T69




New York Walk Book

MAP I

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NEW YORK WALK BOOK




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AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
OUTING SERIES NO. 2
RAYE R. PLATT, Editor
NEW YORK WALK BOOK
Suggestions for excursions afoot within a radius of
fifty to one hundred miles of the city and including
Westchester County, the Highlands of the Hudson
and the Ramapo, northern and central New Jersey
and the New Jersey Pine Barrens, Long Island, the
Shawangunk Range, the Catskills, and the Taconics
With maps and many illustrations
BY
RAYMOND H. TORREY
FRANK PLACE, JR.
ROBERT L. DICKINSON

Pen sketches by Robert L. Dickinson
PCCKET EDITION
(See end of Table of Contents for a note on the special'edition)

AMERICAN

NEW YORK
GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
1923




F0

COPYRIGHT, 1923
BY
THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
OF NEW YORK
First Edition, November, 1923
Reprinted, January, 1924

CONDE NAST PRESS
GREENWICH, CONN.




CONTENTS
PAGE
THE LOOK-OFF...........iX
INTRODUCTION......xi...........  X
GREATER NEW YORK..........     I
A Walk in Downtown Manhattan......    2
A Walk in Uptown Manhattan......   6
Riverside Drive         I......                0o
Riverside Drive Extension..... I.....      0o
Fort Washington Avenue.......12
Indian Ways and Footways Hereabouts.........13
Inwood Hill..................15
Croton Aqueduct and Harlem River......  i16
Fordham and Jerome Park Reservoir....17
Mosholu Parkway.........  18
Grand Boulevard and Concourse.......    18
Van Cortlandt Park......    18
Riverdale Section.......  21
Bronx Park............21
Throgs Neck to Fort Schuyler and Return......22
City Island.........24
Pelham Bay and Hunters Island......25
Queens Borough........26
Prospect Park........28
Forest Park...........29
The Holliswood Trail-Queens to Hillside...... 30
Staten Island.......30
WIESTCHESTER COUNTY..............33
Van Cortlandt Park to White Plains........37
Sheldrake and Bronx River Valleys-New Rochelle to Scarsdale and
Tuckahoe..............   39
Thirty Deer Ridge-Nepperhan to Woodland.....40
Woodland to Hastings........42
Westchester Ridges-Irvington to Scarsdale, Crestwood and Tuckahoe 42
Nepperhan (Sawmill) River-Hastings to Elmsford to Tarrytown.. 43




vi                    NEW YORK WALK BOOK
PAGE
The Pocantico Hills-Tarrytown to Buttermilk Hill and Eastview  45
Croton Aqueduct-Yonkers to Tarrytown......46
Croton and. Catskill Aqueducts........48
Catskill Aqueduct-Millwood to Peekskill....49
Salt Hill Route-Croton to Croton Lake Section...             50
Croton Lake Region-Harmon to Millwood.......52
Montrose to Harmon via Spitzenberg and Keg Mountains         54
Nigger Hills and Rye Pond.....      56
Mamaroneck River-Larchmont to White Plains......58
Mianus River...                             59
PUTNAM COUNTY.............         60
Anthony's Nose and Manitou, Canada Hill and Sugar Loaf       61
Anthony's Nose and Taurus, Breakneck and Beacon..         63
High Aqueduct Walk-Cold Spring to Garrison...... 65
Anthony's Nose to Oscawana Lake and Kent Cliffs.....     67
HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER.......       69
Arden-Surebridge Trail.....      72
Lake Tiorati to Stony Point...                            74
The Eastern Section of the Park......     75
West Point to Storm King.........77
By R-D and T-T Trails over Timp and Dunderberg.....79
The Black Rock Forest.......   82
SCHUNEMUNK MOUNTAIN........     83
Schunemunk Trails........     83
NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER.    85
Pompton Mountains-Towaco to Pompton.......86
Boonton to Butler via Kakeout Mountain.......     88
Lower Ramapo Plateau...............                        89
Access Points...........   g90
Ramapo Plateau, Wanaque-Midvale to Suffern......     91
Ramapo River and Greenwood Lake..                 92
Terrace Pond..........               95
Hewitt Station to Terrace Pond and Return....     96
Climb to Surprise Lake..... 97
Northern Ramapo Plateau......              8
Trails to Conklin Cabin.......oo
Pine Meadow Plateau-Sloatsburg to Suffern....... 101




CONTENTS

Some Sample Routes...
Bowling Green Mountain.......
Black River........
''HE WYANOKIE PLATEAU...
Wyanokie and High Point.....
THE AIORRIS CANAL....
Little Falls to Boonton..
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND..
The Historical Role of the New Jersey Ridges.....
First Mountain, Milburn to Montclair......
First Mountain, Paterson to Eagle Rock and Montclair
First Mountain, Plainfield to Bound Brook.....
Summit to Plainfield..
Second Watchung Mountain-Milburn to Caldwell
Preakness, High Mountain-Haledon to Franklin and Return

Piermont Ridge (SnakeHill)-Tappan to Nyack
Coytesville.
Hook Mountain-Nyack to Congers....
Mount Ivy and the Tors-Mount Ivy to Congers
Up the Tors from Haverstraw
WAWAYANDA PLATEAU..
THE KITTATINNYS AND CUSHETUNK MOUNTAIN
The Kittatinnys
Cushetunk Mountain
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND
The North Shore.
Cold Spring Harbor, Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay
The Long Island Moraines
The South Shore
Montauk......
NEW JERSEY SOUTH OF THE RARITAN
Walk Areas North of Barnegat Branch, C. R. of N. J.
Walk Areas South of Barnegat Branch, C. R. of N. J.
The Beach Strip..
Monmouth County....

PAGE.  102
S..  103
3..
S.  05
S..  o8.  0O.  III
113...  II3
S.  16
S.  18... 119.  20
S 122...  124
S.  125
S..  126
S..  127..  128
S..  130
S. 132
S. 133
S. 134
S.  35
S..  136
S137
S138
S 139
S 141
S.  144. 146
S 150
151.   152
S 153
S 154




viii               NEW YORK WALK BOOK
SHAWANGUNK RANGE....
Sam's Point, Thence to Minnewaska and Mohonk
THE CATSKILLS.....
Slide Mountain Trails.......
Ascents to Peekamoose..
A New Tramp Section........
Balsam Roundtop....
A  Picturesque Section.....
THE TACON1CS..........
The West Bank of the Housatonic..
The Taconics North of Mt. Everett.....
TRAILS.............
Tuxedo-Tom Jones Trail......
Ramapo-Dunderberg Trail...
Timp-Torne Trail........
Finger-Board-Storm King Trail.....
Long-Torne Trail...
Tuxedo-Mount Ivy Trail...
Arden-Surebridge Trail...
Trails up Bear Mountain and Popolopen Torne
THE SITTING-DOWN PLACE........
APPENDIX
OUTING CLUBS..........
OVERNIGHT STOPS......

PAGE
S 156
S. 158
S  159.  159.. 161
S. 162
S. 162.  163
S   66
S 167
S. 168
S 170
S 174
S. 174
S. 177.   177.. 18o
S. 181
S. 181.. 182
S. 184.  186. 192.   194.. 198. 200. 202
S  207
209..

EQUIPMENT FOR THE TRAIL........
FIRE LAWS AND REGULATIONS.....
CHURCHES ON THE TRAIL....
GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY...
PLANT LIFE OF THE REGION.........
MAPS AND GUIDEBOOKS..........

NOTE: A special limited edition of this book has been printed which includes, besides the material listed above, 15 photographs and a reprint of
Dr. Robert L.Dickinson's illustrated booklet on the "Palisades Interstate
Park." It is printed on high-grade paper and has stiff, cloth-bound covers.




THE LOOK-OFF
OIL that ever was Indian seems never to lose all of
that impress. On   the Island of Islands, borne down
at one end by the world's biggest burden of steel
and stone and pressure of haste and material gain,
S  the primitive sweep of its further free tip, with the
forest trees on the stately ledges, still holds the red
man's cave, the beached canoe, the air of the Great
K           Spirit. The magic of the moccasin still makes good
medicine. Fortunate we are that in civilization
lurks the antidote to civilization-that
strain in the blood of us, all of us, of
cave man and tree man, nomad and seaman, chopper and digger, fisher and
trailer, crying out to this call of the
earth, to this tug of free foot, up-andover, to this clamor for out-and-beyond. Happy are we, in our day, harking
back to this call, to be part of an ozone revival that fits the growth of our
desire, to see the beginning of a break-away into everybody's out-of-doors,
and the happy find of a wide, fair wilderness.
The order and fashion of the revival were somewhat in this wise. Our seniors
remember the days of swift expansion, when the sole concern was the building
site. "Blast the scenery," said the seventies and proceeded to do it. Railroads
and roads and money returns from quarries and lumber had full right of way.
Into our towns one came through ugly suburbs into uglier urbs. And then, when
hope was least, a messenger of the new-old freedom appeared. The bicycle
swung us, a generation now gray-haired, round a wide radius of country roads
and gave back to us the calves and the leg gear of our patroon saint, Father
Knickerbocker, and with the legs two eyes for environs. When the time came
for supplanting tandem tires by a rubber quartette, and a touch of the toe leapt
past all two legs could do, the motor radius that swept a circle almost infinitely
wide gave a new concept of the country. Still attention was focussed on the roadway, and the new driver saw even less over wheel than over handlebar. Next golf
arose, and the well-to-do strolled upon greenswards, ever watching a ball. Then
scout training arrived to set the young generation on its feet and to teach it to
see what it saw and to care for itself in the open. With it came nature study to
ix




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

fill the woods and fields with life and growth. (Our Old-World citizens brought
their outing habits with them.) Last of all the war gave us brief glimpses of the
happiness of simple living and to marching multitudes of indoor men the sense of
hardy well-being. And now the fashion for walking is upon us-walking, with
its leisdre to observe the detail of beauty; walking, organized and planned, imparting impetus to safeguard and preserve the best of the countryside; walking,
the single simple exercise, at once democratic, open-air, wide-eyed, year-round.
It is amusing to watch New York, which is hardly in other ways hesitant,
waken by degrees to the idea that as a center for exercise on foot she may claim
variety and advantage and adventure surpassed by few cities. You shall choose
your walk along the sweep of the beaches of the Atlantic, or the deep hill bays of
Long Island, or the rocky coves of Connecticut; over ridges showing fair silhouettes of the citadels and cathedral of commerce-or where beavers build; on the
looped, mile-long bridges that span an estuary-or across a canal lock; above
precipices overhanging a mighty river and through noble community forests
between lonely peaks and little lakes-or just in lovely common country, rolling
and wooded, meadowed and elm-dotted, interlaced with chuckling brooks. To
and from these multitudinous footways and camp sites transportation is provided
with an expedition and diversity possible only to a large city. And last of all the
chance at all this will be under the variegated stimulus of our particular climate
and around the only great capital that is within easy reach of the second color
wonder of the world-Indian summer in steep-hill country.
Truly, with the "Englysche Bybels" that antedate King James, we may say:
Blessed of the LORDE is this land,
for the sweetnesse of heven, and of the scee vnderliende;
for the sprynges;
for the precious thinges 'off the Sonne;
for the sweetnesse of the toppes of the oold mounteynes,
and for the daynties of the hillis that last foreuer.

Figure i




INTRODUCTION
ITH the remarkable growth of interest in walking as a
means of outdoor recreation and for the study of nature,
S   which has been displayed in the last few years, there has
S  come a demand for some sort of guidebook by means of
/     which the busy city dweller may make the best use of the
S  precious hours-all too few-when he escapes the thralldom of office, shop, and factory. It is for such as these
that this volume has been compiled. It will have served its purpose doubly well,
if, in addition to its service to those who have already found themselves in joyful
kinship with the out-of-doors, it may-by its pictured bits of the loveliness
which is our heritage as New Yorkers, its simple directions where such beauty
can be found, its maps to inspire and lead the venturesome to new paths of their
own-guide increasing numbers to know the glory of a sunlit mountain lake, the
modest friendliness of babbling brooks, the soothing sweetness of a valley breeze.
If this walk book seems to imply that scenery and climbing and rocks and
mileage are the main goals for walks, it is not for any lack of appreciation of the
lure and variety of reward offered by hunts for trees and all growing things, birds
and all moving things, snow tracks, or winter buds. These pages would fain
catalogue each of the thousand goals if they could. Perhaps some future edition
will add some of these appendices and will list such an arboretum as Prospect
Park or the dogwood grove of the Palisades or places rich in birds, like Gardiners
Island or the Newfoundland valley, or the best swamps to wade into. The walker
welcomes every new hobby, every new interest on his tramp; and walking clubs
often invite specialists to lead them. Afoot we can use every new pair of eyes.
In looking at a map of the environs of New York on which the main walking
regions are plotted in conjunction with the railroad lines, certain general considerations emerge. It will be noted that for quick access no region compares in
wildness and variety of outdoor activity with the twelve miles of the Palisades.
The district next most easily and cheaply reached is Staten Island with its unique
harbor trip; but the area available on the Island is not extensive. Westchester
furnishes the largest number of near-by walks, although here the cost of transportation already begins to count, while the scenery and the adventure do not
compare with the west bank of the river. The long ridges from Paterson to




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

77-e col/znmer ofy.e ierAzcaez, J.ne ar jSle'ood Approac/ a.aove f/
Figure 2
Plainfield are within easy reach. The largest single area for tramps and climbs
in mountainous country for the one-day or two-day outing is comprised within
the Highlands of the Hudson on both sides of the river and the extension of this
range through the Ramapos and beyond. This region calls for a total of three
or four hours on the train, out and back, and some three dollars in fares unless a
ten- or twenty-trip ticket is used. An early start for a one-day outing is usually
involved, particularly in the season of early dusk. For the half-day walk or the
whole-day tramp, quickness of access is an important consideration. In all our
trips expense of transportation will be taken into account. Distance is not always
a criterion of either. Boat fares and trolley fares are less than rail fares, when
one can afford the extra time consumed. Rail rates average three and sixtenths cents a mile. By rail the radius is a fair test of time and cost, but occasionally this is misleading, as in a district 80 miles in a direct line and 103 by rail.
So too there are some distant places that, being express stations, are more
quickly reached than nearer spots. At times it pays to take a ferry over the Hudson River. Always it saves very largely to travel in groups or regularly to follow
up a given section of country, inasmuch as twenty-trip tickets cut the fare and a
certain proportion of this number of tickets may be redeemed if unused.
To meet the call for plans for a full day at a distance a list, by no means complete, is given in the Appendix to this volume of the places available for stopping
over night, and as far as possible some idea of the charges. Such a list is particularly needed in crowded August and in the months when hotels and boarding
houses are closed. The newer plans of the "Park," as we footmen affectionately
designate the Bear Mountain-Harriman section of the Interstate Park, will give
us more than merely summer conveniences for the simple and satisfactory sort of
sleeping and eating that outdoor people appreciate and that the Park well knows
how to furnish. Throughout the country there has been developed ample provision for the motor tripper. In the same way there will develop outfit and care
for the gentleman tramp over night. With an alert newspaper to furnish information that is always up to date and with a large number of little walking clubs
prepared to make arrangements in advance there is no reason why America




INTRODUCTION

xiii?~rry~ A~t~l) I  T?acda 1r"eL'orjg lb Iffe Z0TOr h#e 6 re4_,1d cQ'i~it21
Figure 2
might not make a beginning in the methods that Britain and Switzerland and
Japan and Germany have carried to perfection. With this demand and this
publicity and these facilities the one inexpensive outdoor exercise-the traveling
that gets all there is out of the scenery-'may undertake, for one place, the wholesale cure for the hustle complex of chronic Americanitis.
THE ILLUSTRATIONS
The drawings seek to plot the look of the lay of the land. Their purpose is to
provide samples of the characteristics of the country in the various phases
wherein these are different or in some way seizable. A winding creek in our
marshes does not differ from a winding creek in your marshes, being equally
"candid and simple and nothing withholding and free." A brook is a brook in
any wood or meadow, its vivacity and intimacy eluding equally the pen and the
brush and the sweet talk. In cities, parks is parks as "pigs is pigs"; and one differeth little from another. On the other hand, typical gentle country and typical
rough country; mountains that have names and silhouettes that.beg for recognition; trees that attitudinize on precipices; patterns in hill slopes and fields seen
from a height that shame the floor tapestry of the Orient yet are maps of the district-all these, of course, cry out for decorative transfer to paper. This must be
the penman's excuse for his ever recurring panoramas. The vertical topography
is frankly condensed into the narrow limits of the page. The pictures in the text
are made to read one way, that the reader may not be bothered to swing the
book sidewise. There is no hesitation in laying emphasis on salient features: a hidden road is uncovered, a near-by cliff is moved inward; care being taken only that
nothing is invented or perverted. Though the slopes are occasionally drawn as
steep as they feel, the amateur artist stoutly avers that his competitor, the
camera, understates more than he himself overstates in these attempts to catalogue the things the eye should by no means overlook. If the sketcher sometimes
squints through a binocular to define his data, then the snapshot man surely claps
the wrong end of a telescope to his eye when he shoves distinctly visible distance




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Ole af.suades- are.Aot a fCrat-faced, flaf-1tpped waJ f,, u vt wavy ard varied.
Figure 3
far out of sight and he certainly magnifies his foreground as if it were the outstretched foot of a recumbent camper.
The airplane photograph might well be supposed to supplant the artist's
bird's-eye view or compilation. It is beyond praise for its contribution of true
detail of woods and fields and towns and shores and shoals and inaccessible
mountains, and it has given us vast stores of information to select from. But
these air pictures flatten the landscape and fade the distance. As a contrast to
this the pen line can, by shading, show declivities as the print of the air camera
cannot. Also it often takes the eye to detect the structural lines on many a dark
green forested slope or among even-tinted cliffs-to detect those "organic markings" which the great master of drawing, Ruskin, himself drew and taught us to
search for. The knowledgetic eye and the skilled hand no mechanism can displace.
If there are many things here shown from on top rather than from the bottom,
it is because of the curious craving of footmen for sky lines and because supine
sluggishness with its sole on the clutch can gaze up, whereas it takes real men and
women to look down. Even age does not keep us all in the valley. Consider also
that the outlook from the high place explains the features of the country as seen
from the side rather than from clear above. A view directly down from the sky,
that is, a map, is eye habit only to birds and birdmen. People don't think maps;
few are map-minded; most of us are map morons. The reason seems clear. The
map is flat, yet little country is level. The map colors are unnatural. Pennsylvania is not purple, and Massachusetts is not mustard-colored. Then the thing
is naked of trees and houses and fields-all but the best maps and the very old
maps. The writer believes that when the map comes into its own, it will be in
relief and tinted like nature. It will be no longer a symbol-crammed abstraction.
Meanwhile in this little book all we could afford of these maps are contoured to
show relief. In the pocket edition all the pictures are put in that we think worth
lugging up hill, and most of them have their labels on. They are drawn in such
fashion as to be printable on proper paper-paper such that the book may be
light enough not to drag on the pocket and cheap enough not to lighten the pocketbook. Enough pictures were rejected to make four books. The library edi



INTRODUCTION

XV

jA- rjreenbirooke r rg: iwavter/'al, Ariage, rIeAxyJucvfson.9.ve', cZi2\A&.
tion carries a certain number of these-half-tones that have to be printed on
smooth-faced paper. As it does not have to be toted, the library edition has wide
margins for better appearance and heavy leaded paper, on which are the pictures
in those delicate tones that the pen drawing cannot produce on light coarse
paper but which the camera and brush and crayon and smooth surfaces can
render.
The authors are indebted to many men of the camera for generous courtesies.
Collections have been freely offered for selections. The draftsman has been
saved the time required to draw details of foregrounds, like rock structure and
foliage and posing trampers.
We are under particular obligation to Major W. A. Welch, General Manager
of the Interstate Park; to Art Miller, of the staff of the New York Evening Post
and the Interstate Park; to William Gavin Taylor, T. B. Pardoe, John Downie,
A. W. Putnam, Allen Y. Leja, W. H. Stockbridgc, C. H. Clarke, Albert A. Holt,
Harry Youngling, and the late Theodore Pentlarge; to Major H. M. Hickam and
Lieutenant W. V. Andrews, of the U. S. Army Air Service; and to our author,
Frank Place. The chief photographic collection drawn upon has been the monumental work of the late William Thompson Howell, of Newburgh, who spent
eight years in picturing the Highlands of the Hudson.
THE MAPS
The maps have been compiled from the topographic sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey, to which a more complete referende is made in the Appendix.
It is sufficient here to note that these sheets cover quadrangles 13 x I72 miles in
area and are produced on the scale of I mile to I inch. Each sheet is named for
some prominent city, mountain, lake, river, or other feature in the region covered.  In compiling the maps in this book these sheets have, for convenience, been so combined that, in general, a walk described in the text can be
followed without shifting from one map to another. Also the maps have been
reproduced on the scale of 2 miles to I inch (one-half the scale of the originals)
in order that the largest possible areas may be covered without adding too greatly




xvi

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

to the weight of the book. It has been found that the reduction sacrifices none of
the important details of the original. Whereas on the sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey the contour interval is twenty feet, the hundred-foot contours
only appear on our maps with but very slight loss in the delineation of the
physiographical aspect of the terrain.
No attempt has been made to furnish maps for outlying regions such as the
Catskills, the Taconics, or the Kittatinnys. The walks described for these regions
are in general the through routes to points of interest and are easy to follow.
Moreover, these regions are at a distance from the city which demands a trip of
two or more days duration, and the tramper in preparing the equipment needed
for such a trip can easily add the sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey that
cover the area. Likewise maps of Long Island and the New Jersey Pine Barrens
are omitted, the walk directions being very simple and the country quite easy to
negotiate. For Manhattan one should purchase a city map.
In a number of places minor inaccuracies in contours and discrepancies in
drainage features have been found on the U. S. Geological Survey sheets. Wherever possible these have been corrected approximately. The maps in this book
attempt to show every feature mentioned in the text describing the area mapped.
Much in the way of culture-new roads and trails, additional names, and points
of interest-have been added. In all cases the best available sources have been
used in the compilation with the idea of making the maps as accurate and up-todate as possible. Minor errors will doubtless be found. The rapid development
of park areas and regions neighboring on growing cities and towns makes it impossible to produce a map that will remain up-to-date for such localities for any
length of time. Users of the maps will doubtless, also, find many uncnartec
trails, and the publishers will be glad to receive all such information for a future
revision of the maps.
In the text points of access by railroad are printed in italics. The main objectives along the walks described are indicated by bold-faced type.
No directions can be so specific as not to presuppose some outdoor sense. On
the river path along the Palisades with deep water on one side and rock wall on
the other or on a Bear Mountain trail with a white marker every hundred yards,
one need not watch out. Anywhere else one is expected to have a compass at
hand or in his head and to confer with the map for detail or direction. The
walker may well enjoy the interest of going "from the four big evergreens east
across open fields and a wooded hillock to the brook, then north within sight of
its west bank." He must be able, when a path fades or a tangle of wood roads
occurs, to follow the general direction to the next near-by road or brook as specified on the printed page and shown on the map.




GREATER NEW YORK
IDEWALKS for our form of outing may at first seem illadvised. Trampers are in general country-minded. They.       ' Z  -  seek not exercise alone but exercise made interesting by the
unexpected bit of loveliness, the far view, the pilgrimage to
sacred relics of days gone by, and think that all these must
(I              ' be sought afar. Who looking for vistas and quiet and seclu(  -        'J sion from crowds would hope to find his goal in the heart
of our city? Yet Brooklyn Bridge at night or the famous
'- \/(/      \     streets of lower Manhattan at dawn are as deserted as any
Smountain "Stony Lonesome." If one seeks scenery anySwhere along the scale from the majestic to the intimately
picturesque he has but to give thought to his subject
and the time of day to find astounding mist effects in the
steep-walled canyons of finance, particolored loveliness in the reflections in the
river surface of black asphalt after rain, the countless contrasts of electric lights
against the gray of twilight, lit fagades at evening, the mist-like green of parks in
spring, and the choice of three rivers and their grace of shipping at all seasons.
Deep quarries hung with stately, swaying silhouettes of crane and tackle,
crowded tangles of peddlers' carts, children under engine-house waterfalls, rock
slants to be scaled anywhere on our slab-sided island-these are mere samples of
variety.
Truly the single book is yet to be written-or appendices supplied for thisanent the pilgrimages to the multitude of shrines of architecture and sculpture
within our city and concerning the collections waiting to be made of towers and
steeples, of trees and flora, of old buildings and historic spots, of Indian villages
and trails, of camera subjects and viewpoints, of any of the hundred and four
excuses and incitements that prevent travel on pavements from being as flat as
the word "down-town" would imply. All that we country-footed ones have
space to outline in this volume is a specimen walk or two to indicate the greatness,
the variety, the antiquity, the freshness, the ever-changing life and structure of
this modern Babel-Babylon.
A few of the best-known guidebooks of the city are listed in the Appendix.
For landmarks and points of historical interest F. B. Kelley's "Historical Guide




2                       NEW YORK WALK BOOK
to the City of New York," published by the City History Club of New York in a
single volume and also in sections, is of value. For art features a little booklet,
"Art in New York," edited by Florence N. Levy, is a good index. G. N. Pindar's
"Guide to Natural Features of New York City" is also suggested.
A WALK IN DOWN-TOWN MANHATTAN

Walking distance 4 to 5 miles.
A good starting place for a walk in downtown Manhattan is the corner of Fifth
Avenue and 14th Street. Enter the Church
of the Ascension at Ioth Street to see La
Farge's mural paiInting of the Ascension.
Then go south past the Brevoort House at
24 Fifth Avenue-a good example of early
nineteenth century architecture-to Washington Arch. Walk along the north side of
the square to Sixth Avenue noting the house
fronts, still dignified and fashionable. Turn
north on Sixth Avenue to pass the Jefferson
Market and Court and, at Ioth Street and
just above, the odd Milligan Place and
Patchen Place on the west side of the avenue. Turn west at Christopher Street and
go down to the newly-opened extension of
Seventh Avenue or lose yourself in the labyrinth of Greenwich Village to the south on
such streets as Carmine, Commerce, Bedford, or Bleecker. This is our "Latin Quarter." It offers some quaint doorways and
railings and small houses.
Continue south on Seventh Avenue into
Varick Street once a typical street of the
Village but now widened to permit subway
extension. Varick Street was once the heart
of the old "American" colony and even yet
shows on its west side the old houses.
Walk on across Canal Street. Then turn
west one block to Hudson Street and go
south on Hudson Street to Chambers and
then east to Broadway. The Municipal
Office Building bestrides the street here like
a Colossus of Rhodes. Stand behind the
pillars so that they frame the Woolworth
Building-a Cathedral of Commerce, all
spire, 790 feetehigh-the highest inhabited
building in the world.

Here turn to the right to visit the City
Hall one of the most satisfactory architectural units in the United States. Do not
fail to visit the Governor's Room on the
second floor where (from    10 to 4 on
week days) an attendant will explain all
things.
Continue your walk down Broadway past
the Woolworth Building, what is left of the
Astor House and St. Paul's Chapel. This
chapel, the oldest church building in the
city, standing with its back to Broadway
and its face toward Church Street, contains
the pews of Washington and DeWitt Clinton. Facing Wall Street, a few blocks further down Broadway stands Old Trinity
millionaire among churches, with its extensive churchyard whose time-worn stones
reveal many a name sacred in American  history-Hamilton, Lawrence, and
Fulton.
Still farther south, at 25 Broadway, iS the
Cunard Building with its decorations representing the history of commerce and its
maps in stately panelings. Bowling Green
is the little Park where the street widens.
To the south of this park is the Custom
House. Its steps are guarded by sculptured
figures symbolic of the continents-the work
of a number of artists.
Walk west on Battery Place (the Syrian
quarter is just to the north) past the Whitehall Building at Washington Street with the
Weather Bureau Station on its top. Then
go south through Battery Park to the
Aquarium. This building, a fort in the War
of 1812, became later Castle Garden where
Lafayette and Kossuth appeared and where
P. T. Barnum presented Jenny Lind to entranced audiences.




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NEW YORK WALK BOOK

The view of the bay from the Battery
wharf contains the Statue of Liberty, Ellis
Island, and Governors Island where is seen
another old fort-Castle William-now a
military prison.
Go eastward past the ferry slips to Whitehall Street, to the left on Whitehall Street to
Pearl Street, and to the right on this to
Broad Street. Here, on the southeast corner, is Fraunces Tavern, built in 1719 and
one of the oldest buildings in New York.
In this tavern on December 4, 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers. It is
pow maintained by the Sons of the Revolution and is open to the public. The ground
floor houses a restaurant.
Go north on Broad Street. At Wall Street
is the Stock Exchange, with its Corinthian
colonnade, on the left and the office of J. P.
Morgan and Company on the right. Just
across Wall Street is the old Subtreasury
Building with the Ward statue of Washington in front of its Doric portico where, on
the steps of the Colonial City Hall, which
then occupied the site, he took the oath of
office as president. As you go north on
Nassau Street note on the left at Cedar
Street the Clearing House and at Liberty
Street the home of the Chamber of Commerce.
Arriving at Brooklyn Bridge walk out
upon it as far as the tower. From here the
monumental character of lower New York
is very striking. (The best silhouette is from
Brooklyn Heights at Montague Street at
sunset.) The bridge, one of the finest architecturally and nearly a mile and a quarter
long, cost $15,ooo,ooo and was 13 years in
building. Its center hangs 135 feet above
the river. To the north is the Manhattan Bridge and, still farther north, the
Williamsburg and Queensboro bridgesthe latter among the greatest of cantilever
bridges.
Return to Park Row and then walk north
under the double-decked, "L" structure to
Chatham Square and visit the streets of
Chinatown-Mott, Pell, and Doyers-on

the west side of the square. Crossing to the
east side continue on Division Street or East
Broadway to Seward Park, then north on
Essex Street to the bridge approach and so
back to the Bowery. Go north on the west
side, passing the first milestone from New
York just north of Spring Street. At the
beginning of Fourth Avenue turn into it and
walk past Cooper Union and Wanamaker's,
but, instead of visiting the secondhand
bookstores above, turn west on Ioth Street
to pass Grace Church and continue on to
University Place. On the right, at No. iog,
you pass the New York Society Library, the
oldest public library in the United States,
established in 1700.
Walk north on University Place and at
14th Street turn east and cross Fourth
Avenue to Irving Place, noting Tammany
Hall just to the east. Then turn northward
on Irving Place, passing tle Academy of
Music and, at 17th Street, the site of Irving's
house, and, at 55 East 17th Street the site
of the home of O. Henry.
At 19th Street is Gramercy Park, established in 1831 by Samuel Ruggles for the
benefit of the property about it. Samuel J.
Tilden's home at 14-15 Gramercy Park is
now a part of the National Arts Club.
Now go west to Fourth Avenue (almost
entirely rebuilt in the past ten years) and
north on it to 20th Street, then west to 28
East 20th Street, the birthplace of Roosevelt.
At Broadway turn north to Madison
Square. Notable buildings here are the
"Flatiron," the Metropolitan Life, whose
clock tower is 700 feet in height and an
adaptation of the Campanile at Venice, the
Appellate Court at 25th Street (note the
sculpture without and the mural paintings
within), and the Madison Square Garden
at 26th Street. The latter, Stanford White's
recreation of the Giralda at Seville, is another of the city's architectural prizes. At
the northwest corner of the square stands
St. Gaudens' Farragut on its Stanford
White pedestal.




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NEW YORK WALK BOOK

A WALK IN UPTOWN MANHATTAN

Trampers from distant parts might well
make a pilgrimage to the Walk Center
of the country, 42nd Street and Fifth
Avenue, where two hundred thousand people
pass afoot each day; where in a templefronted building the Walk Library is appropriately enshrined; and where the most
centrally located collection of maps is to be
found.
It will be well to begin the walk a bit
further south at 32nd Street and Seventh
Avenue, where the Pennsylvania Station,
with an interior copied from the Roman
baths, shows noble wall spaces fittingly
decorated with colossal charts. Thence
follow 34th Street east to Fifth Avenue and
turn to the left at the signboard to climb
Murray Hill and saunter past the world's
chiefest window display.
The New York Public Library's collec-"
tion of books on mountaineering and lesser
pedestrianism, as well as the charts and
convenient book collections that cover
various parts of the vicinity, is courteously

shown to anyone who exhibits intelligent
interest.
From this crowded crossing go east on
42nd Street two blocks to enter another wellknown terminal, the Grand Central. Leave
the terminal by the west steps to Vanderbilt
Avenue and walk north to the end of the
avenue at 45th Street. Here turn to the
right to Park Avenue and follow it northward past St. Bartholomew's and huge
apartment houses to 50th Street.
Return again to Fifth Avenue to pass St.
Patrick's Cathedral and St. Thomas Church.
(The interior of the cathedral is most impressive after dusk.) Now pass by the Vanderbilt mansions and the famous clubs and
hotels described in any guidebook of the
city and cross the Plaza with its fountain
and the St. Gaudens Sherman into Central
Park.
At your left as you enter Central Park by
the Scholar's Gate is the Pond which may be
crossed in order to climb the Promontory
the hillock on the farther side. After dark.     ~ ' ' -
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Figure 6




GREATER NEW YORK

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one loses the shabbiness due to the hard clay
which forms the scant soil cover of the park
ledges, and the mirrored reflections of the
lights of the tall buildings are memorably
framed in rock.
Now go west and north to cross a part of
the wide Green toward the upper end of the
formal Mall. Keep the Lake on the left
hand, following either near its edge or along
the ridges; mounting according to your shoe
leather, the rock faces of this Manhattan
schist; hunting your favorite vista such as
the bay in Figure 6; watching for boulders
brought down from the New Jersey Highlands by the glaciers of the ice age; or losing
yourself in the Ramble. These crumpled
ridges yield the best reward of all sections
of the park, especially on misty days or
towards sunset when the obtrusive buildings to the west are blue silhouettes or on
summer evenings when the massed brilliance of the city's lights, seen through
dark foliage, is sent back from the coves of
deep indented shores.
If you are passing West 77th Street before five do not fail to visit what is for na
ture lovers the city's chiefest indoor treasure-that long dim passage in the American
Museum of Natural History, at Columbus
Avenue and 77th Street, whence one looks
out on birds at home. Of the intimate or
majestic settings, so faithfully reproduced,
there are several within the radius of this
guide.
On returning to the Park look for the
Belvedere Tower and follow the elevated
southern edge of the reservoir. Between the
corner and the Obelisk the exposed schist
shows glacial scratches where rocks borne
along beneath the mighty weight of ice
during the glacial period chiseled distinct
grooves.
Go on north past the Metropolitan Art
Museum, cross west between the basins
and circle the water (at sunset keep east for
the greater beauty). Leave the ball fields of
North Meadow on the left to reach McGown's Pass-the old Indian main trail
and the site of a famous tavern. Trail and
old post road dipped north to where the
Mere is now. Again one does well to make
a traverse, this time to the west or south



NEW YORK WALK BOOK

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Figure 8

west, to find the little valley of the Loch
that runs northeast from ioist Street-the
place full of otter spoors in Dutch days.
Follow the bank downstream to the rustic
bridge, then mount the hill and cut through
the woods whence the wolves used to descend on Harlem Village, and go on northwesterly to the Blockhouse of 1814 (Fig. 7).
Now go down the steep slope by whatever
rock seems most inviting to you to emerge
at Central Park West and Inoth Street.
The 234 miles of the north and south dimension of the Park will have been spun out to
any desired length, and a pedometrist could
cover 30 miles of walk within these low
walls.
A complete account of the Park with a largescale map, by Edward Hagaman Hall, is found
in the 19II report of the American Scenic and
Historic Preservation Society.
From the corner of the Park it is one short
block west on Inoth Street, under our tallest
elevated railway pillars and in their one
picturesque spot, to Morningside Park.

The grouping of the buildings of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and St. Luke's
Hospital is shown in Figure 8. The path
shown in the sketch can be followed up to
the very top of the conical rocks in order
that the composition of the chapel roof and
choir may be seen and admired from beneath
with St. Luke's Hospital in the background
like a fretted sky line of France.
Now enter the Cathedral to stand in the
choir and get the glory of the radiance of its
windows (best in the morning). In coming
out note the tower of St. Luke's Hospital
and wander about the Cathedral Close noting the outlooks as far as Hell-Gate Bridge,
the Sound, and Long Island. These can be
seen either from the grounds or from Morningside Drive.
From this point one may either drop down
into the Park again by the steps at the Carl
Schurz statue and follow close to the wall,
northward, or else go north on Morningside
Drive, looking into the church of Notre
Dame de Lourdes before turning west on
ii6th Street. On Ir6th Street between




GREATER NEW YORK

Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue is Columbia University. Go up the great
steps to the Library and inspect its interior
and that of St. Paul's Chapel just beside it.
The libraries of geology (in Schermerhorn
Hall) and of architecture (in Avery Hall) are
close at hand. Now cross the bricked court
back of the Library and go down the steps
to the Green and Teachers College. At
120th Street turn east again and go back to
Morningside Park. Cut diagonally cross
the park towards the northeast corner and
look through the fence for a glimpse of our
deepest groove cut by a subglacial stream
(marked "gr" in Fig. 5).
Five blocks north and one block east
bring you to another rocky slope along St.
Nicholas Park, picturesquely overhung by
the buildings of the Convent of the Sacred

Heart and those of the College of the City
of New York. Four blocks north is another
slope in Colonial Park. Thence one may
turn left on 155th Street and walk past
Trinity Cemetery and the stately Chapel of
the Intercession to Broadway and the 157th
Street subway station. Between 155th and
i56th streets on Broadway is the groun of
scientific societies and museums including
the Museum of the American Indian, Heye
Foundation, the Hispanic Society of America, the American Numismatic Society, the
American Academy of Arts and Letters,
and the American Geographical Society,
together with the Church of Nuestra Sefiora
de la Esperanza.
If one chooses he may go north from
Colonial Park to the Jumel Mansion and
High Bridge.

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Figure 9




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RIVERSIDE DRIVE
The view commanded by the broad roadway and parkway that runs from
72nd Street to Dyckman Street, a distance of seven miles, is distinguished among
city avenues. New York, whose waterfront boulevards are scant enough for a
city of its size, takes much pride, in Riverside Drive. Beauty and impressiveness
is lent it by the mighty estuary it borders and the mighty cliff it looks upon. To
be sure cupidity has desecrated the stretches of the Palisades below Fort Lee
with factories and mammoth signs until it is only at evening or in misty weather
that this lower reach is altogether worthy of its setting and opportunity, but a
fair panorama of precipice and tall woodland is visible from the upper section of
the Drive. (See Figs. 2, 3, 9, lo, and II.)

From the 72nd Street station of the West
Side subway walk two blocks west and then
follow the sidewalk along the river parapet
of the Drive north to the Soldiers and Sailors Monument. After scanning the river
drop down to the paths and look back up to
the Monument before following the lower
or upper path to Grant's Tomb. (See Fig.
9.) Come up to the roadway at the Tomb
for the view of the river. Beside the path
a few steps north is another memorialthe weathered gravestone with its quaint
epitaph to St. Claire Pollock, "an amiable
child." Claremont Inn, close by, is a remodeled mansion of post-Revolutionary times.
The viaduct spanning Manhattanville
where the trolleys from 125th Street and the

ferry to Edgewater meet (Fig. 5) is one of
the important engineering works of the
city. It carries Riverside Drive across to its
northern extension. This extension, which
is of much later construction than the southerly section, is notable for the shelf by which
it passes Trinity Cemetery above the tracks
of the New York Central Railroad from
153rd to 155th Streets-a shelf supported
on the landward side only (Fig. 5). North
of the cemetery the drive passes Audubon
Park (named for the well-known naturalist
who lived here and to whom a monument
has been erected in Trinity Cemetery) and
meets Broadway at 157th Street where
there is a subway station. For a pleasant
review of the walk one may return by bus.

