C. F. I. G. I. IN
or THE
AMERICAN INDIANS
–OR-
|| || || || Hºmº inhabitſ
---
A. Ta EE C Tº Uſ IF. E. s.
By Hon. J. MADISON BROWN,
BEFORE
THE Society of HISTORICAL RESEARCH, AT
JUL-1AN COLLECE.
Delivered February 9, 1854,
And Published by Request of the Society.
-
*
| g ( ,

JACKSON, MICH.
CHARLE8 W. DELAND,
Joe Prixtua and Bookbindra. “Citizen oppica.”

L E. CTU. R. E.
More than three hundred and fifty years ago, when the three
frail vessels of Columbus, after having been for weeks rudely
tossed upon the stormy bosom of the ever-restless Atlantic,
neared the shores of the New World, and their adventurous
crews first set foot upon that continent, which was the goal of
their search, they found, roaming over its pleasant valleys, and
through its green forests, a people unlike any then known
to the civilized world. Unlike in their habits and cus-
toms, character and complexion, language and religion.
Naturally enough there was excited in their bosoms the live-
liest curiosity at this discovery; for never before had they
received the slightest intimation of the existance of such a peo-
ple, except the fact, that long years before, there had been cast
upon the shores of Europe, a human body, differing materially
in general appearance and complexion, from that of any then
known nation.
To what people it belonged, or from whence it came, was to
them unknown ; but, although mysterious in its origin, it

4
served the glorious purpose to stimulate the search for the land
from whence it came ; and perhaps it was the strongest cir-
cumstance that convinced the observing mind of Columbus,
that far to the westward was a land, inhabited by a race to which
the lifeless messenger belonged, and though dead when it
touched the shores of Europe it may yet be said to have
spoken
But notwithstanding this circumstance, Columbus and his
companions were startled and astonished at the sight which
greeted their vision. Before them stood the representatives of
a people, difiering from any they had before known ; and as
they stood there upon the shores of the newly discovered world
in blank astonishment they gazed upon each other and ex-
claimed : “From whence did these strange people come—
where did they originate 2 Was there a second Eden here,
from which went out the first pair who have people by their
descendents these vast regions, or by what other way, or in
what other manner, came they here upon this unknown and
isolated continent 2
Such was the questions they asked each other upon that oc-
casion, and they were echoed and re-echoed by the surrounding
forests; but no answer came. No answer has yet come.
Our noble mountains still lift their lofty heads, but preserve
a majestic silence. Our granite rocks have refused to speak,
and our magnificent lakes and flowing rivers, bear no traces
upon their broad and heaving bosoms, to tell us aught of the
origin of that people who once guided their light canoe over
their sparkling waters.
A cloud, deep, dark and mysterious, apparently hangs over
their origin.

5
Bright spots, however, appear here and thereupon this cloud,
and its darkest places are lighted up with gleams of historic
truth, and brilliant with the unerring evidence of the past.
From these evidences various deductions have been made, and
various theories promulgated.
After a calm and careful survey of the field before me, after
weighing and sifting every circumstance which is capable of
throwing light upan the subject, I have adopted a theory, not
original with me 'tis true, but which I shall endeavor to eluci-
date, to-night, by bringing before you some of the proofs,
which, in my opinion, go far to establish the theory, and
which, perhaps, may be new to you, and I trust not entirely
uninteresting.
I take the position that the INDIANs of AMERICA–THE ABO-
Rigi NEEs of THE NEw WoRLD-ARE THE LITERAL AND LEGITI-
MATE DESCENDANTs of THE HEBREw RACE, THE Lost TRIBEs of
Israel, THE MoURNFUL RELics of what was once God’s own
CHOSEN PEOPLE.
It is a well known fact that more than 2500 years ago, a
portion of the people of Israel, embracing nine and a half
tribes, were carried out of their own land into captivity, by
Shalmanezer, the then reigning monarch of the Assyrian Em-
pire. They never returned to the land of their nativity; and
in Assyria, all traces of them as a distinct and separate people
have long since passed away, and historians are accustomed to
speak of them as the “Lost tribes of Israel.” -
That so peculiar a people have ceased to have a separate ex-
istance, and left no traces of their individuality, we can hardly
believe. It is extremely difficult to persuade ourselves that
they have lost their identity—their peculiar characteristics–

6
and become undistinguishable from those heathens who lived
and died around them.
Such a belief would do violence to the religious sentiments
of a large portion of our people.
Most theologians of the present day believe in a literal res-
toration of the Jews, when the whole of that scattered and per-
secuted people shall be gathered together in their own land,
and again enjoy the favor of Heaven, and bask in the smiles
of their Creator. So far as this particular point is involved, I
shall not of course discuss it here; it forms no part of my dis-
course. I shall, therefore, proceed in my attempts to estab-
lish the following positions:
1st. The Indians of America have one origin.
2d. Their language bears unmistakeable evidence of having
been derived from the Hebrew tongue.
3d. They have had their imitations of the Ark of the Cov-
enant, known in ancient Israel. -
4th. They have once been in the practice of circumcision.
5th. They have acknowledged one, and only one God.
6th. The Indians being intribes, with the heads and names
of tribes, affords further light upon this subject.
7th. They have had an imitation of the ancient cities of
refuge. -
8th. Their variety of historical and religious traditions,
and other considerations, go to evince that they are the Lost
tribes of Israel.
I shall now proceed to the consideration of these positions
in detail.
First, then the Indians of America have one origin.
High authorities unite in this testimony.

7
Dr. Williams, in his history of Vermont, says: “In what:
ever manner this part of the earth was peopled, the Indians
appear to have been the most ancient of the original men of
America. They had spread themselves over the continent
from the northern confines of North America to the southern
extremity of Cape Horn. “And these men,” he adds, “appear
everywhere to be the same race or kind of people. In every part
of the continent they are marked by a similarity of form and fea-
ture, and every circumstance of external appearance.
Pedro de Cicia de Leon, one of the conquerors of Peru, and
who had traveled through many provinces of America, says
of the Indians: “The people, men and women, although there
is such a diversity of tribes or nations, in such diversities of
climate, appear, nevertheless, like the children of one father and
mother.”
Du Pratz, in his history of Louisiana, says:
“It is evident that the Indians of North America derived
their origin from one and the same country, since they all have
the same customs and usages and the same manner of thinking
and speaking their thoughts.”
Uloa, another Spanish Historian, speaking of the Indian
races said: “If we have seen one, we may be said to have
seen them all.”
Their language also bears unmistakable evidence of their
unity of origin. It is true, their language has a variety of
dialects. Yet all these dialets are believed, by some of the best
judges, to be the same radical language. Various historians
and travelers of credence and respectability unite in this testi-
mony.
Charlvoix in his History of Canada says: “The Algonquin

8
and the Huron languages, (which he says are very nearly the
same,) have between them the languages of all the savage na-
tions with which we are acquained. Whoever well understands
these may travel over five thousand miles of country, and
without an interpreter, make himself understood by a hundred
different nations, who have each their own peculiar tongue or
dialect.
Dr. Jonathan Edwards, son of President Edwards lived in
his early youth among the Indians, as his father was a Mis-
sionary among them before he was called to Princeton College,
and he became almost as familiar with the Chippewa or Al-
gonquin dialect, as with his mother tongue, and he informs us
that he believes it to be the radical, from which all the other
Indian dialects were formed.
Hon. Elias Boudinot says “two Indians who belong to far
distant nations, may, without the knowledge of each other's
language, except from the general idiom of all their tribes,
converse with each other, and make contracts without the aid
of an interpreter.”
Such is the testimony of the earliest, and consequently, the
most accurate Historians. It is the testimony of unimpeach-
able witnesseses entitled to your respect and belief; and
trusting that these facts and authorities are sufficient to
establish the correctness of my first position, I now pass on
to the consideration of the second argument that their language
bears unmistakable evidence of having been derived from the
Hebrew tongue.
In this position I am sustained by such authorities as Dr.
Edwards, Hon. Elias Boudinot, Mr. James Adair, and many
others of equal reliability and note.

