 23 June, 1812, but the order was father died in 1780, and his mother was left with cancelled, and he was appointed to command the scant means to provide for four children. He Constellation.” In going to Norfolk he met a entered the merchant marine as cabin-boy in 1791, British fleet, which he skilfully avoided, and then and quickly participated in the defence of the town. In the rose to the summer of 1813 he took command of the “ Consti- command of tution," destroyed the “ Pictou," an armed merchant an Indiaman. ship, and the brigs “Catherine ” and “ Phænis," Entering the chased several British ships-of-war and the frigate navyas lieuten- * La Pique,” and narrowly escaped two British ant, 9 March, frigates near Boston. With new sails he left Bos- 1798, he served ton in December, 1814, captured the brig“ Lord in the frig; Nelson” off Bermuda, 24 Dec., 1814, and the ship ate • United “Susan” off Lisbon, and on 23 Feb., 1815, took States” in two British ships-of-war, the “Cyane ” and “Le- the West In- vant," after a spirited engagement of fifty minutes. dies, operating While he was at anchor at St. Jago, Cape de Verde, against French a British fleet approached, from which he adroitly privateers. On escaped with the “ Constitution" and "Cyane," the 16 July, 1800, Levant” being recaptured by the fleet in the he was appoint- neutral harbor which she had just left. He received ed to command from congress a vote of thanks, a sword, and a gold the schooner medal, from the Pennsylvania legislature a vote of • Experiment” thanks and a sword, and the freedom of the city of in the West New York. Like the famous frigate, represented Indies, where in the illustration, Stewart received the soubriquet he captured the of “ Old Ironsides.” He commanded the Mediterra- French schooner “Deux Amis.” He was also nean squadron, in the “Franklin," in 1816–20, and chased by two French vessels, which he skilfully the Pacific squadron in 1820_'4, where he caused a avoided, and by following them he fought and paper blockade to be annulled, and vindicated the captured one, the schooner - Diana," before the rights of American commerce. He was commis- other vessel could assist in the engagement. On sioner of the navy in 1830–2, commanded the 16 Nov., 1800, he took the privateer “ Louisa Philadelphia navy-yard in 1838–²41, and in 1841 Bridger,” and the next month he rescued sixty was mentioned as a candidate for president, but women and children that had been wrecked while was not nominated. He had charge of the Home flying from a revolution in Santo Domingo. The squadron in 1842–3, commanded the Philadelphia Spanish governor of the island wrote a letter of navy-yard again in 1846, and from 1854 till 1861. thanks to the president for Stewart's services. He He was retired as senior commodore in 1856 and was retained on the list of lieutenants in the naval flag-officer in 1860, and on 16 July, 1862, was com- reorganization of 1801. In 1802 he served as execu- missioned rear-admiral, after which he was on tive of the “Constellation," blockading Tripoli, waiting orders until his death. He was in the but returned in 1803 and was placed in command service seventy-one years, and the senior officer for 66 66 C. Stewart STEWART 685 STEWART seventeen years. On 21 May, 1835, his daughter, , cine in Williamsburg, but was encouraged by his DELIA Tudor, married Charles Henry Parnell, and success to remove to New York city, where he was she became the mother of Charles Stewart Parnell, active until 1849. He obtained charge of medical the Irish home-rule leader in the British parliament. and surgical wards in Bellevue hospital, and at the STEWART, Charles James, Canadian Angli- same time received in his office students that had can bishop, b. at Galloway House, Wigtonshire, the benefits of this clinical instruction. In 1847-18 Scotland, 13 April, 1775; d. in London, England, he volunteered his services during the prevalence of 13 July, 1837. He was the fifth son of John, typhus fever, and prescribed daily for two hundred seventh Earl of Galloway, was educated at home dangerously ill patients. When Bellevue hospital and at Oxford, where he was graduated in 1799, was reorganized Dr. Stewart was appointed a mem- and the same year was ordained in the Church of ber of the committee to recommend a new and im- England. He was first settled as a pastor at Orton proved plan, and after its adoption was made one Longueville and Botolph Bridge, near Peterbor- of the visiting medical officers. In 1849 he was ough, in 1799, where he remained eight years, and appointed the first physician of the marine hospital soon afterward, having offered himself to the Soci- on Staten island in connection with the quarantine, ety for the propagation of the gospel, he was ap- and continued in that office until 1851, meanwhile pointed to the mission of St. Armand, Eastern town- reorganizing that institution. Dr. Stewart con- ships, Lower Canada. There was no church in his tinued to reside on Staten island until 1855, wh mission, but he erected one at his own expense. In the death of his father led to his removal to Eng- 1819 he was appointed a visiting missionary in the land in order to obtain estates to which he had diocese of Quebec, which then included the whole of fallen heir. He was a member of medical societies Canada, and suffered much hardship in travelling both in the United States and Europe, and in 1847 over a vast extent of sparsely settled country, with aided in founding the New York academy of medi- out roads or adequate means of conveyance. On cine, whose success was principally owing to his the death of Bishop Mountain in 1825, Dr. Stewart exertions. He was its secretary until his removal was nominated to the see of Quebec as his suc- from New York city, held the office of vice-president cessor, and he was consecrated on 1 Jan., 1826, by three times, and on three different occasions was Archbishop Sutton, at Lambeth palace. In May, anniversary orator. In 1848–'9 he was chairman 1827, Bishop Stewart returned to Quebec and was of the committee on typhus fever, when the dis- installed in the cathedral of that city. Henceforth ease had almost caused a panic in the city. He till his death he was unwearied in advancing the was active in promoting the National medical con- interests of his church and the cause of Christianity vention that held its first meeting in New York in in general. While he was in Canada he spent the 1846, and was secretary of the meeting in Phila- whole of his private fortune in the service of the delphia in 1847, and he was also a member of church and in charity, and promoted the erection the committee that drafted the constitution of the of many churches in various parts of the country. American medical association in 1847. Dr. Stewart In 1817 Oxford gave him the degree of D. D. He was for many years the family physician of Presi- published “ Short View of the Eastern Townships dent Tyler, and refused several diplomatic appoint- in Lower Canada " (London, 1817). See “ The ments that were offered him by the president. Stewart Missions, a Series of Letters and Journals, He invented and introduced several instruments with a Brief Memoir of Bishop Stewart,” edited by that have found use in genito-urinary diseases. In Rev. W. J. D. Waddilove, A. M. (London, 1838), addition to his contributions to medical journals, and “Life of Bishop Stewart,” by the Rev. John he was in 1844-5 editor of the “ New York Journal N. Norton (1859). of Medicine,” and he published a translation of STEWART, David, senator, b. in Baltimore, “Scoutetten on Club-Foot” (Philadelphia, 1839); Md., 13 Sept., 1800; d. there, 5 Jan., 1858. He was “ Hospitals and Surgeons of Paris” (New York, graduated at Union college in 1819, and, after 1843); and a report on Medical Education” to studying law, was admitted to the bar in 1821. Mr. the American medical association (1849—50), em- Stewart had a large practice, and acquired reputa- bracing statistics and regulations of the medical tion as a successful lawyer. In 1838 he was elected colleges of the United States, and an account of to the Maryland senate, and subsequently he was similar institutions in all parts of the world. appointed to succeed Reverdy Johnson in the U. S. STEWART, George, Canadian journalist, b. in senate, where he served from 8 Dec., 1849, till 14 New York city, 26 Nov., 1848. At an early age he Jan., 1850. For some time he held the office of removed with his parents to Canada, settled in St. commissioner of public buildings for the District John, New Brunswick, and was educated in the of Columbia. He was one of the contributors to grammar-school there. He began the publication an ephemeral publication called " The Rainbow," of the “Stamp-Collector's Monthly Gazette” in that was issued during 1821 in Baltimore. 1865, but relinquished it in 1867 and founded STEWART, Electra Maria Sheldon, author, Stewart's Literary Quarterly Magazine," which b. in Le Roy, Genesee co., N. Y., 6 Sept., 1817. he published and edited for five years. He was She was educated in Detroit, Mich., whither she for a short time city editor of the St. John “ Daily removed with her parents when she was very young. News," for two years literary editor of “ The Week- She edited the "Literary Cabinet” in Detroit in ly Watchman," and for one year of “ Rose-Bel- 1853-?4, contributed ten sketches to the state pioneer ford's Canadian Monthly,” which he left in 1879 collections of Michigan, and is the author of several to become editor-in-chief of the Quebec “ Morning Sunday-school books, under the name of Electra Chronicle." In the same year Mr. Stewart was Maria Sheldon; and " The Early History of Michi- elected a member of the European Société interna- gan” (New York, 1858). tionale de littérature, and in 1882 he was named STEWART, Ferdinand Campbell, physician, one of the original members of the Royal society b. in Williamsburg, Va., 10 Aug., 1815. Ile was of Canada by the Marquis of Lorne. Since 1885 educated at William and Mary, and graduated he has been annually elected president of the Lit- at the medical department of the University of erary and historical society of Quebec, and in 1885 Pennsylvania in 1837. Subsequently he spent five he became a fellow of the Royal geographical so- years in professional study in Edinburgh and Paris. ciety of England. In 1886 the degree of D.C. L. On his return he began the practice of medi- was conferred on him by King's university, Nova 9 66 686 STEWART STEWART He was ap: Scotia, and by the University of bishop's college in the battle-field of Bull Run, was paroled, and al- 1888, and he was given that of doctor of letters lowed to care for his wounded at Sudley-church in 1888 by Laval university, Quebec, for his ser- hospital until they were able to be removed to vices to literature in Canada. Mr. Stewart has Richmond, when he was permitted to return home contributed Canadian articles to the “ Encyclo- without exchange “ for voluntarily remaining on pædia Britannica,” and to English, American, and the battle-field in the discharge of his duty." The Canadian periodicals, and is well known as a lec- sword taken from him when he was made prisoner turer on literary and historical subjects. He has was given back to him by Gen. Beauregard in rec- published “The Story of the Great Fire in St.ognition of his faithfulness to duty. On his return John, N. B.” (Toronto, 1877); “ Evenings in the to Minnesota he was appointed surgeon of the Library” (1878); and “ Canada under the Admin- board of enrolment, and held that office until the istration of the Earl of Dufferin ” (1878); and is close of the war. In 1864 he was elected mayor of at present writing a “ History of the Lower Cana- St. Paul, and he was re-elected for four terms dian Rebellion of 1837." (1869–73). Dr. Stewart was the only Republican STEWART, Gideon Tabor, lawyer, b. in that has ever held that office in St. Paul, as the Johnstown, N. Y., 7 Aug., 1824. He removed with vote of the city is Democratic. From 1865 till his parents to Oberlin, Ohio, where he was edu- 1870 he was postmaster of St. Paul, and he was cated. Subsequently he studied law in Norwalk then elected to congress as a Republican, serving and then with Noah H. Swayne in Columbus. In from 15 Oct., 1877, till 4 March, 1879. 1846, after his admission to the bar, he began prac- pointed surveyor-general of the state in 1880, and tice in Norwalk, where in 1846 he became editor held that office for four years. Dr. Stewart was of the “Reflector.” He was elected county auditor president of Minnesota state medical society in as a Whig and held that office during three terms. 1875-'6, and president of the board of physicians In 1861 he removed to Iowa, where he purchased and surgeons to St. Joseph's hospital in St. Paul. the Dubuque “ Daily Times,” and published it STEWART, James, physician, b. in New York during the civil war. At the time of its purchase city, 7 April, 1799 ; d. in Rye, N. Y., 12 Sept., it was the only daily Union paper in the north- 1864. He was educated at Queens (now Rutgers) ern half of the state. Previously he was one of college, and then, after studying medicine with the proprietors of the Toledo - Blade," and after- Dr. Valentine Mott, was graduated at the College ward of the Toledo “ Commercial,” but in 1866 of physicians and surgeons, New York city, in he returned to Norwalk, where he has since con- 1823. ` Dr. Stewart began practice in New York tinued his law-practice. Mr. Stewart was three city, and made a specialty of pulmonary com- times elected grand worthy chief templar by the plaints and diseases of children. He was one of the Good Templars of Ohio. In 1853 he took part in founders of the northern dispensary and its second the Maine law campaign of that year, and then consulting physician. For more than twenty years endeavored to organize a permanent Prohibition he was medical examiner of the Mutual benefit party. He was chairman of a state convention in life insurance company, and during the four years 1857 in Columbus for the purpose of forming such previous to his death held a similar place with the a party, but the movement failed on account of Home life insurance company. In 1857 his essay the troubles in Kansas and the civil war. In 1869 on “Cholera Infantum" received the prize that he was one of the delegates from Ohio to the Chi- was offered by the New York academy of medi- cago convention that formed the National prohibi- cine. He published anonymously A Few Re- tion party. Since that time he has been nominated marks about Sick Children in New York and the three times for governor, seven times for supreme Necessity of a Hospital for them” (1852), and judge, once for circuit judge, once for congress, collected funds for a church hospital for chil- and once- for vice-president in 1876, when, with dren, to be conducted on the same plan as St. Green Clay Smith as candidate for president, he re- Luke's hospital and to be called Christ's hospital ceived a popular vote of 9,522. For fifteen years for children. He also published a translation of he was a member, during four of which he was Charles M. Billard's "Treatise on the Diseases of chairman of the national executive committee of Children,” with an appendix (Philadelphia, 1839); his party. In 1876, 1880, and 1884 the Prohibi- “ A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children tion state convention unanimously instructed the (New York, 1841); and “ The Lungs" (1848). Ohio delegates to present him in the National con- STEWART, John, Canadian statesman, b. in vention as their choice for presidential candidate, Musselburgh, Scotland, 24 Nov., 1773 ; d. in Que- but each time he refused to have his name brought bec, Canada, 5 June, 1858. He engaged in busi- forward. Mr. Stewart has written much in advo- ness, was president of the Board of trade and of cacy of the temperance reform, and many of his the Bank of Montreal, and master of Trinity public addresses have been extensively circulated. house. Under the administration of Sir George STEWART, Jacob Henry, physician, b. in Prevost he was appointed deputy paymaster-gen- Clermont, N. Y., 15 Jan., 1829; d. in St. Paul, eral to the incorporated militia, which office he Minn., 25 Aug., 1884. He studied at Yale for held till the forces were disbanded. On the acces- three years, and was graduated at the medical de- sion of Lord Dalhousie in 1819, Mr. Stewart be- partment of the University of New York in 1851. came a member of the legislative and executive Four years later he began practice in Peekskill, councils, and was appointed sole commissioner of N. Y., but in 1855 he removed to St. Paul, where he the Jesuit estates, of which he had been for many obtained recognition as one of the most skilful prac- years previously a member of the board of manage- titioners of that city. In 1856 he was appointed ment. He was for a long time president of the ex- physician of Ramsay county, Minn., and in 1857–63 ecutive council of Canada. he was surgeon-general of Minnesota, also serving STEWART, Robert Mercellus, governor of as a member of the governor's staff and as a mem- Missouri, b. in Truxton, N. Y., 12 March, 1815; d. ber of the state senate in 1858–9. On 17 April, in St. Joseph, Mo., 21 Sept., 1871. Ile went to 1861, he joined the 1st Minnesota volunteers, which Kentucky as a boy, and in 1838 settled in Buchanan was the first regiment that was received by Presi- county, Mo. In 1845 he was a delegate to the State dent Lincoln, thus making Dr. Stewart the ranking constitutional convention, and for ten years he was surgeon in the volunteer service. Ile remained on a member of the state senate. He was elected gor- a STEWART 687 STILES ernor of Missouri in 1857, and served for four state militia. His full-length portrait is in Col. years, during which time he was active in found- Trumbull's picture of the surrender of Cornwallis, ing the system of railroads that centres in that on the left of the line of the American officers. state. At the beginning of the civil war he en- STEWART, William, Canadian member of tered the National army, but failing health pre- parliament, b. in Scotland in 1802; d. in Toronto, vented him froin serving and he soon retired. 6 March, 1856. He was educated privately, en- STEWART, Thomas McCants, lawyer, b. in gaged in business as a merchant, and was one of Charleston, S. C., 28 Dec., 1854. He is of African the founders of the lumber trade in Canada. He descent. After his graduation at the University of was a member of the parliament of Canada for South Carolina in 1875 he practised law in Colum- Bytown (now Ottawa) and for the county of Rus- bia, S. C., and was professor of mathematics in the sell, and framed the cullers' bill and other impor- State agricultural college, Orangeburg, S. C. He tant acts.--His son, McLeod, lawyer, b. in Ottawa entered the ministry in 1878, after studying at in 1847, was graduated at Toronto university in Princeton. In 1882 he became professor of belles- 1867. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in lettres and law in Liberia college, and spent a year 1870, and established himself successfully in prac- on the west coast of Africa, serving also as general tice at Ottawa. He was elected mayor of that city agent for industrial education in Liberia. In Janu- in 1887, and was re-elected in 1888. Mr. Stewart ary, 1886, he was admitted to the bar of New is actively connected with many financial and in- York city. Mr. Stewart has contributed to news- dustrial corporations, and is president of the Cana- papers and magazines and is the author of " Libe- da Atlantic railway company. He is a Liberal- ria, the Americo-African Republic” (New York, Conservative in politics and has rendered impor- 1887); and “ Perils of a Great City” (1887). tant services to his party. He was appointed a STEWART, Virgil Adam, b. in Jackson co., lieutenant in the governor-general's foot-guards Ga., 27 Jan., 1809. In 1835 he became acquainted on the formation of that body. with John A. Murrell, who was the chief of an STEWART, William Morris, senator, b. in organization that existed throughout the south Lyons, N. Y., 9 Aug., 1827. He entered Yale in and southwest and made a practice of enticing 1848, and, although he was not graduated, his negroes from their owners, with promise of free- name was afterward enrolled among the members dom, and then selling them in a distant part of of the class of 1852, and he received the degree of the country. The members of the conspiracy A. M. in 1865. In 1850 he set out for California recognized one another by sign and dexterously by the way of Panama and engaged in mining in concealed their identity. Their crimes included Nevada county, where he discovered the celebrated robbery and murder. Mr. Stewart succeeded in Eureka diggings. He disposed of his mining in- gaining full information concerning the plans of terests and began the study of law early in 1852, the organization, which included an extended up- and was appointed district attorney in December rising of the negroes, who were incited by promises of that year, and in 1854 became attorney-general of freedom to rebel and slay all the whites on the and settled in San Francisco. Later he moved to night of 25 Dec., 18:35. Meanwhile the members Downieville, Cal., where he devoted himself to the of the conspiracy were to take advantage of the study and practice of the laws that relate to mining, condition of affairs and plunder generally. A ditch- and water-rights, and similar processes. În knowledge of this plot, which was divulged to 1860 he moved to Virginia City, Nev., and was re- Stewart by Murrell, led to the arrest of the latter, tained in almost every case of importance before and his subsequent sentence to imprisonment for the higher courts. To his efforts is mainly due ten years. After the conviction, Stewart published the permanent settlement of the titles of nearly all a pamphlet account of the affair, under the title of the mines on the great Comstock lode. In 1861 “ 'l'he Western Land Pirate" (1835), giving the he was chosen a member of the territorial council, names of the conspirators. This quickly disap- and in 1863 he was elected a member of the Con- peared, statements were industriously circulated stitutional convention. Subsequently he was twice that Stewart was a member of the band, and elected as a Republican to the U. S. senate, and efforts were made to murder him. See “ The His-served from 4 Dec., 1864, till 3 March, 1875. On tory of Virgil A. Stewart and his Adventure in his retirement he resumed the practice of his pro- capturing and exposing the Great Western Land fession on the Pacific coast, where his great famil- Pirate and his Gang” (New York, 1836). iarity with mining law and mining litigation created STEWART, Walter, soldier, b. about 1756; d. a demand for his services. In 1887 he was again in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 June, 1796. He espoused elected to the C. S. senate for a full term, taking the American cause at the beginning of the Revo- his seat on 4 March. He has published various lutionary war, raised a company for the 3d Penn- addresses and speeches. sylvania battalion, was commissioned captain, 6 STICKNEY, John, musician, b. in Stoughton, Jan., 1776, and appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Mass., in 1742; d. in South Hadley, Mass., in 1826. Gates, 26 May, 1776, in which capacity he served | He was taught music while a boy, and subse- until 17 June, 1777, when he was commissioned by quently settled in Hatfield, where he gave les- the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania sons. Later he travelled extensively through the colonel' of the state regiment of foot. He took New England states, and acquired reputation as a command on 6 July, 1777, and led it at Brandy- teacher and composer, but finally settled in South wine and Germantown. By resolution of congress, Hadley, where he continued his teaching. He 12 Nov., 1777, his regiment was annexed to the published " The Gentlemen and Ladies' Musical Continental army, becoming the 13th regiment of Companion ” (Newburyport, 1774), a valuable col- the Pennsylvania line. On 17 Jan., 1781, it was lection of psalms and anthems, together with ex- incorporated with the 21 Pennsylvania, under Col. planatory rules for learning to sing. Stewart's command. He served with great credit STILÉS, Ezra, clergyman and educator, b. in throughout the war, retiring, 1 Jan., 1783, with the North Haven, Conn., 29 Nov., 1727; d. in New brevet rank of brigadier-general. Ile was said to | Haven, Conn., 12 May, 1795. His ancestor, John, be the handsomest man in the American army. came from Bedfordshire, England, and settled in Ile was afterward well known as a merchant of Windsor, Conn., in 1635, and John's grandson, Philadelphia, and became major-general of the | Isaac, the father of Ezra, was graduated at Yale 66 688 STILES STILES 9 Ezra Stiles Stockbridge in 1722 and ordained pastor of the church in who wrote his “Life” (Boston, 1798). See also the North Haven, then a part of New Haven, which “Life of Ezra Stiles," by James Luce Kingsley, in charge he held until his death, 14 May, 1760. He Sparks's “ American Biography.” published the " Prospect of the City of Jerusa- STILES, Henry Reed, physician, b. in New fem” (New London, 1742); “ Looking-Glass for York city,' 10 March, 1832. He is a kinsman of Changelings” (1743); “ The Declaration of the As- Ezra Stiles, and was educated at the University of sociation of the County of New Haven concerning the city of New York and at Williams. After the Rev. George Whitefield ” (Boston, 1745); and graduation at the medical department of the Uni- “The Character and Duty of Soldiers” (New Lon- versity of the city of New York and at the New don, 1755). Ezra was graduated at Yale in 1746, York Ophthalmic hospital in 1855, he practised and in 1749 was chosen in New York city, in Galena, Ill., and Toledo, Ohio. tutor there. About In 1856 he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and in this time Benjamin 1857–8, under the firm of Calkins and Stiles, pub- Franklin sent an elec- lished educational works and the “ American Jour- tric apparatus to Yale, nal of Education.” In 1859–63 he practised medi- and, becoming inter- cine in Brooklyn and Woodbury, N. Y. In 1863 ested in the new sci- he became librarian of the Long Island historical ence, Mr. Stiles made society, of which he was a founder and director. some of the first ex- In 1868–'70 he served in the Brooklyn office of the periments in electrici- Metropolitan board of health, and in 1870–'3 he ty in New England. was a health inspector in the board of health of Having studied theol- New York city. In 1873 he was appointed medical ogy, he was licensed in superintendent of the State homeopathic asylum 1749, and in April, for the insane in Middletown, N. Y., and under his 1750, preached to the direction the first two buildings were erected and Housatonic Indians in its service was organized. In 1877 he removed to Mass., Dundee, Scotland, to take charge of the Homeo- but, owing to religious pathic dispensary there, remaining until 1881, when doubt, resolved to he returned to New York, where he practised until abandon the ministry for the law, and, being ad- 1888. He then opened a private establishment for mitted to the bar in 1753, practised for two years the care of mental and nervous diseases at Hill in New Haven. In February, 1755, he delivered View, N. Y. From 1882 till 1885 he was professor a Latin oration in honor of Dr. Franklin on the of mental and nervous diseases in the New York occasion of his visit to Yale, and formed a friend woman's medical college and hospital. Dr. Stiles ship with Franklin that lasted until death. In was an organizer of the Public health association of 1756 he became pastor of the 2d church in New- New York city in 1872, a founder and officer of the port, R. I., and during his residence there, in ad- Society for promoting the welfare of the insane in dition to his professional duties, devoted himself New York city, and has lectured on hygiene and to literary and scientific research, corresponding sanitary laws in the New York homeopathic medi. with learned men in almost every part of the cal college. He was an organizer of the American world. In 1767 he began the study of Hebrew and anthropological society in 1869, and one of the other Oriental languages. His congregation hav- seven founders of the New York genealogical and ing been scattered by the occupation of Newport biographical society, serving as its president from by the British, he removed in 1777 to Portsmouth, 1869 until 1873. Williams gave him the degree of N. H., to become pastor of the North church, and A. M. in 1876. He is the author of numerous me- thence to New Haven, to accept the presidency of moirs, has annotated and edited several works, and Yale college, which post he held from 23 June, published “The History and Genealogies of An- 1778, until his death, serving also as professor of cient Windsor, Conn.” (New York, 1859; supple- ecclesiastical history, and after the death of Prof. ment, Albany, 1863); " Monograph on Bundling in Naphtali Daggett as professor of divinity, also America” (Albany, 1861); "Genealogy of the Mas- lecturing on philosophy and astronomy. He was sachusetts Family of Stiles ” (1863); - The Walla- accounted, both at home and abroad, as the most bout Prison-Ship Series” (2 vols., 1865); "The Gene- learned and accomplished divine of his day in this alogy of the Stranahan and Joselyn Families.” country. He received the degrees of A. M. from (1865); and “ History of the City of Brooklyn, N.Y." Harvard in 1754, and that of S. T. D. from Edin- (3 vols., Brooklyn, 1867-'70). Ne edited the “ Illus- burgh in 1765, Dartmouth in 1780, and Princeton trated History of the County of Kings and City in 1784. Princeton also gave him the degree of of Brooklyn" (2 vols., 1884), and in part “The LL. D. in the last-named year. His publications Humphreys Family and Genealogy” (1887). are “ Oratio Funebris pro Exequis Jonathan Law” STILES, Israel Newton, lawyer, b. in Suffield, (New London, 1751); “ Discourse on the Chris-Conn., 16 July, 1833. He is a relative of Ezra tian Union ” (Boston, 1761 ; 2d ed., 1791); “Dis- Stiles. He received a common-school education, course on Saving Knowledge" (Newport, 1770); began the study of law in 1849, and three years "The United States Elevated to Glory and later removed to Lafayette, Ind., where he taught Honor,” a sermon before the legislature (Hart- and continued his studies till his admission to the ford, 1783); “ Account of the Settlement of Bris- bar in 1855. He was prosecuting attorney two years tol, R. I." (Providence, 1785); and “ History of and a member of the legislature, and became Three of the Judges of Charles I., Major-General active as an anti-slavery orator during the Fré- Whalley, Major-General Goffe, and Col. Dixwell, mont canvass, delivering more than sixty speeches. etc., with an Account of Mr. Theophilus Whale, When the civil war began he enlisted as a private, of Narragansett," who was supposed to have been but was soon made adjutant of the 20th Indiana also one of the judges (Hartford, 1794). Dr. Stiles regiment. He was taken prisoner at Malvern Hill, left unfinished an " Ecclesiastical History of New but, after six weeks in Libby prison, was exchanged. England." His diary and forty-five volumes of He was subsequently major, lieutenant-colonel, and manuscripts are preserved in the library of Yale. colonel of the 630 Indiana, and finally brevet His daughter, Mary, married Dr. Abieľ Holmes, brigadier-general, his commission being dated 31 6. STILES 689 STILLÉ 9 . Jan., 1865. He removed to Chicago, where he has sent by the presbytery of Philadelphia as a com- earned a high reputation as a lawyer. missioner to the general assembly at Cincinnati. STILES, Joseph Clay, clergyman, b. in Sa- He was one of the original stockholders of - The vannah, Ga., 6 Dec., 1795 ; d. there, 27 March, 1875. Nation," and a member of the Board of trade of After graduation at Yale in 1814 he studied law Philadelphia. His writings include “ The Under- at Litchfield, and practised in his native city, but ground Rail-Road” (Philadelphia, 1878): “ Voting in 1822 entered Andover theological seminary, and Laboring”; and “Struggle for the Rights of where he was graduated in 1825. After his ordi- the Colored People of Philadelphia." nation by the presbytery in 1826 he labored as an STILLÉ, Alfred, physician, b. in Philadel- evangelist in Georgia and Florida from 1829 till phia, Pa., 30 Oct., 1813. He was graduated at the 1835, and gave an impetus to Presbyterianism in University of Pennsylvania in 1832 and at the his native state, reviving old churches and build- medical department of that university in 1836, ing new ones. In 1835 he removed to Kentucky after which he was elected resident physician of and spent nine years in the west, where he fre- the Philadelphia hospital. Dr. Stillé then spent quently engaged in public theological discussion two years in higher medical studies in Paris and that grew out of the division of his denomination. elsewhere in Europe, and in 1851 resumed them In 1814 he accepted a call to Richmond, Va., and in Vienna. During 1839–41 he was resident in 1848 he became pastor of the Mercer street physician to the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1844 church, New York city, which charge he resigned, he began to lecture on pathology and the practice owing to impaired health, and became general of medicine before the Pennsylvania association agent for the American Bible society in the south for medical instruction, and continued do so until in 1850. In 1853 he became pastor of the South 1850, also becoming physician to St. Joseph's hos- church in New Haven, Conn., organized a southern pital in 1849. He was elected professor of the aid society, and in 1860 labored as evangelist in theory and practice of medicine in Pennsylvania the south, serving in this capacity until his death. medical college in 1854, and filled that chair until He received the degree of D. D. from Transylvania 1859. In 1864 he was chosen to a similar place in university in 1846, and that of LL. D. from the the medical department of the University of Penn- University of Georgia in 1860. Dr. Stiles was the sylvania, which he held until 1884, when he was author of a “Speech on the Slavery Resolutions in made professor emeritus. During 1865–71 he was the General Assembly" (New York, 1850); “ Mod- physician and lecturer on clinical medicine in the ern Reform Examined, or the Union of the North Philadelphia hospital. The degree of LL. D. was and South on the Subject of Slavery” (Philadel- conferred on him in 1876 by Pennsylvania college. phia, 1858); “ The National Controversy, or the He is a member of various medical societies, and Voice of the Fathers upon the State of the Coun- was president of the Philadelphia county medical try” (New York, 1861); and“ Future Punish- society in 1862, and of the American medical asso- inent Discussed in a Letter to a Friend” (St. Louis, ciation in 1871, and of the College of physicians of 1868).-His brother, William Henry, lawyer, b. Philadelphia in 1885. Dr. Stillé has contributed in Savannah, Ga., in January, 1808: d. there, 20 Dec., to medical journals, and was associated with Dr. 1865, received an academic education, siudied law, J. Forsyth Meigs in the translation of Andral's was admitted to the bar in 1831, and practised in “ Pathological Hæmatology.” (Philadelphia, 1844). Savannah. He was solicitor-general for the east- Among his works are " Medical Instruction in ern district of Georgia in 1833-6, and afterward the United States ” (1845); “ Elements of Gen- elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 eral Pathology (1848); “Report on Medical Dec., 1843, till 3 March, 1845. On 19 April, 1845, Literature” (1850): “ The Unity of Medicine” he was appointed chargé d'affaires in Austria, hold- (1856); “ Humboldt's Life and Characters ” (1859); ing this office until 3 Oct. , 1849, and on his return “ Therapeutics and Materia Medica : a Systematic he resumed law-practice in Savannah. At the be- Treatise on the Actions and Uses of Medicinal ginning of the civil war he raised a regiment for the Agents” (2 vols., 1860); “War as an Instrument Confederate army, in which he served as colonel, of Civilization” (1862); and “ Epidemic Menin- but resigned, owing to impaired health. Yale gitis, or Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis” (1867). Ile college gave him the degree of A. M. in 1837. He was associated with John M. Maisch in the prepa- was the author of a History of Austria, 1848-'9 ” ration of the “ National Dispensatory” (1879), and (2 vols., New York, 1852). he edited the second edition of the Treatise on STILL, William, philanthropist, b. in Sha- Medical Jurisprudence," originally written by his mony, Burlington co., N. J., 7 Oct., 1821. He is of brother, Moreton Stillé, with Francis Wharton.- African descent, and was brought up on a farm. His brother, Charles Janeway, historian, b. in Coming to Philadelphia in 1814, he obtained a Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Sept., 1819, was graduated clerkship in 1847 in the office of the Pennsyl- at Yale in 1839, and, after admission to the bar, vania Anti-slavery society. He was chairman and devoted his attention to literature. During the corresponding secretary of the Philadelphia branch civil war he was an active member of the execu- of the “underground railroad " in 1851–61, and tive committee of the U. S. sanitary commission, busiod himself in writing out the narratives of of which he afterward became the historian. In fugitive slaves. His writings constitute the only 1866 he was appointed professor of history in full account of the organization with which he was the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1868 be. connected. Mr. Still sheltered the wife, daugh- came provost, which place he filled until 1880. ter, and sons of John Brown while he was awaiting While holding this office he convinced the trustees execution in Charlestown, Va. During the civil and faculty of the necessity of considering the de- war he was commissioned post - sutler at Camp mands of advanced education, especially in the William Penn for colored troops, and was scientific branches, and largely through his in- member of the Freedmen’s aid union and commis- fluence the new buildings in West Philadelphia sion. lle is vice-president and chairman of the were erected and the scientific department was board of managers of the Home for aged and infirm founded. The edifice shown in the illustration colored persons, a member of the board of trus represents the library building erected in 1888–9 tees of the Soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home, and on the university grounds. The degree of LL. D. of other charitable institutions. In 1885 he was was conferred upon him by Yale in 1868. In addi- VOL. V.-14 66 a 690 STILWELL STILLMAN tion to numerous addresses and pamphlets, he has | (1794); and “A Sermon occasioned by the Death published “How a Free People conduct a Long of George Washington " (1799). War” (Philadelphia, 1862); “ Northern Interest and STILLMAN, Thomas Bliss, mechanical en- Southern Independence: a Plea for United Action" gineer, b. in Westerly, R. I., 30 Aug., 1806; d. in Plainfield, N.J., 1 Jan., 1866. He was educated at Union college, and in 1832 came to New York city and took charge of the Novelty iron-works. The first line of steamships on this coast to carry pas- sengers and freight between New York and Charles- ton, S. C., was established by him. During the civil war he was U. S. inspector of steam vessels for the New York district, and superintendent of con- struction of revenue cutters. His last work was to put twelve armed steam cutters afloat in place of the sailing vessels that had been previously used. He was also at various times president of the board of comptrollers, of the park board in New York county, and of the Metropolitan police commission. (1863); “ Memorial of the Great Central Fair for For nearly twenty years he was a trustee of the the United States Sanitary Commission” (1864); New York' hospital, and he was long president of “ History of the United States Sanitary Commis- the Metropolitan savings bank. He invented im- sion ” (1866); and “Studies in Medieval History, proved forms of machinery that have come into (1881). - Another brother, Moreton, physician, b. use.- His brother, William James, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Oct., 1822; d. in Saratoga in Schenectady, N. Y., 1 June, 1828, was gradu- Springs, N. Y., 20 Aug., 1855, was graduated at ated at Union college in 1848, and began the study the University of Pennsylvania in 1841, and after of landscape-painting under Frederick E. Church. studying medicine with his brother, Alfred Stillé, In 1849 he went to Europe, remaining six months, was graduated at the medical department of the and returning with a thorough belief in the new university in 1844. Subsequently he spent three school of pre-Raphaelitism. During 1851-9. he years in the medical schools of Dublin, London, was a regular exhibitor at the Academy of design, Paris, and Vienna, and on his return in 1847 set- of which he was elected an associate member in tled in Philadelphia, where he began practice. In 1854. In 1852 he went to Hungary for Louis 1848 he was elected one of the resident physicians Kossuth, to carry away the crown jewels of the of the Pennsylvania hospital, which post he held kingdom, which had been hidden by Kossuth dur- for nine months, and in June, 1849, during the ing the revolution. Thence he went to Paris, to cholera epidemic of that year, he was appointed to study under Adolphe Y-von. On his return to the serve in the Philadelphia almshouse, where he was United States, in company with John Durand he stricken with the disease and narrowly escaped founded the “ Crayon, in 1855. He returned to with his life. In 1855 he was appointed lecturer Europe in 1859, and was U. S. consul in Rome on the theory and practice of medicine in the Phila- during 1861-5, and in Crete in 1865–9. Since delphia association for medical instruction, and 1870 he has devoted himself entirely to literature. completed his first course of lectures there. Dr. During 1875-'82 he acted as correspondent of the Stillé contributed various articles to the medical London “ Times” in Herzegovina, Montenegro, journals of Philadelphia, and was associated with and Greece, and in 1883–5 he was the art critic of Francis Wharton in the preparation of a “ Treatise the New York “ Evening Post ” and associate edi- on Medical Jurisprudence" (Philadelphia, 1855), tor of the “ Photographic Times." Since 1886 he STILLMAN, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Phila- has resided at Rome as the London “ Times's" delphia, Pa., 10 March, 1738; d. in Boston, Mass., correspondent for Italy and Greece. His pub- 12 March, 1807. His youth was passed in lished works are “ Acropolis of Athens ” (London, Charleston, S. C., where his parents had removed 1870); “ Cretan Insurrection " (New York, 1874): when he was eleven years old. His education, Herzegovina and the Late Uprising” (London, classical and theological, was good, though he at- 1877); and “ On the Track of Ulysses" (Boston, tended neither college nor seminary. He was or- 1887). He has also edited “Poetic Localities of Cam- dained to the ministry in 1759, and soon afterward bridge". (Boston, 1875), and has contributed arti- became pastor of a Baptist church on James island. cles to various magazines. Mr. Stillman is an ex- Impaired health obliged him to leave the south, pert photographer, and in 1872-3 published two and, after preaching for congregations in New Jer. manuals of photography. In 1872 he also brought sey, he was called in 1765 to the pastoral charge of out twenty-five photographic views of Athens, and the 1st Baptist church in Boston, which relation in 1886 thé Autotype company of London began the he sustained for more than forty years. Few cler- publication, for the Hellenic society, of a series of gymen in New England were held in higher es- photographs from his negatives of the Acropolis. teem or exerted a wider influence. As a preacher STILWELL, Silas Moore, lawyer, b. in New he had no superior. In all the philanthropic York city, 6 June, 1800; d. there, 16 May, 1881. movements that distinguished Boston he was an His ancestor, Nicholas Coke, brother of John Coke, active and honored worker. He was a member for the regicide, emigrated to this country early in the that city of the convention in 1788 that ratified 17th century, where he adopted the name Stilwell. the constitution of the l'nited States. His zeal Stephen, the father of Silas M. Stilwell, a soldier for education was evinced especially in the inter- in the Revolutionary war, went in 1804 to Wood- est that he took in Brown university, in whose act stock, Ulster co., N. Y., where he established a of incorporation (1764) and first list of trustees glass-factory. The son was educated at Woodstock his name appears. In 1788 that college conferred free academy until 1812, when, his father having on him the degree of D. D. Dr. Stillman published failed, he went to New York and entered business. a large number of sermons, among which were In 1814 he engaged in surveying in the west, and " A Sermon on the Repeal of the Stamp-Act” then settled in Tennessee, where in 1822 he was (1766); “ Thoughts on the French Revolution in the legislature. He afterward removed to Vir- 66 STIMPSON 691 STIMSON 66 6 . ginia, was clerk of Tazewell county, and a member described more new species of marine animals of the house of burgesses, and in 1824 was admitted than any naturalist except James D. Dana. He to the bar. He returned to New York in 1828, and was a member of various scientific societies, and in 1829 was elected to the legislature, where he con- was early elected to membership in the National tinued until 1833. In 1834 he became a candidate academy of sciences. During his connection with for lieutenant-governor on the ticket with William the Chicago academy of sciences he edited its H. Seward. He was elected alderman in New York • Transactions" and its annual reports. Besides city in 1835, and made chairman of the board; the his various contributions to scientific proceedings, political parties were then equally divided, and as he published numerous memoirs, including - A he had the casting-vote on all appointments he Revision of the Synonymy of the Testaceous Mol- became popularly known as King Caucus. He lusks of New England” (Boston, 1851): - Synop- was the acting mayor at the time of the great fire sis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan,” in in 1835. On Gen. Harrison's election to the presi- the Smithsonian Contributions” (Washington, deney he was offered a cabinet appointment, but, 1853); ** Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pa- having lost his fortune in the panic of 1837, he cific Shores of North America”. (Boston, 1857); declined, but he was with Harrison during most of • Descriptiones Animalium Evertebratorum the latter's short term of office, and after his death (Philadelphia, 1857–60); and “Notes on North accepted the appointment of U. S. marshal for the American Crustacea " (New York, 1859). He was southern district of New York, which he held associated in the preparation of " Check-Lists of during Tyler's administration. At this time he the Shells of North America” (Washington, 1860), was sent on a special mission to the Hague to in- and “ Researches upon the Hydrobiinæ and Allied quire as to the feasibility of negotiating a loan for Forms” (1865). the U. S. government. At the end of his term he STIMSON, Alexander Lovett, author, b. in resumed the practice of law. Mr. Stilwell was the Boston, Mass., 14 Dec., 1816. He studied law, was author of the act entitled “ An act to abolish im- admitted to the bar in Georgia in 1840, and was prisonment for debt and to punish fraudulent also connected with the press in Boston, New York, debtors,” which was passed, 26 April, 1831. This and New Orleans for many years. Mr. Stimson was commonly called the Stilwell act. He was established in 1852, and for several years edited, also the author of the banking laws of the state the “ Express Messenger.” Ile is the author of a of New York, of the general bankrupt act, and “ History of the Boston Mercantile Library Asso- of the national banking act and system of organ- ciation ; “ Easy Nat, or the Three Apprentices ized credits in 1863. He wrote a great deal on (New York, 1850; republished as New England questions of finance, beginning in 1837. His Boys ”); “ History of the Express Companies, and first pamphlet was entitled " A System of Credit the Origin of American Railroads" (1859; new ed., for a Republic and Plan of a Bank for the State of 1881); " Waifwood,” a novel (1864); and many tales New York” (1838). Others were “ Notes Explana- in periodicals. tory of Mr. Chase's Plan of National Finance," STIMSON, Frederic Jesup; author, b. in and “ National Finances : a Philosophical Examina- Dedham, Mass., 20 July, 1855. He was graduated tion of Credit" (1866). Many of his articles ap- at Harvard in 1876, and at the law-school in 1878, peared in the “ Herald,” from 1860 till 1872, under and was assistant attorney-general of Massachusetts the pen-name of “ Jonathan Oldbuck.” from 1884 till 1885. He has pursued literature with STIMPSON, William, naturalist, b. in Rox- | law, writing his earlier novels under the pen-name bury, Mass., 14 Feb., 1832; d. in Ichester Mills, of “ J. S. of Dale." He has published “Stimson's Md., 26 May, 1872. He was early led to the study Law Glossary” (Boston, 1881); “ Guerndale,” a of natural history, and made extensive collections. novel (New York, 1882); - The Crime of Henry It is claimed that he was the first to enter upon Vane" (1884); “ The King's Men," in collabora- the work of deep-sea dredging in searching for tion (1884); " American Statute Law” (Boston, specimens. He became a pupil of Louis Agassiz, 1886); “ The Sentimental Calendar” (New York, and accompanied that naturalist in 1852 on his ex- 1886); First Harvests" (1888); and “The Re- pedition to Norfolk, Va., and Charleston, S. C., to siduary Legatee” (1888). He was also one of the investigate the marine fauna of that region. Later authors of “ Rollo's Journey to Cambridge,” which in the year he was appointed naturalist to the North first appeared in the Harvard Lampoon ” and Pacific expedition, and spent three years and a half afterward in book-form (Boston, 1879). in making observations and collections. On his re- STIMSON, John Ward, artist, b. in Paterson, turn he settled in Washington, and for nine years N. J., 16 Dec., 1850. He was graduated at Yale in was engaged in classifying the results that he had | 1872, and then studied art at the École des beaux obtained. In 1864 he became curator of the Chi- arts in Paris, France. On his return to this coun- cago academy of sciences, and subsequently he try he became art instructor and lecturer at Prince- was its secretary. While holding this office he ton, but on the establishment of the art-schools organized a system of exchanges by which the that are connected with the Metropolitan museum library of the academy was supplied with scientific in New York city he was appointed their superin- journals and transactions, and enriched its muse- tendent. During the four years that he had charge um with specimens of natural history from all of these schools Mr. Stimson increased the mem- parts of the world. These collections, as well as bership from thirty pupils to nearly four hundred, much other valuable material, including his own with seventeen classes. Owing to differences be- manuscripts, which represented the researches of tween himself and the trustees, who showed a more than twenty years, were destroyed by the fire desire to restrict his power, he resigned. In Feb- of 1871. For several years he visited Florida on i ruary, 1888, he announced his desire to found a scientific expeditions, and during the early part of New York university for artist artisans, and he 1872 he was engaged in superintending deep-sea has received substantial support for his scheme dredging, under the auspices of the U. S. coast sur- from the citizens of New York city. Mr. Stimson vey, in the Gulf of Mexico. The thoroughness of has meanwhile continued his artistic work, and his researches, with the clearness and accuracy of has contributed to various exhibitions. He has his descriptions, gained for him a high rank as a also written for periodicals, and has published scientific observer, and it was said of him that he * The Law of Three Primaries" (New York, 1884). 66 692 STOCKBRIDGE STIRLING 1 STIRLING, Sir Thomas, bart., British soldier, | aided in obtaining his information by the ladies in d. 9 May, 1808. He became captain in July, 1757, the fort, whose good graces he soon succeeded in in the 42d, or Royal Highland regiment, which gaining. He considered that the want of good took part in the expeditions of 1758–9 to Lake faith that the French had shown in various mat- George and Lake Champlain. It was afterward | ters absolved him “ from all obligations of honor sent to assist at the siege of Niagara, and in 1760 on this point.” His letters fell into the hands of accompanied Sir Jeffrey Amherst from Oswego to the French at Braddock's defeat, whereupon Stobo Montreal. Capt. Stirling was stationed at Fort was closely imprisoned at Quebec. He escaped in Chartres, III., in 1765, and in June, 1766, he re- 1756, but was captured, confined in a dungeon, and turned to Philadelphia, after a march of more than on 28 Nov. was condemned to death as a spy, but 3,000 miles, with his entire detachment of 100 the king failed to approve the sentence. On 30 men in perfect health and without accident. He April, 1757, he escaped again, but he was recap- became major in 1770, and lieutenant-colonel in tured three days later. On 30 April, 1758, he 1771, commanding his regiment throughout the made another attempt, and succeeded in effecting Revolutionary war. He was in the engagement on his escape with several companions in a birch-bark Staten island, the battle on Brooklyn heights in canoe. After meeting with many adventures and 1776, the storming of Fort Washington, the cap- travelling thirty-eight days they reached the Brit- ture of Red Bank, the battle of the Brandywine, ish army before Louisburg, where Stobo was of and that of Springfield, 7 June, 1780, where he much service by his knowledge of localities. He was wounded." He was made colonel in 1779, and had been promoted major during his captivity, and held the rank of brigadier-general under Sir Henry after returning to Virginia sailed in 1760 for Eng. Clinton in the expedition against Charleston, S. C., land, where, on 5 June, 1761, he was commissioned in 1780. He became colonel of the 71st Highland- captain in the 15th foot. He served in the West ers in February, 1782, major-general in November Indies in 1762, but returned to England in 1767, following, lieutenant-general and a baronet in 1796, and resigned in 1770. On his visit to Virginia and general, 1 Jan., 1801. after his captivity the legislature thanked him by STITH, William, historian, b. in Virginia, in name for his services, and voted him the sum of 1689; d. in Williamsburg, Va., 27 Sept., 1755. £1,300. Stobo was a friend of Tobias Smollett, the He was a nephew of Sir John Randolph, and novelist, who, it has been suggested, describes him brother-in-law of Peyton Randolph. After study- as Captain Lismahago in Humphrey Clinker." ing theology, he was ordained in England as a The original edition of Stobo's " Memoirs" (Lon- minister of the established church, and in 1731 don, 1800) is now rare, A manuscript copy was became master of the grammar-school of William obtained by James McHenry from the British and Mary college. He was chaplain of the house museum, and published, with notes, addenda, and of burgesses in 1738, and in 1752-'5 rector of Hen- a fac-simile of Stobo's plan of Fort Du Quesne, by rico parish and president of William and Mary.“ N. B. C." as “ Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo of He published a History of Virginia from the the Virginia Regiment” (Pittsburg, 1854). This First Settlement to the Dissolution of the London unique work is largely written in an imitation of Company” (Williamsburg, 1747 ; new ed., with the classical epic style. bibliographical notice by Joseph Sabin, limited to STOCKBRIDGÉ, Francis Brown, senator, b. 250 copies, New York, 1866). Thomas Jefferson in Bath, Me., 9 April, 1826. He was educated at says of this work that it is " inelegant and often Bath academy, and resided in Boston from 1842 too minute to be tolerable," and De Tocqueville till 1847, when he became a lumber merchant in calls it “ long and diffuse,” but it is praised highly Chicago, Ill. In 1854 he removed to Saugatuck, by others for its accuracy. Stith acknowledges in Mich., and since 1863 he has resided in Kalamazoo, his preface his indebtedness to the writings of Mich. He has served as a colonel of Michigan William Byrd, and he also made use of materials militia, was successively in both branches of the that Sir John Randolph had collected for a pur- legislature in 1869–71, and in January, 1887, was pose similar to his own. All the documents that he elected to the U. S. senate. used have been recently destroyed by fire. He also STOCKBRIDGE, Levi, agriculturist, b. in wrote “ The Nature and Extent of Christ's Re- North Hadley, Mass.. 13 March, 1820. demption,” a sermon (Williamsburg, 1753). educated in New England common schools and STOBO, Robert, soldier, b. in Glasgow, Scot- academies, and then turned his attention to farm- land, in 1727; d. after 1770. His father, William, ing. His application of scientific principles to his was a wealthy merchant. The son was very deli- occupation led to his appointment on the State cate in his youth, but early gave evidence of taste for board of agriculture. where he served for four terms arms, spending his play-hours in drilling his com- of three years each, and since 1868 he has been panions. Both his parents had died before 1742, chairman of the State board of cattle commission- and, after studying for some time in the university ers. In 1867 he was called to a professorship in of his native place, he went to Virginia about that the Massachusetts agricultural college, Amherst, year and became a merchant. Here he kept open where he was also acting president in 1876–9, and house and was a great social favorite, but met president in 1880–2. Prior to the establishment with little success in business, and in 1754 was ap- l of experiment stations he began and prosecuted pointed senior captain in a regiment that was during several years a laborious and extended raised by the province to oppose the French. series of investigations on the movement of sap in Under his direction the intrenchments called Fort growing plants, especially trees, and the force that Necessity were thrown up, and when finally Maj. plants exert in their growth. About the same time George Washington was obliged to surrender the he devised and prosecuted a series of experiments work, Stobo was one of two hostages that were as to the effect of moisture, and with apparatus given to the French to secure proper performance that he invented for the purpose made observations of the articles of capitulation. He was sent to on percolation, evaporation, and dew. But his Fort Du Quesne, and occupied himself with draw- most valuable work to the agriculturist was a ing a plan of that stronghold, which, with a writ- series of investigations that he conducted during ten scheme for its reduction, he sent to the com- 1868–70 on the chemical composition of farm crops, manding officer at Wills Creek. He was greatly and the effect of supplying to the soil on which He was STOCKTON 693 STOCKTON kuk Storkton any particular crop was to be raised the constitu- | wa's for many years chief judge of the court of ents of that crop. This led to the employment of common pleas of Somerset county. The son was the special fertilizers that are now widely used in graduated at Princeton in 1748, studied law with the place of general fertilizers, or random fertil- David Ogden in Newark, and in 1754 was almit- izers, which for a special purpose might be valuable ted to the bar, in or worthless. He is a member of various agricul- which he soon at- tural associations and has made many addresses tained great repu- on his specialties in New England and New York. tation. After ac- His writings, including the results of his researches, quiring a compe- appear in various publications, chiefly in the an- tency, he visited nual reports of the Massachusetts agricultural col- Great Britain in lege.