RIVERSIDE DRIVE FXTENSION (BOULEVARD LAFAYETTE)
Access by Broadway-Seventh Avenue       Before starting the walk turn south a
Subway or by bus to 157th Street        block to visit the buildings housing the




GREATER NEW YORK

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NEW YORK WALK BOOK

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Intercession, return to 157th Street, and
follow Riverside Drive along the front of
the hill. Its lower course passes Fort Washington Park. Just north of 177th Street
(Depot Lane) take the path past the tea
house and pass over the tracks to the rocks
at Jeffrey's Hook. From this point Washington crossed the river to Fort Lee opposite, and from here a log boom was anchored
in an attempt to prevent the passage of
British ships. One may clamber over the
rocks on the south shore of the point to
reach the little "depot" at the end of Depot
Lane and so return to the Drive.
Going north the drive rises to reveal a
commanding prospect up the river just below the buildings of Tryon Hall. From this
stretch of the Drive the views of the Palisades are especially good, and by taking a
footpath up to the Abbey Inn a much enlarged view is discovered. Continue on the
Drive around the end of the hill (Fig. Ii) to
Broadway at Dyckman Street. Broadway
surface cars connect with the subway in

either direction and with the cross-town
lines. The Broadway-Seventh Avenue Subway line is a quarter mile east on Dyckman
Street. (You have now walked 3 miles.)
A continuation of 2 miles and more is
made by following Dyckman Street southeast to the Speedway and then going south
to I55th Street with the Harlem River on
your left. The Hall of Fame (New York
University) and Washington and High
Bridges are notable sights along the way.
Another continuation is made by dipping
down to the ferry instead of leaving the
river. Then follow the shore road to Inwood
Park, the wooded northern tip of the island.
Circle or cross the hill to the Shorakapkok
valley Indian caves (Fig. 12) and so to the
207th Street subway station.
The panorama labeled "Englewood Approach"
(Fig. io) taken from Dr. Dickinson's booklet "The
Palisades Interstate Park," published by the
American Geographical Society and incorporated
in the library edition of this walk book, pictures
this section.

FORT WASHINGTON AVENUE
Access by   Broadway-Seventh Avenue     the much-teduced grounds of the J. Hood
Subway to 168th Street. Walking distance  Wright place. Turn at I77th Street (for3 miles.                                  merly Depot Lane) to the left to Fort WashWalk up Broadway (formerly Kingsbridge  ington Avenue. Just north of I8Ist Street,
Road) past the armory and, at I75th Street, on the left of the street, is the site of Fort




GREATER NEW YORK

13

Washington. Here, after a hard-fought
battle, 3000 men and officers surrendered
to the British on November 16, 1776. The
spot is marked by a marble seat and a tablet
on the side of the street; but recent activity
in real estate has cut the site into building
lots, and no doubt buildings will soon cover
the place. Just north are the Bennett estate,
now being subdivided, and the C. K. G.
Billings estate on  which   Tryon  Hall
marks the site of another Revolutionary
fort, Fort Tryon. Here one is rewarded by
very fine views. Beyond, the Avenue turns
abruptly down hill to the east, but it is

worth while to follow the dirt road that
encircles the knob and see the panorama of
the Palisades, the Hudson, Spuyten Duyvil,
the Bronx, and northern Manhattan. From
this height the Fulton memorial bridge is
planned to span Inwood valley to the hill
beyond. Return to the Avenue and follow
it down to Broadway. Turn to the right to
Nagle Avenue and then walk north on
that to the Dyckman Street subway station, or go by trolley to the i681h Street
station.
This walk may be shortened by starting
at i86th Street.

INDIAN WAYS AND FOOTWAYS HEREABOUTS
If we were to comply with the present demand for reversion to one hundred per
cent Americanism, we should go clear back from these footless days to the original Manhattan-to the untrammeled summers when we were adequately clothed
in moccasin and breechclout-when, bronzed and steel-sinewed, a man could
track his twenty laden miles of hill slope and f6rest or, carrying news on these
rough ways, trot a steady five-and-thirty for five days running. We should
be Delawares, or Lenni-Lenapes, Mohegans of New England and tributary to
the Mohawks, speaking Algonkian dialects.
Long before the white man has appeared, the business center for this region
has been picked, happily placed at the junction between the up-river trade and
the product of the mints of Long Island. On ponds just north of where a City
Hall will be built stands the village of bark huts. The river shores furnish ample
supplies of oysters, which, in the absence of metal knives, are opened by fire.
Fish may be caught in nets or speared with stone or bone-tipped harpoons, and
bullfrogs are plenty. Where fat Civic Virtue will one day pose stand fields of
corn and beans and squash, for we subsist by agriculture quite as much as by
hunting and fishing. Pits for storing vegetables and hearths with bones in the
ashes and shell heaps will show our feasts and settlements, and when the. ground
is frozen hard these pits and heaps will serve for burial places. The well-chosen
trails will become settlers' roads and ultimate Broadways, for the easiest grades
are followed to the only spot where one can get off the island. This "Wading
Place" will be picked some day for a West Side subway crossing over Spuyten
Duyvil Creek. South and west of the Wading Place-Inwood way-near many a
village and maize field we dig with stone hoes and barter with the passers-by,
taking our pay in wampum made at Canarsee, in strings of shell beads, valuable




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GREATER NEW YORK

15

purple pieces drilled from the quahaug, the clam, or cheaper white bits from the
conch.
Quiet, dignified, leading the simple life, and never indoors, we are the typical
Americans-farmers, hunters, pedestrians. As the aboriginal walkers, we ridicule canoes as slow and clumsy, dug out of a single log with stone tools as they
are and heavy to paddle in a four-mile tideway. Even though the larger be "so
great as to carry eight men" and we can journey in them from Rockaway to
Nieu Amsterdam, twenty miles in ten hours, our entire fleet that gathered to
raid the settlement did not number more than sixty-four. Pack and tumpline are
preferred to paddle, and at the end of the happy man-scout days one drops to
sound sleep on beds of spruce boughs or of grass on low platforms of poles upheld
by forked sticks.
The most famous settlement in tidewater New York will be found on Spuyten
Duyvil in the valley rising southward among tall ledges and forest trees, with its
perennial springs, its hills as windbreaks, its brook as dumping place (Fig. 12).
In this will be dug up, three or four hundred years later, our pottery and spearheads, needles of bone and awls of antler horn, pipes and neck ornaments of
carved stone. And here they may, as at Mosholu, search for us, with the arrowheads that slew us still sticking in our bones, and make the model of it all for the
hallway of an Indian Museum, south an hour's walk toward the midday sun.
North of the Van Cortlandt Park Manor House and close to it, surrounded by the
fireplaces of a large settlement, the grading of the parade ground will bring to
light more than a dozen skeletons, winter-buried in these pits; while at the
mouth of the little ravine south of Dyckman Street ferry-called "Muscoota"
in the days when men walked-the discards will be so easy to find that
bone awls and fishhooks can be plucked among the grass roots, as well as
stone club heads, predecessors of that modern implement, the tomahawk.
So it comes about that below the hard concrete, beneath the remains of asphalt
and macadam, down under the corduroy logs of the primitive cartway, lie the old
elastic, beaten surfaces of single-file footways, worn deep into the countryside by
centuries of the soft foot pads of the moccasins of the Mohegans.
INWOOD HILL
Access by Broadway-Seventh Avenue Sub- farmhouse in Greater New York still kept up
way to 215th Street station. From the sub- in primitive fashion. The kitchen and bakeway station go west to Broadway and two house date back to 1783. Now go back to
blocks south to Isham Park,-climbing the 207th Street and west to the hill and around
hill for the view near the flag-pole. Then go it on a good path which swings back into a
back to Broadway and two blocks south to gully and out again to drop toward the shore
the Dyckman Farm House, the only Dutch to the winter resting place of boats. Most




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

of the trees here are of fine growth; but do
not miss the old "Chief" tulip tree that is
fenced in and labeled "123 feet high, 19 feet
in circumference, and 231 years old," where
Henry Hudson may have met the Indians.
About the tree and just beyond, where the
former brook bed is filled in, and about the
caves the very numerous relics of Indian
settlement were found, of which samples are
shown beneath the sketch (Fig. 12). Turn
up the little valley to the piled rocks which
are seen to have afforded some crude and
limited shelter. No one can now stand upright in these caves, however, save the little
palefaces who posed for the sketch. All the
ledge is worth a scramble, and a number of
shelters are in evidence. This spot the
Indians called Shorakapkok, "as far as the
Sitting-Down Place, or Resting Place." An
excellent condensed model of the shore and
ledges with the aboriginal inhabitants busied
about their occupations stands just within
the entrance of the Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, Broadway and
155th Street.
On returning to the shore one finds good

water still running from the old Indian
springs (but now out of a pipe). The rocks,
therefore, make a good place to lunch. One
may return by an easy path running back
up the valley from near the big tree. To
visit the northern point, leave the houseboat shanties and climb the hill by a path
somewhat rough or slippery in places to the
summit, Cock Hill, where there is an extended view when the foliage is off the trees.
The road on top runs in the rear of the
Episcopal House of Mercy that formerly
cared for wayward girls (view from its front
lawn) and descends to Dyckman Street less
than a half mile from the subway.
If one has proper shoes one should encircle
the point, which is a city park (in fact, all
of these woods are prospective park), and
climb over the rocks along the water to see
the views of the river and the Palisades.
Return by a road running not far above
the Hudson shore-coming out at Dyckman
Street ferry-making a walk of about 2Y
miles in all.  In  summer a bus runs
on Dyckman Street to the subway, Y2
mile.

CROTON AQUEDUCT AND HARLEM RIVER

Access by West Side Elevated lines to
i55th  Street or by  Broadway-Seventh
Avenue Subway to 1571h Street. Walking
distance 3Y4 miles.
From the elevated station walk up the
viaduct to Edgecomb Avenue or from the
subway walk three blocks east to Edgecomb
Avenue. Just north of the stairs to the
Speedway a path leads from the avenue to
the right. This follows the level of the
aqueduct along the slope of the hill through
groves of trees to the end of High Bridge.
The Bridge is one of the most picturesque
of the bridges around New York (Fig. 13)
and has been frequently the subject of
painting, etching, anid photograph. The
views up and down the river are much
more like upland scenery than the city surroundings would suggest.

The walk up the aqueduct and across the
bridge and return makes an ideal moonlight trip, and on other nights the lights on
the dark stream have a decidedly romantic
appeal.
Continuing across the bridge to the mainland walk north on Aqueduct Avenue.
Make a deflection to look off Washington
Bridge and then turn on the left-hand fork
to follow Andrews Avenue until you come
to the grounds of New York University.
At the rear of the library is the Hall of
Fame in a colonnade along the slope accessible from either end.
Continue from the northern end down hill
by a path to Cedar Avenue and so north to
Fordham Road, where you turn west across
the Harlem again to the Broadway-Seventh
Avenue Subway at 207th Street. The walk




GREATER NEW YORK

17

may also be completed either by continuing to the 225th Street station or by following
north through the grounds of Fordham Sedgwick Avenue along the reservoir to
University and so down Kingsbridge Road Van Cortlandt Park.

Fzgure:;

FORDHAM AND JEROME PARK RESERVOIR

Access by Broadway-Seventh Avenue
Subway to 207th Street. Walking distance
3 to 4 miles.
Walk east across the Harlem River (the
bridge was formerly at Broadway over the
ship canal), climb the hill on Fordham Road
(New York University is on the hill to the

right), and go east to the Concourse. (Other
approaches are by Lexington Avenue Subway to Fordham Road, or Third Avenue
Elevated to Fordham, Pelham Avenue.)
Walk north on the Concourse to Kingsbridge Road and Poe Park and visit the Poe
cottage. The cottage originally stood on the




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

east side of Kingsbridge Road within sight
of the present location. Walk west on
Kingsbridge Road    past the mammoth
armory and turn north just beyond it along
the west side of Jerome Park reservoir.
This road leads past the site of an old Revolutionary fort. Continue around the north

side of the reservoir and on Mosholu Parkway go either to the right to the elevated subway on Jerome Avenue or to the left through
Van Cortlandt Park to the 242nd Street
station of the Broadway-Seventh Avenue
line. The golf links furnish fine views
(Fig. 23).

MOSHOLU PARKWAY

Access by Broadway-Seventh Avenue
Subway to 242nd Street. Walking distance
4 to 5 miles.
Walk east through the park and at the
first road beyond the inn turn to the right
up the hill. This road crosses Jerome Avenue and widens out into a parked series of
roads to connect Van Cortlandt Park with
Bronx Park. When you have passed the
tracks of the Harlem Division of the New

York Central Railroad and are in the Botanical Park turn to the left past the conservatories to the Bronx River and follow its
bank down stream through forest growth
of trees and cross Pelham Parkway into the
Zo6logical Park. The Boston post road runs
through this part of the park to the East
i8oth Street (Bronx Park) station of the
East Side Subway from which one can
change to the West Side Subway.

GRAND BOULEVARD AND CONCOURSE

Access by Bronx Park (West Side) Subway to Mott Avenue, or Lexington Avenue
Subway to same point; or by West Side
Elevated to i55th Street or 167th Street
stations. Walking distance 6 to 7 miles.
From the Mott Avenue station walk
north on Mott Avenue past Franz Siegel
Park to 16ist Street, where in a little park
stands a monument to Heine. Continue
north on the Concourse, where almost entirely new construction lines the way. Its
elevated location enables one to get a good
idea of the geography of this section of the

Bronx. After the end of the third mile one
comes to Poe Park and the Poe cottage at
Kingsbridge Road and in another mile to
Mosholu Parkway. The station of the
Jerome Avenue Subway is to the left a
short distance. An interesting continuation
of this walk is to go north on Jerome Avenue
to the northwest corner of Woodlawn Cemetery and return to the 242nd Street station
of the Broadway-Seventh Avenue Subway
or to turn east and follow the cemetery
boundary to Woodlawn station of the New
York Central Railroad.

VAN CORTLANDT PARK
Manhattan's most accessible stretch of woods, rocky and rolling and out of
sight of houses, covers the sides of the valley of Tibbit Brook just north of the
242nd Street station of the Broadway-Seventh Avenue Subway. On one side a
steep ridge wanders up and down, rising nearly 200 feet. On the eastern slope the
Croton Aqueduct keeps its dignified grassy level. Although this area extends
only /2 miles in each direction, one may, by intensive walking, add a considerable stretch to his pedestrian adventures by dipping into each gully, visiting each
notable tree cluster-birch wood or beech wood-, getting the profile of each




GREATER NEW YORK

19

Figure 14

jutting granite spur, or digressing to every outlook down into the meanders of
the brook, and yet reach home at the time "you promised." A hint of these hills
is given in Figure 14, which looks south down the friendly "valley. Figure 28
shows a bit of the aqueduct, and Figure 23 the outlook to the Riverdale ridge
and the Palisades together with the spur with the little cemetery where one starts
up from the parade ground, although this view is south of the actual valley.

Routes through the Park have been outlined in connection with more extended
walks, but these are subject to many variations. The Manor House, built in 1748,
should be visited and its museum studied. It
is near the subway terminus. Its mill stood
by the lake, near the home of the original
settler of 1650-Adrian der Donck, the
Yonk Herr for whom the region to the north
*is named. Thence go north across the parade
ground (the "plantation" of the early days)
under the tracks and climb the hill past the
Van Cortlandt burial vault. From the rocks
above look back to Fordham University and
Washington Bridge. A bridle path follows
the ridge. Several curious rock groups will
repay exploration. At the northeast end
drop down from the high spur and go south
on the field road on the hill or on the west
bank of the brook. Mosholu Parkway gives

a good crossing with the vista of the links beyond. Thence one may rise to the aqueduct
or follow north on the east side of the brook.
(A trolley runs homeward, via Broadway,
on McLean Avenue, over the bridge.)
There is a dirt road turning north from
Mosholu Parkway east of the golf links
and winding uphill, eastward,which crosses
the aqueduct north of Mosholu Parkway on
which one may go eastward across Jerome
Avenue to Indian Field near Van Cortlandt Park West. Here is a monument to
Chief Nimham and seventeen other Stockbridge Indians who fought and died for the
Revolutionists. From this point one may
return by road to the 242nd Street (Van
Cortlandt Park) subway station or go south
to a station on Jerome Avenue and take the
East Side Subway or West Side Elevated
lines.




~iA~~ 5T-Y&.t
Figure 1,5




GREATER NEW YORK

21

RIVERDALE SECTION
The part of the mainland in Greater New York known as Riverdale is specially
blessed by nature and man. It lies on a ridge between Van Cortlandt Park and
the Hudson River. Opposite lie the Palisades. Its advantages in location were
early appreciated by those who could afford to develop it along the best lines,
with the result that most of it is now covered with the groves and lawns of
ample estates. A walk of five or six miles will show a good share of these. A
moonlight evening of summer will be worth reserving for such a walk, and on
that supposition this walk is outlined.

Start then about an hour before sunset
from the Van Cortlandt Park subway station from the southerly stairway and walk
west along Spuyten Duyvil Parkway as it
winds among the rocky nebs of the hill.
This mounts to the summit and turns southward. As you pass the Seton tuberculosis
hospital and come into the more closelybuilt section watch for the gleaming shaft
of the Henry Hudson monument to which
your steps should take you. The low-descending sun should now be nearing the
even crest of the Palisades, so next turn
your course northward, seeking the highway beyond the near-by houses and then
going down hill to the road that parallels
the river some hundred feet above the railroad line. Beyond the ravine that comes
down the hill to disappear on the slope below
seek a grassy spot to watch the colors change
above and below the dark wall of the Palisades. When the moon begins to make faint
shadows resume your walk along the road
way under the spell of the "goddess excellently bright." Alternating grove and lawn
lie on either side for nearly a mile until you

arrive at a corner of lanes beyond the brook.
Here turn under lofty trees to climb the hill
where the brook accompanies the road down
the romantic dell-fern-clad crags on one
hand, dusky recesses of lawn on the other.
This lane brings you to a lighted avenue
alongside the Perkins place. Now the route
is northward along Independence Avenue to
Riverdale (West 254th Street) though any
road may be taken to the right to shorten
the walk. At 254th Street opposite the Morosini place turn up hill to Riverdale
Avenue, then south to the left-hand road
(252nd Street). This takes one past the
Riverdale library in a Queen Anne cottage,
along a steep hillside crossing a new avenue,
and finally to the old Albany post road This
road is probably doomed to extinction under
new streets, but its course goes winding and
climbing as an old road does only a few hundred feet west of the present Broadway.
Going south on this past several of the oldtime places one finally comes out at the
subway station to find the hour about ten
if one has been moaerately active or much
later if one has lingered along the way.

BRONX PARK
Although comprised in one stretch of hilly woodland on the east and west
banks of a creek that is called a river, the Park is usually considered as made up
of three parts. The southern two-fifths holds the Zo6logical Gardens; the center
part is made up chiefly of wildwood and a gorge lined with hemlocks; while the
northwestern section includes the Botanical Gardens. The Zoo is housed in




22

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

what is said to be the finest architecture that cares for any animal collection, and
the settings of the birds and beasts that live out of doors are as nearly natural
as they can be made in this region. The Botanical Gardens boast unrivaled collections brought together in a dignified museum and large conservatories. To
the walker, however, the woods west of the stream in the center of the Park with
the rock ledges and tall trees will furnish the main attraction. The total length is
about 22 miles, and the width from  2 to 3 of a mile. The hemlock grove covers
40 acres.

The southern end is reached by either
the  Broadway-Lenox   Avenue   Subway
or by the Lexington Avenue Subway,
through transfer to the Bronx Park station.
The western and northern edge is reached
by the Sixth and Ninth Avenue elevated
railroads to Bronx Park station and also
by the New York Central from     Grand
Central Terminal to Bedford Park station.
A subway or elevated railroad may be found
not far from either the east or west borders
of the upper part of the Park, and a trolley
line runs from the center west along Fordham Road two and a half miles to Inwood
Park. The upper end of the Park is about
4 of a mile from Van Cortlandt Park
through Mosholu Parkway or Woodlawn
Cemetery. A bus line to Pelham Park may
be found about a mile east along Pelham
Parkway. Walking distance 2 to 4 miles.
Start at the south end and wander from
one group of animals and birds to another,
working  northward   and   visiting  the
Rocking Stone, a boulder seven feet high

with a two inch swing. There is woodland
to explore on the east bank of the stream
also. After leaving the Zoological section
and crossing the wide Parkway the west
bank of the river is followed up to the
gorge (Fig. 15), which is 75 feet deep. This
is spanned by the footbridge shown in the
sketch. Looking down one sees the dam
upstream that furnished power to the snuff
mill on the east bank further downstream
and provided the wherewithal to build the
handsome Lorillard mansion just beyond the
bridge. Many charming groupings of rock
and tree are found by following the meanders of the paths through the woods. Then
turn west to the Botanical Gardens. Here
are fair meadows, and a water garden.
North of the Park the Bronx River will
one day furnish a very desirable and comely
exit for the pedestrian, and there are many
stretches which already preserve groups
of notable trees. At present, however,
much of this improvement is new and the
planting young.

THROGS NECK TO FORT SCHUYLER AND RETURN

Access by East Side Subway and the
Hunts Point-Pelham Bay extension to the
East i77th Street station or to the Castle
Hill station. Route by roads. Walking
distance 5 to 9 miles.
From the Castle Hill station walk south
to East 177th Street, a new, broad street
cutting diagonally through the street plan of
old Unionport. This village was the first
large-scale real estate development in this

part of The Bronx. It was opened in 1851,
long before the Borough of The Bronx was
thought of, in fact. A trolley may be taken
from the subway at 177th Street station as
far as the bridge over Westchester Creek.
Cross the bridge and continue forward to
St. Joseph's Deaf and Dumb Asylum at the
corner of Ferris Avenue, the old road running down to Old Ferry Point. To make this
point and return adds 3 miles to the walk.




GREATER NEW YORK

'23

Save it for another time, under a summer.
moon, perhaps. Going on still eastward past
a stretch of salt marsh on the right and
woodland on the left, each with its seasonal
beauty, one comes to the corner of Fort
Schuyler Road (2Y miles)-East Tremont
Avenue, as it is also called, although the
old name is much the more suggestive and
picturesque.
Turn to the right and go south on Fort
Schuyler Road, passing the old Morris
place, now being sold off into building
lots, and, at Pennyfield Road, the first old
road to the left, turn and cross another piece
of lowland to Meagher Road-a lane along
the rise beyond. To the left is The Park of
Edgewater, a summer bungalow colony, and
ahead along the shore are more old estates
being divided. Go south on Meagher to the
highway beyond and follow it to the left
along the shore past the Silver Beach Colony
and out to the melancholy Fort Schuyler at
the end of the point. Fine views of the
Sound, the shore of Long Island, City
Island, and other islands are revealed (43/2
miles).
Fort Schuyler, built in 1833-1856 opposite its companion Fort Totten on Long
Island a mile distant, commands the passage here but no longer maintains a warlike
establishment.
In retracing your steps, turn to the left
through Silver Beach colony so as to reach

the lower end of the road on the west. Bus
service from here provides a ride for 5
cents. As you leave the shore you pass the
Collis P. Huntington estate, still intact,
in whose grounds is to be seen a fine specimen of cedar of Lebanon planted here about
1790 by Philip Livingston. Going north, do
not return by 177th Street but continue on
Fort Schuyler Road to the trolley line at
Eastern Boulevard. Here turn to the right
and follow Eastern Boulevard past more
estates undergoing subdivision to Pelham
Bay Park and the end of the subway (9
miles).
A not uninteresting extension of the walk,
adding 4 miles, is to go on the Pelham Bay
Parkway and follow it to Bronx Park then
south on Boston Post Road through Bronx
Park to the subway at Bronx Park station.
Instead of following the motor road
through the park a pleasanter way is to turn
to the left on reaching Bronx River and
follow Lover's Lane, a wide, shady paved
walk along the river, to Bronx Park station.
Those interested in identifying historic spots
will do well to carry Kelley's "Historical Guide,"
though changes are occurring so rapidly in street
opening that
some difficulty
is encountered
in making the
ground match
the book.

\ - y.....jFAgure 0z6
Figure 16




24                  NEW YORK WALK BOOK
Z7 -~            7f'.s-fooiz..o  o.  Yo' zT, Z.ZrANWD JOT -,df CPACCf.OTff.E2,OUV...o
Figure 17
CITY ISLAND

Access by Lexington Avenue Subway
to Hunts Point and Pelham     Bay train
to Pelham Bay Park. This route takes
one across the wastes beyond the Bronx
River and through Unionport and Westchester Village. The subway ride is from
25 to 60 minutes. A number of routes are
possible, but this is given as the most
direct.
From the end of the line, walk forward
along the course of the trackless trolley.
This, when put in operation, or a bus (fare
io cents) may be taken to any point on the
route. The broad highway soon merges
'with the Pelham Bay Parkway and runs
across East Chester Creek, or River. This
wide estuary is here spanned by two bridges,
one of the Parkway, the other of the railroad. Occasional barges towed by selfimportant tugs pass up or down the stream,
and   the  resultant  "down-portcullis-updrawbridge" of the railroad bridge gives
picturesque activity to the scene, to the
accompaniment of dreadful groanings and
rattlings. Before reaching the main road to
City Island turn along the shore road to the
right-the more picturesque, giving views
across East Chester Bay of the shore of
Throgs Neck-which brings one around to
City Island Avenue, near Glover's Rock.
This great granite boulder, marked by a

bronze tablet, is near the spot were Colonel
Glover with 750 men detained the British
under Howe long enough for Washington to
withdraw toward White Plains in safety
in his evacuation of New York in 1776.
The park is undergoing improvements and
is in a somewhat chaotic state, but by
crossing the low grounds on the main road
and turning to the left on the road along the
easterly shore of Rodman Neck, the scene
is changed to Pelham Bay with Hunters
Island opposite. This road follows the
shore through Orchard Beach tent colony to
the end of the neck. Here overlooking the
waters of both bays is the old Marshall
mansion (now an inn), a relic of Colonial
days and of manorial Colonial architecture
(4 miles). Where a ferry once plied the
mainland is now connected by a stone and
steel bridge with City Island.
City Island, or New City Island, is
reminiscent of the boom of the I760's when
this mile-and-a-half-long island, less than a
half mile wide, was planned as a rival of the
growing city on the end of Manhattan
Island. Little shows of this antiquity, most
of the architecture having rather an early
Victorian flavor. Some neighborhoods show
new houses and bungalows indicative of a
new lease of life, no doubt due to improving
transit facilities. The car tracks in City




GREATER NEW YORK

25

Figure z8
Tr i~" 1B A f TO TWE rW TV',v OW Af ~BS
Figure 18

Island Avenue are reminders of the old
horsecar that used to "run" to Bartow and
back. A walk through the back streets and
down to the end of the island is worth while,
if only to get the views of shipping and other
nautical scenes. At Pilot Street is one of
the larger boat builders, where may be
seen boats of all sizes from rowboats to
Cup-challengers. In fact, Lipton's challengers were docked here. The Belden
homestead at the end of the Island overlooking the Sound is the best preserved of
the old houses and is now a restaurant in
spacious grounds. Up to a year ago the
best-known of the sights of an antiquarian
nature was Macedonia Hotel, built partly
from a British frigate of that name, which,
until it burned down, stood on the shore at
Ditmars Street. Not less interesting are
the views across the waters of the bays and

the Sound.    Hunters Island    and  Hart
Island are the larger bodies to the east, with
Manhasset Neck, Long Island, back of
them. Southeast lie Manhasset Bay and
Great Neck, while Throgs Neck occupies
most of the western and southern view.
The walk back to Pelham Bay station of
the subway is about 5 miles. Two miles
may be cut from this by making for the
City Island station (Bartow) of the Harlem
Branch of the New York, New Haven and
Hartford Railroad (fare to 133d Street 30
cents); or walking may be eliminated entirely by taking the bus (fare Io cents) to
the Pelham Park station or to the Bronx
line at West Farms.
Interesting historical matter concerning this
locality is given in Jenkins' "Story of the Bronx,"
Comstock's "Old Roads From the Heart of New
York," and Kelley's "Historical Guide."

PELHAM BAY PARK AND HUNTERS ISLAND

Access by Lexington Avenue Subway to
Hunts Point, changing to a Pelham Park
train which runs every 15 minutes. Total
time from   Grand Central Terminal 40
minutes; fare 5 cents. Routes by paths,
lawns, waterside, and main roads.
Hunters Island is a mile of park that
stands out into the sound and offers our

most accessible unspoiled stretch of rocky
shore. One should look up the tide reports
for Governors Island in a newspaper and
add 13I hours, so as to avoid low tide views.
Leaving the terminal and striking south
through some good beeches stop to inspect
the Isaac Rice Play Field. The Natatorium
has panels in relief of various sports on the




26

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

walls of the low buildings of the dressing
rooms, the pool being out of doors. On the
far edge of the field, opposite, is the massive
grand stand. Turn to the left to follow the
red brick wall of the Huntington estate
toward the shore where bathhouses stand on
the rocks, but do not fail to make a detour
toward the oak in the center of the open
space with its spread of iio feet. This is
in its glory in October. A petrified nightmare of a rock is near the Mothers' House.
The interior of the "Aula Matrum" should
be noted, and the wading pool. Thence,
passing a boathouse, also duly Latinized,
follow the shore across the damaged causeway, along the front of the next promontory
(Fig. 16) and past Sheepapen Rocks, to
Pelham Bridge (i3 miles), with its curious
chimney piers standing on "The Blizzard."
Pause just before climbing to the roadway
to look under the white concrete span
framing an etching of the ebony railroad
bridge beyond-a combination of black
brute mass and delicate girders and swinging
cobweb.
Cross the bridge and follow the wide path
north (Y2 mile) alongside Pelham Bridge
Road to the highway that turns to the right
to City Island. Here the bus line from
Pelham Park station of the subway turns
off to City Island, running every Io minutes
(its devious course to the West Farms
station of the West Side Subway is not to
be recommended on the return). To the
left is the Barstow station of the Westchester
railway.                               /

Continuing north, keep to the right fork
past golf links to Hunters Island bridge
(i Y  miles from  Pelham    Bridge). These
inshore waterways are all mud fiats at low
tide. Cross the bridge, turn to the left
beyond the lodge (last chance for food or
water), and follow the shore.
The lower two-thirds of the island is rolling
farm land. The upper end has tall woods, rocky
points projecting into the Sound, tide pools,
beaches, and sea marsh. Glacial boulders are
posed conspicuously, as shown in Figure 17. It is
no wonder that Indians used this interesting
island as a favorite place for ceremonials and
palavers. Which was their conference rock, called
"Mishow," is not known. Shell heaps, arrow
heads, and other relics proving their occupancy
are found at the northernmost wooded point of
rocks, first reached on turning to the left on
entering the island. (Near this point is the rock
called the Gray Mare.) They are also found on
the point shown in Figure 17 but chiefly north of
the bridge to the Twin Islands, shown in Figure
18.
We follow this north shore, if the tide
permits, and observe Glen Island to the
north (added to the city parks in 1923);
then circle each of the Twins, wandering
2 or 3 miles on the island. The road
gives us a short cut back to Pelham Bridge
Road. Thence we may strike north and
then  west Ij     miles to   Pelham Manor
station or retrace our steps I mile to Barstow or we may take the bus to Pelham
Subway or walk 2Y% miles to Pelham Park
station.

QUEENS BOROUGH
Queens borough, in a few areas, still preserves enough of the old Dutch farm
lands to afford walks of a few miles away from railroad or motor highway, although such remnants of the period of scattered villages before the consolidation
with Greater New York are fast disappearing. Real estate developments have
taken most of them. Some are being turned into golf courses. The rolling moraine topography north of Jamaica, however, has saved stretches of forest and
kettle-hole ponds, in which, but for the honk of the motor car on the highways,
one might imagine himself farther out on Long Island.




GREATER NEW YORK                           27
Along the crest of the Harbor Hill moraine, east of Forest Park and north of
Hollis, Bellaire, and Queens village and extending to the Hempstead boundary,
is the largest strip within the borough of terrain attractive to the tramper. A
mile or more wide in places, it includes patches of woodland, old fields, and
many briar-lined little ponds, and, although it is crossed by several north-south
highways, there is an old lane which runs for five miles from a point back of
Hollis east to the Rocky Hill road north of Queens village. Some of the kettlehole ponds are attractive. The brilliant yellow golden club glorifies one in early
spring; another, Potamogeton Pond, bearing the Latin name of a species of pondweed, is a haunt of botanical and microscopical students for fresh water algae and
other minute animal and vegetable life. Some of the old farm roads east of the
Jamaica-Flushing boulevard were pleasant walks until lately, when macadamizing opened them to the motor car. The Old Vleigh road from Union Turnpike
east of Kew Gardens, running diagonally for a mile or so to the Jamaica-Flushing
road, still preserves some of the old Dutch farms which run down to the eastern
edge of Flushing Meadow. There are wooded strips along both sides of this
meadow where the wild yam still trails over the sumacs, and Boy Scouts from the
growing communities on either hand still seek the nearest thing to the wildwood
for their camp fires. From Union Turnpike past the pumping station at the head
of the meadow there are footpaths amidst the cat brier for two miles north to the
causeway from Corona to Flushing, and sometimes an artist may be found
sketching in the hollows and lobes of the moraine. Skunk cabbage and spring
beauty may' be found blossoming early along the spring runs coming down
through the brush to the salt marsh which is studded with the artesian wells of a
water company. There are many fine beeches. The spice bush still glows yellow
here in April, though off to the west looms the Metropolitan tower in the center of
Manhattan.
Alley Pond is reached by going south from Douglaston station, and there is a
pretty road north not far from the shore.
The edges of Jamaica Bay along the tidal creeks, especially towards its head,
still have spots where the salt marsh remains unspoiled, where the rose mallow
blooms thickly in August, and the samphire burns scarlet in October. There are
patches of woodland about Bergen Beach, and the fishing and clam and oyster
stations along the creeks have a picturesqueness which the commercial development of the bay has not yet spoiled. About the old tidal millpond of Gerritsens
Basin are open spaces of salt and fresh marsh and, higher, a few old Dutch farms
surrounded by lines of ancient locusts. Some of the old Colonial highways, like
King's Highway and Neck Road preserve a flavor of their old character and,
even where obscured by the newer city streets, may still be found in someone's




28

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

back yard, traceable by lines of trees and shrubbery which puzzle the observer
until old maps explain their location.
Rockaway Point less than fifteen years ago was as remote and unsppiled a bit
of beach and dunes as the tramper could wish for (in character like Fig. 63), but
now it is nearly covered by bungalow colonies, the government fort and seaplane
station, and the expansion of the beach resort westward from Belle Harbor and
Neponsit. In seasons when there are few occupants of the new buildings it is
still a pleasant stroll, with a surf which now builds up the spit and now gnaws into
it and alarms the developers into building stout timber walls and groynes to save
the land that the sea gave them and would take away.
The new board walk at Coney Island offers a place for a walk that might be
worth taking just once. It would make one better appreciate the RamapoDunderberg Trail in the Interstate Park.
PROSPECT PARK
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, has a distinction of its own. The stateliness of the
entrance through one of the few adequate plazas of the greater city, the extent
of its vistas, and the, variety in its trees are not more noteworthy than the relative freedom from dwarfing by near-by buildings. The parks on Long Island lack
the rocky ledges of those of Manhattan and the Bronx but are conspicuous for
tree growth and sweep of greensward. This park has a "Long Meadow" nearly a
mile from end to end and a lake almost as long, overhung by a well wooded,
hundred-foot hill. Moreover, there is the Vale of Cashmere, singularly lovely
in the time of rose and rhododendron and azalea, and the Japanese Garden, distinguished in being quite truly Japanese and full of small-scale charm and dignity.

The West Side Subway goes to the main
entrance while the East Side Subway transfers at Atlantic Avenue, the time from
down-town Manhattan being about 15
minutes. Cross the Plaza under the arch
which Duncan designed, with its charioteer
and spirited horses modeled by the Brooklyn
sculptor MacMonnies (who also did the
eagles on the columns) and enter the park
at the corner near the tall tower of the
reservoir. (Note that beyond the reservoir
are the Brooklyn Museum and the Japanese
and Botanic Gardens.) In this section many
trees are labeled, and one observes that
Boston's famous arboretum is young com
pared to this collection of Culyer's. From
the long pergola one looks down over the
Vale of Cashmere, then turns left to enter
the Rose Garden, and then goes down and
right to the gully (through which ran the
old turnpike to Flatbush). Going on in the
same direction, cross the lawn at its base
toward the drive in order to visit the boulder
bearing the description of Battle Pass. A
little further on cross the drive to ascend to
the menagerie (i mile) and then out on the
slope to look over Long Meadow. Still
keeping to this side of the Park one finds
near Willink Entrance the Lefferts house,
removed from its original location in the




GREATER NEW YORK                                29
neighborhood, preserved as typical of the
early and wealthy Dutch settlement of
Flatbush.
Near by is the winding narrow section
of the lake on which row boats may be hired
or a launch ride taken for a 2-mile circuit.
The Old-fashioned Garden is on a little hill        I i
over the lake. Thence one may either
follow the drive across the bridge and climb
Outlook Hill and go thence by the west side
of the Park back to the Plaza (3m   miles) or
go east down the steps through rhododendrons and a row of sycamores and circle the
lake, taking the hill on the return frdm this
circuit and noting the monument to the
400 Marylanders who fell defending the
retreat at thd Battle of Long Island (Fig.
19). The greenhouses are on the west side
near Ninth Avenue, and the Lafayette
monument by French faces on this avenue
at Ninth Street. Total walking distance 5
miles. If preferred, the return may be from
the far end by trolley to the subway station.
The considerate walker will shed no newspapers or lunch boxes. The inconsiderate
picnic crowds leave four tons of paper in
the park every day to be picked up.
The Japanese and Botanic Gardens may
be reached from either the main entrance or
the Willink entrance of the park or directly  PRoJrre--tRX: to w M^rrTo MAAyY2
from the Museum station of the subway.      =LANPrS.p4' IXL Z-VIAS4V.Y 3ALL.
Figure Ig
FOREST PARK
Forest Park follows the moraine, the island's backbone, a hundred feet above
the southern plain with outlooks to Jamaica Bay and to the sea 8 miles away. In
shape it is an hourglass 2 miles long by I mile wide. It is full of the rolling dip of
kettle holes and well wooded throughout, with the fair green of links between tall
trees (Fig. 20).
Access from  Pennsylvania Station by   pike; look off a bare knoll to the Manhattan
Long Island Railroad to Forest Hills (18 silhouette 8 miles west; and continue on a
minutes). Through this most picturesque path alongside the Park road nearly 3 miles.
of our suburbs, brick, half-timbered, tile- Another way is to adventure mildly by
roofed, and planned as a whole, walk out compass, starting at the point where the
Greenway North 'Y   mile to Union Turn- Park road crosses the Metropolitan Avenue




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Strolley and striking southwest through open,'_',             woods and a variety of paths. Having
reached the narrow part of the hourglass
i            at Woodhaven Avenue, the best way keeps
south of the links. Thence one may (I)
descend from the upstanding clubhouse on.               the ridge three blocks through 76th Street
to Jamaica Avenue to the Eldert Lane
-:1.:     station of the Chambers Street-Jamaica
elevated railroad that crosses Williamsburg
Bridge and transfers at Canal and Broadway
to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit subway
(time to Times Square, 50 minutes); or (2),. j/o^'          /one may continue on top of the ridge
through Cypress Hill Cemetery and past
C       f- i e   7 1nc, z k rdi    the Reservoir to Highland Park, and so
gure 20                  come to the same elevated railroad-adding
Figure 20
2 miles to the first 3 or 4.
THE HOLLISWOOD TRAIL-QUEENS TO HILLSIDE

From the Queens station of the Long
Island Railroad follow Lincoln Avenue to
Hillside Avenue (I mile). Here, where
Rocky Hill Road begins its climb, big trees
show an inviting wood road northeast.
(The bed of an old abandoned railroad will
keep you from going too far north.) After
a mile through the woods, turn left -on a
path near a bridge over the cut and go on
to Queens Road and south on this road to

McLaughlin Boulevard. Follow    this Y
mile and then keep on in its direction on a
path to Holliswood Road. A bit south on
this road a path starts southeast to West
Oxford Terrace at Hillside Avenue and
Harvard Avenue which brings us back to
the railroad at Hillside. Distance through
the woods about 6 miles with blazes as
guides.