9
Dr. Jonathan Edwards, as I have before stated, had an ex-
tensive, and almost perfect knowledge of the Indian language,
and he confidently and unhesitatingly declared it to have been
originally Hebrew. Many of the peculiarities which pertain to
the Hebrew language, he mentions as belonging, also, to the
language of the Indians. Prefixes and suffixes are extensive-
ly used in both, and in many other respects the similarity is
apparent. He further asserts that not only the words, but the
construciion of phrases in both are similar, if not identical.
The nouns and pronouns, he says, are, without the shadow of a
doubt derived from the Hebrew tongue.
Mr. Adair, one of the earliest historians of America, in a
work published in England in 1774, entitled “History of the
American Indians,” bears the same testimony, and is confi-
dent that their language is of Hebrew origin; and their laconic,
bold and commanding figures of speech, he notes as exactly
agreeing with the genius of the Hebrew tongue.
Relative to the Hebrewism of the figures, he gives the fol.
lowing passage from the address of an Indian chief to his war-
rious, on going to battle:
“I know that your guns are burning in your hands; your
tomahawks are thirsting to drink the blood of your enemies.
Your trusty arrows are impatient to be upon the wing; and
lest delay should burn your hearts any longer, I give you the
cool, refreshing words, join the holy ark and away to cut off the
devoted enemy /*
It is a well known fact, that the Hebrew language abounds,
more than any other in bold and extravagant allegories, meta-
phors, and the like figures of speech. -
The Old Testament, and especially the books of Jeremiah,

10
Isaiah, and some others which I might mention, are examples;
and no attentive reader of the Old Testament will fail to rec-
ognize the extract which I have quoted as bearing a close re-
semblance to many passages in the old Covenant. If the pas-
sage occurred anywhere else than in the battle harangue of an
untamed and untutored savage, it would almost certainly be
declared a plagarism from the 10th chapter of Isaiah, so close
is its resemblance to many passages in that chapter.
Dr. Boudinot, Dr. Edwards and Mr. Adair, each exten-
tensively acquainted with both the Indian and the Hebrew lan-
guages, collected a list of words from each to show how nearly
they are allied, From this list we select only a few words of
the most common occurrance.
For God the Indian word is Ale, the Hebrew word the same.
For Heaven, the Indian word is Shernim, the Hebrew the
same. For father, Abba is used in both languages. Man is
rendered by the Indians Jºhl, by the Hebrew Ish. Female is
Ishto in both languages. For Wife we have Anah in the In-
dian, and Enah in the Hebrew. The pronoun Thou is Kee in
the Indian, Ka in the Hebrew. Winter is expressed in both
languages by the word Cora, and Now, for the present mo-
ment is Main both languages. Back or Hindmost is Kesh in
Indian, Kish in Hebrew ; and for High Mountain we have
Ararat in both languages.
I might increase these selections to almost any length, but
my space will not permit. I have given enough to answer
my purpose, which is to show you the similarity, in this res-
pect, of the two languages. I have pointed out to you words
and characteristics of the Indian language, which, if not
exactly alike, at least closely resemble words of similar im:

11
port from the Hebrew. Permit me to remark here, that I do
not wish to be understood as saying that these words are found
in every Indian dialect, for they are not. Some are found in
one language and some in another. But the circumstance of
their being found in the Indian language at all, loses none of
its significance by the fact of their being found scattered
throughout all the dialects of the continent; it rather stiength-
ens the argument that their language was originally one; and
the fact of these Hebrew words being scattered all over the con-
tinent and through all the tribes, furnishes additional evidence
in favor of the position that their language was originally
Hebrew ; and if this be granted, if it be admitted, that these
peculiarities and circumstances show the derivation of their
language, it would establish in and of itself the fact, that the
Indians themselves are of Hebrew origin.
But it may be asked, why, if this theory be true, if both the
Indian and Hebrew languages were originally the same, there
exists in general such a dissimilarity of the two languages 3
To this I reply that it will not be thought strange when we
reflect that they were in a savage state, without a written lan-
guage, and that the only means of transmitting their dialect
from one generation to another, was by its being caught up by
the child as it fell from the lips of the parents; of course, un-
der such circumstances a language could not fail of being cor-
rupted. A corrupt language was given to the child, the child
corrupted even the corruption, and so on, until their language
has become what it at present is, uncouth, rude and redudant,
and without anything like order or regularity in its arrange-
ment. Such has been and such must ever be the case with any
language without a written grammar.

12
We are told that even now many of the Indian dialects are
constantly changing—new words being introduced and old
ones disappearing. Any language, in a savage state, must
roll and change exceedingly in the space of 2500 years. I do
not doubt that our own language, pure and beautiful as it now
is, would show as great a change 2500 years hence, if by
some mysterious power, every book and printed page could be
struck out of being, and a knowledge of our written language
ceases to have an existance.
But, perhaps, it will be observed, that if the American In-
dians are the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, they
must have possessed some knowledge of a written language.
This is doubtless true. But as an argument against the theory
of their Hebrew origin, it amounts to nothing. For might
not the same influences and circumstances which caused the
ancient Egyptians to lose the knowledge of their language,
and of the characters and symbols in which it was written—a
circumstance the truth of which no one will question—might
not the same causes, I ask, have led the the wandering out-
casts from Israel to lose the knowledge of their language, and
of the characters in which it was written ; and especially as
those characters are exceedingly difficult to learn, and very
easy to forget.
I might argue the point further by saying that 2500 years
ago, very few were able to read and write their mother tongue.
Not as it at present is in our happy country, almost every man
an educated man, but education extremely rare –the property
of but a favored few. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore,
that but a small number of the ten captive tribes, were able to
read and write their language; and it is, therefore, less sur-

13
prising that it should undergo great and radical changes. The
following facts are enough to answer every objection to this
theory of the origin of the Indians, urged upon the ground
that their languages so widely differ.
The Indians, as I said before, had no written language;
hence the English scholar could not see either the spelling or
the root of any Indian word; and the coarse, guttural pro-
nunciation of the Indians was such as to make even the
Hebrew word that might still be retained, appear, to the casu-
al observer, as an entirely different word. They may therefore,
have multitudes of words, which, could we see them upon
paper, would prove themselves indisputably Hebrew, but
which, from the peculiarity of pronunciation which I have
noticed, we now fail to recognize.
As an illustration, I will state that the Indians of Mas-
sachusetts, as we learn from the best authorities, designated
the being whom they worshipped Abbamacoko. Here it will
be observed, we have a Hebrew word in compound. Abba is
the Hebrew for father, which has been compounded with the
pure Indian word Macoko. Again, another tribe further south
called the Great Spirit Abba-mingo-ishto. Here it will be seen
we have the Hebrew words Abba and ishto, joined with the
Indian word mingo.
Thus f say, there may be multitudes of such words in the
Indian language, purely Hebrew, but which from thier peculiar-
ity of compounding, have never yet been discovered and per-
haps will never be.
The Indian language consists of a multitude of monosylla-
ables added together. Every property or circumstance of a
thing to be mentioned by an Indian, must be noted by a new

14
monosylable added to its name. Hence it was that the simple
words our loves, must be expressed in the following long Indi-
an word: Woowomantammoonkanunonnash. Mr. Colden, in
his History of the Five Nations, says: “They have few radi-
cals, but they compound their words without end. The
words expressive of things lately come to their knowledge are
all compounds.”
These things considered of a language among savages, 2500
years after their expulsion from Canaan, must answer every
objection arising from the fact that the Indian language ap-
pears so very different from the Hebrew ; and, to use the lan-
guage of Mr. Adair “it is little less than miraculous that, after
a lapse of so long a period, among savages, without a book or
a letter, a word or a phrase, properly Hebrew, should still be
found among them.”
I now have, I trust, satisfactorily shown you that not only
were the American Indians themselves of one origin, but that
their language, also, was of one origin, and that Hebrew ; and
having established these two important points in my argument,
I now proceed to the consideration of the -
3d, That the Indians have had an imitation of the ark of the
Covenant, as known in ancient ſerael.
Different historians and travellers agree in this statement :
and many furnish an elaborate description of it. Mr. Adair,
in particular, is full in his account of it. It is described as a
square or oblong box, one and a half or two feet in length,
made convenient for carrying upon the back, in which manner
it is usually transported. They hold this ark as sacred as ever
the children of Israel did the ark of the Covenant. On no
account is it ever allowed to touch the ground, nor do those