- His brother, Henry, lawyer, b. in North 1766–7, making Hadley, Mass., 31 Aug., 1822, was originally named the acquaintance Henry Smith Stockbridge, but he dropped the of many public Smith in early manhood. He was graduated at men and receiving Amherst in 1845, and studied law in Baltimore, the freedom of the where he was admitted to the bar, 1 May, 1818, city from the mu- and has since practised his profession. During nicipal authorities the civil war he was a special district attorney to of Edinburgh. He attend to the business of the war department, and exerted himself es- in 1864, as a member of the legislature, he drafted pecially to remove the act that convened a constitutional convention the prevailing ig- for the abolition of slavery in the state. He took norance regarding an active part in the proceedings of the convention, the American col- and defended the constitution that it adopted be- onies. While he fore the court of last resort. Afterward he insti- was in Scotland tuted, and successfully prosecuted in the U. S. his personalefforts courts, proceedings by which were annulled the in- induced Dr. John dentures of apprenticeship by which it was sought Witherspoon to reconsider his refusal to become to evade the emancipation clause. Mr. Stockbridge president of Princeton, and for this and other ser- thus practically secured the enfranchisement of vices to the college Mr. Stockton received the for- more than 10,000 colored children. He was judge mal thanks of its trustees after his return in Sep- of the circuit court for Baltimore county in 1865, tember, 1767. In 1768 he was made a member of a delegate to the Loyalists' convention in 1866, and the executive council of the province, and in 1774 vice-president of the National Republican conven- he was raised to the supreme bench of New Jersey. tion of 1868. Mr. Stockbridge has been for twenty He strove at first to effect a reconciliation between years editor of the Fund publications of the Mary- the colonies and the mother country, and on 12 land historical society, of which he is vice-presi- Dec., 1774, sent to Lord Dartmouth “ An Expedient dent; and he is the author of publication No. 22; for the Settlement of the American Disputes," in - The Archives of Maryland” (Baltimore, 1886); which he proposed a plan of colonial self-govern- besides various contributions to magazines. ment, but he soon became active in efforts to or- STOCKTON, Alfred Augustus, Canadian law- ganize a prudent opposition, and on 21 June, 1776, yer, b. in Studholm, King's co., New Brunswick, 2 was chosen by the Provincial congress a member of Nov., 1842. His great-grandfather, Andrew Hun- the Continental congress, then in session in Phila- ter Stockton, a native of Princeton, N. J., fought delphia. His silence during the opening debates on the royal side in the war of the Revolution, on the question of independence leads to the con- and afterward settled in New Brunswick. Mr. clusion that at first he doubted the expediency Stockton was graduated at Mount Allison college of the declaration, but at the close of the discus- in 1864, and was admitted to the bar of New sion he expressed his concurrence in the final vote Brunswick in 1868, and became a member of the in a short but energetic address. He was re- New Brunswick legislature in 1883. He is secre- elected to congress, where he was an active mem- tary of the board of governors of Mount Allison ber, and in September, 1776, at the first meeting of college, an examiner in political economy and con- the state delegates under the new constitution, was stitutional history, and also an examiner in law a candidate for governor. On the first ballot he at Victoria university, president of the New Bruns- and William Livingston received an equal number wick historical society, and register of the court of votes, but the latter was finally elected. Mr. of vice-admiralty of the province. He has re- Stockton was then chosen chief justice by a unani- ceived the degree of LL. B. from Victoria uni- mous vote, but declined. On 26 Sept., 1776, he versity, that of Ph. D. from Illinois Wesleyan uni- and George Clymer were appointed a committee to versity, and that of D. C. L. from Mount Allison inspect the northern army. On 30 Nov., at night, college in 1884. He edited “Rules of the Vice- he was captured by a party of loyalists at the Admiralty Court in New Brunswick” (St. John, house of John Covenhoven, in Monmouth, N. J., 1876), and “Berton's Report of the Supreme Court which was then his temporary home. His host of New Brunswick,” with copious notes (1882). shared his fate. Mr. Stockton was thrown into STOCKTON, Richard, signer of the Declara- the common prison in New York, and treated with tion of Independence, b. on his estate near Prince. unusual severity, which seriously affected his ton, N. J., 1 Oct., 1730; d. there, 28 Feb., 1781. health. Congress passed a resolution directing His great-grandfather, of the same name, came Gen. Washington to inquire into the circumstance, from England before 1670, and, after residing sev- remonstrate with Gen. Howe, and ask “whether eral years on Long Island, purchased, about 1680, a he chooses this shall be the future rule for treating tract of 6,400 acres of land, of which Princeton, all such, on both sides, as the fortune of war may N. J., is nearly the centre. About 1682 he and his place in the hands of either party." Mr. Stockton associates formed a settlement there, and were the was exchanged shortly afterward, but never re- first Europeans in the district. Richard's father, gained his health. His library, which was one of John, inherited“ Morven,” the family-seat, and the best in the country, had been burned by the 694 STOCKTON STOCKTON British, and his lands were laid waste. His for- | with Com. Rodgers, with whom he went as aide to tune was greatly diminished by these depredations the “Guerrière at Philadelphia ; but, as the ship and the depreciation of the Continental currency, was unable to go to sea, Rodgers took his crew to and he was compelled to have temporary recourse assist in defending Baltimore. Before the arrival to the aid of friends. Mr. Stockton, though of a of the British, Stockton went to Washington and became the aide of the secretary of the navy, after which he resumed his post with Com. Rodgers and took part in the operations at Alexandria. He then went with Rodgers to Baltimore and had command of 300 sailors in the defence of that city against the British army. He was highly com- mended, and promoted to lieutenant, 9 Sept., 1814. On 18 May, 1815, he sailed in the “Guerrière," De- catur's flag-ship, for the Mediterranean after the declaration of war with Algiers, but he was trans- ferred soon afterward to the schooner “ Spitfire” as 1st lieutenant, in which vessel he participated in the capture of the Algerine frigate “Mahouda," and led the boarders at the capture of the Algerine brig“ Esledio" in June, 1815. In February, 1816, he hasty temper and somewhat haughty to those that joined the ship-of-the-line" Washington "and made manifested want of personal respect to him, was a another cruise in the Mediterranean, in the course man of great generosity and courtesy. He pos- of which he was transferred to the ship - Erie," of sessed much courage and agility as a horseman which he soon became executive officer. The Ameri- and swordsman. His funeral sermon was delivered can officers very often had disputes with British in the college hall at Princeton by Rev. Samuel S. officers, and frequent duels took place. At one Smith, D. D. His statue was placed by the state time in Gibraltar, Stockton had accepted challenges of New Jersey in the capitol at Washington in to fight all the captains of the British regiment in 1888. The accompanying vignette is a represen- the garrison, and several meetings took place. In tation of his residence at Princeton.-His wife, one case after wounding his adversary he escaped ANNIS, sister of Dr. Elias Boudinot, was well arrest by knocking one of the guard from his horse, known for her literary attainments, and con- which he seized and rode to his boat. Stockton tributed to periodicals. One of her poems, ad- came home in command of the “ Erie” in 1821. dressed to Washington after the surrender at Shortly after his return the American coloniza- Yorktown, drew from him a courtly acknowledg- tion society obtained his services to command the ment. She also wrote the stanzas beginning schooner - Alligator " for the purpose of founding " Welcome, mighty chief, once more!" which a colony on the west coast of Africa. He sailed in were sung by young ladies of Trenton while strew- the autumn of 1821, and after skilful diplomatic ing flowers before Gen. Washington on his passage conferences obtained a concession of a tract of ter- through that city just before his first inauguration ritory near Cape Mesurado, which has since be- as president. They are given in full in Chief- come the republic of Liberia. In November, 1821, Justice Marshall's “ Life of Washington.”—Their the Portuguese letter-of-marque “ Mariana Flora son, Richard, senator, b. near Princeton, N. J., fired on the “ Alligator,” which she mistook for a 17 April, 1764; d. there, 7 March, 1828, was pirate. After an engagement of twenty minutes graduated at Princeton in 1779, studied law in the Portuguese vessel was taken and the cap- Newark with Elias Boudinot, was admitted to the ture was declared legal, though the prize was re- bar in 1784, and began to practise in his native turned by courtesy to Portugal. On a subsequent place. He was a presidential elector in 1792, and cruise in the “ Alligator " he captured the French in 1796 was chosen to the U. S. senate as a Feder- slaver “ Jeune Eugenie,” by which action the right alist for the unexpired term of Frederick Freling- to seize slavers under a foreign flag was first es- huysen, resigned, serving from 6 Dec. of that year tablished as legal. He also captured several pirati- till 3 March, 1799, when he declined to be a candi- cal vessels in the West Indies. From 1826 until date for re-election. He served in the lower house December, 1838, he was on leave, and resided at of congress in 1813-'15, and again declined further Princeton, N. J. He organized the New Jersey candidacy. During his service in the house of repre- colonization society, became interested in the turf, sentatives he had a debate with Charles J. Ingersoll, and imported from England some of the finest of Philadelphia, on free-trade and sailors' rights. In stock of blooded horses. He also took an active 1825 he was appointed one of the commissioners part in politics, and became interested in the Dela- on the part of New Jersey to settle a territorial ware and Raritan canal, for which he obtained the dispute with New York, and he was the author of charter that had originally been given to a New the able argument that is appended to the report | York company, and vigorously prosecuted the of the New Jersey commissioners. Mr. Stockton work. His whole fortune and that of his family possessed profound legal knowledge and much were invested in the enterprise, which was com- cioquence as an advocate, and for more than a pleted, notwithstanding the opposition of railroads quarter of a century held the highest rank at the and a financial crisis, by which he was obliged bar of his native state. He received the degree of to go to Europe to negotiate a loan. He retained LL. D. from Queen's (now Rutgers) college in 1815, his interest in this canal during his life, and the and from l'nion in 1816. He was often called : The work stands as an enduring monument to his en- Duke."— The second Richard's son, Robert Field, ergy and enterprise. In December, 1838, he sailed naval officer, b. in Princeton, N. J., 20 Aug., 1795; with Com. Isaac Hull in the flag-ship - Ohio" as d. there, 7 Oct., 1866, studied at Princeton college, fleet-captain of the Mediterranean squadron, being but before completing his course he entered the promoted to captain on 8 Dec. He returned in the U. S. navy as a midshipman, 1 Sept., 1811. He latter part of 1839, and took part in the presi- joined the frigate “ President " at Newport, 14 dential canvass of 1840 in favor of Gen. William Feb., 1812, and made several cruises in that ship. Henry llarrison. After John Tyler became presi- AN 695 STOCKTON STOCKTON 66 dent, Stockton was offered a seat in the cabinet as with Mexico was subsequently confirmed. Gen. secretary of the navy, which he declined. The U. S. Kearny raised a dispute with Stockton for his as- steamer - Princeton”. (see Ericsson, John) was sumption of command over military forces, but built under his supervision, and launched at Phila- Stockton's course was sustained by virtue of his delphia early in 1844. He was appointed to com- conquest. On 17 Jan., 1847, he returned to San mand the ship, and brought her to Washington for Diego, and then sailed to Monterey, where he was the inspection of officials and members of con- relieved by Com. William B. Shubrick. Stockton gress. On a trial-trip down the Potomac river, returned home overland during the summer. He when the president, cabinet, and a distinguished was the recipient of honors by all parties, and the company were on board, one of the large guns burst legislature of New Jersey gave him a vote of thanks and killed the secretary of state, secretary of the and a reception. The people of California, in rec- navy, the president's father-in-law, and several of ognition of his services, named for him the city of the crew, while a great many were seriously injured. Stockton, and also one of the principal streets of A naval court of inquiry entirely exonerated Capt. San Francisco. On 28 May, 1850, he resigned from Stockton. Shortly after this event he sailed in the the navy in order to settle his father-in-law's estate “ Princeton ” as bearer of the annexation resolu- in South Carolina and attend to his private inter- tions to the government of Texas. In October, ests. He continued to take part in politics, was 1845, he went in the frigate “Congress” from Nor- elected to the U. S. senate, and took his seat, folk to serve as commander-in-chief of the Pacific 1 Dec., 1851, but resigned, 10 Jan., 1853, and retired squadron, on the eve of the Mexican war. He to private life. During his brief service in the sailed around Cape Horn to the Sandwich islands, senate he introduced and advocated the bill by and thence to Monterey, where he found the squad- which flogging was abolished in the navy. He ron in possession under Com. John D. Sloat, whom also urged measures for coast defence. After he Stockton relieved. News of the war had been re- resigned from the senate he devoted himself to the ceived by the squadron before his arrival, and development of the Delaware and Raritan canal, Monterey and San Francisco were captured. Stock- of which he was president until his death. He ton assumed command of all American forces on continued to take an interest in politics, became an the coast by proclamation, 23 July, 1846. He or- ardent supporter of the “ American " party, and was ganized a battalion of Americans in California and a delegate to the Peace congress that met in Wash- naval brigades from the crews of the ships. Col. ington, 13 Feb., 1861. See his “ Life and Speeches” John C. Frémont also co-operated with him. He (New York, 1856).—Robert Field's son, John Pot. sent Frémont in ter, senator, b. in Princeton, N. J., 2 Aug., 1826, the “Cyane” to was graduated at Princeton in 1843, studied law, San Diego, while was licensed to practise as an attorney in 1847, and he landed at San- came to the bar in 1850. He was appointed by the ta Barbara and legislature a commissioner to revise and simplify marched thirty the proceedings and practice in the courts of law miles with the of the state, and was for several years afterward naval brigade to reporter to the court of chancery. In 1857 he was the Mexican cap- appointed U. S. minister to Rome, but in 1861 he ital of Califor- was recalled at his own request. In 1865 he was nia, the city of chosen U. S. senator from New Jersey by a plu- Los Angeles, of rality vote of the legislature, a resolution changing which he took the number necessary to elect from a majority to a possession on 13 plurality having been passed by the joint conven- Aug. He then tion that elected him. On this ground, after he organized a civil had taken his seat in the senate, several members government for of the legislature sent to the senate a protest the state, and against his retaining it. The committee on the appointed Col. judiciary unanimously reported in favor of the Frémont govern- validity of his election, and their report was ac- or. Rumors of a cepted by a vote of twenty-two to twenty-one, R.Z.frontono rising of the In.. Mr. Stockton voting in the affirmative. His vote dians compelled was objected to by Charles Sumner, and on the fol- him to return to lowing day, 27 Narch, 1866, he withdrew it, and the north in September. The force that he left at was unseated by a vote of twenty-three to twenty- Los Angeles was besieged by the Mexicans in his He then devoted himself to the practice of absence, and Stockton was obliged to sail to San his profession, but in 1869 was re-elected to the Diego after finding all quiet in the northern part of senate, and served one term till 1875. While in California. The Mexicans had also recaptured San that body he advocated the establishment of life- Diego. He landed at that place, drove out the ene- saving stations on the coast, and procured on the my, and sent a force to the rescue of Gen. Stephen appropriation bills the first provision for their W. Kearny, who had been defeated by the Mexi- maintenance. He served on the committees on cans on the way to San Diego. Gen. Kearny, with foreign affairs, the navy, appropriations, patents, sixty dragoons, then served under Stockton's orders, and public buildings and grounds; and took part and the force proceeded to Los Angeles, 150 miles in the debate on reconstruction, and in the discus- distant. An engagement took place at San Gabriel sion of questions of international law. In 1877 he on 8 Jan., 1847, followed by the battle of La Mesa the was appointed attorney-general of New Jersey, and next day, in which the Mexicans were routed. Col. he was chosen again in 1882 and 1887. In this Frémont had raised an additional force of Califor- office he has sustained by exhaustive arguments nians, by which the force under Stockton amounted the system of railroad taxation, reversing in the to more than 1,000 men. Negotiations were opened court of errors the decisions of the supreme court with the Mexican governor, and the entire province against the state. Mr. Stockton has been a dele- of California was ceded to the United States and gate-at-large to all the Democratic National con- evacuated by the Mexican authorities. The treaty ventions since that of 1864, where, as chairman of @ one. ' 696 STODDARD STOCKTON • & the New Jersey delegation, he nominated Gen. perhaps the most widely known. It ends by pro- George B. McClellan for the presidency. He was pounding a problem, various solutions of which, also å delegate to the Unionists' convention at some serious and some jocose, have appeared from Philadelphia in 1866. Princeton gave him the de- time to time. A comic opera, based upon it, the gree of LL. D. in 1882. He has published “ Equity libretto of which was written by Sydney Rosenfeld, Reports," being the decisions of the courts of chan- was produced in New York in 1888. Mr. Stock- cery and appeals (3 vols., Trenton, 1856–60). ton's other short stories include “ The Transferred STOCKTON, Thomas Hewlings, clergyman, Ghost," · The Spectral Mortgage," and " A Tale b. in Mount Holly, N. J., 4 June, 1808; d. in Phila- of Negative Gravity." He is also the author of the delphia, Pa.. 9 Oct., 1868. He studied medicine in novels - The Late Mrs. Null” (New York, 1886); Philadelphia, but began to preach in 1829, entered "The Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Ale- the ministry of the Methodist Protestant church, shine" (1886), with a sequel, entitled • The Du- and took charge of a circuit on the eastern shore santes ” (1888); and“ The Hundredth Man" (1887). of Maryland. He soon attained a reputation as a His short stories have been collected as The La- pulpit orator, and served as chaplain to the U.S. dy or the Tiger? and other Stories" (1884); " The house of representatives in 1833–5 and 1859–61, Christmas Wreck, and other Tales" (1887); and and to the senate in 1862. Being unwilling to sub- - The Bee Man of Orn, and other Fanciful Tales" mit to the restrictions in the discussion of slavery (1887). He has written for children “ Roundabout that were imposed by the Baltimore conference, he Rambles” (1872); “ What might have been Es- went to Philadelphia in 1838, where he was a pas- pected” (1874): “ Tales Out of School” (1875); “ A tor and lecturer till 1847. He then resided in Cin- Jolly Fellowship” (1880); " The Floating Prince cinnati, Ohio, till 1850, and while there declined a (1881); and "The Story of Viteau ” (1884).- Fran- unanimous election to the presidency of Miami cis Richard's brother, John Drean, journalist, b. university. From 1850 till 1856 he was associate in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 April, 1836; d. there, 3 Nov., pastor of St. John's Methodist Protestant church 1877, was educated in his native city, and began to in Baltimore, also serving during three years and study art and engraving, but was employed at an a half of this period as pastor of an Associate Re- early age on the Philadelphia “ Press," and became formed Presbyterian church there. From 1856 its manager under John W. Forney. He was con- till his death he was pastor of the Church of the nected with the New York - Tribune" in 1866, New Testament in Philadelphia, and also devoted and in 1867 assumed the editorship of the Philadel- himself to literary work. Dr. Stockton edited at phia “ Post," of which he became a proprietor, but different periods the “ Christian World” and the he gave up his interest in 1872, and from 1873 till “ Bible Times.” He was an anti-slavery pioneer, his death was dramatic and musical critic of the opposed sectarianism, and was active in his labors New York“ Herald.” He wrote “ Fox and Geese," for all social reforms. He published editions of a comedy (1868), which ran 100 nights in New York the Bible, each book by itself; “ Floating Flowers and other cities, and more than 300 in London. from a Hidden Brook” (Philadelphia, 1844); " The Mr. Stockton's political editorials, as well as his Bible Alliance" (Cincinnati, 1850); “ Ecclesiastical | dramatic and literary criticisms, were marked by Opposition to the Bible " (Baltimore, 1853); “Ser- touches of humor and poetic fancy. mons for the People" (Pittsburg, 1854); The STODDARD, Charles Warren, author, b. in Blessing” (Philadelphia, 1857); “ Stand up for Rochester, N. Y., 7 Aug., 1843. He was educated Jesus," a ballaıl, with notes, illustrations, and mu- in New York city and in California, to which state sic, and a few additional poems (1858); “ Poems, he had removed with his father in 1855. In 1864 with Autobiographical and other Notes" (1862); he went to the Hawaiian islands, where he has and Influence of the United States on Christen- since passed much of his time, and, as travelling dom” (1865). After his death appeared his “ The correspondent of the San Francisco “ Chronicle Book above all” (1870). See Memory's Tribute in 1873–8, visited many islands of the South seas, to the Life, Character, and Work of Rev. Thomas Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific slope from H. Stockton,” by the Rev. Alexander Clark (New Alaska to Mexico. He began to write poetry at York, 1869), and “ Life, Character, and Death of an early age, was for a short time an actor, has Rev. Thomas H. Stockton,” by Rev. John G. Wil- | contributed to many magazines, and has also lec- son (Philadelphia, 1869).--His half-brother, Fran. tured. He was professor of English literature in cis Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Notre Dame college, Ind., in 1885–6. He has pub- April, 1834, was graduated at the Central high- lished “ Poems" (San Francisco, 1867); “ South- school in his native city in 1852, became an en- Sea Idyls" (Boston, 1873): “ Mashallah : a Flight graver and draughtsman, and in 1866 invented into Egypt” (New York, 1881); and " The Lepers and patented a double graver, but he soon aban- of Molokai” (Notre Dame, 1885). doned this occupation for journalism. After be- STODDARD, John F, educator, b. in Green- ing connected with the Post” in Philadelphia field, Ulster co., N. Y., 20 July, 1825; d. in Kearney, and " Hearth and Ilome" in New York, he joined N. J., 6 Aug., 1873. His early years were passed on the editorial staff of “Scribner's Monthly," and on a farm, and, after attending the public schools, he the establishment of “ St. Nicholas” became its began teaching in 1843. Later he entered the New assistant editor. Mr. Stockton's earliest writings, York normal school, and, upon his graduation in under the name of Frank R. Stockton, which he 1847, began his life-work as an educator. Ile was has since retained, were fantastic tales for children, eminently successful as an instructor of mathemat- and appeared in the Riverside Magazine” and ics and in his efforts to promote normal schools. other periodicals. Four of these, under the title and left a fund to Rochester university for a gold of “ The Ting-a-Ling Stories,” were issued in a vol- ! medal, to be awarded to the best student in mathe- ume (Boston, 1870). More recently he has attained matics. His principal published works are “ Prac- a wide reputution for his short stories, which are tical Arithmetic” (New York, 1852); “ Philosophi- marked by quaintness of subject and treatment 'cal Arithmetic” (1853) : C'niversity Algebra and by dry humor. The first of these were the : (1857); and “ School Arithmetic” (1869). The an- Rudder (range stories, which appeared in nual sale of Stoddardi's arithmetics was at one time " Scribner's Monthly," and afterward in book-form about 200,000 copies, now 40,000, and up to July. (New York, 1879). *** The Lady or the Tiger?" is 1888, over 2,500,000 copies had been issued. 55 66 STODDARD 697 STODDARD RH Stoddard STODDARD, Joshua C, inventor, b. in Paw- | à-Brac Series" (1874). He has also edited several let, Vt., 26 Aug., 1814. He was educated at the annuals, made translations, and written numerous public schools, and became noted as an apiarist. monographs and prefaces, including monographs He also turned his attention to inventing, and on Edgar Allan Poe and William Cullen Bryant.- in 1856 devised the steam-calliope, which is used His wife, Elizabeth Barstow, poet, b. in Matta- on Mississippi steamers. He also invented the poisett, Mass., 6 May, 1823, was educated at vari- Stoddard horse-rake and hay-tedder. More than ous boarding-schools. At twenty-eight years of 100,000 of his rakes are now in use. age she married Mr. Stoddard, and soon afterward STODDARD, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Hing- she began to contribute poems to the magazines. ham, Mass., 2 July, 1825. His father, a sea-captain, These are more than of the merely agreeable, popu- was wrecked and lost on one of his voyages while lar order; they invariably contain a central idea, Richard was a child, and the lad went in 1835 to not always apparent at first, but always poetical, New York with his though not understood by the average reader. No mother, who had collection of her poems, distributed for twenty-five married again. He or thirty years through many periodicals, has been attended the pub- made. Years ago she published three remarkable lic schools of that novels. “ The Morgesons” (New York, 1862); “Two city, but worked Men” (1865); and “ Temple House" (1867). Owing for several years in to various causes, they never sold to any extent, an iron-foundry, at and had long been out of print when a new edi- the same time read- tion was published in 1888. They illustrate New ing the best au- England character and scenery, and are better thors, particularly adapted to the taste and culture of the present poetry. His tal than to the time when they were written. She has ents brought him also published a story for young folks,“ Lolly into relations with Dinks's Doings ” (New York, 1874). young men inter- STODDARD, Solomon, clergyman, b. in Bos- ested in literature, ton, Mass., in 1643 ; d. in Northampton, Mass., 11 notably with Bay- Feb., 1729. His father, Anthony, came from Eng- ard Taylor, who land to Boston about 1630, was a member of the had just published general court from 1665 till 1684, and married a his Views Afoot.” sister of Sir George Downing. Their son Solo- Stoddard had written verses from his early years, mon was graduated at Harvard in 1662, was ap- and in 1849 printed privately a collection in a pointed “fellow of the house," and was the first small volume called “ Footprints,” the edition librarian of the college from 1667 till 1674. His of which he afterward destroyed. In 1852 he health being impaired, he went to Barbadoes as published a riper volume of poems, became a chaplain to the governor, and preached to the dis- contributor to the “Knickerbocker," and entered senters there for nearly two years. In 1669 he be- upon literary work. Writing as a means of sub- gan to preach in Northampton, and on 11 Sept., sistence became such a burden that, through Na- 1672, he was ordained pastor of the Congregational thaniel Hawthorne, he obtained a place in the cus church there, retaining this charge till his death. tom-house, and retained it from 1853 till 1870. He In February, 1727, Jonathan Edwards, his grand- was confidential clerk to Gen. George B. McClel- son, at that time a tutor in Yale, became his col- lan in the dock department in 1870–3, and city league. In addition to sermons, he published librarian in New York for about a year. " Doctrine of Instituted Churches explained and literary reviewer on the New York "World ” from proved from the Word of God," which was a reply 1860 till 1870, and has held the same office on the to Increase Mather's “ Order of the Gospel," and “ Mail” and “Mail and Express” since 1880. He occasioned an exciting controversy (London, 1700); also edited for some time - The Aldine," an illus- “ Appeal to the Learned” (1709): “Guide to trated periodical, which was discontinued. His Christ” (1714); “ Answer to Cases of Conscience” mind and tastes are poetical, but he has done a (Boston, 1722); “Question on the Conversion of good deal of booksellers' work from the urgency the Indians" (1723); and “Safety in the Right- of circumstances. In 1853 he published " Adven- eousness of Christ " (4th ed., with preface by John tures in Fairy Land” for young folks, and in 1857 Erskine, D. D., Edinburgh, 1792). — His son, An- “Songs of Summer," abounding in luxuriant im- thony, clergyman, b. in Northampton, Mass., 9 agination and tropical feeling. Among his other Aug., 1678; d. in Woodbury, Conn., 6 Sept., 1760, works are “ Town and Country,” for children (New was graduated at Harvard in 1697, and was minis- York, 1857); “Life, Travels, and Books of Alexan- ter at Woodbury, Conn., from 27 May, 1702, till his der von Humboldt," with an introduction by Bay- death. He was clerk of probate forty years, was ard Taylor (Boston, 1860; London, 1862); “ The the lawyer and physician of his people, and one of King's Bell," a poem (Boston, 1862; London, 1864; the most extensive farmers in the town. He pub- New York, 1865); “ The Story of Little Red Riding lished an " Election Sermon" (New London, 1716). Hood," in verse (New York, 1864); “ The Children - Another son, John, b. 11 Feb., 1681; d. in Bos- in the Wood,” in verse (1865); “ Abraham Lincoln, ton, 19 June, 1748, was graduated at Harvard in a Horatian Ode" (1865); "Putnam, the Brave" 1701, was for many years a member of the council (1869); and “ The Book of the East,"containing his of Massachusetts, chief justice of the court of com- later poems (1867). He has edited “ The Last Politi- mon pleas, and colonel of militia. His “ Journal of cal Writings of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon” (1861); " The an Expedition to Canada, 1713-'14," was printed in Loves and Ileroines of the Poets" (1861); John Guy the “Genealogical Register" for January, 1851.- Vassar's “Twenty-one Years Round the World Anthony's grandson, Amos, soldier, b. in Wood- (1862); "Melodies and Madrigals, mostly from the bury, Conn., 26 Oct., 1762; d. in Fort Meigs, Ohio, Old English Poets" (1865); “ The Late English 11 Nay, 1813, was a soldier from 1779 till the close Poets" (1865); enlarged editions of Rufus W. Gris- of the war of independence, then clerk of the su- wold's - Poets and Poetry of America" (1872): Fe- preme court in Boston, and practised as a lawyer male Poets of America” (1874); and the Bric-in Hallowell, Me., in 1792-'8. He was appointed a He was SD 9 . > 698 STOEVER STODDARD captain of artillery, 1 June, 1798, was governor of a description of the draft riots of 1863 (1887); and Missouri territory in 1804–5, became major, 30' "Lives of the Presidents,” to be completed in ten June, 1807, and deputy quartermaster, 16 July, volumes (1886–8). 1812. At the siege of Fort Meigs (see Harrison, STODDERT, Benjamin, cabinet officer, b. in William HENRY) he received a wound that re- Charles county, Md., in 1751; d. in Bladensburg, sulted in his death. He wrote • Sketches, His- Md., 18 Dec., 1813. His grandfather, Maj. James torical and Descriptive, of Louisiana” (Philadel- Stoddert, a cadet of the Scotch family of Stoddert, phia, 1812) and “ The Political Crisis” (London). settled in Maryland about 1675, and his father, His papers are in the archives of the Western Re- Capt. Thomas Stoddert, of the Maryland contin- serve historical society, Cleveland, Ohio.-John's gent, was killed in Braddock's defeat. Benjamin great-grandson, Solomon, educator, b. in North- was educated for a merchant, but in 1776 joined ampton in 1800; d. there, 11 Nov., 1847, was grad- the Continental army as captain of cavalry, and uated at Yale in 1820, and became professor of was in active service till the battle of Brandywine, languages at Middlebury college, Vt. He was co- when, holding the rank of major, he was so severe- author with Ethan Allen Andrews of a “Grammarly wounded as to unfit him for active service. As of the Latin Language” (Boston, 1836), which was secretary of the board of war he remained with the at one time almost universally used in this coun- army till the latter part of 1781. When peace was try, and had passed through sixty-five editions in concluded he became a successful merchant of 1857.-Solomon's descendant, David Tappan, mis- Georgetown, D. C. In May, 1798, he was appoint- sionary, b. in Northampton, Mass., 2 Dec., 1818 ; ed secretary of the navy, being the first to hold the d. at Oroomiah, Persia, 22 Jan., 1857, attended post, and so remained till 4 March, 1801. He was Williams college in 1834–5, and then went to acting secretary of war after the resignation of Yale, where he constructed with his own hands James Henry, until his successor, Samuel Dexter, two telescopes, by means of which he afterward took charge. When the navy department was cre- made several discoveries. He was graduated in ated in 1798, the frigates “Constitution," " Con- 1838, became tutor in Marshall college, Pa., and stellation,” and “ United States” constituted the afterward prosecuted his Latin studies. Declining bulk of the American navy. By the latter part of the professorship of natural history in Marietta 1799 five frigates and twenty-three sloops-of-war college, Ohio, he entered Andover theological semi- were in commission. Mr. Stoddert's experience in nary in 1839, and became tutor at Yale in 1840. the mercantile marine, coupled with his tact, in- He was licensed to preach in 1842, and ordained at dustry, and judgment, were valuable in the forma- New Haven in January, 1843. He married in Feb- tion of this naval force, through which the hos- ruary and sailed from Boston as a missionary to tilities with France were so soon terminated. That the Nestorians at Oroomiah, Persia, in March. In he possessed the confidence and friendship of Presi- 1848 his wife died of cholera, his health failed, and dent Adams is shown by his official and private he visited his brother in Scotland on his way home. correspondence. At the close of Adams's admin- He remained in the United States in the service istration he returned to private life, settling his of the mission board till 1851, when, in March of business affairs, which during his absence had be- that year, after marrying again, he sailed for Per- come so entangled as to cause serious losses. sia. His labors at Oroomiah were successful, STOECKEL, Gustave Jacob, musician, b, in many of his pupils becoming Christian teachers Maikammer, Bavarian Palatinate, Germany, 9 Nov., and preachers. In 1853 he completed a “Gram- 1819. He was graduated at the seminary in Kai- mar of Modern Syrian Language,” which was pub- serslautern in 1838, pursued a post-graduate course lished at New Haven in the “ Journal of the Ameri- | in musical composition under Joseph Krebs, and can Oriental Society” in 1855. He also prepared was a teacher and organist till 1847. He came to numerous educational and religious works in Syri- this country in that year, and since 1849 has been an, which were issued from the mission press. See instructor in music at Yale, and organist of the memoir, by the Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, D.D. college chapel. Yale gave him the degree of Mus. D. (New York, 1858). in 1864. Dr. Stoeckel has published a collection STODDARD, William Osborn, author, b. in of sacred music for mixed voices (New York, Homer, Cortland co., N. Y., 24 Sept., 1835. His 1868), and “ College Hymn-Book for male voices father was for many years a bookseller and pub- (1886); besides compositions for the piano, songs, lisher in Rochester and Syracuse, N. Y. He was and overtures and symphonies for orchestra. He graduated at the University of Rochester in 1858, is also the author of the unpublished operas of edited the “ Daily Ledger" in Chicago for a short " Lichtenstein," Mahomet," Miles Standish," time, and the same year became editor of the Cen- and - Miskodeeda.” tral Illinois Gazette," at Champaign, which he con- STOEVER, Martin Luther, educator, b. in ducted for about three years. He was an opponent Germantown, Pa., 17 Feb., 1820; d. there, 22 July, of slavery, and took an active part in the Repub- 1870. With the ministry in view he entered Penn- lican presidential canvass of 1860. He was a pri- sylvania college, Gettysburg, and was graduated vate secretary to President Lincoln in 1861-'4, was in 1838, but he was pressed into service as an in- U. S. marshal for Arkansas in 1864-²6, and has structor before he could begin his theological since been variously employed. He invented a course, and until his death was engaged in teach- centre-locking printer's chase, and has taken out ing. He was principal of a classical academy in several patents for successful improvements in Maryland in 1838–42, and of the preparatory de- desiccating processes and in machinery. He has partinent in Pennsylvania college in 1842–51, pro- published “Royal Decrees of Scanderoon ” (New fessor of history in the collegiate department in York, 1869); " Verses of Many Days.” (1875); " Dis- 1844–51, and professor of Latin and history, to missed" (1878); “ The Heart of It” (1880); “ Dab which political economy was added in 1855, from Kinzer” (1881); “ The Quartet” (1882); “ Esau 1851 until his death in 1870. After the retirement Hardery” (1882); “Saltillo Boys" (1882): “ Talk- of Dr. Charles P. Krauth from the presidency of ing-Leaves" (1889); Among the Lakes " (1883); the college in 1850, he discharged the duties of Wrecked?" (1883); “ The Life of Abraham Lin- that office for many months, until his successor was coln (1881); “Two Arrows" (1886); “ The Red elected. The honorary degree of Ph. D. was con- Beauty” (1887); “ The Volcano under the City," ferred upon him in 1866 by Ilamilton college, and . 66 66 . LE 699 STOKES STONE in. . 66 that of LL. D. in 1869 by Union college. In 1862 tillery under Gen. John A. Logan. He took part 1 the presidency of Girard college, Philadelphia, was in the movements against Corinth, Miss., and in offered to him, and in 1869 the professorship, of 1863, on Gen. Logan's accession to the command Latin in Muhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa.; but of the 15th corps, was transferred to the command he declined both. He was connected with the of its artillery brigade. He participated in the “ Evangelical Quarterly Review” from its begin- campaign of Atlanta and the march to the sea. ning in 1849, and was its sole editor from 1857 In February, 1865, he was promoted to brigadier- until his death. His biographical articles earned general of volunteers, assigned to a brigade in the him the title of “The Plutarch of the Lutheran 15th corps, and shortly afterward to one in the Church.” He was also editor of the Literary | 17th corps. The latter brigade, being reduced Record and Linnæan Journal,” in Gettysburg, in in numbers, was re-enforced and reorganized un- 1847-'8, and published " Memoir of the Life and der his charge. In 1865 he went with his brigade Times of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, D. D.” to St. Louis, Mo., and thence to Leavenworth, (Philadelphia, 1856); Memorial of Philip F. Kan., and in February, 1865, he received an hon- Mayer, D. D.” (1859); “ Brief Sketch of the Lu- orable discharge from the army. In 1868 Gen. theran Church in this Country” (1860); and “Dis- Stolbrand was elected secretary of the Constitu- course before the Lutheran Historical Society” tional convention of South Carolina. He was dele- (Lancaster, 1862). gate-at-large to the National Republican conven- STOKES, Anthony, British jurist, b. in Eng- tion at Chicago in 1868, and served as presidential land in 1736; d. in London, 27 March, 1799. He elector. He has made various improvements in was a barrister at law of the Inner Temple, Lon- steam-engines and steam-boilers, and now resides don, came to this country, was appointed chief at Fort Collins, Col. justice of Georgia in 1768, and in 1772 became STONE, Amasa, philanthropist, b. in Charlton, councillor of that colony, retaining those offices Mass., 27 April, 1818; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 11 till the evacuation of Georgia by the British in May, 1883. He began life as an architect, at 1782. He was a loyalist at the opening of the Revo- twenty-one was engaged in the construction of rail- lution, and was taken prisoner, but was soon after- road bridges, and while still young became the first ward exchanged. In 1778 his estate was confis- bridge-builder in the country. In partnership with cated. He went to Charleston, S. C., after leaving two friends he constructed the Cleveland, Colum- Georgia, and at the evacuation of that city he re- bus, and Cincinnati railroad, and afterward the turned to England. He published " View of the Cleveland and Erie, of which roads he was made Constitution of the British Colonies in North superintendent. He was next engaged in building America and the West Indies ” (London, 1783); the Chicago and Milwaukee road. He was presi- · Narrative of the Official Conduct of Anthony dent and director of numerous railroads and other Stokes" (1784); and Desultory Observations on industrial and financial corporations, was frequent- Great Britain " (1792). ly consulted by President Lincoln in regard to mat- STOKES, James H., soldier, b. in Maryland ters of army transportation, and was offered by him about 1814. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- an appointment as brigadier-general. He spent a tary academy in 1835, resigned in 1843, and en- year in Europe in 1868–9. Mr. Stone gave large gaged in manufacturing and railroad business, re- sums in charity to the city of Cleveland. He built moving in 1858 to Illinois. After aiding in the and endowed the Home for aged women and the equipment of volunteers, he joined the army as Industrial school for children, and gave $600,000 captain, and served in Tennessee, and afterward to Adelbert college of Western Reserve university. as assistant adjutant-general. He was made a STONE, Andrew Leete, b. in Oxford, Conn., brigadier-general on 20 July, 1865, and was mus- 25 Nov., 1815. His father, Noah Stone, was town- tered out a month later. clerk and justice of the peace for a quarter of a STOKES, Montford, senator, b. in. Wilkes century, served for several terms as judge of pro- county, N. C., in 1760: d. in Arkansas in 1842. bate, and had local reputation as a physician. The He served in the U. S. navy during the war of the son was graduated at Yale in 1837, and served Revolution, and after its close removed to Salis- for three years as a professor in the New York bury, N. C., where he was for several years clerk of institution for the deaf and dumb, studying at the superior court. He became subsequently clerk Union theological seminary. He then connected of the state senate, and was elected to the U. S. himself with the American Sunday-school union senate, but declined the office. He was again at Philadelphia, and in September, 1844, was or- elected to the same oflice in 1816, and served till dained pastor of the South Congregational church 1823, was a member of the state senate in 1826, , at Middletown, Conn. In January, 1849, he was and of the state house of representatives in 1829 called to the pastorate of the Park street church, and 1830. He was governor of North Carolina in Boston. In 1866 he received a call to the 1st Con- 1830-'1, which office he resigned to accept that of gregational church in San Francisco, Cal. In 1881, commissioner to superintend the removal of the his health failing, he was elected pastor emeritus. Indians west of Mississippi river. He was appoint- He is the author of “ Service the End of Living” ed by President Jackson in 1831 Indian agent for (1858); “ Ashton's Mothers ” (1859); Discourse Arkansas territory, where he remained till his on the Death of Abraham Lincoln " (1865); and death. He fought a duel near Salisbury with numerous printed addresses. Two volumes of his Jesse D. Pierson, and was severely wounded. sermons have been published, entitled “ Memorial STOLBRAND, Carlos John Meuller, soldier, Discourses” (1866); and " Leaves from a Finished b. in Sweden, 11 May, 1821. He entered the royal Pastorate" (1882).—Ilis brother, David Marvin, artillery in January, 18:39, and during 1848–50 journalist, b. in Oxford, Conn., 23 Dec., 1817, left took part in the campaign of Schleswig-Holstein home at the age of fourteen, and taught when with part of his regiment in defence of Denmark. he was sixteen. Ile was a merchant in Phila- At the close of the war he came to the United delphia from 1842 till 1819, when he was called States, and in July, 1861, he enlisted as a private i to New York city to take charge of the “ Dry in the volunteer artillery. Soon afterward he was Goods Reporter." In December of that year he appointed its captain and joined the 1st battalion became commercial editor of the New York - Jour- of Illinois light artillery, and became chief of ar-nal of Commerce," and in September, 1861, with 視 ​700 STONE STONE 9: William C. Prime, he purchased the interest of ing-tour was in 1843, and a year later, while on his that paper, succeeding Mr. Prime in 1866 as editor- way home from a visit to Missouri, he died. Mr. in-chief, which post he still (1888) retains. He was Stone wielded a great influence through his scholar- president of the New York associated press for ship, piety, and attractive manner. He wrote twenty-five years. For several years he contributed part ii. of the “ Apology of the Springfield Pres- a financial article weekly to the New York “Ob- bytery” (1803), which has been called the first server,” edited as a pastime the “ Ladies' Wreath,” declaration of religious freedom in the western and conducted the financial department of “ Hunt's hemisphere, and the hymn" The Lord is the Merchants' Magazine.” An important event in the Fountain of Goodness and Love." Among his history of his paper was its suppression by the gov- other writings are “ Letters on the Atonement” ernment in 1864 for publishing a proclamation (1805); “ Address to the Christian Churches " purporting to have been issued by President Lin- (1805); and “ Letters to Dr. James Blythe" (1822). coln, calling for volunteers to serve in the war and STONE, Charles Pomeroy, soldier, b. in Green- naming a day of fasting and prayer. It was the field, Mass., 30 Sept., 1824: d. in New York city, production of Joseph Howard, Jr., and appeared 24 Jan., 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- in the “ Journal of Commerce," 18 May, 1864. The tary academy in 1845, assigned to the ordnance, Herald” printed 25,000 copies containing the so- and served in the called proclamation, but, finding that neither the war with Mexico, “ Times” nor the “ Tribune” had printed it, de- being brevetted 1st stroyed the edition. The World” published it, lieutenant, 8 Sept., but afterward endeavored to undo the mischief. 1847, for gallant President Lincoln immediately ordered the sup- and meritorious pression of the “ Journal of Commerce" and the conduct at the bat- * World," and the arrest and imprisonment of their tle of Molino del editors and proprietors. Gen. John A. Dix, who Rey, and captain, knew that the proclamation had been left at the 13 Sept., for the newspaper offices at about three o'clock in the battle of Chapul- morning, after the responsible editors had depart- tepec. He also ed, endeavored to secure a modification of this or- participated in the der. Some of the persons designated were arrested, siege of Vera Cruz but they did not include David M. Stone or Manton and the assault Marble. The government soon found that it had and capture of the made a mistake, the troops that had been put in city of Mexico. He possession of the two newspaper offices were with- was on duty at Wa- drawn, and the editors were released from arrest tervliet arsenal, N. and their papers from suspension. Mr. Stone's Y., till 15 Sept., opinions on commercial and other matters in his 1848, on leave of answers to correspondents" are regarded as an absence to visit Europe for the purpose of improve- authority by merchants throughout the country. ment in his profession and the gaining of general In his younger days he wrote for the magazines, information till 13 May, 1850, and on duty at Wa- but since 1860 he has done little literary work ex- tervliet and Fort Monroe arsenals in 1850. Under cept for his own paper. He published a volume orders of the secretary of war he embarked men called “Frank Forest,” which passed through and stores, and conducted them to California ria twenty editions (1849), and a memorial volume Cape Horn till August, 1851, after which, till 27 containing the “Life and Letters” of his niece, Jan., 1856, he was in charge of construction and in Mary Elizabeth Hubbell (1857). command of Benicia arsenal, and chief of ordnance STONE, Barton Warren, reformer, b. near of the Division and Department of the Pacific. Port Tobacco, Md., 24 Dec., 1772; d. in Hannibal, He resigned, 17 Nov., 1856, and from March, 1857, Mo., 9 Nov., 1844. He was graduated at the till 31 Dec., 1860, was chief of the scientific com- academy in Guilford, N. C., in 1793, studied the mission for the survey and exploration of the state ology, and, after teaching in Washington, Ga., was of Sonora, Mexico. On 1 Jan., 1861, he was appoint- licensed in North Carolina in 1796. Two years ed colonel and inspector-general of the District of later he was ordained pastor of the churches of Columbia militia, and was engaged, under the or- Caneridge and Concord, Ky. During the revival ders of Gen. Winfield Scott, in disciplining volun- of 1801 in Kentucky and Tennessee, Stone, with teers from 2 Jan. till 16 April, 1861. He was ap- four other ministers, renounced the dogmas of Cal- pointed colonel of the 14th infantry, 14 May, 1861, vinism. One of the number was tried by the synod and given charge of the outposts and defences of of Lexington, Ky., in 1803, for preaching anti- Washington. He commanded the Rockville expedi- Calvinistic doctrines, whereupon they all withdrew tion and engaged in the skirmishes of Edward's and in September from that body, formed themselves Conrad's Ferry in June, and Harper's Ferry, 7 July, into the Springfield presbytery, and continued to 1861, led a brigade in Gen. Robert Patterson's op- preach and to form churches, the first being one at erations in the Shenandoah valley, commanded the Caneridge of Mr. Stone's old followers. In June, corps of observation of the Army of the Potomac 1804, the presbytery was dissolved, and they took from 10 Aug., 1861, till 9 Feb., 1862, and on 20 Oct., the name of the Christian church. Having no 1861, was ordered by Gen. McClellan to keep a good pastoral charge, Stone supported himself for several lookout and make a feint of crossing the Potomac years by farming and teaching while he continued at Ball's Bluff. Gen. McClellan, in his report of to found churches in Ohio, Kentucky, and Ten- this disastrous affair, says: " I did not direct him nessee. In 1826 he edited the - Christian Messen- to cross, nor did I intend that he should cross the ger," and six years later, with Rev. John T. John- river in force for the purpose of fighting.” After son, a Baptist, he at Georgetown united the having made the feint, Gen. Stone, it appears, was “Stoneite" and “ Campbellite" churches in Ken- led to believe that the enemy might be surprised, tucky. He removed to Jacksonville, III., in 1834, and accordingly caused a part of his command to included Missouri in his circuit, and also continued cross the Potomac in the night. The enemy at- his editorial labor until his death. His last preach. I tacked in force at daybreak of the 21st, and pushed 6 STONE 701 STONE the National troops into the river with great loss. i institution (1852–63) and of that at Hartford Gen. Stone was continued in the same command (1863–70). His other educational writings, includ- until 9 Feb., 1862, when he was suddenly arrested ing an address on the “ History of Deaf-Mute and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, New York har- Instruction" before the Ohio institution (1869), bor, where he remained until 16 Aug., 1862. He were published in the “ American Annals of the was then released, no charge having been preferred Deaf and Dumb.” A railroad accident was the against him, and awaited orders until 3 May, 1863, cause of his death. when he was directed to report to the commanding STONE, David, senator, b. in Hope, N. C., 17 general of the Department of the Gulf, where he Feb., 1770; d. in Raleigh, N. C., 7 Oct., 1818. His served until 17 April, 1864. He participated in father, Zedekiah Stone, was a member of the Pro- the siege of Port Hudson in June and July, 1863, vincial congress at Halifax, N. (., in 1776, and for and was senior member of the commission for many years a state senator. David was graduated receiving the surrender of that place, 8 July; at Princeton in 1788, studied law, and was admitted 1863. He was chief of staff to Gen. Nathaniel to the bar in 1790. He was a member of the legis- P: Banks, commanding the Department of the lature in 1791-4, judge of the supreme court of Gulf, from 25 July, 1863, to 17 April, 1864, par- North Carolina in 1795–8, and a member of con- ticipating in the campaign of Bayou Teche, La., gress in 1799–1801, having been chosen as a Demo- in October, 1863, and the Red River campaign in crat. In the latter year he was sent to the U. S. March and April, 1864. He was honorably mus- senate, but he resigned in 1807 to become judge of tered out as brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 April, the state supreme court. He was governor of 1864, and resigned his commission as colonel of the North Carolina in 1808–’10, and in the two follow- 14th infantry, 13 Sept., 1864. In the autumn of ing years sat again in congress. In 1813 he was 1865 Gen. Stone was appointed engineer and super- again sent to the U. S. senate by a legislature whose intendent of the Dover mining company in Gooch- majority supported the measures of President Madi- land county, Va., where he resided until 1870. He son and the war with England; but, opposing then accepted a commission in the Egyptian army, these measures, he was censured by the legislature, and later was made chief of the general staff, in and resigned the following year. which capacity he bestowed much attention upon STONE, Ebenezer Whitton, soldier, b. in Bos- the military school that had already been formed ton, Mass., 10 June, 1801 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., by French officers in the Egyptian service. He 18 April, 1880. In 1817 he enlisted in the U. S. created a typographical bureau, where a great num- army, from which he was discharged in 1821. He ber of maps were produced and the government was connected with the Massachusetts militia in printing was executed, and when the reports of the 1822–60, receiving the appointment of adjutant- American officers engaged in exploration of the general in 1851 and filling the post till the close of interior were printed, Gen. Stone was placed in his service. In 1840 he was a member of the legis- temporary charge of the cadastral survey, and was lature, serving on the military committee. The president of the Geographical society and a member first full battery of light artillery in the United of the Institut Egyptien at Cairo. The American States, except those in the regular army, was or- officers were mustered out of the service in 1879, as a ganized by him in 1853, and through his efforts measure of economy, by the reform government Massachusetts was the first state to receive the which succeeded the dethronement of Ismail. Gen. new rifled musket of the pattern of 1855. From Stone alone remained, and acted as chief of the experiments that he made with this musket, Gen. staff until the insurrection of Arabi and the army, Stone conceived the idea that cannon could also in which he took no active part. He resigned and be rifled, and after successful tests in 1859, he or- returned to the United States in March, 1883. Gen. dered a model from John P. Schenkl, the inventor Stone was decorated by Ismail Pacha with the of the Schenkl shell. It is claimed that this was order of the commander of the Osmanieh, was made the first rifled cannon that was made in the United grand officer of the Medjidieh and Osmanieh, and States, and that the invention was original with was created a Ferik pacha (general of division). Gen. Stone, though rifled cannon had been in use In May he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the in Europe for several years. From April till Octo- Florida ship-canal and transit company, and di- ber, 1861, Gen. Stone, as chief of ordnance, armed rected a preliminary survey across the northern and equipped twenty-four regiments of infantry, part of the peninsula. On 3 April, 1886, he be one of cavalry, and three light batteries of artillery. came engineer-in-chief to the committee for the He was for twelve years a member of the Ancient construction of the pedestal of the Bartholdi statue and honorable artillery company, and became its of “Liberty enlightening the World," and upon its captain in 1841. He prepared, under an act of the successful completion he acted as grand marshal legislature, a “ Digest of the Militia Laws of Massa- in the military and civic ceremony that accompanied chusetts" (Boston, 1851), and a “Compend of In- the dedication of the statue. structions in Military Tactics," and " The Manual STONE, Collins, clergyman and educator, b. in of Percussion Arms" (1857). Guilford, Conn, 7 Sept. , 1812 ; d. in Hartford, STONE, Edwin Martin, clergyman, b. in Conn., 23 Dec., 1870. He was graduated at Yale Framingham, Mass., 29 April, 1805; d. in Provi- in 1832, and in the following year became a teacher dence, R. 1. , 15 Dec., 1883. After working as a in the American deaf-mute asylum at Hartford. printer in Boston, he edited the “ Times” in that In 1852 he was called as principal to the Ohio state city in 1827, the “Independent Messenger” in asylum for the deaf and dumb at Columbus, but he 18:32–'3, and subsequently the “ Salem Observer." returned in 1863 to take charge of the asylum at In 1833–46 he was pastor of a Congregational Hartford, where he remained until his death. He church in Beverly, Mass., in the mean time serving studied theology, and was ordained to the ministry two years as representative in the general court of in 1853 while in Ohio. For nearly forty years Mr. Massachusetts, to which he made some important Stone was prominent in his department of educa- legislative reports. In 1847 he took charge of the tion, and merits the credit of laying the foundations ministry-at-large in Providence, R. 1., devoting of the future prosperity of the Ohio institution, himself for thirty years to mission work, and sug- and of carrying the Hartford asylum through ditti- gesting reforms that were successfully carried out. culties. He published annual reports of the Ohio , Chief of these was a home for aged men, founded 702 STONE STONE : " war. in 1784, of which he was a charter member. Dur- | tal, but resigned in 1857 on account of his exten- ing that time he also served on the Providence sive private practice. In 1866 he was a member of school committee. In 1848–'83 he was librarian the first Metropolitan board of health, and subse- of the Rhode Island historical society, and con- quently its president, in which connection his ser- tributed antiquarian and miscellaneous matter to vices relative to the sanitary condition of tene- his annual reports. He was also a member of ment-houses and in the management of quarantine many learned societies. He has published “Life of were of great value. Dr. Stone published many Elhanan Winchester" (Boston, 1836; Salem, 1838); surgical papers, including “ Amputations and Com- “ Hymns for Sabbath-Schools" (1837); “ Hymns pound Fractures, with Statistics” (1849); “Treat- and Tunes for Vestry and Coņference Meetings' ment of Suppurative Inflammation of the Joints (4th ed., 1844); “ History of Beverly, Mass., 1630– (1852); “ Necessary Amputation of the Lower Ex- 1842" (1843); “Life and Recollections of John tremities" (1854); and "Ruptures of the Heart." Howland” (Providence, 1857): “ History of the STONE, John Seely, clergyman, b. in Great Providence Association of Mechanics and Manu- Barrington, Mass.. 7 Oct. , 1795; d. in Cambridge, facturers” (1860); “ The Invasion of Canada in Mass., 13 Jan., 1882. He was graduated at Union 1775," including the journal of Capt. Simeon college in 1823, and thence went to the Episcopal Thayer, with notes and appendix (Providence, general theological seminary, New York city, pre- 1867); “ The Architect and Monetarian: a Brief paratory to taking orders. He was ordained deacon Memoir of Thomas Alexander Tefft" (1869); and in St. Mark's church, New York, 4 Jan., 1826, by “Our French Allies” (1883). Assisted by his son, Bishop Hobart, and priest in Christ church, Hart- Edwin W., he edited the “ Adjutant-General's Re- ford, Conn., 7 June, 1827, by Bishop Brownell . port of Rhode Island for 1865,” which contains a He was tutor in Greek and Latin in Hobart college roster of the Rhode Island soldiers in the civil in 1825–6. He was rector of St. Michael's church, He left unpublished a “Life of Rev. Dr. Litchfield, Conn., in 1827, of All Saints' church, Manasseh Cutler” and a history of Providence.