STATEN ISLAND
Staten Island offers a considerable variety of rather rural walks and will do so,
probably, until the subways reach it under the Narrows. The high serpentine
hills in the northern part of the island tend to prevent real-estate development,
except in large estates or golf courses and to direct building along the flat lands on
either side. The Serpentine Road from the hill above St. George southward down
into the Concord Clove and up ahead to Todt Hill (Fig. 21) and beyond to the old
seat of Richmond County affords miles of roads fairly free from vehicle traffic.
Phere are many short paths running down the gullies eastward toivard the
trolley line on Richmond Boulevard and down the smoother slopes on the red
sandstone westward toward Bull's Head and the Fresh Kills. The Fresh Kills
and its branches, with the lowland about them, afford beautiful salt marsh and
"sassafras land" scenery.




GREATER NEW YORK

31

South of Fresh Kills, through Green ridge and Rossville to Tottenville, or
inland from Richmond through Woodrow to Pleasant Plains, is a rolling country
on the terminal moraine with smooth hills and hollows. It is largely in cultivated
land, with here and there a well-preserved old Dutch farmhouse to delight the
eye with its lines so different from modern suburban villa architecture. On the
higher knolls and along the brooks are patches of meadow and wooded swamp
and sometimes, for half a mile or so, one can imagine himself far removed from
the city. There is nearly a square mile of woodland, including stands of fine
beeches and jungles of bayberry, between Pleasant Plains station on the Staten
Island Rapid Transit Railway and Kreischerville, the fire-brick factory on the
Staten Island Sound. A difference in the underlying formations brings a difference in flora in the southwestern part of the island. Within the moraine, with its
beeches and maples and elms, is an area of Tertiary clays and gravels, sometimes
exposed in striking colors in the clay pits, red, yellow, brown, chocolate, suggesting western canyon hues in miniature; and on this formation the trees are pitch
pine, scrub, blackjack, and other low oaks, suggesting parts of the New Jersey
Pine Barrens.

West of the old county seat, Richmond,
is a rather large area of swampy woodland
through which run lanes and paths to the
Fresh Kills Road. The old St. Andrew's
Episcopal Church, on the road running
northward out of Richmond, is worth a
visit. It was the scene of a skirmish in the
Revolution, and its old gravestones bear
quaint examples of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Dutch and English epitaphs.
The wooded area is reached by a lane
turning west past St. Andrew's, through a
farm and apple orchard, and into the brush
beyond. This wooded area extends northSward for two or three miles, though crossed
Sby roads, toward Bull's Head. A pleasant
excursion at any season is to take ferry from
Manhattan to St. George, trolley to Port
Richmond, and change there to the Bull's
Head line. At the end of the latter, turn
east, picking the most secluded and attractive paths through fields and woods. One
may thus reach the west slope of Todt Hill,
the highest eminence on the island with a
pretty artificial lake, and enter the beautiful
wooded private cemetery of the Vanderbilt

and Sloane familes. The main entrance,
reached by a road through the Moravian
cemetery on Richmond Road east of the
ridge, is banked with rhododendrons, laurel,
and other handsome shrubs which show fine
masses of bloom in season. This cemetery
is open to the public up to 5 P.M., but one
may not picnic there.
Ground water, in brooks or water holes,
is scarcely safe to drink for the walker in
Staten Island, as the island is so much
cultivated or developed. One had better
rely on water of assured purity or on fruit.
Oases in ice cream stands are easy to reach
anyway.
The Staten Island beaches are developed
in large part in the Coney Island fashion,
but there are some stretches of the shore
front on Lower New York Bay which give
a few miles of worth-while rambling when
a longer walk in regions farther from the
city is not desired. Fort Wadsworth, the
spit inclosing Great Kills, shore roads, and
the strand southward from Great Kills,
with detours inland through the fields
because of little creeks, are worth short




NEW YORK WALK BOOK
'er.
Iy^^'"''  'Vy ý

1#07- '

Figure 21

excursions on a Saturdayafternoon, if one has
not planned a tramp in more remote regions.
The Staten Island sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey covers the entire island.
The smalf but well-appointed Museum of the
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, at
St. George, west of the borough hall, is worth an
hour's study by the visitor to the island. Its collections are not large but are well selected as to
natural history and the Colonial and Revolutionary periods. Unique exhibits are the miniature
models of events connected with the history of
the island, by Edward J. Burns, portraying faithfully, with figures about six inches high, an

Indian village, an attack upon a Dutch stockade
by the savages, and the conference between
Benjamin Franklin and other American Commissioners and Lord Howe, British commander in
New York, in 1776, looking toward a return of
the colonies to allegiance to Britain, which failed.
The custodians can give valuable advice as to
points on the island worth visiting for scientific
and historical reasons. The Institute includes in
its activities a Bird Club, headed by William T.
Davis, which holds monthly bird walks centering
about a cabin in the woods back of Egbertville,
where the members feast on "brigand" steaks.
All bird lovers are welcome to its excursions on
application.







- Main motor roads
---+- Main motor roads with trolley
Fair roads
- -- Poor- or private roads
~.........Trails
Railroads
-4-  Trolleys
w    Springs or wells
Contour interval /00 feet




WESTCHESTER COUNTY
"0 country created for pleasant walks could be better devised-accordion-pleated, wooded, and watered-than the
county contiguous to our own. Although part of our moccasin heritage is absorbed by millionaires and country-loving
commuters, what remains is adorned for us. Every other
valley, once perhaps a swamp, has been fashioned into a
deep indented lake: its watershed planted and parked; its
outlet a monumental waterfall. Every other hilltop, once
perhaps decaying farmland, has been turned into landscape, lawn, and vista
and punctuated with tiny tin flags. Whether it be reservoir or links or estate
that preserves big trees and fair hillsides is immaterial so long as they be preserved,; and if highways crowded with honking harassment and lined with
decorative mansions drive the walker to ridges and brooks, it is there, of choice,
that he would be.
The triangle between the Hudson River and the Sound may be divided, for our
purposes, into two parts. The first section, along the Sound, lies mainly in Connecticut. Its interior is difficult of access and at the same time is not so well
adapted to pedestrian activity as the second section, made up of Westchester and
Putnam counties in New York State. This first section is served, but only along
the margin, by the New York Central and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads, and their divergence comes to be fifteen to twenty miles. Moreover, the countryside is made up of farm and private estate to such an extent
that few routes for walking are afforded except at a considerable distance from
the railroads. The large preponderance of motor roads also hampers road walks.
Only along the rivers can proper tramping be found in this eastern sector.
The Byram River, just east of the Con- and Armonk; although the nearest railroad
necticut line, provides an easy walk-from  is not to be reached by less than 6 miles,
Greenwich to Glenville, northward through afoot. The other trip, the more difficult,
fields and woods, along the west bank of along the Mianus River will be described
the river toward Rye Pond, Round Hill, later.
The second section (Westchester and Putnam counties) is more accessible,
being served by three divisions of the New York Central Railroad; by the New
York, Westchester & Boston Railway (electric); and by trolley and bus lines.
33




34

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

It has, too, a more uneven'surface, offering wild stretches of especial interest for
walking. This region may be split up still further into three subdivisions. First
is that part lying immediately north of New York City and extending up to
Tarrytown and including the hills beyond White Plains. This area is somewhat
triangular in shape with its eastern half, because of its more level topography,
belonging perhaps to the Connecticut district. The western half, lying west of
the Bronx River, is composed of a series of ridges approximately parallel to the
Hudson River. Lying near to the metropolis and having many cities and towns
on its margin, it is a favorite region for short walks either across or along the
ridges. This area is shown on the upper part of the Harlem sheet and the lower
part of the Tarrytown sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey maps.
A DIVERSIFIED LANDSCAPE
Westchester County, New York, extends from the city northward some 35
miles to the Highlands of the Hudson, broadening, as it goes, from the original 7
miles to 25 or more. Like Connecticut, that adjoins it on the east, it is thrown
into folds with valleys that open southward or southwestward and carry wandering creeks, labeled "rivers," which are 200 or 300 feet above the sea if well inland; the ribs between rising in rounded ridges or knobs 200 to 600 feet above the
valleys; and the whole covered with farms and woodland and estates and golf
courses and reservoirs and suburban cities and villages. It is most pleasant and
diversified country. Even though it is in general a landscape nearly tamed and
netted with a maze of roads, there are some wild stretches to be found, and it
does not lack good open woods and steep ledges, fine rocks and tall trees. It
offers, also, free outlooks from its hills over the innumerable embayed and long
fingered lakes or across the widest part of the Hudson, here called a "Sea."
The next area has its southern apex at Tarrytown and extends north along the
Hudson to Peekskill and the Putnam County Highlands and northeastward,
with the Nepperhan (Sawmill) River as its eastern boundary, to Katonah and
beyond. This is shown on the Tarrytown and West Point sheets of the U. S.
Geological Survey maps, with small sections on the Stamford and Carmel sheets.
The third area is that part of the Highlands of the Hudson lying in New York
state. This is almost entirely in Putnam County and is shown on the West Point
sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey map with small fragments mapped on the
Poughkeepsie and Carmel sheets. (See chapter on Putnam County.)
GEOLOGY
Geologically the whole area is quite complex, belonging to the so-called "Manhattan prong" of the Older Appalachians, though running down to sea level. In




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

35

the southern parts the underlying rock consists of highly metamorphic schists
and gneisses with limestone inclusions, while in the north granites and gneisses
predominate. The Highlands show a rather definite boundary along Peekskill
Creek, which, with Canopus Creek,
was developed along the same system       "- -
of faults that formed the front range  "                       " "
of the Ramapo Mountains in New            -                        '
Jersey and in New York state. The                    ~
two parts are uneven to a like degree,.,
but the northerly one is much the
more elevated and rugged. In com-                           ',
mon with the rest of the metropolitan
area this region was subjected to
glaciation, evidence of which is every-,''
where seen in deposits of gravels or
boulders and in ponds whose outlets
were dammed up thereby. One can        't'
hardly fail to compare the country
on the two sides of the Hudson,
especially below the Highlands where                              '-"" '
the differences are the most pronounced. In contrast to the abrupt      -
slopes and  cliffs of Westchester                 Figure 22
County are the undulating fields and
farms of Rockland County with its rim of high palisades-a dike, seemingly,
against the Hudson. The sandstones of the Triassic area in Rockland contrast
with the schists of Westchester, and the trap rock of the Palisades with the gneiss
of the eastern hills. In contrast again is the sand-hill character of Long Island,
where the glacial sheet dropped a major part of the load that it had taken up in
traversing the mainland. That the Hudson flows in the space between the two
diverse areas is no doubt due to the fact that the line of cleavage or of contact
between the two was also the line of least resistance. So efficient was the river
in cutting its bed that it now rests in a rock trough whose lower surface is some
600 feet or more below the present water level. Sinking of the land has resulted
in the filling of this trench with gravel and silt.
ROUGH COUNTRY AMID SOPHISTICATION
In a sophisticated region like Westchester County very detailed directions for
walks are necessary in many cases because of the difficulty of choosing offhand a




36

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

route or road that is open to walkers or one that will be continuous enough to be
worth while. Roads there are a-plenty; but almost every valley road will be a
motor road, and in the more level regions every road will have this objection.
Along the Hudson, Westchester County presents an almost solid front of fine
estates whose lawns extend far back up the hills. The few gaps by which one may
walk through to the slope where woods are frequent are indicated in the accompanying descriptions. The country farther inland is not so closely occupied by
enclosed ground, and one is more free to move. But, as the more level country
near the Sound is approached, the less is the opportunity for getting off the roads.
As one goes north or into hilly and rocky country this opportunity occurs more
often. Here, too, one finds hill roads that are little traveled. One must be prepared, however, to encounter some outpost of civilization to bar his progress
and must use ingenuity to circumvent it. As a rule, the rougher the topography
the more wooded and less cultivated is the country. Lakes occur frequently to
lend interest to the scene, some natural, some artificial; among the latter being
reservoirs of local or metropolitan water supplies. For all its sophistication this
region has many sources of drinking water for the pedestrian in small brooks and
springs.
On the Hudson Division of the New York Central railroad any station from
Hastings north furnishes a quick approach to a walking route; on the Putnam
Division, any station from Van Cortlandt Park north; and on the Harlem
Division, any station from Mount Vernon north. From such stations as Yonkers,
Mount Vernon, Tuckahoe, Tarrytown, and White Plains, half-hourly trolley
and bus service takes one into the country in almost any direction. Ferries to
the west bank of the Hudson run from Yonkers and Tarrytown, and a launch
may be summoned at Dobbs Ferry.
A ferry connects West Point with Garrison, and a bridge is being built tu
span the Hudson at Anthony's Nose which will make easy access to the Interstate
Park west of the river. The scenery in the neighborhood of the Hudson above
Peekskill is essentially mountainous and impressive.
Among special sections where exploration will repay one's efforts may be mentioned the ridges north of the Nepperhan-Tuckahoe trolley, the Nigger Hills
north of White Plains, the Pocantico Hills northeast of Tarrytown, the hills north
of the Croton River and Lake, and, of course, the Highlands.
Literary and historical objectives are many in this county of Westchester.
These are well brought out in Sarah Comstock's "Old Roads From the Heart of
New York" and in E. M. Bacon's "Chronicles of Tarrytown." Tracing the old
post roads or the movements of Revolutionary troops or visiting old forts and
camps (of which there are many) are profitable employments for the pedestrian.




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

37

THE AQUEDUCT FOOTWAYS
For easy walking in pleasant country the Croton and Catskill aqueducts
throughout most of their course make good routes, both in themselves and
as approaches to others. These have a charm of their own, an Old-World
distinction, a character unlike any other walks within our radius (Figs. 27
and 28). Broad as a roadway, the top of the massive water tunnel is covered
all along its level, winding way and down its sloping sides with greensward,
clipped and tended. Overhead, on the older ways, stately trees make arches
and vistas and shade the path; while the terraced course, as it swings in and
out along the hillsides, furnishes endless miles of variety and outlooks. For
maximum reward from minimum exertion no walking hereabouts compares with
this peaceful parkway, whether it be close at hand at the end of a subway, as in
Van Cortlandt Park'(Fig. 23), or fifty miles to the north, high above the river,
looking along the mountain defiles of the Hudson (Fig. 34). The only rival of
the Croton Aqueduct in dependable ways and adoption by the landscape is its
open-faced cousin, the abandoned towpath along the Morris Canal. The old
Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1842, runs through a region of estates along the
bank of the Hudson, thus giving it a beautiful setting and fine outlooks. Beginning at Van Cortlandt Park, 2% mile from the subway station, its course is
open for walking almost all the way to Croton Dam, about 30 miles of level
shaded path. In Yonkers, Tarrytown, and Ossining, streets have to be used,
or a trolley or bus fills the gap. The second Croton Aqueduct is deep and is
hardly anywhere available except for a very short stretch from Mosholu Parkway
to Dunwoodie. The new-rich member of the family is the Catskill Aqueduct,
that engineering feat comparable to the Panama Canal. This new arrival,
singularly enough, achieves no small part of the grand and kindly manner of
its predecessor almost from the start. The stretch of the Catskill Aqueduct north
of Bryn Mawr is available to Elmsford and beyond, then the reservoir at Kensico
intervenes. Above Millwood is another high-level route, and above Peekskill the
journey is successively by a path, a hill climb, and a road detour. From Bryn
Mawr to Breakneck, where the aqueduct crosses under the river, is about 40
miles.
VAN CORTLANDT PARK TO WHITE PLAINS
Walking distance 14 to 15 miles. Route side of the valley and coming back on the
by roads and paths with a little climbing,  other, 12 miles-quite unlike routes. Cr
This trip may be considered as two: one it may be cut short at several points.
the full trip to White Plains, 14 miles; the The round trip will be described first, then
other to Bryn Mawr and return, circum- the through trip.
navigating Tibbit Brook by going up one  For the round trip the route is up the




38

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

IL &i Ur, A-t 1?aIl fooip,&~h'..fAALLutdueJ - foe fx
Cait &T H mattr drf(ooodri itwees ovevr IT0oadwvay,- para<le a'rJLo
Riv/crdc~  lge~, fas aAfpi  &t&nJIorhTdTrw sYi?.
Figure 23

west side of Tibbit Brook. Starting from
the subway at Van Cortlandt Park station,
walk diagonally across the park back of the
manor house to the point where a road goes
under the tracks of the Ycnkers Branch of
the Putnam Division. On the far side of
the tracks turn to the left and follow the
path up hill past the Van Cortlandt burial
vault and continue along the crests of the
ridge on this main path for a mile and a
half to McLean Avenue and the Mount
Vernon-Yonkers trolley (2 miles from Van
Cortlandt Park).
Here follow the road down hill to the
turn as it goes over the bridge. Turn to the
left on the dirt road and continue on this
and the path along the slope of the hill
northward to the brook. Just beyond this
the path turns up hill, but another continues
along the slope just below the bank of a
roadway. Cross trails descend to cross the
tracks below, but one should keep along the
slope till the path comes to the top in sight
of the Yonkers water tower. Here turn
north again past the ball field on another
path running northeast; but at an apple
tree take a path going straight over the end

of the hill northward. This leads to the
brook. Up the farther slope is another
Mount Vernon-Yonkers trolley line, a few
hundred feet west of Dunwoodie station
(Fig. 14).
Up the hill ahead two roads climb. The
one on the right is to the clubhouse and is
macadamized. The one to the left is a dirt
road. Follow this and then a path around
the west boundary of the Dunwoodie golf
links. At first this is rather "difficult," but
farther north it crosses a spring and leads
into the woods. Keep up the west side of
the brooklet on the path that comes out
beside a house on Palmer Avenue, just
opposite the corner of the reservoir. Here
one gets views of Yonkers and the Nepperhan region. Turn east on Palmer Avenue,
crossing Mile Square Road to Bryn Mawr
station (6 miles from Van Cortlandt Park).
(The Yonkers-Tuckahoe trolley is accessible
to the west on Palmer Avenue, or north on
Mile Square Road.)
From Bryn Mawr the return trip is made
by taking the path just east of the track;
passing the pond that starts Tibbit Brook;
crossing Mile Square Road; and, on a path




Map 2

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

39

as before along the east side of the tracks,
going south to Dunwoodie. Here just south
of the ttolley line one can take the aqueduct
path east and south to Van Cortlandt
Park (Fig. 28).
The full trip from Van Cortlandt Park
may better be started by way of the aqueduct, as by so doing one will have more time
for the country beyond Nepperhan. Go east
from the subway on the road past the lake
and climb the hill road northeast to the
aqueduct (Fig. 23), which can then be followed four miles north to Dunwoodie station. From this point go east along the car
tracks some 300 feet and just beyond the
buildings turn to the left (north) on a roadway that becomes a path into the fields and
woods to the highway, Mile Square Road.
Continue across the highway and take the
path north to Bryn Mawr station (6 miles).
From Bryn Mawr station walk east to
the overhead wires of the Catskill Aqueduct.
Turn to the left on the street to the gatehouse and then follow the aqueduct path
down, crossing Sprain Brook a little way up
stream, and so on to the Tuckahoe-Yonkers
trolley. Continue along the rising path
where new pipes are being laid to enlarge the
capacity of the aqueduct. After climbing
the second hill the path is along the east side
of the hill. Just as it begins to lead across
the ridge to the west side, leave the aqueduct
and go to the farmhouse to the east, from
which a lane leads down to the valley road.

Follow this lane a few yards; then pick up
an unused lane, much overgrown, running
to the north, to a highway across the ridge.
Turn down this road to Central Avenue;
then north on the motor road a distance of
300 or 400 feet to a lane on the rightundoubtedly the continuation of the one
just left. Take this lane eastward and,
crossing Troublesome Brook, go up the hill
and continue over the ridge eastward, bearing to the left to the valley of the Bronx
River on the farther side (Io miles).
Just north of the corner of the crossvalley road is an iron kettle where drinking
water flows. From here go northward either
by road or by path through the groves by
river to Scarsdale. From here to Hartsdale,
2 miles north, there is a dirt road on the
west side of the river and a motor road and
paths on the east side. Take this latter
route "north from the station and after
coming to the woods take the path east of
the road. One passes through beautiful
woods, including a stand of hemlock. Then
by the path east of the pond a shaded lane
leads northward to the road near Hartsdale
station (12 miles). From here north keep
east of the railroad tracks and follow the
parkway into White Plains (14 to 15 miles
from Van Cortlandt Park).
Return by train to Grand Central Terminal (40 to 50 minutes, 82 cents) or by trolley
to Tarrytown or Mount Vernon and from
there to New York.

SHELDRAKE AND BRONX RIVER VALLEYS-NEW ROCHELLE
TO SCARSDALE AND TUCKAHOE

Access by the New York, Westchester &
Boston   Railway   (electric)  from  i33rd
Street and Willis Avenue, or stations connecting with the subway-Hunts Point
Station  or i8oth   Street (Bronx   Park)
station-to North Avenue station, New
Rochelle (30 minutes, 18 cents). Trains run
every 20 minutes. Walking distance 3 to
12 miles. Route level on paths and roads.
This route lies in practically level coun
try, so far as the pedestrian is concerned. It
combines the sylvan with the suburban and
shows the possibilities of the most sophisticated country for short walks. From this
route combinations may be worked out to
the north, east, and west.
From the station walk northeast through
Rochelle Park for about a half mile; then by
a north path cross the brook and continue
north by road to the Fifth Avenue car line;




40

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

then east to Pinebrook Avenue at the top of
the slope. Here turn to the left (north)
down the slope to the triangular pond. Follow the road along the west shore of the pond
and across the brook and continue north on
the path on the east side of the stream,
Pine Brook. This path runs along the foot
of the slope, crossing one tributary brook,
for about a mile and a half to the south
shore of a lake, or reservoir. Keep the lake
at the right and follow the path out of the
woods and across fields north to Quaker
Ridge Road (3 miles from New Rochelle).
Walk west on this road through a fine
section of rural Westchester to the bridge
over the electric road. Cross this and at once
turn to the right (north) on the path; but
after only Ioo feet turn to the left across the
field into the wood and cross the brook.
Turn up stream and follow the path, recrossing the brook at the bridge and continuing up stream by path, now on the east
side of the brook. From here on paths interlace; but keep to the right-hand turns.
Emerge from the woods near the track and
cross the field. Near the divergence of the
paths find the spring. From this point take
the path east of the spring, northward as
before, keeping the railroad near at hand on
the right. Leaving the woods for the roadway, keep straight ahead along Kewanee
Road to the "circle" at the Quaker Ridge
station (6 miles).
Follow a path around the knoll, cross the
brook, 'Sheldrake River, and take the path
northward. A five-minute walk brings one
to a grassy road, Iselin's Lane. With the
Sheldrake River, here enlarged to a small
lake, on the right take the lane that leads
northward for a half mile through the edge
of the forest to Wilmot Road. The direct
route to Scarsdale is by Drake Road,
straight ahead; but to include the most

attractive part of the town turn east on
Wilmot Road to Heathcote station, turning
there north on Heathcote Road. Soon the
route passes another fine spring. From there
continue a mile to the post road and the
trolley (8 miles).
This is the post road of Colonial days, and a
short distance north at the corner of Church Lane
is the Wayside Cottage, an inn in pre-Revolutionary days and now a tea house.
Turning west on Church Lane one passes
the square mile of the Butler estate, called
also Fox Meadows, only now beginning to
be subdivided. Follow this round to Crane
Road and continue west through the older
part of the town to Scarsdale station on the
Harlem Division of the New York Central
Railroad (9. miles). Return by train to
Grand Central Terminal (50 minutes, 75
cents).
The grounds surrounding the station are
bounded on the far side by the Bronx River, up
which, history says, the British fleet was ordered
to sail to White Plains. At present the Bronx.
River Parkway Commission is engaged in constructing a park along the stream from New York
to White Plains. Two miles to the north is Hartsdale, to which the dirt road on the west bank or
the road and paths on the east make a pleasant
walk.
The present route is to Tuckahoedown the
lo.vely valley of the.Bronx River. The lofty
tulip grove near Scarsdale is succeeded by
more open pastoral scenery to Crestwood
(I miles from New Rochelle) with Tuckahoe
a mile further (12 miles).
Return to Grand Central Terminal (45
minutes, 43 cents); or by trolley to Yonksrs
with  transfer to   Broadway    trolley and
subway   (45 minutes, Io cents); or by
trolley to the east of Mount Vernon and to
While Plains Avenue subway station (45
minutes, Io cents).

THIRTY DEER RIDGE-NEPPERHAN TO WOODLAND
Access by trolley from  Van Cortlandt hoe car as far as Grassy Sprain Road, the
Park station, Broadway-Seventh Avenue second road past Nepperhan station on the
Subway, to Yonkers and transfer to Tucka- north side (45 minutes, o1 cents); or by the




Map 2

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

41

Putnam Division from Sedgwick Avenue
(Eighth Avenue Elevated) to Nepperhan
station (26 minutes, 43 cents) and walk east
along the trolley tracks to Grassy Sprain
Road.
Walk north past the greenhouses on this
road till you approach the lake, the Grassy
Sprain Reservoir of the Yonkers water
supply. Here take the path along the west
shore of the lake and climb the hill to the
path along the high wire fence of the tuberculosis hospital. This is the simplest way,
but one may, after passing the greenhouses,
take the fork to the left. Then take the fork
to the right past houses to woods and path.
Here keep to the ridge of a fine spring under
an ash tree. Follow the fence northward
along the ridge and, when it turns down the
hill, continue north along the ridge through
the brier patch and the wild apple orchard
till the path rneets a lane coming up the hill
from the farm in the valley at the left. Turn
with this to the right and by the first fork
to the left (north); then follow on as it goes
up the nose of the hill beyond past a fine.
boulder. Here note the view to the south.
Take the first path to the right over the
summit and go along the eastern slope, approaching the shore and coming out at the
head of the lake by the keeper's house on
Mount Hope Road. In case the tangle of
wood roads misleads, remember the lake is
east. One can drop down to the shore and
follow north along its comely coves. (Do
not lunch near the lake, but on the road
go up the hill to the stone fence of the Catskill Aqueduct. Just over the wall, at the
foot of the slope, is a spring.)
On Mount Hope Road, opposite the keeper's house and just west of the inlet to the
lake, is a gateway of stone piers. Pass in
here and follow the lower road along the
brook. At the barbed-wire fence turn to the
left and follow it over the hill to Sprain
Brook Road. Nbrth on this short way
brings one to the road to Ardsley, Ashford
Avenue. Turn to the left (west) on this
across Sprain Brook and at the corner turn

AB3OVE f GrlPAJY/11PIN i
So:_ - ",.
(.Je, **
_j,       ^.  ''
'^'-.^   9

Figure 24
north. Leave the road and climb the hill to
the path on the top and follow this north
across the fields, through the grove, and up
the further slope to the spring under. the
apple tree. From this point go north, keeping to the right of the farmhouse, to the
crossroad opposite the Lewisohn place (7
miles).
From Mount Hope Road at the reservoir
an easier and simpler route is this: go east
on the road to the Aqueduct; turn north
along this high level path, crossing Ashford
Avenue, and at the next crossroad turn west
over the rise. At the corner where the motor
road turns sharply to the left (south) turn
to the right along the dirt road that goes
through the woods by the brook to the next
crossroad to the left. Taking this to the left
brings one to the point opposite the estate
described above.
Follow this road west over the hill and at
the fork keep the road on the right. A few
rods down the road come to a lane on the
right, in its season as charming a lane as
Westchester has to offer, that in the course
of a ten-minute walk brings you to a farm



NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

house. Turn down hill and across the the further shore. A pair of skates would
motor road to the station at Woodland (8 make a pleasant diversion on a winter walk
miles).                                  here.
The lake at Woodland supports boating    Return by train to Sedgwick Avenue and
in summer and skating in winter and is an  the Eighth Avenue Elevated (40 minutes,
adjunct to the casino and picnic ground on  57 cents).
WOODLAND TO HASTINGS

From the Woodland station cross the
bridge "at your own risk," turn to the
left, and then take a path on the right that
climbs to the upper branch of the wood road
from Ardsley. Walk north on this up hill for
some 200 or 300 yards, passing two paths
that turn to the left. Near the top of the
slope, however, a wood road crosses the way.
Take the left-hand turn, keep to the left
round the nose of the hill, and follow the
worn track westward. This is Hamilton
Road of other days, but it now lacks the
continuity of a real road. If one approaches
the golf links on the south he should turn
through the woods farther north, going past
a pond with a summer house on its south
bank. Go by this house and take a path at
the foot of the pond which leads out in a few
minutes to Broadway (io miles).

Broadway here is a characteristic bit of
the old Albany post road, whose antiquity is
evidenced by the row of mammoth plane trees
lining the roadway. Turn south for a few
hundred feet to the lane on the right, which
comes shortly to the Croton Aqueduct path,
Turn south again on this for about a mile
to Dobbs Ferry. Turn up hill to Broadway
when fences bar the way and strike the
aqueduct again about three blocks farther
south. Something over a mile brings one to
Hastings at the corner of Broadway. Turn
from the stone trough down hill to the
trolley on Warburton Avenue or the station
at the foot of the hill (12 to 13 miles).
Return by trolley to Van Cortlandt Park
subway station (45 minutes, 15 cents); or by
New York Central Railroad to Grand Central Terminal (45 minutes, 69 cents).

WESTCHESTER RIDGESIRVINGTON TO SCARSDALE, CRESTWOOD, AND TUCKAHOE

Access by the Hudson Division from
Grand Central Terminal to Irvington (50
minutes, 80 cents); or by trolley from
Van Cortlandt Park subway station to
Hastings (45 minutes, 15 cents) and by bus
to Irvington (15 minutes, 20 cents). Walking distance 12 to 13 miles. Route by paths
and roads.
Walk up the hill to Broadway and south
on that street a quarter mile to Park Avenue, the first road on the left; then east on
tjiis pleasant winding road past the Irvington reservoir. Climbing the hill beyond one
comes, on the right, to a grassy lane along
the slope (2 miles from Irvington). Turn
south on this for about a mile as it runs along
the ridge through the woods and down the

eastern slope beyond Woodland. Even before reaching the lower road one may cut
down to it on a path. Turn left and go on
down (north) on this road below the picnic
grounds to the dam at the lower end of
Woodland Lake, an enlargement of the
Sawmill, or Nepperhan, River. This is a
busy spot in winter as well as in summer,
for skating is as much encouraged in its
season as are picnicing and boating in warm
weather.
Cross the bridge past the station on the
Putnam Division and go on up to the motor
road. The transformation of this road from a
country dirt road to a concrete highway has
attracted swarms of motors almost to the
exclusion of pedestrians. Go straight across




Map 2

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

43

this road, bearing to the right past an old
cellar and to the right of the farmhouse.
There one strikes the end of an old lane.
Follow  this-a charming piece of rustic
scenery-between fields and through a fine
grove of oaks southward to its junction with
an unused road. Turn up hill here to the
motor road and follow it east over the hill
past the Lewisohn place on the left, down
the further slope, across the upper course of
Sprain Brook, and up again beyond to the
Catskill aqueduct (5 miles).
If you are interested in Revolutionary landmarks go further along this road for about a half
mile to the Odell house, marked with a tablet
relating that it was occupied in 1781 by General
de Rochambeau.
Walk south on the aqueduct three-quarters of a mile to the crossroad, turn to the
left (east) on this road and follow it down
the hill about a mile to Greenville in Rattlesnake Hollow at the corner of Central
Avenue, or Central Park Avenue as it used
to be called (7 miles). Cross this motor road
and continue up the hill southeast, following
it as it turns south to the corner at the crossroad to Scarsdale. Turn to the left here and

go down the hairpin turn to the Bronx River
Road, on the line of the old Bronx River
Aqueduct. Across the Bronx are the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad and the Scarsdale station; while threequarters of a mile beyond are the post road
and the White Plains-Mount Vernon trolley.
Just west of the Bronx River (between it
and the river road) a path leads down stream
through as fine a grove of tulip trees as is to
be found in the country. This is in the
Bronx River Parkway, which is acquiring
land and making a parkway along the river
from  Bronx Park northward to White
Plains. Work progresses as funds are available, which accounts for certain unfinished
portions; but the natural scenery between
Scarsdale and Crestwood could hardly be
improved.
It is about two miles to Crestwood and
another mile to Tuckahoe (12 to 13 miles
from Irvington).
Return by trolley to Yonkers and Van
Cortlandt Park station of the subway of the
Broadway-Seventh Avenue Subway      (45
minutes, o1 cents); or by the Harlem Division, New York Central Railroad, to Grand
Central Terminal (40 minutes, 58 cents).

NEPPERHAN (SAWMILL) RIVERHASTINGS TO ELMSFORD TO TARRYTOWN

Access by   train from  Grand Central
Terminal to Hastings (45 minutes, 69 cents);
or by trolley from   Van Cortlandt Park
station of the Broadway-Seventh Avenue
Subway to Hastings (45 minutes, 15 cents).
Walking distance 4 to 12 miles. The walk
is mainly by paths and across country with
some secondary roads but very little of the
motor element.
Walk east up the street from the end of
the trolley to the intersection of Broadway
and the Croton Aqueduct. Go north on the
farther side of the aqueduct, taking the road
and path to the Children's Village. This
path runs alongside the aqueduct about 200
feet, then turns east from the gardener's

house, and, following a stream bed (not to
the left into a field), emerges at a road turning north and south. Turn south on this to
encircle and then to ascend the south slope
of the hill. This road, which climbs and
descends slightly as it goes north, is manifestly an old road. It is called by some the
"Algonquin Trail." It leads among fine trees
and follows the brook valley northeast past
the barn to the Children's Village, the new
home of the New York Juvenile Asylum.
Standing on a hilltop, with detached houses
surrounding the common or playground, it
occupies a most attractive setting.
Crossing directly east as the road goes,
take the short cut down the bank toward the




44

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

yipc!fd Wetcltcfr, at djr4
Figure 25
power house and follow the road down its
first slope to the north. (Just beyond the
building, up the bank, is a fine spring.) At
the foot of this slope the route leaves the
road and continues by the second wood road,
which descends and then rises north and
curves round to the northwest. After about
300 yards a path crosses at right angles.
Take this to the right. It gradually descends
to Ardsley (3 miles).,-' Go north through the village on the
street next the railroad, crossing the main
street, and then on a dirt road paralleling
the railroad tracks for a half mile. After
crossing a small brook the dirt road divides.
One way is grassy and leads diagonally up
the hill to the left (Fig. 25). Take this,
leaving Woodlands in the valley at your
right and passing the end of the path marking what was once Hamilton Road. This
embowered way leads along the rocky ridge
to Park Avenue, another dirt road over the

hill. To the left Irvington reservoir is seen
in the hollow.
Turn to the east on this road and follow it
over the crest for 6oo or 700 feet. Then, after
two angles and a descent, turn to the left
at a cinder road and go north along the ridge
again. This brings one out on a crossroad
near a small pond. This crossroad leads to
Dublin.
Across this road, directly opposite the end
of the cinder road, a path climbs the stone
wall at the corner of the hilltop field and
goes northward over the summit of the ridge,
affording fine views of the countryside in
decided contrast to the last mile and a half.
The left-hand fork leads to a point from
which the Highlands and Hook Mountain
can be seen (Fig. 26). Keep the right-hand
path along the top of the ridge. Many
branches occur. Continue, however, along
the ridge through the woods to the trolley
at Benedict Avenue. Should you take a lefthand path to Taxter Road, turn to your
right and go on to the trolley line. Elmsford
is then a half mile to the east (8 miles).
The cars run between Tarrytown and White
Plains.
To continue north cross country, find the
little octagonal building on the north side
of the road just west of Elmsford, at the
top of the slope, and enter the woods at that
point.. (If you have come by Taxter road,
however, turn to the left about ioo yards to
the little bridge at the foot of the slope and
climb the hill there.)
Here the going.is fairly open through
woods on the ridge or through meadows at
the foot of the slope near the railroad, and
by keeping the valley in sight upon the right
one can make Eastview (Io or II miles from
Hastings).
Return by    the Putnam    Division to
Sedgwick Avenue (I hour, 74 cents).
To walk on from Eastview, having arrived
at a point near the town, turn to the west
through the woods, keeping the reservoir in
sight on the right (north) and picking up
Nepperhan Road near Tarrytown Heights




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

45

station (Putnam division). Follow this road
down the hill to the trolley and the New
York Central Railroad at the foot on the
river bank (12 miles from Hastings).

Return to Grand Central Terminal (I hour,
89 cents); or by bus to Hastings (25 cents)
and trolley to Van Cortlandt Park subway
station (15 cents).