15
who are entrusted with its care ever sit upon the bare earth
themselves, when carrying it against an enemy.
Where stones can be obtained, the ark is placed upon them,
but where they cannot be found, it is placed upon short logs
prepared for the purpose; the carriers always resting them-
selves upon the same material. -
They also have as strong faith in the power and holiness of
this ark, as ever the children of Israel had in theirs. It is
deemed so sacred and dangerous to touch, either by their own
sanctified warriors or the spoiling enemy, that neither of them
dare trifle with it upon any account or consideration whatever,
It is not to be handled by any except the chieftain himself and
his servant, under penalty of incurring dire and deadly evil.
Nor would the most inveterate enemy dare profane it with his
touch, or undergo the hazard of a curious peep into its sacred
contents. On the occasion of a military expedition, the chief
virtually acts the part of a high priest, in imitation of the Isra-
elites when fighting under the divine military banner.
Dr. Boudinot, speaking of this ark says: “It may be
called the ark of the Covenant imitated.” In time of peace
it is in charge of their high priests; and in their wars they
make a great account of it. They deposit in the ark some of
their most consecrated articles. The two carriers of this sacred
symbol, before setting off with it for the war, purify them-
selves longer than do the rest of the warriors.
It is strictly forbidden for every one but the proper officer
to look into it. An enemy, if they capture it, treat it with
the same reverence.
The Hon. Elias Boudinot, tells us that he was informed by
a gentleman who visited the Ohio country in 1756, that while

16
he was there, he saw among the Indians a stranger, who ap-
peared very desirous to look into the ark of that tribe. The
ark was then standing on a block, covered with a dressed deer
skin. A sentinel was guarding it armed with a bow and
arrow. The sentinel, finding the intruder pressing on as if
determined to satisfy his curiosity by a peep into the ark, drew
his arrow at his head, and would have dropped him on the spot
had he not perceived his danger and fled.
Thus, like the ancient Israelites, do their guard with jealous
care, their holy ark.
Grenville Mellen, the distinguished American poet, in an
article on the American Indians written in 1839, says: “On
this ark, or medicine bag, as some writers are pleased to call
it, much reliance is placed for the successful termination of an
expedition. It usually contains the skin of the sparrow hawk,
and a number of small articles, such as wanpum, beads and
and tobacco, all attached to a belt, neatly enveloped in bark,
and tied round with strings of the same material. It is of an
oblong cylindrical shape, one and sometimes two feet in length
and is usually carried upon the back of the chief, or high
priest, much as pedlars are wont to carry their pack. On halt-
ing, the medicine bag or ark, is not allowed to touch the
ground, but is suspended on a forked stick, firmly fixed in the
ground for that purpose. They smoke to it, occasionally
turning the stems of their pipes first towards the heavens, and
then towards the earth.”
Thus, again we find the important point fully established
by a strong array of testimony, from the best and earliest his-
torians of America. And, in dismissing this point, let me
ask, who can doubt the origin of this custom Who can ac-

17
count for its existance among a savage people like the Ameri-
can Indians, upon any other hypothesis, than that it was de-
rived from the Israelites themselves; or who can resist the
evidence it furnishes of their having originally descended from
Hebrew stock 2
This brings me to the Fourth point in my argument namely:
That the American Indians have once been in the practice of
circumcision :
Though my evidence upon this point is not so full as upon
some others, yet I flatter myself that it is of such a character
as to carry conviction with it.
The celebrated Dr. Beatty, in his journal of a visit to the
Indians in Ohio, published many years ago, tells us that he
was informed by an old Indian that an uncle of his who died
in 1728, related to him many customs which formerly existed
among the Indians, but which had then ceased; and among
other things he was informed that circumcision was long ago
practiced by them, but that their young men came to make a
mock of it, and it consequently fell into disrepute, and was
discontinued. Mr. McKenzie the great North American trav-
eler, says he was led to believe the same fact of a tribe far to
the Northwest. In the Star of the West, Dr. Boudinot
assures us that the eastern Indians tell of its having been, in
times past, practiced among them, but that, in consequence of
not being able to give any account of so singular a rite, their
young men had opposed it, and it was discontinued. Now let
me ask what savage nation could ever have conceived of such
a rite; and what stronger argument could be adduced, or what
stronger circumstance proven, to shed a more certain light
upon their origin. - B -

18
My fifth argument is that the American Indians have acknowl-
edged one and only one God.
Other nations destitute of revelation have had their many
Gods. It is said that nearly three hundred thousand gods
have existed in the bewildered imaginations of the pagan
world. Almost everything has been deified by those heathen
philosophers, who changed the glory of the living God into
images of beasts, birds, reptiles and creeping things. There
has been the most astonishing inclination in the world of man-
kind to do this. But it was found that this new world of
savages was wholly free from such idolatry.
Grenville Mellen, speaking of this feature, says: “On look-
ing at the most renowned nations of the ancient world, we
see the people prostrating themseives before numerous divini-
ties; and we are ready to conclude that polytheism is the na-
ural belief of man, unguided by revelation. But a survey
of the wilds of America will correct this opinion; for there
we find a multitude of nations, widely separated from each
other, yet all believing in one Supreme Being, a great and a
good spirit, the father and maker of life, the maker of the
heavens and the earth, and of all living creatures. They be-
lieve themselves certainly dependent upon him for every bless-
ing, and thank him for present enjoyments, and pray to him
for the good they desire to obtain. They consider him the
chief of all good, who will reward them according to their
deeds.” -
Dr. Boudinot says that he has been assured by good wit-
nesses that the Indians were never known to pay the least ado-
ration to images of dead persons, to evil spirits or any created
being whatever. Mr. Adair gives the same testimony, and

19
says “none of the numerous tribes and nations from Hudson's
Bay to the Mississppi, have ever been known to attempt the
formation of any image or likeness of God.”
Du Pratz, the historian of Louisana, was very intimate with
the chief of those Indians called the “Guardians of the Tem-
ple,” who inhabited a tract near the Mississippi river. He
inquired of them the nature of their worship. The old chief
informed him that they worshipped the great and most perfect
spirit, and said, “He is so great and powerful, that in compar-
ison with him all others are as nothing. He made all things
that we see, and all things that we cannot see.” This chief,
being asked how God created man, replied, “He mixed to-
gether clay of the earth and made it into a figure; and finding
it was well formed, he blew upon his work and it had life and
rose up.” Here it seems is a traditional account of the crea-
tion of man, closely agreeing with the Mosaical account in the
Book of Genesis; a circumstance which it is impossible to
account for if it we reject the theory of Hebrew origin. Mr.
Adair emphatically declares that the Indians have but one
God the great Yohewah, whom they call the great, benificent,
Supreme and holy Spirit, whom they believe to dwell above
the clouds, and is ever present with good people, and is the
only legitimate object of worship. Mr. Adam also tells us
that they regard this great Divine Spirit as the immediate head
of their community. They have a tradition too, that their
ancestors were once under the immediate government of Yo-
hewah, who was their protector and shield, and who directed
them by His prophets, while the rest of the world were
strangers and outlaws to His covenant, an opinion which they
must have derived from the ancient theocracy of Israel.