- Frederick city, Md., in 1828–9, of Trinity church, His son, EDWIN WINCHESTER (1835–'78), served in New Haven, in 1830–2, and of St. Paul's church, the Rhode Island artillery during the civil war, Boston, in 1832–²41. He received the degree of was a war correspondent of the “ Providence Jour- D. D. from Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1837. He nal,” and published “Rhode Island in the Rebel- next became rector of Christ church, Brooklyn, lion” (Providence, 1864). N. Y., in 1841, and in 1852 of St. Paul's church, STONE, James Samuel, clergyman, b. in Brookline, Mass., where he remained till 1862. He Shipston-on-Stour, Worcestershire, England, 27 accepted the post of professor in the divinity- April, 1852. He emigrated to Philadelphia in school of the Protestant Episcopal church in Phila- 1872, and studied theology in the divinity-school delphia, Pa., in 1862, which he held for five years. in that city, at which he was graduated in 1877. In 1867 he became dean of the newly established He was made deacon in 1876, and ordained priest theological school in Cambridge, Mass., but in 1875 by the bishop of Toronto, Canada, in 1877. He resigned active work. Dr. Stone attained reputa- was rector of St. Philip's church, Toronto, from tion as a pulpit orator. In theological position 1879 till 1882, and of St. Martin's, Montreal, from he was prominent among the evangelical Episcopal 1882 till 1886. In the latter year he accepted a clergy, and it was largely due to his efforts and call from Grace church, Philadelphia. He was influence that the theological school in Cambridge, professor of ecclesiastical history in Wycliffe col- Mass., was founded. Dr. Stone's publications were lege, Toronto, in 1877–82. He is well known in Memoir of Bishop Griswold” (Philadelphia, 1844); Canada as a lecturer, some of his topics being "The Mysteries Opened” (New York, 1844; re- “ Love in ye Olden Time," “ Trials of a Parson," published, with the title " Christian Sacraments, * Robin Hood,” and “John Bunyan.” He received 1866); “The Christian Sabbath" (1844 ; en- the degree of B.D. from Cambridge (Mass.) Epis- larged ed., with the title “ The Divine Rest.” copal theological school in 1880, and those of B. D. 1867); “The Church Universal”_(1846; repub- and D. D. from the University of Bishop's col- lished, under the title of “Living Temple," 1866); lege, Lennoxville, Canada, in 1886. Besides many Memoir of Rev. Dr. Milnor" (1848; abridged by pamphlets, sermons, and magazine articles, Dr. the author, 1849); and - The Contrast” (1853). Stone has published - Simple Sermons on Simple Dr. Stone was twice married; his second wife was a Subjects” (Toronto, 1879) and “ The Heart of Mer- daughter of Chancellor Kent, of New York. Their rie England” (Philadelphia, 1887). son, James Kent, clergyman, b. in Boston in STONE, John Augustus, dramatist, b. in Con- 1840, was graduated at Harvard in 1861. After cord, Mass., in 1801 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 studying for two years at the University of Göt- June, 1834. He appeared on the stage in Boston, tingen and in Italy, he returned to this country New York, and Philadelphia. For Edwin Forrest ! and entered the National army, from which he re- he wrote Metamora," The Ancient Briton,” and tired after six months, owing to wounds. He be- · Fauntleroy"; and among other plays he pub- came professor of Latin in Kenyon college, Ohio, lished “ La Roque," " The Demoniac," and Tan- in 1863, and professor of mathematics in 1867, and cred.” He was drowned in a fit of temporary in- was soon afterward appointed president. In 1868 sanity in the Schuylkill, at Philadelphia, and his he became president of Hobart college, but resigned monument there bears the inscription : " Erected in 1869, and a few months later united with the to the memory of the author of • Metamora,' by his Roman Catholic church. Ile entered the congre- friend, Edwin Forrest." gation of missionary priests of St. Paul the Apostle STONE, John Osgood, physician, b. in Salem, I in New York city, and soon became one of the Muss., 1 Feb., 1813 ; d. in New York city, 7 June, best-known preachers of that body. Afterward he 1876. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, joined the Passionists, in which order he is known and at the medical department there in 1836. as Father Fidelis. He is now (1888) a missionary After hospital experience in London and Paris he in South America. He published “ The Invitation began practice in New York city, identifying him- : Heeded,” in which he gave his reasons for becom- self with many medical charities and scientific ing a Roman Catholic. organizations, and attaining eminence in his pro- STONE, Lucy, reformer, b. in West Brookfield, fession. He was long a surgeon at Bellevue hospi- | Mass., 13 Aug., 1818. Her grandfather was a colonel 66 STONE 703 STONE a in the Revolution, and led 400 men in Shays's re- clergyman of the same name has been recently bellion. Her father was a prosperous farmer. In proved, by the register of the Church of All Saints, determining to obtain a collegiate education, she Hertford, to be without foundation. The son was was largely influenced by her desire to learn to a student at Emanuel college, Cambridge, in 1623-'7. read the Bible in the original, and satisfy herself Fleeing to the American colonies to escape religious that the texts that were quoted against the equal persecution, he landed at Boston, Mass., 3 Sept., rights of women were correctly translated. She 1633, having as companions in his flight Rev. John was graduated at Oberlin in 1847, and in the same Cotton and Rev. Thomas Hooker. With the latter year gave her first lecture on woman's rights in he was an associate in a church at Cambridge until her brother's church at Gardner, Mass. She be- 1636, when they both removed to the present site came lecturer for the Massachusetts anti-slavery of Hartford, Conn., which was named after his old society in 1848, travelling extensively in New Eng- home, the spelling being conformed to the English land, the west, and Canada, and speaking also on pronunciation. He was distinguished as a con- woman's rights. In 1855 she married lIenry B. troversialist and celebrated for his wit and humor. Blackwell (brother of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell), a Being a man of strong convictions, he engaged merchant of Cincinnati and an Abolitionist, re- during the latter part of his life in theological dis- taining by his consent her own name. A few putes which caused part of his congregation to years later, while she lived in New Jersey, her secede and found another church. On his decease, property was seized for taxes, and she published a his old companion, Hooker, succeeded him in the protest against “taxation without representation.” ministry: Mr. Stone published “A ('ongregational In 1869 Mrs. Stone was instrumental in form- Church is a Catholic Visible Church; Examination ing the American woman's suffrage association. of Mr. Hudson's View” (London, 1652), and he In the following year she became co-editor of the left two works in manuscript, a " Body of Divinity” “ Woman's Journal” in Boston, and from 1872 to and a confutation of the Antinomians. Of the the present.time (1888) she has been editor-in-chief, former, Cotton Mather says: “ This rich treasure with her husband and daughter as associates. Mrs. has often been transcribed by the vast pains of our Stone again lectured in the west, in behalf of the candidates for the ministry; and it has made some woman suffrage amendments, in 1867–82. She of our most considerable divines.” has held various offices in the national, state, and STONE, Thomas Treadwell, clergyman, b. in local woman suffrage associations. “Lucy Stone," Waterford, Me., 9 Feb., 1801. He was graduated says Mrs. Stanton, “ first really, stirred the nation's at Bowdoin in 1820, studied theology, and was pas- heart on the subject of woman's wrongs." tor of the Congregational church at Andover. Me., STONE, Melville Elijah, journalist, b. in Hud- in 1824–30, of that at East Machias in 1832–46, son, I., 15 Aug., 1848. When he was twelve years of the 1st church (C'nitarian) at Salem, Mass., of age his parents removed to Chicago, where he in 1846–52, of the 1st Congregational church at was graduated from the high-school in 1867. Two Bolton, Mass., in 1852–60, and of the 1st ecclesi- years later he purchased an interest in a foundry astical society, Brooklyn, Conn., from 1863 till and machine-shop, and was doing a good business | 1871, when he retired from the active duties of the when his earnings were swept away in the great ministry. He afterward removed to Bolton, Mass., fire of 1871. He then resorted to journalism, and where he has since resided. He received the degree a successful experience of four years as correspond- of D. D. from Bowdoin in 1866, was principal of ent and editor prompted him to establish an even- Bridgeton academy, 1830–32, one of the early ing paper. On Christmas-day, 1875, he published members of the Transcendental school, contributed the first number of " The Daily News,” since which to various religious periodicals, and published time he has been its controlling spirit. He soon "Sermons on War” (Boston, 1829); “Sketches of became associated with Victor F. Laws in the Oxford County, Me." (Portland, 1830); “Sermons” management of the journal, which has an average (Boston, 1854); " The Rod and the Staff” (1856); circulation of a million copies a week. and separate sermons and addresses. STONE, Ormond, astronomer, b. in Pekin, Ill., STONE, Warren, physician, b. in St. Albans, 11 Jan., 1847. He was educated at Chicago public Vt., in February, 1808; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 6 schools and at the University of Chicago, where he Dec., 1872. He studied medicine in Massachusetts, devoted much attention to astronomy. In 1867 settled in New Orleans, and soon became one of he became a tutor in Racine college, and in 1868 the chief physicians there. He began teaching he was made professor of mathematies at North- anatomy in 1836, in 1837 was appointed professor western female college, Evanston, N. He was of that branch in the University of Louisiana, and appointed assistant at the U. S. naval observatory afterward accepted the chair of surgery, which he in Washington, D. C., in 1870, and in 1875 was held till his death. Dr. Stone was at the head of given charge of the Cincinnati observatory. In his profession in the south, and when Gen. Grant 1882 he was called to the chair of practical astrono- was thrown from his horse near New Orleans in my in the University of Virginia, with care of September, 1863, he was called to attend him. He the Leander McCormick observatory, both of which contributed numerous articles to medical journals. places he now (1888) holds. Prof. Stone is a mem- - His son, Warren, physician, b. in New Orleans ber of scientific societies, and is the author of vari- in 1843; d. there, 3 Jan., 1883, was educated at ous papers on astronomy: He edited the “ Pub- the Jesuits' college, New Orieans, and served in the lications of the Cincinnati Observatory” (No. 1 to Confederate army during the civil war. On return- 6, Cincinnati, 1877–82), containing observations ing to New Orleans, he began the study of medicine, of nearly all the known double stars between the was graduated at the University of Louisiana in 1867, equator and 30° south declination, and since 1883 and at the opening of the Charity hospital medical has edited - The Annals of Mathematics" at the college of New Orleans, in 1874, was appointed to the University of Virginia. chair of surgical anatomy. In 1873 he made what STONE, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Hertford, is thought to be the first recorded cure of traumatic England, 30 July, 1602; d. in Hartford, Conn., 20 aneurism of the subclavian artery by digital pres- July, 1663. His father, John, was a freeholder of He gave his services to the people of Bruns- Hertford. Cotton Mather's statement in his “ Mag- wick, Ga., during the prevalence of yellow fever in nalia" that Samuel was the son of a non-conformist 1874, and in 1878, when that disease was raging . Sure. 704 STONE STONE 99 in the southwest, he left his home and large prac- Canada expedition, the consideration of some of tice and travelled about from one stricken village Gen. Washington's letters, and the elaboration of a or town to another, giving his services gratuitously. scheme of a confederacy. Of the committee on Dr. Stone became a member of the American public confederation, which was appointed on 12 June, health association in 1880. 1776, he was the only member from his province. STONE, William, colonial governor, b. in Being re-elected to congress in February, he labored Northamptonshire, England, about 1603; d. in in this committee till the articles of confederation Charles county, Md., about 1695. He emigrated were finally settled on and agreed to by the vote to the eastern shore of Virginia, where he settled of 15 Nov., 1777. The Maryland convention re- Northampton county. There was a settlement of fused to enter the confederacy, and expressed a Puritans in Nansemond county, and, their condi- hope that the “unhappy difference with the tion becoming uncomfortable from the attitude mother country might yet be accommodated. and treatment of the Episcopalians of Virginia, Stone declined a re-election to congress, and en- Stone arranged with Cecilius Calvert, the second tered the Maryland senate, where he could be more Lord Baltimore, to remove 500 settlers to Mary- useful to the patriotic cause. In 1783 he was again land. On 8 Aug., 1648, Baltimore appointed Stone elected to congress, and in the session of 1784 he governor of his province, and he arrived there as served on most of the important committees. early as 1649. His Puritan emigrants from Vir- Toward its close he acted as president pro tem- ginia settled at a place on Severn river, which they pore. He declined re-election, and devoted himself called Providence and which is now Annapolis. thenceforth to his profession and to his duties as a In 1653 Stone was removed from the governorship member of the state senate, in which he opposed by William Claiborne and Richard Bennet, parlia- in 1785 a proposition to establish a paper currency. mentary commissioners. But on 25 March, 1655, After the death of his wife in June, 1787, he aban- at the head of the Cavalier forces of the province, doned his large legal practice in Annapolis, sank he attacked the Roundhead forces under Capt. into a settled melancholy, and died when he was William Fuller at Severn, where he was routed, about to embark on a sea-voyage.—Another great- taken prisoner, and condemned to death by court- grandson, John Hoskins, governor of Maryland, martial. His life was spared at the entreaty of the b. in Charles county, Md., in 1745; d. in Annapo- men of the victorious party. After this he does lis, Md., 5 Oct., 1804. On 2 Jan., 1776, the con- not appear to have taken part in public affairs, vention of Maryland elected him captain in Col. but lived and died on his manor of Avon on Nan- Smallwood's battalion, and in December of the jemoy river, in Charles county, Md. In consid- same year he was promoted to the rank of colonel. eration of his faithful services to the proprietary, He served with credit in the battles of Long Island, he was granted as much land as he could ride White Plains, Princeton, and Germantown, re- around in a day.--His great-grandson, Thomas, ceived in the last-mentioned battle a wound that signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in maimed him for life, and on 1 Aug., 1779, resigned Charles county, Md., in 1743; d. in Alexandria, his commission. In 1781 he was clerk in the office Va., 5 Oct., 1787, daily rode ten miles to school in of Robert R. Livingston, secretary of state, and order to acquire a classical education, borrowed afterward was one of the executive council of money to enable him Maryland. He was governor from 1794 till 1797.- to study law in An- Another great-grandson, William Murray, P. E. napolis, began prac- bishop, b. in Somerset county, Md., 1 June, 1779; tice Frederick d. in Salisbury, Md., 26 Feb., 1838. He entered about 1770, and two Washington college, Md., was graduated in 1799, years later removed and studied theology, preparatory to taking orders to Charles county, in the Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon in purchasing a farm St. Paul's church, Prince George co., Md., 17 May, near Port Tobacco. 1802, by Bishop Claggett, and priest in the same He early espoused church, 27 Dec., 1803, by the same bishop. In 1803 the cause of his coun- he became rector of Stepney parish, Somerset try in the disputes (now Wicomico) county. This position he held for with the British gov- twenty-three years, and he was very diligent and suc- ernment, and cessful in his pastoral work. In 1829 he accepted elected to the Conti- the rectorship of St. Paul's church, Chestertown, nental congress, when Kent co., Md. The following year, at the conven- two members were tion in May, after a failure to elect either of two added to the Mary- prominent clergymen, he was nominated and elected land delegation, 8 bishop by a nearly unanimous vote. He was conse- Tho Stone Dec., 1774, taking his crated in St. Paul's church, Baltimore, Md., 21 Oct., seat on 15 May, 1775. 1830. The same year he received the degree of D.D. In July he was re- from Columbia. Bishop Stone's publications were elected for a year longer, and again on 21 May, 1776, · A Charge to the Clergy and Laity of Maryland” till the end of the next session of the convention. (1831); “A Pastoral Letter to the Diocese of The Maryland delegates, not withstanding their in- Maryland" (1835); and “The Sermon before the structions in favor of reconciliation, voted for the General Convention of the P. E. Church” (1835). resolution of 15 May, 1770, declaring that the au- -Thomas's brother, Michael Jenifer, jurist, b. thority of the crown had ceased. Late in June the in Charles county, Md., about 1750; d. there in instructions were recalled, leaving them free to vote 1812, received a classical education. He was a for the Declaration of Independence on 4 July. member of the Maryland convention that ratified On the same day Stone and his colleagues were the Federal constitution, and was elected to the re-elected without restrictions on their action. 1st congress, serving from 8 June, 1789, till 3 Although he bore no active part in the debates of March, 1791. Under the state government he was congress, he served on committees that were in- a judge of the general court, and continued on the trusted with important matters, such as the aug- bench till the judicial system was reorganized in mentation of the flying camp, the failure of the 1806. - Michael Jenifer's grandson, Frederick, in 9 was 66 99 66 : STONE 705 STONE 1 a A Milliam s Prane prepared congressman, b. in Virginia, 7 Feb., 1820, was series of letters on “Masonry and Anti-Masonry” graduated at St. John's college, Annapolis, and to John Quincy Adams, who in his retirement at studied and practised law at Port Tobacco, Charles Quincy had taken interest in the anti- Masonic co., Md. He was elected by the general assembly movement. In these letters, which were afterward in 1852 one of the commissioners to simplify the collected and published (New York, 1832), the au- rules of pleading and practice in the state courts. thor maintained that Masonry should be aban- He was elected to the Constitutional convention to doned, chiefly because it had lost its usefulness. form a new constitution for the state in the spring The writer also cleared away the mists of slander of 1864, but declined to take his seat. In the fol- that had gathered around the name of De Witt lowing November he was elected to the house of Clinton, and by preserving strict impartiality he delegates from Charles county and served for that secured that credence which no er-parte argument session. He was elected to congress in 1866, and could obtain, however ingenious. In 1838 he origi- re-elected in 1868. In 1871 he was again elected nated and introduced a resolution in the New York to the house of delegates, and served his term. He historical society directing a inemorial to be ad- was chosen judge of the court of appeals in 1881, dressed to the New York legislature praying for the which place he now (1888) occupies. appointment of an historical mission to the govern- STONE, William Leete, author, b. in New ments of England and Holland for the recovery of Paltz, N. Y., 20 April, 1792 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, such papers and documents as were essential to a N.Y., 15 Aug., 1844. correct understanding of the colonial history of the His father, Will- state. This was the origin of the collection known iam, was a soldier as the “ New York Colonial Documents” made by of the Revolution John Romeyn Brodhead, who was sent abroad for and afterward that purpose by Gov. William H. Seward in the Presbyterian cler- spring of 1841.. He was the first superintendent gyman, who was a of public schools in New York city, and while descendant of Gov. holding the office, in 1844, had a discussion with William Leete. The Archbishop Hughes in relation to the use of the son removed to So- Bible in the public schools. Although the influ- dus, N. Y., in 1808, ence of Col. Stone (as he was familiarly called, where he assisted from having held that rank on Gov. Clinton's his father in the staff) extended throughout the country, it was felt care of a farm. The more particularly in New York city. He was active country was at that in religious enterprises and benevolent associations. time a wilderness, His works are “ History of the Great Albany Con- and the adventures stitutional Convention of 1821” (Albany, 1822); of young Stone dur-“Narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Celebration," neer life formed council (New York, 1825); “Tales and Sketches,' material that he afterward wrought into border founded on aboriginal and Revolutionary tradi- tales. At the age of seventeen he became a printer tions (2 vols., 1834); " Matthias and His Impos- in the office of the Cooperstown "Federalist,” and tures" (1833); “ Maria Monk and the Nunnery of in 1813 he was editor of the Herkimer“ American,” the Hotel Dieu," which put an end to an extraor- with Thurlow Weed as his journeyman. Subse- dinary mania (see Monk, MARIA) (1836); “Ups and quently he edited the “ Northern Whig" at Hudson, Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman,” a N. Y., and in 1817 the Albany “ Daily Advertiser. satire on the fashionable follies of the day (1836); In 1818 he succeeded Theodore Dwight in the edi- Border Wars of the American Revolution torship of the Hartford “ Mirror.". While at Hart- (1837); “Life of Joseph Brant” (1838); "Letters ford, Jonathan M. Wainwright (afterward bishop), on Animal Magnetism” (1838); “ Life of Red Jack- Samuel G. Goodrich (Peter Parley), Isaac Toucey, et " (1840; new ed., with memoir of the author by and himself alternated in editing a literary maga- his son, William L. Stone, 1866); “ Poetry and zine called " The Knights of the Round Table." History of Wyoming," including Thomas Camp- He also edited while at Fludson "The Lounger," a bell's "Gertrude of Wyoming ” (1841; with index, literary periodical which was noted for its pleasant- Albany, 1864); and " Uncas and Miantonomoh ry and wit. In 1821 he succeeded Zachariah Lewis (1842).- His only son, William Leete, author, b. in the editorship of the New York “ Commercial in New York city, 4 April, 1835, entered Brown, Advertiser," becoming at the same time one of its but left college in 1856 and spent several months proprietors, which place he held until his death. in Germany in acquiring a knowledge of the Ger- Brown university gave him the degree of A. M. in man language with a view of translating into Eng- 1825. Mr. Stone always advocated in its columns lish several military works bearing upon our Revo- the abolition of slavery by congressional action, and lutionary history. On his return in 1858 he was at the great anti-slavery convention at Baltimore in graduated at Brown, and in 1859 took the degree of 1825 he originated and drew up the plan for slave | LL. B. at Albany law-school. He practised law at emancipation which was recommended at that time Saratoga Springs during 1860-3, and in 1864-'7 to congress for adoption. In 1824 his sympathies was city editor of the New York “Journal of Com- were strongly enlisted in behalf of the Greeks in merce. In 1870-'4 he was editor and proprietor their struggles for independence, and, with Edward of the “ College Review." a paper published in the Everett and Dr. Samuel G. Howe, was among the interests of American colleges. He has been secre- first to draw the attention of the country to that tary of the Saratoga monument association since people and awaken sympathy in their behalf. In its incorporation by the legislature of the state of 1825, with Thurlow Weed, he accompanied Lafay: New York in 1871, and is also one of its original ette on his tour through part of the United trustees and incorporators. At the laying of the States. He was appointed by President Harrison corner-stone of the monument on 17 Oct., 1877, the minister to the Hague, but was recalled by Tyler. centennial of Burgoyne's surrender, he delivered Soon after the Morgan tragedy (see Morgan, Will- the historical address, and he is the author of " The IAM) Mr. Stone, who was a Freemason, addressed a Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Bart." (2 VOL. 1.-45 66 66 2 706 STORER STONE 66 65 66 vols., Albany, 1865); “Life and Writings of Col. I ating against Richmond by Gen. Grant, Gen. Stone- William L. Stone" (1866); Guide-Book to Sara- man was appointed to a cavalry corps in the De- toga Springs and Vicinity”. (1866); “ Letters and partment of the Ohio, was engaged in the opera- Journals of Mrs. General Riedesel" (1867); “Life tions of the Atlanta campaign in May-July, 1864, and Military Journals of Major-General Riedesel” and conducted a raid for the capture of Macon and (1868); “ History of New York City” (1872); Andersonville and the liberation of prisoners, but * Reminiscences of Saratoga and Ballston" (1875); was captured at Clinton, Ga., 31 July, and held a " Campaign of General Burgoyne and St. Leger's captive till 27 Oct. He led a raid to southwestern Expedition ” (1877); “Third Supplement to Dowl- Virginia in December, 1864, commanded the dis- ing's History of Romanism” (1881); “The Order- trict of east Tennessee in February and March, ly Book of Sir John Johnson” (1882); “ The Jour- 1865, conducted an expedition to Asheville, N. C., nal of Captain Pausch, Chief of the Hanau Artil- in March-April, 1865, and was engaged at Wythe- lery during the Burgoyne Campaign” (1886); and ville, the capture of Salisbury. N. C., and at Ashe- “Genealogy of the Stone Family” (1887). He is ville. He became colonel of the 21st infantry, 28 now (1888) engaged on a life of George Clinton. July, 1866, and was brevetted colonel, brigadier,- STONE, William Oliver, artist, b. in Derby, and major-general for gallant conduct. He retired Conn., 26 Sept., 1830; d. in Newport, R. I., 15 Sept., from the army, 16 Aug., 1871, and has since re- 1875. He studied with Nathaniel Jocelyn at New sided in California, of which he was governor in Haven, and in 1851 removed to New York. In 1883–'7, having been chosen as a Democrat. 1856 he was elected an associate of the National STORER, Bellamy, jurist, b. in Portland, Me., academy, and he became an academician three years 9 March, 1798; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 June, later. He gained distinction in portraiture, and 1875. He was educated at Bowdoin, studied law, devoted himself entirely to that branch of art. was admitted to the bar in 1817, and the same Among his numerous portraits are those of Bishops year began practice at Cincinnati. In 1824 he ad- Williams of Connecticut (1858), Littlejohn of Rhode vocated the election of John Quincy Adams to the Island (1858), and Kip of California (1859); John presidency, and edited “The Crisis,” an organ of W.Ehninger (1859), owned by the National acade- his party. He served in congress in 1835–7, de- my ; Rev. Henry Anthon (1860); Cyrus W. Field clined renomination, and in 1844 was a presiden- (1865); and James Gordon Bennett (1871). tial elector on the Henry Clay ticket. He was for STONEMAN, George, soldier, b. in Busti, Chau- many years a professor in the Cincinnati law-school, tauqua co., N. Y., 8 Aug., 1822. He was graduated and served for nineteen years as judge of the su- at the U. S. military academy in 1846, and entered preme court of that city. He was popular as a the 1st dragoons. He acted as quartermaster to speaker at both political and religious meetings. the Mormon bat- At one time in his early life Judge Storer was a talion at Santa Fé, leading spirit in a religious band of young men was sent with it to called Flying Artillery,” who went from town California in 1847, to town to promote revivals. He received the and remained ac- degree of LL. D. from Bowdoin in 1821.-His tively engaged on brother, David Humphreys, physician, b. in Port- the Pacific coast land, Me., 26 March, 1804, was graduated at Bow- till 1857. In March doin in 1822, and, after studying medicine with of this year he be- Dr. John C. Warren, was graduated at the medical came captain in department of Harvard in 1825. Settling in Bos- the 2d cavalry, and ton, he there began his practice, which he still served till 1861, (1888) continues. In 1837 he originated the Tre- chiefly in Texas. mont street medical school, and in 1854 he was In February of called to the chair of obstetrics and medical juris- that year, while in prudence in the medical department of Harvard, command of Fort becoming also its dean, which appointments he held Brown, he refused until 1868. Dr. Storer was physician to the Mas- his superior, Gen. in 1837 was given charge of the departments of zo- David E. Twiggs, ology and herpetology, under the direction of the for the surrender of the government property to Massachusetts state survey. He is a member of the secessionists, evacuated the fort, and went to many medical and scientific societies in the United New York by steamer. He became major of the States, to whose transactions he has frequently 1st cavalry on 9 May. 1861, and served in west- contributed papers on natural sciences, and in 1866 ern Virginia till 13 Aug., when he was appointed was president of the American medical association. brigadier-general of volunteers and chief of cav- The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by alry of the Army of the Potomac. He organized, Bowdoin in 1876. His larger publications include the cavalry of that army and commanded during a translation from the French of Louis C. Kiener's the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862. After “ Genera, Species, and Iconography of Recent the evacuation of Yorktown by the Confederate Shells" (Boston, 1837): “Report on the Ichthy- troops his cavalry and artillery pursued and over- ology and Herpetology of Massachusetts ” (1839); took them, and thus brought on the battle of “Synopsis of the Fishes of North America" (Cam- Williamsburg, 5 May, 1862. He took command of bridge, 1846); and “ History of the Fishes of Mas- Gen. Philip Kearny's division after the second sachusetts" (in parts, Boston, 1853–67).—David's battle of Bull Run, succeeded Gen. Samuel P. son, Horatio Robinson, surgeon, b. in Boston, Heintzelman as commander of the 3d army corps, Mass., 27 Feb., 1830, was graduated at Harvard in 15 Nov., 1862, and led it at Fredericksburg on 13 1850, where he devoted special study to natural Dec. He was promoted major-general, 29 Nov., science, and was a private pupil of Louis Agassiz. 1862, led a cavalry corps in the raid toward Rich- and Asa Gray. He then turned to medicine, re- mond from 13 April till 2 May, 1863, and com- ceived his degree from Harvard in 1853, and then manded the 230 corps from January till April, spent two years in Paris, London, and Edinburgh, 1864. On the reorganization of the armies oper- , during one of which he was the assistant, in pri- Leorge Honeuran he STORER 707 STOREY vate practice, to Sir James Y. Simpson. In 1855 | tute of technology, where, with Charles W. Eliot, he established himself in Boston and made a spe- he devoted himself to teaching chemistry in its ap- cialty of gynecology. For several years he served plication to the arts and as a means of mental as assistant to his father while the latter lectured training in general education, and to the task of at Harvard, and in 1865 he was chosen to the chair organizing and perfecting a system of instructing of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence in Berk- students in large classes by the experimental shire medical college, which he held for four years. method. He spent several months abroad during To better fit himself for teaching medical juris- 1867 for the purpose of studying the chemical de- prudence, he attended the Harvard law-school, and partments of the World's fair in Paris and the was graduated in 1868. For several years he de- processes actually employed in the chemical manu- livered in Boston a semi-annual course to medical factures of Europe. In 1870 he was called to the graduates upon the surgical diseases of women, re- chair of agricultural chemistry at Harvard, and fusing to admit any applicant that was not in he has since occupied that post, and is dean of good standing in the American medical associa- the Bussey institution. Prof. Storer received the tion. These lectures were attended by physicians honorary degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1870, from all parts of the country. In 1872 his health and is a member of scientific societies at home and failed and he went to Europe, where he spent five abroad. His papers exceed 100 in number. For years, studying practically the fevers of southern some time he was American editor of the “ Réper- Italy. On his return he settled in Newport, R. I., toire de chimie appliquée," and has conducted where he has since resided. While in Boston he the “ Bulletin of the Bussey Institution.” In book- was physician to the Boston lying-in hospital, to form he has published - Dictionary of the Solu- St. Elizabeth's hospital, and to St. Joseph's home, bilities of Chemical Substances " (Cambridge, 1864); consulting surgeon to Carney general hospital, with Charles W. Eliot, Manual of Inorganic and surgeon to the New England hospital for Chemistry” (New York, 1868) and Manual of women and children. Dr. Storer is a member of Qualitative Chemistry Analysis” (1869); “ Cyclo- many scientific and medical societies in this coun- pædia of Quantitative Analysis,” in two parts (Bos- try and abroad, and was one of the founders and ton, 1870-3); and“ Agriculture in Some of its Re- later president of the Gynecological society of Bos- lations with Chemistry” (2 vols., New York, 1887). ton, of whose journal he was also the active editor - David's cousin, George Washington, naval of- in 1869–73. He was also in 1871 president of the ficer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1789; d. there, 8 Association of American medical editors. He has Jan., 1864, entered the navy as a midshipman, 16 been a frequent attendant at the meetings of the Jan., 1809, and was commissioned a lieutenant, 24 American medical association, of which he was July, 1813. He served in the ship“ Independence,” secretary and prize essayist in 1865 and vice-presi- on the Mediterranean station in 1815-'16, command- dent in 1868, and in 1871, by special invitation of ed the schooner" Lynx” on the New England coast the California state board of health, he delivered a and in the Gulf of Mexico in 1817, cruised in the lecture in Sacramento on “ Female Hygiene.” He frigates“ Congress” and “Java” in the West In- was a vice-president of the gynecological section dies in 1818–²19, and in the frigate “ Constitution of the Ninth international congress. Dr. Storer in the Mediterranean in 1820–²4. He was com- has been a very large contributor to medical jour missioned master-commandant, 24 April, 1828, and nals, and the titles of his papers exceed 125 in captain, 9 Feb., 1837, commanded the receiving-ship number. In book-form he has published, with Dr: * Constellation” at Boston in 1839, the frigate “ Po- William O. Priestley, “ The Obstetric Memoirs and tomac," of the Brazil station, in 1840-2, the navy- Contributions of Sir James Y. Simpson” (Edin- yard at Portsmouth in 1843-6, and was the com- burgh, 1855; Philadelphia, 1856); “ Criminal Abor- mander-in-chief of the Brazil squadron in 1847–50. tion in America ” (Philadelphia, 1860); “ Why He was on leave and served as member of boards, Not? A Book for Every Woman" (Boston, 1866); president of the board of inquiry, and other duty “ Is it I? A Book for Every Man (1867); with in 1851-'4. In 1855–7 he was governor of the Franklin F. Heard, “ Criminal Abortion : Its Na- naval asylum at Philadelphia. He was retired, ture, its Evidence, and its Law” (1868); “On 21 Dec., 1861, on account of age, and promoted to Nurses and Nursing, with Special Reference to the rear-admiral on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. In Management of Sick Women" (1868): and "South- 1861-'2 he served on special duty in Brooklyn, after ern Italy as a Health Station for Invalids” (Na- which he was unemployed for one year. ples, 1875). - Another son, Francis Humphreys, STORER, Clement, senator, b. in Kennebunk, chemist, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 March, 1832, Me., in 1760; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 21 Nov., entered the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard 1830. He received an academical education, stud- in 1850, and there made a specialty of chemistry, ied medicine at Portsmouth and afterward in studying under Josiah P. Cooke, whose assistant Europe, and began practice at Portsmouth. He he became in 1851. He remained for two years in was a major-general of militia, repeatedly a mem- Prof. Cooke's laboratories at Cambridge and at ber of the legislature and one year its speaker, and Harvard medical school in Boston, where he also sat in congress from 26 Oct., 1807, till 3 March, instructed a private class in chemical analysis. In 1809. He was then elected to the U. S. senate to 1853 he was appointed chemist to the U. S. North | fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jere- Pacific exploring expedition, and visited the prin- miah Mason, and served from 1 Dec., 1817, till 3 cipal islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. March, 1819. He was high sheriff of the county of On his return he completed his course at the Law- Rockingham in 1818–24. rence scientific school, receiving the degree of STOREY, Wilbur Fisk, journalist, b. in Salis- S. B. in 1855, and then studied abroad with Bunsen bury, Vt., 19 Dec., 1819 ; d. in Chicago, III., 29 in Heidelberg, Richter in Freiberg, Stockardt in Oct. , 1884. He received a common-school educa- Tharandt, and with Émile Kopp in Paris. He re- tion, learned the printing trade at twelve years of turned in 1857, and was chemist to the Boston age, and supplemented his training by wide mis- gas-light company till 1871, also opening a private cellaneous reading. Ile worked steadily in the laboratory as an analytical and consulting chemist. office of the Middlebury - True Press” until he was In 1865 he was appointed professor of general and seventeen years old, when he went to New York industrial chemistry at the Massachusetts insti- I and set type on the “ Journal of Commerce.” Two 708 STORRS STORK years later he went to La Porte, Ind., and had gregation and organized St. Mark's congregation, there his first experience in publishing a news- building a new church. In 1858 he accepted the paper, which was unsuccessful. He kept a drug- presidency of Newberry college, S. C., but in 1860 store for some time, and edited a country weekly, he removed to Baltimore, Md., as pastor of a new and growing tired of Indiana, went to Jackson, congregation. Here he remained until 1865, when Mich., and studied law for two years. He next es- he retired on account of failing health. For the tablished the “ Patriot” in that town, of which he next few years, until 1871, he was engaged in pas- was appointed postmaster under Polk's adminis- toral and editorial duties in Philadelphia, as well tration, whereupon he sold the paper. Having as in literary pursuits In 1851 he received the been removed by Taylor in 1849, he set up another degree of D. D. from Pennsylvania college. He drug-store, was chosen the year following a mem- was at various times editor of the “ Home Jour- ber of the State constitutional convention, and nal” and “ Lutheran Home Monthly," and assist- subsequently appointed state-prison inspector. In | ant editor for several years of the Lutheran Ob- 1853 he removed to Detroit, bought an interest in server.” Among his published works are “ Life of the “Free Press,” and ere long rose to be its editor Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany," and sole owner. He went to Chicago in 1861 and edited with introduction (Philadelphia, 1854); purchased the “ Times,” which then had a very The Children of the New Testament” (1854); small circulation. His energy, enterprise, and fear- · Luther's Christmas-Tree" (1855); "Jesus in the ess expression of his viev on every subject gave Temple, or the Model Youth” (1856); - Home the paper notoriety. No man in the northwest has Scenes in the New Testament" (1857); "Luther at done so much as he both to benefit and injure Home" (1871); “ The Unseen World in the Light journalism. Without faith in any one, as a conse- of the Cross” (1871); “Luther and the Bible" quence no one placed faith in him. He was inde- (1873); “ Afternoon " (1874); and “Sermons.” edit- pendent in an extreme and unwholesome sense, ed by his sons (1876). — Theophilus's son, Charles boasting that he had no friends and wanted none, Augustus, clergyman, b. near Jefferson, Freder- and apparently doing his utmost to create enemies. ick co., Md., 4 Sept., 1838; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., His whole mind was bent on giving the news, his 17 Dec., 1883, was graduated at Williams in 1857. idea of what constitutes news being frequently where his room-mate was James A. Garfield, studied morbid and indecorous. He was daring to a de- at Andover theological seminary, and was profes- gree of recklessness and repellent cynicism, but sor of Greek in Newberry college, S. C., in 1859–²60. his course yielded him a large fortune. About 1877 In 1861 he was ordained to the ministry. He was his health began to fail, and he went abroad. In pastor of St. James's Lutheran congregation in the summer of 1878 he had a paralytic stroke, and Philadelphia for a few months in 1861, of St. was brought home. He was adjudged of unsound Mark's congregation in Baltimore, Md., 1862–'81, mind in 1884, and a conservator of his estate was and professor of theology in Gettysburg seminary, appointed by the courts. and chairinan of the faculty from 1881 until his STORK, Charles Augustus Gottlieb, clergy- death. In 1874 he received the degree of D. D. man, b. in Helmstädt, duchy of Brunswick, Ger- from Pennsylvania college. He published numerous many, 16 June, 1764; d. in Salisbury, N. C., 27 articles in periodicals, and was for a time co-editor March, 1831. The family name was originally of the “ Lutheran Missionary Journal and the Storch. He received his classical and theological “ Lutheran Observer in Philadelphia. Some of education in the University of Helmstädt, in 1785 his fugitive writings have been collected in a post- became a private tutor, and in 1788 accepted a call humous work entitled “ Light on the Pilgrim's as pastor and missionary among Lutherans in Way,” edited by his brother, Theophilus B. Stork North Carolina. He was examined and ordained (Philadelphia, 1885). to the ministry, and arrived in Baltimore, Md., in STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, b. in June. Immediately after his arrival he took Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 12 Aug., 1835; d. charge of congregations in Cabarrus county, N. C., in Ottawa, II., 12 Sept., 1885. He first studied where he remained until he retired from the active law with his father, and then went to Buffalo, duties of the ministry. He was the leader of vari- where he pursued his legal course, and in 1853 was ous enterprises of the church. When, on 2 May, admitted to the bar. In 1857 he went to New 1803, the synod of North Carolina was organized, York, remaining there for two years. He then set- he was elected the first president, and he was annu- tled in Chicago, and soon took a prominent place ally re-elected whenever he could be present. Dur- among the lawyers of the country. As an orator ing the latter part of his life he removed to a he had few superiors. Politically a Republican, farm ten miles south of Salisbury, where he spent he devoted his great talents to that party, tak- the remainder of his days. He was a man of learning ing an active part in the presidential campaigns and piety, and had the reputation of being a superior of the last twenty years. În 1868, 1872, and 1880 linguist. See - The Stork Family in the Lutheran he was a delegate-at-large from Illinois to the Church," by John G. Morris, D. D. (Philadelphia, National Republican convention, being on each 1886).—IIis son, Theophilus, clergyman, b. near occasion one of the foremost in shaping the pol- Salisbury, N. C., in August, 1814; d. in Philadel- icy and formulating the platform of his party. phia, Pa., 28 March, 1874, was graduated at Penn- His friends urged his appointment as attorney, sylvania college. Gettysburg, in 1835, and at the general under the administrations of Haves and theological seminary there in 1837. In the same Arthur, but without success. A few months before year he was licensed to preach by the synod of his death he accepted a large retainer to defend the Maryland, and assumed pastoral charge of the Lu- , Mormons in the U. S. courts of Utah. theran congregation at Winchester, Va., where he STORRS, Henry Randolph, b. in Middletown, remained until 1811. In the latter year he re- Conn., 3 Sept., 1781; d. in New Haven, Conn., 29 moved to Philadelphia as pastor of St. Matthew's 'July, 18:37. ile was graduated at Yale in 1804, congregation, the second English Lutheran con- : studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and gregation in the city. In 1812 he was one of the practised at Champion, Whitestone, and I'tica, leaders in the movement that resulted in the or- N. Y., serving for five years as judge in Oneida ganization of the East Pennsylvania synod. In county. He was elected io congress as a Federalist 1850 he resigned as pastor of St. Matthew's con- i from Utica, and served with re-elections from 6 STORRS 709 STORRS RS Sommt Dec., 1819, till 3 March, 1831, except durinfedt hie in South Carolina and Georgia, when his health two 17th congress. Mr. Storrs subsequently settled in New York city and attained a high rank at the bar. again failed him. In 1822 he gathered a church He was possessed of uncommon powers of discrimi- in Ravenna, Ohio, and continued there for six nation, great logical exactness, and a ready and years. He then accepted the professorship of the- powerful elocution, and as a debater in congress ology in Western Reserve college, and in 1831 was in the first rank. Several of his speeches have was inaugurated president of that institution, been published.--His brother, William Lucius, which place he held until his death. He published jurist, b. in Middletown, Conn., 25 March, 1795; an address on his induction into the presidency. d. in Hartford, Conn., 25 June, 1861, was graduated – Richard Salter's son, Richard Salter, clergy- at Yale in 1814, and then studied law in White- man, b. in Braintree, Mass., 21 Aug., 1821, was stone, N. Y. In 1817 he was admitted to the bar graduated at Amherst in 1839, and, after teach- in New York, but soon returned to his native city ing in Monson academy and Williston seminary, and there followed his profession. He was elected studied law under Rufus Choate. Turning his at- to the state assembly in 1827-'9 and 1834, and was tention to theology in speaker during the last term. In 1829 he was 1842, he was graduat- chosen to congress as a Whig and served from 7 ed at Andover semi- Dec., 1829, till 3 March, 1833, and again from 2 nary in 1845, and or- Dec., 1839, till June, 1840, when he resigned to ac- dained on 22 Oct. of cept the appointment of associate judge of the that year in Brook- court of errors, and in 1857 was appointed chief line, Mass., where he justice. He held the professorship of law in Yale had been called to the during 1846-'7, and the degree of LL. D. was con- charge of the Har- ferred on him by Western Reserve in 1846. His vard” Congregational decisions, which are regarded as exceedingly able, church. In 1846 he are published in the “ Connecticut Reports.' accepted the pastorate STORRS, Richard Salter, clergyman, b. in of the newly organ- Long Meadow, Mass., 6 Feb., 1787 ; d. in Braintree, ized Church of the Mass., 11 Aug., 1873. His grandfather, John, Pilgrims in Brooklyn, served as a chaplain in the Revolution, and his where he has since re- father, Richard Salter, was pastor of the Congrega- mained. The degree tional church at Long Meadow, Mass. The son re- of D. D. was conferred ceived his early education at home and entered on him by Union col- Yale in 1802, but, his health failing, he taught in the lege in 1853 and by Clinton academy in East Hampton, L. I., where he Harvard in 1859, that of LL. D. by Princeton in had been invited at the suggestion of Lyman 1874, and that of L. H. D. by Columbia in 1887. Beecher. Meanwhile he continued his studies, and, In 1855 he delivered the Graham lectures, before entering the senior class, was graduated at Will the Brooklyn institute, “On the Wisdom and iams in 1807. He then returned to Long Island Goodness of God,” his subject being - The Constitu- and studied theology under Rev. Aaron Wool- tion of the Human Soul,” and in 1879 he delivered worth in Bridgehampton. A year later he was the L. P. Stone lectures at Princeton theological licensed by the Suffolk presbytery and had charge seminary. He also gave the lectures on “ Preaching of the parishes of Islip and Smithtown, but soon without Notes," at the Union theological seminary, retired from this work and entered Andover theo- | in New York, in 1875, and those on the “ Divine logical seminary, where he was graduated in 1810. Origin of Christianity,” in the same institution, in He was then ordained pastor of the 1st Congrega- 1881, which were repeated before the Lowell insti- tional church of Braintree, which charge he re- tute in Boston. Dr. Storrs has attained reputation tained until his death, except during an interval as one of the most eloquent pulpit orators in the of five years, when he was engaged in the service of United States. In 1873 he made an address on the the Home missionary society of Massachusetts. “ Appeal of Romans to educated Protestants” be- The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by fore the Evangelical alliance. He is well known Williams in 1835, and by Amherst in the same year. for his historical studies, and has delivered fre- During 1817–25 he was editor of the “ Boston Re- quent addresses on public occasions. In 1875 he corder," and he was senior associate editor of the made the address before the New York historical “Congregationalist” in 1850–6. Dr. Storrs was also society on its seventieth anniversary, in 1876 the a contributor to the “ Panoplist,” the “ Home centennial oration in New York city, and in 1881 Monthly," and, other periodicals, and in addition the • B K oration at Harvard. Dr. Storrs was to about twenty sermons, published “ Memoir of elected a trustee of Amherst in 1863, and since 1873 Rev. Samuel Green” (Boston, 1836), “Life and has been president of the Long Island historical Letters of Rev. Daniel Temple ” (New York, 1855), society. In 1887 he was chosen president of the and edited “ Williston's Sacramental Meditations American board of commissioners for foreign mis- (Boston, 1857).-His brother, Charles Backus, sions. He was one of the editors of “The Inde- clergyman, b. in Long Meadow, Mass., 15 May; pendent” from 1848 till 1861, and, in addition to 1794; d. in Braintree, Mass., 15 Sept., 1833, was numerous articles in periodicals, prepared a “Re- educated at Munson academy and at Princeton, port on the Revised Edition of the English Version but left college at the close of his junior year on of the Bible." His published works further in- account of his health. He studied theology in clude " The Constitution of the Human Soul” Bridgehampton, L. I., and was licensed to preach (1856); “ Conditions of Success in Preaching with- by the Long Island presbytery in 1813. For a out Notes" (1875); “ Early American Spirit and year he had charge of two small churches on the Genesis of It” (1875); “Declaration of Inde- Long Island, but, his health failing, he returned pendence, and the Effects of It” (1876); “John to his father's home. On his recovery he was Wycliffe and the First English Bible (1880); graduated at Andover theological seminary in · Recognition of the Supernatural in Letters and 1820, and was ordained as an evangelist by the in Life" (1881); “ Manliness in the Scholar" (1883); Charleston Congregational association on 2 Feb., 1 - The Divine Origin of Christianity indicated by 6. 