THE POCANTICO HILLSTARRYTOWN TO BUTTERMILK HILL AND EASTVIEW

Access by the New York Central Railroad
from Grand Central Terminal to Tarrytown
(43 minutes, 89 cents); or by trolley from
Van Cortlandt Park subway station to
Hastings and by bus to Tarrytown (more
than twice the time by train, about 30
cents). Walking distance o1 miles.
From the station walk up the hill, following the car tracks, to Broadway. Turning
to the left, walk north past the monument
commemorating the capture of Andre in
1780 to the brick church at the corner of
Bedford Road. Follow Broadway down the
hill, crossing the Sleepy Hollow bridge, supposed to stand at the point where the Headless Horseman threw his head at Ichabod
Crane. Across the lots at the left near the
river stands the manor house of Frederick
Philipse, built in 1683, a year later than
that at Yonkers.
Up the slope from the bridge is the old
Sleepy Hollow Church. Turn in at the gate
of the cemetery and go up the hill to the
Irving plot, where the body of Washington
Irving lies under stately trees. Continuing
through the cemetery, keep on the ridge,
with the Pocantico River, the "dark stream,"
at the right. Near the north end is the
Villard plot, containing a fine piece of sculpture by Karl Bitter. A short distance farther the grade of the Croton Aqueduct terminates the cemetery (2 miles from Tarrytown).
Turn   southeast and   cross over the
Pocantico on the aqueduct to the dirt road,
Gory Brook Road, then turn north on that
and follow it to its terminus at a branch of
the Sleepy Hollow Road (5 miles), crossing
the Gory Brook twice as you go. Just

north of the second crossing there is a fine
spring down a path at the right of the road.
At the corner of the motor road turn east
and south on that road down the slope till
the Pocantico is crossed    again.  Here
turn to the north on a lane through the
woods to the dam and by climbing the steep
bank skirt Pocantico Lake, or reservoir, on
its east shore, and follow the path to the
road along the railroad spur. Turning with
the tracks on the road, to the east, one comes
to Sleepy Hollow Road proper. Turning
again to the left (north), walk up the road
and cross over the Putnam tracks on the
bridge (7 miles).
At the farther end of the bridge turn to
the right up the hill on the path until you
come into the vicinity of some farm buildings. Here is a path to the south on the top
of the hill. Turn on this and go along the
western slope of the hollow. The path will
perhaps be hid by grass and bushes; but
keep straight down the glade of the brook,
picking up the path again. After some 400 or
500 yards from the turn the path will turn
to the left, crossing the streamlet (if it is not
dried up), and with many bends and intersecting paths reach eventually Bedford
Road, the north-south motor road. If at all
in doubt as to the route from the railroad
bridge, keep to the east and so finally come
out on this road.
Take the broad highway south to the
third of the three entrances to the estate on
the left, the Catholic Seminary (8 miles).
Just at the south of this gate a path in an
old lane leads up the hill to the east. Follow
this to the hilltop, turning with it to the
south along the crest and up the slope of the