20
|
Dr. Boudinot records the fact of a certain preacher being
among the Indians of the South, some time previous to the
American Revolution, and opened his first sermon by inform-
ing them that there was a God who created all things; upon
which they indignantly cried out, “Go about your businesss
you fool; do not we know there is a God as well as you !”
Dr. Williams, speaking of the Indians, belief in the exis-
tance of a God, observes: “They denominate the Deity the
great Spirit, or sometimes call it the great Man above; and
seem to have sme general ideas of His government and provi-
dence, universal power and dominion. The immortality of
the soul was everywhere admitted among the Indian tribes.
The Rev. Mr. Heckwelder, a venerable Missionary ameng
the Indians, nearly seventy years ago says : “Habitual
devotion to the first great cause, and a strong feeling of grat-
itude for the benefits he confers, are the prominent traits which
characterize the minds of the untutored Indians. He believes
it to be his duty to worship and adore his creator and bene-
factor.”
Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode 1sland, says: “He
that questions whether God made the world, the Indian will
teach him.” I must acknowledge he says, “that in my inter-
course with them, I have received many confirmations of
these two great points; first, that God is ; second, that He is
a rewarder of all that diligently seek him.
If further proof is necessary, let me ask why, if the Indians
have not in general some settled opinion of a God, or a Su-
preme Being, how has it happened that in all their conferences,
or talks with the white people, they have constantly spoken of
the Great Spirit, as they denominate the creator of the world.

21
Let the fact of the Indians generaliy adhering to one, and
only one God, be contrasted with the polytheism of the world
pagans an heathens besides. Compare it with the idle and
ridiculous notion of heathen gods and goddesses, and who can
doubt the origin of the natives of our continent. I do not
contend that they have, or even had proper views of the Al-
mighty, or of the proper mode of worship due to him, far, far
from it. But I do contend that they have brought down by
tradition, from their remote ancestors, the notions of there be-
ing but one great and true God, and some idea of His worship,
which is a most substantial argument in favor of their having
descended from the lost tribes of Israel.
The 6th argument is, that the Indians, being in tribes, with
the Heads and names of tribes, throws further light upon this
subject.
The Hebrews not only had their tribes and heads of tribes,
as have the Indians; but they also had their animal emblems
of the tribes. Thus, Dan’s emblem was a serpent ; Benja-
min’s a wolf; and Judah’s a lion; this was a peculiarity of
the Hebrew people, and this trait of character is not wanting
among the natives of this land. They have the wolf tribe, the
tiger tribe, panther tribe, deer tribe, eagle tribe, any many oth-
ers; and as no other nation on earth bears any resemblance to
this, it furnishes another strong reason for believing in their
Hebrew origin; and that this practice has been derived from
Hebrew tradition.
Various of the emblems given in Jacob’s last blessing, meets
with a striking resemblance or fulfillment in the American In-
dians. “Simeon and Levi are brethren. Instruments of cru-
elty are in their habitation. Cursed in their anger, for it was

22
fierce, and their wrath it was cruel. Dan shall be a serpent in
the way, an adder in the path that biteth the horses heels, so
that the rider shall fall backward. Benjamin shall rave as a
wolf—in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night
he shall divide the spoil.” Had the prophetic eye rested on
the American savages, it seems as though no picture could
have been in its application more accurate.
The 7th point which I shall attempt to establish is that they
have an imitation of the ancieat city of refuge. Inasmuch as I
regard this as a most convincing argument, (no nation on
earth having anything of the kind but the ancient Hebrews
and Indians,) I will read a few verses from the 35th chapter
of Numbers, in regard to the purposes of the city of refuge,
and contrast them with those of the Indians.
“And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,
“Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them,
When ye come over Jordan into the land of Canaan;
“Then ye shall appoint you cities to be cities of refuge for
you ; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any per-
son at unawares.
“And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the aven-
ger ; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the con-
gregation in judgment.
“These cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of Isra-
el, and for the sojourner amoung them ; that every one that
killeth any person unawares may flee thither.
“And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the
hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall re-
store him to the city of his refuge, whether he was fled; and

23
he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which
was annointed with the holy oil.
“But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border
of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled;
“And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of
the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slay-
er; he shall not be guilty of blood;
“Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge
until the death of the high priest; but after the death of the
high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his pos-
session.”
The first testimony which I shall offer in regard to the Indi-
an cities of refuge, is from Gen. Lewis Cass. In a lecture de-
livered before the Historical Society of Michigan, in 1829,
speaking of the habits and customs of the Indians he says:
“The circumstances of another custom has survived the gene-
ral wreck in which so much of their tradition has perished.
Upon the Sandusky river, and near where the town or Lower
Sandusky now stands, lived a band of the Wyandotts, called
the neutral nation. They occupied two villages, which wºrk
OALLED CITIES OF REFUGE WHERE THOSE WHO SOUGHT SAFETY
NEveR FAILED to FIND IT. During the long and disastrous
contests which preceded and followed the arrival of the Euro-
peans, and in which the Iroquois contended for victory, and
their enemies for existence, this little band preserved the integ-
rity of their territories and the sacred character of peace-
makers. More fortunate than the English monarch, who seat-
ed upon the shores of the ocean, cammanded the waves to
come no farther, they stayed the troubled waters which flowed
around but not over them. All who met upon the threshold

24
met as friends; for the ground upon which they stood was
holy. It was a beautiful institution—a calm, peaceful island
looking out upon a world of waves and tempests.”
In a note Mr. Cass adds, that this neutral nation, (so called
by Father Seaguard,) was still in existance, as late as when
the French missionaries first reached the upper lakes.”
The Hon. Ellas Boudinot, speaking of one of these places,
says: “One of these cities of refuge called Shoate formerly
stood upon the right bank of the Mississippi, five miles above
where Fort Loudon formerly stood. Here a brave English-
man was once protected, after killing an Indian warrior in de-
fence of his property. This man told Mr. Adair, the Indian
historian, that after a few months stay in this place of refuge,
he intended to return to his house in the neighborhood; but
the chiefs told him it would prove fatal to him, so that he was
obliged to remain there until he pacified the friends of the de-
ceased, by presents, to their satisfaction.
Mr. Boudinot also informs us that in the upper country of
the Muskagee river river was a town called Kavşah, which is,
or was a place of safety for those who kill undesignedly.
An early historian says: “In almost every Indian Nation,
are several peaceable towns called “our beloved or holy towns.”
It is not within the memory of the oldest people, that blood
was ever shed in them, although they often force persons from
them and put them to death elsewhere.”
Who can know this fact, and compare it with the charac-
teristics of the Hebrew cities of refuge to which I have refered,
and not be satisfied of the origin of the American Indians.
The well known trait of the Indian character—that they will
pursue one of their friends, so far and so long, as an avenger

25
of the blood shed—thus lies clearly open to view. It origina”
inated in the permission given to an avenger of blood in the
commonwealth of Israel, and it is found in such a degree,
probably, in no other nation of the globe.
I now come to examine my 8th and last argument, which is
that the variety of their historical and religious traditions as well
as other considerations go to prove the fact that they are descend-
ents of the ancient Israelites. -
Being destitute of books and a written language, the Indi-
ans have transmitted their traditions in the following manner:
From their most sedate and promising young men, some
are selected by what they call their beloved men, or wise men
who had before been thus selected. To these they deliver the
tradition, which are thus carefully retained. These are used
instead of historic pages; and these young men are made
the recepticals of their entire stock of historical and traditional
knowledge. I shall allude to only a few of these traditions,
such as are furnished by the best authorities. Different authors
agree that the Indians have historic traditions of their origin
which agree with the theory I have to-night endeavored to elu-
cidate.
But before I enter upon the discussion of this point, I would
say that the scriptures are not so completely silent upon the
fate of the ten captive tribes as many suppose. The Books of
the Apocraphy are not generally regarded as the work of in-
spiration; but much reliance is placed upon the historical facts
therin related. In 24 Esdras, 13th chapter, we have an ac-
count of the tea tribes, which reads thus. “Those are the ten
tribes, which were carried away prisoners out of their own
land, in the days of Osea, the king whom Shalmanizer, the

26
Assyrian, led away captive; and he carried them over the waters
and so came they into a strange land,” Here it will be read-
ily perceived, is the planting of them over Euphrates, in the
cities of Media, as we learn from 2d Kings. The writer con-
tinues: “But they took this council among themselves, that
they would leave the multitude of the heathen and Go ForTH INTo
A FURTHER country whereIN NEVER MAN Dwelt ; that they
might there keep their statutes, which they kept not in their
own land.” “There was,” he assures us, “a great way to go.”
The writer then proceeds to speak of the name of that land as
Arsareth, or Ararai.
He must allude here, it will be seen by an examination of
the chapter, “to the land to which they directed their course,
or through which they traveled ; for he says with emphasis,
THRough that land was a great way to go ; namely a year and
a half ; and the name of that land was Arserath or Ararat,
so called from its high mountains. This was that country
known by modern geographers as Armenia.
Now Ararat or Armenia lay to the north or northeast of
Media, where the ten tribes were planted, upon their going in-
to captivity. Hence their course must have been to the north
or northeast.
The writer further says: “they entered into the Euphrates
by the narrow passages of that river.” He must here mean
that they repassed that stream near its source or small tributa-
taries, away toward Georgia, and hence must have taken this
course between the Black and the Caspian seas. This set
them off north east of Arsareth or Armenia, which he men-
tions, and the direct route to Behering Straits, over which it
islikely they passed, and thus entered the continent of America.