9 66 710 STORY STORY . " 66 its Historical Effects" (1884); “The Prospective continuance would be disastrous to New England. Advance of Christian Missions” (1885); - Forty When the embargo was finally repealed, President Years, of Pastoral Life" (Brooklyn, 1886); and Jefferson attributed that result to Story, whom he “ The Broader Range and Outlook of the Modern styled “a pseudo-Republican.” Another measure College Training ” (1887). that Story advocated in opposition to the adminis- STORY, George Henry, artist, b. in New tration was an increase of the navy. Haven, Conn., 22 Jan., 1835. When he was fifteen On his return home, he was re-elected to the years of age he apprenticed himself to a wood- Massachusetts house of representatives, and in carver for three years. At the expiration of this 1811 became its speaker. 'In November of the term he was a pupil under Charles Hine for three same year, at the early age of thirty-two, Story years. He then studied in Europe for one year, was appointed by President Madison an associate after which he went to Portland, Me., where, in justice of the supreme court of the United States. 1859, he gained the state medal. He painted for His circuit embraced four states—Maine, New two years in Washington, D. C., then one year in Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island and Cuba, and since then has resided in New York. his judicial duties were onerous in the extreme. In 1875 he was elected an associate of the National Among the questions that came before him for academy. His portraits include those of Salmon adjudication were curious and perplexing ones of P. Chase, Howell Cobb, Whitelaw Reid, and Gov. admiralty law, of the law of salvage, and that of Partino and family, of Cuba. Among his genre marine insurance, also of prize law, the principles pieces are “ The Testy Old Squire"; "The Fisher- of all which, now clearly defined, were then un- men " (1886); "Sunday Morning, Clock-Tink- settled and imperfectly understood. Of the law ers,” and “Twenty Thousand Majority.” relating to these subjects, and of the patent law, STORY, Joseph, jurist, b. in Marblehead, Mass., he was in a great measure the creator. He also 18 Sept., 1779 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 10 Sept., divided with Chancellor Kent the honor of having 1845. His father, Dr. Elisha Story, was one of the founded the American system of equity juris- “ Boston tea-party,” and subsequently a surgeon prudence. In 1819 he denounced the slave-trade, in the Revolutionary army. In his boyhood the still carried on in the ports of New England, so son manifested unusual powers of observation and vehemently in his charges to the grand juries that an intense craving for knowledge. In 1798 he was he greatly contributed to its extinction. Though graduated at Harvard, delivering the poem at the denounced by the press as deserving “to be hurled commencement exercises, and, choosing the law for from the bench," he redelivered the charge, and his profession, studied under Samuel Sewall and in the case of "La jeune Eugénie,” branded the Samuel Putnam. In 1801 he began practice in traffic in a masterly judgment as a violation of Salem, and prepared and published a “ Selection of the law of nations. "In the same year he gave his Pleadings in Civil Actions” (Salem, 1805). He pub- opinion in the celebrated Dartmouth college case, lished also “ The Power of Solitude, with Fugitive which is one of his best. When the Missouri com- Poems” (1804), a literary venture which he afterward promise was agitating the country his feeling on deeply regretted. Becoming interested in feudal- the subject was so strong that he took part in a ism, he made a profound study of the old black- public meeting at Salem to protest against that letter law of England, and mastered the intricate measure. In 1820 he made, in the convention and technical rules which govern the law of real called to revise the constitution of Massachusetts, a property. Rising rapidly to eminence, he was soon powerful and brilliant speech, the best, he after- retained in important cases, and took rank with ward thought, that he ever made, in opposition to the leaders of the New England bar. In 1805 he a motion that the legislature should have authority was elected a representative of Salem in the legis- to diminish the salaries of the judges of the lature, where he was a vigorous and accomplished supreme court. In 1829, when Nathan Dane debater, and be- founded a professorship of law at Harvard, he was came the acknowl- elected to fill it, in accordance with the stipulation edged leader of the of its founder, and delivered an able and polished Republican party. inaugural discourse. He now removed to Cam- Though Democrat- bridge, where he resided for the rest of his life. ic in his political The school, hitherto unsuccessful, now attracted views, he was never students from all parts of the land. The number å slave to party, rose from one, the only student in attendance the and on questions year before, to thirty, to one hundred and twenty of national politics in 1842, and to one hundred and fifty-six in 1844. was of the school The annual salary that Story received during his of Washington and professional life was $1,000. As a teacher of law Marshall. In 1808, Judge Story has had few if any equals. His vast in opposition to acquirement, extraordinary fluency, sympathy with Christopher Gore, learners, and personal magnetisin, eminently fitted then at the zenith him for that office. His familiar bearing toward of his fame, Story “the boys," as he called the students, his frank- defended the em- ness and abandon, his bubbling humor, his merry bargo as the only and contagious laugh, and his inexhaustible fund measure short of a of incident and anecdote, with which he gave declaration of war piquancy and zest to the driest themes, won for which the administration could have adopted with him not only the attention but the love of his out submitting to ignominious restrictions on pupils, whose professional careers, after they left American commerce by the belligerent powers. In the school, he watched with fatherly interest. He the same year he was elected a representative to conducted his lectures as conversational exercises congress, where, in opposition to the administra- on the text-books, and two or three times a week tion, he labored to procure a repeal of the embargo, held moot-courts in the library. His manner on the ground that it was expedient only as a tem- when lecturing was that of an enthusiast rather porary, not as a permanent, measure, and that its than that of a professional teacher. . Jozephifting STORY 711 STORY . . In 1831 Judge Story was offered the chief of congress. He left an unpublished “Digest of justiceship of Massachusetts, but he declined. | Law" in three manuscript folio volumes, which is After the death of Chief-Justice Marshall, being in the Harvard law library. The secret of these the senior member by appointment, he presided colossal achievements was ceaseless, systematic in- over the deliberations of his associates until the dustry, an extraordinary memory equally tenacious confirmation of Chief-Justice Taney. It had been of principles and of cases, frequent change of labor, the wish of Marshall that Story should succeed and concentration of mind. He economized odd him, but, as he was not in sympathy with the ad-, moments, changed his work when weary, and ministration, that was impossible. During the ill-wrought with all the force of his intellect. Judge ness of Taney in 1844 he again filled the chief Story had fine colloquial powers, which manifested justice's place for a few months. Judge Story had themselves not in wit or epigram, but in a con- nearly completed his preparations for retiring from tinuous flow of genial and sparkling remark. His the bench and devoting his energies exclusively to favorite English poets were Pope and Gray; his the law-school, when he was stricken with a fatal favorite Latin poet was Virgil, of whose works, illness. In 1818 he was elected an overseer of Har- when travelling, he always carried with him a vard, and that university conferred on him the de- well-thumbed pocket edition. A collection of his gree of LL. D. in 1821, while Brown similarly hon- “Miscellaneous Writings” was published during his ored him in 1815, and Dartinouth in 1824. For life-time (1835), and an enlarged edition, edited by many years he was president of the Merchants' his son, William W. Story, appeared after his death bank in Salem, and in 1842 he was active in estab- (2 vols., Boston, 1851). See also “Life and Letters lishing the alumni association of Harvard, of which of Joseph Story,” by William W. Story (2 vols., he became vice-president. Though for thirty-three 1851). A selection from his decisions, entitled years a laborious judge of the supreme court of Notes on the Principle and Practice of Prize his country, and during the last sixteen years of Courts,” was edited by E. T. Pratt (London, 1854). his life an eminently successful teacher of law, - His son, William Wetmore, artist, b. in Salem, Story gave to the world more text-books on juris- Mass., 12 Feb., 1819, prudence than any other writer of his time. The was graduated at Har- fist comprises his " Commentaries on the Law of vardin 1838, and at Bailments” (Cambridge, 1832); Commentaries on its law department in the Constitution of the United States," a work re- | 1840, where he studied markable alike for its depth of research, vivid his- under his father's di- torical sketches, and treasures of political wisdom rection. He was ad- (3 vols., 1833); “ Commentaries on the Conflict of mitted to the bar, and Laws,” his ablest and most original work (Boston, devoted his attention 1834); “ Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence,” largely to the prepa- the first logical and systematic discussion of that ration of the Re- subject (2 vols., 1835–6); Equity Pleadings ports of Cases argued (1838); "Law of Agency” (1839); "Law of Part- and determined in nership” (1841); Law of Bills of Exchange the Circuit Court of (1843); and "Law of Promissory Notes” (1845). the United States for He also edited Chitty on Bills of Exchange and the First Circuit ” (3 Promissory Notes” (Boston, 1809); “ Abbot on vols., Boston, 1842–'7); Shipping” (1810); and · Laws on Assumpsit" “ Treatise on the Law (1811), with notes of American statutes and cases. of Contracts not un- All of these works have passed through_many der Seal” (1844); and editions, and are recognized not only by British “Treatise on the Law of Sales of Personal Prop- judges, but on the continent, where they have been erty" (1847). At the same time he was a frequent translated into German and French, as of the high- contributor of both prose and verse to the "Bos- est authority. Edward Everett writes: "For an ton Miscellany” and other periodicals. Mr. Story American judge to be daily cited in the British was the poet of his class, and in 1844 delivered the courts from the highest of all, the court of par- $ B K poem at Harvard on “ Nature and Art,” in liament, down, and to have his books alluded to which he indicated the tastes which were to gov- as the proof that certain branches of jurisprudence, ern his future life. His first volume of “Poems” and these the nobler ones, are more extensively and was published in 1847, and in 1856 he delivered a successfully cultivated in America than in Eng- poem at the dedication of the statue of Beethoven land, may well be regarded as an offset for the at the Boston music-hall. In 1848 his fondness for taunts of tourists and reviewers.” Story's decisions art led to his going to Italy, where he has since as a circuit-court judge are contained in thirteen resided, devoting his attention chiefly to sculp- octavo volumes, being the reports of Cranch, ture. His statue of his father in the chapel of Wheaton, Peters, and Howard, from 1811 to 1845. Mount Auburn cemetery, of Edward Everett in The reports of the supreme court during his ju- the Boston public garden, busts of James Russell dicial life fill thirty-five volumes, of which his ju- Lowell, Theodore Parker, and Josiah Quincy, are dicial opinions, remarkable alike for their compact well-known examples of his art, and he modelled logic, luminous clearness, wealth of learning, and a bronze statue of George Peabody, which was fulness of illustration, form a large part. The erected in London in 1869, and a replica of which notes he contributed to Wheaton's reports fill 184 was. presented in 1888 to the city of Baltimore closely printed pages. Besides all these legal la- through the liberality of Robert Garrett. He was bors, he delivered many discourses on literary and a U. S. commissioner on fine arts to the World's other themes, wrote numerous biographical sketches fair at Paris in 1879, and has received decorations of his contemporaries, and contributed elaborate / from France and Italy. Mr. Story holds a profess- papers to the North American Review” and the orship in the Academia degli arcadi Sta. Cecilia, * American Jurist." He also wrote for his friend : and has received the degree of D. C. L. from the Dr. Lieber's “ Encyclopædia Americana” articles University of Oxford and an honorary degree from filling 120 pages, prepared reports on codification, the University of Bologna on its sooth anniver- etc., and drafted some of the most important acts sary. Among his other works are “ Sappho . MW. Mony > 66 712 STOUGHTON STOUGHTON 92 (1862); “Saul" (1863); “Delilah” (1866); “Helen He gave $15,000 to Dartmouth to found a museum (1869); “Judith” (1872); “Sardanapalus” (1878); of pathological anatomy.-His nephew, Edwin • Jerusalem in her Desolation ” (1870); and “ The Henry, soldier, b. in Springfield, Vt., 28 June, 10; tis and Achilles”.(1887–8). His “Cleopatra” (1864) . in Boston, Mass., 25 Dec., 1868, was graduated at and“ Semiramis" (1872) are now in the Metropoli- the U.S. military academy in 1859, and assignat tan museum of art in New York city. Mr. Story to the 6th infantry. During 1859–60 he served in is also an accomplished musician. Since his resi- garrison at Fort Columbus, N. Y., and on scoutin: dence abroad he has published “Life and Letters duty in the western territories, but he resigned og of Joseph Story” (2 vols., Boston, 1851); “Poems" 4 March, 1861, from the regular army. In sepieli (1856); “ The American Question ” (London, 1862); ber he was commissioned colonel of the 4th Ver « Roba di Roma, or Walks and Talks about Rome mont volunteers, and with his regiment joined the (1862); “ Proportions of the Human Figure accord- Army of the Potomac. He served during the per- ing to a New Canon for Practical Use" (1866); insular campaign, and was engaged in the siezi of "Graffiti d'Italia” (1869); “ The Roman Lawyer Yorktown, the action at Lee's Mill, the battle of in Jerusalem ” (1870); “ Tragedy of Nero” (1875); Williamsburg and Savage Station, and the opera “ Castle St. Angelo (1877); “ He and She, or a tions before Richmond. His services gainel for Poet's Portfolio” (1883); “ Fiammetta (1885); him promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of and “ Poems” (2 vols., 1886). His sons are artists volunteers on 5 Nov., 1862, and he was assigned to of promise, Waldo being a sculptor and JULIAN a the command of the 2d Vermont brigade, covering painter, whose works are well known in London, the defences of Washington. While stationed at Paris, and Rome.-Joseph's cousin, Isaac, poet, b. Fairfax Court-House, Va., he was captured by Gel in Marblehead, Mass., 25 Aug., 1774; d. there, 19 John S. Mosby on 8 March, 1863, but, after confine July, 1803, was the grandson of Rev. Simon Brad- ment for several weeks in Libby prison, he was re- street, and son of Rev. Isaac Story (1749–1816), who leased. His commission had expired by constitu- was minister of Marblehead from 1771 till "1800. tional limitations four days before his capture. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1793, and, Gen. Stoughton then resigned from the army and after studying law, followed his profession in Cas- entered on the practice of law in New York city, tine, Me., where he also edited the “Journal," and but failing health compelled his removal to Boston, at Rutland, Mass. He contributed to current lit- where he died. erature, notably to “The Farmer's Museum," and STOUGHTON, Israel, settler, b. in England; a series to the “Columbian Centinel,” which he d. in Lincoln, England, in 1645. He emigrateu to signed “The Traveller.” In 1800 he delivered a Massachusetts and early settled in Dorchester. In eulogy on Washington at Sterling, Mass., where he November, 1633, he was admitted as a freeman, and then resided, and in 1800 a Fourth-of-July oration he was a member of the first general court, which in Worcester, Mass., which was published. Mr. convened in May, 1634, also serving in 1635–7. Story issued in book-form“ An Epistle from Yarico He was pronounced disabled from holding office to Inkle” (Marblehead, 1792); “Consolatory Odes, for three years in consequence of the publication dedicated to those Unfortunate Beings who labor of a pamphlet in which he denied to the governor under the Malignant Influence of the Democratic and his assistants certain of the powers that they Mania (Worcester, 1799); and “A Parnassian claimed, but in 1636 he was restored to his privi- Shop opened in the Pindaric Style, by Peter Quince, leges. In May, 1637, he commanded the Massa- Esq." (Boston, 1801). chusetts troops that were sent against the Pequots, STOUGHTON, Edwin Wallace (sto-ton), law- and in 1642 he became captain of the artillery yer, b. in Springfield, Vt., 1 May, 1818; d. in New company. He was appointed a commissioner to York city, 7 Jan., 1882. He came to New York administer the government of New Hampshire in city when he was eighteen years old, and there 1641, and was assistant to the governor of Masy- studied law. After his admission to the bar in chusetts in 1637–²42 and 1644. In 1612 he went 1840 he became connected with important cases, to England, but he returned in 1644 as lieutenant- including some famous patent trials, notably those colonel of Gen. William Rainsborow's regiment, of Charles Goodyear. He was engaged in the case in which command he served until his death. of Ross Winans against the Erie railway company, He was a large land-owner of Dorchester, and and was counsel for the latter in the receiver cases acres to Harvard college.-His son, in the U. S. courts in 1868. Mr. Stoughton was William, governor of Massachusetts, b, in Eng- 1 retained by William M. Tweed at the beginning of land, 30 May, 1632; d. in Dorchester, Mass., i July, his legal troubles, though he took no active part in 1701, was graduated at Harvard in 1650, after the defence; and he conducted the suit of the studying theology went to England, where he he stockholders in the Emma mine litigation. During came a fellow at New college, Oxford, but was the administration of President Grant he published ejected from that office on the restoration. He re- an elaborate letter in which he defended on consti- turned to New England in 1662, and acquired s tutional grounds the president's use of the army in high reputation as a preacher. In 1668 he was Louisiana. He was one of the party that, after the appointed to deliver the annual election serinon, election of 1876, went to New Orleans to observe and it was pronounced one of the best that had the action of the returning board, and was a warm been heard on such an occasion. He declined all defender of Rutherford B. Hayes's title to the invitations of settlement as a pastor, but served as office of president, which he supported by argu- an assistant from 1671 till the dissolution of ment as one of the counsel before the Electoral the government in 1686, and in 1677-9 he was in commission. In October, 1877, he was appointed England as agent for the colony. In 1686 he was 1 minister to Russia by President Haves, and re- re-elected assistant, but refused to serve, oeeupy mained there until May, 1879, when he returned ing, however, the office of chief justice from July to the United States. The climate of St. Peters- to December, 1686. He also became a member of burg did not agree with him, and the seeds of the council of Gov. Edmund Andros, which office disease that he contracted there finally caused his he held until April, 1689, when he was one of death. As a young man he attracted some atten- | the council of safety that wrested the government tion by his contributions to “ Hunt's Merchants from that officer. În May, 1692, he was appointed Magazine,” but they were afterward discontinued. I lieutenant-governor, which place he held until the 9 gave 300 > 3 oood t Viti Namist Kuchu Songs Stoue APPLETON & CO བཀཾ་པཱ་དྷ ་ ཎ ན ཎ ༼ ཀཱ Coo00000 Berche Ston E STOUGHTON 713 STOWE William Stoughton end of his life, and at the time of the death of Sir | ist,” a hymnal (1849), and editor of “ Daily Manna" William Phips became acting governor. He was and the Missionary Enterprise" (1846), a volume appointed chief justice of the superior court of the of sermons on missions, to which he contributed colony on 22 Dec., 1692, and held that office during one of great merit. He was the author of " Memoir the witchcraft trials. When others acknowledged of Harriet Dow” (Boston, 1832); “ History of the that they had Baptist Mission to India" (1835); “ History of the been deluded, he Danish Mission on the coast of Coromandel” persistently con- (1837); “ Daily Manna" (1842); The Whole tended that he Family in Heaven and Earth” (1845); " Christian had acted up to Brotherhood" (1859); and “First Things” (1859). his best judg- STOWE, Calvin Ellis, clergyman, b. in Natick, ment. Gover- Mass., 6 April, 1802; d. in Hartford, Conn., 22 nor Stoughton is Aug., 1886. His ancestors came from London to spoken of as a Boston in 1634. Mr. Stowe was a lad of six years "rich and atrabil. when his father died, leaving a widow and two arious bachelor," boys to struggle with poverty, and at the age of although he gave twelve he was apprenticed to a paper-maker. He to Harvard prop- was early distinguished for his insatiable craving erty that cost for books, and acquired the rudiments of Latin by £1,000, and by studying at odd moments during his apprentice- his will made a ship in the paper-mill. His earnest desire and de- bequest of land to termined efforts to gain an education attracted the the college. In attention of benevolent people, who resolved to 1698 the first assist him, and in November, 1820, he was sent to Stoughton Hall the academy in Gorham, Me. He was graduated was built, which at Bowdoin in 1824, remained there one year as gave place to a librarian and instructor, and in September, 1825, new edifice in 1805, that still preserves the memory entered the theological seminary at Andover, Mass. of his gift. Gov. Stoughton also gave liberally to In the seminary, at the instigation of Prof. Moses the churches of Dorchester and Milton and to the Stuart, he completed a scholarly translation of poor people of his own town. Jahn's "Hebrew Commonwealth" (Andover, 1828; STOUGHTON, William Lewis, lawyer, b. in 2 vols., London, 1829). In 1828 he was graduated, New York, 20 March, 1827; d. in Sturgis, Mich., and in the following year he became editor of 6 June, 1888. He early removed to Sturgis, Mich., the Boston “ Recorder," the oldest religious paper and, after being admitted to the bar in 1851, hé in the United States. In addition to his editorial settled in the practice of his profession. In 1854 labors, he published a translation from the Latin, he was elected prosecuting attorney, serving twice, with notes, of “Lowth's Lectures on the Sacred and in 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln Poetry of the Hebrews” (1829). In 1830 he was U. S. district attorney for Michigan. This office appointed professor of Greek in Dartmouth, and he resigned in the beginning of the civil war, and he married in 1832 Eliza, daughter of Rev. Bennett entered the 11th Michigan volunteers, in which he Tyler, of Portland, Me. The same year he removed became lieutenant-colonel. His services were prin- to Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, Ohio, having cipally in the west, and at Stone River he attained been called to the chair of sacred literature in his colonelcy and commanded a brigade in Gen. Lane theological seminary. In August, 1834, his George H. Thomas's corps at Chickamauga, Mis- wife died without children, and in January, 1836, sion Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Ruff's Sta- he married Harriet Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. tion (where, while directing the fire of a battery, Lyman Beecher, the president of the seminary. he lost a limb), and Atlanta. He continued with Prof. Stowe became convinced by his experience his regiment until wounded, and on 13 March, as an instructor that the great need of the west at 1865, he received the brevets of brigadier-general | that time was an efficient common-school system, and major-general of volunteers. In 1866 he was and, without neglecting his professional duties, he elected attorney-general of Michigan, then he was devoted himself heart and soul to this work. In chosen as a Republican to congress, and served, May, 1836, he sailed for England, primarily to with re-election, from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, purchase a library for Lane seminary, but he re- 1873. Subsequently he retired to Sturgis. ceived at the same time an official appointment STOW, Baron, clergyman, b. in Croydon, from the state legislature to visit as agent the pub- N. H., 16 June, 1801; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 Dec., lic schools of Europe, particularly those of Prussia. 1869. He was graduated at Columbian college, On his return he published his “Report on Ele- Georgetown, D. C., in 1825, and in 1827 was or- mentary Education in Europe." In 1850 Prof. dained to the ministry in Portsmouth, N. H., where Stowe accepted a professorship in Bowdoin, and he was settled as pastor of the Baptist church. In in 1852 he was appointed to fill the chair of sacred 1832 he was called to the pastorate of the Baldwin literature at Andover seminary. In 1853 and 1856 place Baptist church in Boston, in which connec- he visited Europe with Mrs. Stowe. In 1864, tion he had a successful ministry of sixteen years. owing to failing health and increasing infirmities, At the close of this term of service he became pas- he resigned his professorship and removed to tor of the Rowe street (now Clarendon avenue) Hartford, Conn. Besides the works mentioned church, and continued in this relation until 1867, above, he published" Introduction to the Criticism when he retired from regular ministerial work and Interpretation of the Bible” (Cincinnati, 1835); He twice visited Europe for the benefit of his “ The Religious Element in Education,” a lecture health. Dr. Stow performed a large amount of (1844); " The Right Interpretation of the Sacred work as a member of the executive committee of Scriptures,” inaugural address (Andover, 1853) ; the American missionary union. He was a grace- and * Origin and History of the Books of the Bible, ful and vigorous writer, as well as one of the most both Canonical and Apocryphal” (Hartford, 1867). eloquent and successful preachers of his denomina- -His wife, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, b. in tion. He was one of the compilers of the " Psalm- | Litchfield, Conn., 14 June, 1812, is, the third 714 STOWE STOWE Sors Stive daughter and sixth child of Rev. Dr. Lyınan | everything that father and mother said at table Beecher. When she was a mere child of four years, about him.” Byron's death made an enduring, but Mrs. Beecher died, yet she never ceased to influ- at the same time solemn and painful, impression ence the lives of her children. Mrs. Stowe writes: on her mind. She was eleven years old at the time, “Although my mother's bodily presence disap- and usually did not understand her father's ser- peared from our circle, I think that her memory mons, but the one that he preached on this occa- and example had more influence in moulding her sion she remembers perfectly, and it has had a family than the living presence of many mothers.” deep and lasting influence on her life. At the After her death, Mrs. Stowe was placed under the time of the Missouri agitation Dr. Beecher's ser- care of her grandmother at Guilford, Conn. Here mons and prayers were burdened with the anguish she listened, with untiring interest, to the ballads of his soul for the cause of the slave. His passion- of Sir Walter Scott and the poems of Robert Burns. ate appeals drew tears down the hardest faces of The “ Arabian Nights,” also, was to her a dream the old farmers who listened to them. Night and of delight-an enchanted palace, through which morning, in family devotions, he appealed to her imagination ran wild. After her father's sec- heaven for “poor, oppressed, bleeding Africa, that ond marriage, her education was continued at the the time of deliverance might come. The effect Litchfield academy under the charge of Sarah of such sermons and prayers on the mind of an Pierce and John Brace. Of Mr. Brace and his imaginative and sensitive child can be easily con- methods of instruc-ceived. They tended to make her, what she has tion Mrs. Stowe been from earliest childhood, the enemy of all ever speaks with slavery. In 1824, when thirteen years of age, Mrs. the greatest enthu- Stowe went to Hartford to attend the school that siasm. “Mr. Brace had been established there by her eldest sister, exceeded all teach- Catherine. Here she studied Latin, read Ovid and ers that I ever knew Virgil, and wrote metrical translations of the for- in the faculty of mer, which displayed a very respectable knowledge teaching composi- of Latin, a good command of English, with con- tion,” she writes. siderable skill in versification. At the age of four- “ Much of the in- teen she taught with success a class in “Butler's spiration and train- Analogy," and gained a good reading knowledge ing of my early of French and Italian. As scholar and teacher days consisted not she remained with her sister in Hartford till the in the things I was autumn of 1832, when both removed with their supposed to be father to Cincinnati, Ohio, where Dr. Beecher as- studying, but in sumed the presidency of Lane theological semi- hearing, while seat. nary and the pastorate of the 2d Presbyterian ed unnoticed at my church. At this time Mrs. Stowe compiled an ele- desk, the conversa- mentary geography for a western publisher, which tion of Mr. Brace with the older classes.” Nor, in- was extensively used, and again engaged in teach- deed, were the influences in her home less stimu- ing with her sister in Cincinnati. She wrote lec- lating to the intellect. Dr. Beecher, like the major- tures for her classes in history, and, as a member ity of the Calvinistic divines of his day, had his of a literary club, called the Semi-Colon, humorous system of theology vast and comprehensive enough sketches and poems. to embrace the fate of men and angels, and to In January, 1836, she married Mr. Stowe. Dur- fathom the counsels of the Infinite. His mind was ing her residence in Cincinnati she frequently vis- kept in a state of intense and joyous intellectual ited the slave states, and acquired the minute activity by constantly elaborating, expounding, knowledge of southern life that was so conspicu- and defending this system. Consequently his chil- ously displayed in her subsequent writings. Pugi- dren grew up in an atmosphere surcharged with tive slaves were frequently sheltered in her house, mental and moral enthusiasm. There was no trace and assisted by her husband and brothers to escape of morbid melancholy or ascetic gloom in Dr. to Canada. During the riots in 1836, when James Beecher. He was sound in body, sound in mind, G. Birney's press was destroyed and free negroes and the religious influence which he exerted on were hunted like wild beasts through the streets the minds of his children was healthy and cheerful. of Cincinnati, only the distance from the city and Under such circumstances it is not surprising to the depths of mud saved Lane seminary and the find a bright and thoughtful child of twelve years Yankee Abolitionists at Walnut Hills from a like writing a school composition on the profound fate. Many a night Mrs. Stowe sank into uneasy theme “Can the Immortality of the Soul be proved slumber, expecting to be roused by the howlings from the Light of Nature?” The writer took the of an angry mob, led by the agents of exasperated negative side of the question, and argued with such and desperate slave-holders. In 1849 Mrs. Stowe power and originality that Dr. Beecher, when it published “The Mayflower, or Short Sketches of was read in his presence, not knowing the author, the Descendants of the Pilgrims” (New York; new asked with emphasis, “Who wrote that?” “Your ed., with additions, Boston, 1855), being a collec- daughter, sir," quickly answered Mr. Brace. Says tion of papers which she had from time to time Mrs. Stowe, speaking of this event: “It was the contributed to various periodicals. In 1850 she proudest moment of my life. There was no mistak- removed with her husband and family to Bruns- ing father's face when he was pleased, and to have wick, Me., where the former had just been called interested him was past all juvenile triumphs." to a professorship in Bowdoin. It was at the Dr. Beecher read with enthusiasm, and encour- height of the excitement caused by the passage of aged his children to read, both Byron and Scott. the fugitive-slave law. It seemed to her as if When nine or ten years of age, Mrs. Stowe was slavery were about to extend itseif over the free deeply impressed by reading Byron's “ Corsair.” states. She conversed with many benevolent, ten- "I shall never forget how it electrified and thrilled der-hearted, Christian men and women, who were me," she writes. “I went home absorbed and won- blind and deaf to all arguments against it, and she dering about Byron, and after that listened to concluded that it was because they did not realize STOWE 715 STOWELL ! what slavery really meant. She determined, if' chiefly rest with posterity.” Mrs. Stowe received possible, to make them realize it, and, as a result letters containing similar expressions of com- of this determination, wrote - Uncle Tom's Cabin, 'mendation from William E. Gladstone, Charles or Life among the Lowly.” In the mean time Kingsley, and Bishop Whately. Prof. Stowe was appointed to the chair of biblical In 1864 Prof. Stowe resigned his professorship literature in the theological seminary at Andover, at Andover and removed to Hartford, Conn., Mass., and removed thither with his family about where the family have since resided, making their the time that this remarkable book was published. winter home in Mandarin, Fla., until Prof. Stowe's Neither Mrs. Stowe nor any of her friends had the increasing infirmities made the journey no longer least conception of the future that awaited her possible. In 1869 Mrs. Stowe published “Old- book. She was herself very despondent. It does Town Folks,” a tale of New England life, and in not seem to have been very widely read when it September of the same year, moved thereto by appeared in the “ National Era," at Washington, I reading the countess Guiccioli's “ Recollections of D. ('., from June, 1851, till April, 1852, before it ! Lord Byron," contributed a paper to the “ Atlantic was issued in book-form (Boston, 1852). Mrs. Monthly on “The True Story of Lady Byron's Stowe says: “It seemed to me that there was no Life.” In reply to the tempest of adverse criticism hope; that nobody would hear; that nobody would that this paper evoked, she published “ Lady read, nobody would pity; that this frightful sys- Byron vindicated: a History of the Byron Con- tem which had pursued its victims into the free troversy” (Boston, 1869). Her seventieth birthday states might at last threaten them even in Canada." was celebrated with a garden party, mainly of lit- Nevertheless, nearly 500,000 copies of this work erary people, in Cambridge, Mass. She spent the were sold in the United States alone in the five summer of 1888, in failing health, at North Haven, years following its publication. It has been trans- Long Island. George Sand has paid the following lated into Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, Dutch, tribute to the genius of Mrs. Stowe: “I cannot say Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Illyrian, she has talent as one understands it in the world Polish, Portuguese, modern Greek, Russian, Ser- of letters, but she has genius as humanity feels the vian, Spanish, Swedish, Wallachian, Welsh, and need of genius--the genius of goodness, not that other languages. These versions are to be found of the man of letters, but of the saint. . . Pure, in the British museum in London, together with 'penetrating, and profound, the spirit that thus the most extensive collection of the literature of fathoms the recesses of the human soul.” The ac- this book. In reply to the abuse and recrimination companying steel engraving represents Mrs. Stowe that its publication called forth, Mrs. Stowe pub- as she appeared in middle life; the vignette, at lished, in 1853, “A key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, threescore and ten. presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon Besides the works that have been mentioned, which the Story is founded, together with Cor- Mrs. Stowe has written “ Geography for my Chil- roborative Statements verifying the Truth of the dren” (Boston, 1855); “ Our Charley, and what to Work.” She also wrote “ A Peep into Uncle Tom's do with him” (1858); “ The Pearl of Orr's Island ; Cabin, for Children” (1853). The story has been a Story of the Coast of Maine" (1862): “ Agnes of dramatized in various forms; once by the author Sorrento" (1862); “Reply on Behalf of the Women as “ The Christian Slave; a Drama" (1855). The of America to the Christian Address of many character of Uncle Tom was suggested by the life Thousand Women of Great Britain” (1863); “The of Josiah Henson (q. v.). Ravages of a Carpet” (1864); “House and Home So reduced was Mrs. Stowe's health by her se- Papers, by Christopher Crowfield” (1864);, Re- vere and protracted labors that complete rest and ligious Poems” (1865); “Stories about our Dogs" change of scene became necessary. Consequently, (1865); “Little Foxes” (1865); “ Queer Little Peo- in the spring of 1853, accompanied by her hus- ple” (1867): “Daisy's First Winter, and other band and brother, the Rev. Charles Beecher, she Stories ” (1867); “ The Chimney Corner, by Chris- sailed for England. In the following year ap- topher Crowfield ” (1868); “Men of our Times" peared “Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands," "a (Hartford, 1868); “ The American Woman's Home,” collection of letters of Mrs. Stowe and her brother with her sister Catherine (Philadelphia, 1869) ; during their travels in Europe (2 vols., Boston, • Little Pussy Willow" (Boston, 1870); “ Pink and 1854). In 1856 she published " Dred, a Tale of the White Tyranny” (1871); “Sam Lawson's Fire- Great Dismal Swamp.” The same book was re- side Stories” (1871); “My Wife and I” (1872); issued, in 1866, under the title “ Nina Gordon,” | “ Palmetto Leaves ” (1873); “ Betty's Bright Idea, but has now been again issued under the original and other Tales” (1875); “ We and Our Neigh- title. About this time Mrs. Stowe made a second bors” (1875): “ Footsteps of the Master" (1876); visit to England, and an extended tour of the “ Bible Heroines" (1878); * Poganuc People" (1878); continent. In the judgment of some crities, by and “A Dog's Mission ” (1881). Most of these far the ablest work that has come from Mrs. works have been republished abroad. There is also Stowe's pen, in a purely literary point of view, is a selection from her writings entitled “Golden the " Minister's Wooing” (New York, 1859). It Fruit in Silver Baskets" (London, 1859). In 1868 was first given to the public as a serial in the she became co-editor with Donald G. Mitchell of ** Atlantic Monthly," and James Russell Lowell - Hearth and Home" in New York. Her life will said of it: "" We do not believe that there is any be written by her son, the Rev. Charles Edward one who, hy birth, breeding, and natural capacity, Stowe, who is pastor of Windsor avenue Congre- has had the opportunity to know New England so gational church in Hartford, Conn. well as she, or who has the peculiar genius so to STOWELL, Charles Henry, microscopist, b. in profit by the knowledge. Already there have been Perry, X. Y., 27 Oct., 1850. Ile was graduated at scenes in the · Minister's Wooing' that, in their the medical department of the University of Michi- lowness of tone and quiet truth, contrast as charin- gan in 1872, and has since been connected with ingly with the timid vagueness of the modern 'that institution as instructor, and later as professor school of novel-writers as the · Vicar of Wake- of histology and microscopy. Dr. Stowell is a field’itself; and we are greatly mistaken if it do member of scientific societies, and edited for six not prove to be the most characteristic of Mrs. years “ The Microscope," a monthly journal, pub- Stowe's works, and that on which her fame will | lished in Ann Arbor. He has published "Stu- . 716 STRANAHAN STRACHAN dents' Manual of Histology” (Detroit, 1882); | Islands of the Bermudas," which was published in “ Microscopic Diagnosis” (1882); “ The Microscop- the fourth volume of Purchas's “ Pilgrims." He ical Structure of the Human Tooth” (1888); and also compiled for the colony in Virginia “ Lawes Physiology and Hygiene” (Chicago, 1888).—His Divine. Morall, and Martiall" (London, 1612), and wife, Louisa Maria Reed, b. in Grand Blanc, Mich., was the author of " Historie of Travaile into Vir- 23 Dec., 1850, was graduated at the University of ginia Brittania” (1818), published by the Hakluyt Michigan in 1876, and, after a post-graduate course society, from an original manuscript, in 1849. of one year, received the degree of M. S. In 1877 STRAIN, Isaac 6., naval officer, b. in Rox- she became instructor of microscopic botany in bury, Pa., 4 March, 1821 ; d. in Aspinwall, Colom- the school of pharmacy of the University of Michi- bia, 14 May, 1857. He entered the U. S. navy as gan, and in 1878 she married Prof. Stowell . She midshipman in 1837, and was advanced to the is a member of scientific societies, and, by her re- grade of passed midshipman in 1843. While in searches in microscopy, gained an election to the the South Atlantic ocean in 1845 he led an explor- Royal microscopical society of Great Britain in ing expedition into the interior of Brazil, and in 1882. Mrs. Stowell takes an active interest in the 1848 he visited the peninsula of Lower California. advancement of woman's work, and lectured before In 1849 he obtained permission to leave his vessel the International woman's congress in Washington at Valparaiso for the sake of making the overland in 1888. She was associated with Prof. Stowell in the journey to Rio Janeiro, where he rejoined his ship. editorship of “ The Microscope.” In 1888 she as- The result of his experiences he gave to the public sumed charge of the microscopical department of as “The Cordillera and Pampa: Sketches of a “ The Pharmaceutical Era," and also assisted her Journey in Chili and the Argentine Provinces in husband in the preparation of “ Microscopical Di. 1849” (New York, 1853). He was proinoted lieu- agnosis ” (Detroit, 1882). Besides many articles in tenant, 27 Feb., 1850, and was attached to the com- the scientific press, she has published " Microscop- mission that in 1850 located the boundary-line be- ical Structure of Wheat” (Chicago, 1880). tween the United States and Mexico. In 1854 he STRACHAN, John, Canadian Anglican bishop, had charge of the expedition to survey the Isthmus b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, 12 April, 1778; d. in of Darien. The extremities to which his party Toronto, 1 Nov., 1867. He was graduated at were reduced in that affair, and the heroism with King's college, Aberdeen, in 1796, studied theology which he sustained his command under extraordi- at St. Andrew's, and taught in a village school un- nary difficulties, brought him to the notice of the til 1799, when he emigrated to Canada. He public. In the summer of 1856 he sailed in the opened a school at Kingston and taught for three ** Arctic” on her voyage to ascertain by soundings years, preparing himself in the mean time to take in the North Atlantic ocean the possibility of an orders in the Church of England. He was or- ocean telegraphic cable between the United States dained a deacon by Bishop Mountain in May, 1803, and Great Britain. Lieut. Strain was a member of a priest, 3 June, 1804, and appointed to the mission the American ethnological society, and to its pro- of Cornwall, where he opened a grammar-school, ceedings and those of the American geographical and had among his pupils several that have since society he contributed interesting accounts of his become eminent in Canada. In 1812 he removed expeditions, including a paper on - The History to York (now Toronto), and became rector in that and Prospects of Interoceanic Communication place. In 1813, after the explosion by which Gen. (New York, 1856), His death was the result of Zebulon M. Pike was killed at the old fort, York, undue exposure while he was on the isthmus. he visited Gen. Henry Dearborn, and was success- STRAKOSCH, Maurice, musician, b. in Bu- ful in dissuading him from sacking the town. In tschowitz, Moravia, 15 Jan., 1825; d. in Paris, 1818 he was nominated an executive councillor, France, 9 Oct., 1887. His father removed to Ger- took his seat in the legislative council, and re- many in 1828, and young Strakosch there began mained a member of the government till 1836, and the study of music. He soon gained a reputation of the upper house till 1841. In 1825 he became as an excellent pianist, and was well received in all archdeacon of York, and in 1839 bishop of Toronto. the European countries in which he travelled. In After 1818 he took an active part in politics, and 1848 he came to the United States, and soon de- a bitter strife arose between his party on the one voted himself entirely to managing operatic troupes, side and that of William L. Mackenzie on the organizing his first company in 1855. In 1852 he other, which eventually culminated in the rebellion married Amalia Patti, a sister of Adelina. His of 1837. During the time that he was a member i compositions for the piano were at one time very of the executive council fifty-seven rectories were popular, and among them the music of one of established in Upper Canada at his suggestion, and Bayard Taylor's songs. He wrote a small volume the foundation of Trinity college, Toronto, was of " Souvenirs” in French not long before his largely owing to his efforts. He received the de- death.-His brother, Max, b. in Brunn, Moravia, gree of LL. D. from the University of St. Andrew's 27 Sept., 1835, was associated with him in most of and that of D. D. from the University of Aberdeen his enterprises, and some of the most famous artists in 1807. Bishop Strachan published seventy essays travelled under their management, including Louis in the “ Kingston Gazette "in 1811 under the name M. Gottschalk, Parepa-Rosa, Marie Roze, Carlotta of “ Rickoner," and several letters and pamphlets. and Adelina Patti, Karl Formes, Pasquale Brig- He practically ruled the Church of England in noli, Italo Campanini, Pauline Lucca, Therese Tit. Upper Canada during his lifetime, and did more jens, Christine Nilsson, and Marietta Alboni. than any other person to establish it securely in STRANAHAN, James Samuel Thomas, capi- that part of the country. talist, b. in Peterboro, N. Y., 25 April, 1808. lle STRACHEY, William, colonist. He left Eng- received his education in the common schools of land in 1609 on the “ Sea Venture” with Sir his neighborhood, where he afterward taught, and Thomas Gates, and was shipwrecked on the Ber- then studied civil engineering. In 1827 he visited mudas, but in 1610 reached Virginia on a boat that the region of the upper lakes for the purpose of had been constructed from the wreck, and was sec- i opening trade with the Indians; but, finding this retary of the colony for three years. Strachey undesirable, he engaged in the wool trade. He be- wrote “ A True Repertory of the Wracke and Re- came associated in 1832 with Gerrit Smith in de- demption of Sir Thomas Gates upon and from the veloping the manufacturing interests of Oneida STRANGE 717 STRAUS county. The town of Florence was the result, and I was elected president of the University of the Pa- in 1838 he was sent as a Whig to represent that i cific in 1877, and held that post for ten years, dur- district in the legislature. In 1840 he removed to ing which time the attendance rose from about 100 Newark, N. J., and became interested in the con- to more than 400. The buildings and appliances in- struction of railroads, accepting stock in payment creased correspondingly, and the annual income of for his work. He settled in Brooklyn in 1844, the institution was advanced from about $7,000 to which has since been his home. In 1854 he was $25,000. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of sent as a Whig to congress, and served from 3 Mills college, Oakland, Cal., which place he now Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1857. Mr. Stranahan was (1888) holds. He was a delegate to the general a member of the first Metropolitan police commis- conference of the Methodist church in Brooklyn, sion in 1858, and delegate to the Republican na- N. Y., in 1872, and to that in Cincinnati in 1880. tional conventions in 1860 and 1864, serving as a The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by presidential elector in the latter year. During the North western and Willamette universities in 1879. civil war he was an active supporter of the Nation- He edited the “* Autobiography of Erastus 0. Ha- al government and president of the war-fund com- ven” (New York, 18833), and has prepared a volume mittee. This organization founded the Brooklyn of the sermons and lectures of Bishop Haven. * Union," in order that the government might have STRATTON, Charles Sherwood, dwarf, b. in an organ devoted to its support. In 1860 he was Bridgeport, Conn., 4 Jan., 1838; d. in Middlebor- appointed president of the park commission, and ough, Mass., 15 July, 1883. He was first exhibited he held that office for more than twenty years. as a dwarf by Phineas T. Barnum at his American During his administration Prospect park was museum in New York city on 8 Dec., 1842, who created, and the system of boulevards, including gave him the title and name of Gen. Tom Thumb. the Ocean and Eastern parkways, is due to his At that time he was not more than two feet high, suggestions. He has long been one of the mana- and weighed less than sixteen pounds. He was en- gers and is now (1888) president of the Union ferry gaged at a salary of three dollars a week and trav- company, and the great Atlantic docks, which are elling expenses; but, as he proved a great success. the largest works of the kind in the United States, his salary was soon increased to twenty-five dollars were built under his direction. Mr. Stranahan is a week, and at the end of his second year he re- not only the president of the dock company, but ceived fifty dollars a week. In 1844 he visited Eu- also the largest stockholder and general manager rope under the management of Mr. Barnum, and of affairs. He was also associated with the build- appeared at the courts of England, France, and ing of the East river bridge from the beginning of Belgium. In 1857 he again visited Europe, and that work, and was president of the board of di- on later occasions he travelled extensively on the rectors in 1884. continent. He accumulated a large fortune, and STRANGE, Robert, senator, b. in Virginia, 20 settled in Bridgeport. In 1862 he met Lavinia War- Sept., 1796 ; d. in Fayetteville, N. C., 19 Feb., 1854. ren, also a dwarf, who was exhibited by Mr. Bar- He was educated at Hampden Sidney college, and num, and married her on 10 Feb., 1863. The wed- then studied law. After being admitted to the ding ceremony was performed at Grace church, in bar he settled in Fayetteville, N. C., and in 1821 New York city, with “ Commodore” Nutt as was elected to the North Carolina house of dele- groomsman and Minnie Warren as bridesmaid. gates, where he served in 1822–3 and 1826. He Subsequently Mr. and Mrs. Stratton travelled over was elected in 1826 judge of the superior court, the world and gave exhibitions wherever they went. and held that place until 1836, when he withdrew As he grew older he became stout and weighed from the bench to take his seat in the U. S. senate. seventy pounds, and his height increased to forty He continued a member of that body until 1840, inches. The dwarf's death was the result of a when he resigned after refusing to obey the in- stroke of apoplexy. He was buried in Mountain structions of the North Carolina legislature. On Grove cemetery, Bridgeport, where a marble shaft his return to Fayetteville he resumed his profes- forty feet in height was raised to his memory, on sion, and subsequently was solicitor of the 5th ju- the top of which is a full-length statue of the little dicial district of North Carolina. The degree of general.- His wife, Mercy Lavinia Bump, b. in LL. D. was conferred on him by Rutgers in 1840. Middleborough, Mass., 31 Oct., 1841, was first en- Judge Strange published for private circulation a gaged by Mr. Barnum in 1862, under whose man- novel entitled “Eoneguski, or the Cherokee Chief,” agement she assumed the name of Warren. When in which he preserved many of the traditions of exhibited with Gen. Tom Thumb she was both the region in which he resided. shorter and lighter than her husband, but her STRANGE, Thomas B., Canadian soldier, b. í height increased to forty inches and her weight to in Meerut, India, 15 Sept., 1831. He entered the fifty pounds. After the death of Mr. Stratton she Royal artillery as 2d lieutenant in 1851, and re- lived in retirement until her marriage on 6 April, tired from the service in 1881 with the rank of 1885, to Count Primo Magri, an Italian dwarf, major-general. He served during the Indian mu- with whom she has since given exhibitions in the tiny, and was present at the siege and capture of United States and Europe. Lucknow. Gen. Strange was appointed comman- STRATTON, Henry Dwight, educator, b. in dant of the School of gunnery, Quebec, in 1871, Amherst, Ohio, 24 Aug., 1824; d. in New York inspector of artillery for the Dominion in 1872, city, 20 Feb., 1867. He was educated in the public commandant of artillery for Quebec in the same schools of Lorain county and at Oberlin college, year, and was retired in 1882. lle commanded the but was not graduated. With Henry B. Bryant he Alberta field - forces during the northwest cam- established the Brvant and Stratton business col- paign in 1885, and was awarded a medal. leges, which at the time of his death numbered STRATTON, Charles Carroll, clergyman, b. more than fifty, located in the principal cities of in Mansfield, Pa., 4 Jan., 1833. He early settled the United States and Canada. in Oregon, and was educated at Willamette uni- STRAUS, Oscar Solomon, merchant, b. in Ot- versity. In 1858 he entered the ministry of the terberg, Rhenish Bavaria, 23 Dec., 1850. He emi- Methodist Episcopal church and held various pus- grated with his parents to the United States, and torates until 1875, except during 1867–8, when he settled in Talbotton, Ga. At the close of the civil returned to Willamette and took his degree. He war he removed to New York, where he was gradu- 718 STRIBLING STRAWBRIDGE a ated at Columbia college in 1871 and at its law- “ Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and the school in 1873. He practised law until 1881, and Racket,” describing a trip in the Adirondack re- then entered mercantile life, retaining his interest gion (New York, 1860); “A Digest of Taxation in literature. In March, 1887, he was appointed by in the United States" (Albany, 1863); a collected President Cleveland U.S. minister to Turkey. Mr. edition of his poems (2 vols., 1866); and “ The In- Straus has been connected with various move- dian Pass," describing explorations in Essex coun- ments for reform in local politics. He is a close ty, N. Y. (1869). He also contributed sixteen student of American history, on which he has lec- poems to John A. Hows's “ Forest Pictures in the tured and written articles for periodicals, and he Adirondacks" (1864), and published various poems has published “ The Origin of the Republican Form that he read at different colleges, including Geneva of Government in the United States of America" (now Hobart) (1840); Hamilton (1850); and Yale (New York, 1886). (1851); also one on the battle-field of Saratoga. STRAWBRIDGE, Robert, pioneer, b. in Drum- STREET, Augustus Russell, donor, b. in mer's Nave, near Carrick-on-Shannon, County Lei- New Haven, Conn., 5 Nov., 1791 ; d. there, 12 trim, Ireland; d. in Maryland in 1781. He came to June, 1866. He was graduated at Yale in 1812, this country some time between 1760 and 1765, and studied law, but was compelled to abandon it settled on Sam's creek, Frederick co., Md., and soon on account of feeble health, and remained an in- opened his house for religious services. Shortly valid during the greater part of his life. From afterward a Methodist society was formed, and a 1843 till 1848 he resided in Europe, travelling and place of worship, known as the Log meeting-house, devoting himself to the study of art and the mod- was erected. Mr. Strawbridge now travelled con- ern languages. Mr. Street inherited a fortune, stantly through the state, forming new societies, and gave largely to benevolent objects. He pre- and in order that he might go on these journeys sented to Yale its school of the fine arts, one of its his farm was cultivated for him by his neighbors. finest buildings, also making partial provision for After residing on Sam's creek about sixteen years its endowment, founded the Street professorship he removed to Long Green, Baltimore county, of modern languages, and made provision in his where the use of a farm had been given him for will for the establishment of the Titus Street his life. He died while he was on one of his preach- professorship in the theological department. His ing tours. It is a matter of dispute whether he or daughter married Admiral Andrew H. Foote. Philip Embury founded the first Methodist so- STREET, Whiting, philanthropist, b. in Wal- ciety and built the first chapel in this country, but lingford, Conn., 25 March, 1790; d. in Northampton, most authorities give Embury priority. A full Mass., 31 July, 1878. He was educated at public discussion of the point may be found in Joseph B. schools in West Springfield, Mass., and was suc- Wakeley's “ Lost Chapters Recovered from the cessively a farmer, a freight-boatman on Connecti- Early History of American Methodism” (New cut river, and a bank director. He accumulated a York, 1858), and John Atkinson's “ Centennial His- large fortune, and at his death left $106,000 to the tory of American Methodism” (1884). city of Holyoke and twenty-one adjacent towns, STRAZNICKY, Edward R. (strats-nik'-y), to be used for the benefit of the worthy poor that librarian, b. in Moravia, Austria, in 1820; d. in should not be already in charge of the public. New York city, 9 Feb., 1876. He was educated STRIBLING, Cornelius Kinchiloe, naval at the University of Vienna, taking degrees in the officer, b. in Pendleton, S. C., 22 Sept., 1796; d. in departments of medicine and philosophy, and ac- Martinsburg, W. Va., 17 Jan., 1880. He entered the quired by travel a familiar knowledge of modern navy as a midshipman, 18 June, 1812, and served languages. During the Hungarian rebellion he in the frigate “Mohawk” on Lake Ontario in 1815, served as an officer in the revolutionary army. where he participated in the blockade of Kingston. At the defeat of the Nationalists he went into He was commissioned lieutenant, 1 April, 1818, exile, and his property was confiscated. After a cruised on the Brazil station in 1819-20, and then brief residence in England, he came to the United in the West Indies suppressing piracy. He com- States, and found mercantile employment in Phila- manded the sloop “ Peacock” in the East Indies delphia. In 1859 he became assistant librarian in in 1835–'7, and was on leave for two years after his Astor library, New York city, and in 1872 he was return. He was commissioned commander, 24 Jan., elected superintendent, which office he held till 1840, and in 1842-'4 had the sloop “ Cyane” and the time of his death. He was also secretary of frigate - United States ” successively on the Pacific the American geographical society: station. For the next two years he had command STREET, Alfred Billings, author, b. in Pough- of the receiving-ship at Norfolk, and he then went keepsie, N. Y., 18 Dec., 1811; d. in Albany, N. Y., out as fleet-captain in command of the ship-of-the- 2 June, 1881. He removed at an early age to line Ohio,” of the Pacific squadron, during the Monticello, Sullivan co., N. Y., and was educated latter part of the Mexican war, returning to New at Dutchess county academy, after which he studied York in April, 1850. He was superintendent of the law with his father, Randall S. Street, and practised naval academy at Annapolis in 1850-3, was com- in Monticello. In 1839 he removed to Albany, in missioned captain, 1 Aug., 1853, and commanded 1813–'44 edited the Northern Light," and from the steam sloop “San Jacinto" on special service 1848 till his death he was state librarian. Mr. in 1854–5. He was commandant of the Pensacola Street began at an early age to write poetry for the navy-yard 1857-9, and served as flag-officer in magazines, and he attained a respectable rank as a command of the East India squadron in 1859-²61. descriptive poet. Some of his productions were When the civil war opened he returned home, and, highly praised by critics, and several of his poems notwithstanding the secession of his native state, have been translated into German. His publica- ! adhered to the Union. He served on the board to tions include - The Burning of Schenectady, and I regulate the compensation of government officers other Poems” (Albany, 1842); “ Drawings and in 1861, and on the light-house board in 1862. By Tintings” (New York, 1844); " Fugitive Poems" operation of law he was placed on the retired list (1846); “ Frontenac, or the totarho of the Iro- in December, 1861, but he continued to render quois, a Metrical Romance" (London, 1849; New valuable service in command of the navy-yard at York, 1850); - The Council of Revision of the Philadelphia in 1862–4, and from February till State of New York," a history (Albany, 1859); July, 1865, as commander-in-chief of the Eastern " " STRICKLAND 719 STRINGHAM Gulf blockading squadron ; after which he was a bury” (1858); “Old Mackinaw, or the Fortress of member of the light-house board until 1872. He the Lakes and its Surroundings", (Philadelphia, was commissioned commodore on the retired list, 1860); and “Life of Jacob Gruber" (New York, 1860). 