46

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

~t--CCru'- --
r-,
"P lr r
~~~ -~~
~Q '"~ ~i'
='~--s----'
---~~~_1;jsl
Q 'BY
~---- --~3'~*/rSi~PSFWZ`,__~--~A,

TpFigure 2
Figure 26

hill, where it strikes an intersecting dirt
road. From this point is a view of the terrain just traversed, with the buildings of the
seminary, of which frequent glimpses have
been afforded before, on the top of Buttermilk Hill to the north. The Tors and the
Highlands show up blue against the horizon
in the northwest.
On this dirt road turn down to the left
and follow it south along the eastern slope
of the Pocantico Ridge for some two milesa charming road when dogwood is in blossom and equally so under other conditions,
with its cliffs of highly metamorphosed rock
and glimpses of the spreading country to the
east. As the road reaches the end of the hill
and turns again to the west, one is given a

surprise in the waterscape in the form of the
reservoir, around which the railroad crawls;
while opposite on the summit of Kaakeout
Hill is the residence of John D. Rockefeller.
Right at the turn a path leads down to the
highway, whence a three-minute walk to
the east brings one to the railroad and the
Easiview station.
Return   by  train  to  Sedgwick Avenue
station and Eighth Avenue Elevated (55
minutes, 74 cents); or to Van Cortlandt
Park station (45 minutes, 60 cents).
This trip has a little climbing, but none of
it is hard; roads are followed, but very short
distances are on motor roads.
The historical background of this region is told
in E. M. Bacon's "Chronicles of Tarrytown."

CROTON AQUEDUCT-YONKERS TO TARRYTOWN

Access by the Hudson Division from
Grand Central Terminal to Yonkers (40
minutes, 53 cents), then up the hill by way
of the trolley tracks to Getty Square; or from
Van Cortlandt Park station, BroadwaySeventh Avenue Subway, by trolley to

Getty Square (20 minutes, IO cents). Walking distance 5 to 1i miles. Route level.
From Getty Square walk north on Broadway one block, turn west to Warburton
Avenue to the Philipse Manor House, built
in 1682 by Frederick Philipse, whose estate




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

47

'or manor extended from Spuyten Duyvil to
the Croton River. Continue north on Warburton Avenue for about a mile until almost
opposite the power house stacks. Turn up
hill on Glenwood Avenue to the Croton
Aqueduct. This, the first of the great watersupply projects of New York City, was completed in 1842.
Proceeding north along this level path
between yellow fences or stone walls one
passes, among other fine places, Greystone,
formerly the home of Samuel J. Tilden,
now the home of Samuel Untermyer (2
miles from Yonkers). After another 2 miles
Hastings is approached, from which one of
the best views up the river is to be had.
At Hastings (4Y2 miles) the aqueduct
crosses Broadway.
From here it is another mile to Dobbs
Ferry. Just at the left stands the old Livingston house, whose claims to fame are told
on a tablet erected near the street. Continue
in Dobbs Ferry on Broadway to Church
Street and turn down that street to the
aqueduct again (6 miles).
From here north the path runs between
sweeping lawns of fine estates, one of the
most interesting of which, the Schuyler
place, stands among clustered pines. Passing through Irvington (8 miles) a half mile
brings one to Sunnyside Lane, at the foot of
which stands Washington Irving's home,
Sunnyside. As the aqueduct curves to the
right to meet and cross Broadway it leaves
the Gould estate, Lyndehurst. From this
point one must follow Broadway-the old
Albany post road-into Tarrylown and at
the trolley turn to the left down hill to the
station (II miles).
Return by train to New York (about i
hour, 89 cents) or by trolley to Elmsford
and the Putnam Division or on to White
Plains and the Harlem Division.
The walk may be shortened by returning
from stations along the line at intervals of
I to 3 miles (Hastings, Dobbs Ferry, Ardsley,
Irvington) or by bus to Hastings, the end of
the Yonkers trolley.

JOTD9 [[CT 
Figure 27
Figure 27

Considerable history is wrapped up in this
stretch of country, most conveniently consulted
in Sarah Comstock's "Old Roads From the Heart
of New York" and E. M. Bacon's "Chronicles of
Tarrytown."
It might be well to note here that Sunnyside,
the home of Washington Irving, is not open to the
public. Glimpses of the house may be had in
winter and spring, when the trees are bare, from
the end of the lane down close to the New York
Central tracks. When the trees are in leaf the
house is almost completely hidden.




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

A.Q vZ D.Z CT: ANI_ CO TlA..-__.

Figure 28
CROTON AND CATSKILL AQUEDUCTS

Access to Van Cortlandt Park by the
Broadway-Seventh Avenue Subway. Access
to Bryn Mawr by train from     Sedgwick
Avenue to Van Cortlandt Park on the
Putnam Division or by way of Yonkers and
trolley to Bryn Mawr or by the Harlem
Division from Grand Central Terminal to
Tuckahoe and by trolley west from there.
Walking distance: Van Cortlandt Park to
Elmsford, 15 miles; Bryn Mawr to Elmsford,
Io miles.
This walk may be taken in full or, by
beginning at Nepperhan or Bryn Mawr,
may be shortened to Io miles. Considerable
contrast to the Croton Aqueduct walk near
the Hudson is to be noted in the rural surroundings of this trip, as well as the nearly
complete absence of waterscapes.
The full trip begins at the Van Cortlandt
Park station of the subway. Walk east
through the park past the Van Cortlandt
Manor House and the Putnam     Division

station and ascend the diagonal road to the
northeast to the Croton Aqueduct. Walk
north on this, along the fair, wooded valley
of Tibbit Brook, about 4 miles to Dunwoodie
(Fig. 14). Instead of following the aqueduct
as it bends to the west and crosses the railroad take to the grade of the second aqueduct northward across the low land and then
by paths along the slope to the east of the
railroad make for Bryn Mawr (5 miles from
Van Cortlandt Park). A highway to this
point may be taken instead. A short distance east of the station the overhead wires
that mark the Catskill Aqueduct are visible.
Take the path along the aqueduct down the
hill, cross Sprain Brook, and so to the Yonkers-Tuckahoe trolley line (6 miles). It is at
this point that the shorter schedule may be
begun.
SThe Catskill Aqueduct gives evidence of
its comparative youth in the lack of trees or
other improvements demanding time. It is




Maps 2 and 3

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

49

only about ten years old. From the highway
the line climbs the hill and maintains a general high level-about 300 feet above sea
level--with occasional dips at valleys. The
two railroad lines are from now on about
two miles away on either hand, the Putnam
to the west and the Harlem to the east.
Opposite the north end of the Grassy Sprain
Reservoir (in the valley on the west) is the
first crossroad leading to the Mount Hope
station on the Putnam Division. Just to
the west of the path, on the north side of the
road, is a good spring; while not far north
along the aqueduct is a small brook. Water
in brooks is of frequent occurrence, but before drinking see that they do not flow from
farmsteads.*
Another mile brings one to the ArdsleyScarsdale road, Ashford Avenue (Io miles).
Another road crosses after another mile.
Just beyond is a diagonal road crossing

from below to the northeast and meeting
another crossroad, the old Dobbs Ferry
road to Hartsdale. About a half mile east
on this road stands the old Odell house of
stone and wood, which in the summer of
1781 was the headquarters of General de
Rochambeau.
The aqueduct curves along the side of the
valleys to maintain its level but soon after
crossing another crossroad (Secor Road)
tunnels a hill. The path, however, leads
over the top, crossing Landers Road, and
strikes the aqueduct level beyond. A half
mile farther it again takes cover in a hill,
this time leaving the path to go over a Ioofoot hill. Here take leave of the aqueduct
and turn left on the road down to the While
Plains-Tarrytown trolley and Elmsford.
Return  by  the Putnam    Division  to
Sedgwick Avenue (I hour, 65 cents) or to
Van Cortlandt Park (45 minutes, 48 cents).

CATSKILL AQUEDUCT-MILLWOOD TO PEEKSKILL

Access by the Putnam Division, New
York  Central Railroad, from    Sedgwick
Avenue to Millwood (I hour and 20 minutes,
$I.io). Walking distance 15 miles. Route
by level paths and climbing.
Millwood, or Merritt's Corners as it was
once called, is at the intersection of the
Putnam Division, Dynamite Road, and the
Catskill Aqueduct. From the station walk
up the slope to the west to the level of the
aqueduct whence one may get a bird's-eye
view of Millwood and environs. Walking
north one soon passes the home for aged,
indigent, respectable horses, some whitehaired inmates of which will be seen at their
favorite pastime, cropping the long green.
The path after a mile leaves the side of the
valley, crosses a road at Justamere Farm,
and a half mile further, beyond another
road, comes to the foot of a steep hill. Here
the aqueduct goes under leaving one to climb
a 250-foot elevation. From the top of this
bare hill, 627 feet above sea level, are fine
views, northward over the Croton Reser
voir region, inland over farms and woodland, and westward across the Hudson.
Bald Mountain to the west is seen covered
with trees.
Going down the less steep western slope
the route comes again to the aqueduct level,
at a point about where it crosses the "new"
Croton Aqueduct, though the latter is deep'
underground. Follow the route around the
hill to the high bank of the Croton Lake
and the jumping-off place, where the hightension wires start their half-mile jump to
the gate house on the northern shore.
A road descends by a winding course to
the highway along the lake, but it is shorter
to scramble down the rock slope by a path.
Turn to the right and follow the highway to
the gate house in its niche at the foot of the
cliff. It will be interesting to examine the
mechanism controlling the flow of water,
which can be heard rushing in the darkness
below. This is for the Croton Aqueduct
service and is just west of the original Croton Dam which lies about a hundred feet




50

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 3

east of the bridge, buried under forty feet
of water. By that depth has the new dam
enlarged the old reservoir (4 miles from
Millwood). Croton was an Indian chief,
whose name was given to what was once
known as the Kitchawan, "swift river."
Cross the lake on the bridge and turn to
the left (west) along the road. Just beyond
the house an old road turns up the hill.
Take this and again on the left follow the
private road to the house used by the aqueduct engineers and then to the gatehouse on
the aqueduct-a good example of early Catskill architecture. Here the electric transmission lines terminate (5 miles).
Climbing by the aqueduct path over the
hill, Turkey Mountain, one may look back
at more fine waterscapes. Go down hill
again, cross a stream, and regain the old
level beyond. Bending round to the left
and crossing a road (there is a spring just
east of the large white house) the path now
runs northwest up the valley of a brook.
The aqueduct now tunnels a ridge, and the
path going over diagonally makes a long
scent. A growth of young poplars along
the path hems the way in like a wall, but
off the path it is fairly open (8 miles). Going
down the west slope over some cultivated
land ttfe path crosses a good-sized brook,
one of the tributaries of the reservoir, and
regains the level of the aqueduct west of
the road and about ioo feet above it (9
miles).

From here on the route is level and runs
along the south side of the valley with many
interesting curves through open farming
country and past an ancient granite quarry.
At the crossing of Crompound, or Crum
Pond, Road one stands on'the divide between  east- and    west-flowing  streams.
Soon after, near Locust Avenue, the aqueduct swings to the north to go through the
hollow between the hills (12 miles). Here
leave the path to follow Crompound Road
westward some 3 miles to Peekskill and the
station of the New York Central (15 miles).
The approach to Peekskill in the evening is
impressive, as the masses of Dunderberg
across the river and of Manitou to the northwest loom up ever more darkly as one
descends the hill towards them.
Entering Peekskill, go straight ahead,
bearing to the right, to the corner of Division, South Division, and South Streets.
Turn to the left down South Street, passing
the Methodist Church, and so down to the
station by the river's edge.
Peekskill was named after Jan Peek, explorer,
whose ship ran aground in Peeks Kill, which he
mistook for the course of the main stream, think-'
ing the reach of the Hudson towards Anthony's
Nose and Bear Mountain to be only an embayment.
Return by the New York Central Railroad to Grand Central Terminal (Ifr hours,
$1.47).

SALT HILL ROUTE-CROTON TO CROTON LAKE.STATION

Access by the New York Central Railroad from   Grand Central Terminal to
Croton (I hours, $1.23). Walking distance 13 miles. Route by paths and roads
with some climbing.
From the station walk north on Broadway to the top of the slope where a road
comes in from the right at grade. Just beyond this junction a lane-Finney's, or
Sinclair's, Lane-opens at the right. Enter
this and follow it as it runs northeast up

hill and between two houses. This lane,
which is lined with ash trees, takes you over
Hessian Hill (Mt. Airy), from which there
are good views of the country to the east
and of the Hudson River and Hook Mountain to the southwest. Going along the
slope near the top through woods one comes
out into the open and strikes a lane at right
angles. Keep to the right on this until it
leads past a house to the highway (3 miles
from Croton).




SMain motor roads
-+-t-+- Main motor roads with trolley
-Fair roads
-   Poor or private roads
--Thails
-+- --Railroads
++ +Trolleys
w    Springs or welts.....................::::::::::::::,.................. I............  II 1::::::..............................................~~ii~i i~i...........~.~..... j
Main motor roadsoad
-~- -  Railroa'ds
Tro I I eys:::::~r
w    Spri ngs or wells







Map 3

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

51

~C--TOE             V P.rvo to.  I-<, oA C 4o/.,eje - -rm  cSaYO t.y- Tn,. rA.Kr,   (  0 L.,.fi  c
CIU3TOM.R~EJT-TVO)T^..  <-VJl-E-LlA HOME, - 'IHE CL-V  * T HE. LICAKE-.   ^viT C'
Figure 29

Just at the right of the farmhouse opposite is a lane. Pass through the bars and,
going to the right of the barn, climb the hill
to the bars at the top. This open summit,
Torment Hill, gives another fine view-this
time of the region to the northwest, including the rear of Anthony's Nose, Bear Mountain, Dunderberg, and the Hudson. Follow
the track of the lane northeastward down
the left or western slope of the hill into
woods again. After swinging down into the
hollow the path comes to the northern edge
of Collaberg, or Colabaugh, Pond. Here the
track stops. Keep along the foot of the hill
on the left along a faint path till it drops into
the hollow between Salt Hill and Torment
Hill. Now by cutting across the low ground
at the right and climbing a few feet up the
slope of Salt Hill one comes to a highway
guarded by an iron pipe fence. Turn to the
left to the farm at the corner (44 miles).
This point may be reached also by the dirt
road from either direction by using the Mt.
Airy or the Furnace Brook road from Croton.
Just before reaching the barns at this
corner turn in by a lane on the right and go
past the house and around the edge of the
fields, keeping Salt Hill on the right. In the
course of a few minutes a cross trail is
reached. Turn to the right (east) into the
hollow between Salt Hill and Dickerson
Hill, or Keg Mountain (Figs. 29 and 78).
Pass through an opening in a stone wall
and come eventually into an open elevated
stretch of trail with a view of the black cliffs
of Dickerson Hill across to the left. Here

another trail is encountered crossing the
valley. Turn to the left on this, crossing the
brook and coming to the road marked on
the Tarrytown sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey as a real road, but now only a wood
road (Sniffen Road). Turn to the right on
this with Dickerson Hill on the left.
Dickerson Hill (Keg Mountain), the Little
Lake, and most of Salt Hill (Iooo acres) belong to
Valeria Home. This noble gift of Jacob Langeloth,
with its stately buildings of the weatherworn
rock of these hills, is a kind of country club for the
recreation of the educated and refined to whom,
in this case, the fact that their incomes are only
moderate is a blessing.
Within 300 yards this road comes to a
spring on the left, near which are the ruins
of one of the houses marked on the U. S.
Geological Survey map, none of which are
now standing. Here a wood road leads up
to the bare top of Dickerson with its wide
sweep of horizon. Return to Sniffen Road,
turn east, and follow the road for half a
mile to a fork. Take the more open one to
the left. Follow it down the long slope and
turn with it to the right at its junction with
another secondary road at the bottom. This
soon comes out on the new highway along
the arm of the Croton Reservoir (6y5 miles).
The new dam has raised the water level to
the 200-foot mark, causing many changes
around the reservoir, notably in this valley,
whose roads are now quite other than
-plotted on the U. S. Geological Survey
map.
Turn to the left (north) along the highway, holding to the lake road through the




52

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 3

corners (734 miles), and keeping the old
cemetery and Baptist church on the right.
This winding road climbs the hill past an
old settler's cabin on the left and, a little
way beyond, past a spring to the right of the
road under a fine oak tree. Going down the
other side of the hill, from which are good
views, one comes to a brook and, just up the
slope, to the level of the Catskill Aqueduct.
Just over the little hill and beyond the large
white house is another good spring (9
miles).
From this point follow the path along the
aqueduct down a hill and up the next one,
passing a gatehouse. From points along
this stretch glimpses of the lake are seen,
but from the top of the hill a larger view is
revealed. Here, too, are to be seen the gate
houses on opposite sides of the reservoir;
the near one controlling the Catskill water
and the one by the shore t1he Croton supply.
From here to the opposite level is a half mile,
yet the wire of the high-tension line takes
the distance in one stretch. From the gatehouse follow the lane to the left down hill to
the highway and continue along the lake
road to the east. Just east of the highway
bridge across the lake the old Croton Dam
is standing submerged under forty feet of
water. From this point it is about two
miles to the Putnam Division, Croton Lake
station (13 miles).
Return by the Putnam Division to Van
Cortlandt Park station (I'3 hours, $1.05); or
to Sedgwick Avenue and Eighth Avenue
Elevated ($1.20).

CROTON LAKE REGION-HARMON TO MILLWOOD

Access by the New York Central Railroad
from  Grand Central Terminal to Harmon
(I hour, $1.19). Walking distance 12 miles.
Route by paths, roads, and cross country
with some climbing.
From the station walk eastward to the
motor road, Broadway, and south to the
Croton River. Here on the left, just north
of and overlooking the estuary, stands the
Van Cortlandt Manor House bearing the
date 1681. The manor to which it belonged
extended from the northern boundary of
Westchester County at Anthony's Nose
southward to this river. Crossing the river
by the bridge, newly rebuilt, pass the brick
building and the wooden house on the left.
Turn to the left here on a driveway and
then by a path and the dilapidated steps
up the bank to the road above. This road
is part of the old Albany post road that
crossed the Croton River at a point farther
up stream.
Follow this road to the left for a half mile
to the Croton Aqueduct, near the crossing of
which stands what is said to be the old
Black Horse Tavern. Now, following the
aqueduct path, one goes through one of the

most romantic stretches of the whole aqueduct-high banks above on the right, and
to the left a steep slope down to the rushing
river, with a fine stand of trees over all.
Continuing on this path, cross the two roads
converging on Quaker Ridge. Just beyond
the second road the path comes to a spring
(3 miles). Delightful views of the river
gorge greet one at intervals, and, looking
downstream, one occasionally sees vistas of
the Hudson and the Tors beyond. A mile
more and the path comes to the Croton
Dam and Lake (4 miles).
An adventurous alternate way is to
follow paths close to the north bank of the
river from the Manor House. Make an
uphill detour for the Japanese Inns and
then go down again through noble hemlock
groves and fine woods. After a mile or so
cross the river to climb up the steep way
to the aqueduct. Westchester has few
finer creek beds than this. It offers sections
of paths on either side and some camps.
The dam, which now reaches the 200 -foot contour, doubled the length of the
former reservoir and more than doubled its
capacity. In times of high water the flood




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

53

coming over the spillway in a fall of some
140 feet ranks with the great cascades in
beauty of foaming water.
Leaving the dam on the left, follow the
highway southeastward for less than half a
mile to the corner. A route by road to Bald K
Hill is to turn to the right and then by the
first left-hand turn follow the road east to
that point. The route here chosen, however, takes the road to the left at this corner
and follows it until a few hundred feet past
the red barn. There turn to the right
through a gateway cross-lots over the knolls
along the east side of the stream. This
brings one to the road to Bald Hill. Turn
left (east) on this and cross the brook.
Almost as soon as the road begins to rise
you come to a lane on the left leading to a
house some distance back from the road.
Follow this lane, passing the house on its
east side, and ascend the hill by the righthand fork so as to reach the summit from
the west. This wood road goes along the
upper parts in easy grades, bends around
sharply to the right, and then crosses a
small clearing. As one reaches the apparent
summit of the trail (6 miles) he sees a rocky
knob on the left-the highest point, 688
feet above sea level. The knob may have
been treeless when the name was given the
mountain, but it is now well covered with
trees that in summer cut off the view. When
the leaves are off, views of the Hudson and
Croton Lake valleys are seen.
A trail leads down the east slope to the
road, but it is rather difficult to pick up.
That route, too, leads into a cul-de-sac at
the Blinn place, unless one uses a tortuous
route by lanes and fields. The simpler
route, therefore, is to descend the northern
steeps through the woods to a trail that
runs westward from the Blinn place to the
lake. Turn on it toward the right (east) and
follow it until in sight of the farm buildings.
Here turn to the left through a gate in the
wire fence, cross the field, and enter the
woods on the farther side on the wood road.
This route climbs over a spur of the moun
Figure 3o
tain and comes out at another farm. Keep
to the right of the farm; then, at the left
of the house, take the roadway leading down
to the lake road (7 miles). From this farm
is afforded a fine view northward across the
lake into the hills of Yorktown and Cortlandt, Salt Hill and Dickerson Hill being
the more prominent ones. Near the point of
approach to the lake road is a spring.
Go eastward along this road, which follows the shore rather closely, for about a
mile to a deep cove where a brook enters the
lake. Turn up the brook on the dirt road
for a few hundred feet to a lane having a
wire fence with concrete posts-an easy
route up the hill to the Catskill Aqueduct,
whose course is to be followed to Millwood.
Near the corner of the lane and beside the
road a short distance up the hill is a covered
spring. There is another down stream and
on the other side of the brook. To reach it,




54

NEW YORK'WALK BOOK

Map 3

turn from the road on a path near a mammoth tulip tree.
Going up the lane to the aqueduct the
course for the next few miles will be found to
be almost entirely unshaded. It first goes
over a bare hill (9 miles) and gives the most
inclusive view of the trip, taking in all
points of the compass. Bald Mountain
stands to the west; the dark masses of Salt
and Dickerson Hills to the northwest; northeast, the farther reaches of Croton Lake;
and, for the rest, the undulating hills, woods,

and fields of Yorktown and New Castle
Townships. The steep eastern slope of the
hill brings one to a corner of roads. To the
left the motor road takes one to Kitchawan
station, a mile away. (There is a spring on
the hill above the station.)
Follow the aqueduct, now plain going,
first across fields then along a rocky hillside
for the 2 Y miles to Millwood (12 miles).
Return   by  the  Putnam    Division to
Sedgwick   Avenue   and   Eighth   Avenue
Elevated (I Y hours, $1.Io).

MONTROSE TO HARMON VIA SPITZENBERG AND KEG MOUNTAINS

Access by the New York Central Railroad
from Grand Central Terminal to Montrose
(iY2 hours, $1.38). Walking distance 13
miles.  Route by paths and roads with
climbing.
From the station at Montrose walk eastward up the road past the few houses, which
shortly give place to open land and patches
of woods. In the course of three-quarters
of a mile this road meets Washington Avenue, the motor road along the foot of the
hills.
Crossing the highway, follow up hill a
wood road that, on the West Point sheet of
the U. S. Geological Survey, is marked as a
highway but cannot have been thus used
for many years, as it is now grown up with
grass and brush. This road is well worth
traveling, for it passes great black rocks that
push high in air on either hand and leads
through pleasant woods with occasional
glimpses of the Hudson, especially when the
trees are bare.
After passing the tall black cliff that rises
on the right one comes in three or four
minutes to the plateau on the summit; then,
in three minutes more, in sight of a house
ahead. Here the road goes to the right of a
swamp. About halfway round this swamp
is a road turning back sharply on the right.
(If you should miss this road and come to
the house, turn around and retrace your
steps about three hundred feet when you

will come to the road on the left-much th
plainer route.)
Turn south on this road. Now it climbs a
little through clumps of hemlocks and
traverses the summit of the ridge, passing an
indistinct wood road or two. After about
ten minutes the road begins to descend the
hill. Do not go quite this far, however, for,
just about as it makes up its mind to descend, it puts out a third branch, this time
to the left, at a sharp angle. Follow this
but a few feet and then, as it goes down the
east side of the hill, take a right-hand fork
by a hemlock so as to go by a path along
the left (east) side of the ridge and only a
few feet below the summit. When hemmed
in by summer greenery this path will not
show well, perhaps, but will be fairly easy to
follow-much easier than the top of the
ridges which consists of masses of rugged
rocks with many ups and downs. The path
follows a contour for a few hundred feet and
then turns up hill to a slightly higher level
where it continues as before. After about a
five-minutes' walk on this level the path
turns to the right over the crest in a hollow
and down the other side. Hardly has the
descent begun when one strikes a path on
the left that soon divides, the right-hand
path leading to the summit of Spitzenberg
Hill (3 miles from Montrose) (Fig. 31).
Up to this time one has had little in the
way of views except for glimpses eastward




WESTCHESTER COUNTY

55

from the ridge path of the spurs of the hill
and the farm land toward Dickerson Hill.
From the crag that is the top of Spitzenberg
(545 feet) the view includes the complete
circle. Northward the mass of Spitzenberg
ending with Blue Hill hides most of Peekskill. To the northwest one looks up the
Hudson to the Popolopen Torne, with Anthony's Nose on the right, partly hidden by
the mass of Manitou, and Bear Mountain
opposite, likewise partly hid by Dunderberg. The latter shows up well, presenting
its broad southern side to view. To the
southwest the long ridge of the Tors is
seen as far south as the point of Verdrietige
Hook. The waters of the Hudson glisten
in a long stretch of some 30 miles from Fort
Montgomery to Yonkers. On your own
side of the river are seen the undulating
hills-Hessian, Torment, Salt, and Dickerson-which hide the waters of Croton Lake
from view (Fig. 29).
To continue the walk go down the slope
on the northeast side to a wood road. This
leads by a circuitous route and easy grade
to the drive to the Baker residence under
the very shadow of Spitzenberg. Take this
drive to the left to the highway between the
hills, Rose Avenue or Cedar Street. On this
road turn to the left (northeast) and walk
for about a mile and at the corner turn to
the right for a short half mile to the corner
of Furnace Wood Road. Here just ahead
are the grounds and buildings of the
Valeria Home (5 miles) (Fig. 29).
The Sniffen Mountain Road (so-called
locally), plotted as a highway on the West
Point sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey,
used to run from this corner to the present
northern extension of Croton Lake but is
now closed at this end by the buildings of
the Home. To avoid these, turn to the left
along the Furnace Brook Road for about
500 feet and, opposite the woodland, turn
in at a gate on the right. Follow this path
straight ahead, not turning off on any side
leads, for a quarter mile or more into the
woods and up the slope of Dickerson Hill

Figure 31
(Keg Mountain). Here take right-hand
turns and go around the central mass of the
hill, leaving the buildings at your right, as
far as the farther reaches of the old road in
the lowland. Climbers may go up the cone
of the hill to the summit (8Io feet) but,
except in the season of bare trees, will find
the view restricted. The observatory that
once stood on the summit has long since
fallen to pieces. The descent is easy and
direct by an old wood road to a stream and
so to the Sniffen Road at a spring opposite
an old farm site.
From a point some two or three minutes
walk west of the spring a path can be picked
up connecting with a branch of the wood
road that leads across the lowland between
Keg Mountain and Salt Hill. Turn towards
Salt Hill and, on the farther side of the lowland, come to a cross trail. By keeping to
the trail to the right around the foot of the
hill one comes to the bend in the highway
near some farm buildings. Or, by keeping
straight ahead up Salt Hill from the trail
corner, one may strike this same highway
by descending the hill in a westerly direction. Salt Hill, too, is covered with
trees and lacks viewpoints, except for restricted outlooks from an occasional jutting rock.
Having arrived at the highway west of
Salt Hill, two alternative routes other than
the one to be described are available. One
is by road to the right to Oscawana station
-a good three-mile walk. The other is by




56

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 2

trails through the woods and over Torment
Hill and then by Finney's Lane to Croton
(about 4 miles) and offers some fine views.
To make this, leave the Salt Hill road at the
point where it goes over the highest shoulder
of the hill, strike through the woods north
of Collaberg (Colabaugh) Pond, and keep
to the left of the first small hill. Pick up a
wood road in here and follow it straight
ahead in a westerly and southwesterly direction. On reaching the open country one can
climb the hill, if he chances to be in the lower
road, to the lane along the upper slope of
Torment Hill. By going over the top of the
hill one is led to a farmyard opposite the
end of Finney's Lane, whence it is a straight
road to Croton.
The route here suggested, however, is to
continue south on the Salt Hill road past
Collaberg Pond and past the end of the first
highway on the right to the motor road.
This road can be followed directly to
Croton Dam byturning to the right (south);
or a path that leaves the road just beyond
the outlet of Collaberg Pond may be followed to the left along the shore of the lake.
This is badly overgrown but also takes one
to the dam (9 miles).
In times of high water the tumbling waters
of the spillway take on the character of a
natural waterfall. The parklike effect of

the dam and its surroundings is offset by
the wild and wooded gorge of the river below the dam.
Seek the road along the north side of the
river and keep along it to Quaker Bridge.
From this point one gets still better the wild
effect of the river. A few hundred feet back
from the bridge the road passes the end of a
dirt road coming down the hill. This is to
be followed down stream, as it runs through
fine groves and within sight and sound of
the river. At a point near the Japanese tea
rooms the Albany post road originally
crossed the river on a wooden bridge-a
route long since abandoned in favor of the
present course of Broadway. Another mile
brings one to the motor road, Broadway, in
front of the Van Cortlandt Manor house, a
good example of Dutch Colonial architecture. This bears the date I68I and was
probably built before the patentee, Van
Cortlandt, took possession of the land.
From Quaker Bridge the river itself may be
followed by paths on either shore except
at the tea houses.
A short walk on Broadway to the right
brings one to the approach to the Harmon
station (13 miles).
Return by the New York Central Railroad  from  Harmon   to  Grand Central
Terminal (I hour, $I.Io).

NIGGER HILLS AND RYE POND

Access by the New York, Westchester &
Boston Railway (electric) from 133rd Street
and Willis Avenue, or stations connecting
with the subway-Hunts Point station or
i8oth Street (Bronx Park) station-to White
Plains station (30 minutes, 35 cents); or by
trolley from White Plains station of the
New   York   Central Railroad   (I. mile).
Walking distance io miles.
Walk east from the station along the
motor road to Underhill Avenue, then turn
on that road north to the lower end of St.
Mary's Lake (Silver Lake); or take the
trolley to the lake. Follow the path on the

northwest side of the lake, through pine
trees, to its upper northwest corner, where a
brooklet enters (2 miles from the station).
Turn up the brook, following signs "to
cave" and emerging from the woods; turn
left just beyond the "cave" dug in the hillside and go down the slope to a path that
comes out at a farmyard on the dirt
road.
Go east along this road for some 300 yards
to a lane which turns off at the left by a
large sycamore tree. Turn in at the sycamore and follow the lane to the second magazine. There turn into a somewhat over



Map 2

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

57

Figure 32

grown path and follow it northeast to a
small stream, which is to be followed to its
junction with a larger stream flowing southeast near the road. To the left at the foot of
the hill is a spring.
On the road turn to the right (southeast) to the ancient yellow cottage at the
low point of the highway. Just beyond this
turn again to the left (north) on a wood
road and follow it for a half mile to Rye
Pond (4 miles). This pond is now a part of
Kensico Reservoir, the level of which has
been raised more than thirty feet higher
than the old maps show it.
Follow the shore west around the bends
for a mile till you are about opposite the
highest point of the hill across the water
(Ravens Rocks) and at about the narrowest
part of the strait, then turn west over the
ridge to the road (5s  miles).
The sketch (Fig. 32) gives an inkling of
the charm and sense of remoteness of these
reservoirs wherever boulevards have not
parked their shores.
On the shore south of the strait and about
halfway up the hill a spring is to be found

just above an abandoned railroad grade
running west from the lake. This grade was
used in reconstructing the reservoir and
leads across and under both of the hill
roads. It makes a-short cut to the further
road for returning, if desired.
Having reached the road turn south, keeping the righthand fork, and go down to the
bottom of the hill at the small reservoir.
Here turn south; then take the next righthand turn and follow this road west to North
Broadway, White Plains. Turn west to
North White Plains station or south and
walk down this fine old street of colonial
White Plains about a mile to the station of
the New    York, Westchester &    Boston
Railway.
Return by this road to New York (43
minutes, 53 cents; trains at 25-minute
intervals) or by the New York Central
Railroad by turning with the trolley tracks
to the west on Railroad Street to New York
Central station  (45 minutes, 82.cents).
Trolley lines run to Tarrytown and to Mount
Vernon and to Mamaroneck, and a bus line
runs to Port Chester.




58

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

MAMARONECK RIVER-LARCHMONT TO WHITE PLAINS

Access by the New York, Westchester &
Boston Railway (electric) from 133rd Street
and Willis Avenue, or from   East z8oth
Street (connecting with subway), to Larchmont (30 minutes, 23 cents); or by the New
York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
from Grand Central Terminal to Larchmont
(40 minutes, 69 cents). Walking distance
i miles. Route by roads and cross country
with little climbing.
The country traversed in this walk is in
the heart of suburban Westchester, between
the- villages along the Sound and White
Plains and among estates and country clubs.
From the roadway between the stations
at Larchmont turn north almost at right
angles to the tracks and walk along Murray
Avenue for a mile to its junction with
Weaver Street, an old historic highway.
Here a number of spruce trees stand. Leaving Weaver Street at right angles, go eastwardly along the slope of the fields towards
the woods crossing the Sheldrake River,
the first brook. Keep through the woods,
bearing if anything to the left, until the
second brook is reached. Here turn up
stream to the highway (2 miles from Larchmont), cross the highway, and continue up.
stream on the west bank through some
rocky glades, at one place leaving the brook
and at a crossroad turning right to cross it.
Before the third mile is ended the route leads
to Griffen Avenue on the boundary between
the towns of Mamaroneck and Scarsdale.
Turn to the right on Griffen Avenue and
follow it to its junction with the old Mamaroneck Road (3 miles).
To the east lies what is left of the once
well-known Saxon, or Saxton, Woods. It is
probably the largest single piece of woodland in this part of Westchester County,
extending from near Mamaroneck 4 miles
northward almost to White Plains but constricted at one point to a quarter-mile in
width.  Its name is preserved in Saxon
Woods Road, a mile or so to the north.

Opposite the end of Griffen Avenue and
continuing it, is an abandoned way, still
along the town line. Follow this into the
woods, where it forks. Take the left-hand
path and follow it in its windings northward. It runs through a beautiful stretch of
woods with rocky ridges adding variety to
the topography. This path with its windings is rather hard to follow. One is fairly
safe in keeping the wet land on the right;
but it is safer to head northward by compass
and so steer clear through the wandering
wood roads. Eventually the path comes out
on the hillside back of some farmhouses just
west of the corners of Rosedale. Keep to
the left around these and the low land and
make for Saxon Woods Road (5 miles).
Keeping to the right (south) along Saxon
Woods Road past the end of Rosedale Avenue, one may turn to the left cross country,
although this is a very much obstructed
route. Take Rosedale Avenue instead for
about a mile and a half eastward to the
corner of North Street, crossing the White
Plains-Mamaroneck trolley at Mamaroneck
Avenue and a bus line at North Street.
At this corner turn to the right down hill
to the gate on the left between the "shop"
and the first house. Turn in on this lane,
which runs along the slope of the hill. At
the distinct corner with paths in three directions, keep along the path sharply to the
left to the lane's continuation to the right.
This peters out in the woods where the bend
in the valley is sharpest. The Mamaroneck
River is here almost in a gorge, compared to
its usual open course. Take the left-hand
path and keep along the edge of the woods
and fields where they meet on the crest of
the river valley.
The route has now swung from a northeast
direction to the northwest. At Haviland
Avenue, the first crossroad, one gets a view
of the Whitelaw Reid place, Ophir Farm,
across the valley to the northeast. On approaching the houses at the next road bear




Map 2

WESTCHESTER COUNTY

to the left to strike North Street again.
Bloomingdale Asylum looms up against the
sky on the left. Going down North Street
brings one out on Westchester Avenue a
short distance from  the White Plains
station of the New York, Westchester &

Boston Railway (II miles from Larchmont).
Return by the New York, Westchester &
Boston Railway to Willis Avenue station (40
to 50 minutes, 30 cents); or by the New
York Central Railroad to Grand Central
Terminal (40 to 50 minutes, 82 cents).

MIANUS RIVER

Access by the New York, New Haven
and Hartford Railroad from Grand Central
Terminal to Stamford, Conn., thence by bus
to Long Ridge, at the Westchester boundary
(Y2 hour); or from  Greenwich up the road
through Stanwich and then by dirt or farm
roads to the stream and up its course by
a footpath used by fishermen. (The water
is stocked and preserved by a club but is
not closed to trampers.)
One of the wildest river gorges, accessible
only on foot, within an hour or two of New
York City is that of the Mianus River (Map
I), a little stream which has its course in
Westchester County, N. Y., and Fairfield
County, Conn. Its course is shaped like a
question mark. It starts south of the state
boundary, north     of Greenwich, Conn.,
flows through meadows in North Castle
and   Bedford, Westchester County, and
turns south at Indian Hill-the scene, in
1654, of the massacre of several hundred
savages by the English and Dutch under
Captain John Underhill, the New England
Indian fighter. These Indians were of the
Mayanos tribe, from which came the name
of the river.
The wildest part of the gorge lies for about two
miles within Westchester County and about the
same length in Fairfield County. In places it is
300 feet deep, with walls always steep and sometimes cliff-like. The gorge is probably a fault line,
a great crack between huge masses of the country
rock, a highly metamorphosed schist with numerous pegmatite intrusions. Beds of quartz,
sometimes of a bright pink tinge, chunks of which
ate seen as ornaments on the porches of farmhouses
of the region or built into walls, occur in the walls
of the gorge, and the pegmatite belts contain
interesting minerals, such as beryl and tourmaline,

which can be found in the weathered fragments
on the talus slopes above the stream.
From the bus terminus take a farm road
west across fields and down into the narrow
valley. Cross on a ruined bridge or over
stones in low water and take a path up the
west side. The walls soon come closer together, and it is easier going to climb to the
top of the cliffs and walk through the woods
along the brink. One can follow the stream
over the sharp fragments of the talus, where
the tourmaline and beryl specimens are
found, but there are places where sheer walls
force a climb around them. The trees,
among which fine specimens of the tulip
tree are conspicuous, are notable for their
height. The darkness of the gorge has
forced them to lift their heads a hundred
feet and more out of the shaded depths.
Two miles north of the Westchester line,
the great fault crack ends, and the gorge
opens out into the wider valley in North
Castle and Bedford, where the river meanders through grassy meadows. The rocky
summit of Indian Hill, where the Mayanos
tribe was obliterated, is conspicuous to the
north as one proceeds by dirt roads up either
side of the stream. The hill is worth a climb
for wide views over southern Westchester
and adjoining Connecticut. One may continue by roads 5 or 6 miles west to the
Harlem Division of the New York Central
Railroad, at Mount Kisco or Bedford Hills,
or 6 miles north to Katonah through the
Stone Hills-a rocky massif whose rough
topography has left it comparatively unsettled and which contains some summits
worth the climbing.    (Long  Ridge to
Mount Kisco or Bedford 15 to 18 miles.)




PUTNAM COUNTY
4^/            H HE Highlands of the Hudson, east of the river, lie largely
in Putnam County, whose northern border extends along
the Fishkill Mountains to the Connecticut boundary near
l          Patterson and whose southern line runs from Anthony's
lie,     Nose through Putnam Valley, Baldwin Place, and Croton
Falls to North Salem. These hills are much like the
western Highlands-similar geologically, although the gneiss and granite include
infolded limestones, quarzites, and shales not so much in evidence on the other
side of the river. In general they are not so high as the western summits, averaging 11oo to 12oo feet, although in the north, in Bull Hill and Breakneck Ridge,
they are loftier, topping 1400 feet. South Beacon (1635 feet), highest peak of the
Fishkill Mountains, is just over the border in Dutchess County; although the
geological boundary extends to the lowland slates and limestones along the valley
of Fishkill Creek.
There are not such extensive wild areas in the eastern Highlands as in the
western, although some portions, like the Fishkill Mountains, the Anthony's
Nose and Manitou Mountain massif, and the hills about Oscawana Lake, are
rugged enough. There are more roads in regular use in Putnam County than
immediately west of the river; especially toward the towns along the Harlem
Division of the New York Central Railroad. The eastern part of the country also
includes several of the subsidiary reservoirs of the Croton watershed of the.New
York City water supply, about which the country is open; and Lake Mahopac is
a popular summer resort.
The western edge of the region, including fringes of Westchester and Dutchess
counties, is most attractive to the tramper and climber, as the heights overlooking
the Hudson offer escape from motor roads. Manitou and Anthony's Nose,
northwest of Peekskill (Figs. 34, 43, 76) provide climbs over ledges and fine views
of the river. The view from the Nose toward Bear Mountain, with the replica
of Henry Hudson's Half Moon anchored like her prototype in Popolopen Creek
below, is one of the grandest in the Highlands (Fig. 33).
The West Point and Carmel sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey show the topography of most
of Putnam County and adjoining parts of Westchester; the northern edge of the eastern Highlands
appears on the Poughkeepsie and Clove sheets. The geology is shown on the New York State Museum's
60







New York Walk Book                                                                     MAP 4
-      Main motor roads
-4-'-4- Main motor roads with trolley
- Fair roads
- -  Poor or private roads                            >qae: = Important trails                 \                                        so.......  Other trails
- ---+- RailroadsC,
u- --Trolleys                                       Vas ae            Moo
w    Springs or wells
i   ai.........j~
Scale of Two Miles to an Inch
S2                     3        4      M ador ok            Sta        t-hc
Contour interval /00 fket              -    o -0







PUTNAM COUNTY

geological map for southern New York and is presented in more detail by the State Museum Bulletin
on the geology of the West Point quadrangle, by Professor Charles P. Berkey and Marion Rice, and
by another bulletin on the Poughkeepsie quadrangle. Professor Berkey's earlier report on the geology
of the Catskill Aqueduct is also desirable for study of the region.
ANTHONY'S NOSE AND MANITOU, CANADA HILL AND SUGAR LOAF

Access by the New York Central Railroad
from Grand Central Terminal to Manitou by
Highland station (I hour and 40 minutes,
$1.65). Walking distance 6 to 12 miles.
Route by roads, paths, and cross country,
with climbing.
The route here outlined divides naturally
into two parts, the first of which should be
completed by lunch time if the second is to
be taken on the same trip. The division is
the road dividing Manitoufrom Canada Hill.
From Manitou station walk up the road
about half a mile, past the "S," to the
straight stretch on a terrace. Pass on the
left a small brown cottage and just beyond
on the right turn in on a grassy lane. Follow
this until past the cultivated land below;
then, at a stone wall, climb the hill through
the woods a short distance (perhaps 300
feet) to another old roadway, much overgrown. This was designed to connect with a
bridge across the Hudson at Anthony's Nose
but has been abandoned many years. Probably it will be restored when the new bridge
is built. Follow this grade along the slope
to the southwest for about ten minutes.
At the start up the hill watch for a path
that ascends, on the north side of the main
projection, to the summit; or else lay a
course diagonally to the south, so as to
reach the top of the hill at the summit (9oo
feet) of the Nose (2 miles from Manitou)
(Figs. I, 33, 60, 76).
The views from the knobs on the summit
are extensive and varied (Fig. 33). Maps 4
and 5, of this book, the maps of the Interstate Park published by the Park Commission, and the panorama (Fig. 33) will help
in identifying the points west of the river.
To the north the pyramid of Sugar Loaf, a
long stretch of river, the Beacons, and the

humped backs of Breakneck and Crow's
Nest; opposite, the great mass of Bear
Mountain and the ranges of the Interstate
Park; to the south, the long ridge of Dunderberg terminated by the abrupt cliff'of Timp
at its western end, the eastern ridge of Manitou-these will hold your gaze.
The view is full of historical points. During the
Revolution a chain was stretched across the river
from the foot of the Nose to Fort Montgomery
opposite. Just across, south of Popolopen Creek
(wheze the Half Moon is now anchored), is the
site of Fort Clinton. Half a dozen forts crowned
the heights back of West Point, and a number of
others weie on commanding points on both sides
of the river. All the part of Manitou south of the
county line was once part of the Van Cortlandt
Manor which extended to the Croton River on
whose bank the manor house still stands.
To continue the trip strike east and southeast, descending the slopes, picking up sections of wood road now and then, and passing cliffs and swamps, to the principal brook
of the mountain, Broccy Creek, or Kill,
which divides Anthony's Nose from the
main mass of Manitou. Keep on up the
eastern slope to Red Fence Road (4 miles).
This is at once identified by its retaining
wall and uniform grade. The red fence is
becoming a thing of the past, however, as the
rails are missing and the posts are following
the rails, while the red paint is seen only in
spots. Whatever was the objective of this
road it seems never to have achieved anything beyond a point just over the ridge to
the southeast, where it suddenly peters out
in the woods at the top of a precipitous
brook bed.
Turn to the left and follow this road along
the slope under occasional cliffs with recurring views of the rear of the Nose. After




Map ij aP 4

PUTNAM COUNTY

63

62

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

S--------RRATI M....T  -.--...-- *  ' tT l.yj.y -~ a. -..   -11T^OWTM NCrg- M OW A

Figure 33

passing between the two hills at the northern
end of the massif the road descends to the
highway at the f6ot of Canada Hill (6
miles), Something more than halfway down
this slope the road passes- near Hemlock
Twin Springs. A little path, hardly noticeable, leads to this beautiful spot, searcely a
hundred feet east of the old road. Friendly
hands have laid rail and rock, to render
access easy, where two gushing springs
hardly I5 feet apart join their waters in the
shade of a hemlock tree.
In contrast to this is the brook down the
hill near the highway, whose water, bitter
with niineral, drains through the dumps of
an abandoned iron sulphide mine a short
distance east on the mountain side. To
reach these workings turn east along the
highway to a branch road at the right. Almost at once the odor of gaseous emanations
from the ore in the roadway is noticed. Up
the slope the road comes to the dumps and
farther up to a mine entrance from which
even in warm weather comes an ice-told
current of air. Still further up the desolate
slope are the twin openings of the shaft.
These are unprotected and dangerous to
approach.
From Red Fence Road to Manitou station
is about a mile and a quarter down the road.
If one has a half day yet before him he may
climb Canada Hill (Fig. 60) and continue
north along its crest cross country till he

strikes a wood road. Continue in the same
direction to the pond on the Colt place and
keep along the piath by the pohd to the right
of the house and up" the hill. When the path
is lost in the woods either strike over the
hill to the right and take Cat Rock Road
into Garrison (3 miles); or; going west over
the crest, make for the north foot of Sugar
Loaf. In the latter case, in descending the
hill, keep to the right to save in climbing the
other slope. At the brook a lane leads down
to the highway. Cross this, however, and
make for the foot of the hill at the right end,
so as to traverse the ridge on the path.
Sugar Loaf (765 feet; see Figure 3,4) rises
sharply on both sides to a narrow ridge
only wide enough for a path. From the
summit more good views include Highland
Falls and West Point. The path takes one
down the south end to the lane and so up to
the highway, on which it is a short 3 miles
to Manitpu on the south and about the same
distance to Garrison on the north.
Return by the New York Central Railroad to Grand Central Terminal (x hour and
40 minutes, $1.65).
An easy route to Anthony's Nose, suited
for warm weather, is to walk east from the
station by road to Red Fence Road, then
up that to the top of the slope. Here a trail,
starting between two small trees, leads one
by gentle grades along the top of the ridge
to the summit of the Nose.

As to the origin of the name, Anthony's Nose,
which is as picturesque as the mountain, Irving,
in "Diedrich Knickerbocker's History of New
York" (Book V1, Chapter 4), thus tells of it:
"It must be known that the nose of Antony
[Van Corlear] the trumpeter was of a Very lusty
size, strutting boldly from his countenance like
a mountain of Golconda; being sumptuously
bedecked with rubies and other precious stones--
the true regalia of a king of good fellows, which
jolly Bacchus grants to all who bouse it heartily
at the flagon. Now thus it happened, that bright
and early in the morning, the good Antony, having washed his burly visage, was leaning over the
quarter-railing of the galley, contemplating it in
the glassy wave below. Just at this moment the
illustrious sun, breaking in all its splendor from

behind a high bluff of the highlands, did dart one
of his most potent beams full upon the refulgent,nose of the sounder of brass-the reflection of
which shot straightway down, hissing-hot, into
the water, and killed a mighty sturgeon that was
sporting beside the vessell This, huge monster,
being with infinite labor hoisted on board, furnished& a luxurious repast to all the crew, being
accounted of excellent flavor, excepting about the
wound, where it smacked a little of brimstone... When this astonishing miracle came to be
made known to Peter StuyveSant... he..
marveled  exceedingly; and  as a   monument
thereof, he gave the name of Antony's Nose to a
stout promontory in the neighborhood; and it
has continued to be called Antony's Nose ever
since that time."

ANTHONY'S NOSE AND TAURUS, BREAKNECK AND BEACON

Wood roads from the State Camp or from
the dirt road which climbs west from the
Albany post road, over to Manilou station
(Highland of the West Point sheet, of
the U. S. Qeological Survey) and Garrison,
lead up through side valleys to the higher
parts of the massif. From the western slope,
up which climbs the road from the West
Shore Railroad at Manitou, runs southward
the old Red Fence Road, mentioned in the
previous chapter. It was begun thirty years
ago as a route toward the state camp but
was abandoned. It is well 'built and was
bordered by a stout wooden fence-some of
whose red-painted posts still remain--but is

now growing up with brush. It disappears
suddenly east of Manitou mountain where
construction stopped, and exit toward the
Albany post road or the state camp and
Peekskill is made by wood paths.
A footpath turns west from, Red Fence
Road, just south of the gap through which
it crosses the back of Anthony's Nose, and
goes out to the tip of the Nose. Another
path turning east at the old road, or disused
roads from the Garrison-Peekskill highway,
may be followed to the old "copper mine"--
an old iron sulphide working once operated
in connection with a sulphuric acid factory
at Manitou station. The dark, slimy pits







NEW YORK WALK BOOK

and shafts should be explored with caution,
for they are deep with water and a Hackley
School instructor was drowned there, in
1921, while on an excursion with his geology
class.
North of the Manitou-Peekskill road,
trails and wood roads lead north over
Canada Hill to Sugar Loaf-the conical eminence of striking appearance near the
river opposite Highland Falls-and to
Garrison. The best route is by the equestrian trail which leaves the road just east
of the highest point and winds along the
east flank of Canada Hill and through a
notch westward reaching a point within half
a mile of the Garrison station without
entering highways.
Mount Taurus, as present usage has it
(the old name is Bull Hill and was good
enough), north of Cold Spring (Figs. 39, 6o)
has fine views from its 1425-foot summit. It