27
Though the chapter in Esdras is a kind of prophecy in
which we place no confidence, yet the allusions to facts learned
by the author, may, no doubt, be correct. I wish here to men-
tion a circumstance as coroborating proof. Different authors
of credence and respectability agree that the Indians have his-
toric traditions of the reasons and manner of their father's
coming into this land, which agree with the account given in
2d Esdras.
Mr. McKenzie, in an interesting account of the Chippewa
Indians speaking of their traditions says:
“They have also a tradition among them that they origin-
ally came from another country inhabited by a very wicked
people: and that in their journeying hither they had passed a
great lake which was in one place narrow, shallow, and full
of islands, where they had suffered great misery—it being al-
ways winter, with ice and deep snows.”
Dr. Boudinot, speaking of this tradition among the Indians
says that some of them call the obstructing water a river and
others call it a lake. What a striking evidence is here found
of the aboriginees of this continent, that came over from the
northeast of Asia to the northwest of America at Behering
Straits.
These Straits are known to be not more than 30 miles wide at
the present time, and are now, and have been for years past,
continually widening. 2500 years ago, in all probability, they
were not a tithe of their present width. That they were full
of islands, the Indian traditions assures us. Many of these
islands have been washed away by the strong and rapid cur-
rents which are constantly flowing through the channel, as the
Indian tradition says, “the sea was eating them up.”

28
Traditions exist among other tribes also, to the effect that
their Ancestors on their way to this country, “came to a great
river which they could not pass; when God dried ap this river
that they might pass over in safety / Here it is evident is a tra-
ditionary notion among them of God's anciently drying up
the streams before the children of Isarel.
Their fathers, it is certain, in some way got over Behering
Straits ; and having a tradition that of the waters being dried
up before the others, by the Almighty, they applied it to this
event.
Those Straits, after the fugitives had been detained there for
a time, might have been frozen over in the narrow passages
between the islands; or they might have passed over in canoes
or some other craft. That the natives of this continent did,
in fact, reach it from some source, admits of but little doubt ;
and it seems to me to be the most reasonable and natural to
conclude that they came by the way of Behering Straits.
I now come to speak directly of my 8th proposition.
Dr. Boudinot states and tells us he has good authority for
the statement, that the Indians have a tradition that the book
which the white people have, was once theirs; that while they
had this book things went well with them, and they prospered
exceedingly: but that other people got it from them—that the
Indians lost their credit, offended the Great Spirit, and suf-
fered exceedingly flora neighboring nations, and that the Great
Spirit then took pity upon them and directed their steps to
this country.
I do not pretend to say that such traditions existed among
all the Indian tribes, or even a great portion of them, but it
furnishes nearly as strong and forcible an argument in favor

29
of our theory, as though such was the case. The fact that
such a tradition existed in even a single tribe, would be a strong
evidence in favor of the correctness of my premise.
Mr. McKenzie says that the Chippewa Indians have a tra-
dition that in ancient times their ancestors lived until their feet
were worn out with walking, and their throats with eating.
They describe, also, a deluge, when the water spread over the
whole earth, except the highest mountains, upon which they
themselves were preserved. From whence, let me inquire, was
this tradition of the longevity of the ancient, and of the flood
derived, if not from the records of the Hebrew nations 3
Abbe Clarigero assures us that the natives of Mexico had
the tradition that there was once a great deluge; and Tepze,
in order to save himself from being drowned, embarked in
a ship, with his wife and children, and many animals. That,
as the waters abated, he sent out a bird which remained, eating
the dead bodies which covered the earth. He then (says the
tradition) sent out a little bird which returned bearing a branch
in its mouth.
Dr. Beattie says, that an Indian in Ohio informed him that
one of their traditions was, that once the water had overflowed
all the land and drowned all the people then living, except a
few who made a great canoe, and were saved. He further re-
lates that the same Indian told him that a long time ago the
people went to build a high place, that while their were build-
ing, they lost their were building, they lost their language and
could not understand each other. Here is an evidence of their
possessing some knowledge of the attempted building of the
Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages.
Various other traditions of the Indians of America, strik-

30
ingly denote their Hebrew extraction. Dr. Beattie, in his ob-
servations upon the Indians, mentions a feast, known as the
“Hunter’s Feast,” answering in many respects to the penti-
cost in ancient Israel.
He describes it as follows:
“They choose twelve men, who provide twelve deer, Each
of the twelve then cut a small tree or bush, with which they
form a tent, which they cover with their blanket. They then
choose twelve stones for an altar of sacrifice. Upon the stones
of this altar, they suffered no tool to pass. No tool, it will
be remembered might be employed upon a certain altar in
Israel.
The middle joint of the thigh of their game, Dr. Beattie
tells us they refused to eat, In like manner did ancient Israel
refuse to eat the same part, after the angel had touched the hol-
low of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew that shrank. The 32d
verse of the 32d chapter of Genesis reads thus:
“Therefore the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which
shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day :
because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew
that shrank.”
Dr. Beattey adds, “In short, I was astonished to find so
many of the JEWISH customs PREVAILING AMONG THEM, and I
began to conclude there was some affinity between them and the
Jews.” -
Col. Smith, in his history of New Jersey, says of another
tribe of Indians:
“They never eat of the hollow of the thigh of anything
they kill.”
Charlevoix, who early traveled the continent of Amerca

31
states that he frequently met with people who could not help
thinking that the Indians were descended from the Hebrews,
as they found in everything some affinity between them.”
Some curious facts are mentioned by Charlevoix, such as
on certain feasts, their not breaking a bone of the animal they
eat, and never eating the part under the lower joint of the
thigh, but throwing it away. These are their traditions from
their ancient fathers, which have been handed down with
scrupulous care for ages. Other travelers among them also
speak of their peculiar evening feast, in which no bone of their
sacrifice must be broken. It will be remembered that no bone
might be broken of the ancient paschal lamb, in Israel, which
was eaten in the evening.
Different men who have been eye witnesses to what they
testify, speak of this and other feasts resembling the feasts in
Israel. They tell us one peculiarity of this evening feast,
which is, that if one family cannot eat all that they have pre-
pared a neighboring family is invited to partake with them :
and if any of it be still left it must be burned before the rising
sun. None, I think, who reads the law of the Passover, can
doubt the origin of this custom. Exodus, 12th chapter, 10th
verse, reads—speaking of what remains:
“And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning,
and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn
with fire.
The Indians had their feasts of first ripe, fruits or of green
corn, and would eat none of their corn until a part was thus
given to God.
The celebrated William Penn, Mr. Adair, Col. Smith and
many others unite in this testimouy. In these Indian feasts

32
they have their several songs and dances, singing halleujah
with great force and effect.
What other nations, let me ask, besides the Hebrews and
the Indians ever attempted in this manner the worship of Je-
hovah. Is it not reasonable, therefore, to conclude that the
American savages were formerly acquainted with the ordinan-
ces, ceremonies and sacred songs of ancient Israel. Otherwise
how came it to pass that the numerous tribes inhabiting the
extensive regions of North and South America, had, and long
retained these Hebrew peculiarities in their forms and modes
of worship.
The Indian feast of harvest and annual expiation of sin, is
described by these writers, and in a way which enforces the
conviction that they were derived from the similar rites of the
Jews.
Dr. Boudinot says it is fresh in the memory of all the old
traders that have lived among the Indians, that formerly none
of the numerors nations would eat or even handle any part of
the new harvest until some of it had been offered up at the
yearly festival by their beloved men or high priest, or some
one of his appointment.
Who that reads the law of Moses can doubt the origin of
these Indian customs and traditions.
The Indians have also an insiitution of the Priesthood
which Mr. Adair describes and which exhibits in a strong light
the probability of their Hebrew origin. Mr. Adair says:
The Indian Highpriest makes his yearly atonement for sin,
He appears at the temple (such as it is,) arrayed in his white
deer skin garments, seeming to answer to the ancient ephod.
Entering on his duty the waiter spreads a seat covered with a