16 July, 1862, and rear-admiral, 25 July, 1866. He also edited numerous volumes of sermons and STRICKLAND, Samuel, Canadian author, b. other works, among them the “Autobiography of in Reydon Hall, Suffolk, England, in 1809; d. in Peter Cartwright" (1856), and was editorially con- Lakefield, Upper Canada, in 1867. He entered the nected with several journals in the west, besides military service, attained the rank of lieutenant- the one mentioned above. colonel, and emigrated to Canada in 1826. He was STRINGER, Samuel, physician, b. in Mary- a brother of Susanna Moodie, Agnes Strickland, land in 1734 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 11 July, 1817. and Catherine Parr Traill (q. v.). He wrote “ Twen- He studied medicine in Philadelphia with Dr. ty-seven Years in Canada West, or the Experience Thomas Bond, was appointed to the medical depart- of an Early Settler,” edited by Agnes Strickland ment of the army in 1755 by Gov. William Shirley, (2 vols., London, 1853). and served in the campaign of 1758 at Ticonderoga. STRICKLAND, William, architect, b. in Phil. He then settled in Albany, and on 14 Sept., 1775, adelphia, Pa., 1787 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 7 April, was appointed director and physician of the hospi- 1854. He studied under Benjamin H. Latrobe, and tals of the northern department, and authorized to in 1809 became a landscape-painter. At this time appoint a surgeon for the fleet that was then fitting and subsequently he did considerable work as an out upon the lakes. He accompanied the troops aquatint engraver, producing a series of views of in the invasion of Canada, but was dismissed the Philadelphia and a few portraits of decided merit. service by congress, 9 Jan., 1777; and in February His first important architectural work was the old that body ordered an inquiry to be made concern- Masonic hall, Chestnut street, Philadelphia, which ing medicines that he had bought. Gen. Philip was opened for use, 27 Dec., 1810. The style was Schuyler remonstrated against his removal, and on Gothic. His next important work was the U. S. 15 March, 1777, he was reprimanded by congress. bank, modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, and Dr. Stringer afterward practised in Albany with finished in August, 1824. He now took his place great reputation till his death. as one of the chief architects in the country, and as STRINGHAM, James S., physician, b. in New such built the new Chestnut street theatre, the York city in_1775; d. in St. Croix, W. I., 28 Arch street theatre, U. S. custom-house, St. Ste- June, 1817. He was graduated at Columbia in phen's Episcopal church, the Merchants' exchange, 1793, and began to study theology, but abandoned U. S. mint, and the U. S. naval asylum, all in it for medicine, which he pursued first under Dr. Philadelphia. Mr. Strickland was one of the first Samuel Bard and Dr. David Hosack in New York, architects and engineers that turned his attention and then at the University of Edinburgh, where he to the construction of railroads, and he went to received his degree in 1799. He was professor of Europe to study the system. On his return he built chemistry in Columbia in 1802-'13, and of medical the Delaware breakwater for the U. S. government. jurisprudence in the College of physicians and sur- His last work was the state-house at Nashville, geons from 1813 till his death. He was the first to Tenn., and he died while engaged in superintend lecture here on the latter science, and may be regard- ing its construction. By a vote of the legislature ed as its founder in the United States. 'Dr. String- of the state his remains were placed in a crypt in ham was one of the most efficient of the early pro- that edifice. He published " Triangulation of the moters of science in this country. He was a phy- Entrance into Delaware Bay" (Philadelphia); “Re- sician of the New York hospital, a member of the . port on Canals and Railways ” (1826); and, with Royal medical society of Edinburgh, and a fellow of Gill and Campbell, " Public Works of the United the New York literary, philosophical, and historical States” (London, 1841). societies. He published “ De Absorbentium Sys- STRICKLAND, William Peter, clergyman, b. temate," his inaugural dissertation; and various in Pittsburg, Pa., 17 Aug., 1809; d. in Ocean Grove, essays and papers in medical journals. N. J., 15 July, 1884. He was educated at Ohio uni- STRINGHAM, Silas Horton, naval officer, b. versity, Athens, Ohio, from which he afterward re- in Middletown, Orange co., N. Y., 7 Nov., 1798; d. ceived the degree of D. D. In 1832 he entered the in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1 Feb., 1876.' He entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in Ohio, navy as a mid- and, after serving in the itinerancy and also for five shipman, 15 Nov., years as an agent of the American Bible society, he 1809, and in the removed to New York in 1856, where he was con- frigate “Presi- nected with the Methodist book concern, and was dent” partici- an associate editor of the “ Christian Advocate.” pated in the en- From 1865 till 1874 he supplied the pulpit of the gagements with Presbyterian church in Bridgehampton, L. I., and the “Little Belt then he was installed as its regular pastor, but and “ Belvidere." three years later he resigned on account of his wife's He was commis- health. Afterward he labored as an evangelist. | sioned lieuten- In 1862 he served as chaplain of the 48th New York ant, 9 Dec., 1814, regiment at Port Royal, S.C. Dr. Strickland pub- and served in the lished “ History of the American Bible Society” schooner“Spark” (New York, 1849 ; continued to 1856, 1856); “ His in the Mediterra- tory of the Missions of the Methodist Episcopal nean in 1: 15-'18, Church” (Cincinnati, 1850); “Genius and Mission participating in of Methodism” (Boston, 1851); “Manual of Bibli- the Algerine war. cal Literature” (New York, 1853); "Light of the During a storm YM Temple” (Cincinnati, 1854); “ The Astrologer of at Gibraltar, up- Chaldea, or the Life of Faith” (1855); “ Chris- on one occasion, tianity demonstrated by Facts” (1855); “Pioneers he went in a boat with six men to rescue the of the West (New York, 1856); “ The Pioneer crew of a French brig that had capsized. He suc- Bishop, or the Life and Times of Francis As- ceeded in getting the crew, but was unable to get 6 66 SH Stringham 720 STRONG STROBEL back to port, and was blown off to Algesiras, below. His father, Alvah Strong, published for where his boat capsized in the surf on the beach, thirty years the Rochester daily Democrat." and one of his crew and two Frenchmen were The son was graduated at Yale in 1857, and at drowned. In 1819–21 he served in the sloop Rochester theological seminary in 1859. He then “Cyane” on the coast of Africa, and brought home spent some time abroad, studying in the German four slavers as prize-master. He was executive universities and travelling in Europe and the East. officer of the “Hornet” in the West Indies in In 1861 he became pastor of the 1st Baptist church 1821-4, for the suppression of piracy, and assisted of Haverhill, Mass., and was ordained to the min- in the capture of the “ Moscow," the most dreaded istry. In 1865 he accepted a call to the pastorate piratical vessel in those waters. He was commis- of the 1st Baptist church in Cleveland, Ohio, and sioned commander, 3 March, 1831, and captain, remained there until 1872, when he was elected 8 Sept., 1841, was commandant of the New York president and professor of biblical theology in navy-yard in 1844–6, and with the ship " Ohio” Rochester theological seminary. This place he took part in the bombardment of Vera Cruz in 1847. still holds. Brown gave him the degree of D. D. He was in charge of the Norfolk navy-yard in in 1870. He preaches often, and gives much time 1848–52, and the Boston navy-yard in 1856–60, and to the general affairs of the denomination with in 1853–'6 commanded the Mediterranean squad- which he is identified. He is a trustee of Vassar ron as flag-officer. When the civil war began he college. Dr. Strong has written much for reviews was summoned to Washington to advise upon the and newspapers on a variety of subjects, literary preparations for war, especially in relation to the as well as theological. He is the author of “Sys- relief of Fort Sumter, which he strongly urged, tematic Theology" (Rochester, 1886), which has but his advice was not followed until it had become received high commendation for its ability and too late to be feasible. He took command of the learning, and also of “ Philosophy and Religion” North Atlantic blockading fleet, and planned the (New York, 1888). expedition to Hatteras inlet. Gen. Benjamin F. STRONG, Caleb, senator, b. in Northampton, Butler accompanied him with nine hundred men. Mass., 9 Jan., 1745; d. there, 7 Nov., 1819. He was The squadron bombarded the forts, sailing in an fourth in descent from John, founder of the family, ellipse, by which means the vessels concentrated who came to this country from Taunton, England, their fire on the forts and manæuvred so skilfully in 1630, and finally settled in Northampton, Mass. that none were hit. Both forts surrendered after After graduation at Harvard in 1764, he studied the bombardment, and the troops were landed to law, and was admitted to the bar in 1772. During garrison them on 29 Aug., 1861. Not one of the the Revolution he was a member of the general National troops was injured. The Confederates court and the Northampton committee of safety, lost twelve killed and thirty-five wounded, and and from 1776 till 1800 he was county attorney. seven hundred and fifteen prisoners, and large He was sent to the State constitutional convention quantities of guns and stores were captured. This in 1779, where he aided in drawing up the constitu- was the first naval victory of importance in the tion, and to the state council in 1780, and from the war. Stringham declined further active service on latter year till 1789 he was in the state senate. In account of his age, and was retired, as commodore, 1781 he declined a seat on the supreme bench. In 21 Dec., 1861. He continued to render valuable 1787 he was chosen to the convention that framed service as commandant of the Boston navy-yard in the constitution of the United States, and, although 1862–5, and was promoted to rear-admiral on the illness in his family compelled him to return be- retired list, 16 July, 1862. He was port-admiral at fore it was completed, he exerted himself in the New York in 1870–2, and was on waiting orders state convention to until his death. procure its ratifica- STROBEL, William Daniel, clergyman, b, in tion. In 1789 he was Charleston, S. C., 7 May, 1808; d. in Rhinebeck, elected one of the first N. Y., 6 Dec., 1884. He received his classical edu- U. S. senators from cation in his native place, and pursued his theo- Massachusetts, ard he logical course at Hartwick seminary, where he was served till his resigna- graduated in 1829. In the same year he was tion in 1796. He was licensed to preach by the ministerium of New governor of his state York, and in 1830 he was ordained to the ministry from 1800 till 1807, by the synod of South Carolina. He served as mis- and again froin 1812 sionary among the destitute Lutherans in South till 1816. As a Fed- Carolina in 1829–'30, was pastor in Columbia, S. C., eralist, he earnestly in 1830–'1, and in New York city in 1831-41, prin- opposed the war of cipal of Ilartwick seminary, N. Y., in 1841-'4, and 1812, and when requi- held other pastorates in New York state and Mary- sition was made upon land till 1881, when he retired from the active him for troops, he de- duties of his office on account of advancing age nied the right of the and failing health, and lived in retirement at Rhine- president on constitu- beck, N. Y., until his death. He was president of tional grounds. He the general synod in 1879–80, and held other of- claimed that, as governor of the state, he should be fices. He received the degree of D.D., in 1846, from the judge of the exigency in which the constitution Hamilton college, and was the author of numerous allowed the president to call out the militia, and articles in periodicals of the church, which were that, when this was done, the state troops should afterward published separately. Among them are be commanded by their own officers. The state su- * Jubilee Tract" (Baltimore, 1867); - Influence preme court, being called upon for an opinion on the Death and Resurrection of the Saviour upon i these points, sustained the governor. But when the World"; and an introduction to Dr. George B. the administration withdrew nearly all the Nation- Miller's posthumous sermons (New York, 1860). al troops from the coast of Massachusetts, leaving STRONG, Augustus Hopkins, educator, b. in it defenceless, he was active in adopting measures Rochester, N. Y., 23 Aug., 1836. His great-grand- for the safety of the state. See his "Life" by father, Philip, was first cousin to Jedediuh, noticed Alden Bradford (Boston, 1820); his “Speeches, and Calebstring STRONG 721 STRONG 66 James Strong other Papers, 1800-1807" (Newburyport, Mass., | ing the Virtual Agreement between Science and 1808); and “ The Strong Family," by Benjamin the Bible” (New York, 1883); and “The Tabernacle W. Dwight (2 vols., Albany, 1871). of Israel in the Desert" (1888). He has edited, for STRONG, George Crockett, soldier, b. in the American edition of Lange's commentary, Stockbridge, Vt., 16 Oct., 1832; d. in New York the parts on “ Daniel” (1876) and “Esther" (1877), city, 30 July, 1863. Losing his father early in life, and published a he was adopted by his uncle, Alfred L. Strong, of Literal Trans- Easthampton, Mass. He was graduated at the lation of Eccle- U. S. military academy in 1857, assigned to the siastes” (1877). ordnance, and in 1859 became assistant at Water- The chief work vliet arsenal, of which he took command in May, of his life is the 1861. He was ordnance officer on Gen. Irvin Mc- * Cyclopædia of Dowell's staff at Bull Run, and was then attached Biblical, Theo- successively to the staffs of Gen. George B. Mc- logical, and Ec- Clellan and Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, whose chief clesiastical Liter- of staff he became in May, 1862. He had previous ature” (10 vols., ly been engaged in the organization of the New 1867-'81 ; supple- Orleans expedition, and on 1 Oct., 1861, had been ment, 2 vols., commissioned major and assistant adjutant-general. 1885–'7). In the He commanded the expedition from Ship island to preparation of Biloxi, Miss., in April, 1862, and that to Poncha- the first three toula in September, when he destroyed a large train volumes of this and inflicted much damage on the enemy. He was work, which was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, begun in 1853, was on sick-leave in New York from the following he was the asso- December till June, 1863, and then commanded a ciate of its pro- brigade in the operations against Charleston, S. C. jector, Dr. John McClintock (9. V.), who took charge He had been commissioned captain of ordnance, of the theological part, while he attended to the 3 March, 1863. He led the successful attack on department of biblical literature, but since the Morris island, where he was the first to land. At death of Dr. McClintock Dr. Strong has had sole the assault on Fort Wagner on 18 July, while he charge. He has also prepared various question was leading and cheering on the storming column, manuals for Sunday-schools and Bible classes, he was mortally wounded. He was at once removed based on his “ Harmony of the Gospels," several to New York city. Gen. Strong was the author of of which were edited by Daniel P. Kidder, D. D. * Cadet Life at West Point " (Boston, 1862). (New York, 1853–²4), and with Orange Judd and STRONG, James, scholar, b. in New York city, Mrs. Julia M. Olin lessons for every Sunday in the 14 Aug., 1822. His father, Thomas, came from year (4 vols., 1862–5), on the plan afterward used England to this country in 1815. The son was left in the “ International Lessons. an orphan at an early age, and in 1839 began the STRONG, James Hooker, naval officer, b. in study of medicine, but the failure of his health led Canandaigua, N. Y., 26 April, 1814; d. in Colum- to its abandonment. He was graduated at Wesleyan bia, S. C., 23 Nov., 1882. He was appointed a in 1844, taught two years in Poultney. Vt., and then midshipman in the navy while he was a student in failing health again compelled his retirement to the Polytechnic college at Chittenango, N. Y., 2 a farm in Newtown, Long Island. Eighteen months Feb., 1829, but remained at the college until he later he settled at Flushing, where he followed bib- was graduated in 1833. He made his first cruise lical studies. He held various local offices, took an on the Brazil station in 1833–5, and, while attached active interest in the development of the town, and to the sloop “Lexington," commanded a boat ex- projected and built the Flushing railroad, of which pedition that captured a piratical establishment he was president. He gave gratuitous private in- in the Falkland islands, where he had a hand-to- struction to classes in Greek and Hebrew, which led hand conflict with the pirates, and won credit to his first literary labor, the preparation of brief by his valor and ability. The vessels that had manuals of Greek, Hebrew, and Chaldee grammar, been captured were restored to their crews, and the which were afterward published (1856–69). From pirates were taken to Buenos Ayres for trial by 1858 till 1861 he was professor of biblical literature the Argentine government. He became passed and acting president of Troy university, where in midshipman, 4 June, 1836, and lieutenant, 8 Sept., the former year he delivered an inaugural on 1841, and after various cruises commanded the “Scholastic Education and Biblical Interpretation ” store-ship “ Relief ” in 1859. He was commissioned (Troy, 1859), and he then returned to Flushing to commander, 24 April, 1861, and had the steamers engage in public improvements. Since 1868 he has “Mohawk and * Flag," on the South Atlantic been professor of exegetical theology in Drew theo- blockade in 1861-2, and the steamer “Mononga- logical seminary, Madison, N. J. Wesleyan gave hela" on the Western Gulf blockade in 1863–5, in him the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. in 1856 and which he rendered good service at Arkansas pass 1881 respectively. Dr. Strong travelled in Egypt and especially at the battle of Mobile bay, where and Palestine in 1874, and is a member of the he was the first to ram the iron-clad - Tennessee," American branch of the Palestine exploration and was highly commended. After being com- committee. He is also one of the Old Testament missioned captain, 5 Aug., 1865, he was on duty company of the committee for the revision of the at the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1866–7, and com- authorized version of the Bible. In 1872 he was a manded the steamer « C'anandaigua," of the Medi- lay delegate to the general conference of the terranean squadron, in 1869-'70. He was com- Methodist Episcopal church. He is the author of missioned commodore, 2 March, 1870, and served "A New Harmony and Exposition of the Gospels as light-house inspector for two years. He was (New York, 1852); “ Harmony in Greek” (1854); promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, 10 Sept., *Scripture History delineated from the Biblical 1873, was commander-in-chief of the South Atlan- Records and all other Accessible Sources" (Madi- tic squadron from 1873 till 1875, and was placed son, N. J., 1878); “ Irenics, a Series of Essays show- on the retired list, 25 April, 1876. VOL. 1.–46 722 STRONG STRONG - at 66 soon , miniam Strong a STRONG, Jedediah, politician, b. in Litchfield, May, 1808, was the eldest of eleven children of Conn., 7 Nov., 1738; d. there, 21 Aug., 1802. His Rev. William L. Strong. The son was graduated father, Supply Strong, was one of the first settlers at Yale in 1828, and engaged in the study of law, of Litchfield in 1723, and is said to have owned teaching at the same time, at one period in Bur- one eighth of the township. The son was gradu- lington, N. J., where his legal preceptor was Garret ated at Yale, and began the study of divinity, but D. Wall. He finished his legal studies by a six abandoned it for law. He was admitted to the bar, months' course in but devoted himself to politics, in which he long Yale law - school. wielded great influence. He was elected to the Deciding to prac- legislature in 1771, and sat in that body for thirty tise in Pennsylva- regular sessions thereafter, during several of which nia, he was admit- he was clerk of the house. In 1774 he was chosen ted to the bar in to the Continental congress, and declined, but he that state in 1832, served in that body in 1782-'4, and in 1780-'91 he and, settling was a judge of the county court. In 1774-5 he Reading, mastered was a member of the committee of inspection, and the German lan- in 1775 he was made a commissary of supplies in guage, then much the army. In April, 1775, the legislature sent him spoken in that re- to Albany to secure all“ the arms belonging to gion, and this colony left there during the French war.' In ranked high as a 1788 he was a member of the state convention that lawyer. In 1846 he ratified the U. S. constitution. He became dissi- was a candidate for pated, and died in poverty and obscurity. congress, and was 16 Aug., 1738; d. in Addison, Vt., 16 June, 1816. Democratic ticket, He removed in 1765 to the eastern side of Lake serving from 1847 Champlain, where he built the first house that was till 1851. In his second term he was appointed erected by an English settler north of Massachu- chairman of the committee on elections. He de- setts. He was driven from his home by Burgoyne's clined a third nomination, and retired from active invasion in 1777, and separated from his family, politics, but when the civil war began, though then but accidentally found them in Dorset, Vt., where occupying a high judicial post, he gave all his he resided several years, representing the town in support and influence in aid of the government. the legislature in 1779–82, and serving as assistant In 1857 he was elected a justice of the supreme judge of Bennington county in 1781–2. He re- court of Pennsylvania, and he served eleven years, turned to his old home in Addison, Vt., in 1783, attaining a high reputation as a jurist. His opin- sat again in the legislature in 1784-²6, was first ions, in volumes 30-60 of the state reports, exhibit judge of the county court in 1785–1801, and judge great care in preparation, clearness of statement, of probate in 1786-1801. In 1791 he sat in the precision and vigor of style, and accurate knowl- convention that ratified the U. S. constitution. edge of law. In 1868 he resigned his seat on the He was known as Gen. John Strong. — His son, bench, and opened an office in Philadelphia, at Samuel, soldier, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 17 July, once obtaining a large and lucrative practice. In 1762; d. in Vergennes, Vt., 5 Dec., 1832, became a February, 1870, he was appointed a justice of the large landholder at Vergennes. During the war supreme court of the United States, and served of 1812 he raised of his own accor à body of until December, 1880, when he resigned. His soldiers, and hastened to the relief of the garrison great knowledge of law, keen discrimination, and at Plattsburg, N. Y. He received for his services sound judgment made him an invaluable associate the formal thanks of the legislatures of Verinont in consultation, and his clear and masterly opinions and New York, and a gold sword from the latter. helped largely to sustain the dignity and authority -John's brother, ADONIJAH, b. in Coventry, Conn., of the court. Of his opinions, those in the legal- 5 July, 1743; d. in Salisbury, Conn., 12 Feb., 1813, tender cases, the state freight-tax cases, and the was a lawyer, and served in the Revolutionary civil-rights cases, including Tennessee vs. Davis, army as commissary-general.— Adonijah’s grand- exhibit in an eminent degree his great power of son, Theron Rudd, jurist, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 7 analysis and rigorous logic. Justice Strong was a Nov., 1802; d. in New York city, 15 May, 1873, was member of the electoral commission in February, the son of Martin Strong, who was for many years 1877, and in his opinions contended that congress a county judge, and member of both houses of the has no power to canvass a state election for presi- Connecticut legislature. The son studied law with dential electors (which was the great question at his father, at Litchfield, and in Salem, N. Y., and issue), and that in the cases that he specially re- on his admission to the bar in 1826 opened an viewed (those of Florida and Oregon) the canvass office in Palmyra, N. Y. He was district attorney of the state authorities was clear and decisive. for Wayne county in 1834-'9, sat in congress in Besides his official and professional labors, Justice 1839–41, having been elected as a Democrat, and Strong has long taken an active part in the coun- in 1842 was chosen to the legislature. From 1852 sels of the Presbyterian church, of which he is a till 1860 he was a judge of the New York supreme member. He has for years been president of the court, and during one year of that time he was a American tract society and of the American Sun- member of the court of appeals. More opinions day - school union, and has taken part in other written by Judge Strong were published while he benevolent enterprises. He has delivered many was on the bench of the latter court than by any public addresses and lectures, and has frequently other member except Hiram Denio. On his retire contributed to magazines and reviews. Ile de ment from the bench, he resumed business in livered in 1875, before the Philadelphia bar and Rochester, N. Y., where he had removed in 1853, the American philosophical society, of which he but in 1867 he went to New York city. He had a was a member, an address on the Life and Char- large practice, and his services were also frequent- acter of Horace Binney," and in 1879 an address ly in demand as a referee.- Another grandson of before the law department of the University of Ådonijah, William, jurist, b. in Somers, ('onn., 6 | Pennsylvania on the “Growth and Modifications STRONG 723 STRONG of Private Civil Law." He has also delivered a brother, Simeon, jurist, b. in Northampton, Mass., course of lectures to the professors and students 6 March, 1736; d. in Amherst, Mass., 14 Dec., 1805, of the Union theological seminary of New York, was graduated at Yale in 1756, and studied the- and for several years lectures to the law department ology, but after preaching several years, and de- of Columbian university, Washington. Lafayette clining offers of parishes on account of his health, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1867, and Yale left the ministry and studied law in Springfield, and Princeton in 1870. The portrait of Justice Mass. He was admitted as an attorney in 1761, Strong is copied from an engraving that appeared and attained reputation at the bar. He was a in the “ Democratic Review' in 1850. representative in the general court in 1767–9, a STRONG, Josiah, clergyman, b. in Naperville, state senator in 1793, and a judge of the state su- Du Page co., 111., 19 Jan., 1847. His father, of the preme court in 1800-'5. Harvard gave him the de- same name, removed in 1852 to Hudson, Ohio, gree of LL. D. in 1805.—Simeon's grandson, Mar. where the son was graduated at Western Reserve shall Mason, lawyer, b. in Amherst, Mass., 3 Sept., college in 1869. He studied at Lane theological | 1813; d. in Racine, Wis., 9 March, 1864, was the seminary in 1869-'71, and after holding Congrega- son of Hezekiah W. Strong, who attained reputa- tional pastorates in Hudson, Sundusky, and Cin- tion as a lawyer in Troy, N. Y. The son studied cinnati, Ohio, became in 1886 general agent of the two years at Amherst and one at Union college, Evangelical alliance in the United States. He has read law and was adınitted to the bar at Troy, and published “ Our Country;" of which 26,000 copies in June, 1836, removed to Racine, Wis. In 1839 he have been sold (New York, 1886). was elected to the territorial council, where he was STRONG, Nathan, clergyman, b. in Coventry, one of a committee to revise the laws of the terri- Conn., 16 Oct., 1748 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 25 tory, and he served again in 1844-'7. In 1846 he Dec., 1816. His father, of the same name, was pas- was in the convention that framed a state consti- tor at Coventry, Conn. The son was graduated at tution, where he took an active part, but resigned Yale in 1769, and was tutor there in 1972–3. He before the close of the session, and labored success- had begun to study law, but abandoned it for di- fully for its defeat at the polls. In 1849 he was vinity, and on 5 Jan., 1774, was ordained pastor of elected again to the legislature, and took an im- the ist church in Hartford. lle acted as a chap- portant part in the revision of the state statutes. lain in the Revolutionary army, and served the Mr. Strong was an active supporter of the Nation- patriot cause ably with tongue and pen. Prince- al government during the civil war. He was a ton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1801. Dr. | large contributor toward the establishment of Ra- Strong was a man of wide erudition, and great cine college.—Marshall Mason's nephew, Latham natural powers. His sermons were clear and pithy, Cornell, poet, b. in Troy, N. Y., 12 June, 1845; d. and he had great facility in extemporizing. In in Tarrytown, N. Y., 17 Dec., 1879, was the son of 1795 he invested part of the estate that his father Henry Wright Strong, a lawyer of Troy, who was had left in a mercantile establishment, where fail- six years recorder of the city, and five years in the ure involved him in pecuniary difficulties. He pro- state senate. The son was graduated in 1868 at jected and sustained the “ Connecticut Evangeli- Union college, where he was class poet, and, after cal Magazine,” which was continued from 1800 till studying at Heidelberg, was for three years asso- 1815; and he also was the chief founder of the ciate editor of the Troy“ Daily Whig,” subsequent- Connecticut missionary society in 1798, and its ly devoting himself to literature. His first verses principal manager till 1806. Besides separate dis- were written when he was fifteen years old, and he courses, he published - The Doctrine of Eternal continued to contribute poetry to periodicals till Misery consistent with the Infinite Benevolence of his death. He was also the author of letters from God," in reply to a work by Rev. Dr. Joseph Hunt- Europe, and “Sleepy Hollow Sketches ” in Troy ington (Hartford, 1796), and two volumes of “Ser- newspapers. His published volumes include “ Cas- mons” designed to give aid and direction to reviv- | tle Windows” (Troy, 1876); “ Poke O'Moonshine" als (1798 and 1800). He also projected and was (New York, 1878); and Midsummer Dreams the principal compiler of the ** Hartford Collection (1879). --Simeon's great-grandson, William Emer- of Hymns," several of which he wrote (1799).-His son, soldier, b. in Granville, Washington co., N. Y., brother, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Coventry, Conn., 10 Aug., 1840, is the son of John E. Strong, a mer- 21 Sept., 1753; d. in Norwich, Conn., 18 Dec., 1834, chant and manufacturer, who in 1853 removed to was graduated at Yale in 1772, and was for fifty- Wisconsin and became a farmer. The son studied six years pastor of the 1st church in Norwich. He law in Racine, Wis., in 1857–61, and was admitted was known for his wide information, winning man- to the bar in the latter year. He then raised a ners, and the fervency and solemnity of his pray- company, which was assigned to the 2d Wisconsin Princeton gare him the degree of D. D. in regiment, and as its captain served at Blackburn's 1807. He published several single discourses. Ford and Bull Run. He was promoted major of STRONG, Nehemiah, educator, b. in North- the 12th Wisconsin on 12 Sept., and saw service in ampton, Mass., 24 Feb., 1730; d. in Bridgeport, Missouri, Kansas, and New Mexico. He was then Conn.. 12 Aug., 1807. Ile was graduated at Yale on staff duty with the Army of the Tennessee, with in 1755, was tutor there in 1757-'60, and served as rank of lieutenant-colonel, served in the Vicks- pastor of a church at Granby, Conn., in 1761-'8. burg campaign, and in 1864 became inspector-gen- In December, 1770, he became the first professor of eral of the Department and Army of the Tennes- mathematics and natural philosophy at Yale, which Ile was chief of staff to Gen. Oliver 0. How- chair he held till 1781. He then resigned and ard in the march through the Carolinas, was pro- studied law, but practised little, and after residing moted colonel, to rank from 22 July, 1864, for “ gal- in New Milford, Conn., removed to Bridgeport. lantry on the field of battle” at Atlanta, and on Prof. Strong married a woman whose first hus- 21 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general of band, as was universally believed, had perished at volunteers. Ile was inspector-general of the Freed- sea, but he returned unexpectedly, and claimed his men's burean from May, 1865, till September, 1866, wife, who left her second husband for her first. and from 1867 till 1873 was secretary of the Pesh- President Timothy Dwight spoke of him as “ a man tigo lumber company in Chicago, Ili., of which he of vigorous understanding. Hle published “ As- has been president since the latter year.- William tronomy Improved ” (New Ilaven, 1784). — Ilis kerley, soldier, grandson of Simeon's first cousin, 66 ers. see. 724 STRONG STRONG Josiah, b. in Duanesburg, N. Y., 30 April, 1805 ; 1 of the state supreme court. In 1867 he was a d. in New York city, 15 March, 1868, became an member of the State constitutional convention. extensive wool merchant in New York city, but Judge Strong gained a high reputation by his early retired from business to his estate in Geneva, opinions on the bench.-Another grandson, Oliver N. Y. He returned to his former occupation for a Smith, philanthropist, b. in New York city, 11 time in 1843, but at the opening of the civil war Dec., 1806; d. in Mount Vernon, N. Y., 30 April, was in Egypt. He had been active in politics as a 1874, was the son of Benjamin Strong (1770-1851), Democrat, but at once set out for France, where he a merchant of New York, who was president of met Gen. John C. Frémont and others, and was the Dry Dock company in 1833–7, and of the Sea- instrumental in the purchase of arms for the Na- man's savings bank in 1834-'51, and for 31 years tional government. On his return he made patri- engineer of the fire department. Oliver was grad- otic addresses, and on 28 Sept., 1861, on the solici- uated at Columbia in 1825, became a merchant in tation of merchants in New York, was made a New York, and from early youth was active in brigadier-general of volunteers. He served for philanthropic measures. From 1856 till his death some time under Frémont, and was in command at he was president of the Society for the reformation Cairo, III., but on 20 Oct., 1863, resigned his com- of juvenile delinquents, of which he had long been mission. On his return to New York, while riding a director, and the prosperity of the House of ref- in Central park, he was thrown from his carriage, uge is largely due to his efforts. He was also a receiving injuries that paralyzed him for life, and director of the New York institution for the deat finally caused his death. and dumb, made himself familiar with methods of STRONG, Paschal Neilson, clergyman, b. in deaf-mute instruction, and by his earnest efforts Setauket, Suffolk co., N. Y., 16 Feb., 1793; d. in before the legislature secured many measures for St. Croix, W. I., 7 April, 1825. He was graduated their moral and mental improvement. He resided at Columbia in 1810, at the head of his class, stud- for many years in Jersey City, and in 1848 was ied theology under Dr. John M. Mason, and was chosen to the New Jersey legislature.- Another ordained as one of the pastors of the Collegiate grandson, George Templeton, lawyer, b. in New Dutch Reformed church, New York, 14 July, 1816. | York city, 26 Feb., 1820; d. there, 21 July, 1875, In 1824 he was seized with a pulmonary affection, was the son of George Washington Strong (1783- which was the cause of his early death. He had | 1855), a lawyer of much repute in his day, who was received the degree of D. D., and served as a trus- successively the partner of John Wells , George tee of Columbia in 1822–25. During his short pas- Griffin, and Marshall S. Bidwell. The son was torate he obtained a reputation as a pulpit orator. graduated at Columbia in 1838, became a lawyer, Dr. Strong published - The Pestilence a Punish- and married a daughter of Samuel B. Ruggles. ment for Public Sins: a Sermon preached after the During the civil war he was treasurer and one of Cessation of the Yellow Fever" (New York, 1822), the executive committee, of the U.S. sanitary com- which attracted much attention.— Ilis brother, mission, in which capacity he rendered valuable Thomas Morris, clergyman, b. in Cooperstown, service. Mr. Strong was an accomplished scholar, N. Y., 20 April, 1797; d. in Flatbush, Long and his library was among the finest in the city. Island, N. Y., 14 June, 1861, was graduated at Co- It was sold in New York city in November, 1878. lumbia in 1816, studied at Princeton theological STRONG, Theodore, inathematician, b. in seminary, and was pastor of the Dutch Reformed South Hadley, Mass., 26 July, 1790; d. in New church in Flatbush from 1822 till his death. He Brunswick, N. J., 1 Feb., 1869. He was graduated published a “ Ilistory of the Town of Flatbush” at Yale in 1812, and became a tutor in mathemat- (New York, 1842). ics at Hamilton. He held the professorship of STRONG, Samuel Henry, Canadian jurist, b. mathematics and natural philosophy from 1816 in Dorsetshire, England, in 1825. He accompanied until 1827, and then accepted a call to Queen's col- his father, the Rev. Samuel T. Strong, to Canada lege (now Rutgers), where he filled a similar chair. when a boy, and was educated at Kingston and He continued an active member of the faculty Ottawa. Ile studied law, was admitted to the bar until 1861, when he was made professor emeritus, in 1848, and began practice in Toronto. In 1856 but in 1863 he severed his connection with the he was appointed a member of the commission for college, of which he had served also as vice-presi- consolidating the public general statutes of Up- dent from 1839. His original work was entirely per Canada, and Canada, and labored at this work in the line of pure mathematics, and in his knowl- till its completion in 1859. He was elected a edge of this subject it may be doubted whether he teacher of the Law society of Upper Canada in had a superior. He succeeded in solving by a di- 1860, appointed queen's counsel in 1863, and made rect method the irreducible case of cubic equa- vice-chancellor for Ontario, 27 Dec., 1869. He was tions left by Cardan, which had baffled the best transferred to the court of error and appeal, 27 mathematicians of Europe, and he also discovered May, 1874, and on 8 Oct., 1875, was appointed a a method of extracting by a direct process, for the puisne judge of the supreme court of Canada. first time, any root of any integral number. The STRONG, Selah, jurist, b. in Setauket, Suffolk honorary degree of A. M. was conferred on him co., N. Y., 25 Dec., 1737; d. there, 4 July, 1815. by Hamilton in 1815, and that of LL. D. by Rut- He was a delegate to the Provincial congress in gers in 1835. He was a member of the chief sci- 1775, served as a captain in the Revolution, was a entific societies of the United States, and was state senator in 1792–6, and first judge of the named by congress in 1863 as one of the corporate county court of common pleas from 1783 till 1793. members of the National academy of sciences. His -His grandson, Selah Brewster, jurist, b. in papers, about 60 in number, are devoted almost Setauket, 1 May, 1792; d. there, 29 Nov., 1872, was exclusively to mathematics, and appeared princi- the son of Thomas S. Strong, who was first judge pally in the American Journal of Science," and of the common pleas for his county in 1810–23. Mathematical Miscellany." Among the He was graduated at Yale in 1811, studied law, memoirs that he read before the National academy was admitted to the bar in 1814, and was district of sciences are * Notes on the Parallelogram of attorney of Suffolk county from 1821 till 1841. lle Forces and on Virtual Velocities" (1864); “ On was a member of congress in 1843–5, having been the Integration of Differential Equations of the chosen as a Democrat, and in 1847-'60 was a judge First Order and Higher Degrees” (1864);“ A New in the STRONG 725 STRUVE 9 66 Theory of the First Principles of the Differential | brigadier-general of volunteers. After his return Calculus” (1865); “ A New Theory of Planetary to his home at Berkeley Springs he continued for Motion " (1866); and “ On a Process of Integration several years to furnish sketches to the magazines. used in the Case of a Planet's Orbit disturbed by He was a clever writer and an artist of considerable Small Forces ” (1867). He also published " A Trea- ability. His pencil was also occasionally employed tise on Elementary and Higher Algebra " (New in illustrating the works of others, notably John York, 1859), and “A Treatise on the Differential P. Kennedy's “ Swallow Barn” and “Rob of the and Integral Calculus" (1869). See a sketch of Bowl.”. In 1879 he was appointed consul-general his life by Joseph P. Bradley in “ Biographical to Mexico, which post he held until 1885. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences” STROUD, George McDowell, jurist, b. in (Washington, 1886). Stroudsburg. Pa., 12 Oct., 1795; d. in German- STRONG, Titus, clergyman, b. in Brighton, town, Pa., 29 June, 1875. He was graduated at Mass., 26 Jan., 1787; d. in Greenfield, Mass., in Princeton in 1817, and admitted to the bar of June, 1855. At the age of fourteen he went into a Pennsylvania in 1819. For many years he was printing-office in Northampton, Mass., to learn the judge of the district court of Philadelphia. He trade, and continued there for four years. Next was a contributor to law magazines and the author he began the study of law, but gave it up by reason of a volume entitled “Sketch of the Laws relative of failing health. He taught in various places, to Slavery in the Several States” (Philadelphia, and began to study theology in 1807. Although 1827; enlarged ed., 1856). of a Congregationalist family, he sought for orders STRUENSEE, Karl (stroo'-en-zay). German in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1812. He navigator, b. in Bremen about 1595; d. in Amster- was ordained deacon in Dedham, Mass., 24 March, dam about 1650. He was the son of a pilot, en- 1814, by Bishop Griswold, and priest in St. James's tered the service of the Dutch East India com- church, Greenfield, 7 April, 1814, by the same pany, and acquired the reputation of a successful bishop. He became rector of the church in Green-navigator. The discovery of the Strait of Lemaire, field, and held that post during the rest of his life. which allowed the Dutch to reach the Pacific Trinity gave him the degree of D.D. in 1839. ocean in a few days, greatly annoyed the Spanish Dr. Strong aided in the growth of the Episcopal authorities, and they intended to fortify the strait, church in Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hamp- which they claimed to be a Spanish' possession. shire. He published " Tears of Columbia, a Po- The states-general of Holland, with the intention litical Poem” (1812); “ A Candid Examination of of anticipating Spain, ordered Struensee with a the Episcopal Church (1818); “Young Scholar's feet to choose a favorable point for constructing a Manual”. (1821); “ The Deerfield Captive, a Tale fortress. Sailing from the Texel in 1643, Struensee for Children” (1831); and “A Sermon on the entered the Strait of Lemaire in December, and Death of Rev. Dr. William Croswell ” (Boston, stopping at Mauritius bay, he made a survey of the 1851). He also published occasional sermons and small Stathouder islands, which he found the most addresses, and contributed freely to journals and convenient for building a fort to command the magazines on religious and other topics. strait. He afterward sailed around Staten-land, STROTHER, David Hunter, author, b. in taking exact astronomical observations at different Martinsburg, Va. (now W. Va.), 16 Sept., 1816; d. points of the coast, and on his return to the Strait in Charleston, W. Va., 8 March, 1888. In 1829 he of Lemaire made numerous soundings. After his went to Philadelphia to study drawing with Pietro arrival in Amsterdam he presented his report to Ancora, and seven the states - general, but the project of fortifying years later became the strait was afterward abandoned as impracti- a pupil of Samuel cable. A narrative of his journey was written by F. B. Morse in New his clerk under the title “ Beschryving der Reis, York. He went to ondernomen onder gezag en voor kosten van de the west in 1838, Edele Heeren der Staten generaal, naar de Zëe- travelling through engte van Le Maire en de Zuidzee door Karl various states, and Struensee van Bremen " (Amsterdam, 1645; French in 1840 visited Eu- version, 1647; Latin, 1648). rope, remaining five STRUVE, Gustav von, German agitator, b. in years. On his return Munich, Bavaria, 11 Oct. 1805; d. in Vienna, he settled in New Austria, 21 Aug., 1870. He studied law, spent a York, where, under short time in the diplomatic service of the duke thedirection of John of Oldenburg, then settled as an advocate in Mann- G. Chapman, he ac- heim, Baden, and soon became known as a Liberal quired the art of journalist and political speaker. He also gave at- drawing on wood tention to phrenology, and published three books for the engravers. on the subject. As editor of the " Mannheimer In 1848 he returned Journal,” he was repeatedly condemned to im- and he published, under the founded the “ Deutsche Zuschauer," in which he pen-name of "Porte Crayon,” the first of his series addressed his radical sentiments to a larger circle of papers in “ Harper's Magazine.” They relate of readers. He was one of the leaders of the Baden chiefly to Virginia and the south, and were illus- uprising of 1848, and attempted, with Friedrich trated by himself. Many of them were afterward Hecker, to establish a republic. After the failure published in book-form under the title of “The of the first insurrection, he fled to France, and Blackwater Chronicle" (New York, 1853) and “Vir- thence to Switzerland, where he and Carl P. Hein- ginia Illustrated.” (1857). At the opening of the zen drew up a “plan for revolutionizing and re- war in 1861 he joined the National army as captain publicanizing Germany.” In September, 1848, he and assistant adjutant-general, became colonel of returned with a body of followers to Baden, and the 3d West Virginia cavalry, and resigned in Sep- stirred up a second insurrection. After his defeat tember, 1864. In 1865 he received the brevet of at Stauffen, he was arrested, 25 Sept., 1848, and ") David H. eluther Siwther to his native place, prisonment. When he was compelled in 1846 to 726 STUART STRYKER He was " on 30 March, 1849, was condemned to five years' | twenty-one. During the war with Great Britain solitary confinement for high treason. in 1812-'15 he served as a captain. He removed to taken to the Bruchsal penitentiary on 12 May, but | Buffalo in 1830, having been appointed judge of on the following day the revolutionists took posses- the court of Erie county, and retained that post sion of the government, and set him free. He went for ten years. He edited for several years the to the fortress of Rastadt, and stirred the soldiers Buffalo - Republic," and he also founded and con- of the garrison to revolt and fight on the side of ducted the “ American Quarterly Register and the people against the Prussians. He was the Magazine ” (6 vols., Philadelphia, 1848-51). leader of the Republican party in the constituent STRYKER, William Scudder, soldier, b. in assembly. When that body was dissolved after Trenton, N. J., 6 June, 1838, was graduated at the victory of the Prince of Prussia over the armies Princeton in 1858, and began the study of law. In of Baden and the Palatinate, Struve again escaped the beginning of the civil war he assisted in organ- into Switzerland. The authorities, after two izing the 14th New Jersey volunteers, and in Feb- months, expelled him from that country. He went ruary, 1863, was ordered to Hilton Head, S. C., to France, and afterward to England, and in 1851 where he served as aide to Gen. Quincy A. Gill- emigrated to the United States. He edited the more, with the rank of major, participating in the “ Deutsche Zuschauer” in New York city, but soon capture of Morris Island and in the night attack on discontinued its publication because of insufficient Fort Wagner. Returning to the north on account support. He wrote several novels and a drama in of illness, he became senior paymaster in charge of German, and then undertook, with the assistance all disbursements in the district of Columbus, Ohio, of his wife, the composition of a universal history was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious from the standpoint of radical republicanism. In services, and resigned on 30 June, 1866. Soon after- the beginning of the civil war he entered the vol ward he was placed on the military staff of the unteer service as an officer in the 8th New York governor of New Jersey, and since 12 April, 1867, regiment, but retired when Prince Felix Salm Salm he has filled the office of adjutant-general of the succeeded Louis Blenker as its colonel. In 1863 state. He was admitted to the bar in 1866, and for he returned to Germany, availing himself of a some time was president of the Trenton banking general amnesty, and thenceforth he devoted him- company. Gen. Stryker has compiled a “ Roster of self to literary pursuits and lectured on phrenology Jerseymen in the Revolutionary War” (Trenton, in Stuttgart, Coburg, and Vienna. He was ap- 1872) and a “ Roster of New Jersey Volunteers in pointed U. S. consul at Sonneberg in 1865, but the the Civil War" (1876). He has also published many Thuringian states refused to issue his exequa- monographs relating to the history of New Jersey, tur. lllis publications include “ Politische Briefe among these being - The Reed Controversy” (Tren- (Mannheim, 1846): “Das öffentliche Recht des ton, 1876); “ New Jersey Continental Line in the deutschen Bundes” (2 vols., 1846); “Grundzüge der i Virginia Campaign of 1781” (1882); “ New Jersey Staatswissenschaft" (4 vols., Frankfort, 1847-'8); Continental Line in the Indian Campaign of 1779 5 ** Geschichte der drei Volkserhebungen in Baden (1885); and “The New Jersey Volunteers (Loyal- (Bern, 1849): “Weltgeschichte” (6 vols., New York, ists) in the Revolutionary War” (1887). 1856–9; 7th ed., with a continuation, Coburg, STUART, Alexander Hugh Holmes, secre- 1866–9); “ Das Revolutionszeitalter" (New York, tary of the interior, b. in Staunton, Va., 2 April, 1859–60); “ Diesseits und jenseits des Oceans” 1807. Ilis father, Archibald Stuart, saw service (Coburg, 1864-5); “ Kurzgefasster Wegweiser für in the war of the Revolution, studied law under Auswanderer” (Bamberg, 1867); “ Pflanzenkost die | Thomas Jefferson, was a member of the conven- Grundlage einer neuen Weltanschauung." (Stutt- tion that ratified the U. S. constitution, and be- gart, 1869); “ Das Seelenleben, oder die Natur- came president of the state senate and judge of geschichte des Menschen” (Berlin, 1869); and the general court of Virginia. The son spent one ** Eines Fürsten Jugendliebe," a drama (Vienna, year at William and Mary college, and then studied 1870). – His wife, Amalie, d. on Staten island, law at the University of Virginia, where he was N. Y., in 1862, was the author of " Erinnerungen graduated in 1828. The same year he was admit- aus den badischen Freiheitskämpfen” (Hamburg, ted to practice in Staunton. He began his politi- 1850); and “ Historische Zeitbilder" (3 vols., Bre- cal career as a member of the Young men's con- men, 1850). vention held in support of Henry Clay at Wash- STRYKER, John, soldier, b. 2 March, 1740; d. ington in 1832. He was elected to the Virginia near Millstone, N. J., 25 March, 1776. At the be- house of delegates in 1836, and the two succeeding ginning of the Revolutionary war he was commis- years, but declined re-election in 1839. He was a sioned a captain of a troop of light horse in the member of congress from 1841 till 1843, and took Somerset county, N. J., militia, and afterward at- an active part in the debates. He was a presiden- tached to the state troops. He was a zealous pa- tial elector on the Clay ticket in 1844, and on the triot during the entire war and performed conspicu- Tavlor ticket in 1848, and was appointed by Presi- vous service whenever the British foraging parties dent Fillmore secretary of the interior, serving from attempted to raid into the Jerseys. He had the 12 Sept., 1850, till 3 March, 1853. He was a dele- confidence of the public to an unusual degree, espe- gate to the national convention that nominated cially in that portion of New Jersey around Mill- Millard Fillmore for the presidency in 1856. sat in stone, Somerset co., where he owned a large in- ' the Virginia senate from 1857 till 1861, and was a herited estate. His family mansion still remains member of the Virginia convention of 1861. As to this day:–His son, Peter I., practised as a phy: an Old Line Whig he opposed the secession of his sician in Millstone and Somerville, was afterward state to the last. After the surrender of Gen. Rob- a judge, and during three sessions was president i ert E. Lee at Appomattox, he was one of the leaders of the New Jersey senate, and by virtue of this of the first movement in the south to re-establish office acted for several months as governor of the peaceful relations with the U.S. government, and state.--Ilis grand-nephew, James, jurist, b, on presided at a mass meeting at Staunton with that Staten island, N. Y., 2 Jan., 1792; d. in Sharon, , object on 8 May, 1865. He was elected to congress Conn., 3 June, 1864. He was graduated at Colum- in the same year, but was excluded by the oaths bia in 1809, studied law with De Witt Clinton, and, that were required. In December, 1868, he began began practice in New York city at the age of 'what was known as “ the new movement” of the 9 STUART 727 STUART part Jetuant " committee of nine,” which, with the co-operation several officers of his staff. In the following night of President Grant, redeemed the state from mili- he made an attack on Manassas Junction, and sent tary rule and secured the removal of objectionable into the town a brigade of infantry, which took provisions in the Underwood constitution. He was many prisoners and carried off stores of great value. rector of the University of Virginia from 1876 till His cavalry was engaged in the second battle of 1882, and from 1884 till. 1886, when he resigned Bull Run, and led the advance of Stonewall Jack- because of advanced age. He is a member of the son's corps in the ensuing invasion of Maryland. board of trustees of the George Peabody educa- He performed important services at Antietam, tional fund, and the sole survivor of the Fillmore guarding with artillery an eminence on Jackson's cabinet. Mr. Stuart has been for many years left that was essential to the security of the Con- president of the Virginia historical society.