can be reached from Cold Spring by climbing
Main Street to the point where it swings to
the right. Here turn left through an old
estate with a fine stone eagle commemorating the use of the ground as a camp for
Washington's troops in 1782; then follow a
well-marked trail, with wooden arrows, over
steep slopes and ledges on the south side to
the summit (Fig. 41).
Another route is by an old, winding,
well-graded, but disused road, laid out for
some abandoned hotel project, on the east
side. Still another approach is by the Breakneck Valley road from Storm King station on
the New York Central Railroad up to the
road crossing the east end of Mount Taurus,
then by the second route to the summit. A
steep short cut from Storm King station is
along the new Ashokan Aqueduct to the
point where it pierces the mountain by
tunnel, then up the ledges to a western spur
and the trail from Cold Spring.
The new Ashokan Aqueduct offers some
miles of open course south of Mount Taurus,
across Phillipse Brook and beyond, back of
Cold Spring and Garrison. A point of interest south of the Phillipse Brook crossing is

the abandoned palace of a Wall Street
operator who fought the market successfully for a while but was ruined at last. It is
conspicuous from the river but is finished
only as to the exterior. The view down the,
river from the aqueduct shown in Figure 34
is just south of Cold Spring.
Breakneck Ridge and the Fishkill Mountains gives much rough climbing and wonderful views. A trail starts from the Storm
King station just north of the tip of the
ridge and climbs over sevelal rocky knobs,
each rising above the one in front, to a 1300 -foot summit about a mile from the river.
For the vigorous who would have a few
hundred feet of something like alpine work,
there is a rocky climb from the south side,
above the abandoned quarry, where one
will have to use friction and fingernails for
holds on the steep rock (Fig. 39).
The trail, marked faintly by occasional
climbers, goes northeastward, dropping into
notches and then rising higher again, along
the Putnam-Dutchess boundary, then into
the latter county, to South Beacon (1635
feet) and to the slightly lower Nou.'h Beacon, where stands the obelisk marking the
place  where  Continental beacon fires
burned in the Revolution. A well marked
trail to the Beacons has been built from
Lake Surprise in Breakneck Valley, the
resort of the Educational Alliance and the
Young Men's Hebrew Association, through
the initiative of the administrator, Mr. Max
Oppenheimer.
The Fishkill Mountains may be followed
further northeast, on the summits over
ledges and through thin forest much marred
recently by forest fires, to Bald Hill and, by
wood roads and the Albany post road,
down to Fishkill Village. The range is
broken by the Fishkill Clove. Beyond are
Shenandoah, Honness, and other summits,
with some considerable areas of forest on
the higher levels, old wood roads to be explored, and farm and pasture lands on the
lower flanks. Eastward, toward the line of
the Harlem Division, there are pleasant dirt




Map 4
"--_ ~.
Si"^C'wxT;?~h
~L     ~

PUTNAM COUNTY

65

Figure 34

roads; and Whalley Pond, west of Pawling, is
a pretty lake; but on the whole the region is
not so wild as nearer the Hudson orwest of it.
As a general thing, the east-west roads
through Putnam County are better for the
tramper than the north-south routes; as
the former cross the several parallel northeast-southwest ridges, characteristic of the
Highlands, with steep grades which limit

their use by vehicles; while the north-south
valleys, developed by erosion on the limestone belts, are better for motor highways
and usually contain them. Some of the
reservoirs of the Croton system, Boyd's
Corners for example, have come to look like
natural lakes and are attractive; but most
are rimmed by highways too busy for the
walker who seeks the secluded paths.

HIGH AQUEDUCT WALK-COLD SPRING TO GARRISON
The claim is made that no footway of fairly easy grades and good going within
the area of the Highlands of the Hudson can bear comparison with this route.
What the Storm King Highway does on the west side for motorists this does on
the east side for pedestrians. It swings along a terrace 300 feet above the river,
and that is as high as much of the stretch of its only rival as a level view walkthe top of the Palisades. It makes up for the lack of the near-by rugged wildness
of the Storm King Highway by the greater width of its panoramas and the
absence of trees to obstruct the sweep of impressive horizons. Figure 34 gives a
pallid mapping of one outlook.
Access by New York Central and Hudson splendid scenery and near a great city,
River Railroad to Cold Spring.         would be filled with hotels and boarding
From the station go up the main street houses swarming with summer tourists and
of the paintless town which in any European winter-sport lovers. At the left, just before
country, located as it is in the midst of coming to the top of the long straight rise,




66

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 4

is the beginning of the path to Mt. Taurus.
Resist the temptation to explore this rugged
way and go on over the 'top to reach, in 20
minutes from the station, a view of the
conspicuous workings   of the   Catskill
Aqueduct. Near the brook the right fork
and then a dirt road lead to the aqueduct.
Climb up to the granite gatehouse. A
15-minute ascent leads to the broad, grassy
promenade with its wide views to north
and south. After rounding the first curve
with its outlook shown in Figure 34 (Ferris
Pond is up the brook on the left) the
aqueduct drives through the rocks and the
walker goes over the hill. Another level curve
and another gatehouse and the aqueduct
slips across the valley of Indian Brook.
Drop down to the road and follow it a
short way   downstream   to  the curve,
watching on the left for a steep path to the
wooden footbridge over Indian Brook.
Beyond the bridge the path swings up to a
house. Before reaching this house one
should strike off to the right diagonally
across a little tributary brook to climb
through open woods (there is no path in the
right direction) and search for a huge, unfinished concrete mansion. This housethe Dick house-is less than J mile nearly
due south of the footbridge. The house,
however, is on the west side of the top
of the knoll. The view from here is noteworthy, and the spot provides a good
place for lunch. The house is visible as a
great white spot from far down the river
or from Bear Mountain Park.
From the Dick house descend by a dirt
road leading south and, at the foot of the
slope, take a left fork and go through woods
and past a fine residence to a second left
fork. Turn here, cross a brook, and go out
a gate by a big hemlock to a good road.
Turn right on this road and take the second

left-hand road, through stone gate posts,
which leads uphill through a fine estate
(also unfinished) southerly to Phillipse
Brook. This road crosses Phillipse Brook
on a high bridge with iron gates about
20 minutes from the Dick house. From
the bridge one can look down 75 feet in a
fair hemlock ravine.
Pass through the gates and descend by
the road or clamber down and follow the
brook. After a walk of io minutes the
highway is reached at a sign, "Brown's."
Turn left here. A 5-minute walk brings you
to the stone church with St. Gauden's
angels in the churchyard. Five minutes
farther on turn to the right toward the
river, pass a wooden church, and stop for
fine views of West Point with its chapel set
high above the other buildings. Then drop
down to Garrison station.
To ascend to the Sloane Observatory
leave the iron gates and go down the main
road to the curve. At the brook strike left,
with no clear path, around the hill; cross a
little swamp to the shoulder; and follow the
ridge to the Observatory. Thence a faint
path runs north to a farmhouse. This brings
one to the station I hour later than the
road by way of the churches.
The first walk is about 6 miles; but one
might start at eleven o'clock and, at a
leisurely pace, reach the station at threethirty or four. One should bear in mind, if
wandering off the track after reaching
Indian Brook, that on the left, uphill and
parallel, was the aqueduct, and on the
right, downhill and parallel, the old highway to Garrison-one of the most dignified and attractive roads along the Hudson
Valley.
Return by New York Central Railroad
from Garrison to Grand Central Terminal
(I hour and 50 minutes, $1.75).

ANTHONY'S NOSE TO OSCAWANA LAKE AND KENT CLIFFS
The lines of hills and valleys, roughly parallel, across Putnam County from
Anthony's Nose on the Hudson northeast past Oscawana Lake and on toward




Map 4

PUTNAM COUNTY.........:.:......,.. '....:.,.......:,.. -...
~'. y.  -',.r........
"I....-.........j..~:' -   ._  -. -_ --- ~~  -.......:..............:.  _.....

OJ'cdt&dyt&   /7Q4     9' J^   ^cA^J, Zý/fýYz
^ou/   r   rw,reztcAcd krau 4,-r~      ','K"-,--'--  - --- =--- - -.u- - -
-7zzz7l2a /tJ'
Figure 35
Kent Cliffs on the Boyd's Corners reservoir of the Croton watershed offer a
number of fine walks with viewpoints which overlook the Highlands from different angles than summits on the west side of the river, and, consequently, give
new and unusual views. This is country rich with Revolutionary associations
and was strongly occupied by Continental outposts, camps, and field fortifications. Some of the summits, like Fort Defiance and Little Fort hills east of Garrison, bear evidence in their names of such occupation, though few traces are
now left of any military works.

Walks including wide views, attractive
lakes, and extensive areas of woodland, may
be planned by taking New York Central
main line trains to Peekskill and auto bus
up the Peekskill Hollow Brook Road to
Putnam   Valley, Adams Corners, or Tompkins Corners, and going west to the river.
Here is a walk from Tompkins Corners to
Garrison or to Manitou (Highland station of
the West Point sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey) which is a traverse typical of the
attractions of the region.

From the road at Tompkins Corners climb
directly west up to Tompkins Hill (1145 feet
high), one of the best viewpoints in the
county, giving a circuit from a boulder on its
bare grassy top of the hills toward Mahopac
Lake and the Connecticut line eastward, the
lower hills of Westchester to the south, the
rugged lines of summits and notches westward to the Hudson with the higher elevations of Dunderberg, Bear Mountain, Bare
Rock, and Crow's Nest, and with Oscawana
Lake in the nearer view; and northward, an




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 4

unusual aspect of the Northern Gate of the
Highlands with Storm King at the left and
Bull Hill and the Beacons at the right.
A path leads down through the huckleberry bushes and birches westward into a
valley opening toward Oscawana Lake, past
a remarkable spring-a deep bowl six feet
wide, under a ledge, one of the finest springs
in the Highlands the writer has ever seen.
A farm road leads out to a farmhouse on a
dirt road which should be taken to left and
then right, to pass around the south end of
Oscawana, and from which there are pretty
glimpses of this lake. It goes over the bare
hill at the south end and drops steeply into
the valley of Canopus Creek. West of the
north-south valley road cross the creek on a
footbridge, go west through the meadow,
follow the edge of the woods on the hill
south to the brook coming out of the notch
from Solpue Pond, and follow up the brook
or a wood road just south of it to the outlet
of the pond which is also known as Indian
Lake-one of the most beautiful little lakes
in the Highlands. Strike west by compass
or by old wood roads and a road once inhabited to the former route of the Albany post
road from Travis Corers to Peekskill, as is
shown by an old brown milestone with
antique letters "55 Miles to New York."
Climb on westward up the steep face of
Fort Defiance Hill, the highest summit of
which is occupied by the house of Professor
J. M. Cattell which requires every yard of
the top of the peak. Professor Cattell has
hepaticas growine in his back vard. There is

no sign of any fort, though a triangular level
meadow, surrounded except for a narrow
opening at the west by the higher ledges,
would be an excellent natural stronghold.
Follow south along this ridge to Denning
Hill which gives a fine view from its western
ledges, then down hill across the new Catskill Aqueduct to the Boston post road. Follow this less than a mile, then turn right
across Annsville Creek into a farm road and
bridle path up a tributary coming down
from Canada Hill. Follow this equestrian
trail southwest up under the eastern cliffs
of Canada Hill to the road leading over the
notch between Canada Hill and the Anthony's Nose-Manitou mountain massif to
Manitou station. If there is time visit the
old iron sulphide mine, off to the south on
the western side of the pass above the opening of the Red Fence Road.
This makes a walk of 15 miles. It can
be shortened by going directly to Garrison
from Fort Defiance Hill or varied and
slightly shortened by crossing from Denning in a west-by-southwest direction to
Sugar Loaf via wood roads, bridle paths,
and compass courses.
The views from the summits in the ridge, of
which Fort Defiance and Denning Hills are the
highest points, across the Hudson to West Point
and the high summits west of the river are superb
and impress upon the beholder how strong a
fortress and how excellent a series of observation
points the Americans occupied in the Revolutionary War. Many of the most important points
in one theater of that struggle are here spread
before the eye.







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HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF
THE RIVER
N all the area accessible to the walker in a day from New
York City, there is no region so full of attractive features as
that portion of the Hudson Highlands west of the great river.
Scores of viewpoints, some rising to nearly 1500 feet; wide
forested areas that are growing in wildness and beauty every
year since timber cutting has been stopped by the establish'-!         ment of the Interstate Park, the Stillman Black Rock Forest,
2and other agencies for their preservation; dense rhododendron
S swamps to hide the deer that are coming back; old military
roads laid out by Washington and Putnam; Revolutionary shrines like West Point and Stony Point, whose names thrill the patriot;
rock formations of the oldest periods of which we have geological record, which
bear plain testimony to the mighty forces that fashioned the cliffs and ridges;
safe, remote hiding places for the rarer flowers which are harried in the lowlands, and a bridge whereon northern plants carry their line to the southern Appalachian heights: these are a few of the allurements to the observant and
thoughtful tramper who can appreciate the remarkable character of this regionwild and growing wilder, yet affording from its high places, on a clear day, a view
of the towers of Manhattan.
The western Highlands may be divided from the Ramapo Mountains, with
which they are geologically akin and into which they merge, by the line of the
roads from Southfields (on the main line of the Erie Railroad) eastward past the
Boy Scout headquarters at Lake Kanawauke to Haverstraw and Stony Point.
On the east the boundary is the Hudson; on the north, the bold heights of Storm
King and Black Rock, overlooking the lower land of the Hudson slates, which
are much younger geologically; on the west, the valley through which runs the
Newburgh branch of the Erie over comparatively youthful Devonian and Silurian sandstones, shales, and limestones, and the upper Ramapo River valley,
containing the main line of the Erie Railroad.
The Ramapo-Dunderberg, Timp-Torne, and other trails in the Palisades
Interstate Park and adjoining territory, which have lately opened up many miles
69




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Storm King before the highway was cut
Figure 36
of the finest paths in the Highlands, are described in another chapter. But outside them, away from the motor roads and from less used secondary wagon roads,
is a network of old wood roads in various stages of disuse which are fascinating
to explore and which offer convenient short cuts, unusual bits of scenery, views
which are denied to the motorist on the smooth Seven Lakes Drive, and a sense
of discovery to the walker who penetrates their mysteries. These roads served
the old iron mines, worked from the middle of the eighteenth century, in carrying
their ore to furnaces (See Fig. 74) and in transporting charcoal fuel. The making
of this charcoal was also once an important industry, traces of which may be seen
everywhere in the abandoned pits on the forest floor where the wood was burned
with a slow fire almost covered with earth until all elements except the carbon
were driven off. Iron mines and charcoal pits are deserted now, except one shaft,
the old Forest of Dean Mine on Popolopen Creek, which is still operated but
under modern methods, its ore being taken elsewhere for smelting.
The remains of these old mines are among the most interesting features of the
Highlands today. The great gloomy chamber of the Bradley Mine, on the
south face of Bradley Mountain, on the Arden Valley road east of the Erie
station of that name, impresses the beholder whether in summer, when it is




HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

71

filled with black water in its lower shafts, or in winter when its entrance is barred
with a palisade of fifty-foot icicles and its frozen water surface is studded with
strange-looking ice stalagmites. The high, narrow opening of the largest of the
Hogencamp mines, a mile north of Lake Kanawauke, is another picturesque
reminder of this almost vanished iron industry in the Highlands.
HARRIMAN-BEAR MOUNTAIN SECTION OF THE INTERSTATE PARK
The face of nature has been changed considerably since the Interstate Park was
established in 19Io, especially by the creation of several new lakes for camp sites
and other recreation purposes under the direction of Major W. A. Welch, general
manager of that preserve. These changes do not show on the Ramapo and
Schunemunk sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey maps, which cover this
region, as the maps were made twenty years ago and more and were drawn in
some places rather inaccurately as to contours and then existing water areas.
The alterations by man are represented on the recently published Trail Map of
the Park and have been incorporated in the map of the area in this book. They
include the enlargement of Little Long Pond east of Southfields into the threearmed Lake Kanawauke; the joining of what used to be two swamp-bordered
mudholes, Cedar Pond and Little Cedar Pond, into one clean and beautiful water
body, Lake Tiorati (Fig. 38), the largest in the Park; the making of the pretty
little Nawahunta Lake, farther northeast on Seven Lakes Drive near Cranberry
Hill; and the creation of Queensboro Lake on the brook of the same name (Figs.
I and 77) west of Bear Mountain. Old Car Pond, a mile up hill east from Southfields, has been enlarged and beautified into Lake Stahahe; now the site of many
camps. In Arden Valley, damming of Arden Brook has produced the two Cobasset Lakes, Upper and Lower, in what is known as the "Adamless Eden" of
the Park, limited to girls' camps (Fig. 75).
Major Welch plans to construct nine more lakes by damming streams at
suitable points. These are to include a large lake of over 500 acres to be made by
impounding the waters of Stony and Whitney Brooks with a dam at Burnt Saw
Mill Bridge on the Sloatsburg road; two lakes in place of the dense swamps on
the summit of the Ramapo Plateau, on Christie and Pine Meadow Brooks; the
creation of a long lake in Brooks Hollow north of the Central Valley road, and
others in favorable sites. These changes, in most cases, are restoring the aspect
of the glacial period, when all the natural lakes were larger and some meadows of
the present time were lakes, before erosion and aggradation drained or filled them.
Water bodies which existed before the Park developments but which are not
shown, through some error, on the U. S. Geological Survey maps, are Breakneck
Pond (called Cranberry Reservoir by local inhabitants), in the Ramapo Plateau




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Maps 4 and 5

and Spruce Pond, a pretty little spruce-and-rhododendron-lined tarn on Wildcat
Mountain southwest of Southfields in what is the largest area of the Interstate
Park west of the main line of the Erie Railroad.
The roughness of the topography has always prevented development of permanent highways in some parts of the Highlands; and, while old wood roads may
be found leading to remote spots, their disuse since most of the iron mines were
abandoned forty years ago has left several large areas, bounded by highways, in
which ample room exists for the exploring tramper. The Ramapo-Dunderberg
and other new trails cross some of these larger blocks of forested ridges and valleys; but others are accessible only by the old roads, so that it requires actual
exploration and experience of them to become assured of one's way. Also, with
the change of season, the aspects of these old roads may be so different as to puzzle even the experienced. A road that seems plain with snow on the ground may
look quite different in August when filled with tall ferns and goldenrod. Blowdowns and forest fires also change the appearance of these routes so that after a
few years' absence from some road, explored and apparently well-known, the
tramper will require study of map and aid of compass to go back over the path.
An example of large areas sometimes of several square miles, surrounded by
highways but likely to remain wild and grow wilder, is the irregularly shaped
portion of the Park bounded by the Arden highway, the main line of the Erie
Railroad, the Seven Lakes Drive, and the old road from Lake Stahahe to Southfields. Although the Scouts are on Lake Kanawauke, at the southern edge, and
there are camps on Stahahe and the Cohasset Lakes, the hills and swamps between are wild and rugged enough to suit the most adventurous tramper. One of
the finest paths in the park is that recently marked as the Arden-Surebridge Trail.
It runs, by way of Island Pond and the "Lost Road" (cleared in 1921 of the mass
of rhododendron that obscured it) at the south end of Surebridge Swamps, to
the Surebridge Mine road and Hogencamp Mountain and, once known, is the
shortest way from the Erie Railroad to Lake Tiorati.
ARDEN-SUREBRIDGE TRAIL
From Arden station the route is up past pastures, leaving the dirt road where it
the bears' cage, across Arden Brook on the turns west and going on southerly by the
footbridge at the dairy bottling house, up  well-graded but little-used road which leads
the flight of steps beside the old Greenwood  up past the west side of Island Pond and
Furnace-where iron was smelted for the east of Green Pond and Lake Stahahe to the
Parrott guns of Civil War fame-to a dirt Seven Lakes Drive. A path cuts off a curve
road on the glacial terrace above. Follow  of this road and joins it again high up.
this road east on the bank on the south side Just opposite, a lesser road turns left and
of Arden Brook to the first right-hand turn; climbs up the east side of this valley to the
then south through the chicken farms and top of the frontal ridge and then descends




Maps 4 and 5  HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

gently and crosses a brook on the other side
of which is an old road shaded by dense
hemlocks-the boundary between the Harriman estate and the Park. This road goes
left down to Echo Lake and the Arden
Valley road; but for the route used here,
turn right toward Island Pond.
The Arden-Surebridge Trail, to include
the view from the observatory on Island
Pond Mountain, leaves the boundary road
and climbs that elevation and then descends
southerly, through a remarkable rock cleft
known as the "Lemon Squeezer," into the
valley through which ascends the "Lost
Road." The boundary road is easier if one
is in haste to catch a train at Arden or to
reach Lake Tiorati. It touches the north
end of Island Pond and keeps along its east
side for a few hundred yards until a fainter
road turning left (there is a cairn at the
junction) is reached. Take this, eastward,
up the brook which comes down from between Surebridge and Echo Mountains, for
half a mile; then cross the brook to the south
side. Avoid a left turn a short distance
farther on, just beyond a big boulder. It
goes north over Echo Mountain and out
either to Echo or the Cohasset Lakes.
The right turn climbs up southeastward
into what was the "lost" part of the road, in
which the trail workers hewed out a path
through  the  twenty-foot rhododendron
brake revealing the long concealed route.
Beyond the thickets of evergreen, leatheryleaved shrubs the trail continues over ledges
and in more upland growth and through
a dense stand of young hemlocks to the
Surebridge Mine road. This route is also
marked by occasional small white arrows
lettered "G. M. C.-Arden," indicating the
way to the Green Mountain Club Camp at
Lake Tiorati. Turn right a few hundred
feet and you see the red-dotted white markers of the Ramapo-Dunderberg Trail and the
red signs of the Boy Scouts' White Bar Trail
(on the same route), which crosses here from
Hogencamp    Mountain   to  Finger-board
Mountain.

Figure 37
If you wish to go on to Lake Tiorati, take
a left turn just beyond the trail crossing.
The Surebridge Mine road goes out, southward, to the Scouts' headquarters at Lake
Kanawauke, past stone foundations, evidences of clearings and other remains of the
old Hogencamp Mine village, and parts of
the cable and other hoisting machinery of
the mine. The left turn takes you down hill
toward Pine Swamp. Half a mile southeast
is a fork, the right turn of which goes to the
largest of the seven Hogencamp mines,
which lie in a line on the slope. It is worth
while, if you have time for a side trip, to
visit the high chamber with an opening to
the top of the mountain above it. The dump
is at the edge of the road. Climb it and
follow the rails, used by the trucks in carrying out the ore, back through a new growth
of birches and hemlock to the chamber.
Opposite the dump below the road is the pond
made by one of the two pairs of beavers released
in the Park in 1920. The colony is thriving quite
as well as the colonies in the Adirondacks where
these were secured. Their dam, which has
flooded part of this wood road, is a short distance




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Maps 4 and 5

beyond the mine dump, a few yards to the left
of the road, and is strong enough to walk upon.
Their lodge lies up stream from the middle of
the dam.
After visiting these features, return to
the fork where the sign says "Cedar Pond"
and go out by the left-hand road (marked
by the Arden-Surebridge Trail signs) over
the dumps of more of the Hogencamp
mines; then up over Pine Swamp Mountain
and down to the Seven Lakes Drive, which
you reach near the southwest corner of
Lake Tiorati. From Arden to Lake Tiorati
takes about two and a half hours, not including stops at the mines and the beaver
dam.
If one wishes to go on eastward and cross
the park to the Hudson, an old wood road
may be followed around the south end of
Lake Tiorati and over Hassenclever Mountain (Fig. 38) to the dam on the east side.
The dirt road which leads in from the drive
should be followed over a little rise and then
down hill, but only a little way up the next
rise, as it goes in that direction only to the
Green Mountain Club cabin on a knoll
overlooking the lake. The Hassenclever
Mountain Road, little used now and bushgrown, turns right on the second rise and

curves around to the Lake Tiorati Road (for
trail names which for want of space do not
appear on the map in this book see Park
Trail map) and the outlet dam. A new
cutting for a telephone line is a shorter
route to the dam. The Lake Tiorati Brook
Road takes one from the dam 7 miles out
to the West Shore Railroad at Stony Point.
This makes the shortest crossing of the
Interstate Park, from Arden to Stony
Point (about 14 miles), and should be
covered in 5 hours, with another hour for
luncheon and sight-seeing.
The second train out on the main line of
the Erie Railroad, leaving Jersey City at
9:30 and reaching Arden     about 11:30
(Sundays), would give sufficient time to
take the 6:08 train at Stony Point for New
York. The earlier train at 7:30 would give
still more leeway.
If one wishes to take to the RamapoDunderberg Trail after reaching Lake Tiorati, it can be reached by following the Lake
Tiorati road north from the dam, then east
by a wood road entering to the right near a
large wooden tank. The trail markers are
picked up about a third of a mile east of the
lake. The view from the observatory tower
should not be missed.

LAKE TIORATI TO STONY POINT
Another wild section lies between the Seven Lakes Drive, on the northwest,
and Lake Tiorati and the Lake Tiorati Brook Road, leading from the dam to
Stony Point, on the southwest and south. This section extends eastward practically to the Hudson, as the Beech Bottom Road is little used, and the villages
of Tomkins Cove and Doodletown are close to the river under high elevations.
This region contains the long high parallel ridges, Goshen and Letterrock Mountains (Figs. 60 and 77), the rugged Black Mountain, with its picturesque cliff,
the rocky Pines and Pyngyp, West Mountain, and the Dunderberg massif (Figs.
33 and 60). The Raaapo-Dunderberg Trail crosses this section in some of its
finest scenic parts. Th ere is the usual network of old roads in the valleys, through
the notches, and in some cases atop the ridges.
An exampli of a ridge road is the Burnt following its Z-shaped course northward
House Trail, known t:i but few wilkers, from the Lake Tiorati Brook Road just west
which climbs up crook(d Stillwater ] rcok, of Pyngyp, to the top of Letterrock Moun



Maps 4 and 5  HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

75

~ToCT.     I._LAO[n_.,OW M_____________AJ_ _cgVEl__' _ _ -_ -  c.tot.ro -"-5  ~Hl. H.ll.   ll--  5. of1'.--------- ^-------------------------------Lsu rra ArN'-7^ - -

Figure 38

tain, then southwest along its summit, and
down to the same highway, two miles above
its lower junction with that road. The
Dean Trail leaves it two miles in from Lake
Tiorati Brook and turns south over the
rugged ledges of The Pines and Pyngyp
into Bulsontown valley (Fig. 60). The
Black Mountain Trail, reached bya short bit
of wood road from the Burnt House Trail,
climbs through the notch between Black
Mountain and Letterrock Mountain and
descends northward through Bockey Swamp
(which is to be transformed into a lake by
Major Welch) to the Seven Lakes Drive.
Beech Bottom, between Black and West
Mountains, is interesting as the location of a
thriving colony of beavers, which has grown from
a pair trapped in the Adirondacks in 1920 and
released here by Major Welch. This couple, after
exploring the whole length of Beech Bottom
Brook and also Queensboro Brook as far as Lake
Nawahunta, returned to Beech Bottom, near the
spot where they had been released, and, in the

fall of 1920, built a small dam just large enough to
cover the entrance of the lodge and there raised a
family the following spring. Since then these
animals have increased so that by the winter of
1922-1923 they had built sixteen dams along
about a mile of the brook, the ponds considerably
changing the aspect of the valley. Another colony,
started by young beavers crowded out of either
the Beech Bottom or the Pine Swamp settlements,
built dams in the fall of 1922 along Lake Tiorati
Brook, about a mile and a half below the outlet
dam, just below the point where the upper end
of the Burnt House Trail joins the highway along
this stream. Major Welch also tells of an old
bachelor beaver, who was brought from the Adirondacks at the same time as the original lot but
had lost out in the selection of mates, yet who
located on Stony Brook, near the Burnt Saw Mill
Bridge, and began building dams there even
though he had no prospect of raising a family.
Major Welch plans to control the beavers by
reducing their numbers if they get too obstreperous
in seizing on the park streams (as is alleged against
them in the Adirondacks) to the detriment of
scenic and recreational purposes.

THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE PARK
East of Beech Bottom, toward the Hudson, Dunderberg and West Mountains offer inspiring views in every direction over the river gorge and the mountains walling it in (Figs. 43 and 60). They are reached by the Ramapo-Dunderberg and Timp-Torne Trails (elsewhere described in detail) and by old wood
roads running up their gullies to old mines and charcoal pits. The Timp Pass and




76

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Maps 4 and 5

76 Svp NtE             YORK~-n r   WALK~o/^- wtt t^ oK  Maps 4 and
Figure 39
the Timp itself, one of the most remarkable examples of fault-face cliffs (Fig.
42), among many such in the Highlands, marking the edge of a huge block fractured and upthrown in pre-Cambrian earth shrinkings, are reached from Tomkins Cove on the south, or lona Island or Bear Mountain Inn, through Doodletown on the north, by farm roads and plainly marked wood roads and also by a
short cut trail provided with lettered signs by Charles B. Reid in 1922.
A smaller block of forested hills is the Irish Mountain-Grape Swamp-Pound
Swamp Mountain "massif," bounded by the Lake Tiorati Brook Road, the Lake
Tiorati (old Cedar Pond) road, the Gate Hill Road from Thiells and Haverstraw,
and other roads on the east side of the area. Here are several square miles of
rugged hills, deep, densely wooded valleys, swamps with fruitful wild grape
thickets, old iron mines, and some unusual views northward toward the rocky
summits of Black, West, and Bear Mountains and the Timp, especially from
the cleared western portion of the summit of Grape Swamp Mountain.

The Park map shows many old roads
through this area. They are of differing degrees of clearness. Some are used by wagons
and cattle and are well marked; others have
ceased to have any value except to the
tramper and are growing fainter every year.
There are fine high-level walks along the
western border of the Highlands over the
ridge extending northeast from Arden, including the 1400oo-foot summit on which
stands the Harriman country house. The

immediate neighborhood should be avoided
by walkers out of deference to the family of
Edward H. Harriman, to whose far-seeing
eye the public owes the acquisition of the
Harriman sectioni of the Interstate Park and
to whose widow is due its gift to the state.
Wood-road trails on the southeast flank of
this ridge pass Cranberry, Forest, Summit,
and Twin Lakes (the last two occupied by
several girls' camps) to the Central Valley
road. Beyond, northeastward, the adven



Map 4

HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

77

turous walker may make his way, by the lay
of the land, on the ridges past Popolopen
Pond to rugged Rascal Mountain and into
the Stillman Black Rock Forest.
East of the road from Arden past Cranberry Lake to the improved Long Mountain
Road, on Stockbridge Mountain, in the
swampy valley which flanks it southeast,
and on the ledgy Cranberry Hill, is another
rugged region with high bare places and
sheer or broken walls in the fault clefts of
the ridge. The Finger-board-Storm King
Trail opens novel viewpoints and other
features on Stockbridge Mountain and also
on Long Mountain (Fig. i) to the Popolopen Creek valley. On the east flank of the
extension of Stockbridge Mountain, northeast of the Long Mountain Road, is the
secluded Deep Hollow with a wood road,
faint at the south end but improving as one
goes northward, which runs on the west side
of the valley brook for two miles then
crosses to the east side and reaches the
Forest of Dean Mine railroad, a convenient
route out to Fort Montgomery, along and
across Popolopen Creek and around the
Torne through the Hellhole. The LongTorne Trail gives another short cut, east
from Long Mountain, over Turkey Moun
tains to Popolopen Tome and Fort Montgomery.
Between the Central Valley road, from
the Forest of Dean Mine to West Point or
Highland Falls, and the Popolopen Creek
Road and the Hudson lie more rugged parallel ridges, on some of which are isolated
sections of the Interstate Park. An old
road, climbing left up from the highway
which runs northwest from Highland Falls
from a point about a mile up hill from the
river and just beyond the last houses of the
town, winds southward into the high valley
west of the Crown Range, past abandoned
homesteads and the pretty little Torne Pond
(formerly Cranberry Pond), which is owned
by the Interstate Park, to the Popolopen
valley. This makes a good day's walk, from
Highland Falls, over and between the ridges
and out to Fort Montgomery. For the sturdy
climber the Crown Range (Fig. 33), overlooking the Hudson and much broken by
ledges and cliffs, may be followed from Bare
Rock, which overlooks Highland Falls,
south to the Popolopen Torne. It is planned
to extend the Interstate Park trails at some
future day along this ridge, which gives superb views of the Hudson and the Putnam
County hills.

WEST POINT TO STORM KING

The reservation of the United States Military Academy at West Point (Figs. 39 and
40) includes many good short walks, which
the average visitor, keeping to the parade
ground, does not see. Climb the steps to the
beautiful Gothic chapel and to old Fort
Putnam; then follow bridle paths, dirt roads,
and footpaths west and north to new and
unexpected views. A particularly fine path
runs along the aqueduct from a little reservoir on the slope west of the parade ground
above the officers' houses around into Washington Valley (Fig. 39) and enters the Central Valley highway near the junction of
the branch to Highland Falls.
A line of old redoubts on the ridges and

summits south of Fort Putnam, which
helped to make the West Point fortress
impregnable in the Revolution, is connected
by paths on which are fine views over the
post, the large reservoir lake, and the river.
A pleasant ramble, between steamboats or
trains, could be taken on the hills back of
the parade ground and buildings, exploring
numerous viewpoints and remains of Revolutionary fortifications. The interior of the
chapel is very stately, and the stained glass
is of great richness. It is open from I to 4
o'clock except on Mondays.
The West Point reservation also includes
a large part of Crow's Nest, the high mass
to.the north and one of the finest eminences




78

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 4

CROWnE/T   -ook o  ANvD WET o20LVX
Figure 40
on the west side of the Hudson (Figs. 39
and 43). It can be reached from the south
by climbing the old military road which
leaves the Central Valley road, in Washington Valley, about two miles back from the
post and angles and zigzags up eastward to
the summit, continuing northward past the
Cornwall reservoir and around the west end
of Storm King to Cornwall-on-Hudson; or it
may be climbed directly up the steep southern face from the south end of the Storm
King Highway; or by a path opposite the
hospital which crosses the playground, the
brook, and the drive, and goes up the spur.
The highest point of Crow's Nest is a
field of targets for the West Point cadets'
artillery practice and is blasted with shell
bursts. It should be avoided on week day
mornings from May to August when the
firing is done. Pickets are thrown out on
all approaches to warn travelers.

Wood roads turn off the old military road
eastward over the broad, irregular crown of
Crow's Nest. One path (see Map 4), entering at the north end of the reservoir dam,
follows the northern boundary of the military reservation out to the brink of the cliff
overlooking the Hudson opposite the town
of Cold Spring. Here, in wet weather, is a
beautiful waterfall dropping 300 feet to the
steep slope of loosely heaped rock fragments
below. One may descend over steep ledges,
sliding and holding to trees, on the south
side of this fall, to the Storm King Highway,
80o feet below. The brook that runs down
southerly from near the summit of the military road furnishes good clambering and fine
vistas (see Fig. 40).
North of Crow's Nest, across Storm King
Clove, lies Storm King Mountain, the western pillar of the Northern Gate of the
Highlands (Figs. 36 and 41). Its nose, overlooking the river at steep angles, offers
ticklish climbs, if the ledges be wet or icy,
from the new highway around it to the
1300oo-foot summit. There are many bare
ledges, rock shelves, cliffs, and chimneys
on all sides, especially to the south; and
one may choose as exciting an ascent as one
pleases.
For an easier way from Cornwall-onHudson one can follow up the main northsouth road leading to the Storm King Highway to a driveway leading under a wooden
arch, past a large house, and into a field to
the west; then by wood roads and well
built trails in the Pavenstecher property up
along the north face of the mountain. These
trails, which are walled on the outside on
steep slopes and railed in dangerous spots,
lead out eastward to the nose of Storm King
and then turn west to its eastern summit. A
fairly well marked footpath leads west, over
the curving, rather level top-another remnant of the Cretaceous peneplain-to the
West Rocks, on the southwest face of which
is a bold, much fractured cliff called First
Flag (Fig. 41). The path descends this, past
the bungalow of. Dr. E. L. Partridge, one




Maps 4 and 5  HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

79

Figure 41

of the Interstate Park   Commissioners.
into the Clove road by which one can
descend to the Storm King Highway or
ascend through the Passage to the old
military road from   Cornrwall to West
Point. (From First Flag the ridge may be
followed on a fair trail over Spy Rock and
to the Cornwall-West Point road opposite
the Stone School.)
The view from either the eastern or western summits of Storm King is marvelous and
well worth the climb. It is one of the grandest in all the Highlands, with Crow's Nest
towering southward; Breakneck, the Bea
cons, and Mount Taurus across the deep
river gorge; and the lower country around
Newburgh stretching away northward to
the Shawangunks and the Catskills; while
westward are the summits of the Black Rock
Forest. The noble valley between Storm
King and Crow's Nest, known as the Passage at its upper end and the Clove below,
has a fine evergreen forest and a trail from
the new highway to the upper road. The
drawing of the cliffs as seen from the river
antedates the motor highway which here
cuts across at one-third the height of the
mountain.

BY R-D AND T-T TRAILS OVER TIMP AND DUNDERBERG

Access by the West 42nd St. ferry to
Weehawken and the West Shore Railroad to
Tomkins Cove (2 hours, $1.37). Route by
rough trails with climbing.
Tomkins Cove is one of the most picturesque villages along the Hudson. It was
founded in the thirties by Calvin Tomkins
as an adjunct to the limestone quarries by
the river. There are magnificent views of

the river from its slopes, but its importance
to the pedestrian lies in its strategic position with respect to the great wilderness of
the Highlands which      almost surrounds
it. Of this wild region the West MountainDunderberg massif is the most accessible,
with its maze of trails and wood roads, and
holds the enthusiastic regard of its disciples.
A large part of this enthusiasm focuses on




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

Timp (Figs. 33, 34, 6o)-the bold crag
of the range just north of the Cove. Any
excursion over these mountains leads with
almost inevitable certainty to that summit.
From the station at Tomkins Cove walk
by road, or by the path up the bank, westward across motor road through the village,
then north along it to the old highway, then
along that to the church at the top of the
slope. Take the left-hand road and follow it to
the farm buildings at the corner where the

road turns sharply up hill to Eyrie Inn (one
mile from Tomkins Cove).
At this corner a wood road continues the
graveled road into the woods. Follow it
straight ahead for almost another mile,
crossing two brooks and coming finally to a
wood road at right angles. Turn north a few
hundred feet to a point where, at a rather
large stone, the road turns down hill to the
left. Instead of turning with the worn road
keep straight ahead to the north along the
path marking the abandoned road.
This path soon crosses a brook and begins
its series of curves up the brook valley
toward the foot of Timp. This is the route
followed by the British in the attack upon
the Continental position at Fort Montgomery in 1777. Follow this road around
the head of the valley and over the divide
just below and to the left of Timp (3 miles
from Tomkins Cove).
At the summit of the path are to be found,
at a bend in the trail, the markers of the
R-D (Ramapo-Dunderberg) Trail entering
the woods at the right. But before turning
along the trail to ascend the Timp one
should go down the other side to get a
glimpse of his profile. Follow the wood road
on over the divide to its junction with
another coming in at the left. This "Five
Points" is a meeting of two trails and two
roads, for the Timp-Torne extension of the
R-D Trail turns off northward here. Turn
down the right hand road for 500 feet to a
point just below a bit of swampy ground.
From this point one can see the features of
the Old Man of the Mountain. Go back to
Five Points and follow the R-D markers
to the left. From Five Points the R-D
Trail goes westward over the crags of the
southern end of West Mountain, while the
T-T Trail runs over the length of West
Mountain towards Bear Mountain.
The climb to the Bald Spot of Timp, the
"Trail of the Six Chins" (Fig. 42), is about
the toughest piece on the whole trail from
Tuxedo to Jones Point. From the big boulder by the pine tree, the "Collar Button,"

Figure 42




Maps 4 and 5  HUDSON HIGHLANDS WEST OF THE RIVER

8

Z3EAR JIOVN1JNAI7  5TOAX1Nicr C xiTR2AKNECC rACC04S CLOVE CSp   &ArICLSc7OrS  AN9rJHoIY3NOSE
~' BiVLt,~~1   fl~
I------"-~:~;'-~~y
AND WST po~vST
sz
TAP- T P                    e.
a   u T  iVD~;s,~ pfi:v A.Fo   43 %rk
ANJ: ) Wrý5T
-up                5     -~:~~~:..~::oil*
Figue 4

the path goes over loose rock, bearing to the
east side of the cliffs along whose base it
runs. Then the trail is by scrambling rather
than climbing, with a rather narrow ledge
near the top that requires some care. As
one climbs the world seems to widen below;
and, after entering the wooded slope above,
you come out on the Bald Spot, IIoo feet
above sea level.
The view from this point is superb. Bear
Mountain and Anthony's Nose frame the
river in the north (Fig. 43); to the west is a
tumultuous sea of mountain tops and slopes,
over many of which the R-D Trail runs; to
the south the Ramapos are succeeded by the
Tors and Hook Mountain (Fig. 59), which
in turn give way to the Hudson and Westchester County. In any season the view is
glorious-but at its best under snow and a
bright sun.
From Timp to Jones Point the trail is
plain to follow. It follows the old path,
breaks into the woods, picks up another
road, and emerges from the trees at the
"Wreck of the Hesperus," a whaleback
rock affording a view of the amphitheater
whose vertex is Doodletown (5 miles from
Tomkins Cove).
Continue along the trail over the laurel
hill to a brook. Beyond this the trail rises
over the height of the massive Bockberg
(1120 feet) from whose bold brow Bear
Mountain and the northern vista are well

displayed. In seeking the outlook watch
out for the old mine shaft. From this point
the trail is less interesting, except as its ups
and downs afford glimpses to the right or
left. With the leaves off, the trail opens up
immensely.
Just before reaching Dunderberg proper a
brook is crossed, and then a short distance
farther over a rise one comes to a stretch of
the old railroad grade intended for transportation to a hotel on the summit. The road
was graded only in sections, and the hotel
was never built. A steep section of trail
leads to the top of Dunderberg (865 feet)a narrow ridge with views both north and
south.
On the way down the eastern end of the
hill one passes a succession of rocky points
with admirable views of the river. Many
paths confuse one here; but, should one get
off the trail, one can make southeastwardly
toward the station at Jones Point. The
R-D Trail comes out of the woods by a
deep gravel pit whose upper edge is a
menace, passes a schoolhouse, and follows
the path down the steps to the wil;ow
tree and the building of the Ladies' Aid
Society.  Across  the   highway   is the
Jones Point station (9 miles from Tomkins
Cove).
Return by the West Shore Railroad to
Weehawken and the West 42nd Street ferry
(2 hours, $1.44).




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 4

THE BLACK ROCK FOREST
The Black Rock Forest, in the northern part of the Highlands of the Hudson
west of the river, is a field for trampers and climbers of unusual interest. It
includes about 3000 acres of a high, rugged plateau, with a dozen summits over
1400 feet. It is owned by Dr. Ernest G. Stillman who, in 1922, gave 500 acres of
the property, in Storm King Clove, to the Palisades Interstate Park, insuring
preservation of the scenic surroundings of the Storm King Highway.
The preserve is open to decent trampers. Fires and camping are not permitted
except on application to the chief warden, James Babcock, at Cornwall-onHudson. The preserve is named for Black Rock (Map 4), the pine-clad summit
south of Cornwall, one of the most conspicuous eminences in the area. It includes
the highest summits in the western Highlands proper (Schunemunk is higher but
of a different geological period). The highest, Far Spy Rock, attains 1464 feet and
gives a wide circle of views, including an outlook, through clefts in the hills southward, upon the Hudson at Peekskill and Haverstraw. From this outlook sentinels from Washington's army at Newburgh watched the British fleet in Haverstraw Bay. Among the interesting features are two natural lakes, Bog Meadow
Pond and Sutherland Pond; four artificial ponds; an observatory on the western
summit of Far Spy Rock with a view of fifty miles radius; and Prop Rock, a
boulder ten feet high propped at an angle by a smaller fragment-the two
having thawed out together from the retreating ice sheet.
The Black Rock Forest is bounded on the east approximately by the old military road from Cornwall to West Point, although some angles project farther
eastward, on to the summit of Crow's Nest, and abuts on the West Point military reservation. On the north it extends out to the front of the hills overlooking
the lowlands about Newburgh; on the west, to the brink of the slopes running
toward the valley of Woodbury Creek at Mountainville; and on the south, from
Rascal Mountain, via Round Pond and Bog Meadow Pond, back to Crow's Nest.
Copies of Dr. Stillman's map, based on the U. S. Geological Survey and showing
the boundaries of the preserve and changes made since the survey, may be had
from the warden at Cornwall. Sign boards bear the names of the trails and new
ponds which are named after the original owners and members of James Babcock's family and from natural and historical features.
The preserve may be reached from Corn- or from West Point out the Central Valley
wall-on-Hudson by going up from the sta- road, turning right on roads past Bog
tion and turning south on the second road, Meadow or Round Pond; or from Mounwhich leads to Deer Hill; or through Corn- tainville, on the Newburgh Branch of the
wall center and then ascending by the old Erie Railroad, up to Sutherland Pond and
Continental Road to the Black Rock; Spy Rock by farm roads and old wood paths.




SCHUNEMUNK MOUNTAIN
-   s,-'/fEST of the Black Rock Forest in the northern Highlands,
\,.:.  /on the opposite side of the valley through which runs
S i     / Woodbury Creek and the Newburgh branch of the Erie
\             Railroad lies an impressive, double-crested ridge, nearly
1700 feet high-Schunemunk Mountain (Fig..44).
S  It is more than 8 miles long from its southwestern end
\  'f\         at Monroe on the main line of the Erie to its northeast/   '     ern point east of Salisbury Mills. On the map, and even
in the field, it does not seem topographically far removed from the gneiss and
granite Highlands eastward; but geologically it is much younger, being composed
of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates of Devonian and Silurian time. It is
part of a long ridge of these strata extending 40 miles southward into New Jersey,
past Greenwood Lake and Green Pond, and ending at a point south of the line
of the Lackawanna Railroad at Mount Arlington south of Lake Hopatcong.
It was formed as sediments in a narrow fiord of the ancient sea which, at the beginning of Silurian time, surrounded the "Old Land," in which were included
much that is now New England, eastern New York, and northern New Jersey,
together with land now covered by the Atlantic.
The conglomerate ledges, composed of the highest and youngest of the Schunemunk strata, are conspicuous on the long level summit with a reddish purple
matrix inclosing white quartz pebbles up to six inches in diameter-the remnants
of the erosion of streams and the crashing of the surf on the hills and shores of
the "Old Land" deposited in the bottom and shore flats of the ancient fiord.
Subsequent lateral pressure has folded the formation into a U- or V-shaped
trough with strata on the east limb dipping to those on the west limb which incline to the east. It has, also, suffered extensive longitudinal and cross faulting
which has further confused the original sedimentary relations.
SCHUNEMUNK TRAILS
Schunemunk may be reached from the burgh branch at Highland Mills, Woodbury
main line of the Erie Railroad, at Monroe Falls, Houghton Farm, or Mountainville.
or Oxford stations; from the Greycourt  Schunemunk has many interesting feabranch at Salisbury Mills; from the New- tures for the climber. The most direct
83




84                NEW YORK WALK BOOK             MaP 4
-.-....      -.     7 -.-7
7,~
'" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~.~ i, k ~ "- ~~................
"On
64 '
Ito A                                fr~stic:;Lb ~,~-- ---Figure 44i~

but steepest ascent is up the hemlockshaded brook in Dark Hollow, from Houghton Farm, on the east side; another ascent
on this side is a mile or so northerly, up the
brook in Taylor Hollow, near the north end
of the mountain. Both routes meet at the
pole observatory on the conglomerate ledges
on the eastern crest. South of this observatory about a mile is the highest point
(169o feet), which is 220 feet higher than
Far Spy Rock, lqftiest of the western High-.
lands, and 50 feet higher than Mt. Beacon, highest of the granite formations east
of the Hudson. It is higher than any other
point in New York state south of the Shawangunks or Taconics. Other interesting
climbs up the rock beds may be made on all
sides.
In these watercourses, where the rock is bared,
may be seen the change from Silurian sandstone
filled with fossil fern roots in the lower parts to
the Devonian conglomerate of the upper 50o feet.
Cross-faulting has produced cliffs at right angles
to the course of the mountain; and longitudinal
faulting, producing a crush zone which was eroded
easier than the less disturbed strata, evidently
caused the cleft in the middle of the northern end
in which lies Barton Swamp, where fragments

fallen from the inner slopes in a dense tree growth
make a tangled labyrinth.
A faint trail through the scrub oak and
other low growth, marked occasionally with
cairns by some benefactor, extends from the
northern ledges for 6 miles southward to a
road which crosses the ridge north of Monroe. A road parallel with the ridge may be
found to reach the Monroe station.
The whole extent of the mountain is shown on
the Schunemunk sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey and on Map 4 in this book. Its geology is
shown on the New York State Museum's geological map of the state, the sheet for southern New
York. A detailed monograph on the subject was
published some years ago by the New York
Academy of Sciences.
West of Schunemunk is another parallel valley
underlain with sandstones and shales but bounded
on the west by knolls and one fairly high elevation,
Woodcock Hill (over 1ooo feet), which are largely
of gneisses like those in the Highlands proper.
These are the remnants of the western limb of a
syncline, or trough, of these Pre-Cambrian rocks,
which were the floor of the fiord on which the
Schunemunk strata were laid down. Beyond them,
westward, lie rolling plains of Hudson slates and
Wappinger limestones of Ordovician time, younger
than the gneiss but older than Schunemunk.







York Walk Book

M AP 6

Society of New York.

- Main motor roads
---- Main motor roads with trolley
- Fair roads
--- Poor or private roads
Important trails.............. Other trails
SRailroads
Trolleys
w Springs or wells
Scale of Two Miles to an Inch
0.        2          3        4
Contour interval /00 feet




NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS
AND RAMAPO RIVER, lHE Highlands of New Jersey comprises the hilly and
mountainous region extending from the Delaware
River northeastward into New York state to the
Hudson and beyond. It is geologically a part of the
Piedmont region of the Older Appalachians, the
"Reading Prong," so called from its western terminus.
Its eastern boundary is a fairly straight line (Logan's
fault) from the Hudson in the neighborhood of Tomkins Cove to Morristown and beyond, while its western boundary runs from the Hudson above Storm
King Mountain southwest through Jenny Jump
Mountain. The region has, therefore, a width of
about 20 miles and a length in both states of 80-90
miles. Its geological history consists of a long period
of erosion which brought the land to a fairly uniform plain, after which uplift of
the land started another cycle of erosion. That plain is expressed now by the
uniform level (100ooo-I3oo feet) of the hilltops throughout this area, while the