33
white dressed deer skin, which is placed near to the holiest
apartment of the temple. -
The breast-plate of the Highpriest is made of Concha shell,
through two perforations in which, straps of otter skin pass,
while white buttons of buckhorn are superadded, as though in
imitation of the precious stones in the ancient breast-plate of
Israel’s Highpriest. A swan-skin wreath adorns his head
instead of the ancient plate of gold; and for the ancient tiari
he has his tuft of white feathers. His holy fire he obtains by
rubbing two sticks together, and in lieu of the golden bells he
has the dried spurs of wild turkies strung so as to rattle on his
fine moccasins.” This dress, Mr. Adair assures us, is left in
the holy place of their temple, until the Highpriest again
comes to officiate. You will at once discover how closely this
assimilates to those characteristics which distinguished the
Jewish Priesthood, and if it can be accounted for upon any
other hypothesis than that it was derived from Hebrew tradi-
tions, its existance here among the savage tribes of America
amounts to almost, if not quite, a miracle.
Within the last century we are informed that the rites of
the Indian Priesthood have been much neglected. In 1774,
the Highpriest at Natches was struck dead by lightning while
in the temple supplicating for rain. This event caused them
to lose much confidence in the divine character of their Priest-
(hood; consequently their rites have been neglected, and the
institution has not only ceased to exist itself, but the very re-
membrance of it has nearly perished from the memory of man.
Now after this hasty review of the Indian customs and tra-
ditions, permit me to ask what other people on the face of the
entire globe presents so many points of resemblance to the
C

34
Hebrew race ; among what other people can there be found
sush strong traditional evidences of their being the descendants
of the ten tribes of Israel? What other nation on the face of
the earth presents such a variety of overwhelming evidences of
Hebrew descent 2 No such people can be found—no such
people anywhere exists.
Should you after all these facts, circumstances and traditions
which I have produced and pointed out, still doubt or incline
to be skeptic, I would remind you of one other circumstance,
which though it may not be new to all, I cannot well refrain
from mentioning in this connection: In various parts of this
country, there have been found, deeply buried in the earth, sil-
wer coins bearing Hebrew inscriptions and Hebrew devices. In
Texas not long ago, one was found sixteen feet below the sur-
face. When or from whence did these coins reach this country,
and by what people was they brought hither 2 That they
were brought here prior to the discoveries of Columbus is
proved by the great depth of earth which had accumulated over
them, and if brought to this country previous to its discovery
by the Europeans the inquiry again presents itself, “by what
people were they brought º'
I cannot resist the conclusion that they were brought to this
continent by themselves, which fact once established or admit-
ted, places their origin beyond a question.
A few observations further and I shall close. Abundant
evidences exist all around us, to prove that the continent which
the Anglo Saxons now inhabit, was in the enjoyment of a high
degree of civilization at some period anterior to its discovery
and occupation by a present dominant race.
This furnishes another and concluding link in the chain r"
35
argument which I have endeavored to draw around the subject.
The idea is preposterous that prior to 1492 there existed upon
the continent, a race different from that found here by the early
discoverers, with stronger intellectual capacities and more artis-
tic tastes, who were the authors of those extensive and unmis-
takable evidences of civilization, the relics of which we dis-
cover all around us.
Whatever evidence of an antecedent civilization we are able
to discover, is the work of the Indian race and of that race
only. Not, however, I will not contend, the work of that
race in their present condition. The American Indians, I am
persuaded, notwithstanding their present deplorable condition
have once possessed considerable intelligence and no mean
knowledge of the Mechanic arts. Various historsian of cred-
ibility and worth admit this. From whence then did they de-
rive this civilization is the natural inquiry 2
I answer, it was derived from the Hebrew race from which
they sprung. -
The Israelites were a people enjoying a good degree of civ-
ilization; and when the ten tribes who were carried away by
Shalmanezer, left the land of their captivity, they brought
with them into the land of their voluntary exile a knowledge
of those arts which flourished in Judea. This enabled them to
rear cities, the ruins of which are still visible, to build forts
and fortifications, the remains of which still exist, and to ex-
ercise in general the Mechanic arts. How long they lived in
the enjoymont of these advantages we have no means of as-
certaining. But internal commotions arose, they were rent by
domestic conflicts which wasted their strength and embittered
their spirits. Living thus in a state of perpetual war—the




36
works of their industry falling into the hands of worse than
Saracen bands who seemed to vie with each other in deeds of
rapacity and violence, no wonder that the artizan and the me.
chanic, seeing the work of his hands despoiled, ruined and
trodden down, no wonder I say, that under such circumstan-
ces the artizan and the mechanic should cease to create that
another might destroy.
The people being trained to war, the arts of peace were neg-
lected and ere long forgotten; and in America as in Egypt,
Assyria and other nations of the old world, the light of civil-
ization after flickering awhile in the socket, went out, leaving
behind no other evidence of its ever having burned brightly
here, than those scattered monuments which spread themselves
over the continent from the Atlantic on the east to the Pacific
on the west, from the sands of Cape Cod, to the everglades
of Florida. -
Does any one doubt that a race can thus degenerate 2 Let
one single example be drawn from the History of the past.
Egypt was once the cradle of science. Four thousand
years ago it was the seat of learning and art—the centre of
civilization. Behold her now shorn of her greatness, her pow-
er and her glory, groping in a state of barbarism or half-civil-
ization. Her cities once proud, populous and powerful—
which rivaled Rome in their regal splendor, now silent and de-
serted, grass growing in their once busy marts, and fierce
beasts of prey lurking among their gloomy ruins. Her mar-
ble quarries no longer resound to the sculpturer's chisel. The
skillful painter no longer plies the brush, nor the artizan his
tool. Such Egypt was, such Egypt is.
Ethiopa, in Central Africa, is perhaps a better illustration

37
of the subject in hand. I have not time to refer to her past
and present. If the Egyptians and the Ethiopians could thus
retrogate, why, I ask, could not the Amrican Indians.
But I fear I have already detained you too long, and with
a few words more I close.
If I have been successful in my argument, I have shown
you that all the Indian tribes of America derived their origin
from the same country—that their language was derived from
the Hebrew tongue—that they have had an imitation of the
Priesthood. I have shown you that they have among them
traditions (which I think are entitled to some credence,) which
agree with the theory, the claims of which I have to-night
laid before you. Y
The authorities which I have quoted in support of this the-
ory, are of the first respectability. Many of them are rare
but their rarity detracts nothing from their merit.
Many things are doubtless presented which modern histori-
ams have failed to record. But let not their truth be impugned
on that account. Many of the works from which I have quo-
ted were written many years ago, and their authors testified of
what they had themselves seen, and described the Indians and
their customs as they then were.
Within the past century a great change, all admit, has come
over the American Indians. -
Within that time they have greatly degenerated from the
state in which they were found by the early discoverers. The
best and most reliable records of them is therefore that of their
early historians, and although the histories of Schoolcraft and
Adair may not always agree in the descriptions of Indian
habits, customs and traditions, we ought not to discredit eith-

38
er, but reconcile their conflicting statements by supposing each
to have described them as they were at the time he wrote.
In conclusion allow me to say, that I have endeavored to
throw around the subject as much of interest as the natural
dryness would admit. Whether I have failed in my endeavor
or not, is for you to answer. -
I have laid my theory of the “Origin of the Americºn In-
dians” before you, and enforced its claims, and it now only
remains for me to thank you for your kind and patient atten-
tion, and beg your pardon if I have wearied you.
And now, gentlemen of the Society, wishing you, individu-
ally and collectively, an abundance of success in the pursuit
of Historical knowledge, and thanking you for the partiality
which has this night made me an honorary member of your
Society, permit me to bid you all a good night.