-His federate position, and leading the movement that cousin, James Ewell Brown, soldier, b. in Pat- resulted in the repulse of Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's rick county, Va., 6 Feb., 1833 ; d. in Richmond, corps. A few weeks later he crossed the Potomac Va., 12 May, 1864, entered the U. S. military near Williamsport at the head of 1,800 picked troop- academy after spending two years at Emory ers, gained the rear of the National army, rode as and Henry college, was graduated in 1854, joined far north as Mercersburg and Chambersburg, Pa., the regiment of returned on the other side of McClellan's position, mounted riflemen and recrossed the river below Harper's Ferry. At that was then serv- Fredericksburg Stuart's cavalry guarded the ex- ing in Texas, and treme right of the Confederate line. In a raid to took a creditable Dumfries he ascertained the intended movements in actions of the National troops by means of forged tele- with the Apache grams that he sent to Washington. In March, Indians. In 1855 1863, he encountered the National cavalry at Kelly's he was transferred Ford. At Chancellorsville the cavalry screened to the 1st U.S. cav- Stonewall Jackson's march to the right of the Na- alry with the rank tional army. After Gen. Jackson was mortally of 2d lieutenant. wounded, and Gen. Ambrose P. Hill was disabled, He married Flora, the command of Jackson's corps devolved tempora- a daughter of Col. rily on Stuart, who took command in the night of Philip St. George 2 May and directed its movements during the se- Cooke, on 14 Nov., vere fighting of the following day. He led two 1855, and on 20 charges in person, and carried the ridge of Hazel Dec. was promoted Grove, which was the key to the field. He was sent 1st lieutenant. In forward to guard the flanks of the advancing col- 1856 his regiment umns of Lee's army in the Gettysburg campaign, was engaged in but was opposed and checked by the National cav- quelling the Kansas disturbances, and in 1857 in alry at Fleetwood Hill and Stevensburg, with heavy Indian warfare. He was wounded in an action losses on both sides. At Aldie he was successful with the Cheyennes on Solomon's river. In 1859 in an encounter with the National cavalry, but at he went to Washington to negotiate with the war Middleburg and Upperville he was defeated. He department concerning the sale of a sabre-attach- was directed to cross the Potomac in advance of ment that he had invented. Going to Harper's the infantry column, and take position on its right. Ferry with Robert E. Lee as a volunteer aide, he He held the pass in the Blue Ridge for a while, identified John Brown. He rejoined his regiment and then made a raid in the rear of the National at Fort Riley, but in March, 1861, obtained leave of army, rejoining the main body at the close of the absence, being resolved to direct his course by the conflict åt Gettysburg. The responsibility for this action of his state, and sent in his resignation after movement and its influence on the event have Virginia seceded. It was accepted on 7 May, just been the subject of much controversy. In the re- after he had received notification of his promotion treat from Gettysburg Stuart guarded the gaps in to a captaincy, to date from 22 April, 1861. He was the mountains. While the Confederate army was commissioned as lieutenant-colonel of infantry in intrenched on the northern bank of the Potomac, the service of the state of Virginia, and as colonel he engaged in indecisive conflicts with the cavalry of cavalry on 16 July. He performed important of Gen. Judson Kilpatrick and Gen. John Buford. services in charge of the outposts of Gen. Joseph E. While the cavalry held the line of the Rappahan- Johnston's army. At Bull Run he contributed to nock, during the rest of the summer of 1863, he the Confederate victory by efficiently guarding Gen. evaded Gen. Kilpatrick at Culpeper Court-House, Thomas J. Jackson's left flank, and driving back retired from Gen. Buford at Jack's Shop, after a the National attacking force. During the long ces- severe conflict, but forced back the National cav- sation of operations he perfected his system of pick- alry under Gen. Alfred Pleasonton at Brandy Sta- ets, was engaged in many cavalry skirmishes, and tion, and by a ruse routed the brigade of Gen. Hen- became brigadier-general on 24 Sept., 1861. He was ry E. Davies near Buckland. After Gen. Grant defeated by Gen. Edward 0. C. Ord at Dranesville. crossed the Rapidan, Stuart led the advance of When the Confederates retired from Yorktown to Gen. Ambrose P. Hill's corps. When Gen. Philip Richmond, his cavalry guarded their rear. In the H. Sheridan with his cavalry moved on Richmond, middle of June, 1862, he conducted a daring raid Stuart, by a rapid circuitous march, interposed his in the rear of Gen. McClellan's army on the Chicka- cavalry, concentrating his forces at Yellow Tavern, hominy, in order to determine the position of the where he was mortally wounded in the obstinate National right. He was incessantly engaged dur- engagement that ended in the defeat of the Con- ing the seven-days' fight before Richmond. On federates. See “Life and Campaigns of Major- 25 July, 1862, he was commissioned as major-gen- General J. E. B. Stuart,” by his chief-of-staff, Maj. eral of cavalry. On 22 Aug. he crossed the Rap- Henry B. McClellan (Boston, 1885). pahannock, penetrated Gen. John Pope's camp at STUART, Ambrose Pascal Sevilon, educator, Catlett's station, captured his official correspond- b. in Sterling. Mass., 22 Nov., 1820. He was grad- ence and personal effects, and made prisoners of | uated at Brown in 1847, and till 1849 taught in 728 STUART STUART Acadia college, Horton, Nova Scotia, where, after and at the close of his second term was elected to teaching in Providence, R. I., and North Danvers, the U. S. senate, serving from 4 March, 1853, till 3 Mass., he returned in 1853 as professor of mathe- March, 1859. In the senate he was chairman of matics and chemistry, but in 1858 he resigned and the committee on public lands. He attended the for three years studied chemistry at Göttingen and National Union convention at Philadelphia in 1866. Heidelberg. On his return he was called to the STUART, George, educator, b. in Saratoga charge of the Worcester academy, and later became county, N. Y., about 1834. He was taken to Phila- assistant instructor of chemistry in the Lawrence delphia at the age of six years, passed through the scientific school of Harvard. In 1868 he accepted public schools of that city, and after graduation at the chair of chemistry in Illinois industrial uni- the high-school in 1852 engaged in teaching. He versity, where he remained until 1874. Prof. was assistant professor of mathematics in the high- Stuart has since resided chiefly in Lincoln, Neb., school in 1853–6, tutor of Latin and Greek in where he is interested in various financial institu- Haverhill college in 1856–9, professor of English tions. He is a member of the Chemical society of branches in Girard college in 1859–²62, then prin- Berlin, a fellow of the American association for cipal of a grammar-school till 1866, and since that the advancement of science, and a corresponding date has been professor of Latin in the high-school. member of the New York academy of sciences. As co-editor of the “Chase and Stuart Classical His chemical researches have been published in Series” he has published, with Prof. Thomas Chase, the transactions of societies of which he is a mem- elementary Latin books and school editions of ber and in technical journals. Cæsar's “Ğallic War”; Cicero's “Select Orations”; STUART, Charles, author, b. in Jamaica, and works of Sallust, Cornelius Nepos, Tacitus, West Indies, about 1783; d. near Lake Simcoe, Virgil, and Ovid. He is also the author of an edu- Canada, in 1865. His father was a British officer, cational tract on “ The Raison d'être of the Public who fought at Bunker Hill and in other battles of High-School.” the Revolution, and was subsequently stationed in ŠTUART, George Hay, philanthropist, b. in the West Indies. The son at the age of eighteen, County Down, Ireland, 2 April, 1816. He emi- when living at Belfast, Ireland, received a lieuten- grated to the United States in 1831, and became a ant's commission in the Madras arıny. He was merchant in Philadelphia, Pa. During the civil promoted captain, received a severe wound in an war he was president of the U. S. Christian com- encounter with native insurgents, and after thir- mission. He presided over the international con- teen years' service, returned to England, and was ventions of the Young men's Christian associations retired with a pension. Some time later he re- in 1859 and 1861, and over the Presbyterian na- ceived a grant of land on Lake Simcoe, and was tional convention in Philadelphia in November, commissioned as a local magistrate. About 1822 1867, has been an officer in the American Sunday- he settled in Utica, N. Y., as principal of the acad- school union, the American Bible society, and the emy, which he taught for several years. From American tract society. He twice declined a seat that period he spent much of his time in the United in President Grant's cabinet, but consented to States. He was one of the early emancipationists, serve on the first board of Indian commissioners, and took part with Gerrit Smith in anti-slavery and was chairman of its purchasing committee. meetings.Capt. Stuart was the author of several Mr. Stuart has been a munificent giver to foreign pamphlets that were published by the British and missions and other religious and charitable objects. foreign anti-slavery society, the most effective of STUART, Gilbert, artist, b. in Narragansett, which was“ Prejudice Vincible,” which was re- R. I., 3 Dec., 1755; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 July, printed in this country. He published a volume 1828. The name Charles was given to him by his of short poems, and a religious novel entitled “ Par- father, an ardent Jacobite, but Stuart dropped it, raul of Lum Sing, or the Missionary and the and used only his Mountain Chiefs.":"His principal other works were first name. He at- “ The West India Question : Immediate Emancipa- tempted portrait- tion would be Safe and Profitable" (New Haven, ure when a mere 1833); “ Memoirs of Granville Sharp" (New York, boy, and produced 1836); and “Oneida and Oberlin: the Extirpation several pictures of Slavery in the United States " (Bristol, 1841). which, if not re- STUART, Charles Beebe, engineer, b. in Chit- markable as paint- tenango Springs, N. Y., 4 June, 1814; d. in Geneva, ings, were at least N. Y., 4 Jan., 1881. He entered upon the profes- good likenesses. sion of civil engineering, was for some time state Two of these early engineer of New York, entered the service of the attempts, portraits U. S. government, and completed the Brooklyn dry- of Mr. and Mrs. docks. He was appointed engineer-in-chief of the John Bannister, U.S. navy on 1 Dec., 1850, and resigned on 30 June, are now in the Red- 1853. He published " The Naval Dry-Docks of the wood library, New- United States” (New York, 1851); - The Naval and port. He had no Mail Steamers of the United States" (1853); “ Rail- regular instruction roads of the United States and Canada (1855); until he became, in “Water-Works of the United States ” (1855); and ' 1770, the pupil of “ Civil and Military Engineers of America ” (1871). | ('osmo Alexander, a Scotchman. When Alexan- STUART, Charles E., senator, b. in Columbia der returned to his native land, about two years county, N. Y., 25 Nov., 1810; d. in Kalamazoo, later, he took his young pupil with him. Cnfortu- Mich., in 1887. He studied law, was admitted to nately for Stuart, his master died soon after arriv- the bar, and settled in Kalamazoo, Mich. From ing in Edinburgh, and left his protégé in charge 1841 till 1846 he was a member of the state legis- of Sir George Chambers. The latter did not long lature, after which he entered the National house outlive Alexander, and Stuart was thus thrown on of representatives as a Democrat, serving from 6 his own resources. It is said that he worked his Dec., 1847, till 3 March, 1849. He was defeated in passage home on a “collier bound to Nova Scotia," 1848, but at the next election was again successful, , and while on board he seems to have experienced . Sittert Stuarts 19 i STUART 729 STUART а much rough usage ; but he never spoke of this heads. But soon the gout, which had caused him matter, and any reference to it gave him evident severe suffering at times, settled on his chest and pain. On arriving in this country, after an ab- stomach. This was in 1828, and Stuart, after bear- sence of about two years, he began to practise as a ing his pains with great fortitude for three months, portrait-painter in Newport. He had a strong de- died during July of that year. Washington All- sire to revisit Europe, in order to gain a more ston was asked to pronounce a eulogy on Stuart, complete knowledge of his art, and especially to but his feeble health forced him to decline. He study under his countryman, Benjamin West. As wrote an obituary, however, which was printed in in the event of war, which then appeared inevita- the Boston “ Daily Advertiser.” Personally Stuart ble, it would be impossible for him to visit Eng- was a great favorite in society, of which he was land for some time, he embarked for London in very fond. He had a true artist's nature, and was the spring of 1775. There he had much difficulty frequently brought into trouble by his reckless in finding employment for his pencil , and suffered expenditures; at his death his family was left from poverty at times. He had been several years quite destitute. His remarkable conversational in London before he summoned courage to go to powers were usually employed to good effect while West, who in 1778 received him kindly and gave he was occupied with his sitters. At such times it him much assistance and instruction. Stuart lived was his custom to draw on his store of narratives with him for several years, during which time, his and anecdotes, and, as Allston says, “ by banishing earnings being as yet scanty; his knowledge of all restraint, to call forth, if possible, some invol- music was of great service to him. He had always untary traits of the natural character. It was been greatly interested in the art, and had learned this which enabled him to animate his canvas, not to play upon several instruments. He now ac- with the appearance of a mere general life, but cepted a position as organist in a church, with a with that peculiar, distinctive life, which sepa- salary of £30 a year. After several years, at the rates the humblest individual from his kind. advice of West, he opened a studio. The first por- Were other evidence wanting, this talent alone trait that brought the young artist into notice was were sufficient to establish his claims as a man of a full-length of W. Grant, of Congalton, which he genius.” Stuart produced during his career an had painted while still a pupil of West. When it was exceedingly large number of portraits-how many exhibited at Somerset House, it attracted much at- cannot with certainty be ascertained. The cata- tention, and Stuart soon became a fashionable art- logue of the exhibition of his portraits, held in 1880 ist in London. He married Charlotte Coates in 1786, in Boston, gives a list of 754 numbers, and even and two years later, on an invitation from the Duke this is not quite complete. Some of the more im- of Rutland, went to Dublin, where many noblemen portant, besides those already mentioned, are the and people of wealth and fashion sat to him. After Duke of Northumberland and his children; John & stay in Dublin of about four years he returned to Kemble; James Greenleaf and Robert Morris the United States in 1792. He spent some time at (1795); John Trumbull; Theodore Sedgwick : John first in New York, where he painted numerous por. S. Copley; Gen. Henry Knox; Gen. Henry Lee; traits, among them those of Sir John Temple, Thomas Jefferson ; Mr. and Mrs. James Madison ; John Jay, and Gen. Matthew Clarkson. He went, Mr. and Mrs. John Quincy Adams (1818); Madame in 1794, to Philadelphia, with a letter to Gen. Jerome Bonaparte; Josiah Quincy (1806 and 1824); Washington from John Jay. His long-cherished John Adams (1825); Fisher Ames; Joseph Story; wish, to paint the portrait of Washington, was thus and John Jacob Astor. His last portrait was that to be fulfilled. Washington sat to him the fol- of John Quincy Adams, a full-length, of which lowing year, but Stuart was not satisfied with his only the head was completed when Stuart died. first attempt, and it is believed by some that he Thomas Sully subsequently finished it, that is, he subsequently destroyed the picture. Rembrandt painted the body and accessories. Most of these Peale, however, says that Stuart made five copies portraits are in the possession of private individ- of the painting. He next executed a full-length uals, but several are owned by the Pennsylvania for the Marquis of Lansdowne. This was followed academy of fine arts, the Lenox library, New York, by the head known as the “ Atheneum portrait.” | the New York historical society, the Boston art The latter was long accepted as the best likeness museum, the Redwood library, the Maryland his- of Washington, but it is said that this, as well as torical society, and Harvard university. He had a the Lansdowne portrait, is inferior as a portrait to remarkable eye for color—" color was one of Stu- Stuart's first picture of Washington. Of this third art's strong points," as his daughter says—and was portrait only the head was finished, but it formed a master in the rendering of flesh. In painting the basis of all of Stuart's subsequent portraits of flesh his practice was to lay the pure colors directly Washington. A large number of replicas of it on the canvas, and then drag them together by were executed by Stuart and other artists, and it a large brush. He was especially successful in has been frequently engraved, notably by Asher B. his heads, the figure and drapery, at least in some Durand in 1834. Stuart offered it to the state of of his portraits , being at times quite carelessly exe- Massachusetts for $1,000; but the offer was not cuted." Very many of his works have been fre- accepted. After his death, his widow sold it, quently copied by himself and others, and a large together with the companion portrait of Mrs. number have been engraved. See “Life and Works Washington, for $1,500. It belongs to the Boston of Gilbert Stuart,” by George C. Mason (New York, athenæum. While in Philadelphia Stuart painted 1879).- His daughter. Jane, b. about 1810; d. in a large number of portraits, and when the city of Newport, R. I., 28 April, 1888, followed for many Washington was founded, and congress removed years the profession of portrait-painting. She con- to that place, he went there in 1803. During his templated writing a life of her father, and pub- stay he was intimately associated with the most lished several papers in “Scribner's Monthly” in eminent men of the country, and his pencil was 1877. The work was subsequently written, at her kept as busy as ever. In 1805 he removed to Bos- request, by George Champlin Mason. ton, where he afterward resided. There were no STUART, Hamilton, editor, b. in Jefferson signs of failing health until 1825–6, when his left county, Ky., 4 Sept., 1813. Ile was educated in arm showed symptoms of paralysis. Yet he still common schools in Scott county, Ky., and began, tried to paint, and succeeded in finishing several | at the age of eighteen, to write for the press. In а 730 STUART STUART 1838 he removed to Texas, where he established tributed by Stuart among the loyalists in South the “Civilian,” an independent Democratic jour- Carolina, urging them to join the royal standard nal, which he continued for nearly forty years. as soon as it should be raised in the Cherokee He has resided in Galveston since its foundation, country. He circulated among the tribes in the was its mayor in 1848–52, and served as a member spring of 1776, and arranged for the murderous of the legislature in 1847-'8. During the republic raid to take place simultaneously with the appear- he enjoyed the confidence of Presidents Houston ance of Sir Peter Parker's naval force on the and Jones, and was opposed to the policy of an- coast. But it was frustrated by the vigilance of the nexation, but after Texas was admitted to the Kentucky settlers. (See OconOSTOTA and SEVIER, Union he was unwilling to annul the compact. He John.) Stuart, after the defeat of the Indians and was appointed collector of customs of Galveston the discovery of his plans, which Sir Henry Clinton in 1851, and held that office until 1861, when, made two later attempts to carry out, fled to owing to his opposition to secession, his services Florida, and in 1779 returned to England. His were not retained by the Confederate government. property was confiscated in 1782.- His son, Sir Mr. Stuart was a member of the State constitu- John, British soldier, b. in Georgia in 1761 ; d. in tional convention in 1866, and subsequently be- Clifton, England, 1 April , 1815, was educated at came one of the editors of the Galveston “ News." Westminster school, entered the foot-guards as STUART, James, traveller, b. in Dunearn, ensign in January, 1779, served under Lord Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1776; d. in London, Eng- Cornwallis in this country, and was dangerously land, 3 Nov., 1849. Having killed in a duel Sir wounded at Guilford. He was a major-general Alexander Boswell, the eldest son of Dr. Johnson's during the Napoleonic wars, gained a victory over biographer, he came to North America, and in Gen. Jean Louis Reynier at Maida, Sicily, 4 July, 1828–30 travelled in the United States. His views 1806, for which he was knighted, and was subse- on the natural resources and political phases of quently made a lieutenant-general. the republic are characterized by keenness of ob- STUART, John, clergyman, b. in Harrisburg, servation, and, when published in book-form, un- Pa., 24 Feb., 1740; d. in Kingston, Canada, 15 der the title of "Three Years in North Amer- Aug., 1811. He was the son of a Presbyterian ica" (Edinburgh, 1833), attracted much attention, emigrant from the north of Ireland, was graduated and his sketch in it of his visit to the Saratoga at the University of Pennsylvania in 1767, entered battle-field, including a description of its topo- the communion of the English church, studied and graphical features is, next to Prof. Silliman's in was ordained priest in England, and, after his re- *Silliman's Tour," the best extant. The book turn in 1770, labored for seven years as a mission- called forth several adverse criticisms from those of ary among the Indians of the Mohawk valley, into the English reviews that were unfriendly to repub- whose language he translated the gospel of Mark lican institutions, which elicited a reply from him and the church catechism. After the revolt of in a work entitled “ A Refutation of Aspersions the colonies, his loyalist principles and supposed on Stuart's Three Years in North America'” connection with efforts to rouse the Indians against (London, 1834). He edited for several years the the Americans led to his expulsion by the Whigs. London “ Courier.” The violent partisan attitude His house and church were plundered, and he took that he assumed in politics called for chastisement refuge in Schenectady in 1778, and in 1781 emi- frequently in the pages of “ Blackwood's Maga- grated to Canada, where he was soon afterward zine," especially from John Wilson, in the “ Noctes appointed chaplain of a provincial regiment. He Ambrosianæ,” where he figures under the name of labored as a missionary among the Indians of Up- the “Stot” (steer). Stuart was noted for his taste per Canada, and laid the foundations of the Church in art, and his social qualities rendered him wel- of England among the white inhabitants of the come in society, although his adherence to prin- province, his parish covering its entire area. For ciples frequently led him into serious difficulties. some time he taught an academy in Kingston, STUART, John, British officer, b. in England which town he made his home. He was chaplain about 1700; d. there in 1779. He came to this to the legislative council some time before his country in 1733 with Gen. James E. Oglethorpe. death.--- His son, George Okill, clergyman, b. in When Fort Loudoun was invested by the Chero- Fort Hunter, N. Y., in 1776; d. in Kingston, On- kees in the French war, he made terms with Oco- tario, 5 Nov., 1862, was graduated at Harvard in nostota, who consented that the garrison should 1801, after first studying in Windsor college, Nova march out with their arms and have free passage Scotia, was ordained priest in 1804, and was rector to Virginia. They were massacred on the route, of a church in York (now Toronto) till 1811, when but Stuart, who was popular with the Indians, was he removed to Kingston to succeed his father. In spared. In 1863 he was appointed general agent 1820 he was made archdeacon of Kingston. He and superintendent of Indian affairs for the south- received the degree of LL D from Windsor col- ern department. On 14 Oct., 1768, he concluded lege in 1832, and in 1848 that of D. D. from Har- a treaty with the Cherokees, fixing the western vard. In 1862 he became dean of the newly boundary of Virginia at Kanawha river, to the created diocese of Ontario.- Another son, Sir chagrin of the people of that province. He had James, bart., jurist, b. in Fort Hunter, N. Y., 2 a deputy with each tribe, and exerted great influ- March, 1780: d. in Quebec, Canada, 14 July, 1853, ence over the southern Indians. When the Revo- studied at Windsor college, Nova Scotia, read law lutionary war began, he conceived the idea of sup- with Jonathan Sewell, and was admitted to the pressing the revolt of the colonies by the aid of bar in 1801. lle was assistant secretary to the the savages. The British cabinet approved his lieutenant-governor, Sir Robert S. Milnes, for sev- plan, which was to land a body of troops in west- eral years, at the same time practising law in ern Florida, which should march through the terri- Quebec, and in 1825 was appointed solicitor-gen- tory of the Creeks, Chickasaws, and Cherokees, eral for Lower Canada. In 1808 he was elected to and with the warriors of those nations destroy the represent Montreal in the legislature. He was re- settlements and exterminate the Whigs by a sud- | moved from office in 1809 in consequence of a den blow, their attention being diverted by the difference with the executive. He remained in landing of an army from Boston and an attack on the assembly till 1817, and was in that body the Charleston by the British fleet. Letters were dis- foremost representative of the English party and STUART 731 STUART an eloquent opponent of Chief-Justice Sewell. In a campaign that excited national attention. After 1822 he was sent to England as a delegate of the two terms in congress he declined a re-election. people of Montreal to advocate the reunion of the Mr. Stuart was a member of the state senate from provinces, and while there received the appoint- 1848 till 1852, and was distinguished for the part ment of attorney-general for Lower Canada. He he took in settling the charter of the Illinois Cen- became an executive councillor in 1827, and the tral railroad, from the provisions of which the same year was elected to represent Sorel in the pro- state derives an annual revenue that amounted in vincial parliament. His political course led to his 1887 to $396,315.07, the total revenue of the state suspension from office in March, 1831. This act in the same year being $3,185,607.56. He remained of the governor-general was approved by the Brit- out of public life until 1862, when he was again ish minister for the colonies in November, 1832. elected to congress, but now as a Democrat, serving The succeeding colonial minister, to repair the one term. The last special public service of Mr. injustice that had been done to Mr. Stuart, offered Stuart was as a commissioner in the erection of the him the post of chief justice of Newfoundland ; but new state-house. He was also chairman of the ex- he declined, and resumed the practice of law in ecutive committee of the National Lincoln monu- Quebec. In 1838 the Earl of Durham, at the con- ment association. He served as a major in the clusion of his inquiry into the state of the Cana- Black Hawk war in 1832, and this title was always dian provinces, appointed Stuart chief justice of used in addressing him. In this campaign he met Lower Canada in the place of Jonathan Sewell, who Abraham Lincoln, and thus began a life-long inti- was retired. During Sir John Colborne's adminis- macy. They were fellow-members of the legisla- tration he acted as chairman of the special council ture in 1834. He induced Mr. Lincoln to study of Lower Canada, and framed the law for the regis- law, lent him the necessary books, and took him as tration of titles and mortgages, the corporation a partner as soon as he was admitted to practice. acts for Quebec and Montreal, and a general This partnership lasted until April, 1841; in 1843 municipal system for the province. He prepared Mr. Stuart associated with himself in legal busi- the act of union that was passed by the British ness Benjamin S. Edwards, and in 1860 his son-in- parliament in 1840, and in that year was created a law, Christopher C. Brown, and their firm was at Mr. baronet.—Another son, Andrew, lawyer, b. in Stuart's death the oldest in the state. In personal Kingston, Canada, 25 Nov., 1785; d. in Quebec, character Mr. Stuart was a model of kindness, 21 Feb., 1840, was educated in the school of Rev. fidelity, purity, and nobility, and in his busy career John Strachan, studied law, and was admitted to as a lawyer and legislator he found time for the the bar in 1807. He established his reputation as exercise in many directions of a wise public spirit, an eloquent advocate in 1810, when defending which made him for more than half a century one Justice Pierre Bedard, and from that time till his of the most notable citizens of the community in death was employed in nearly every difficult or which he lived. important suit. He entered the provincial parlia- STUART, Moses, Hebraist, b. in Wilton, Conn., ment in 1815 as representative of the lower town 26 March, 1780; d. in Andover, Mass., 4 Jan., 1852. of Quebec, and afterward represented the upper He was graduated at Yale in 1799, studied law, and town until the constitution was suspended in 1838, was admitted to the bar in 1802, but did not enter except in 1834, when his defeat and that of others on the practice of his profession, being called to a who sought to curb popular passions led to the tutorship in Yale college the same year. After two formation of the Constitutional association, of years of teaching he studied theology, and in 1806 which he was chosen chairman, and by which he was ordained as pastor of a Congregational church was sent in 1838 to England for the purpose of in New Haven. He gained high repute as a forci- promoting the union of Upper and Lower Canada. ble and effective preacher, but relinquished pastoral From 1838 till his death he held the office of work in 1810, when he was elected to the professor- solicitor-general. He contributed five papers on ship of sacred literature in Andover seminary, al- historical and antiquarian topics to the Transac- though at that time he possessed but a limited tions" of the Quebec literary and historical society knowledge of Hebrew. Ile applied himself dili- and published “ Notes upon the Southwestern gently to the language, learning German in order Boundary-Line of the British Provinces of Lower to study the philological treatises of Friedrich II. Canada and New Brunswick and the United W. Gesenius, and in 1813 completed a grammar, States of America” (Quebec, 1830); “ Review of which was passed around in manuscript, and copied the Proceedings of the Legislature of Lower Cana- by his pupils. When he obtained type for printing da, 1831” (Montreal, 1832); and, with William the work, he could find no compositors acquainted Badgley, an “ Account of the Endowments for with the Hebrew characters, and therefore began Education in Lower Canada” (London, 1838). the composition with his own hands. His first STUART, John Todd, lawyer, b. near Lexing- Hebrew grammar, which was without the diacriti- ton, Ky., 10 Nov., 1807; d. in Springfield, 111., 28 cal points, was superseded eight years later by his Nov., 1885. His ancestry was Scotch-Irish ; his grammar with points, which became the text-book father, Robert Stuart, was a Presbyterian clergy that was generally used in the United States, and man, and his maternal grandfather was Levi Todd, was republished in England by Rev. Dr. Edward one of the survivors of the disastrous Indian battle B. Pusey, regius professor of İlebrew at Oxford. at the Blue Licks in 1782. He was graduated at Prof. Stuart was the first to make Americans ac- Centre college, Kentucky, in 1826, was admitted to quainted with the works of Rosenmüller, Ewald, the bar, and removed to Springfield, III., at the age and other German Orientalists, and, by applying of twenty-one. He took at once a high place in his their scientific methods of philological and archæ- profession, and held it actively for nearly sixty ological investigation, founded a new school of years, to the day of his death. He was å Whig biblical exegesis. He retired from his professor- until the formation of the Republican party, served ship on account of advancing age and infirmities. in the legislature from 1832 till 1836, and was de- His publications include a “ Sermon "on resigning feated in a congressional contest in the latter year, his pastoral charge (1810) and other discourses; being then the recognized leader of his party. He “ Grammar of the Hebrew Language without renewed the contest in 1838, with Stephen A. Points" (Andover, 1813); “ Letters to Rev. Will- Douglas as his opponent, and was successful after iam E. Channing, containing Remarks on his Ser- 66 732 STUART STUART 66 mon recently preached and published at Baltimore” | lishing “ Hartford in the Olden Time," by “ Scæva” (Andover, 1819): " Dissertations of Jahn and Others (Hartford, 1853); “Life of Captain Nathan Hale, on the Best Method of studying the Languages of the Martyr Spy” (1856); and “Life of Jonathan the Bible,” translated, with notes (1821); “Gram- Trumbull, the Revolutionary Governor of Con- mar of the Hebrew Language, with a Copious Syn- necticut " (Boston, 1859). tax and Praxis" (1821); “ Elements of Interpreta- STUART, Philip, soldier, b. in Maryland in tion,” translated from the Latin of Johann A. 1760; d. in Washington, D. C., 14 Aug., 1830. He Ernesti, with notes (1822); “ Two Discourses on received a good English education, and soon after the Atonement" (1824); with Edward Robinson, a the beginning of the Revolutionary war became an translation of Georg B. Winer's “Greek Grammar officer in Col. George Baylor's dragoons. Subse- of the New Testament" (1825); “ Commentary on quently he served under Col. William A. Washing- the Epistle to the Hebrews” (2 vols., 1827-'8); ton, and took part in the battle of Eutaw, where “ Hebrew Chrestomathy, designed as a Course of he was wounded. Col. Stuart was elected as a Hebrew Study” (2 vols., 1829–'30); “ Practical Federalist to congress from Maryland, and served, Rules for Greek Accents and Quantity" (1829); with re-elections, from 4 Nov., 1811, till 3 March, “ Exegetical Essays upon Several Words relating 1819. During the war of 1812 he was an officer to Future Punishment” (1830); “ Letter to William in the Maryland volunteers at the time of the E. Channing on the Subject of Religious Liberty British invasion. He continued a resident of Wash- (Boston, 1830); Commentary on the Epistle to ington after his retirement from congress. the Romans, with a Translation and Various Ex- STUART, Robert, explorer, b. in Callender, cursus” (Andover, 1832); “ Is the Mode of Chris- Scotland, 19 Feb., 1785; d. in Chicago, III., 28 Oct., tian Baptism prescribed in the New Testament?" 1848. He was the grandson of the Alexander (1833), to which Prof. Henry J. Ripley replied Stuart who is mentioned in the life of Rob Roy as (1837); “ Cicero on the Immortality of the Soul” | the successful opponent of that chieftain. At the (1833), which was severely criticised by Prof. James age of twenty-two he came to the United States, 1. Kingsley in the “ American Monthly Review"; and after spending some time in Canada went out “Grammar of the New Testament Dialect” (1834); in 1810 as one of the founders of Astoria, Oregon. “ On the Discrepancies between the Sabellian and (See Astor, Joun JACOB.) It became necessary to Athanasian Methods of representing the Doctrine communicate with the Atlantic coast, and Mr. of a Trinity in the Godhead,” translated from the Stuart volunteered to make the effort. He set out German of Friedrich Schleiermacher, with notes in June, 1812, with only five attendants. The and illustrations (1835); “ Philological View of story of the journey is given at length by Wash- Modern Doctrines of Geology” (1836); Hints on | ington Irving in his Astoria.” After enduring the Interpretation of Prophecy (1842); “ Critical incredible hardships, in which Mr. Stuart developed History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon ” all the qualities of a leader and hero, they reached (1845): “ Commentary on the Apocalypse" (An- St. Louis in May, 1813, the third party to cross the dover, 1845); “ Miscellanies,” comprising his letters continent north of Mexico. In 1819 he removed to Channing and sermons on the atonement (1846); to Mackinaw, and conducted there for fifteen years “ Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius, as edited by Rödi- the affairs of the American fur company. He was ger, translated, with Additions, and also a Hebrew also appointed by President Harrison ás commis- Chrestomathy" (1846), which drew forth a volume sioner for all the Indian tribes of the northwest. of strictures from the first translator, Thomas J. In 1834 he removed to Detroit, became treasurer Conant (New York, 1847); “ A Letter to the Editor of Michigan, and held other offices of public trust of the North American Review'on Hebrew Gram- and importance connected with the development mar,” replying to Conant's criticisms (1847); “ Con- of the great lake region. He was known as “the science and the Constitution, with Remarks on the friend of the Indian," while his energetic, lofty, Speech of Webster on Slavery," a defence of Daniel and austere character made him equally venerated Webster's acquiescence in slavery and the Missouri among the white population.—His son, David, sol- compromise (Boston, 1850), to which Rev. Rufus dier, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 March, 1816; d. in W. Clark replied (1850); Commentary on the Detroit, Mich., 19 Sept., 1868. He removed to Book of Daniel" (1850); “ Commentary on Ecclesi- Michigan, studied law, and practised in Detroit. (New York, 1851); and “ Commentary on He was there elected to congress as a Democrat, the Book of Proverbs" (1852). See his “ Funeral and served from 5 Dec., 1853, till 3 March, 1855. Sermon,” preached by Rev. Edwards A. Park (An- He subsequently settled in Chicago, Ill., becoming dover, 1852); and “ Discourse on the Life and Ser- solicitor for the Illinois Central railroad. He was vices of Moses Stuart,” by Rev. William Adams appointed colonel of the 55th Illinois infantry on (New York, 1852).-His son, Isaac William, edu- 31 Oct., 1861, and commanded the 2d brigade of cator, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1809; d. in Hart- Gen. William T. Sherman's division from 27 Feb. ford, Conn., 2 Oct., 1861, was graduated at Yale in till 14 May, 1862. His brigade held the position 1828, and taught in Hartford, Conn., till 1835, on the extreme left at Shiloh, and suffered severe when he became professor of Greek and Roman loss, while he was wounded in the shoulder. He literature in the South Carolina college, Columbia. was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on He resigned in 1839, and subsequently resided in 29 Nov., 1862, and commanded a brigade of Mor- Hartford, where he was thrice elected to the state gan L. Smith's division during the siege of Corinth senate. He was the owner of the Wyllis estate, on and subsequent operations till Gen. Sınith was which stood the charter oak. He was a student of wounded at Chickasaw Bayou, after which he led Oriental literature, and became interested in Egypt, the division, participating in the capture of Ar- ology, publishing a translation of Abbé llenoré kansas Post. When the senate failed to confirm Greppo's · Essai sur le système hiéroglyphique de his appointment as brigadier-general, he left the Champollion le jeune," with notes and a preface service on 3 April, 1863, and returned to legal by his father (Boston, 1830). While professor at practice in Detroit. South Carolina college he produced an annotated STUART, Robert Leighton, merchant, b. in edition of the “ (Edipus Tyrannus” of Sophocles i New York city, 21 July, 1806; d. there, 12 Dec., (New York, 1837). In later life he gave much at- 1882. His father, Kinlöch, was a successful candy- tention to American history and antiquities, pub- i manufacturer, who came from Edinburgh, Scot- 66 astes STUART 733 STURGEON Pobuth shart land, in 1805, and died in 1826. The son succeeded of New York and elsewhere he entertained many to the management of the business, and in 1828 notable people of both continents. formed a partnership with his brother, Alexander. STUCKENBERG, John Henry Wilburn, They began refining sugar by steam in 1832, and clergyman, b. in Bramsche, Hanover, Germany, were the first to succeed in this process. They 6 Jan., 1835. He emigrated in early life to the abandoned candy-making in 1856, devoting them- United States, and was graduated at Wittenberg selves solely to sugar- college, Springfield, Ohio, in 1857, after which he refining, and in 1872 returned to Germany to study theology in the they retired from ac- universities of Göttingen, Berlin, and Tübingen. tive business. He He was ordained as a Lutheran minister in 1860, was president of the and held pastoral charges in Iowa and Pennsyl- American museum vania, besides officiating in 1862–'3 as chaplain of of natural history the 45th Pennsylvania volunteers. He was profes- and of the Presbyte- sor of theology at Wittenberg college from 1873 rian hospital, New till 1880, and since that time has been pastor of York, was connected the American chapel in Berlin, Germany. He is a with various chari- member of the Berlin philosophical society. In table, scientific, and addition to contributions to religious periodicals, social organizations, he has published “German Rationalism in its and was known also Rise, Progress, and Decline," from the German as the possessor of a of Carl Rudolf Hagenbach, in conjunction with large and valuable li- William L. Gage (Edinburgh, 1865); “ Ninety-five brary and gallery of Theses” (Baltimore, 1867); "History of the Augs- paintings, and a mu- burg Confession from its Origin till the Adoption nificent giver to edu- of the Formula of Concord ” (Philadelphia, 1869); cational and relig. “Christian Sociology" (New York, 1880; London, ious institutions. In 1881); “ Life of Emanuel Kant” (London, 1882); 1880 he gave $55,000 to the Presbyterian hospital, and“ Introduction to the Study of Philosophy.” New York city, $100,000 to Princeton theological STUEBER, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia, seminary, $100,000 to Princeton college, and $50,- Pa., about 1770; d. there in 1792. He was of 000 to the San Francisco theological seminary. German extraction. After graduation at the Uni- Mr. Stuart's charities are continued by his widow, versity of Pennsylvania in 1784, and at the medi- whose New York residence is among the finest in cal department in 1788, he obtained a clerkship in the country.- His brother, Alexander, b. in New a government office and began the study of law, York city, 22 Dec., 1810; d. there, 23 Dec., 1879, but soon died of pulmonary disease, after estab- was a generous donor to philanthropic objects. lishing a reputation as a versatile scholar and The brothers began in 1852 to devote each year a original thinker. Besides contributions to peri- certain minimum sum to works of benevolence, odical literature, he wrote a sequel to Benjamin chiefly connected with the Presbyterian church, Franklin's Autobiography,”, containing an ac- and before the death of Alexander had given away count of his discoveries in electrical science. A $1,391,000, which was increased by the subsequent memoir was published shortly after his death. gifts of Robert L. to nearly $2,000,000. STUNG SERPENT (or LE SERPENT PICQUÉ), STUART, William, journalist, b. in Galway, chief of the Natchez Indians, d. in Louisiana, about Ireland, 7 July, 1821; d. in New York city, 27 | 1725. The Natchez having killed some Frenchmen Dec., 1886. His real name was Edmund O'Fla- in 1713, and Bienville having been sent to punish herty. He was educated at Eton college, and soon them, a deputation, headed by Stung Serpent and after being graduated became interested in Irish other chiefs, came to negotiate with him. After politics. He was elected to parliament, and iden- Bienville's expedition had ended successfully, he tified himself with a group that opposed the ec- made peace with the Natchez, and released their clesiastical-titles bill, but made terms with Lord chiefs. In 1722 several Natchez villages rose against Aberdeen's coalition ministry in 1852, Edmund the French, and a soldier was murdered. Troops O'Flaherty receiving the appointment of commis- were sent to reduce them, but Stung Serpent, who sioner of the income tax. Iwo years later, becom- was then great chief, endeavored to make repara- ing pecuniarily embarrassed by election expenses tion by fining the villages. He acted as interpreter and losses on the turf, he attempted to raise money to the French, and is described as being their best by a fraud, and fled to Paris to avoid prosecution, friend among the Natchez. Some authorities place and thence to New York city. Taking the name his death later than 1725. of his mother's family, he wrote newspaper articles STURGE, Joseph, English author, b. in Elver- for a livelihood, and gained a reputation as a dra- ton, Gloucestershire, England, in 1793 ; d. in Bir- matic critic by caustic strictures in the New York mingham, 1 May, 1859. He was a member of ** Tribune” on Edwin Forrest's style of acting, en- the Society of Friends, established himself as a hancing the popular interest in his criticisms by corn-factor in Birmingham in 1820, acquired great sarcastic replies that he wrote for the “ Evening wealth, and devoted himself, among other philan- Express." "He became a theatrical manager in thropic objects, to the abolition of slavery. To Washington and Philadelphia, and then the lessee famíliarize himself with the subject of slavery, he of the Winter Garden theatre in New York city, visited the West Indies in 1837, and four years where Edwin Booth gained his first success as later the United States. He published " The West Hamlet and Dion Boucicault and Agnes Robert- Indies in 1837" (London, 1838), and " Visit to the son were introduced to the public in the “ Octo- United States in 1841 ” (Boston, 1842). The "Me- roon,” which had to be taken off the stage on moirs of Joseph Sturge” were written by llenry account of the political feeling that it excited. Richard (London, 1864). After the burning of the Winter Garden in 1867, STURGEON, Daniel, senator, .b. in Adams he was associated with Lester Wallack, and in 1869 county, Pa., 27 Oct. , 1789; d. in Uniontown, Fay- returned to the profession of journalism. Stuart ette co., Pa., 2 July, 1878. He was educated at was a connoisseur in gastronomy, and in the clubs Jefferson college, Pa., studied medicine in Fayette 66 734 STURM STURGES " а county, and in 1813 began practice. In 1818 he | in 1867, practising in New York city. He has been was chosen a member of the Pennsylvania house visiting surgeon of the Charity hospital, New York, of representatives, serving three terms, and in 1825 from 1872, was surgeon of the New York dispen- be was elected to the state senate, being speaker of sary in 1877-'8, and became house physician there that body the last three years of his term. In in 1878. He was appointed in 1874 clinical lec- 1830 he was appointed auditor-general of the state, turer on venereal diseases in the University of the which office he filled six years, and in 1838 and 1839 city of New York, in 1880 professor of that de- he was state treasurer and ended the “ Buckshot partment in the same institution, and in 1882 pro- war” by refusing to honor Gov. Ritner's warrant fessor of venereal and genito-urinary diseases in for payment of the troops. He was elected U. S. the Post-graduate medical school and hospital. senator as a Democrat for the term that began 4 Prof. Sturgis was president of the New York March, 1839, and was re-elected to that body, his county medical society in 1881-2, and a member of last term expiring 3 March,.1851. In 1853 Presi- its board of censors in 1878–81. He has published dent Polk appointed him treasurer of the U. S. “Students' Manual of Venereal Diseases" (New mint at Philadelphia, which post he held until York, 1880); annotated and edited Diday's work 1858. Although he was called the “silent sena- on “Infantile Syphilis ” (1883); and is the author tor,” he was considered a hard-working commit- of many articles on medical subjects. tee-member. He made but one speech, and that STURGIS, Samuel Davis, soldier, b. in Ship- was to reiterate a remark he had made in commit- pensburg, Pa., 11 June, 1822; d. in St. Paul, Minn., tee: “Any senator who says anything that would 28 Sept., 1889. He was graduated at the U.S. tend to the disruption of the Union is a black- military academy in 1846, entered the 2d dragoons, hearted villain." served in the war with Mexico, and was made pris- STURGES, Jonathan, member of congress, b. oner before the battle of Buena Vista, but was ex- in Fairfield, Conn., 23 Aug., 1740; d. there, 4 changed. He afterward served in California, New Oct., 1819. He was graduated at Yale in 1759, Mexico, and the territories, and was commissioned studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac- captain, 3 March, 1855. At the opening of the civil tised at Fairfield. He took an active part in the war he was in command of Fort Smith, Ark., but, all pre-Revolutionary movements, and was a repre- his officers having resigned and joined the south- sentative from Connecticut in the 1st and 2d ern Confederacy, he evacuated the fort on his own congresses, serving from 4 March, 1789, till 2 responsibility, and thus saved his command and March, 1793. He was a judge of the state su- the government property. He was appointed major preme court in 1793–1805, and was a presidential of the 4th cuvalry, 3 May, 1861, and served in Mis- elector in 1797 and 1805. He received the degree souri under Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, whom Sturgis of LL. D. from Yale in 1806.—His 'grandson, succeeded in command after his death at the battle Jonathan, merchant, b. in Southport, Conn., 24 of Wilson's Creek. He was made brigadier-general March, 1802; d. in New York city, 28 Nov., 1874, of volunteers, 10 Aug., 1861, was assigned to the went to New York in 1821 and became a clerk in Army of the Tennessee, and afterward to the com- a mercantile house, in which he rose to be a junior mand of the Department of Kansas. In 1862 he partner in 1828, and was called to Washington to assist the military senior partner in governor, and was given command of the fortifica- 1836. He remained tions around the city. At the battles of South connected with the Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg he com- firm till 1868, when manded the 2d division of the 9th army corps, he retired with a and he was engaged in the operations in Kentucky large fortune. He from April till July, 1863. He was chief of cavalry was one of the chief of the Department of the Ohio from July, 1863, till promoters of the Il- April, 1864, and captured Gen. Robert B. Vance finois Central rail- and his command, 13 Jan., 1864. He was engaged way and a director, at Bolivar, Tenn., 10 May, 1864, and in the expe- during the civil war dition against Gen. Nathan Forrest, and in the was among the most fight near Guntown, Miss., 10 June, 1864. He was liberal and outspoken appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 6th cavalry, 27 supporters of the gov- Oct., 1863, colonel of the 7th cavalry, 6 May, 1869, ernment, and took an and was retired, 11 June, 1886. He had been bre- active part in estab- vetted colonel for Fredericksburg, and brigadier- lishing the Union general and major-general, C. S. army, 13 March, league club, of which 1865. — His son, JAMES GARLAND, b. in Albu- he was president in querque, N. M., 24 Jan., 1854, was graduated at the 1863. He was active United States military academy in 1875, and was in the measures to break up the Tweed ring and to killed in the Indian massacre on Little Big Horn promote municipal reform in the government of river, 25 June, 1876. the city of New York. He was distinguished for STURM, Daniel, French author, b. in Hague- philanthropy, and was liberal as a founder or sup- nau, Alsace, in 1761 ; d. there in 1814. He re- porter of many charities in that city. He was at ceived his education at the University of Stras- one time vice-president of the New York chamber burg, and was graduated in medicine in 1789. In of commerce, an active member of the Century the following year he was appointed assistant sur- club, and a generous patron of art. Mr. Sturges | geon of a regiment in Santo Domingo, but he fled : was an intimate friend of the poet Bryant, and was to the United States during the civil war in 1793, among the most active in the movement that led ' and settled in Philadelphia, where he practised his to the presentation of the vase, known as the “* Bry- profession. After the peace of Amiens he returned ant vase," now in the Metropolitan museum of art. to France, re-entered the army as surgeon-major, STURGIS, Frederic Russell, physician, b. in and served till 1811, when he was retired on a pen- Manila, Luzon, Philippine islands, 1 July, 1844. sion. His works include “Dictionnaire de méde- He was educated in London, England, and Boston, cine thérapeutique, ou exposé des moyens curatifs Mass., was graduated as a physician at Harvard employés dans les Antilles, La Louisiane et l'Amé- Shurger - STURM 735 STUYVESANT Ffrininfant rique du Nord" (2 vols., Nancy, 1809), and “ Les STUYVESANT, Peter, governor of New York, États-Unis en 1800, ou journal et impressions de b. in Holland in 1602 ; d. in New York city in voyage à travers l'Amérique du Nord" (1812). August, 1682. He was the son of a clergyman of STURM, Jacques (stoorm), French naturalist. Friesland, and at an early age displayed a fondness b. in Haguenau, Alsace, in 1743; d. in Nancy in for military life. He served in the West Indies, 1802. He entered the church, but received only was governor of the colony of Curaçoa, lost a leg minor orders, and was for several years preceptor during the unsuc- in the family of the Duke d'Aiguillon, who obtained cessful attack on for him a scientific mission to South America. the Portuguese Sailing from Brest 1775, he visited the Canaries island of St. Mar- and the Cape Verde islands and Brazil, coasted tin, and returned along Chili, Peru, and California, and visited the to Holland in Philippines, Batavia, and Sumatra, collecting speci- 1644. Being ap- mens of natural history. In 1785 he returned to pointed director- South America, at the invitation of the Academy of general of New medicine, to study the medicinal plants of Brazil . Netherlands, he After exploring the basin of the Orinoco, he crossed took the oath of to Amazon river, which he descended for several office on 28 July, hundred miles amid many dangers and hardships. 