valleys of the presentday show the extent of the subsequent erosion. The northeast-southwest trend is an expression of the whole Appalachian system and is to
be remarked in the many parallel valleys and ridges. The Ramapo, Bearfort,
Allamuchy, Jenny Jump, and Green Pond Mountains have their complement in
Greenwood Lake, Longwood, Musconetcong, and Pequest valleys.
POMPTON-PEQUANAC HIGHLANDS
Going north and west from the lowlands, the first section with room for long
walks in real wilderness is that bounded on the south by the Boonton Branch of
the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, on the north by the New York,
Susquehanna & Western Railroad, and on the east by the plains of Pompton.
The restricted areas of the arsenal at Picatinny, mining property near Hibernia,
and the Kinney estate ("Kinnelon") surrounding Stickle Pond are about the only
areas not to be walked over. The greater part, consisting of the rocky hills and
ridges with occasional farms in the valleys, is thus available. Green Pond Moun85




86

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

tain is the most prominent mountain feature, with Copperas Mountain as an
outlier. It extends across the section from near Wharton on the south to Newfoundland on the north. Its extremities, cut short by rivers-the Rockaway and
the Pequanac, exhibit the characteristic Appalachian drainage plan in which an
old stream pattern remains and erodes its way through a rising plateau. This
mountain is narrow, steep-sided, and covered with dense scrub and forest. Corresponding to Bearfort Mountain farther north, it rises 200 or 300 feet above the
general level of the country to the east but is about on a level with the hills west
of it. In this plateau lie Lake Hopatcong-its largest lake, Denmark Pond, Green
Pond, Splitrock Pond, and Stickle Pond.

Startirig from any station on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad from
Towaco west to Waterloo or on the New
York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad
from Butler to Sparta, walks through this
hill country by road or cross country afford
a variety of routes, both crossing and
parallel to the ridges, of any length from Io
miles up to one's walking limit. Such walks
may be: Towaco to Pompton or Butler;

Boonton or Montville to Butler or Charlotteburg; Rockaway, Dover, or Wharton
to Newfoundland, via Green Pond Mountain; Wharton or Lake Hopatcong via
Bowling Green Mountain to Sparta or other
near-by stations.
This plateau is marked on the Greenwood
Lake, Franklin Furnace, Morristown, and Lake
Hopatcong sheets of the U. S. Geological
Survey.

POMPTON MOUNTAINS-TOWACO TO POMPTON

Access by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Hoboken to Towaco
-Glenview on the Morristown sheet of the
U. S. Geological Survey (I hour, 95 cents).
Walking distance Io to II miles. (The.walk
here outlined is well shaded for the warm
seasons, while in cold weather the hilltop
views should be made the objective.)
From the station walk west to the candy
store and turn north towards the hills on
the dirt road. This leads along the level in a
series of alternating left-hand and righthand turns through an attractive rural
neighborhood. After three-quarters of a
mile pass the first road at the left; but,
at the second corner, a quarter mile farther
on, leave the mainroad to Jacksonville and
turn to the left up the slope towards Brook
Valley. From this road one gets glimpses of
Jacksonville, beautifully  situated  on  a
knoll about a mile to the northeast. At a
sharp turn in the road there is a charming

view of the country just traversed, with the
ridge of Hook Mountain limiting the landscape. (This Hook Mountain, the third of
the northern New Jersey system of trap
rock ridges, must not be confused with
Hook Mountain on the Hudson.) Keep up
the hill till the actual summit of the road is
reached (2 miles from Towaco).
Here the road forks. The left fork is the
highway. Follow the one to the right for a
short distance to another fork and, again
turning to the right, follow the wood road to
the top of Waughaw Mountain (887 feet;
3 miles from Towaco). From the summit a
sweeping view is revealed. Practically the
whole circle of landscape is visible, the little
at the north that may be hid by leaves being
seen by a slight change of one's position. To
the west are the tumbling ranges of the
Highlands. To the northwest is seen the
tower in Kinnelon, near Stickle Pond Just
west of the north point is the knob of Kake



Map 6

NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

87

out, while nearer are the wooded heights of
the Pompton front range. Eastward is the
sweep of the plains of the Pompton River,
with the successive ridges of the Packanack,
Preakness, and   Watchung    Mountains.
Southward Hook Mountain is prominent,
while Boonton reservoir catches the eye as
the only large body of water.
Look carefully for a path down the north
slope. Follow it down the hill to its junction with a wood road, turning to the right
along the latter and following it to the highway which it meets at a point just above
the upper of two bridges. 'Turn to the right
down hill about 300 feet to a point just
above the second, or lower, bridge, where a
wood road enters the woods on the north
side of the road (4 miles from Towaco).
Go north on this wood road, for 300 or
400 yards and at the forks turn to the right
and follow the road though it becomes
badly overgrown. It crosses a small clearing
and keeps along the left or western slope of
the valley. Just where it makes a rather
sharp turn to the left to ascend Bald Mountain leave the path, strike down hill at right
angles, and make for the brook at the bottom of the slope.
One who wishes to go up Bald Mountain
for the view may climb from the little clearing by going up at right angles to the path
and may return the same way. Another
way up is to follow the wood road from the
sharp turn mentioned above as it doubles
backward along the ridge to the summit.
This road is difficult to pick up on the
return, however. Bald Mountain (964 feet)
is becoming quite overgrown with young
trees and will soon lose both view and baldness,
Having found the brook, follow it down
stream for some hundreds of yards (rather
difficult going) until you come to a plain
wood road that comes off the hill at the
right, runs down hill to the left, and crosses
the brook at a small angle. Follow this
wood road down the left bank of Boulder
Brook (see the boulder in the brook just

about where the road veers away from the
stream) until it enters another wood road at
the foot of the hill. Turn to the left, crossing
a brook bed, to a beech tree at another fork
of a wood road coming in at the left. Here
turn sharply up hill, keeping to the right
along the hillside, passing a wire fence, a field
of cedars, and then another wire fence. This
point is well up the slope of Mine Hill (932
feet), and the route now lies along its eastern slope at about the 5oo-foot contour line.
The hill is so thickly wooded that views are
obtained only when the leaves have fallen.
Much of the path is indistinct, yet it is not
hard to follow, for it runs along a natural
ledge and becomes a well-defined wood road
through a thick hemlock grove. It crosses
the brook from the lake where a bridge used
to be and soon meets the highway (6 to 7
miles from Towaco).
-Turn to the left and climb this stony road
for about 700oo feet to a wood road that comes
off the hill at the right. This point is about
200oo feet below the dam at the pond by the
bend in the road. Turn north on this wood
road, keeping to the right and going between the hills northeastward. After a half
mile the road passes a fork. Keep to the
left, cross a brooklet, and finally come to a
gate at the edge of a field. Cross the field by
the path. It leads to the Newark aqueduct.
North of the aqueduct is another field.
Cross to the side next the woods and follow
the fence to the angle, a few hundred feet
short of the north corner. Here enter the
second-growth woods and make for a tall
tree that shows in the low point of the
saddle between the two hills above. At this
point in the saddle a trail may be picked up
that runs over the knobs at the north to the
highway to Riverdale. When the trees are
bare this hill north of the aqueduct offers
splendid views. An easier route to the highway is to go west and then north through
the fields.
Arriving at the winding dirt road to Riverdale, turn to the right for perhaps 200
yards to a path entering the woods at the




88

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 6

left. This leads northward past a mine or
two and a quarry to the motor highway
along the Pequanac River, on which it is a
half-mile walk to the Pompton station of
the Greenwood Lake Division of the Erie.

Return by Greenwood Lake Division of
the Erie Railroad (80 minutes, $1.o4).
Do not fail, from the train, to note the outline
of this range of hills, with its undulating profile
against the bright evening sky.

BOONTON TO BUTLER VIA KAKEOUT MOUNTAIN

Access by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Hoboken to Boonton
(I hour, $I.Io). Walking distance io to 12
miles. Route by roads and trails with
climbing.
Leaving the station at Boonton, walk
north on Main Street or Birch Street the
half dozen blocks to Brook Street. Turn
right (northeast) on Brook Street and go
straight ahead 4 miles to Taylortown.
This road goes over the shoulder of Sheep
Hill, from which there are views to the east.
Instead, the start may be made from
Montville. This gives a shorter walk and
quicker access to the country; but the train
service is not so good to this point. For this
route walk north on the highway about a
half mile to the edge of the woods. Here a
well-worn path turns to the left, crosses
first the brook, then an old grade for the
quarry railroad, and, going along the slope of
the hill through woods, swings around its
end to the left to the Boonton road. Turn to
the right to Taylortown. From this last
mile one gets good views of the Stony Brook
range of hills. The highway from Montville
goes to Taylortown past the quarry, but
hardly more directly than this path.
At Taylortown corner take the road to
the north for a half mile. Here at E. Huyler's post box turn to the left to go northward between the pyramidal hill ahead and
Stony Brook Mountain at the left. Crossing
Stony Brook the route leads to the Huyler
house with its convenient well. Pass along
the grassy lane till the large field is reached;
then turn to the right along the fence by a
path and follow it northward, soon crossing
the brooklet and going up the valley on its
western side, the foot of Stony Brook Mountain. About a half mile from the lane the

trail passes a great boulder, Bear Rock,
whose eastern side makes a good shelter.
(From Boonton to Bear Rock is approximately 6 miles.)
Rough cross-country going is afforded for
those who care to traverse these ridges or
who leave the path to make their own
course. The cliffs of these ridges give limited
views, and their tops are pretty well wooded.
Keeping along the valley in the open area,
the path, which is now less plain, continues
northward till at the edge of the cleared
swamp it suddenly stops. Here by a goodsized oak tree a rivulet comes down the hill.
Follow the latter up hill 1oo feet to another
wood road along the slope. Follow this
northward as before until it reaches the
brook; then along that to its source; then
about 1oo feet farther to a transverse wood
road crossing the valley on the divide between the north-flowing and south-flowing
streams (about 7 miles from Boonton).
A route to the left and then northward is
available; but a simpler route is to turn
with the road to the right and follow it as it
bends up hill and northward, keeping the
better-worn paths till they come out on the
highway that crosses the ends of these
ridges. The last 2 miles have been through
woods, but from now on the route is more
open. In fact, the trip by road from Taylor.
town up the lakeside in Brook Valley to this
point is quite as interesting.
To the north the rounded top of Kakeout
Mountain is seen as soon as you have
walked northward to the brook. Here by
an apple tree east of the stream is a path
that takes one to the foot of the mountain.
Another route is to follow the road and cross
the brook; then follow over the end of
Stony  Brook   Mountain, cross another




Maps 5 and 6 NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

89

brook, and make the rise beyond. At just
about the crest of the grade find the point
where two paths meet at the road on the
right side. Take the one going to the left
along the field and entering the woods. This
crosses Stonehouse Brook at a cataract and
goes up the farther bank. Parallel to the
brook a path runs along the bank to the
right, eastwardly, and maintains its level,
though in places it is rather indistinct, until
it becomes a wood road along the foot of
the mountain. Passing cleared land of an
old farm, the tramper should find a spring
on the left in a hollow before he comes to
the end of the other trail from the road previously mentioned. By this spring a trail
leads up the hill on the south side of Kakeout.
Take this trail until it has left the fields,
then strike through the woods to the right
to climb the side of Kakeout. This route is
rather steep but is less so than others and
not as long. It soon comes out on the bare
top, an elevation of 1050 feet above sea
level. Its summit is so distant from the
nearer hills, and its actual height so superior
to theirs as to give it a wide outlook over the
country round about. To the east the view

is limited only by the Palisades of the Hudson; to the north a number of points in the
Ramapo and Wyanokie plateau are seen;
the undulating sea of hills extending towards
the west and southwest is overlooked by the
tower on Mt. Kitty Ann in the Kinney
estate; and to the southeast the Pompton
range with Bald Hill and Mine Hill bounds
the view. The village of Butler is viewed
almost as if "from the air."
Go on to the north peak where a path leads
down to the road to Butler; but this long
grind over a motor road can be considerably
shortened by going down the eastern side of
the northern foot of Kakeout to reach the
farm road that runs north from Stonehouse
Brook to Kiel Avenue. Follow the variegated paving of this avenue a mile to the
foot of the slope where a street turns to the
left. From this a path leads down the
banks of the valley directly to the station
at Butler. The distance covered from Boonton is approximately 12 miles.
Return by the New York, Susquehanna
& Western Railroad (Erie) to Jersey City (i
hour and 50 minutes, $1.37). Bus lines also
run to Newark and to Paterson.

LOWER RAMAPO PLATEAU
The plateau between the Wanaque and Ramapo Rivers is triangular in shape
with its base, on the north, a line connecting Suffern and Sterling Furnace; its
western side from Sterling Furnace to Pompton Lakes; and the eastern side a
line from the latter point to Suffern. The base line is along the upper Ramapo
River and Eagle Valley; the western line is that of the Greenwood Lake Division
of the Erie Railroad; and the third side is the valley of the lower Ramapo River.
The range of the Ramapos forming the eastern edge is along Logan's fault-a line
of cleavage between two geologic provinces; the mountains being an eroded upland of crystalline rocks, while the country to the east is a lowland of sedimentary formations. In this area measuring 7, II, and 12 miles on its sides, there is
but one area closed to walkers. This is some 8 square miles in the northwest
corner filled with country estates overlooking Ringwood and Eagle Valley.
The main line of the Erie runs along the upper margin with stops at Suffern,
Hillburn, Ramapo, Sterlington, and Sloatsburg. On the western side is the
Greenwood Lake Division with stations at Haskell and Wanaque-Midvale; and




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Maps 5 and 6

on the south the Susquehanna Division has convenient stations at Oakland and
Pompton Lakes. Oakland to Wanaque is about 3Y2 miles in an air line, and
from other opposite points from 9 miles up; hence most walks through this section are long.
Rotten Pond (La Grande Lake) in the south (Fig. 50) near the Porter place;
Glen Gray Pond on Fox Creek at a Boy Scouts' camp; Tice's Pond near Ringwood Junction; Bear Swamp Pond near the center of the area; and the ponds
belonging to the preserve near Sterlington-Nigger Pond, Sheppard Pond, and
Portage Lake--are the lakes in this district. La Grande Lake is an enlargement
of what used to be Rotten Pond. The latter name is sometimes applied by mistake to Bear Swamp Pond.
The plateau is characteristic of the Highlands-rocky gneiss hills covered with
second growth now being occasionally lumbered.
The cutting of timber long ago developed wood roads in every section; many
of them of importance to the settlers in the region. Local history speaks of the
Cannonball Road which was used for transport of munitions by the Continentals, this distant route being chosen for safety from the British. Doubt exists as
to its entire route, but some sections are well identified. Its route will be established when its termini are unquestioned; but parts between Pompton Lakes and
Bear Swamp Pond seem to be definitely identified. It has connections with the
valleys in both directions and is characterized by its generally good grade.
The crossroad between Wanaque-Midvale and the Ramapo Valley has gone back
to forest. Roads still used are found in the lowland of the margins, as near Tice's
Pond, and among the estates of the northwest corner.
Most of the farms of the early settlers have reverted to forest, and of these
several occur along the Cannonball Road. None of the houses are left, but apple
trees remain to mark their place. Instead of farms we find now and then huts of
"poor whites," or settlements of "Jackson whites," a mixed race of whom there is
a settlement at Halifax northwest of Darlington. Legend has it that the unattached followers of the British army were relegated to the wilderness and with
Indians or negroes brought up a race of half-breeds. Another story is to the effect
that negroes were brought here by the "Underground Railway" to hide and that
they married into the low-grade whites about them. Near Hillburn is a large
settlement of negroes, who seem to be full-bloods.
ACCESS POINTS
For walking, the most convenient points roads lead into the interior; or from the
of access are these:                 valley road proceeding north any one of
From Oakland a road leads west across several routes can be chosen, usually up the
the Ramapo River, from which point wood course of a brook or cross country.




Maps 5 and 6 NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

91

From  Wanaque-Midvale a road leads
eastward and over the divide, with branches
there and at other points.
From Suffern a path from south of the
station leads across the Ramapo River
toward a route up the sduth side of the
Hoevenkopf; and by going south along the
foot of the range on the secondary road
other routes are f6und along the several
streams.
From Hillburn a used road leads up the
brook to the farm at the top of the hill,
whence trails lead southward.

From Ramapo and Sterlington an old
road from the latter point leads to Nigger
Pond and along its eastern margin up
stream toward Bear Swamp Pond. The
same route is approached from Sloatsburg.
From  Wanaque-Midvale a wood road
starting east a mile north of the river turns
northeast and reaches a fine outlook after
two more miles. Another mile brings one
to the boys' camp on Glen Gray Pond.
Thence there is a trail southeast to La
Grande Lake.

RAMAPO PLATEAU, WANAQUE-MIDVALE TO SUFFERN

Access by the Greenwood Lake Division
of the Erie Railroad from Jersey City to
Wanaque-Midvale (I4hours, $1.18). Walking distance 12 'miles. Route by wood
roads, with climbing.
From the Wanaque-Midvale station walk
north along the track for a half mile to the
crossroad; turn to the right (east) and follow the road. Just before reaching the brook
make the turn with the road, northward;
follow it parallel with the stream under
willows and maples and cross the brook
where another road comes in from the left.
The road winds along the edge of the lowland and turns east again at the farmhouse
to go over the rise and around the rocks at
the end of the hill. On the other side it turns
to the right again and crosses another
stream.
Now the climb begins; the way is more
uneven, and the better farms are left behind. In the next half mile the road de-,
scribes a rough letter Z. On the upper horizontal it crosses a brook and then passes
two houses, the second with attendant
barns. This is the last of its kind, for soon,
having passed a great rock by the side of the
road, the route comes to another parting of
the ways and enters continuous woods. At
this corner there is (or was) a sign indicating
the way to the Boy Scouts' camp, Glen
Gray. Make this turn to the east, cross a

brook, then pass a log cabin, and about 400
feet farther take the left-hand turn, the
better-worn wood road.
The Greenwood Lake sheet of the U. S.
Geological Survey  indicates this as a
good road as it may have been in the distant
past, but the Ramapo sheet shows ohly a
wood road. Follow it as it zigzags up the
notch.
Notice the point of going over the divide,
as a few feet farther the trail divides. One,
marked Cannonball Trail, on which the
Colonials are said to have hauled munitions
from the Hibernia mines to the troops,
turns to the right. The other, marked by
the scouts, is the one to follow and is probably also a part of the Cannonball Road to,
or somewhat beyond, Bear Swamp Pond.
This descends rapidly and passes a spring.
By keeping to left-hand trails one comes out
in a clearing, an old homestead. Where you
enter the clearing observe the two. wood
roads that enter the woods on the north
from this corner but a few feet apart. Take
the lower, more easterly, of the two.
At once the road crosses a brook. Five
minutes northeastward along the trail is
another brook, coming from the north.
Cross this and bear to the left, following a
blind trail for a minute, then to the left
(north) on a better trail. Another minute or
two and the trail leads into a wood road




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Maps 6 and 7

with a well-marked footpath running north.
Once on this, go northward and keep to the
left fork for about 15 minutes. At about
this point are two right-hand branches in
the trail. The second branch turns west
and then north, maintaining its general level.
The trail of our route from the fork
swings around to the west, then north, and
for a mile and a half maintains pretty much
the same level along the eastern slope of
the range and just about where the county
line runs on the map. One or two cross trails
and a thicket of blackberry bushes are the
only disturbing elements. If one is watching
he may detect on the right the sites of the
old log houses. From a brook, where a log
obstructs the trail, the way bends more to
the right (eastward) then again to the north
across an open field with a great flat rock.
As you enter the edge of the woods watch
for a sharp turn. The first such turn is only
a by-pass; but a few hundred feet farther is
another sharp turn, now down hill to the
right and bearing north and east. Here the
trails are hard to make out; but go eastward
through the grove, then past the old orchard,
leaving it on the left, and around the south
side of the great sloping rock along a dirt
path to the south end of Bear Swamp Pond
(6 miles from Wanaque-Midvale).
Cross on the bridge over the dam and
follow the wood road northward along the
east shore, keeping straight ahead for about
a mile, passing through an old orchard and
ascending a slope, leaving the drowned land
of the pond on your left, until the road begins to swing around the slope of the hill on
the right. Having passed the curve watch
for a wood road at right angles on the left.

This goes down a valley west of Bald and
High Mountains to Sterlington. Do not
turn there but go on for less than a hundred
feet to a much less distinct path, also on the
left, near a shagbark hickory tree. This is
the one you are to follow. The road you
have been traveling goes on down the hill
through Halifax, a "Jackson white" settlement, to the valley of the Ramapo.
Turn north on this path and follow it as it
runs along a divide and then climbs through
a beautiful setting of trees and cliffs. It
bends around to the right, then to the left
(northward) again. At a point about half a
mile from the corner of the Halifax road is a
fine spring down the bank on the right.
After a walk of 200 or 300 yards beyond the
spring the trail forks. Take the left hand
path for another several hundred yards to
another fork. Keep along the right trail for
a few hundred feet to a railroad gate on the
right. Pass through this and follow the lane
to a farmyard and after going through two
gates in the wire fences come to the house
and the road. Here are wide views over the
tree tops to the east. The way is plain now
along this road down the brook and through
the colored settlement to Hillburn. Follow
the road around the village to the right and
cross the Ramapo River to the motor road,
down which it is a short half mile to the
station at Suffern (12 miles from WanaqueMidvale).
Return by the Erie Railroad to Jersey
City (i hour, $1.15); or by trolley which
leaves hourly at 30 minutes past the hour,
changing at Broadway, Paterson, for the
'Hudson River cars for the i3oth Street
ferry (2 hours, 56 cents).

RAMAPO RIVER AND GREENWOOD LAKE
That portion of the Highlands of southern New York and northern New
Jersey, in Orange County, N. Y., and Passaic County, N. J., between the main
line of the Erie Railroad in the valley of Ramapo River and Greenwood Lake
offers several walks of from 10 to 20 miles over dirt roads, wood roads of varying
degrees of disuse, and cross-country traverses. It includes considerable stretches




MAP 7
-    Main motor roads
-i--+- Main motor roads with trolley
Fair roads
Poor or private roads..Important trails......... Other trails
--+-+    Railroads... -   Trolleys
w Springs or wells
Scale of Two Miles to an Inch
o         I         2        3         4
Contour interval /00 feet







NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

93

(G  rYNWooYD LAIK /ree     7o    L c-      ( TErRACE. POP evD
Figure 45
of rugged ridges rising above 1400 feet, some lakes that are the sites of summer
resorts, and some that are remote and forest-secluded.
The territory south of the state line is owned by the Hewitt estate, north of
the state line by the Harriman estate and the Tuxedo Park Association. It is
becoming wilder in most parts and promises to remain so, in large part, since
the abandonment of the Sterling iron mines and Sterling Lake, worked for
more than a century, but on which work ceased in 1923. The land leased by
the mining company from the Harrimans was formerly posted against trampers, but, with the cessation of work, that prohibition seems to have lapsed.
The Cedar Ponds, between Greenwood Lake and Sterling Lake, at elevations
over Iooo feet are two wild and beautiful bodies of water surrounded by a dense
and unusual growth of southern white cedar, red spruce, great laurel, hemlock
and white pines. This swamp can best be explored in winter, on snowshoes;
it is rather wet at other times.
The northern part of this area is being opened to motor travel by a new
state highway from the Harriman Park to Greenwood Lake up Indian Kill
Brook.
A pleasant route by relatively little tra- basha Lake. It starts as a well-used dirt
veiled roads is from Southfields, on the main highway; but about 4 miles from Southline of the Erie railroad, toward Mom- fields, after it passes three turns to the right




94

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

towards Monroe and Mombasha Lake, it
fades out beyond the last house into a wood
road. This wood road turns south, crosses
Indian Kill Brook, and enters the Warwick
turnpike from Tuxedo to Greenwood Lake,
which crosses Sterling Mountain and descends to the north end of Greenwood Lake.
A faint wood road turns west near the Indian
Kill Brook crossing and climbs over the
ridge. It descends thence by a valley parallel with the summit, which contains farms
and pastures long abandoned and now grown
up with brush, and enters the Warwick
turnpike on the western slope about 2
miles from Greenwood Lake village. From
the point a mile south of Southfields where
the Seven Lakes Drive of the Palisades
Interstate Park joins the Ramapo valley
highway a new state highway is under construction up along the entire course of
Indian Kill Brook, over the Sterling range
at a point a mile north of the Warwick turnpike, and down into the valley westward,
where it will join the metaled road over Mt.
Peter to Warwick.
A section of several hundred acres of the
Interstate Park lying west of the Erie Railroad and open to the public includes most of
Wildcat Mountain, south of Southfields, the
steep eastern cliff of which is a conspicuous
feature of this part of the Ramapo valley.
A pretty body of water, Spruce Pond, with
a stand of red spruce that gives it quite a
northern aspect, in a bowl on the upper
levels of this mountain, is worth a visit; the
pond was overlooked in the Ramapo sheet
of the U. S. Geological Survey but appears
on the Interstate Park Trail map. It is
the site of the Boy Scout forestry camp.
Toward the west Wildcat is very rough,
with three crowns rising above one another
westward and descending steeply to a
little-used road connecting the highway
west from Southfields with the Warwick
turnpike. From the point where this back
road crosses Indian Kill Brook a faint wood
road goes west up over a rough eminence on
which is the Alice iron mine-once a

considerable working-and descends to the
Warwick   turnpike  farther  in  toward
Greenwood Lake.
Good walks, with some climbing and
cross-country traverses, may be taken eastward toward Greenwood and Mombasha
Lakes and the Ramapo valley from stations
on the Lehigh & Hudson River Railway,
which turns south from the main line of the
Erie at Greycourt. For a week-end trip one
might start at Greycourt and on Saturday
afternoon explore the cluster of gneiss and
granite hills east of the Lehigh & Hudson
which are separated by the Bellvale-Schunemunk sandstone and conglomerate ridges
from the main mass of the Highlands.
Sugar Loaf Mountain, a picturesque bare
knob (1140 feet) a mile east of the station of
the same name, has fine views and a good
rock shelter in the gully on its east slope
where one might put in a night. Continuing
eastward next day one could climb Bellvale
Mountain by farm and wood roads and follow a plain old road north or south along its
summit. There are eastward descents into
the valley of Trout Brook, which can be
followed up either by wood roads or through
fairly open second growth to the summit of
One Cedar Mountain (1.390 feet). (Prospect
Mountain is the name on some editions of
the Schunemunk sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey, although this name is correctly applied only to the bare hill at the
south end of Lake Mombasha.) A wellblazed trail leads south from this summit to
Sterling Mountain, east of Greenwood
Lake, and continues via Jennings Creek
east of Sterling Furnace or west of Sterling
Forest station, terminus of the Greenwood
Lake Division of the Erie.
East of One Cedar Mountain, along approximately the route of the Appalachian
Trail, wood roads and some driving straight
through the forest bring one to Lake
Mombasha. A     good wood road passes
along the south end of this fine lake to
a dirt road out to Southfields. Keep on
east over the hills beyond this road; and a




NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

95

new lake, not shown on the Survey map, will block, whose eastern face overhangs the
be found on the outlet brook of Mombasha Ramapo valley. Wood roads enter its side
-part of scenic development of the estate of valleys from the Southfields-Monroe road
Schuyler Schieffelin. One can cross on the but fade out over the summit ledges. They
dam and over ledges to another dirt road reappear as one descends the southern slope
from Southfields to Monroe. If the tramper and enters a fairly good road of this kind,
is not in a hurry to get out to the Erie he which comes from the north slope of the
may continue east, in property of the massif and the open country south of HarriHarriman estate, toward Arden over the man station and, curving around to the
rugged, much-faulted and ledgy mountain east face, descends to the Arden station.
TERRACE POND
Terrace Pond (1380 feet) is, in some respects, the top notch of objectives for
walks in New Jersey. In the whole state only one pond, Lake Marcia (1570
feet), in the Kittatinny Range, is of greater altitude. A few miles to the northward of Terrace Pond lie two other ponds only a few feet lower. These two,
Surprise Lake and an unnamed pond, lie just south of the state line and west of
the middle point of Greenwood Lake and are easily accessible by trail. Terrace
Pond, however, lies by itself in a wild plateau, far from habitations, surrounded
by cliffs, rhododendron swamps, scrub oak thickets, and rattlers.
Bearfort, or Bearport, Mountain, on which Terrace Pond is situated, is some 30
miles west of the Hudson River, measuring along the New York-New Jersey state
line, to which it lies at right angles. It is part of that system of sedimentary rock
to which belong also Kanouse Mountain, Copperas Mountain, and Green Pond
Mountain farther south; from the last of which is derived the name of their
most striking and predominant component, the Green Pond Mountain conglomerate. This rock is comparatively hard, quite resistant to weathering, and
easily recognized by its dark red color-a sandstone interspersed with pebbles of
quartz (Fig. 46). On fractdre the quartz appears as a white spot on a red field, a
feature which has made it popular as a building stone; for the country for many
miles eastward abounds in cobbles and boulders of this rock transported and
deposited by the ice.
These ranges seem to be only the roots of former, much greater mountains, as
on both sides appears the Grenville gneiss of a much earlier period.
The great forces that crumpled the rocks into the fluted hills of the Appalachians operated, also, on these of Bearfort. Its strata have a very decided pitch,
accounting for the ridges of which the mountain is made up. When one has
crossed a few of them, climbing up the steep slope on one side to jump off the cliff
on the other, he compares the route to the profile of a rooster's comb. The difference in structure between Bearfort and the hills to the east is plainly shown by




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 7

their topography. Erosion was free to act in any direction on the gneisses of the
Wyanokie plateau, but on Bearfort the longitudinal upset strata practically
forced the streams into the pattern of the rock; hence the multiplicity of parallel
gullies with only occasional transverse hollows, the latter probably due to cross
faults in the structure.
It is in one of these long valleys that Terrace Pond lies. The surface is so far
below the immediate plateau level that one not knowing its position might
easily miss it. Rocky cliffs hem it closely on the east and west, while at its ends
are swamps, that on the north traversed by the brook that forms its outlet.
This brook flows between parallel ridges for two miles to the transverse hollow,
where it meets a corresponding stream from the more northerly section of the
mountain, the outlet of one of the two other ponds referred to. These brooks
unite their waters and cross the range eastwardly into Greenwood Lake. In this
hemlock-shaded dell a road, one of the few in the region, makes its way to the
music of the rushing waters.
HEWITT STATION TO TERRACE POND AND RETURN

Access by the Greenwood Lake Division
of the Erie Railroad from Jersey City to
Hewitt (i hour, $1.43). Walking distance
14 miles. Route by roads and cross country
with cliffs and swamp.
Hewitt is in the midst of the CooperHewitt mining property, though active
mining is carried on only in the hills to the
east. A quarter mile north of the highway
on the Wanaque River are the ruins of one
of the largest of the old charcoal ironsmelting furnaces that in the early days of
the last century were so active in this
mountain region.
Walk west along the motor road, passing,
at the three-quarters of a mile, a road up
hill to the right and at a mile and a half
coming to forks in the road. Take the left
road for about a mile to the next corner.
There turn to the left and follow the road
as it bends around to the right (west) to the
corners of West Milford (3%4 miles from
Hewitt).
At the corner turn to the right, then just
beyond the house turn in on a lane on the
left, leading down the fields and across

Belcher Creek straight towards the ravine
and brook indenting the side of Bearfort in
front of you.
Climb the course of the brook to the head
wall, where the stream comes down a pretty
cascade from the level of the swamp above.
The trail has been laid out among the
decorated ledges, up and down and across.
When you have arrived at the top of a 300 -foot rise you have still some distance to go.
You come out on a cliff overlooking the
lake from its east side (Fig. 46). In its
winter aspect it has an austere beauty.
The red cliffs are draped with white scarfs
of snow pinned with occasional pines, while
its surface is a mirror of steel, framed in
white and red (6 miles from Hewitt).
From various points on the hillside one
may enjoy wide views over the whole plateau to the east. The southeastern horizon
is picked out with a few shining points to
show the sky line of Manhattan. From a
height southwest of the pond practically a
complete sweep of the horizon is embraced
in the view. Returning, the shortest route
to a road is to continue straight over the




NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

97

mountain down to the longitudinal highway
on the farther side, whence it is a matter of -
some 9 miles by road around the mountain,
via Moe's to the station. But a more interesting route is to follow the outlet to the
crossroad. Unless there is a crust of snow
like. a pavement you will hardly choose to
follow the actual stream bed. Instead, keep
on the crest of one of the ridges on either
side of the brook and follow it straight to its
drop into the hollow. The eastern ridge
leads one to a high promontory of rock just
south of the hollow, well worth visiting for  -                              'Y
the view.
The brook meets the road in a magnificent
rhododendron swamp, but if one keeps to
the crest of the ridge he will avoid this en-                 i
tanglement. Turn to the right (east) along              ',,
the road and follow it straight ahead, along!            -
the south shore of the lake, past Brown's  '.':
and Warmolt's hotels to the Hewitt station-....
a total distance of 14 miles.
Infrequent trains require that one's
schedule be made rather carefully, the.
morning train arriving at Hewitt at 10:50 at,
earliest, and the late train leaving at 6:20  Ij               S
on Sundays only. A two-day session for this
trip is therefore advised.
One might go as far as Moe's the first day.
At Moe's is a unique hostelry where one
could spend the night. The trip back to
Hewitt station by way of Brown's at the  72-.R      Ci: pO.V       -
southerly end of Greenwood lake will per-   ca  ~r&r    ed red-i_ wrt, mrtc~tFAn
mit of plenty of adventuring by the trails  co-0 eEr   cicJ.~Xsare uslJ.
hown on the map.                                      Figure 46
CLIMB TO SURPRISE LAKE
Surprise Lake and an unnamed pond are about 4 miles northeast of Terrace
Pond and will make a trip by themselves. Their setting is not so wild and picturesque as that of Terrace Pond, but they are comparatively easy of access and
quite a resort of climbers of the district. A trail leads to Surprise from Lakeside,
running up the hollow to Lookout Rock, where the view is far-reaching, then
over a knoll and so along the east side of the pond. A sporting route is to go west
from Brown's Hotel about three-quarters of a mile, passing the end of the crossroad to the south, and at the apex of a bend in the highway strike north along




98

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

the slope of the hill on an old wood road. This leads up the brook but disappears
and leaves one to make his own trail along the ridge. Another route is to go north
along the west side of the lake for a mile and then up the mountain, picking up
the brook, the outlet of Surprise Lake, and following it up to the source.
Greenwood Lake, the Lake George of the New Jersey Highlands, deserves a
special chapter by the skaters, canoeists, ice yachtmen, swimmers, and motorboatmen who haunt its waters in all seasons. It is 6 miles long and from a half
to three-quarters of a mile wide and hemmed in on both sides by 7oo-foot hills.
The western shore is lined with hotels and boarding houses for summer visitors,
but there are few on the eastern shore owing to control by the Hewitt mining
interests. Originally known as Long Pond, its name was changed when its size
was doubled by the damming of the Wanaque River to make a reservoir for the
Morris Canal.
NORTHERN RAMAPO PLATEAU
For the purpose of this book that part of the New Jersey-New York Highlands
that lies east of the Ramapo River and is mapped on the Ramapo sheet of the
U. S. Geological Survey is denominated the Northern Ramapo plateau. A large
part of it is included in the Palisades Interstate Park, the southern apex of the
plateau and some areas along the edges of it being excluded. It remains the wildest of the nearer areas, its scant population being confined almost entirely to the
Ramapo valley and the Sloatsburg-Johnsontown-Haverstraw road. Hills rise
from 600 to 800 feet above the border valleys to reach the general elevation of
the plateau, 1100 to 1200 feet above sea level. The range that fronts the Hackensack Valley is remarkably straight from Suffern northeastward toward Tomkins
Cove on the Hudson and contains some noticeable peaks with picturesque
names-Horse Stable Mountain, Catamount Mountains, Lime Kiln Mountains
(near Ladentown), Horse Chock Mountain (just north of File Factory Hollow),
and Cheesecote, or Cheesecocks, Hill. The last, whose name is also that of an
early patent of land, lies outside the general mass of the plateau near Thiells.
Along the western boundary, the Ramapo River, the mountains are less regular
but equally high. Tome Mountain, just north of Ramapo village, presents the
highest and most interesting cliffs and overlooks a wide sweep of territory. The
Horse Pond Mountains along the east side of the valley near Tuxedo rise abruptly
from the river to give a gorgelike effect. In the interior of the plateau Brundige,
Half-Way, Jackie Jones, Rook House, Irish, Tom Jones, Park Cabin (or Parker
Cabin), and Black Ash Mountains are equally high in actual elevation but are
relatively not so important on account of the general high level.
Cutting through these ridges are three or four major brooks. Torne Brook




NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

99

parallels the rear of the front range and  ClaudluSwith
assists in making Tome's cliffs. Stony  ar
Brook and its tributaries, Pine Meadow    o
and Stillwater Brobks, have opened the
valleys converging into the Ramapo           (
River at Sloatsburg. In the northeast.
Cedar Pond Brook, the outlet of Cedar
Pond (Lake Tiorati, Fig. 38), and the
North Branch of the Minisceongo have.:
cut deep defiles in the margins of the
highland. Cataracts occur on brooks in
all parts; but the Cascade of Slid on                           /
Pine Meadow Brook, lying in the ravine
between Half-Way and Raccoon Brook
Mountains, is the most notable.                           -
Along the Seven Lakes Drive in the
upper part of this area lie several ponds
and lakes-Car Pond (enlarged into
Lake Stahahe), Little Long Pond, and
Lake Kanawauke-but the lower part                Figure 47
can boast of only Breakneck Pond, some
two or three miles northwest of Ladentown. Another lake is in prospect, to be
made by the damming of Stony Brook at or near Burnt Saw Mill Bridge. It will
be about two miles long on both sides of Brundige Mountain.
A region abounding in cliffs and faults as does this should afford those romantic
accompaniments of the wilderness-caves. We do indeed find caves, due to the
crack and to overhanging blocks in all sizes. But, as nothing will serve for a cave
unless it be large enough for one to get into, the number of qualifying caves is not
large. Those sufficiently well-known to acquire names are Brundige Cave (Fig.
48) and Claudius Smith's Caves (Map 5). The former is on the east side of the
spur of Brundige Mountain, about a mile north of Burnt Saw Mill.Bridge. It is a
perpendicular crack of 3 or 4 feet in width and extending upward for To or 15 feet.
It is, however, merely an incident of a walk, as it is too constricted in floor area
to be of service as shelter. In decided contrast to this are the two caves near
Tuxedo named after Claudius Smith. These are horizontal cracks at the foot of
successive cliffs, the upper crack being some 8 to io feet high and 30 feet long
with a depth of 6 to 8 feet and the lower crack longer and deeper but not quite
so high. Either of these caves will be found large enough to shelter quite a large
party in time of storm.




100

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

One cannot speak of these without some account of Claudius Smith. He was an outlaw of the
Revolutionary period, according to the tale, who, with his three sons and a number of kindred spirits,
used these caves as lairs. Horse stealing in their quieter moments and highway robbery on the valley
road for their more active adventures engaged their talents. The lower of the caves is said to be the
one where the horses were stabled. The exploits of this band and Smith's well-earned end on the gallows
are told at length in Eager's "History of Orange County" (1846).
TRAILS TO CONKLIN CABIN

The plateau abounds in wood roads and
trails, some of which are shown on the Park
map. The new Tuxedo-Tom Jones Trail
opened in 1921 as a feeder to the RamapoDunderberg Trail lies in the northwestern
part but is described in the chapter on
trails. Starting south of the railroad bridge
over the river, the Torne Brook road follows
the course of Torne Brook from the highway
below Ramapo northeast to the clearing at
the Conklin cabin, in the heart of the plateau. This clearing is a center for a number
of trails in other directions. Here, on the
north side of the swamp, a trail leaves the
trail from Ramapo to run westward along
the edge of the swamp to the Pine Meadow
Brook Trail, and so down this brook and
Stony Brook and, by crossing the latter, to
the Sloatsburg-Johnstown road. Another
trail from the clearing leaves in a northwesterly direction to cross Christie Brook
and go over the north part of the Half-Way
Mountain to the road at Burnt Saw Mill
Bridge. Just before crossing Christie Brook
a trail leaves at about right angles to go
northeast along the east side of the Pine
Meadow swamp through to Willow Grove
School. This is the Woodtown Trail named
after families of the name of Wood living
along the trail near its northern end. From
the clearing a trail goes eastward along the
north side of the swamp to divide after a
half mile, the right hand way going via
Horse Stable Mountain to Wesley Chapel,
the left along the mountains to the northward to Ladentown, with various connections with the Woodtown Trail.
Before any satisfactory description of this
country can be made maps must be improved.
The section under consideration is most inaccu
rately mapped on the Ramapo quadrangle. No
other quadrangle of those covered by this guidebook shows so many inaccuracies as are found
here, and these are mostly in the topography of
the interior parts. The massif of Torne is cut with
two notable clefts in one of which flows Raccoon
Brook; in the area east of Tuxedo discrepancies
exist in a number of places; and in the irregular
country east of the Johnstown road topography
and drainage are quite misleading. To attempt,
therefore, to locate accurately trails or assign
names is almost impossible till the map is much
improved. The Park Commission's map is at
variance with the U. S. Geological Survey map in
some instances as to names. The former calls a
tributary of Stony Brook by the name of Christie
Brook, while the Survey calls it Pine Meadow
Brook. An airplane map should settle questions
of topography and drainage that at present are
troubling the map-minded pedestrian. Any revision by the Survey seems to be out of the question
at present. On the map in this book, Map 5, the
U. S. Geological Survey map has been approximately corrected according to the Park Commission's latest map, and the Park Commission's
map has been accepted as authority for the
names.
The name of Conklin has been attached to this
region from Revolutionary days. Conklin Mountain perpetuates it, and Conklin families in various
quarters still live and move and have their being.
Basket making and wooden-ware manufacture are
still in evidence; more particularly the making of
wooden ladles, in which one of the wilderness
dwellers did his bit in the World War, ladles for
boat-bailing being his output. The many felled
oaks of six-inch diameter, with oblong slabs cut
from opposite sides, that one comes across so
frequently, are witness of this industry; and in
the name Ladentown, or Ladle Town, there
remains another monument to it.
Tuxedo is a modern version of an Indian word
of unknown origin. Ramapo is said to mean
"formed of round ponds" and would apply to the
river of that name where potholes occur.




Map 5

NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER
PINE MEADOW PLATEAU-SLOATSBURG TO SUFFERN

IOI

Access by main line of the Erie Railroad from Jersey City to Sloatsburg (70 to
go minutes, $1.28). Walking distance 15
miles. Route by roads and trails with
climbing.
From the Sloatsburg station follow the
roadway along the east side of the tracks
northward to the highway where it crosses
the railroad on a bridge. At this highway
turn to the right (east) and go straight
ahead over the two bridges of the Ramapo
River, keeping to the right at the forks, and
so going up Stony Brook on its west bank.
This is a good dirt road through a farming
country not highly developed but quite
picturesque with high rocky hills on either
hand.
At about a mile and a half from the station there is a level stretch of road near the
brook. Just ahead, up a rise, a white farmhouse by the road overlooks the brook. At
a distance of 400 or 500 feet beyond this
house a lane crosses a field on the right.
Turn east here, following the lane as it goes
around the south side of the hill and enters
the woods.   After getting well into the
woods you hear from the right the dashing
of Stony Brook again. Seek it, going through
laurel, and cross at any available point.
There was a log bridge farther up, but, as
floods are apt to remove these aids, one
should cross where it is feasible.
Going up the farther slope less than a
hundred feet one encounters a wood road.
Turn to the left on this, as it runs along the
side of the brook. It is soon evident why
the stream is called Stony and why the
route goes this way, for its deep gorge and
dashing current are not frequently rivaled.
The trail soon crosses a small brook,
Raccoon Brook, as it comes down from the
right and enters the "farthest southwest"
of the Palisades Interstate Park. At about
as far again' the path comes to Pine Meadow
Brook in its own deep gorge. This point is
3 milee from Sloatsburg. It is up this gorge

Figure 48
that the path goes. It divides just by the
junction of Pine Meadow and Stony Brook
and before the crossing is made. The path
up Stony Brook goes to the highway at
Burnt Saw Mill Bridge. Take the path up
Pine Meadow Brook. It follows the brook
for Ioo feet and then goes to the right again
sharply up hill, a somewhat overgrown
path. It climbs 300 or 400 feet to join a
well-worn trail at right angles. Turn to the
left, east, on this, as it runs along the mountain side practically on a level along the
south side of the gorge. It meets the brook
again above the Cascade of Slid, "whose
soul is by the sea," a wild cataract of a hundred yards. To get the best taste of this
stream one should walk up the brook bed
from Stony Brook, regaining the path above
the cascade.
Above the cataract the stream runs




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

through a swamp, which the path skirts for
some hundreds of feet, finally crossing the
brook on logs. Here the path is in summer
somewhat hard to follow through the undergrowth. Across the stream the going is
much better along a wood road bending
northeast with the stream and passing
some rock shelters and more fine boulders
until it brings you into cleared land with
rocky cliffs above you on the left. Here once
stood a tiny cabin, though now only its
cellar hole is found (4 miles from Sloatsburg).
A difference of opinion as to the names of the
streams may here be noted again. The U. S.
Geological Survey map calls the stream from the
northeast Pine Meadow Brook, and one from the
east is unnamed; while the Interstate Park map
calls the one from the east Pine Meadow Brook
clear to its junction with Stony Brook and the
one from the northeast Christie Brook. The
opinion of the compilers of the Interstate Park map
has been accepted here.
Two hundred feet beyond the cabin site a
trail branches to the right and crosses Pine
Meadow    Brook on a log bridge.     (The
original path goes on northeast to meet a
trail from Burnt Saw Mill Bridge to Conklin cabin.) Once across the bridge the trail
keeps to the left around a knoll and crosses
the brook again. Keep along this trail for
nearly a mile to the clearing in which stands
Conklin log cabin. It stands just south of a
forbidding cliff in a cleared space along a
swamp and is a center for trails leading in

several directions. One comes first into a
clearing that is growing up to brush again,
where a trail at right angles towards the
swamp is met. Turn to the right and go
south, keeping to the left as the low ground
is approached. (This trail in the other direction takes you to the cabin.) This is the
longest of a number of wet crossings and the
highest, as it is about IIoo feet above sea
level.
Across the swamp keep to the left through
the orchard and follow the path as it enters
the woods again. For 2 miles the path is
overgrown but not hard to follow. It
crosses the divide into the valley of Tome
Brook, several of whose tributaries it
crosses, and keeps pretty well to the west of
the stream. Soon after passing an abandoned farm clearing the trail branches.
Take the left-hand path as it bends down to
the brook, at about which point the first
view of the Torne on the right is to be had.
The way, now a wood road, passes charming
brookside spots, then crosses the stream and
continues on that slope. Wood roads come
off the hills behind you on the left as you go;
but when you come to the forks you may
choose between them, for Ramapo lies some
Io minutes to the right (at a distance of
11 miles from Sloatsburg) through "posted"
property; while to go to Suffern, you should
keep to the left along the left bank of the
Ramapo and down the motor highway to
the station, adding 2 miles to the walk.
Return by the Erie Railroad from Suffern
(i!4 hours, $1.16).

SOME SAMPLE ROUTES
Suffern: Up highway to Ramapo River west to Pine Meadow Brook, down it to
Bridge, up Torne Brook, climb Torne, de- Sloatsburg.
scend to west brook, to Ramapo.           Sloatsburg: Up Johnsontown road, up
Ramapo: Up Torne Brook to Conklin     Stony Brook and Pine Meadow Brook,
cabin, down trails to the east to Mahway  down Torne Brook to Ramapo or Suffern.
River and to Suffern or Pomona or Mount   Sloatsburg: Up Johnsontown road to
Ivy.                                    Burnt Saw Mill Bridge, then west over mounRamapo: Same as above to Conklin cabin, tains to Tuxedo via Claudius Smith's Caves.




NEW JERSEY HIGHLANDS AND RAMAPO RIVER

Io3

Tuxedo: Along T-TJ Trail, R-D Trail  Tuxedo: Same,butbytrailfrom Surebridge
to Cedar Pond (Lake Tiorati), down road Mountain via Island Pond or Lost Trail to
to Arden.                           Arden.
BOWLING GREEN MOUNTAIN
Bowling Green Mountain is a high, broad plateau lying between Lake Hopatcong and the Ogden Mine branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, on the
west, and the valley of the upper Rockaway River, on the east. It is growing up
fast in second-growth woodland, since the farms which once occupied its top have
been abandoned. It is interesting geologically in that, while its mass is of the
gneiss of the New Jersey Highlands, its northern end is covered with the Green
Pond conglomerate found in Green Mountain and associated ridges to the east;
this conglomerate being the Devonian and Silurian ridges laid down in an ancient
fiord that penetrated the shores of Appalachia-the "Old Land"-now represented in the mountains of the Highlands of New Jersey and adjoining New York.

The plateau can be crossed, in a long
day's tramp, from stations on the main line
of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Railroad-such as Lake Hopatcong, Mt.
Arlington, or Wharton; or from stations on
the Ogden Mine branch (with limited train
service), north through the Milton Valley
to Oak Ridge or Stockholm, on the New York,
Susquehanna & Western Railroad.
The highest part of the mass, reached by
following the road up the valley of the
Rockaway and turning west up a wood road
at Lower Longwood, is one of the largest
areas of unbroken forest in northern New
Jersey. Its topography is shown on the
Lake Hopatcong sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey; its geology is graphically
presented on the New Jersey geological
map.
West and north of Bowling Green Mountain, beyod Lake Hopatcong and toward

the Susquehanna Railroad line, the Lake