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IT IS A MAGNIFICENT WREATH OF ART,
On the Angelic Altar of our Faith !
(From the Rev. Dr. Prime, Editor of New York Observer.)
THORWALDSEN'S STATUARY.
Dayton & Co.'s advertisement of their fine engraving of Thorwaldsen's
celebrated group of “Christ and his Apostles,” will attract attention. One of
the pictures hangsin our study, and we regard the work as eminently suit-
able for the walls of every Christian household. The beautiful clasped Bi-
ble, which is presented with it, is bound in velvet and gilt, and the price at
which he offers them is so low, that thousands may avail themselves of the
opportunity. We hope they will.
SECOND NOTICE.
(From the Rev. Dr. Prime.)
DAYTON'S ENGRAVINGS, We would again call attention to Mr.
Dayton's advertisements. We have every reason to believe that there will
be the proper response from Mr. D.'s establishment to any letters contain-
ing money for its splendid works of Art.
The Bible which we present with this impressive engraving is 24mo.
bound in velvet—with giltrims and clasps, worth at retail from $2 to $4.
To those who wish to purchase this religious picture without the Bible,
the price is $1, with 12 cents to pay postage.
gº send to DAYTON & Co., 37 Park Row, N.Y., 82 and 25 cents in
stamps for return postage on Engraving and Bible.

Whe #twithing ºrality
Which is embodied in the exquisite proportions and luminous coloring of
TITIAN'S VENUS,
Has for two centuries been the admiration of all behcláers, Artists, con-
noiseurs, and the public will therefore be glad to learn that a magnificent
engraving, colored in oil, of the
PICTURE THAT EN CHANTS THE WORLD,
Has been issued by the undersigned, at a price which places it
WITH IN THE REACH OF ALL-
Our Engraving is the only authentic copy ever published in America, of the
GEM OF THE DRESIDEN GALLERY,
For which the Government of Hanover paid
FORTY THOUSAND DOLLARS, -
It represents the Goddess reclining on a couch and radiant with celestial
loveliness. The warm lights and soft shadows which lend such a strange
fascination to all the undraped divinities of Titian, are admirably repro-
duced in this picture, and the accessories, both in the foreground and back-
ground, enhance the general effect.
From the New York Express.
This picture is splendid without gaudiness, warm without pruriency, and
brimful of the very soul of art.
From the New York Leader.
It is the best piece of flesh coloring ever executed in this country.
From the New York Mercury.
Engraver and colorist have produced a work of art that has the Titian
tone, as well as the faultless outline of the bewitching original.
From the the New York Atlas.
The drawing, coloring and finish are beyond praise.
From the New York Saturday Press.
It deserves a place in the porte-feuille' of every admirer of the fine arts.
READER-Enclose $2, and 15 cents in stamps, and you will receive, by re-
turn mail, a gem of art, with an elegant gift.
A Liberal Discount to Agents and the Trade,
A really valuable gift of jewelry is presented with the Engraving. Ad-
dress, DAYTON & C O.,
American and European Engraving Warehouse, No. 37 Park Row, N. Y.

DR. H. L.E REE'S
CELEBRATED
ºn Fe. Tº cººr i=> It iſ . It is
Royal Physician to Empress Eugenie of France.
FACTS FOR FEMALE INVALIDS.
O
Neglect, imprudence, omission to apply the right remedy at the right
time, are the rock upon which the health of thousands of American women
is shipwrecked. The diseases of a sexual character to which they, as a sex,
are subject, will not bear procrastination or maltreatment. To neglect or
tamper with them is wilfully to incur pain, danger, and irremedable misery.
For all the difficulties referred to, and especially those of which suppres-
sºon is a feature, Dr. H. LeRee's French Female Pills have been used
in Paris, and in this country, with unvarying succers, and with the sanc-
tion of the most experienced medical men. One Caution however is nee-
essary in regard to them. They cannot be taken during the period of ges-
tation without the certainty of producing miscarriage, and ladies who do
not wish to incur this penalty are warned not to use them if they have any
reason to suspect that the interdiction applies to their case. Price $1 per
box, free by mail. Address H. L.E REE, M. D.,
145 Nassau Street, New York.
--~~~~
ºgºrº BESTºº
º M Tº Nº.
Wººttº (ſºlº
Figºgº, Egº
15 OC Eictorial Illustrations.
(see Advertisement.)

The New York Weekly--The Miodel story
and Sketch Paper of the Age.
The you, York Weekly is now universally admitted to be
the most perfect paper of its kind ever published. Its serials,
sketches, and poems are unequaled, and it employs the most
extensive corps of first-class contributors of any literary jour-
mal now before the public. Its proprietors have spared neith-
er pains nor expense to make it what it is, for besides its pure-
1% literary matter, it possesses a number of distinctive features
which render it an invaluable family paper. Among other
things we would particularly mention its “Notices to Corres-
pondents” and its “Knowledge Box”—the latter an entirely
original feature with the New York Weekly—which two de-
partments contain an amount of useful knowledge not to be
gained from any other source. It is safe to say that in the
course of the year, two thousand items of information are giv-
en, running over the whole field of useful knowledge, embrac-
ing valuable recipes and suggestions on every imaginable sub-
ject. And this is entirely independent of its literary matter
for, besides from two to three continued stories weekly, it
manages to give from eight to twelve first-class sketches, half.
a-dozen poems, and a great variety of entertaining matter, em-
bracing splendidly written editorials, miscellany, and items of
general interest, making up a total of forty columns of original
first-class reading matter, at a cost of only four cents per copy,
Of course the proprietors of the New York Weekly have not
accomplished all this without a vast outlay of money; but it
has been capital well invested, for their journal now enjoys
a circulation which is exceeded by only one other literary pa-
per in the United States, and still its readers increase with a
rapidity which is astonishing. See Advertisement.

NEW YORK WEEKLY!
O
It is $ºth and Suſſ Paſº Phishti
CIRCULATION NEARLY 150,000 COPIEs.
Beautifully Illustrated with Wood Engravings from Original Designs.
Among its regular contributors will be found the names of the best male
female writers in the United States. Such writers as
JUSTIN JONES, (HARay Hazel.) MRS, MARY J. HOLMES,
AUGUSTINE J. H. DUGANNE, MISS LUCY A. RANDALL,
W.M. EARLE BINDER, MARY C. WAUGHN,
ROGER STARBUCK, MARGARET VERNE,
L. AUGUSTUS JCNES, ANNA RAYMOND,
JAMES REYNOLDS, EDA MAY WILLE,
FRANCIS S, SMITH.
Write for it regularly, while a score of other well know writers occasionally
contribute to its columns. The Weekly has now engaged a force of talent
that cannot be rivalled by any establishment in the world!
The WEEKLY is designed more especially as a First Class
Story Paper, in which we intend to give a succession of the Best Original
Stories ever Published in the United States . The aim and object of these
productions will be to inculcate useful knowledge under the pleasing guise
of fiction, or to teach great moral lessons through the same means. We
shall never publish a word or line, the tendency of which is to injure the
morals or tastes of the reader. Every issue will contain short
sketches of Life and Manners, Notings of Travel and Adven-
ture, short stories, sceneral Summary of Events,
Humorous Gleanings, Poetry, Editorials, etc.
In a word, its Editors will use their best endeavors to get up just such a
paper as will eventually find its way to every fireside in the land.
OUR TERMS: The price of the New York Weekly is Four Cents, but
where agents have to pay extra freight or postage, a higher price is neces-
sarily charged. When sent by mail, the price will invaribly be $2 a year
in advance. Subscriptions taken for three months. Two copies will be sent
for a year for $3. Address, STREET & SMITH,
No. 22 Beekman Street, New York.
P E, I N C E * S
PROTEAN FOUNTAIN PEN
Has only to be used to be approved. Its unparalelled success is attributa-
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can be carried in the pocket without leakage—saves time-ºnd will write
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Just the pen for Clerks, Merchants, Travelers, Schools, Bankers, Can-
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with one of these pens. This invention is a most valuable aid to all writers.
“I have made use of Prince's Fountain Pen, and recommend it as a
wonderful convenience. It approaches that idea of a perfect pen, which
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ten. One has only to do the thinking, and it writes on to the end of the
matter. Those who have much writing to do will find this pen incompara-
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“For about one year I have used one of Prince's Protean Fountain
Pens, and it is all its inventor claims it to be ; seems an absolute necessit
for the study, and for traveling. Other inventions may make more noise
but I doubt if any be more useful— REv. Edward TAYLOR, Pastor of Firs
Congregational Church, Kalamazoo, Mich.
WARRANTED PERFECT.
Single Pens sent by mail, free of postage, with full directions, on receip
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Agents and the Trade supplied at a liberal discount. Address,
- T. G. STEARNS, Agent,
No. 267 Broadway, New York,