1646, and reached Deserted by his escort, he lived for months with New Amsterdam half-civilized Indians, and in 1791 reached Para, on 11 May, 1647, after forming a collection of 1,100 plants, 400 of amid such vehe- which were new, belonging to 150 families. Owing ment firing of to the state of affairs in France, he delayed his guns from the departure, and accepted a chair in the city college. fort that nearly In 1795 he returned to Paris and presented his col- | all the powder in lections to the institute, of which he was elected a the town was con- corresponding member in 1798. His works include sumed in salutes. “ Deux ans de séjour dans les déserts de l'Ama- Soon after his inauguration on 27 May he organ- zonie" (Nancy, 1796); “ Catalogue raisonné de la ized a council and established a court of justice. flore Brésilienne" (2 vols., 1798); “ Essai sur l'his- In deference to the popular will, he ordered a toire naturelle du Brésil” (1800); “ Dictionnaire general election of eighteen delegates, from whom des plantes médicinales propres au Brésil" (1801). the governor and his council selected a board of STURTEVANT, Edward Lewis, agriculturist, nine, whose power was advisory and not legisla- b. in Boston, Mass., 23 Jan., 1842. He was gradu- tive. Among his first proclamations were orders ated at Bowdoin in 1863, and served during that to enforce the rigid observance of Sunday, prohibit year as captain in the 24th Maine volunteers, after the sale of liquor and fire-arms to the Indians, and which he was graduated at the medical department protect the revenue and increase the treasury by of Harvard in 1866. Dr. Sturtevant settled in heavier taxation on imports. He also endeavored South Framingham, where he devoted himself to to erect a better class of houses and taverns, es- agricultural pursuits on a liberal scale, and to the tablished a market and an annual cattle-fair, and cultivation of favorite breeds of dairy cattle, also was also interested in founding a public school. contributing frequent papers to the press and de- One of the first acts of the new governor was to livering lectures on topics relating to his chosen enter into a correspondence with the other colo- work. In 1881 he was called to the charge of the nies regarding the decisive settlement of the New York agricultural station at Geneva, where he boundary question; but New England would not remained for six years. He is a fellow of the agree to terms. He also became involved in a con- American association for the advancement of sci- troversy with Gov. Theophilus Eaton, of Connecti- ence, and was president of the Society for the pro- cut, over the claim of the Dutch to jurisdiction in motion of agricultural science in 1887. Besides that state. In 1648 a conflict arose between him making large contributions to agricultural papers, and Brant Arent Van Slechtenhorst, the commis- he edited the “Scientific Farmer” in 1876–9, the sary of the young patroon of Rensselaerswyck at “North American Ayrshire Register” and the an- Beverswick, Stuyvesant claiming power irrespect- nual “ Reports of the New York Agricultural Ex- ive of the special feudal privileges that had been periment Station” (1882–7), and, with Joseph N. granted in the charter of 1629. In 1649 Stuyvesant Sturtevant, published “ The Dairy Cow," a mono- marched to Fort Orange with a military escort, and graph on the Ayrshire breed of cattle (Boston, 1875). ordered certain houses to be razed to permit of a STURTEVÅNT, Julian Monson, educator, b. better defence of the fort in case of an attack of in Warren, Conn., 26 July, 1805 ; d. in Jackson- the Indians, also commanding that stores and ville, Ill., 11 Feb., 1886. He was graduated at timber should be taken from the patroon's land to Yale in 1826, and at Yale divinity-school in 1829, repair the fortifications. This Van Slechtenhorst began to teach before his education was completed, refused to do, and the director sent a body of sol- and continued to do so till a few months before his diers to enforce his orders. The controversy that death. He was a tutor in Illinois college in followed resulted in the commissary's maintaining 1828–'30, professor of mathematics, natural phi- his rights and the director's losing some popularity, losophy, and astronomy in the same in 1831–44, The first two years of his administration were not president and professor of mental and moral phi- successful. He had serious discussions with the losophy in 1844–76, and professor of mental sci- patroons, who interfered with the company's trade ence and the science of government from 1876 till and denied the authority of the governor, and he his death. He was successful as an educator, was also embroiled in contentions with the council, preached frequently, and published “ Economics, or which sent a deputation to the Hague to report the Science of Wealth” (New York, 1876), and " Keys condition of the colony to the states-general. This of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament report was published as Vertoogh van Nieuw (Boston, 1879). He was a frequent contributor to Netherlandt" (The Hague, 1650). The states-gen- the “ New Englander” and other periodicals. eral afterward commanded Stuyvesant to appear 736 STUYVESANT STUYVESANT a a personally in Holland; but the order was not con- secure from the king the satisfaction of the sixth firmed by the Amsterdam chamber, and Stuyvesant article in the treaty with Nicholls, which granted refused to obey, saying : “I shall do as I please.” free trade. During his administration commerce I In September, 1650, a meeting of the commission had increased greatly, the colony obtaining the ers on boundaries took place in Hartford, whither privilege of trading with Brazil in 1648, with Africa Stuyvesant travelled in state. The line was ar- for slaves in 1652, and with other foreign ports in ranged much 1659. Stuyvesant endeavored unsuccessfully to to the dissatis- introduce a specie currency and to establish a mint faction of the in New Amsterdam. He was a thorough conserva- Dutch, who tive in church as well as state, and intolerant of declared that any approach to religious freedom. He refused to " the governor grant a meeting-house to the Lutherans, who were had ceded growing numerous, drove their minister from the away enough colony, and frequently punished religious offenders territory to by fines and imprisonment. On his return from found fifty Holland after the surrender, he spent the remain- colonies each der of his life on his farm of sixty-two acres out- fifty miles side the city, called the Great Bouwerie, beyond square.” Stuy which stretched woods and swamps to the little Vesant grew village of Haarlem. The house, a stately speci- haughty in his men of Dutch architecture, was erected at a cost of treatment of 6,400 guilders, and stood near what is now Eighth his opponents, street. Its gardens and lawn were tilled by about and threaten- fifty negro slaves. A pear-tree which he brought ed to dissolve from Holland in 1647 remained at the corner of the council. A Thirteenth street and Third avenue until 1867, plan of municipal government was finally arranged bearing fruit almost to the last. The house was in Holland, and the name of the new city-New destroyed by fire in 1777. He also built an execu- Amsterdam-was officially announced on 2 Feb., tive mansion of hewn stone called Whitehall, which 1653. Stuyvesant made a speech on this occasion, stood on the street that now bears that name. słowing that his authority would remain undimin-. Gov. Stuyvesant was above medium height, with a ished. The governor was now ordered to Holland fine physique. He dressed with care, and usually again ; but the order was soon revoked on the decla- wore slashed hose fastened at the knee by a knotted ration of war with England. Stuyvesant prepared scarf, a velvet jacket with slashed sleeves over a full against an attack by ordering his subjects to make puffed shirt, and rosettes upon his shoes. His lost a ditch from the North river to the East river, and leg was replaced by a wooden one with silver to erect breastworks. In 1665 he sailed into the bands, which accounts for the tradition that he Delaware with a fleet of seven vessels and about 700 wore a silver leg. Although abrupt in manner, men and took possession of the colony of New Swe- unconventional, cold, and haughty, full of preju- den, which he called New Amstel. In his absence dice and passion, and sometimes unapproachable , New Amsterdam was ravaged by Indians, but his he possessed large sympathies and tender affection. return inspired confidence. Although he organized His clear judgment, quick perception, and extent militia and fortified the town, he subdued the hos- of reading were remarkable. Washington Irving tile savages chiefly through kind treatment. In has humorously described him in his “Knicker- 1653 a convention of two deputies from each village bocker's History of New York." The illustrations in New Netherlands had demanded reforms, and represent the old Stadt Huys, and the tombstone of Stuyvesant commanded this assembly to disperse, saying: “ We derive our authority from God and the company, not from a few ignorant subjects.” The spirit of resistance nevertheless increased, and the encroachments of other colonies, with a de- In this Vault lies buried pleted treasury, harassed the governor. In 1664 Charles II. ceded to his brother, the Duke of York, PETRUS STUYVESANT a large tract of land, including New Netherlands; late Captain General and Governorin Chief of Amsterdam in NewNetherland nowcalled New York and four English war vessels bearing 450 men, and the Dutch West India Islands.died in AD1673 commanded by Capt. Richard Nicholls, took pos- session of the harbor. On 30 Aug. Sir George aged 80 years. Cartwright bore to the governor a summons to sur- render, promising life, estate, and liberty to all who would submit to the king's authority. Stuy- vesant read the letter before the council, and, fear- ing the concurrence of the people, tore it into Stuyvesant in the outer wall of St. Mark's church pieces. On his appearance, the people who had as- in New York city.-IIis wife, Judith Bayard, b. sembled around the city-hall greeted him with in Holland; d. in New York in 1687, was the sister shouts of " The letter! the letter!” and, returning of Samuel Bayard, of Amsterdam, who married to the council-chamber, he gathered up the frag- Anna Stuyvesant. She spoke several languages, ments, which he gave to the burgomasters to do possessed an excellent voice and a cultivated taste with the order as they pleased. He sent a defiant in music, displayed artistic skill in dress, and ex- answer to Nicholls, and ordered the troops to pre- tended a wide hospitality. She left a fund to the pare for an attack, but yielded to a petition of the Dutch church in New York for St. Mark's chapel.- citizens not to shed innocent blood, and signed a Stuyvesant's son, Nicholas William, b. in 1648; treaty at his Bouwerie house on 9 Sept., 1664. The d. in 1698, married Maria, the daughter of Will- burgomasters proclaimed Nicholls governor, and iam Beekman, and afterward the daughter of the town was called New York. In 1665 Stuy- Brant Van Slechtenhorst. Of their three children, vesant went to Holland to report, and labored to / GERARDUS married his second cousin, Judith Bay- SU'ARD 737 SUAREZ Y ROMERO arez. a ard, and only one of their four sons, PETER, b, in wrecked, the fleet, reduced to sixteen vessels, ar- 1727, left descendants. He married Margaret, rived, 24 March, 1582, at Rio Janeiro. Having made daughter of Gilbert Livingston, and their sons several vain attempts to reach the strait, they at were Peter Gerard and Nicholas William. Their í length arrived at its entrance, 7 Feb., 1583, and cast daughters were Judith, who married Benjamin anchor, but were forced out again by a gale. They Winthrop; Cornelia, who married Direk Ten returned the following year, when the fleet was re- Broeck; and Elizabeth, who married Col. Nicholas duced to five ships, and were again carried back by Fish, and became the inother of Hamilton Fish. the strength of the ebb tide, but anchored close to -Peter's son, Peter Gerard, lawyer, b. in New Cape de las Virgines, and the landing of the set- York city in 1778; d. at Niagara Falls, N. Y., 16 tlers began immediately under the direction of Su- Aug., 1847, was graduated at Columbia in 1794, When 300 persons had gone on land a gale studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac- obliged the ships to quit their anchorage. On the tised for a short time in New York city. He was same day Diego de Ribero left for Spain during å founder of the New York historical society, of the night, taking with him the whole fleet except which he was president from 1836 till 1840. His the vessel of Suarez, who refused to abandon the residence, “ Petersfield,” and that of his brother colony. Sarmiento had 400 men, 30 women, and Nicholas William, the “ Bowery House," were built provisions for eight months. They immediately before the Revolution, and were situated on their built a city, Nombre de Jesus, near the mouth of father's Bouwerie farm. The chief portion of the strait, and about eighty miles south founded this extensive property was devised to his nephew San Felipe. Sarmiento, leaving the command to Gerard Stuyvesant, Hamilton Fish, and Ruther. Suarez, sailed on 25 May. 1584, for Brazil, and furd Stuyvesant. subsequently went to Spain in April, 1585. In SUARD, Nicolas (soo-ar), Haytian patriot, b. in August, 1584, the two colonies united, but subse- Jacmel about 1740; d. in Port au Prince, 26 Feb., quently Suarez removed with 200 men to Nombre 1791. He was a mulatto, and a rich merchant of de Jesus. Many died during the winter, and by Cape Français at the beginning of the French revo- the hands of the Indians, who ruined the crops. lution. In 1790 he tried vainly to be elected a In the beginning of 1586 an attempt was made by member of the colonial assembly, and, being de- the colonists of San Felipe to build two barks, but feated on account of his color, went to Paris, where they were wrecked, and in January, 1587, only he became a member of the club " Les amis des eighteen men survived. One of these was rescued noirs," and devoted his large fortune to the cause by Thomas Cavendish, and one other lived to be of the enfranchisement of the slaves and to gain taken from the st rait in 1589 by Andrew Merrick. equal political rights for the mulattoes. The as- He belonged to the colony of Nombre de Jesus. sembly having negatived a motion for enfranchise- The latter suffered, perhaps, greater hardships than ment, Suard and his countryman, Vincent Ogé, those that were experienced by the colonists of San resolved to secure it by force. They went to Phila- Felipe. Nearly all of them set out toward the mid- delphia and New Orleans, enlisted 250 men, and, dle of 1587 in hope of reaching by land the estab- with a supply of arms and ammunition, landed lishments of the Plate river: but they were either near Cape Français, 23 Oct., 1790, where they were killed by the Indians or died from hunger in the joined by Jean Baptiste Chavannes and other in- deserts of Araucania. Accounts of the expedition surgents. Suard shared in Ogé's defeat, fled with are to be found in Hakluyt's and James Burney's him to the Spanish part of the island, and was de collections, and in the “ Noticias de las expeditiones livered to the French authorities and executed. al Magellanes" (Madrid, 1788). SUAREZ, José Bernardo, Chilian author, b. SUAREZ, Lorenzo, Mexican missionary, b. in in Santiago, 20 Aug., 1822. He received his edu- Mexico about 1560; d. in San Gregorio in 1627. cation in the colleges of Merced and San Francisco, He was employed among the Indians of north- and finished his studies in 1842 in the normal ern Mexico, attained great distinction as an ora- school. In 1813 he was appointed inspector of the tor both in Spanish and native Mexican lan- lyceum of San Felipe, Aconcagua, and in 1847-19 he guages, and in 1620 was appointed royal preacher. occupied the chair of humanities in several colleges His works include “Sermones en lengua Mexi- of Santiago. He was appointed in 1850 visitor of (Mexico, 1617), an extremely rare work, schools in Valparaiso, and in 1856 director of the which was among the first printed in the New first tiscal school of Santiago, which was founded World. A copy of it was sold at public auction in by order of President Montt. He established in Brussels in 1847 for $2,500. Valparaiso and Santiago the first free evening- SUAREZ PERALTA, Juan, b. in the city of schools for artisans, became in 1860 director of the Mexico about 1530. Nothing further is known of model college, and in 1861 visitor-general of schools his life than that he was a son of one of the Span- for the republic, retiring in 1869 on a pension. He ish officers of the conquest, and seems to have been is a member of the pedagogical societies of Santi- educated and studious. manuscript chronicle ago and Rio Janeiro, has been connected with va- of events in Mexico, written by him in 1589, was rious journals, and has written about twenty his. some years ago discovered by Marcos Toledo. Al- torical and didactic works, among which are though many of its conceptions are erroneous, it “ Hombres célebres de Chile” (Santiago, 1859); has a special merit as containing information not Plutarco de los Jóvenes” (1861): “ Tesoro de furnished by any previous work. The manuscript Bellas Artes ” (1862); “Recreo del soldado Chileno" was published by Justo Zaragoza, under the origi- (1864); Rasgos Biográficos de niños célebres” nal title of “ Noticias Históricas de la Nueva Es- (1867); “Guía del Preceptor Primario”.(1868); paña” (Madrid, 1878). · Manual del Ciudadano” (1878); and “ Principios SUAREZ Y ROMERO, Anselmo, Cuban writ- de Derecho Internacional" (1883). er, b. in Havana in 1818; d. there in 1882. He SUAREZ, Juan (s00-ah'-reth), Spanish colonist, was educated in his native city, devoted himself b. in Andalusia about 1540; d. in Araucania in to teaching, and did a great deal in behalf of 1588. He served as captain in the expedition of public education. His literary career began with Diego Flores de Valdes and Pedro Sarmiento, who the publication of his “ Biografía de Carlota Valdés" sailed from Seville. 25 Sept., 1581, to found a colo- (Havana, 1838), which was followed by a series of ny in the Strait of Magellan. After five ships were | masterly sketches and descriptions of Cuban sce- VOL. 1.–47 cana 9 a 738 SUCRE SUBERCASE nery and customs, which was afterward collected in to the French fleets and to the United States. a large volume under the title of “ Colección de After the conclusion of peace he held for three Artículos ” (1859). Some of these sketches have been years the office of king's lieutenant at Tobago, but translated into English and French. In New York returned subsequently to Santo Domingo, retiring he published, in 1860, his novel “Francisco,” a with a pension in 1784. He devoted the remainder powerful picture of the horrors of Cuban slavery, of his life to literary labor and historical works, written many years before the publication of Mrs. and made several voyages to Paris for researches Stowe's “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” Suarez was admitted in the libraries and in the archives of the navy de- to the bar in 1866. He has published also “ Escuelas partment. Being driven from Santo Domingo by Primarias," a series of essays on public education the risings of 1791, he made Nantes his residence, and school reforms (Havana, 1862), and “Cartas but was arrested during the reign of terror and críticas sobre asuntos jurídicos” (1870), and has executed as a pensioner of the monarchy. His left many unpublished works. published works include “Exposé historique des SUBERCASE, Daniel Auger de, governor of progrès, du commerce, et de la navigation dans les Acadia, b. in Limousin, France, about 1655 ; d. Antilles Françaises de l'Amérique" (2 vols., Paris, there after 1710. He was sent early to Canada as 1784); “ Histoire de la guerre soutenue par les an ensign and rose rapidly in the service. In 1690, Français dans les Antilles de 1778 à 1783” (2 vols., with 100 men, he occupied the Isle d'Orléans, 1790); and “ Histoire des campagnes du Comte de and this movement aided in compelling the Brit- Bouillé dans les Antilles " (1792). His manuscript ish to raise the siege of Quebec. He served dur- works, preserved in the National library at Paris, ing the following years in the war against the Iro- include *** Histoire générale des Antilles ” and “ Mé quois, and in 1696 was major-general in Fronte- moires pour servir à l'histoire de l'administration nac's expedition that burned the villages of the Française dans les Antilles.” Onondagas. In 1703 he was appointed governor SUCKLEY, George, physician, b. in the city of of Fort St. Louis of Placentia, and waged war New York in 1830; d. there, 30 July, 1869. He was against the English. His main object was to ex- graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons, pel them from Newfoundland, and this being ap- New York, in 1851, served as resident surgeon in proved at court, he set out, 15 Jan., 1705, at the the New York hospital in 1852, and was assistant head of 450 well-armed men, soldiers, Canadians, surgeon in the U. S. army in 1853–’6. He became privateersmen, and Indians, all accustomed to brigade surgeon in 1861, and was staff surgeon, march in snow-shoes. They were obliged to ford U. S. volunteers, in 1862-'5. He became brevet lieu- four rivers filled with floating ice, and they were tenant-colonel and colonel, U. S. volunteers, 15 also delayed two days by a heavy fall of snow. On Aug., 1865. Dr. Suckley contributed to the trans- 26 Jan. they surprised Bébou, took Petty Har- actions of the American medical association and bor, three leagues from St. John, and burned every the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. With house in the latter place, but they were unable to James G. Cooper, M. D., he published Reports capture the large fort that protected St. John. Re- on the Natural History, Climate, and Physical turning by way of Ferryſand, which he burned, Geography of Minnesota, Nebraska, Washington, Subercase sent out parties in several directions and and Oregon Territories” (New York, 1860). ruined the English trade in Newfoundland. On SUCKLEY, Thomas Holy, philanthropist, b. 10 April, 1706, having succeeded Brouillan as gov- in New York city, 21 Nov., 1809; d. in Rhinebeck, ernor of Acadia, he continued the war with renewed N. Y., 9 Feb., 1888. He inherited great wealth vigor, and attracted to Acadia several West India from his father, an Englishman of good family, buccaneers, whom he employed against English com- who had been engaged in business in New York The English besieged Port Royal in June city. The son was never engaged in any active and again in August, 1707, but Subercase compelled business. He gave large sums for the support of the invaders to retire with loss. The governor in the missions of the Methodist church, and was a vain urged Louis XIV, to make a permanent es- benefactor of the Children's aid society, the Brook- tablishment in Acadia, whose strategical value he lyn Methodist Episcopal hospital, and the Society also demonstrated; but he could not even obtain for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He estab- money to return the advances that had been made lished the Mount Rutson home for aged Methodist by the settlers. This may account for the fact ministers near Rhinebeck, and endowed it liberally. that Subercase made no resistance when he was SUCRE, Antonio José de (sooʻ-cray), South attacked in 1710. On 2 Oct, he surrendered American soldier, b. in Cumana, Venezuela, 3 Feb., Port Royal to Sir Francis Nicholson, and obtained 1795; d. near Pasto, Colombia, 4 June, 1830. He the honors of war for his garrison of 156 men. No studied mathematics at Caracas, was graduated at provisions were found in the place, and on the the College of military engineers in 1810, and, join- next day Nicholson had to issue rations to the ing the patriot cause, was sent in May of that year French soldiers. Subercase was conveved to La as post-commander to the province of Barcelona, Rochelle, and in 1711 court-martialled at Roche- and in 1811 called to the personal staff of Gen. fort for the surrender of Port Royal, but was ac- Miranda. After the capitulation of the latter, quitted on account of his former services. See Sucre fled to his native province and joined the ** An Acadian Governor,” in the “ International invading forces of Santiago Mariño, with whom he Review” for 1881. took part in the campaign of 1813. In March, 1814, SUCHET, Pierre Joseph (s00-shay). Haytian he joined Bolivar, who appointed him to the staff of historian, b. in Fort Dauphin in 1734; d. in Nantes, the Army of the Orient, with the rank of lieutenant- France, in December, 1793. He was the son of a colonel.. After the defeat of Gen. Ribas at Urica, wealthy creole, received his education in Paris, 5 Dec., 1814, Sucre took refuge in Trinidad, and, on entered the colonial administration, and was for Bolivar's landing in Venezuela in 1816, Sucre joined several years commander of the province of the Mariño's forces; but when the latter refused alle- west in Santo Domingo. He was transferred to giance to Bolivar in Cariaco, 8 May, 1817, Sucre Dominica is king's lieutenant in September, 1778, abandoned his command to join Bolivar in Guay- was provisional governor of St. Eustatius in 1781, ana, and was appointed chief of staff of Bermudez's and during the whole of the war with England did division. In 1818 he was promoted brigadier his utmost to forward re-enforcements and supplies, and commissioned by Bolivar to solicit arms and merce, SUCRE 739 SUDDS Afdeline ammunition in the West Indies, and, pledging his January, 1827, in Peru, against the authority of personal credit, he soon returned with 9,750 stand Bolivar, caused also several mutinies in La Paz, of arms, twelve cannon, and a plentiful supply of and finally, on 18 April, 1828, a Colombian regi- ammunition. Being appointed second chief of the ment revolted in Chuquisaca. Sucre was darger- general staff, he displayed such energy in the re- ously wounded, and, on his recovery, he resigned organization of the forces that Bolivar called him and returned to Guayaquil. When finally Ecua- the “ soul of the dor was invaded by the Peruvian troops, Sucre army.” In this was appointed commander-in-chief, and totally office he assisted defeated the invaders under Gen. La Mur at in the victorious Tarqui, 26 Feb., 1829. He now retired to pri- invasion of New vate life, but was sent as deputy for Guayaquil to Granada in 1819, the Colombian congress at Bogota, 20 Jan., 1830, and was commis- which elected him president, and sent him as com- sioned by Bolivar missioner to Rosario de Cucuta to arrange the to arrange for a difficulties with Venezuela. Seeing the hopeless- six-months'armis- ness of the task, he soon returned to Bogota, tice, which was and when congress closed its sessions, he was re- signed in Trujillo, turning to his home in Guayaquil when he was 25 Nov., 1820. He shot from ambush in the mountain of Berruecos. was then sent to At first it was asserted by Gen. Jose Maria Obando, the south to take district commander of Pasto, that the murder had command of the been committed by robbers, but it is generally be- forces operating lieved that the crime was instigated by Obando against the Span- himself, though he tried to implicate Gen. Juan ish president of Jose Flores. The latter was vindicated by his son, Quito, who re- Antonio, in his “ El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho fused to recognize (New York, 1885). Sucre's remains were trans- the validity of the ported by his family to the Church of San Fran- treaty of Trujil- cisco in Quito, where they still rest, although the lo. He reorgan- government of Bolivia in 1845, and that of Vene- ized the patriot forces, marching to the port of zuela in 1875, asked permission to transport them Buenaventura, embarked his army, and in May, to their respective pantheons. 1821, suddenly landed in Guayaquil, to protect the SUCRÉ, Étienne Henry (soo-cray), French republican government that had been established painter, b.in Port Royal, Acadia, in 1703; d. in there. On 19 Aug. he defeated the Spaniards at Paris in 1745. He was the son of a rich settler Yaguachi, but he was routed on 12 Sept. at Guachi, who returned to France after the taking of the and in November obtained a suspension of hostili- colony by the English. Young Étienne received ties, which he employed to reorganize his forces and his early education at Caen, but finished his stud- obtain auxiliary troops. He now marched upon ies at the College of the Jesuits at Paris, and be- Quito, and on 24 May defeated the enemy in the came afterward a pupil of the Academy of designs. battle of Pichincha, granting him a capitulation, In 1729 he exhibited in the Academy gallery a which finished the Spanish domination in Ecuador, “Descente de croix” that was much admired, and the province declaring itself incorporated in the in 1741 he was given the title of royal painter with republic of Colombia. Sucre was promoted major- a pension of 1,200 livres. His works include“ Por- general and intendant of the department of Quito, trait of the Dauphin ” (1732); “ Portrait of the and in May, 1823, was sent with a Colombian Duke de Saint Simon " (1736); “ Christ at the Cra- auxiliary division to Peru. Refusing the command- dle” (1736); “ An Episode of the War in Acadia in-chief, he remained with his forces in the defence (1737); “ Acadians driven Away from their Home" of Callao, and sent, on 4 July, a division to assist (1738); and “Portrait of Louis XV.” (1741). Santa Cruz in the south. After the arrival of SUDDARDS, William, clergyman, b. in Brad- Bolivar, 1 Sept., who assumed the supreme com- ford, England, in 1805. He emigrated to the mand, Sucre co-operated with him in reorganizing United States in 1832, was ordained to the minis- the army for the final campaign against the Span- try of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1833, ish dominion. In July, 1824, they marched across and the same year became rector of St. James's the Andes to attack the army of Čanterac, and de- church, Zanesville, Ohio. In 1834 he assumed the feated him at Junin on 6 Aug. Bolivar, being rectorship of Grace church, Philadelphia. He re- obliged to leave for Lima to organize the govern- ceived the degree of D. D., was for fifteen years ment, appointed Sucre to the command-in-chief of either associate or sole editor of The Episcopal the allied army, ordering him to force a decisive Recorder," and edited - The British Pulpit' (2 campaign on the viceroy, La Serna. On 9 Dec., vols., Philadelphia, 1835). Sucre met with 5,800 men the Spanish army of SUDDS, William F., musician, b. in London, 9,300 men on the plateau of Ayacucho, and totally England, 5 March, 1843. At the age of seven he defeated it, capturing the viceroy and ending the came with his parents to the United States. While Spanish power in Peru. Sucre was created by the he was yet a boy he learned to play on several in- Peruvian congress grand marshal of Ayacucho, struments, but he had no regular music-lessons un- and marched at once to upper Peru to subdue til 1864. Nine years later he became a pupil at the Olañeta, who refused to submit to the capitula- Boston conservatory of music. Mr. Sudds resides at tion of Ayacucho. He convoked an assembly of Gouverneur, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., where he keeps delegates to decide upon the future of the coun- a music-store. His compositions comprise both vo- try, which, meeting at Chuquisaca, declared up- cal and instrumental music, and some of his pieces per Peru an independent republic, under the have become very popular. He has also published name of Bolivia, on 10 Aug., 1825. The constituent - National School for the Piano-Forte” (1881), and congress, which met 25 May, 1826, elected Sucre several collections of music in book-form, includ- president for life. He accepted the executive, how- ing " Anthem Gems” (Philadelphia, 1881-3) and ever, only for two years; but the revolution of “ Modern Sacred Duets" (Cincinnati, 1888). a 740 SULLIVAN SULLIVAN on noSullivan SULLIVAN, Edward, Canadian Anglican bish defence of Portsmouth. By his influence, when op, b. in Ireland about 1835. He was ordained the time was up for the stipulated service of the a priest of the Church of England in 1857, was troops from Connecticut, the army was re-enforced assistant minister at St. George's church, Montreal, by 2,000 men from his own state of New Hamp- afterward rector of Trinity church, Chicago, and sħire. After the then took charge of another parish in Montreal. evacuation of the He became bishop of Algoma in 1882, and was city, Sullivan took elected bishop of Huron in 1883, but declined. He command, on 2 received the degree of D. D. in 1882. June, 1776, of the SULLIVAN, Jeremiah, lawyer, b. in Harrison- northern army on burg, Va., 21 July, 1794; d. in Madison, Ind., 6 the borders of Dec., 1870. He was educated at William and Mary Canada. He made college, and was admitted to the bar in Winchester, an unsuccessful Va., in 1814. He served for some time as a major attack the of volunteers in the war of 1812, and in 1816 re- British at Three moved to Indiana, and, settling at Madison, en- Rivers, but his gaged in practice. In 1821 he was elected to the troops were pros- legislature, and while a member of that body pro- trated by small- posed Indianapolis as the name for the state capi- pox and menaced tal. From 1831 till 1837 he was one of the fund by greatly supe- commissioners for the state, in 1837 he was ap- rior numbers, and pointed one of the judges of the state supreme he led them in a court, and he was judge of the criminal court of skilful retreat to Jefferson county from 1869 till his death. He was join Washington once an unsuccessful candidate for congress, and at New York. Af- had been appointed by the governor of the state a ter holding for a commissioner to adjust the land question that brief period the arose between Ohio and Indiana out of the con- chief command on struction of the Wabash and Erie canal.—His son, Long Island, and being appointed major-general, Algernon Sydney, lawyer, b. in Madison, Ind., 5 he yielded command on the island to Gen. Benja- April, 1826; d. in New York city, 4 Dec., 1887, min Lincoln, his senior in years and date of com- was educated at Hanover college, Ind., and Miami mission. With Lord Stirling and about 8,000 men university, Ohio, and graduated at the latter in on Long Island they held at bay for a time 23,000 1850. Having been admitted to the bar, he prac- British troops, better equipped and disciplined. tised for several years, in 1855 removed to Cincin- Sullivan and Stirling were captured, but soon ex- nati, and in the spring of 1859 to New York, where changed. The former did good service in the oper- he soon attracted attention by his legal talent and ations of Westchester, receiving the thanks of Wash. his oratory. Shortly after the opening of the civil ington in general orders at the close of the campaign. war he was counsel for several privateersmen that when Gen. Charles Lee, lodging apart from his had been captured and taken to New York, and troops, was taken prisoner, Sullivan led the right his acting in that capacity having caused him to wing to join Washington on the Delaware, and com- be suspected by the authorities, he was arrested manded the right wing in the passage of the river and confined in Fort Lafayette for three months. on Christmas night, and the capture of the Hessians He was assistant district attorney of New York at Trenton. He also took part in the battle of for three years, and public administrator from Princeton. While waiting for the British to attack 1875 till 1885, resigning each of those offices to Philadelphia, Sullivan made a night descent on attend to his private practice. Mr. Sullivan was Staten island to capture several regiments that were president of the Southern society, and was identi- posted there, and took 100 prisoners. He received fied with many charitable and other associations. the approbation of congress. He then marched - Another son, Jeremiah C., soldier, b. in Madi- rapidly to join Washington, and, in command of son, Ind., 1 Oct., 1830, served during the civil the right wing, fought at the Brandywine and at war, became brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 Germantown, where he defeated the British left. April, 1862, and resigned, 11 May, 1865. When, early in 1778, the alliance was made with SULLIVAN, John, soldier, b. in Berwick, Me., France, Sullivan was sent by Washington to take 17 Feb., 1740; d. in Durham, N. H., 23 Jan., 1795. command in Rhode Island, and when D'Estaing Dermod, chief of Beare and Bantry, Ireland, who arrived with his fleet he did his part to raise 10,000 was killed in his castle of Dunboy in 1549, was his men in a few weeks to co-operate with it against well-known lineal ancestor. His father, Owen, Newport, which was then garrisoned by 7,000 who died in 1796 at the age of 105, was born in British and Hessians. The volunteers were dis- Limerick during the siege in 1691, and came to concerted by the withdrawal of the French fleet, this country in 1723. The son studied law, prac- which sailed away to fight the English, and being tised with success in Durham, N. H., and from instructed by Washington that 5,000 more troops 1772 held the commission of major in the militia. were on their way to re-enforce the garrison, Sulli- He was sent from New Hampshire in May, 1774, van marched the army, now reduced to 6,000 men, to the Continental congress at Philadelphia at the to Butt's hill, and from 7 A. M. to ī P. M. on 29 age of thirty-three, and was appointed in June, Aug. fought what Lafayette pronounced the best- 1775, one of the eight brigadier-generals of the contested battle of the war, 6,000 on each side, vir- Continental army, then engaged in the siege of tually ending about 4 P. M. in driving the enemy Boston, Gen. Nathanael Greene and himself being from the battle-field at the point of the bayonet. placed in command of the left wing under Gen. While waiting in the summer of 1779 for the Charles Lee. Before this, in December, 1774, he promised return of D'Estaing from the West In- had led, with John Langdon, a successful expe- dies to co-operate against Canada, Sullivan, in com- dition against Fort William and Mary, near Ports- mand of 4,000 men, to prepare the way, entered mouth. He took a principal part in the siege of the Iroquois' country in the state of New York to Boston, but for a brief period was detached for the punish and prevent the devastations of the Indian SULLIVAN 741 SULLIVAN tribes and their English allies, and defeating all tinental congress. He repeatedly represented Bos- that ventured_to oppose him, including a force ton in the state assembly, and in 1784 was a com- under Joseph Brant and Sir John Johnson at News | missioner to settle the controversy between New town on 29 Aug., 1779, drove out of the country York and Massachusetts regarding their claims to thousands of Indian warriors and destroyed their western lands. In 1787 he was of the executive villages and crops. After moving several hundred council and judge of probate of Suffolk county, miles through the wilderness, he returned to Penn- and he served as attorney-general from 1790 tiil sylvania to learn that D'Estaing had fruitlessly 1807, when he was elected governor of Massachu- spent his strength in the siege of Savannah and setts by the Republican party, and re-elected in sailed for France. His health being shattered by 1808. He was one of the commissioners appointed five years' active and continuous service in the field, by Washington to settle the boundary-line between he resigned, and was again sent in 1780 to the this country and the British North American prov- Continental congress, where he helped to reorgan- inces, and the projector of the Middlesex canal, ize the army and to establish the finances and which was constructed under the superintendence public credit. He was chairman of the committee of his son, John Langdon. He was a member of that aided in suppressing the mutiny of Penn- the American academy of arts and sciences from sylvania troops in 1781. Resuming his practice in its institution, and one of the principal founders of New Hampshire, he was president of the state in the Massachusetts historical society, and for many 1786–9, a member of the State constitutional con- years its president. Harvard gave him the degree vention of 1784, councillor in 1781, and a commis- of LL. D. in 1780. He published “ Observations sioner to settle the “New Hampshire grant” on the Government of the United States " (Boston, troubles with Vermont. In 1786, by intrepidity 1791); “ The Path to Riches, or Dissertation on and good management, he saved his state from Banks" (1792); “ History of the District of Maine anarchy, and in 1788 he was active in securing the (1795); " The Altar of Baal thrown Down, or the adoption of the constitution of the United States. French Nation Defended” (1795); “Impartial Re- From 1789 till his death he was U. S. judge for his view of the Causes of the French Revolution” state. Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. in (1798); “ History of Land-Titles in Massachusetts" 1780. See his life by Oliver W. B. Peabody, in (1801); “Dissertation on the Constitutional Liber- Sparks's “ American Biography”; his “ Military ty of the Press” (1801); “ Correspondence with Services and Public Life,” by Thomas C. Amory Col. Pickering” (1808); and a “ History of the (Boston, 1868); and “ Journals of the Military Ex- Penobscot Indians,” in “ Massachusetts II istorical pedition of Major-General John Sullivan against Collections.” His life, with selections from his the Six Nations of Indians in 1779, with Records writings, was published by his grandson, Thomas of Centennial Celebrations,” prepared by order of C. Amory (2 vols., Boston, 1859).—James's son, the state government (Auburn, N. Y., 1887).—His William, author, b. in Saco, Me., 30 Nov., 1774; son, George, statesman, b. in Durham, N. H., 29 d. in Boston, Mass., 3 Sept., 1839, was graduated at Aug., 1771; d. in Exeter, N. H., 14 June, 1838, was Harvard in 1792, admitted to the bar in 1795, and graduated at Harvard in 1790, studied law, was practised successfully for many years in Boston, admitted to the bar, and began to practise at where he was long president of the Suffolk bar Exeter in 1793. He was a member of the state association. He was frequently a member of the house of representatives in 1805, attorney-general of state legislature and council of Massachusetts be- New Hampshire in 1805–6, a member of congress tween 1804 and 1830, and was a delegate to the in 1811-'13, and of the state senate in 1814-'15. State constitutional convention in 1830. He was and was again attorney-general in 1816–35. He a brigadier-general of militia, and a member of the published orations and pamphlets.—Gen. John's Academy of arts and sciences, the Massachusetts brother, James, statesman, b. in Berwick, Me., 22 historical society, and the American philosophical April, 1744; d. in Boston, Mass., 10 Dec., 1808, society. Mr. Sullivan was a fine belles-lettres was intended for a military life, which he was pre- scholar, and a persuasive orator. Harvard gave vented from fol- him the degree of LL. D. in 1826. He published lowing by the frac- Political Class-Book” (Boston, 1831); Moral ture of a limb. He Class-Book” (1833); “ Historical Class-Book” (1833); studied law under Familiar Letters on the Public Men of the Revo- his brother, was lution, including Events, 1783-1815” (1834; new admitted to the ed., with a biographical sketch of the author, by bar, began prac- his son, John T. S. Sullivan, Philadelphia, 1847); tice Biddeford,“ Sea Life” (Boston, 1837) “ Historical Causes and in 1770 re- and Effects, A. D. 476-1517” (1838); and many ad- ceived the ap- dresses.-William's son, John Turner Sargent, pointment of lawyer, b. in Boston, in 1813; d. there, 30 Dec., king's attorney 1838, was educated in Germany, studied law, was for York county. admitted to the bar, and practised in Philadelphia, He early took an Pa., and St. Louis, Mo. His social and convivial active part in the qualities made him very popular. He wrote sev- Revolution, was a eral well-known songs, and, besides the memoir of member of the his father, published translations of stories from Provincial the German.- Another son of Gov. James, John gress of Massa- Langdon, engineer, b. in Saco, Me., 9 April, 1777; chusetts in 1775, d. in Boston, Mass., 9 Feb., 1865, after engaging in and with two oth- mercantile business travelled in Europe, studied ers ably executed a difficult mission to Ticonderoga. the construction of canals in France and England, In the early part of 1776 he was appointed a judge and in 1804 was appointed agent and engineer of of the superior court, which post he resigned in the Middlesex canal, between Boston and Concord, February, 1782. In 1779-'80 he was a member of N. H. He invented a steam tow-boat, for which the State constitutional convention, and in 1784-5 he received a patent in 1814, in preference to Rob- he was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Con- i ert Fulton, who applied for it at the same time, 56 66 con- Janses Sullivan а 742 SULLIVANT SULLIVAN 66 9 Sullivan's priority of invention being fully shown. I torious services, and immediately after was ap- In 1824 he was appointed by President Monroe pointed by President Johnson minister to the associate civil engineer of the board of internal United States of Colombia, serving till 1869, when improvements, which post he resigned in 1825, his health compelled him to resign. He subse- after reporting the practicability of a canal across quently practised occasionally in the U. S. su- the Alleghanies. He then studied medicine, re- preme court, in the court of claims, and in the ceived his degree at Yale in 1837, and engaged in government departments at Washington, D. C. practice at New Haven, adopting the views of the He was the author of the “Don Felix Letters, or homeopathists. In 1847 he removed to New York. Pen-Portraits of Members of the Bar.” Dr. Sullivan made some important inventions and SULLIVANT, William Starling, botanist, b. discoveries in medicine and surgery, and published in Franklinton, near Columbus, Ohio, 15 Jan., pamphlets on steamboat navigation.—John Lang- 1803; died in Columbus, 30 April, 1873. He was don's son, Thomas Russell, clergyman, b. in educated at Ohio university, and at Yale, where Brookline, Mass., in 1799 ; d. in Somerville, Mass., he was graduated in 1823. The death of his father, 23 Dec., 1862, was graduated at Harvard in 1817, Lucas, prevented him from studying a profession, was settled as a Unitarian minister at Keene, N. H., and he was called to the charge of the family prop- in 1825–35, and taught in Boston from 1835 till erty. This duty led to his becoming a surveyor his death. He published Remarks on Robin- and practical engineer, which occupation he fol- son's Sermon on the Divinity of Christ” (Keene, lowed until late in life. Meanwhile he turned his N. H., 1826); “ Letters against the Immediate attention to botany, and collected and studied the Abolition of Slavery.” (Boston, 1835); “Limits of plants of central Ohio, publishing “ A Catalogue Responsibility in Reforms” (1861); and other con- of Plants, Native or Naturalized, in the Vicinity of troversial writings. Ile edited sermons on “ Chris-Columbus, Ohio" (1840). Soon afterward he turned tian Communion." his attention to mosses, which became the subject of SULLIVAN, Michael, Canadian educator, b. his special study until he was recognized as the most in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, 13 Feb., 1838. accomplished bryologist that this country has ever He came to Canada in 1842, and settled with his produced, and it is doubtful whether his superior parents at Kingston, where he was educated at existed anywhere. His first publication in this Regiopolis college, and graduated as a physician branch of botany was “ Musci Alleghanienses" (2 at Queen's college in 1858. After practising four vols., 1845), the materials for which were collected years in that place, he was appointed in 1862 lec- on a botanical excursion along the Alleghany turer in anatomy in Queen's college, and upon the mountains from Maryland to Georgia in 1843. establishment of the Royal college of physicians His next work of importance was “Contributions and surgeons in afliliation with Queen's, he be- to the Bryology and Hepaticology of North Amer- came its professor of anatomy. He is now (1888) ica" (2 parts, 1846-'9), which appeared originally professor of surgery and histology in the same col- in the Memoirs of the American Academy of lege and of anatomy in the Female medical college, Arts and Sciences.” The description of the Musci a trustee of Kingston hospital, and a member of the and Hepaticæ in the second edition of Gray's Ontario medical council, and was president of the • Manual of the Botany of the Northern United Medical association of Canada in 1883. He was States " was prepared by him and issued separately mayor of Kingston in 1874 and 1875, an unsuc- as “ The Musci and Hepaticæ of the United States cessful candidate for the Dominion parliament in East of the Mississippi River" (New York, 1856). the Conservative interest in 1882, and was ap- In association with Leo Lesquereux (q. 2.) he pub- pointed senator, 29 Jan., 1884. He was purveyor- lished “ Musci Boreali Američani Exsiccati” (1856), general during the northwest rebellion in 1885, and containing the results of a journey through the received the thanks of the minister of militia. mountainous parts of the southern states. He es- SULLIVAN, Peter John, soldier, b. in County amined the specimens that were collected by Cork, Ireland, 15 March, 1821; d. in Cincinnati, Charles Wright in Cuba, and issued “ Musci Cu- Ohio, 2 March, 1883. He was descended from Gen. bensis (1860); also those gathered by August William O'Sullivan of the British army, came to Fendler in Venezuela and by Charles Wright on this country with his parents when he was two the North Pacific exploring expedition, but the years old, passed his early years in Philadelphia, results had not been published at the time of his and was educated at the University of Pennsylva- death. The mosses collected by the South Pacific nia. He omitted the prefix “ ()” from his name exploring expedition under Capt. Charles Wilkes, on reaching manhood. He served through the and those of the Pacific railroad exploration under Mexican war, attaining the rank of major, and at Lieut. Amiel W. Whipple, were examined by him, its close was appointed an official stenographer in and his results appeared in the government's reports the U. S. senate.. In 1848 he removed to Cincin- of the expeditions. His greatest work was “ Icones nati, studied law, and was a draughtsman for the Muscorum ” (1864; Supplement, 1874), consisting U. S. topographical corps. In 1875 he was elect- of figures and descriptions of most of those mosses ed colonel of the German regiment and contrib- peculiar to eastern North America that had not uted toward the suppression of the “ Know-Noth- been represented up to that time. The name of ing." riots of that year. At the opening of the Sullivantia Ohionis was given by his associates, Asa civil war he raised four regiments at his own ex-Gray and John Torrey, to a rare saxifragaceous pense, was commissioned colonel of the 48th Ohio plant which he had discovered in Ohio. The de- volunteer infantry, and was present at Shiloh, gree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Gambier where he captured a Confederate flag and was in 1864, and, besides his membership in scientific wounded three times. In consequence of his in- | societies in the United States and Europe, he was juries he was unfitted for service for nine months, elected to the National academy of sciences in but he was present at the fall and capture of 1872. His bryological books and his collections Vicksburg, was post-commander at Memphis and | and preparations of mosses were given to the Gray Fort Pickering, and during the last days of the herbarium of Harvard university, and the remainder war was the presiding judge of the military court of his botanical library, his choice microscopes, and of claims. Ile was brevetted brigadier-general of other collections were bequeathed to the Univer- volunteers, 13 March, 1865, for gallant and meri- sity of Ohio and to Starling medical college, which 66 99 SULLY 743 SULLY : was founded by his uncle, and of which he was ceive it, and it was thrown upon his hands. The the senior trustee.-His brother, Michael Lucas, picture finally came into the possession of the farmer, b. in Franklinton, Ohio, 6 Aug., 1807; d. Boston museum. Sully was perhaps most suc- in Henderson, Ky., 29 Jan., 1879, was educated | cessful in his portraits of women. Henry T. Tuck- at Ohio university and at Centre college, Ken- erman says of him: “ His organization fits him to tucky, and afterward engaged in farming. He sympathize with the fair and lovely rather than proceeded at once to improve the immense tract of the grand or comic. ... Sully's forte is the grace- fand that he inherited from his father, raised mules ful.' Among his numerous portraits, of which and blooded horses, and was an originator of the many have been engraved, are those of Gen. Jona- Ohio stock importing company, which introduced than Williams (1815); Bishop William White, of a new era of stock-breeding in the west. In 1854 Pennsylvania ; Lafayette, in Independence hall, he sold his Ohio estate, bought 80,000 acres of land Philadelphia ; Thomas Jefferson, painted for the in Illinois, and engaged in farming on a larger United States military academy (1821); Fanny scale than had ever been attempted before. He Kemble and her father, Charles Kemble; Reverdy introduced new methods and improved machinery Johnson ; Charles Carroll, of Carrollton; Queen Vic- on his farm of “Broadlands,” but, meeting with re- toria, painted in 1837-'8 for the St. George society, verses, he sold part of his property and retired to Philadelphia ; Rembrandt Peale; Percival Drayton his farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, II. The (1827); Alexander J. Dallas ; Dr. Philip Syng Phys- estate embraced sixty-five square miles. ick; Joseph Hopkinson ; George M. Dallas; and SULLY, Thomas, painter, b. at Horncastle, Lin- Robert F. Stockton (1851). The Corcoran gallery colnshire, England, 8 June, 1783; d. in Philadel- owns the portraits of James Madison, Andrew phia, Pa., 5 Nov., 1872. At the age of nine he was Jackson (1825), John Marshall, and a portrait of brought by his parents to the United States. His himself. He painted also some figure-pieces and father placed him in historical pictures, among which are “ Capture of 1795 in an insurance Major André” (1812) and “ Miranda” (1815). Sully broker's office, but wrote an autobiographical sketch, “Recollections it soon became evi- of an Old Painter,” which appeared in “Hours at dent that art was his Home" for November, 1869. His “ Hints to Young true vocation. In Painters," which he prepared for the press in 1851 1799 he joined his and revised in 1871, was published after his death brother Laurence, a (Philadelphia, 1873).—His son, THOMAS, and his miniature-painter, at daughter, JANE, afterward Mrs. John C. Darley, Richmond, Va., and followed their father's profession.—Another son, two years later re- Alfred, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1821; moved with him to d. in Fort Vancouver, Washington territory, 17 Norfolk. Thomas April, 1879, was graduated at the U. S. military soon surpassed his academy in 1841, assigned to the 2d infantry, brother, and began which was then engaged in the Seminole war, and to try his hand at participated with credit in the attack on Hawe oil portraits, aided Creek camp, 25 Jan., 1842. He was on garrison somewhat by Henry duty on the great lakes till the Mexican war, and Bembridge. He de- after the siege of Vera Cruz in 1847 was ordered termined to go to to the north on recruiting service. He was then London for study, and worked hard to gain suffi- stationed in California, and on 22 Feb., 1849, was cient money to carry him there. But the death of promoted to captain. In 1853 he was sent with his brother in 1804 decided him to remain and pro- others to re-enforce the governor of Oregon in tect the latter's family, whom he had left unpro- his operations against the Rogue river Indians, vided for. In 1806, after marrying his brother's and in December of that year, while on his way to widow, Sully went to New York, where he resided New York, he was wrecked off the California coast until 1808. In 1807 he made a short visit to Bos- and remained six days on a desert island. He was ton, where he had some instruction and advice then in Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakota till 1858, from Gilbert Stuart. Ile returned to Philadelphia and, after spending a year in Europe on leave of in 1809, and went the same year to London. Here absence, took part in operations against the Chey- he studied for some time under Benjamin West, enne Indians in 1860-'1. He then served in the de- and made copies after old masters that had been fences of Washington till 4 March, 1862, when he contracted for in this country, after which he em- became colonel of the 3d Minnesota regiment. He barked for New York in 1810. Hle now settled led a brigade during the change of base to James permanently in Philadelphia. During the follow- river, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. ing years he executed numerous portraits, notably army, for gallantry at Fair Oaks, and colonel for those of George Frederick Cooke as Richard III., Malvern Hill. After engaging in the northern which is owned by the Pennsylvania academy; Virginia and Maryland campaigns, he was made Benjamin Rush (1814); and Com. Decatur, in the brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 Oct., 1862. He city-hall, New York. In 1818 the legislature of led his brigade at Chancellorsville, and in May, North Carolina applied to him for two full-length 1863, was assigned to the command of the De- portraits of Washington. Sully, in reply, proposed partment of Dakota, where he soon gained note to paint a historical picture which should repre- by his expeditions against hostile northwestern sent some memorable action of the great com- Indians, especially in the engagement at White mander, and suggested the crossing of the Dela- Stone Hill, 3 Sept., 1863, that at Tah-kah-ha- ware. This was agreed upon ; but when Sully kuty, 28 July, 1864, and the skirmish in the Bad wrote for the dimensions of the space that the pic- Lands, 8 Aug. , 1864. He was given the brevet of ture was to occupy, he received no answer. Nev- major-general of volunteers, and that of brigadier- ertheless, he proceeded with the work on a canvas general in the regular army, at the close of the of large size. When, after a considerable expense war, and subsequently served on the board of pro- of time and money, the picture was finished, he motion, and was on special service in the interior was informed that there was no place fitted to re- department at Washington. He was made lieu- Sho Sully. 