|||}|{}\ ||||}|}}}} |I||||}|.
–º-
New Pictorial Edition.
We have lately issued a new edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
containing FIFTEEN HUNDRED PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS, beau-
tifully executed.
9,000 to 10,000 New Words in the Vocabulary,
Table of Synonyms, by Prof. Goodrich,
in which more than two thousand words are carefully discriminated, form-
ing a fuller work on English Synonyms, of itself, than any other issued,
besides Crabb, and believe to be in advance of that,
Tabie, giving Pronunciation of Names of 8000 distinguished
Persons of Modern Times.
Peculiar use of Words and Terms in the Bible,
With other new Features, together with ALL THE MATTER
OF PREVIOUs ºf TIONs,
Comprised in a Volume of 17 50 Pages.
“We have seen specimen Sheets of the Pictorial Illustrations. They are
well executed, and will be found useful in giving a much more correct idea
of an object than can be obtained by a definition.”-IN, Y. Tribune, April
16, 1859. -
“We have seen specimen pages of portions in architecture and ornitholº
ogy, and find them of artistic beauty, as well as of great practical value.”
|Christain Mirror, April 12, 1859.
“we have seen specimen sheets of these Illustrations, and can hardly see
how they can be improved in beauty or aceaurey”-IBoston Evening
Transcript.
sold by all booksellers. Price $650.
“oe T THE BEST.”—cET wees TER,
Springfield, MAss, 1860. G. & C. MERRIAM-
CURE FOR CONSUMPTION.
-O-O-O-O-
D.R. CHURCHILL’S REMEDY
The extraordinary success of the NEW TREATMENT, discovered by Dr.
Churchill, of Paris, in the cure of
C G M S (5 AH P T 3 03W ,
PROVES IT TO BE THE
O N I, Y S P E SIFI C R. E MEDY
For this most terrible scourge of the Human Race.
THE HYPOPHOSPH ITES
Gf Lime aud soda
ACT with PROMPTNESS and CERTAINTY in every stage of Consump-
ion, and with enviable efficacy in all Derangements of the Nervous and
Blood Systems, General Debility, Dyspepsia, Asthma, Rickets, Female
Complaints, Spermatorrhea, in all disorders dependent on imperfact or im-
paired nutrition, and in all cases of local or constitutional debility. A
i`AIR TRIAL IS A CERTAIN CURE I
They increase the nervous or vital energy, relieve Cough, check Night
Sweats, diminish expectoration, improve the appetite, arrest Diarrhoea,
promote refreshing sleep, and create new and healthy blood,
Important Medical Testimony.
“In St. Vincent's Hospital, where they have been used very extensive-
ly, we have witnessed the most marked and extraordinary effect, in abat-
ing the symptoms of Phthisis in every stage, In some cases when every
other remedy had failed to relieve the cough, swetting, and consequent
exhaustion, the Hypophosphites effected an entire immunity from those
symptoms-N. Y.Medical Press, Jan. 14, 1860.
* Ogbensburg, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1860 –I have tried the Hypophosphites
on two patients:–One, a lady, was pronounced by her former physician to
be rapidly sinking; and the other case was, to appearance, hopeless –
Both are doing well; mysely and their friends are astonished at the
surprising change”—R. W. Retford, M. D.
* Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1858–When I commenced the use of
this remedy, five weeks ago. I weighed 147 lbs, now I weigh 161 lbs. Be-
fore I had finished the first bot le my nervous system had so much improv-
ed that I could sleep well, and the sweats had seased to trouble me. My
appetite is good, and I feel as if I were going to live in spite of a cavity in
the left lung. The improvement that has taken place in my condition has
been most remarkable. Ithink that the Hypophosphites are most valua-
ble acquisition to the Materia Medica’’-J. J. Campbell, M. D.
* BALTInfoRE, Md., Dec. 20, 1859.-No. 1 was a well defined case of
Nervous Debility, mental and physical, of 14 or 15 years duration. * * The
remedy was continued and followed by THE Most chaºſing IMPROVEMENT
HAve SEEN UNDER ANY TREATMENT. In fact this patient declared that
e ºdicine was literally worth itsiweight in gold.”–J. G. Hollins, M. D.


Winchester’s Genuine Preparation of the
HYPOPHOSPHITES OF LIME AND SODA.
Is the only reliable form of Dr. Churchill's Remedy, and is approved by
the Medical Profession generally. USE NO OTHER.
PRICES:--In 7 and 17 ounce (pint) bottles, $1 and $2 each Three large
- or six small bottles for $5. Druggists and Physicians
supplied at the lowest discount for cash
tº A New Circular, given full of information in regard to the The-
ory and results of this Treatment, will be forwarded free to all lists of
names that may be addressed to me. Dr. Churchill's
“TREATISE ON CONSUM PTION º
Will be sent to all inquirers on receipt of three cents, in stamps, to prepay
postage. It is a handsome pamphlet of over 100 octavo pages—the only
American addition. -
All orders, inclosing cash, will receive prompt attention, and packages
forwarded by express or otherwise, to all parts ef the Union, Sold by the
most respectabls druggists, and Wholesale and Retail at the Sole General
Depot in the United States, by
J. WIN CHESTER, 43 John Street, N. Y.
Sold Wholesale and Retail by Farrand & Sneley, Detroit–Holland &
Lattimer, Jackson, Mich. -
Dr. Churchills’s Cure for Consumption.
It is not often that we use our editorial columns for the purpose of notice-
ing the medicines we advertise. But we have seen so many eidences of the
utility of the “Hypophosphites ºf Lime and Soda,” which we are adver-
tissing for J. Winchester, that we feel that we are simply performing a duty
to the public by calling attention to it, and in doing so, we avail ourselves
of the following, from the Rochester Erpress, which we heartily endorse.
—Hudson River Chronicle.
There have been so many deceptions practiced upon the languishing
sufferers by this terrible disease, that it is not wonderful if, when this
meets the eye of any such, they should turn away in disgust. But, not-
withstanding its awful fatality, we believe it may yet be remedied. When
we come to surch deeper into cause and effect, we shall find that Consump-
tion, is produced by the want of some of the vital elemenent of the
organization, aud that to cure these diseases, is on to ascertain what is
lacking in the system and to provide a remedy in a form to be assimilated
by the circulating fluids. In Consumption, and kindred diseases, the dis-
cºvery has been made that there is a “deficiency or under waste of the
oxydizable phosphorus normally existing in the º The Hypº-
pºospºrtes, proposed by Dr. Churchill, is a strictly s entific Remºdy,
being a “preparation of phosphorus both oxydizable and assimilable," which
restºres the deficient element to the nervous system, and creates new and
healthy blood. In fact, the Hypophosphites cure Consumption, by remov-
ing the cause which produces it. -
of the success of Dr. Churchill's remedy we have ample testimony in
this city. We are personally acquainted with several individuals who have
been raised from a miserable, disponding, languishing condition by this
remedy, and restored to health, and usefullness. The remedy was but
lately discovered, yet it is becoming widely known. It is manufactured
in this country by J. Winchester, of New York, whose probity of character
is a sufficient guarantee that it is not a mere catch-penny humbug. See
advertisement in another column.
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