744 SUMNER SULTE 99 tenant-colonel, 28 July, 1866, and colonel of the was transferred to the Alabama conference, of which 10th infantry, 10 Dec., 1872. he was a member till 1876, and in 1845, as secre- SULTE, 'Benjamin, Canadian author, b. in tary of the Louisville convention, he assisted in Three Rivers, Quebec, 17 Sept., 1841. He early the organization of the Methodist Episcopal church, devoted himself to literary pursuits, became edi- south. The following year he was appointed co- tor of “Le Canada” in 1866, entered the service editor of the “Southern Christian Advocate” and of the Canadian parliament as one of its trans- chairman of the committee to compile a new hymn- lators in November, 1867, and in 1870 became at- book. In 1850 he was elected by the general con- tached to the department of militia and defence. ference editor of their books and tracts and of He established in Three Rivers the Literary insti- the "Sunday-School Visitor,” and in 1858 he took tute, of which he was the first president, was charge of the “Quarterly Review.” During the elected in 1866 corresponding member of the “Cer- civil war he returned to Alabama and performed cle artistique et littéraire ” of Brussels, Belgium, pastoral work till 1866, when he was appointed was president of the Institute Canadien-Français editor of the Nashville - Christian Advocate.” He in 1874-6, and was corresponding delegate of became professor of systematic theology in Van- “L'Institution ethnographique de France" in 1879. derbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., in 1874, was He became a member of the Royal Society of Can- dean of the theological faculty, and ex-officio pas- ada in 1882, and in 1885 was made president of its tor of the institution. He has been secretary of first section. He is also connected with various every general conference of his church. The de- learned societies in the United States, Canada, and grees of D. D. and LL. D. have been conferred upon Europe. He has contributed to periodicals, and him. Dr. Suinmers has revised and edited hundreds published" Les Laurentiennes ” (Montreal, 1870); of church books with introductions, notes, and ad- * History of Three Rivers ” (1870); "Les chants ditions. Among his works are “Commentaries on nouveaux (1876); “Mélanges d'histoire et de the Gospels and on the Acts of the Apostles” (6 littérature” (Ottawa, 1876); “ Chronique triflu- vols.); "Commentary on the Ritual of the M. E. vienne" (Montreal, 1879); and “Histoire des Ca- Church, South”;“ Talks, Pleasant and Profitable”; nadiens-Français” (8 vols., 1882–5). " The Golden Censer”: “Refutation of Thomas SUMMERFIELD, John, clergyman, b. in Paine's Theological Writings, not answered in Preston, England, 31 Jan., 1798; d. in New York Bishop Warren's • Apology”»; Watson's “ Biblical city, 13 June, 1825. He was educated at a Mora- and Theological Dictionary,” enlarged and revised ; vian school, and removed to Dublin in 1813, and many tracts, pamphlets, and sermons. where he plunged SUMNER, Charles, statesman, b. in Boston, into a life of dissipa- Mass., 6 Jan., 1811 ; d. in Washington, D. C., 11 tion, and was final- March, 1874. The family is English, and William ly imprisoned. A Sumner, from whom Charles was descended in the period of contrition seventh generation, came to America about 1635 succeeding, he unit- with his wife and three sons, and settled in Dor- ed in 1817 with the chester, Mass. The Sumners were generally farm- Wesleyans, where ers. Job, grandfather of Charles, entered Harvard his pulpit talents at. in 1774, but in the next year he joined the Revolu- tracted universal at- tionary army, and served with distinction during tention, and in 1819 the war. He was not graduated, but he received in he was preaching to 1785 an honorary degree from the college. He died immense congrega- in 1789, aged thirty-three. Charles Pinckney Sum- tions in Dublin and ner (b. 1776, d. 1839), father of Charles, was gradu- doing missionary la- ated at Harvard in 1796. He was a lawyer and was bor. His health fail- sheriff of Suffolk county from 1825 until a few days ing, he removed to before his death. In 1810 he married Relief Jacob, New York in 1821, of Hanover, N. H., and they had nine children, of and was admitted to whom Charles and Matilda were the eldest and the Methodist con- twins. Matilda died in 1832. Sheriff Sumner was ference of that state. an upright, grave, formal man, of the old Puritan In 1822 he visited type, fond of literature and public life. His anti- Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, his elo- slavery convictions were very strong, and he fore- quence everywhere arousing enthusiasm. The same told a violent end to slavery in this country. In year he visited France and England, again in quest his family he was austere, and, as his income was of health, and having been appointed a delegate to sinall, strict economy was indispensable. Charles the anniversary meeting of the Protestant Bible was a quiet boy, early matured, and soon showed society in Paris. Upon his return, in April, 1824, the bent of his mind by the purchase for a few he preached in the large cities with great success, cents of a Latin grammar and “Liber Primus" and formed missionary societies till the following from a comrade at school. In his eleventh year February. He was å founder of the American he was placed at the Isatin-school where Wen- tract society a short time before his death. Prince- dell Phillips, Robert C. Winthrop, James Freeman ton gave him the degree of M. A. in 1822. His Clarke, and other boys, afterward distinguished biography was written by John Holland (New men, were pupils. Suinner excelled in the classics, York, 1829) and by William M. Willett (Philadel- | in general information, and in writing essays, but phia, 1857), and his “Sermons and Sketches of he was not especially distinguished. Just as he Sermons ” were published (New York, 1842). left the Latin-school for college he heard President SUMMERS, Thomas Osmond, clergyman, b. John Quincy Adams speak in Faneuil hall, and at in Dorsetshire, England, 11 Oct., 1812. He came | about the same time he heard Daniel Webster's to the United States in 1830, united with the eulogy upon Adams and Jefferson. It was in a Methodist church, was admitted to the Baltimore New England essentially unchanged from the older, conference in 1835, and appointed to the Augusta but refined and softened, that Sumner grew up. circuit, Va. In 1840 he was one of the organizers. At the age of fifteen he was reserved and thought- of the first Texas conference, four years later he i ful, caring little for sports, slender, tall, and awk- Shummufitto 1 っっっっ ​2 V uuu 111 SU texas conference, tour years later ne , fui, caring little for sports, slender, tall, and awk- Chance schine 1 1 1 # 3 1 SUMNER 745 SUMNER ward. His thirst for knowledge of every kind, for the law and his aversion to politics. In Sep- with singular ability and rapidity in acquiring it, tember, 1834, he was admitted to the bar. During was already remarkable. He had made a compend the month that he passed in Washington, Sumner of English history in eighty-six pages of a copy- described his first impression of the unfortunate book, and had read Gibbon's history. race to whose welfare his life was to be devoted: In September, 1826, he began his studies at Har- “For the first time I saw slaves (on the journey vard. In the classics and history and forensics, through Maryland), and my worst preconception and in belles-lettres, he was among the best scholars of their appearance and ignorance did not fall as But he failed entirely in mathematics. His mem- low as their actual stupidity. They appear to be ory was extraordinary and his reading extensive. nothing more than moving masses of flesh, un- Without dissipation of any kind and without sen- endowed with anything of intelligence above the sitiveness to humor, generous in his judgment of brutes. I have now an idea of the blight upon his comrades, devoted to his books, and going little that part of our country in which they live.” An- into society, he was a general favorite, although his ticipating hearing Calhoun, he says: " He will be college life gave no especial promise of a distin- the last man I shall ever hear speak in Washing- guished career. In his junior year he made his ton.” In 1835 he was appointed by Judge Story first journey from home, in a pedestrian tour with a commissioner of the circuit court of the United some classmates to Lake Champlain, returning by States and reporter of Story's judicial opinions, and the Hudson river and the city of New York. In he began to teach in the Law-school during the 1830 he was graduated, and devoted himself for a judge's absence. This service he continued in year to a wide range of reading and study in the 1836-'7, and he aided in preparing a digest of the Latin classics and in general literature. He reso- decisions of the supreme court of Maine. He wrote lutely grappled with mathematics to repair the upon literary and legal topics, he lectured and defect in his education in that branch of study, edited and pleaded, and he was much overworked wrote a prize essay on commerce, and listened in making a bare livelihood. In 1835 his interest carefully to the Boston orators, Webster, Everett, in the slavery question deepened. The first news- Choate, and Channing. No day, no hour, no op- paper for which he subscribed was "The Liberator," portunity, was lost by him in the pursuit of knowl- and he writes to Dr. Francis Lieber, then professor edge. This first interest in public questions was in the college at Columbia, S. C.: “What think you awakened by the anti-Masonic movement, which of it? (slavery) Should it longer exist? Is not he held to be a “great and good cause,” two adjec- emancipation practicable? We are becoming Aboli- tives that were always associated in his estimate of tionists, at the north, fast.” The next year, 1836, causes and of men. Mindful of Dr. Johnson's his “ blood boils” at an indignity offered by a slave- maxim, he diligently maintained his friendships by master to the Boston counsel of a fugitive slave. correspondence and intercourse. On 1 Sept., 1831, Sumner now saw much of Channing, by whose wis- he entered Harvard law-school, of which Judge dom and devotion to freedom he was deeply in- Joseph Story was the chief professor.. Story had fluenced. His articles in the “ Jurist” had opened been a friend of Sumner's father, and his friendly correspondence with many eminent European pub- regard for the son soon ripened into an affection licists. His friends at home were chiefly among and confidence that never ceased. Sumner was scholars, and already Longfellow was one of his now six feet and two inches in height, but weighing intimate companions. In the summer of 1836 he only 120 pounds, and not personally attractive. made a journey to Canada, and in December, He was never ill, and was an untiring walker; his 1837, he sailed for France. voice was strong and clear, his smile quick and He carried letters from distinguished Americans sincere, his laugh loud, and his intellectual indus- to distinguished Europeans, and his extraordinary try and his memory were extraordinary. He be- diligence in study and his marvellous memory had gan the study of law with the utmost enthusiasm, equipped him for turning every opportunity to the giving himself a wide range, keeping careful notes best account. During his absence he kept a care- of the moot-court cases, writing for the “* American ful diary and wrote long letters, many of which Jurist,” and preparing a catalogue of the library of are printed in the memoir by Edward L. Pierce, the Law-school. He joined the temperance so- and there is no more graphic and interesting ciety of the professional schools and the college. picture than they present of the social and profes- His acquirements were already large, but he was sional life at that time of the countries he visited. free from vanity. His mental habit was so serious Sumner remained in Paris for five months, and that, while his talk was interesting, he was totally carefully improved every hour. He attended 150 disconcerted by a jest or gay repartee. He had university lectures by the most renowned profes- apparently no ambition except to learn as much He walked the hospitals with the great sur- as he could, and his life then, as always, was pure geons. He frequented the courts and theatres and in word and deed. operas and libraries and museums. He was a guest The agitation of the question of slavery had al- | in the most famous salons, and he saw and noted ready begun. “ The Liberator” was established everything, not as a loiterer, but as a student. On by Mr. Garrison in Boston on 1 Jan., 1831. The | 31 May, 1838, he arrived in England, where he "nullification movement” in South Carolina oc- remained for ten months. No American had ever curred while Sumner was at the Law-school. He been so universally received and liked, and Carlyle praised President Jackson's proclamation, and saw characteristically described him as “ Popularity civil war impending; but he wrote to a friend in Sumner.” He saw and studied England in every 1832: “ Politics I begin to loathe; they are for a aspect, and in April, 1839, went to Italy and de- day, but the law is for all time.” He entered the voted himself to the study of its language, history, law-office of Benjamin Rand, in Boston, in January, and literature, with which, however, he was already 1834, wrote copiously for the “Jurist," and went to familiar. In Rome, where he remained for some Washington for the first time in April. The favor | months, he met the sculptor Thomas Crawford, of Judge Story opened to Sumner the pleasantest whom he warmly befriended. Early in October, houses at the capital, and his professional and 1839, he left Italy for Germany, in ihe middle of general accomplishments secured an ever-widening March, 1840, he was again in England, and in welcome. But Washington only deepened his love : May, 1840, he returned to America. Sol's, 746 SUMNER SUMNER He showed as yet no sign of political ambition. which he regrets that he is too busy to answer. In The “ hard-cider campaign” of 1840, the contest 1845 he was deeply interested in the question of between Harrison and Van Buren, began imme- popular education, and was one of the intimate ad- diately after his return. He voted for Harrison, visers of Horace Mann. Prison-discipline was but without especial interest in the measures of the another question that commanded his warmest Whig party. In announcing to a brother, then in interest, and his first public speech was made upon Europe, the result of the election, he wrote: “I this subject at a meeting of the Prison-discipline take very little interest in politics." The murder society, in May, 1845. This was followed, on of Lovejoy in November, 1837, and the meeting in 4 July, by the annual oration before the civil Faneuil hall, where Wendell Phillips made his authorities of Boston, upon “ The True Grandeur of memorable speech, and the local disturbances that Nations.” The oration was a plea for peace and a attended the progress of the anti-slavery agitation vehement denunciation of war, delivered, in com- throughout the northern states, had plainly re- memoration of an armed revolutionary contest, to vealed the political situation. But Sumneriš let- an audience largely military and in military array. ters during the year after his return from Europe This discourse was the prototype of all Sumner's do not show that the question of slavery had espe- speeches. It was an elaborate treatise, full of learn- cially impressed him, while his friends were in the ing and precedent and historical illustration, of most socially delightful circles of conservative forcible argument and powerful moral appeal. The Boston. But in 1841 the assertion by Great Britain, effect was immediate and striking. There were of a right to stop any suspected slaver to ascertain great indignation and warm protest on the one her right to carry the American flag, produced hand, and upon the other sincere congratulation great excitement. Sumner at once showed his con- and high compliment. Sumner's view of the ab- cern for freedom and his interest in great questions solute wrong and iniquity of war under all circum- of law by maintaining in two elaborate articles, stances was somewhat modified subsequently; but published in a Boston newspaper early in 1842, the the great purpose of a peaceful solution of inter- right and the justice of such an inquiry. Kent, national disputes he never relinquished. The ora- Story, Choate, and Theodore Sedgwick 'approved tion revealed to the country an orator hitherto un- his position. This was his first appearance in the known even to himself and his friends. It showed anti-slavery controversy. In 1842 Daniel Webster, a moral conviction, intrepidity, and independence, as secretary of state, wrote his letter upon the case and a relentless vigor of statement, which were of the “ Creole,” contending that the slaves who worthy of the best traditions of New England. had risen against the ship's officers should not be Just four months later, on 4 Nov., 1845, Sumner liberated by the British authorities at Nassau. made in Faneuil hall his first anti-slavery speech, Sumner strongly condemned the letter, and took at a meeting of which Charles Francis Adams was active part in the discussion. He contended that chairman, to protest against the admission of Texas. the slaves were manumitted by the common law This first speech had all the characteristics of the upon passing beyond the domain of the local law last important speech he ever made. It was brief, of slavery; and if this were not so, the piracy but sternly bold, uncompromising, aggressive, and charged was an offence under the local statute and placed Sumner at once in the van of the political not under the law of nations, and no government anti-slavery movement. He was not an Abolition- could be summoned to surrender offenders against ist in the Garrisonian sense. He held that slavery the municipal law of other governments. In April, was sectional, not national; that the constitution 1842, he writes: * The question of slavery is getting was meant to be a bond of national liberty as well to be the absorbing one among us, and growing as union, and nowhere countenanced the theory out of this is that other of the Union.” He ad- that there could be property in men; that it was jured Longfellow to write verses that should move to be judicially interpreted always in the interest the whole land against the iniquity. But his social of freedom; and that, by rigorous legal restriction relations were still undisturbed, and his unbounded and the moral force of public opinion, slavery admiration of Webster showed his generous mind. would be forced to disappear. This was subse- With the moral devotion of Channing," he said quently the ground held by the Republican party. of Webster, “ he would be a prophet." Sumner added to his reputation by an elaborate In July, 1843, Sumner published in the “ North oration at Cambridge, in August, 1846, upon - The American Review” an article defending Com. Alex- Scholar, the Jurist, the Artist, the Philanthropist," ander Slidell Mackenzie for his action in the case of which the illustrations were his personal friends, of the “Somers" mutiny, when a son of John C. then recently dead, John Pickering, Judge Story, Spencer, secretary of war, was executed. Ile pub- Washington Allston, and Dr. Channing. The refer- lished also a paper upon the political relations of ence to Channing gave him the opportunity, which slavery, justifying the moral agitation of the ques- he improved, to urge the duty of anti-slavery ac- tion. In this year he contributed largely to the tion. It was the first time that the burning ques- * Law Reporter," and taught for the last time in tion of the hour had been discussed in the scholas- the Law-school. In the election of 1844 Sumner tie seclusion of the university. took no part. He had no special sympathy with In September, 1846, at the Whig state conven- Whig views of the tariff and the bank, and already tion held in Faneuil hall, Sumner spoke upon the slavery seemed to him to be the chief public ques- · Anti-Slavery Duties of the Whig Party,” conclud- tion. He was a Whig, as he said in 1848, because ing with an impassioned appeal to Mr. Webster to it seemed to him the party of humanity, and John lead the Whigs as an anti-slavery party. lle sent Quincy Adams was the statesman whom he most the speech to Mr. Webster, who, in replying coolly, admired. Ile was overwhelmed with professional politely regretted that they differed in regard to work, which brought on a serious illness. But his political duty. In October, Sumner wrote a public activity was unabated, and he was elected a member letter to Robert C. Winthrop, representative in of various learned societies. His letters during congress from Boston, censuring himn severely for 1844 show his profound interest in the slavery | his vote in support of the Mexican war. He wrote question. He speaks of the “ atrocious immorality, as a Whig constituent of Mr. Winthrop's, and dur- of John Tyler in seeking to absorb Texas," and ing his absence from Boston he was nominated for " the disgusting vindication of slavery” by Calhoun, i congress, against Mr. Winthrop, by a meeting of 66 SUMNER 747 SUMNER Whigs, including Charles Francis Adams and John promises of 1850, that Sumner delivered his first A. Andrew. But he immediately and peremp- important speech, " Freedom National, Slavery torily declined, and he warmly supported Dr. Sam- Sectional.” It treated the relations of the national uel G. Howe, who was nominated in his place. government to slavery, and the true nature of the During this period, when“ Conscience Whigs constitutional provision in regard to fugitives. were separating from “Cotton Whigs,” Sumner The speech made a profound impression. The was untiring in his public activity. He spoke often, general view was accepted at once by the anti- and he argued before the supreme court of the slavery party as sound. The argument seemed to state the invalidity of enlistments for the Mexican the anti-slavery sentiment to be unanswerable. war, and delivered a lecture upon “ White Slavery Seward and Chase both described it as "great," and in the Barbary States," which was elaborated into it was evident that another warrior thoroughly a pamphlet, and was a valuable historical study of equipped was now to be encountered by the slave the subject. In June, 1847, a speech upon prison- power. On 23 Jan., 1854, Stephen A. Douglas in- discipline showed his interest in the question to be troduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill, by which the unabated. On 29 Sept., 1847, he spoke for the last Missouri compromise was repealed, and on 21 time as a Whig, in the State convention at Spring- Feb., 1854, Sumner opposed it in a speech charac- field, in support of a resolution that Massachusetts teristically comprehensive and exhaustive, review- Whigs would support only an anti-slavery man for ing the history of the restriction of slavery. On the presidency. The resolution was lost, and upon the eve of the passage of the bill he made a solemn the Whig nomination of Gen. Zachary Taylor, and impressive protest, and his reply to assailants, 1 June, 1848, a convention of anti-slavery men of 28 June, 1854, stung his opponents to madness. both parties was called at Worcester on 28 June, He was now the most unsparing, the most feared, at which Sumner, Charles Francis Adams, Samuel and the most hated opponent of slavery in congress. Hoar (who presided), and his son, E. Rockwood On 17 March, 1856, Mr. Douglas introduced a bill Hoar, with many other well-known Whigs, with- for the admission of Kansas as a state. On 19 and drew from the Whig party and organized the 20 May, Sumner delivered a speech on the “Crime Free-soil party. "If two evils are presented to against Kansas," which again aroused the country, me,” said Sumner in his speech, alluding to Cass and in which he spoke, in reference to the slave and and Taylor, “I will take neither.” Sumner was free-soil factions in Kansas, of "the fury of the chairman of the Free-soil state committee, which propagandists and the calm determination of their conducted the campaign in Massachusetts for Van opponents," who through the whole country were Buren and Adams, nominated at the Buffalo con- "marshalling hostile divisions, and foreshadowing vention. In October, 1848, he was nominated for a conflict which, unless happily averted by free- congress in the Boston district, receiving 2,336 dom, will become war-fratricidal, parricidal war.” votes against 1,460 for the Democratic candidate. It provoked the bit- But Mr. Winthrop received 7,726, and was elected. terest rejoinders in In May, 1849, he renewed his plea for peace in an the senate, to which exhaustive address before the American peace Sumner replied con- society on “ The War System of the Common- | temptuously. In his wealth of Nations,” and on 5 Nov., 1850, his speech, speech he had sharp- after the passage of the Fugitive-slave law, was like ly censured Senator a war-cry for the Free-soil party, and was said to Butler, of South have made him senator. In the election of mem- Carolina, and Sena- bers of the legislature the Free-soilers and Demo- tor Douglas, and crats united, and at a caucus of members of the two days after the Free-soil party Sumner was unanimously selected delivery of the speech, as Sumner was sitting after as their candidate for U.S. senator. He was more the adjournment writing at his desk alone in the acceptable to the Democrats because he had never senate-chamber, Preston Smith Brooks, a relative been an extreme Whig, and the Democratic caucus, of Butler's and a representative from South Caro- with almost equal unanimity, made him its candi- lina, entered the chamber, and, after speaking a few date. The legislature then chose George S. Bout- words to Sumner, struck him violently upon the well governor, Henry W. Cushman lieutenant- head with a bludgeon, and while Sumner was try- governor, and Robert Ranton), Jr., senator for the ing in vain to extricate himself from the desk and short term. These were all Democrats. The house seize his assailant, the blows continued until he of representatives voted, on 14 Jan., 1851, for sena- sank bloody and senseless to the floor. This event tor, casting -81 votes, with 191 necessary to a startled the country as a presage of civil war. The choice. Sumner received 186, Robert C. Winthrop excitement was universal and profound. The house 167, scattering 28, blanks 3. On 22 Jan., of 38 of representatives refused to give the two-third votes in the senate, Sumner received 23, Winthrop | vote necessary to expel Brooks, but he resigned and 14, and H. W. Bishop 1, and Sumner was chosen by appealed to his constituents, and was unanimously the senate. The contest in the house continued re-elected. Sumner was long incapacitated for pub- for three months. Sumner was entreated to modify lic service. On 3 Nov., 1856, he returned to Boston some expressions in his last speech; but he refused, to vote, and was received with acclamation by the saying that he did not desire the office, and on people and with the highest honor by the state and 22 Feb. he asked Henry Wilson, president of the city authorities. On 13 Jan., 1857, he was re-elected senate, and the Free-soil members, to abandon him senator, receiving all but ten votes, and on 7 March, whenever they could elect another candidate. On 1857, he sailed for Europe, where he submitted to 24 April, Sumner was elected senator by 193 votes, the severest medical treatment. With character- precisely the necessary number of the votes cast. istic energy and industry, in the intervals of suffer- When he took his seat in the senate he was as dis- ing, he devoted himself to a thorough study of the tinctively the uncompromising representative of art and history of engraving. freedom and the north as Calhoun had been of For nearly four years he was absent from his slavery and the south. But it was not until seat in the senate, which he resumed on 5 Dec., 1859, 26 Aug., 1852, just after the Democratic and Whig at the opening of the session. He was still feeble, national conventions had acquiesced in the com- and took no part in debate until the middle of GASSNER 748 SUMNER SUMNER March, and on 4 June, 1860, on the question of ad- of the black republic," and that Baez, with whom, mitting Kansas as a free state, he delivered a as president of the Dominican republic, the nego- speech upon “ The Barbarism of Slavery,” which tiation had been irregularly conducted, was an ad- showed his powers untouched and his ardor un- venturer, held in his place by an unconstitutional quenched. Mr. Lincoln had been nominated for the use of the navy of the United States. Sumner's presidency, and Sumner's speech was the last com- opposition led to a personal rupture with the presi- prehensive word in the parliamentary debate of free- dent and the secretary of state, and to alienation dom and slavery. The controversy could now be from the Republican senators, in consequence of settled only by arms. This conviction was un- which, on 10 March, 1871, he was removed, by the doubtedly the explanation of the angry silence with Republican majority of the senate, from the chair- which the speech was heard in the senate by the manship of the committee on foreign affairs. He friends of slavery. During the winter of secession was assigned the chairmanship of the committee that followed the election Sumner devoted himself on privileges and elections; but, upon his own to the prevention of any form of compromise, motion, his name was stricken out. On 24 March believing that it would be only a base and fatal he introduced resolutions, which he advocated in surrender of constitutional principles. He made a powerful speech, severely arraigning the president no speeches during the session. By the withdrawal for his course in regard to Santo Domingo. In of southern senators the senate was left with a December, 1871, he refused again to serve as chair- Republican majority, and in the reconstruction of man of the committee on privileges and elections. committees on 8 March, 1861, Sumner was made Early in 1872 he introduced a supplementary civil- chairman of the committee on foreign affairs. For rights bill, which, since January, 1870, he had vainly this place he was peculiarly fitted. His knowledge sought to bring before the senate. It was intended of international law, of the history of other states, to secure complete equality for colored citizens in and of their current politics, was comprehensive every relation that law could effect; but it was and exact, and during the intense excitement aris- thought to be unwise and impracticable by other ing from the seizure of the “ Trent” he rendered Republican senators, and as drawn by Sumner it the country a signal service in placing the surrender was not supported by them. He introduced, 12 of Slidell and Mason upon the true ground. (See Feb., 1872, resolutions of inquiry, aimed at the ad- Mason, JAMES MURRAY.) While there was univer- ministration, into the sale of arms to France during sal acquiescence in the decision of the government the German war. An acrimonious debate arose, to surrender the commissioners there was not during which Sumner's course was sharply criticised universal satisfaction and pride until on 9 Jan., by some of his party colleagues, and he and Senators 1862, Sumner, in one of his ablest speeches, showed Trumbull , Schurz, and Fenton were known as anti- incontestably that our own principles, constantly Grant Republicans. maintained by us, required the surrender. One of Sumner was urged to attend the Liberal or anti- the chief dangers throughout the civil war was the Grant Republican convention, to be held at Cincin- possible action of foreign powers, and especially of nati, 1 May, which nominated Horace Greeley for the England, where iron-clad rams were being built presidency, and the chairmanship and authority to for the Confederacy, and on 10 Sept., 1863, Sumner write the platform were offered to him as induce- delivered in New York a speech upon “Our Foreign ments. But he declined, and in the senate, 31 May, Relations," which left nothing unsaid. Happily, declaring himself a Republican of the straitest sect, on 8 Sept., Lord Russell had informed the Ameri- he denounced Grantism as not Republicanism in a can minister, Charles Francis Adams, that the rams speech implying that he could not support Grant would not be permitted to leave English ports. as the presidential candidate of the party. The Throughout the war, both in congress and upon Republican convention, 5 June, unanimously re- the platform, Sumner was very urgent for emanci- nominated Grant, and the Democratic convention, pation, and when the war ended he was equally 9 June, adopted the Cincinnati platform and can- anxious to secure entire equality of rights for the didates. In reply to a request for advice from the new citizens. But while firm upon this point, and colored citizens of Washington, 29 July, Sumner, favoring the temporary exclusion of recent Con- in a long letter, advised the support of Greeley, on federates from political power, he opposed the the general ground that principles must be pre- proposition to change the jury law for the trial of ferred to party. In a sharp letter to Speaker Jefferson Davis, and disclaimed every feeling of Blaine, 5 Aug., he set forth the reasons of the vengeance. He was strong in his opposition to course he had taken. President Andrew Johnson and his policy. But But the strain of the situation was too severe. the great measure of the Johnson administration. His physicians ordered him to seek recreation in the acquisition of Alaska by treaty, was supported Europe, and he sailed early in September, leaving by Sumner in a speech on 9 April, 1867, which is the manuscript of a speech he had proposed to de- an exhaustive history of Russian America. He liver in Faneuil hall at a meeting of Liberal voted affirmatively upon all the articles of impeach- Republicans. He opposed the election of Grant ment of President Johnson, which in a long opinion upon the ground that he was unfaithful to the he declared to be one of the last great battles with constitution and to Republican principles, and slavery. otherwise unfitted for the presidency; and he sup- Early in the administration of President Grant, ported Greeley as an original and unswerving Re- 10 April, 1869, Sumner opposed the Johnson-Clar- publican, nominated by Republicans, whose adop- endon treaty with England, as affording no means tion as a candidate by the Democratic party proved of adequate settlement of our British claims. In the honest acquiescence of that party in the great this speech he asserted the claim for indirect or results of the civil war. He returned from Europe consequential damages, which afterward was pro- in time for the opening of the session, 2 Dec., 1872. posed as part of the American case at the Geneva | The Republican majority omitted him altogether arbitration, but was discarded. In his message of in the arrangement of the committees, leaving him 5 Dec., 1870, President Grant, regretting the failure to be placed by the Democratic minority. But of the treaty to acquire Santo Domingo, strongly | Sumner declined to serve upon any committee, urged its acquisition. Sumner strenuously opposed and did not attend the Republican caucus. On the project on the ground that it was not the wish I the first day of the session he introduced a bill for- SUMNER 749 SUMNER bidding the names of battles with fellow-citizens to and kindliness that the poisonous sting of vanity be continued in the army register or placed on the and malice was wanting During the difference regiinental colors of the United States. From this between Sumner and his fellow-Republicans in the time he took no party part and made no political senate, one of them said that he had no enemy but speech, pleading only for equality of civil rights himself, and Sumner refused to speak to him for the for colored citizens. At the next session, 1 Dec., rest of the session. But the next autumn his friend 1873, he was placed on several committees, not as stepped into an omnibus in New York in which Sum- chairman, but as one of the minority, and he did ner was sitting, and, entirely forgetting the breach, not refuse to serve, but attended no meetings. greeted him with the old warmth. Sumner re- During this session the cordial relations between sponded as warmly, and at once the old intimacy Sumner and the Republicans were almost wholly was completely restored. From envy or any form restored, and in Massachusetts the Republican feel of ill-nature he was wholly free. No man was ing for him was very friendly. Again, promptly more constant and unsparing in the warfare with but vainly, 2 Dec., 1873, he asked consideration of slavery and in the demand of equality for the the civil-rights bill. On 27 Jan., 1874, he made for colored race: but no soldier ever fought with less the bill a last brief appeal, and on 11 March, 1874, personal animosity. He was absolutely fearless. after a short illness, he died. The bill that was his During the heat of the controversy in congress his last effort to serve the race to whose welfare his life was undoubtedly in danger, and he was urged public life had been devoted was reported, 14 April, to carry a pistol for his defence. He laughed, and 1874, substantially as originally drawn, and passed said that he had never fired a pistol in his life, and, the senate, 22 May. But it failed in the house, and in case of extremity, before he could possibly get the civil-rights bill, approved 1 March, 1875, was it out of his pocket he would be shot. But the dan- a law of less scope than his, and has been declared ger was so real that, unknown to himself, he was for unconstitutional by the supreme court. a long time under the constant protection of armed Sumner's death was universally lamented. One friends in Washington. The savage assault of of the warmest and most striking eulogies was Brooks undoubtedly shortened Sumner's life, but that of Lucius Q. C. Lamar, then a representative to a friend who asked him how he felt toward his in congress from Mississippi, who had been a sin- assailant, he answered: “ As to a brick that should cere disciple of Calhoun and a Confederate officer, fall upon my head from a chimney. He was the but who recognized in Sumner a kindred earnest- unconscious agent of a malign power.” Person- ness and fidelity. The later differences with his ally, in his later years, Sumner was of command- party were forgotten when Sumner died, and only ing presence, very tall, and of a stalwart frame. his great service to the country in the most peril- His voice was full, deep, and resonant, his elocu- ous hour, and his uncompromising devotion to the tion declamatory, stately, and earnest. His later enslaved race, were proudly and enthusiastically speeches in the senate he read from printed slips, remembered. Among American statesmen his but his speech upon Alaska, which occupied three life especially illustrates the truth he early ex- hours in the delivery, was spoken from notes writ- pressed, that politics is but the application of ten upon a single sheet of paper, and it was subse- moral principles to public affairs. Throughout quently written out. Few of the bills drawn by his public career he was the distinctive repre- him became laws, but he influenced profoundly sentative of the moral conviction and political pur- legislation upon subjects in which he was most pose of New England. His ample learning and va- interested. He was four times successively elected rious accomplishments were rivalled among Ameri- to the senate, and when he died he was the senior can public men only by those of John Quincy senator of the United States in consecutive service. Adams, and during all the fury of political passion In October, 1866, when he was fifty-five years old, in which he lived there was never a whisper or Sumner married Mrs. Alice Mason Hooper, of suspicion of his political honesty or his personal Boston, daughter-in-law of his friend, Samuel integrity. He was fortunate in the peculiar adap- Hooper, representative in congress. The union tation of his qualities to his time. His profound was very brief, and in September, 1867, Mr. and conviction, supreme conscientiousness, indomitable Mrs. Sumner, for reasons that were never divulged, will, affluent resources, and inability to compro- were separated, and they were ultimately divorced. mise, his legal training, serious temper, and un- Of the - Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner," tiring energy, were indispensable in the final written by his friend and literary executor, Ed- stages of the slavery controversy, and he had them ward L. Pierce, two volumes, covering the period all in the highest degree. “ There is no other to 1845, have been published (Boston, 1877). His side,” he said to a friend with fervor, and Crom- complete works in fifteen volumes are also pub- well's Ironsides did not ride into the fight more i lished (Boston, 1870–83). The notes by himself absolutely persuaded that they were doing the will I and his executors supply a chronology of his pub- of God than Charles Sumner.' For ordinary politi- lic career. There are several portraits of Sumner. cal contests he had no taste, and at another time A crayon drawing by Eustman Johnson (1846) and under other circumstances he would probably hung in Longfellow's study, and is engraved in have been an all-accomplished scholar or learned Pierce's memoir. A large daguerreotype (1853) is judge, unknown in political life. Of few men also engraved in the memoir. A cravon by Will- could it be said more truly than of him that he iam W. Story (1854) for Lord Morpeth is now at never lost a day. He knew most of the famous Castle Howard, Yorkshire. An oil portrait by men and women of his time, and he was familiar Moses Wight (1856) is in the Boston public library, with the contemporaneous political, literary, and another by Morrison (1856) in the library of Har- artistic movement in every country. In public vard college. A portrait by Edgar Parker was life he was often accounter a man of one idea ; painted several years before his death. There is but his speeches upon the “ Trent " case, the Russian a photograph in the “ Memorial History of Bos- treaty, and our foreign relations showed the ful- , ton"; a photograph (1869) engraved in his works; ness of his knowledge and the variety of his inter- | another (1871) engraved in the city memorial vol- est. He was dogmatic, often irritable with reso- i ume of Sumner: a full-length portrait by Henry lute opposition to his views, and of generous self- | Ulke (1873) for the Haytian government-copy pre- esteem, but he was of such child-like simplicity sented to the state of Massachusetts by James 750 SUMNER SUMNER was Evtunner Wormely (1884), now in the State library; a photo- | postal telegraph bill. Trinity gave him the de- graph (1873), the last likeness ever taken, engraved gree of A. M. in 1887. He has published “Short- in the state memorial volume; Thomas Crawford's hand and Reporting” (New York, 1882); “Golden bust (1839) in the Boston art museum; Martin Mil- Gate Sketches” (1884); “ Travel in Southern Eu- more's bust (1874) in the state-house, a copy of which rope (1885); and “Sumners' Poems,” with his is in the Metropolitan art museum, New York; a brother, Samuel B. Sumner (1887). bronze statue by Thomas Ball (1878) in the Public SUMNER, Edwin Vose, soldier, b. in Boston, garden, Boston; and a statuette in plaster by Miss Mass., 30 Jan., 1797; d. in Syracuse, N. Y., 21 Whitney (1877), an admirable likeness. The illus- March, 1863. Young Sumner was educated at tration on page 747 represents Mr. Sumner's tomb Milton (Mass.) academy, and entered the army in in Mt. Auburn cemetery, near Boston.-His brother, 1819 as 2d lieu- George, political economist, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 tenant of infan- Feb., 1817; d. there, 6 Oct., 1863, studied at the try. He served universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, and travelled in the Black through Europe, Asia, and Africa, devoting him- Hawk war, be- self to the study of the customs and institutions of came captain of various countries, and especially to comparative the 2d dragoons jurisprudence, international law, economic subjects, in 1833, and was and philanthropic organizations. After his return employed on the to the United States he associated himself with Dr. western fron- Samuel G. Howe in the effort to establish schools tier, where hedis- for idiots. He lectured extensively on philanthropic tinguished him- subjects, and contributed to the North American self as an Indian and the “ Democratic” reviews and to French and fighter. In 1838 German periodicals. Alexander von Humboldt he was placed in praised the accuracy of his research, and Alexis de command of the Tocqueville spoke of him as knowing European School of caval- politics better than any European with whom he ry practice at was acquainted. His essay on the education of the Carlisle, Pa. He feeble - minded was translated into French and promoted Italian. He delivered an address at Cambridge in major in 1846, 1845 entitled “Memoirs of the Pilgrims at Ley- and in the Mexi- den," which was published in the “ Collections" of can war led the cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo in the Massachusetts historical society. His advo- April, 1847, commanded the reserves at Contreras cacy of the system of solitary confinement in and Churubusco, and at the head of the cavalry at prisons led to its adoption in French penitentiaries, Molino del Rey checked the advance of 5,000 which furnished the subject for a pamphlet en- Mexican lancers. He was governor of New Mexico titled “The Pennsylvania System of Prison Dis- in 1851–3, when he visited Europe to report on cipline Triumphant in France” (Philadelphia, improvements in cavalry. In 1855 he was pro- 1847) and an “ Address on the Progress of Reform moted colonel of the 1st cavalry, and made a suc- in France.” An oration before the authorities of cessful expedition against the Cheyennes. In com- Boston was also published (Boston, 1859), and the mand of the Department of the West in 1858 he American edition of Alphonse M. L. de Lamartine's rendered efficient service during the Kansas trou- “ History of the Girondists” he printed a reply to bles. In March, 1861, he was appointed brigadier- the author's strictures on American institutions. general in the regular army, and sent to relieve Gen. SUMNER, Charles Allen, stenographer, b. in Albert Sidney Johnston, in command of the Depart- Great Barrington, Mass., 2 Aug., 1835. His father, ment of the Pacific, but was recalled in the following Judge Increase Sumner, was a distant relative of year to the command of the 1st corps of the Army the Increase that is noted elsewhere. The son of the Potomac. He commanded the left wing studied at Trinity, but was not graduated. He at the siege of Yorktown. At Fair Oaks, where subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the McClellan's army was divided by the Chickahomi- bar, but his chief attention was given to the prac- ny and the left wing was heavily attacked, the tice of stenography. In 1856 he sailed for Califor- orders to Sumner to cross the river and re-enforce nia, and reported for the legislature in 1857–61. that wing found him with his corps drawn out and He settled at San Francisco, and between the legis- ready to move instantly. In the seven days' bat- lative sessions he was engaged in the state and tles he was twice wounded. In 1862 he was ap- county courts, in law-reporting, and general edi- pointed major-general of volunteers, led the 2d torial duties till 1860, when he entered the Repub- corps at the battle of Antietam, where he was lican canvass. The following year he edited the wounded, and commanded one of the three grand “ Herald and Mirror," in which his opposition to divisions of Burnside's army at Fredericksburg, the “Shafter” land bill succeeded in defeating it. his division being the first to cross the Rappahan- Removing to Virginia City, Nev., Mr. Sumner was nock. At his own request he was relieved in made assistant-quartermaster in the U.S. forces in 1863, and, being appointed to the Department of 1862, became colonel in 1864, and served as state the Missouri, he was on his way thither when he senator in 1865–8, being president pro tempore dur- died. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for ing one session. Meanwhile he had been twice an Cerro Gordo, colonel for Molino del Rey, and unsuccessful Republican candidate for congress. major-general in the regular army for services be- He returned to San Francisco in 1868, and began to fore Richmond. Gen. Sumner's last words, as he advocate a government postal telegraph in the with great effort waved a glass of wine above his “ Herald,” of which he was editor. After this he was head, were: “God save my country, the United appointed official note-taker of the city, and in States of America.”—His son, Edwin Vose, served 1875 and 1880 official reporter of the supreme court. with merit through the civil war, and was ap- In 1878 he was defeated as a Democratic candidate pointed major of the 5th cavalry in 1879, and in- for congress, but he was elected in 1882. There he spector of rifle practice, Department of the Mis- opposed the Pacific railroads, and introduced a souri, which place he still holds. SUMNER 751 SUMTER SUMNER, George, physician, b. in Pomfret, near Suffolk, Va., about 1690. Jethro was active Conn., 19 Dec., 1793; d. in Hartford, Conn., 20 in the measures that preceded the Revolution, and Feb., 1855. He was graduated at Yale in 1813, in 1760 was paymaster of the provincial troops of and at the medical department of the University North Carolina and commander at Fort Cumber- of Pennsylvania in 1817. Two years later he es- land. In 1776 he was appointed by the Provincial tablished himself at Hartford, Conn., where he congress colonel of the 3d North Carolina regi- was professor of botany in Trinity college from its ment, and served under Washington in the north. foundation in 1824 till his death. He was an He was commissioned brigadier-general by the active friend of the college, and to his taste and Continental congress in 1779, was ordered to join liberality the beautiful grounds of the former col- Gen. Horatio Gates in the south, and was at the lege site owed much of their attractiveness. For battle of Camden in 1780. He then served under many years he was also a lecturer on botany. He Gen. Nathanael Greene, and at the battle of Eutaw, published a “Compendium of Physiological and 8 Sept., 1781, made a bayonet charge, after which Systematic Botany ” (Hartford, 1820). he was active in keeping the Tories in check in SUMNER, Increase, jurist, b. in Roxbury, North Carolina till the close of the war. Mass., 27 Nov., 1746; d. there, 7 June, 1799. His SUMNER, John, soldier, b. in Middletown, ancestor, William, emigrated from England to Conn., in May, 1735; d. in February, 1787. He Dorchester, Mass., about 1635, and his father, In- was commissioned, 24 March, 1760, captain in the crease, was a prosperous farmer and a select-man regiment of foot of which Phineas Lyman was of Roxbury in 1753 and 1756. The son, after colonel, and in this service he was in the battles of graduation at Harvard in 1767, studied law under Lake George and Ticonderoga, and at the capture Samuel Adams while teaching at Roxbury, was of Crown Point and the surrender of Montreal. admitted to the bar in 1770, and began practice in At the opening of the Revolution he was a zealous his native town. He was a member of the lower patriot, and he entered the Colonial army in June, house of the legislature in 1776-'80, and senator 1776, being commissioned major in a battalion of till 1782. In the mean time he was a member of which John Durkee was colonel, and continued in the convention of 1777 for agreeing on a form of the service until 1 Jan., 1781. He was in the bat- government, and of the State constitutional conven- tles of Long Island, Harlem, White Plains, Ger- tion in 1779. He was elected to congress in 1782, mantown, Trenton, and Monmouth, where he was but preferred to accept an appointment as associ- in the thickest of the fight and one of many that ate judge of the were overcome by their exertions in the great heat supreme judicial of that day, from the effects of which he never court, remaining recovered. He was one of the founders of the So- on the bench till ciety of the Cincinnati.— His son, Joshua, b. in 1797. He was Middletown, Conn., 11 Oct., 1761; d. after 1831, one of the com- was a surgeon in the army of Gen. St. Clair during mittee on the re- his unfortunate expedition against the Miami In- vision of the laws dians in 1791, and subsequently in his native state of the state in and in Massachusetts. — Another son, William, 1785, a delegate b. in Middletown, Conn., 22 Jan., 1780; d. 28 Sept., to the convention 1838, was colonel of an Ohio regiment in the war that adopted the of 1812, and camped his command in the forest on constitution of the site of Columbus, the capital of the state. the United States SUMNER, William Graham, political econo- in 1789, and at mist, b. in Paterson, N. J., 30 Oct., 1840. He was the close of his graduated at Yale in 1863, and studied at Göt- judicial office was tingen, Germany, and Oxford, England. He was elected governor tutor at Yale in 1866–9, took orders in the Prot- for three succes- estant Episcopal church in 1867, and was for some sive terms. Judge time assistant at Calvary church, New York city. Sumner's ability and intimate relations with his In 1872 he was appointed professor of political and kinsman, John Adams, and other statesmen, gave social science at Yale. Prof. Sumner is an earnest him great influence in public affairs. — His son, advocate of the so-called laissez faire principle in William Hyslop, soldier, b. in Roxbury, 4 July, political economy. He favors the gold standard 1780; d. in Jamaica Plains, Mass., 24 Oct., 1861, in currency and free-trade. He has done much was graduated at Harvard in 1799, admitted to the to promote liberal methods of instruction in his bar in 1802, and in 1808–²19 was a member of the department, and, among other innovations, has es- legislature. In 1814 he was sent to put the coast tablished a loan library of political economy for the of Maine in a state of defence against a threatened use of his classes. He is a member of the Ameri- invasion, and in 1818–'35 he served as adjutant-can social science association, to whose “Transac- general of the state, with the rank of brigadier- tions” he has contributed papers, including one on general. He organized in 1833 the East Boston “ American Finance" (1874). Besides articles in company. He was one of the original members periodicals, he has published a translation of of the Massachusetts horticultural society. His Lange's - Commentary on the Second Book of works include " An Inquiry into the Importance of Kings" (New York, 1872); “History of American the Militia” (Boston, 1823); “ Observations on Na-Currency” (1874); “ Lectures on the History of tional Defence” (1824); “Reminiscences” (1854); Protection in the United States ” (1875); “Life of “Memoir of Increase Sumner, Governor of Mas- Andrew Jackson," in the “ American Statesmen”. sachusetts” (1854); “Reminiscences of General series (Boston, 1882); “ What Social Classes Owe Warren and Bunker Hill” (1858); “ History of to Each Other" (New York, 1883); “Economic East Boston ” (1858); and “Reminiscences of La- Problems” (1884); " Essays in Political and Social fayette's Visit to Boston” (1859). Science" (1885); and “ Protectionism ” (1885). SUMNER, Jethro, soldier, b. in Virginia about SUMTER, Thomas, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1730; d. in Warren county, N. C., about 1790. His 1734; d. at South Mount, near Camden, S. C., 1 father, William, came from England and settled June, 1832. Little or nothing is known of his Increase Sumner " 64 752 SUMTER SUMTER rear. Regedhenter а parentage and early life. He was present at Brad- | ordered a retreat. On this occasion Andrew Jack- dock's defeat in 1755, and seems afterward to have son made his first appearance as a fighter. been engaged in military service on the frontier. Gen. Sumter now crossed the Catawba river and In March, 1776, he was appointed by the Provincial undertook to act in co-operation with Gen. Gates, congress lieutenant-colonel of the 2d regiment of who re-enforced him with 400 good troops and two South Carolina riflemen, and was sent to overawe field-pieces, and on 15 Aug. Sumter succeeded in the Tories and cutting Cornwallis's line of communications and Indians, who capturing his supply-train with its convoy. This were threaten- brilliant exploit was more than neutralized by the ing the upper overwhelming defeat of Gates at Camden, 16 Aug., counties of that which made it necessary for Sumter to retreat with state. But he all possible haste, encumbered as he was with does not seem prisoners and fifty wagons laden with spoils. At to have distin- noon of the 18th he encamped on the north bank guished himself of Fishing creek, a small stream that flows into until after the the Catawba forty miles above Camden. Here he fall of Charles- was surprised by the indefatigable Tarleton. As ton, in May, the jaded men were resting under the trees, they 1780. About were assaulted by the British dragoons, who, by three weeks af- a forced march, had passed the stream in their ter that event The Americans were routed, with a loss of Sir Henry Clin- nearly 500 in killed, wounded, and prisoners; the ton wrote home remnant of their force was dispersed, and the stores to the ministry: were recovered by the British. After this stagger- "I may venture | ing blow, Sumter fled to the mountains, where his to assert that men gradually came together, and within a few there are few weeks he was able to take the field again and men in South scout the country between the Ennoree, Broad, and Carolina who Tiger_rivers. Late in October, Cornwallis sent are not either our prisoners or in arms with us." Maj. James Wemyss against him, with the 63d regi- Among the few who were neither the one nor the ment and a few of Tarleton's dragoons. In a night other was Col. Sumter. After hiding for a while attack upon Sumter's camp on Broad river, 8 Nov., in the swamps of the Santee, he made his way to Wemyss was badly defeated and taken prisoner. North Carolina, where he collected a small force Tarleton himself was now sent up with re-enforce- of refugees, and presently returned to carry on a ments, and advanced upon Sumter, who retreated partisan warfare against the British invaders. On to Blackstock hill, where he planted himself in an 12 July he surprised and cut to pieces Capt. Chris- exceedingly strong position. Here Tarleton, assault- tian Huck's company of mounted infantry. Among ing him, 20 Nov., was repelled with a loss of about Sumter's comrades on this occasion was Col. Will- 200 killed and wounded, while Sumter lost three iam Neale, whose regiment Lord Cornwallis was at killed and four wounded, and the disaster of Fish- tempting to impress into the British service. On ing creek was thus avenged. In this action Gen. hearing of the approach of Sumter, these men made Sumter received a wound in the right shoulder haste to join him and place themselves under their which kept him inactive for three months. In former commander. Small parties of Whigs, com- February, 1781, he was again in the field, and ing in from the Waxhaw settlements, still further played an important part in harassing Lord swelled the numbers of the little partisan force, and Rawdon, whom Cornwallis left in command in Sumter was promoted by Gov. Rutledge to the rank South Carolina, while he followed Gen. Greene's of brigadier-general in the state militia. Having army northward to the Dan. During the subse- now more than 600 men under his command, on 30 quent campaign, April to July, 1781, in which July he crossed Broad river and made a desperate Greene dislodged Rawdon from Camden and re- assault upon the log-fortress at Rocky Mount, which conquered the interior of the state. Sumter's opera- was held by a strong body of New York and South tions, in threatening the enemy's communications Carolina loyalists under Col. George Turnbull. and dispersing parties of Tory militia, were very Finding the place too strong to be reduced without valuable, although he usually chose an independent artillery, of which he had none, Sumter withdrew, course of action, and was sometimes regarded by and marched suddenly against the fortified post of Greene and his officers as insubordinate. Before Hanging Rock. This place was defended by 500 the end of the campaign he was obliged by failing men, of whom at least 160 were British regulars health to quit active service, and by the time he from Tarleton's legion; the rest were Tories from was again fit for duty the enemy had been cooped the two Carolinas and Georgia. They were sur- up in Charleston. After the war, Gen. Sumter was prised by Sumter, and, after a severe struggle, the interested in politics, and at the time of the adop- Tories were put to flight, but the British held their tion of the constitution he was a zealous Federalist . ground until sixty-two of their number had been! He was a member of congress in 1789–93 and killed or wounded. By that time Sumter's ill- | 1797-1801, U. S. senator in 1801-9, and minister disciplined men, thinking victory assured, had be- | to Brazil in 1809-'11. He was the last surviving gun to disperse in quest of plunder and liquor, general officer of the Revolutionary war. The best- until he found himself unable to bring up force known portrait of him is by Charles W. Peale, rep- enough for his final assault, and he accordingly i resented in the accompanying vignette. END OF VOLUME V. } 11 ( 1 1 1 I UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN--DEARBORN REF E176.A655 v. 5 C. 1 Appleton's cyclopædia of American bio 3 9076 00509422 7