Hopatcong and Franklin Furnace sheets of
the U. S. Geological Survey include many
square miles of rugged gneiss hills, penetrated by one good motor highway (from
Dover to Sparta), a few fair dirt roads, and
the usual network of old wood roads in the
valleys and notches. The Ogden Mine
branch of the Central Railroad serves the
walker as a route to the abandoned Edison
mines, near South Ogdensburg, where some
of the equipment erected by Thomas A.
Edison in his early experiments with the
magnetic process for separating magnetite
iron ore from its gangue still stands. The
hills west of Lake Hopatcong toward
Sparta and Andover are rugged and heavily
wooded, with little settlement, and are
worth exploration. A way out in that direction is provided by the Sussex branch of the
Lackawanna Railroad.

BLACK RIVER
North-central New Jersey, in southern Morris and northern Somerset and
Hunterdon counties, is much the same geologically, with parallel ridges of gneiss,
as the northern Highlands of the state. It is more open however, and developed




104

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

in farm lands and country estates, so that it does not generally offer the same
opportunities to the tramper. In some areas, nevertheless, where rough topography has preserved forested valleys and summits, there are some worth-while
walks.
One of these localities is the gorge of the Black River, from Pottersville north
to Hacklebarney. Pottersville.is 3 miles west of Gladstone, which is the
terminus of the Passaic and Delaware Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad, which leaves the main line at Summit. Black River is the
name given to the upper part of the central branch of the Raritan River; the
lower part, south of Pottersville, being called the Lamington River.

Pottersville, recognizable afar off by the
tall white church steeple, is reached from
Gladstone by bus, which saves 3 miles
over highways in not particularly interesting open country. The route up the gorge is
by a dirt road which turns north at the post
office on the west side of the stream. Although the hills on both sides of the river
are cultivated, the steepness of the gorge
walls has preserved them in woodland,
mostly second-growth hardwood with fine
stands of hemlock along the stream. Follow
the road on the west side of the river, keeping close to it and avoiding turns away from
its course. After a mile the dirt road turns
west; but continue with the stream on a
little-used path, which fords the swift
stream at a rift to the east side, and continue
up that bank to the next east-west dirt road.
A faint path also goes up the west side. The
gorge here is very pretty, but is posted with
trespass warnings against hunting, fishing,
and fires. Such warnings are to be observed,
else the gorge will be closed to decent
trampers.
The paths on both sides of the river strike
the east-westroad 3 miles above Pottersville
near an old stone mill. Beyond it, northward

and westward, farm roads or paths along the
stream reach Hacklebarney. Here was once
the seat of a busy iron industry, as abandoned shafts and mine equipment attest.
Continue northwestward across the motor
highway   through   Chester   to   Delaware
Water Gap and strike the Chester branch
of the Lackawanna. This route is much
more interesting than the roads. It runs
northward through the swamps of the upper
course of the Black River to Ironia and
thence to Succasunna, whence a trolley
takes one to the main line of the Lackawanna at Dover.
This route is about 12 miles. It is interesting
geologically, as it crosses from comparatively
young to immensely old formations in short
distances. These changes are graphically shown
on the maps in the Raritan sheet of the U. S.
Geological Survey.
From Pottersville, on the Triassic sandstones,
one passes over an ancient lava of Pre-Cambrian
time, the oldest period of which we have definite
record; then upon the Pre-Cambrian gneisses of
the New England-New York "Old Land" mass.
Along upper Black River are quartzites and
limestones of Cambrian and Silurian time formed
in estuaries and off the shores of this ancient
continent.




THE WYANOKIE PLATEAU
ISCOVERY is popularly supposed to involve distance. That
this need not be true was shown by Professor Will S.
Monroe, of the State Normal School at Montclair, New
Jersey, who by the aid of imagination and an axe and the
oxygenated enthusiasm of his friends has converted a
square of six miles of craggy hilltop wilderness into an
ideal trampers' playground.
"You can surprise even a governor of Nebraska," says
Major Ennis, the engineer who mapped the region, "by
telling him that there are near-by areas in New Jersey that
are too wild and too worthless to be taxed and that in these
areas it is possible for a man to get thoroughly lost while still within sight of
the Woolworth Building."
One of the wildest of these regions of New Jersey is what is loosely known as
the Wanaque, Wynockie, or Wyanockie Plateau. The earlier native name was
Wynockie, but Professor Monroe has traced back the name to its original Algonquin which is adopted here. The Indian word means "sassafras." Here are no
roads, hardly even a wood road, but nearly thirty miles of new paths cleared and
bearing signs. Here are no lakes but noteworthy brooks. Here are no Alps or
alplets, but the summits are bare and conspicuous. They furnish good climbing.
They are close at hand.
The region is now well-known to members of the various walking clubs. It
comprises a triangle whose base, the Pequanac River, is about 8 miles long and
whose sides along Bearfort Mountain and the Wanaque River measure respectively about Io and 12 miles. This and the Ramapo plateau are of the same geological formation-granites and gneisses with occasional limestone intrusions.
During the past 150 years the plateau has been the field of many iron-mining
operations. Most of these are now abandoned but a number to the north are still
in operation. Blue Mine, about three miles from Wanaque-Midvale, was one of
the largest. Freedom Furnace near Midvale is still in a good state of preservation.
Topographically this plateau is a step down from Bearfort Mountain, the
next step being down to the level of the Wanaque River. The country at the
foot of Bearfort is about 1000 feet above sea level, a height which is maintained
in the peaks of this plateau on its eastern edge where they rise above the valley
105




Io6

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Figure 49
as hills of 700 or 800 feet. The western part is farming country of undulating
surface, but as one goes east one finds that stream erosion has produced a rough
topography that is the pedestrian's delight. The principal hills, from south to
north are Federal Hill near Pompton Junction, Tome Mountain (Fig. 49), Carris
Hill, High Point, Pine Paddies, Wolf Den, Windbeam standing alone between
West Brook and the Wanaque River, West Brook Mountain, and Bear Mountain, not to mention a number of smaller heights. Of these High Point (Fig. 49)
nearly west of Midvale is the most precipitous and offers the best views,
although the observatory on Windbeam (Fig. 50) is a strong competitor. The
northeast-southwest trend of the hills farther east is here lacking, the topography
showing no apparent arrangement to correspond with the Bearfort or Ramapo
ranges. Moraines and erosional topography are especially interesting along the
Wanaque River, but the greater part of. the plateau is little but massive rock.
Post Brook, West Brook, Blue Brook, and Burnt Meadow Brook are the major
streams; but these are fed by such a multitude of smaller ones that the question
of water supply rarely troubles the walker. These brooks have reputation for
purity, and the city of Newark is taking advantage of this by building a dam near
Wanaque to collect additional water supply (Fig. 49). This will create a lake in
one of the most attractive valley regions hereabouts and possibly will require
changing the usual approach to this area from the direction of Midvale. The
ponds that are found in this plateau are all artificial, in their present size at least,
except Mud Pond near Haskell and one or two other small ponds near-by.
Points of access besides the Wanaque-Midvale station are Haskell and
Pompton near the southeast corner of the plateau; Hewitt near the northern apex
on the Greenwood Lake Division of the Erie; and Butler, Charlotteburg, and




-__ _;_- ~ _- - --- --.--.--

Map 0                  THE WYANOKIE PLATEAU                         107
LAKF., LA-rRjv-E,                            or, R 0 Ir "r r:o? 0 p  D
Figure 50
Newfoundland along its southern boundary on the Susquehanna division of the
Erie. Haskell and Wanaque-Midvale are the nearest to the best section.
Only one road crosses the entire width of this district, that from Upper Macopin to Midvale by the way of West Brook. The corners of the area are traversed
by dirt roads, while motor roads extend along the river valleys. A dirt road, little
used, almost entirely in woods runs from just west of Hewitt to the West Brook
road and is a favorite route from Greenwood Lake to Midvale. Another, more
open with interesting outlooks, is that from Monks through Stonetown and along
the foot of Windbeam Mountain. Log roads traverse the hills in all parts and
make good routes for pedestrians, while the many trails, plainly marked and
easily followed, lead to other portions including the peaks and viewpoints. The
hills fronting the valley of the Wanaque River give fine views in which Windbeam
always figures.
Professor Monroe, with the aid of members of the Green Mountain Club, has
laid out many miles of trails and Major Ennis has made a map whose details
are shown on Map 6 in this book.
Indian names remain and others have been supplied by Professor Monroe in
accordance with Indian usage to some points along the new trails. Among the
former are these: Macopin, or Makopin, wild potato: Wyanokie, Wynokie,
corrupted to Wanaque, sassafras; Windbeam from wombimish, chestnut tree;
Wickadoma, wehkwedumu, one cries from a dark place; Pequannock, pekwanak,
cleared ground; Tupelowantico (the spring near Miller's on the West Brook
road), outflowing stream; Yapewi (the high rock below Freedom Furnace), on the
water's edge, or, it rises out of the water; Chickahoki (pool on Post Brook),
turkey lands; Asiskwakami, mud lake; Assiniwikam, rock shelter.




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 6

WYANOKIE PLATEAU AND HIGH POINT

Access by the Greenwood Lake Division
of the Erie Railroad from Jersey City to
Haskell (I~ hours, $1.12). Route by trails
and roads with much climbing.
The walk here outlined is not long but
fairly difficult, and, with the interest attaching to beautiful brooks, fine views, abandoned mines, and a furnace, all the time
available will not be too much. The wellmarked trails allow one to make many
changes in the route without trouble.
Leaving Haskell station, walk west along
Post Brook Road for about a mile to the rock
where a trail turns off at the right. About
half a mile along this trail you pass a rock
shelter, Wahlikamika. Continuing on the
trail and bending towards the mountain
across lowland you come to the foot of the
cascades of Post Brook. Go up the stream
by a trail which takes you through a narrow
gorge along the face of a cliff and then over
sharp ledges and then rising rapidly brings
you to the plunging fall at the pool, Chikahoki (3 miles).
The beauties of this country were brought to
the attention of the Appalachian Mountain Club
by Mr. Andrew Scarlett, and this trail and others
were laid. Later the Green Mountain Club, under
Professor Will S. Monroe, took up the work and
laid out many fine trails.
A short distance, 300 or 400 feet, above
the pool the course is to the right (north)
up hill to the top of Carris Hill (IIoo feet).
The view here prepares you for that from
High Point, which you reach by a walk of
less than a mile more (5 miles).
High Point (Fig. 49) rises in a rocky crag
sharply from the surrounding hills to an
elevation of 1020 feet. While it is not as
high as Carris Hill, its sparse clothing of
pine and its separation from the other
heights give a most commanding prospect.
Westward lies the undulating surface of the
plateau with Buck Mountain, Pine Paddies,
and Wolf Den rising to the IIoo-foot level.
Torne's rounded summit is visible in the

southeast. To the east is the valley of the
Wanaque River. Windbeam (Fig. 50) is
prominent in the northeast with Stonetown
gleaming at its western foot. Southeast
High Mountain in the Preakness range is
seen across the tops of the Ramapos which
fill the farther horizon, and southward are
seen the plains and hills of the Pompton
region.
Another route from the pool is to continue up Post Brook by following the trail to
Otter Hole. This is a point on the brook
where a wood road leaves the highway just
south of the stream to go northward up the
hollow. Turn north along this wood road
for almost 2 miles to its junction with the
trail to High Point. This route is around
three sides of a rectangle, the Carris Hill
trail being the fourth side, and is longer by
2 miles than the route described above.
From High Point two routes are open: the
short steep trail to Blue Mine and the one
in the direction of Wolf Den as far as the
Winfield Road. Take the latter route to
Winfield Road, then go along this to the
right (east) for a half-mile, passing a farm,
the headquarters of the Nature Friends
(Naturfreunde) to a path leading south
from the road near the last bungalow on the
right. But before turning in on this wood
road continue along the highway till you get
a good look at Windbeam. From this lower
elevation you see the mountain in its characteristic pose of a sleeping animal, its head
being the lower height at the near end.
Retrace your steps to the path and turn
south. This wood road takes you, if you
keep to the left, directly to Blue Mine, a
trail center. Visit Laurel, or Roomy, Mine
on the way.
From the Winfield Road walk along this
path for some ten minutes till you come to a
branch trail on the left closed by a birch rail
and marked by a cairn, the other branch
of a Y going northeast. Turn sharply on this
and go for some 500 feet, the path being




Map 6

THE WYANOKIE PLATEAU

109

rather indistinct, to the foot of the dump
below Laurel Mine on the hillside to the
right. This mine penetrates the hill for
about 60 feet horizontally and has an
enlarged chamber at the end, whence its
local name of Roomy Mine. Retracing your
steps to the origirial wood road, continue
south some 800 or 9oo feet, pass the junction with another wood road and go on to
the clearing at Blue Mine.
Blue Mine, also known as the London
Mine and the Iron Hill Mine, was opened
about 1800oo and was worked intermittently
up to about the beginning of this century,
since when all the machinery has been removed and the inclined pit has filled with
water.
Continue down the brook on the old ore
road, crossing the stream twice. Beyond the
second crossing the road rises and bends
around the south side of the hill to connect
with the Hook Road (8 miles)..Turn
left (north) on this highway and follow it
for 400 or 500 feet to a path that leaves the
road on the right to cross the fields through
groves of cedar and birch trees that have
grown thickly on this gravelly plain which
is an old lake bottom. This trail brings you
out at the bridge across the Wanaque River.
From this point may be seen some 500
feet up stream the remains of an old dam
whose flumeon the farther shore carried water
to run the machinery for the smelting furnace
just beyond the farmhouse. Just across the
bridge turn down stream along a path that
soon climbs the eastern bank below the
house past the dismantled parts of the old
water wheel. Up the bank you get a good
view of Freedom Furnace, dated 1838,
standing snug against the hillside and in a
good state of preservation. It was in the
two decades following that date that charcoal burning, mining, and smelting were

most actively carried on. These old workings and furnaces are well worth visiting.
The path goes south along the bank of the
river and, just as you go up the slope into
the woods, passes the' place of Indian
council, Yapewi Rocks. Continuing along
the edge of the river to the edge of the woods
the trail goes eastward and then over the,
ridge to the left to leave you at the edge of a
meadow across which is the street leading to
the Midvale station (io miles).
The route of the last 3 or 4 miles may
need changing in the near future, depending
on the results of the engineering work on the
river. A dam is being built near the Wanaque railroad crossing for a reservoir which
will fill the valley for 2 or 3 miles up
stream. In case this submerges the Hook
Road and the bridge at Freedom Furnace,
the following route from High Point will no
doubt be available: Descend the steep Blue
Mine trail and at the wood road go to the
right for a hundred feet or so and then go on
by the trail again past the Green Mountain
Club Camp to Blue Mine. From the mine
go north along the wood road, keeping to
the left at the first Y for about 90o feet to
the trail on the right. Visit Laurel Mine
and, resuming the wood road, continue
north to the Winfield Road. Now turn to
the right along this road and go down to the
West Brook Road at Miller's. Turning
again to the right, follow the highway down
stream past the foot of Windbeam and
straight ahead to and across the Wanaque
River at the two bridges. Then go south
along the east bank of the river by highway
to the furnace where the trail or highway
may be followed through Midvale to the
Wanaque-Midvale station.
Return by the Greenwood Lake Division
of the Erie Railroad fromWanaque-Midvale
to Jersey City (IY hours, $1.17).




THE MORRIS CANAL
[fii'l'llf .!lly l  NIQUE in the area around New York is a route of rare
I  -. '       and picturesque beauty which the Morris Canal offers to
1      pedestrians over much of its course of IoI miles between
Sthe Hudson and the Delaware Rivers.
Early in the nineteenth century it was realized that
means were needed to bring coal and other products of
the hinterland directly and cheaply to tidewater and
New York. Under James Renwick, a prominent engineer of his day, studies of European canals were made,
and plans were drawn for a canal. The charter was
granted in 1823, and by 1832 the canal was completed. While at first planned to extend only to tidewater at Acquackanonk on the Passaic River, the canal was enlarged to connect directly
with the Hudson at Jersey City. It rises about 900 feet in its course
across the state and makes an equal descent. To overcome in the most
economical way the abrupt rises that were met, planes were devised.
Locks were not entirely dispensed with, but where the pitch was so great as to
call for a series of locks they were replaced by the use of these inclined planes, up
and down which the boats were drawn by water power. A boat was floated into a
cradle, or skeleton cart, and cradle and contents were hauled up the track on the
plane by a cable. The cable in turn was operated by a turbine water wheel which
derived its water from the upper level of the canal through a flume. The structures thus necessitated give the canal much of its picturesqueness.
Recently the canal has been under lease to the Lehigh Valley Railroad but has
now reverted to the state. It is to be hoped that the state will preserve it in its
present form-a museum piece but at the same time a source of enjoyment to
thousands for walking, canoeing, swimming, and skating.
The first Io or 15 miles from Jersey City one to the towpath, where one encounters
lie through factory and slum areas and the most easterly plane. To Paterson from
across the marshes. But starting from  Bloomfield is a walk of 9 miles. Here the
Branch Brook Park, Newark, beginnings for canal swings around the northern end of
walks may be made. Electric cars cross it First Mountain at a high level where a panoon Bloomfield Avenue, Newark, and from  rama of Paterson is displayed in bird's-eye.
the stations of the Erie and Lackawanna Some 5 miles beyond, the Passaic River is
railroads in Bloomfield a short walk takes crossed; and 4 miles farther, the Pompton
IIO




Map 6

MORRIS CANAL

III

River. Passing along the flank of Hook
(or Towakho) Mountain the canal enters the
hills at the Montville planes. Beyond this
the scenery is more rugged, the route traversing alternately  wooded  or farming
country and raw mining or manufacturing
town. The many stretches of sylvan beauty
are occasionally marred on the eastern slope
by the passage through the towns; but the
descent toward the Delaware is free therefrom. The summit is reached at Lake
Hopatcong, the canal's largest reservoir.
Beyond Netcong long stretches of lovely
country are traversed through wood or
along open hillsides with wide views.
From Paterson westward to Philippsburg
stations of the Lackawanna Railroad occur

near at hand at intervals of a few miles.
The distances between towns where stops
may be made are: Newark to Paterson, 13
miles; Paterson  to Boonton, 17 miles;
Boonton  to Lake Hopatcong, 18 miles;
Lake Hopatcong to Hackettstown, 12 miles;
Hackettstown  to  Washington, 12   miles;
Washington to Philippsburg, 14 miles.
The influence of the life of the canal is
reflected in the names of many villagesPort Colden, Port Oram, Port Murray, and
Rockport.
For easy walking in unusual surroundings it would be difficult to find an equal to
this towpath way anywhere within reach of
the city. Its merits have never been sufficiently advertised even among walkers.

LITTLE FALLS TO BOONTON
Access by the Greenwood Lake
Division of the Erie Railroad from.
Jersey City to Little Falls (I hour, 80
cents); or by trolley from the 30oth
Street ferry to Paterson and transfer  '"
to Singac car (2 hours, 40 cents).,
Walking distance 4 to 15 miles.
Route level with a little climbing.
From  Little Falls station walk
north, crossing the trolley track and
then the Passaic River. At the tow-.:
path on the north bank turn to the,4&. --
east to view the bridge carrying the
canal and the "little falls." (The:,.,
"great falls" are at Paterson.) Return
to the towpath and proceed on it
northwest across the level bed of
ancient Lake Passaic to Mountain
View (4 miles from Little Falls).
Here the canal, the Erie and Lackawanna railroads, two highways, and
the Pompton River pass through the
gap in the "third mountain," between
Hook   Mountain   and  Packanack
Mountain-two ridges of ioo and
200 feet elevation. At this point, too,
comes into the canal the "feeder"
conveying water from the Ramapo                        Fi

7-,

igure 51




112

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 6

River, 5 miles to the north. The walk along
the feeder to the Ramapo, and so to Pompton Plains, is a delightful one, making
a 6-mile extension.
Continuing west the canal proper crosses
the Pompton River on a very leaky bridge.
Bends in the river accompany the canal
for some distance west, finally turning
north. The canal, paralleled by the highway, continues along the north foot of
Hook Mountain. The hills west of the
plains begin to display themselves broadside as the canal bends and the first plane
(No. io East) is reached. The stations
of Lincoln  Park (6 miles from    Little

Falls) and Tawaco (9 miles) are passed, and
2 miles beyond the latter the path curves
around a wide bend in the canal-one of the
most charming turns in this section. Then
are approached the successive planes near
Montville, which, with a combined rise of
about 14o feet, illustrate the advantage of
this kind of transport. From the upper
level it is about a mile and a half to
Boonton.
Return by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Boonton to Hoboken
(50 minutes, $1.20); or to Paterson (20 to
30 minutes, 50 cents), then trolley to 30oth
Street ferry (1/4 hours, 35 cents).







--      Main motor roads
-++- Main motor roads with trolley
--      Fair roads
Poor or private roads............  T rails
-+---+- Railroads
4++-    Trolleys
w    Springs or wells
Scale: of Two Miles to aP Inch
Co__-'--ntour i   10----0.__. -.0                   2         3         4
Contour interval 100 feet




NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC
LOWLAND
ORTHERN New Jersey belongs to two orders of topography. The nearer area extends back from the Hudson
River to the Highlands, the two being separated by
"Logan's fault," the Morristown-Boonton-Suffern line.
Beyond are the Highlands, an area of mountainous country
g belonging to the Appalachian system. This chapter is conScerned with the nearer area.
Geologically this region is part of the Triassic formation
of the Newark system of rocks, so named from the locality
Sin which they were originally studied. This formation
extends from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, and all parts have examples
of the same structures that are so noticeable in this region: that is the general
occurrence of sandstones and shales with sheets and dikes of basalt formation protruding. In other words we have a low plain underlain with sandstone
with upstanding ridges of trap rock, here known as the Palisades and the Watchung Mountains. (This is more fully treated and illustrated in Dr. Dickinson's
book on the Palisades Interstate Park, published by the American Geographical
Society.) These ridges form a series of concentric curves; the outer one, Palisades-Hook Mountain-Tors, extending from Bergen Point along the Hudson to
Haverstraw and westward. The second ridge, First Mountain, Ii miles west of
the Palisades, extends from Bound Brook to a point some miles north of Paterson
at Darlington. The third ridge, Second Mountain, lies within the curve of the
second and ends near Oakland. The fourth, hardly worth the name of ridge, is a
series of hills still further west lying within the curve of the third ridge. It extends from Millington on the south in a snakelike curve in Long Hill, Riker Hill,
Hook (or Towakho) Mountain, and Packanack Mountain to Pompton on the
north. Between these lie lowlands of the sandstone formation covered with farm
lands or villages or cities. These trap or basalt ridges are sharply upstanding on
their eastern sides, with cliffs often unscalable or offering the hardest sort of
climbing. The western slopes, on the other hand, fall away gently to contact
with the sandstone at the rear, where occasional quarries show the trap rock
resting on the sandstone as on a floor (Fig. 52). Both the First and Second Mountains are bent back upon themselves at the ends in fishhook-like bends.
I13




I14

NEW YORK WALK BOOK..               It is on these ridges that the best
walks are found. This is due to the.        almost continuous woodland along the
ftv                   crests and slopes (Fig. 58); to their
elevation above the lowland with
-Z -               abrupt cliffs affording many wide
jW               I   views; and to the topography of their
S /                        surfaces-bare rocks, glens, crevasses,
cliffs, boulders, fault cloves, and
valleys. Continuous trips with hardly
any interruption by towns or farms
'  along the crests; and by combining
two ridges in one walk further variety.    is obtained..                 In the more southerly section walks
S   may be started from   Bound Brook,..     Plainfield, Summit, Maplewood, Mill" -..... burn, South Orange, Orange, Montclair,
Great Notch, and Paterson-to name
O   orkezs 0,Wa- st-Or 3ra. stations at the best points, largely on
JYb   S -& Sar.fiL      at-le Base  the eastern approach. In the north
actn4   fa s un s  "fcorxxTns of
-rodc      -f:i water @i.', Paterscn, Mountain View, Pompton,
Figure 52               Oakland, and Crystal Lake are stations
giving fairly direct access.
IMPRINTS OF THE ICE AGE
The glacial geology of this section as well as that of the Highlands is everywhere evident and of considerable interest. The great glacial sheet, moving
slowly from the northwest under pressure of accumulating ice and snow, thrust
before it and carried on and in it much material from the land it had passed over.
As this great tool moved it gouged out stones from the hills in one place to drop
them in another. The rocks that became imbedded in the ice acted as chisel
points in scraping grooves or planing the rock surfaces over which they moved.
We see the results in smooth surfaces and grooves in the higher rocks; and in the
lowland we see moraines and kettle holes where the ice dumped its load. This
dumping often dammed up a drainage system and gave us lakes that delight us.
The ultimate southern limit of the movement was on a line extending westward




NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

11ii5

from Montauk Point through Staten Island, Plainfield, and on across northern
New Jersey. This accounts for the immense amount of rounded cobbles over all
of New York state and this part of New Jersey, ranging through all sizes up to
great boulders as large as houses. Some of these large stones-usually of granites
or other resistant rock-occupy interesting positions on hilltops. On the Tors are
many: one peiched on the top of Little Tor; another near the crest of the Palisades near Englewood. In the Highlands are innumerable examples, of which
an outstanding sample is the block of Green Pond Mountain conglomerate near
the top of Windbeam. A characteristic of glacial movement is the "plucking" or
detachment of rock from the lee side of a cliff. Freezing and thawing imbeds
fragments in the ice which the subsequent movement of the ice carries away,
leaving a jagged cliff in sharp contrast to the smoothed surface of the other slope.
This explains many eastward-facing cliffs.
The dumping of the glacier's load of gravel frequently dammed up a draining
system, and a lake resulted. Some of these remain, and some have disappeared by
the development of new drainage systems. A good example of the latter was Lake
Passaic, which was formed by the filling of a river valley where Summit now
stands. Water filled the valley beyond from Basking Ridge to Paterson, but the
river wore its way through a fault line and now flows many miles farther in its
search for the sea, crossing the Watchungs at Paterson instead of at Summit.
Subsequent lowering of the falls has drained off the lake, but its evidences remain in water channels, as at Franklin Clove in the north, and shore-line terraces
in other parts. Good examples of these dumps from the ice sheet are seen south
of Suffern, near Plainfield, and in many other places.
The state of New Jersey has published an exhaustive study of the glacial geology of New Jersey
crammed with interesting pictures and maps. The sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey covering this
part of New Jersey are the Staten Island, Harlem, Tarrytown, Ramapo, Paterson, Plainfield, and
Somerville sheets. Geological folios covering the Passaic and Raritan sheets of topography have also
been published. (The latter two sheets are on smaller scale, each covering the area of four of the
mile-to-the-inch sheets.)
Of all this country the Palisades ridge is the most interesting feature by reason
of its height, length, and position opposite New York City and along the Hudson
River. The part below the New York state line has been thoroughly described
and illustrated in Dr. Dickinson's book, "The Palisades Interstate Park." Its
continuation northward does not lack in interest and picturesqueness, however,
as views from Hook Mountain and the Tors are among the finest we have (see
Fig. 60).
THE PALISADES
The name of Hook Mountain is derived from the Dutch, Verdrietige Hoogte,
meaning tedious, or troublesome, point (Fig. 26). It is literally a hook, however.




I16

NEW YORK WALK BOOK.uH.r.i. ~ >i,, i.i.,o.........i..-.  as viewed from the air; for, extending
north from Piermont for some 6 miles
S                         the ridge bends sharply to the east to
C....,      R;s V,,.i;.or fo.. To; -.r...  the point of Hook  Mountain, then
Figure 53                  more gradually bends to the westward
as it goes north, and then directly westward until at its end it is pointed toward the southwest. In the northern extension two higher peaks of this ridge have received names-High Tor (832 feet) and
Little Tor (710 feet) (Figs. 53, 59, and 60). The low points are few: one, a twomile stretch between the state line and Piermont having an elevation of only 200
feet and hardly to be considered a ridge. Otherlow points are the three fault
lines, or cloves, at Rockland Lake, Short Clove, and Long Clove, through the
last of which the principal highway runs. Back of this ridge is a wide extent of
farming country dotted with villages lying in the space between the Palisades
and the Watchung and Ramapo mountains.
THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF THE NEW             JERSEY RIDGES
Historically this region is bound up with New York. The relics of the Revolution are many, with
Washington's headquarters in many parts, notably Morristown and Tappan; Arnold's "treason house"
in Haverstraw; Parson Caldwell's church in Springfield, where he "gave 'em Watts." Old highways,
old houses-especially the red sandstone Dutch farmhouses-and old churches lend an old-time flavor
to all parts. The Morris Canal, now completing a century, is a relic of more leisurely days that appeals
to pedestrians. Every county and almost every village has its historian who has written the history
of the locality; and of county atlases of various periods there are not a few. Especially adapted for
the pedestrian is Mrs. Sarah Comstock's "Old Roads From the Heart of New York," fourteen chapters
of which are concerned with this part of New Jersey and New York and whose bibliography lists
most of the works worth consulting.

It is not widely realized how important a
r61e the topography of this area has played
in the history of the nation. Here many of
Washington's most strategic maneuvers
were staged, and their success was largely
dependent upon the peculiar formation of
the terrain.
The four outstanding walls of basalt or
trap rock discussed above, form four great
natural ramparts which could not have been
better designed for the purpose by a military engineer. Washington knew nothing of
their geological origin, but he was a good
strategist and realized well their defensive
value.  The Palisades from   Bayonne to
Piermont and their extension into Hook
Mountain formed the first line of defense.

The double crests of the Watchungs formed
an immensely strong inner line. Back of
that, Long Hill, the other Hook Mountain
(or Towakho Mountain, from Pine Brook to
Mountain View), and Packanack Mountain
provided inner redoubts. The double line of
the Watchungs was further engineered by
nature in that its flanks recurve, from
Bound Brook back to Bernardsville on the
south and from Paterson around to Oakland
on the north, right up to the older, solid
mass of the gneiss and granite Highlands of
New Jersey. Cross faulting of the Watchung
ridges, making gaps at Paterson, Great
Notch, Summit, Plainfield, and Bound
Brook, made convenient and easily defended
sally ports from this field fortress. The




NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

II7

fronts of the ridges were steep and easy to
protect and afforded numerous sentry posts.
After the disastrous battle of Long Island,
when Washington found that his ill-disciplined and ever-changing forces would not
stand against the British and Hessian professional soldiers, he determined on a Fabian
military policy which seemed to him likely
to wear down the British resolution to force
the Americans to return to the rule of the
mother country. Washington Irving, explaining, in his history of his great namesake, Washington's reasons for locating his
camp at Morristown, N. J., makes clear the
wisdom of the General's strategy. He says:
"Further considerations persuaded him
that it was well situated for the system of
petty warfare which he meditated and induced him to remain there. It was protected
by forests and rugged heights. All approach
from the seaboard was rendered difficult and
dangerous to a hostile force by a chain of
sharp hills, while various defiles in the rear
afforded safer retreats into a fertile and wellpeopled region.".
The outer of the four ramparts of igneous
rock was passed, in its lower portion, after
the British took New York City, crossed to
the Palisades, captured Fort Lee, and advanced troops across the Hackensack and
Passaic valleys. But they never passed the
great double inner line of the Watchungs in
force. They marched along the foot of its
columned cliffs on their way to Philadelphia
and back. In December, 1776, a small cavalry party, raiding from New Brunswick,
reached Basking Ridge and captured Gen.
Charles Lee and his staff. Never afterward
did any British or Hessians pass the Watchings.
Washington retreated over the Delaware
in December, 1776; but after his return into
New Jersey for the brilliant campaign of the
battles of Trenton and Princeton, his tired
and overmatched forces eluded the British
and made their way up the north branch of
the Raritan, past the protecting flank of the
Watchungs. to his camp at Morristown.

This base was made stronger every month,
and served as a safe rallying place and source
of supplies for the rest of the war.
The conformation of these basalt ridges
was further useful to Washington in giving
him  interior  lines  of communication,
whereon he could move his troops north or
south unseen by the enemy or thrust them
out of the gaps whenever attack threatened.
But for these ramparts, the British might
have moved large forces against his camp at
Morristown and have brought on the general engagement which the enemy commanders constantly sought and in which they
could have defeated and scattered the Continentals. But Washington kept them at
bay and moved his troops north and south
to and from his other stronghold in the
Highlands of the Hudson (where PreCambrian geology had provided another
mountain fortress) and to southern New
Jersey and Pennsylvania as occasion demanded.
In the Yorktown campaign, in 178I, the
Palisades and Watchungs again served General Washington as an impenetrable screen
back of which were performed the maneuvers that deceived the British in New York
City until it was too late for them to save
Cornwallis. While feints by small bodies of
troops from Morristown through the notch
at Summit kept the British busy looking for
an attack on Staten Island, Washington,
informed of the arrival of the French fleet
in the Chesapeake, launched his long-held,
thunderbolt. French and American troops
in Westchester hurriedly crossed the Hudson at Stony Point and marched down the
road along the Ramapo front, concealed first
by the Tor Ridge, Hook Mountain, and the
Palisades and further on by the Watchungs,
over the road through Pompton, Mountain
View, Pine Brook, Whippany, and Morristown on to Trenton and Philadelphia.
Washington had three days' start before Sir
Henry Clinton found out what was going on
behind the ridges, and by that time it was
too late to rescue the British at Yorktown.




NEW YORK WALK BOOKiia8

M ap 8

'J - i
Figure,54

FIRST MOUNTAIN, MILBURN TO MONTCLAIR

Access by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Hoboken to Milburn
(45 minutes, 70 cents). The trolley from
Newark runs to a point on Milburn Avenue,a short distance south of the station. Walking distance i i miles. Routes by paths and
cross country with a little climbing.
Walk north from the station, taking a
path that leads at once towards the quarry
on the end of First Mountain (Fig. 58). The
path goes up the south edge of the quarry
and comes out at the summer house on the
summit of Washington Rock, from which
one gets a widespread view of the plain
extending towards Staten Island. (The
view in Figure 55~ is not toward Staten
Island but to the south.) This is in the
Essex County, or South Mountain,, Reservation, which includes the ridge and most of
the valley northward for 4 miles.
Continue along the mountain by the park
paths for about 2 miles to South Orange
Avenue, the main cross-mountain highway.

If you have kept near the top of the ridge,
turn to the left (west) down the road for a
few hundred feet to a park road runniing
northerly from the house.  Turn at the
house (sign: To Walker Avenue) and follow
the wood road north to St. Cloud and another cross-mountain road, Northfield
Avenue (4Y'~miles from Milburn),.
A few rods down the hill, just west of
Rock. Spriag, turn to the right (north) up
the slope on the road and follow it around
the bend northeast to the second elbow. At
this point leave the road, follow the path in
the same direction., and continue cross country along the western slope of the mountain
midway between the upper and lower roads.
Unless the season be w inter it may be advisable to turn east on the second of the two
crossroads to the main highway to avoid
golf links on which pedestrians are not
welcome. If the road is followed, continue
north for a half mile or more and turn east
towards the edge of the mountain at any




Map 8

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

I19

convenient place before reaching the high-.
way to Eagle Rock. The latter point is soon
reached and is marked by a park, lake, and
paths (7% miles).
Roads and paths lead northward to
Bloomfield Avenue (92 miles); or, as an
alternative one may descend the front of
the cliff to Montclair. On Bloomfield Ave-                            7   P
nue turn down the hill easterly for a mile
or more to the Lackawanna station (ii |j' 1'                         z
miles) or to the Erie, which is some distance...
farther to the northeast.
This trip, except for the climb at the be-  c
ginning, is hardly off the level and. is in
the woods except for some of the way on the
highways. Water is occasionally found in                             -
streams and springs.
From the top of the quarry there are a..
number of northerly trails and bridlepaths
on the western slope through clearings and                     "
fine woods. Knowing that there is an interesting brook at his left to follow and a park
road on the summit, the walker needs little
further direction for exploration. Vistas                                   <
should be cut to open views such as Figure
55 at the beginning and Figure 54 at the
end of this walk.
Return by the Lackawanna Railroad to
Hoboken (30 minutes, 51 cents); or by
Bloomfield Avenue trolley to Newark and
by the Hudson Tubes train to Manhattan          J
(i hour, 40 cents).                       '. o~er- 71rt6,z  o /4ie/ A  -zcd.r
One may also return by the Erie Rail-    ofy  enfor-, T47e.e',~7  e./a
road to Jersey City and then by Hudson
Tubes to Manhattan.                                    Figure 55
FIRST MOUNTAIN-PATERSON TO EAGLE ROCK AND MONTCLAIR

Access by the Erie Railroad from Jersey
City to Paterson (35 minutes, 67 cents) and
south along the track to Clay Street; or by
trolley from i3oth Street ferry to Paterson,
transferring to Main Street line as far as
Clay Street (I3  hours, 35 cents). Walking
distance 13 miles. Route by roads and
paths with a little climbing.
At Clay Street turn to the right (west),
crossing the canal and the Delaware, Lacka
wanna & Western Railroad. Climb the hill
by the path to Garret Rock for the extensive
view of Paterson and the valley of the lower
Passaic River.
Continue along the ridge south for a mile,
past the stone tower, and on to the crossroad. Turn west on this to the valley road,
and a short distance south take the disused
lane up the ridge to the right (west). From
here is a good view of the valley of the




120

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Passaic River, Great Piece Meadows, the
bed of ancient Lake Passaic.
Walk south along the slope of this ridge
cross country, bearing gradually to the left
of the road about a half mile from Great
Notch. Continue to the station (4 miles
from Paterson) and cross the bridge over
the track. An eighth of a mile farther on
take the left-hand road and follow it to the
crest of First Mountain, about three-quarters of a mile distant.
At this point one can pick up a path leading south along the crest of the ridge. From
here on, the plain is constantly in view with
Manhattan on the eastern sky line (Fig. 54).
The Montclair State Normal School with
red roof and white walls is the most conspicuous building in the nearer area.
The path follows the top of the ridge with
a few interruptions in the shape of crossroads; but these afford some sport in the
ascent and descent of the cliffs. Three
miles of this brings one near Montclair.
FIRST MOUNTAIN, PLAIN

Keep just to the right of the houses, and
take the road south to Bloomfield Avenue.
Turn to the left to the very apex of the
roads, where all meet at the top of the rise.
Turn south on Sunset Avenue or Afterglow
Avenue, turning from this to the left again
at the first turn in order to keep along the
mountain ridge. Eagle Rock Reservation is
soon reached by road or path through the
woods to Eagle Rock (ii miles). A trolley
line runs to the base of Eagle Rock.
Here descend the cliff and turn back on
Mountain Avenue toward Bloomfield Avenue, passing through some of the handsomest streets in Montclair. Turn to the
right on Bloomfield Avenue to the Lackawanna station. The Erie station is some
distance farther north and east.
Return by the Lackawanna Railroad to
Hoboken (35 minutes, 51 cents); or by the
Bloomfield Avenue trolley to Newark and
by the Hudson Tubes train to Manhattan
(i hour, 40 cents).
FIELD TO BOUND BROOK
Access by the Central Railroad of New
Jersey from Liberty Street ferry to Plainfield
(i hour, 86 cents). Walking distance 15
miles.
From the station turn toward the east to
the old Quaker meetinghouse (1788) and
walk northwest on Watchung Avenue to the
foot of the hill where, at Prospect Street,
Johnston Drive comes in from the right.
Turn with it to the left to Somerset Street,
the end of the trolley line. To reach this
point by trolley take it from the meetinghouse east of the station.
Continue on Prospect Street across Somerset Street and Stony Brook and up the hill
to the road at the right which leads to the
quarry: Turn in to the quarry and go
straight past the house on a path, then turn
up hill on the path leading behind the works.
At the crest of the quarry one can look back
over the plain toward Plainfield. Continue
along the path which rises to the top of the
hill and goes southward through the woods

C cGZzU oFigure 5 brOa,
Figure 56




Map 9

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

121

till it comes out into cleared farm land.
Here the path enters a wood road which is
to be followed along the ridge, through some
wet meadowland, woods, and thickets. Then,
at a fork in the path, keep to the right, descending to a private road. Follow this road
to the highway crossing the hill. This road is
unused to the left, down the steep front of
the hill, but is travel-worn to the, right
Stoward Washingtonville by those who live in
the surrounding colony. Follow the road in
this direction for perhaps 200 feet and then
turn to the left on the road to Washington
Rock. One may take this as a direct way to
the Rock or one may take the wood road
leading straight ahead from the bend and
go through the woods for some ten minutes
to a spring and spring house (4 miles from
Plainfield). Keep past this on its upper
side; the path, swinging around to the east
and crossing the road, makes directly for
Washington Rock.
Washington Rock is a projecting point of
the trap rock ridge 520 feet above sea level,
commanding a superb view of the plain
between the Watchungs on the west and
Staten Island on the east. Here is spread
out an apparently level plain whose farther
limits seem to be only the limits of vision.
Directly east against the sky line is Staten
Island; a little to the north of it lies New
York, visible only under exceptional conditions; to the southeast, directly out from the
Rock the heights of Atlantic Highlands can
be made out; all at a distance of 20 miles or
so. Nearer, the lofty aerials of the New
Brunswick wireless station tower into the
sky, while Plainfield and Dunellen at the
foot of the ridge are the principal towns
visible. The spreading checkerboard of field
and wood disguises the fact that a large population is within range of vision.
Here,. in May and June of 1777, General
Washington spent many days sweeping the country through his glass for movements of the'
British. This has been commemorated by a
tablet erected here on a stone monument:
"From this rock General George Washington

watched the movements of the British forces
during the anxious months of May and June, 1777.
Erected by the Continental Chapter-Daughters
of the American Revolution, and the people of
Plainfield and North Plainfield, 1912. Lest we
forget."
To continue the walk, return to the roadway and walk southwest on it-a rocky road
used just enough to keep it rutted. Passing
a house or two, with occasional views to the
west of Second Mountain, one comes in the
course of a mile to a cross-mountain road (5
miles from Plainfield). Turn to the left
(south) on this dirt road for 1oo feet to
another road leading southwest as before
along the ridge. This keeps pretty well back
from the tree-covered crest. After a mile or
more on this, one comes to a pump-a welcome source of water-and soon after arrives at a dirt road coming up the hill from
behind on the right-Morning Glory Road,
the first of short cuts to Bound Brook. A few
hundred feet further is its intersection with
King George's Road (7 miles).
The wood road to be followed meets King
George's Road some distance down the slope
to the right, but a short cut leads to it from
a point just beyond the lawn in front of the
house standing in the corner of the two highways. This leads to the wood road similar to
the others along the ridge. Do not be diverted by forks in the road, the left of which
swings around to cross the right-hand way,
but keep straight ahead past the black
standpipe (which may be climbed) to a wellworn crossroad leading to Bound Brook.
Continue again along a grassy wood road
parallel to the ridge, which in a half mile
brings you to another good road, Vosseller
Avenue, where is a spring (9 miles). This is
the last short cut to Bound Brook, the station
being nearly 3 miles distant.
From the corner by the spring turn to the
right and go over the crest and down the
farther slope about 300 feet to the road on
the left. This goes through the woods, then
along fields. Near the tumble-down house
turn to the left southwestward to Chimney




122

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 9

f~c~U~LJm.
C~^3
lA  U/a ic.urtueCr r
^^   ~-3

~2 J4Luift O~evZaI-yower

Figure 57

Rock on the end of this section of the ridge
(Fig. 56). The other side of the clove is the
scene of elaborate quarrying operations,
beyond which to left and right are views of
the Raritan River Valley and of Washington
Valley respectively.
The latter is well named, for in it and around
Chimney Rock was the encampment of the
Continental troops under General Washington
during the spring of 1777. Protecting them from
the British in the plains around New Brunswick
the heights on both sides of the gap had been
strongly fortified. About Chimney Rock clings

the shadowy romance of an Indian girl whose lover
had been killed by a rival. She, seeking the rock
where she had last seen him, hears her lover
calling. She leaps from the rock into his arms, as
she thinks, and is killed on the rocks below.
A path descends steeply toward the east
and joins the highway near its crossing of
Middle Brook. Turn to the left on this
road.   An hour's walk along Vosseller,
Union, and Hamilton Avenues brings one
to the Bound Brook station.
Return by the Central Railroad of New
Jersey to Jersey City (I to I ~  hours, $1.13).

SUMMIT TO PLAINFIELD

Access by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Hoboken to Summit
(I hour, 84 cents). Walking distance 13
miles. Route by roads and paths with little
climbing.
From the Summit station walk west a few
rods to Maple Street, turn south to Morris
Avenue, then to the right to Prospect Street,
and again to the left to Tulip Street. Turn
to the left (eastward) on Tulip Street and
follow it to its end on Stony Hill Road. Here
turn to the right and take the path to the
left to the water tower on the top of the hill

(Iz  miles). The view to the east is of the
valley of Blue Brook and First Watchung
Mountain.
Follow the road down the eastern slope
to its junction with the valley road. A short
distance to the right (south) turn in on the
lane towards the pumping station, going
past it and    continuing  cross country
through the marshy meadow-the only
water hazard on the trip-to the highway
just up the eastern slope; or you may go
south around the lake, following its west
side, and cross at the dam. On this road




Map 8

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

123

S*c~~~l & au^W^  7fi5^ -MOUA^AWW f^'QUM: A  A/ W-YL-COtT q M0,,,4d..i,,"   ft -  '1l 9 BaASIJrot

~~ ~7Y~OTfL~ fo
~70

Figure 58

turn south up the hill, taking the left-hand
fork to the top (3 miles).
Here, on the right, opens an embowered
lane. Walk along this to the observatory, a
quarter mile distant. From this is to be
seen the characteristic view (Fig. 58)-the
plain extending eastward to Staten Island
with Westfield, Cranford, Rahway, an
Elizabeth immediately ahead.
From the observatory continue south
along the path to the house and, turning sharply here, follow the lane to the
west to the dirt road, Summit Lane. Again
turning south, follow the lane to the crossmountain road and turn right (west) for
some 300 yards to another road running
south along the slope of the mountain.
(These hill roads are quite stony and little
traveled.)
Continue south, past occasional farms for
about a mile to the next crossroad (6 miles
from Summit). Turn to the left at this corner and almost immediately turn to the
right into the woods on a wood road. Follow
it along the ridge, bearing to the right past
a farm and then down hill to the valley road
along Blue Brook. Turn south along this
road, whose red dirt shows its origin in the

old red sandstone, cross Blue Brook, and
continue on to the four corners of the motor
road (7 miles). Take the left-hand road into
the notch, where the brook flows in its cut
through the mountain. Here are some beautiful cliffs of the familiar trap rock. From
this point it is a two-mile walk straight down
the road to Fanwood station of the Centra
Railroad of New Jersey.
After passing the falls and crossing the
bridge, go on to a wood road which, coming
down the hill on the right, joins the highway
at a sharp angle. Turn back on this, uphill,
and follow it around the bend southward
along the hillside to the motor road; or
keeping down the highway to the corner,
turn up hill on the motor road to Johnston
Drive.
On the motor road turn to the left for afew
hundred feet to an open lane on the right.
Take this south to Johnston Drive, which
runs along the crest of the ridge. Walk
along this for its 3 miles, descending with
it to the Washingtonville Road, Somerset Street. (A short cut to Plainfield
is a road which turns from the crest down
the cliff about 2 miles from the beginning
of the drive.)    Turning  on  Somerset




124

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 8

Street to the east, a walk of 1/2 miles (or  Return by the Central Railroad of New
an occasional electric car) takes one to the Jersey to New York (60 to 75 minutes, 94
Plainfield station.                       cents).
SECOND WATCHUNG MOUNTAIN-MILBURN TO CALDWELL

Access by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western Railroad from Hoboken to Milburn
(45 minutes, 70 cents). Walking distance
Io miles. Route by paths and cross country;
fairly level.
The first and second Watchung Mountains
are geologically of the same period-the Triassic,
being the edge of successive flows of basalt separated by layers of red sandstone. They are
almost equally elevated, 500 to 650 feet above
sea level, and are slightly higher than the Palisades, an earlier lava flow.
Just north of the station turn west along
the macadam road a half mile to its junction
with Brookside Drive, on the west side to
the Rahway River. Turn to the right and
walk north on the drive, past the ponds on
the right and the deer paddock on the left,
along a beautifully shaded road to South
Orange   Avenue (2/    miles from   Milburn).
At this corner turn to the left (west) on
the highway and climb to the top of.the
hill. A short distance from the front of the
ridge a path turns north from the highway
at about the highest point of the road.
Follow this north through the woods for a
mile to another highway coming up the
eastern slope on the diagonal.
At a point above the turn of the road over
the crest a similar path may be found running north along the ridge. Follow this to a
point perhaps a mile north of the highway
to an abandoned crossroad, called on some
maps Cedar Lane (5 miles). Crossing thisand proceeding as before, the path goes a
half mile and then peters out in the woods.
Continue through an open grove, beyond
which a path may be found some 400 to 600
feet back from the cliff. Follow it as before
-here along some of its prettiest stretches

-to the Livingston-Orange crossroad, Mt.
Pleasant Avenue (6 miles).
Here, some distance to the left, the road
coming up through a cut reaches its highest
point. Turn to that point and take a farm
lane north again, swinging to the east to
regain the front of the ridge, where the path
runs as before. This path disappears after
something like a mile, but one may continue
cross country through the thick woods or
along the edge of cultivated land on the
eastern slope with its rural landscapes.
From Eagle Rock Road, near Pleasantdale
(8 miles) north to Caldwell (Io miles) the
course is cross country, if one can negotiate
the farm land in the rear of the houses here.
This may be done by picking one's way near
the front of the ridge and then turning to the
crest when the woods are reached. This
ridge leads north to Bloomfield Avenue between Caldwell and Verona.
Considerably more variety may be introduced into this walk by going some distance,
a quarter to a half mile, to the west of the
route described and walking cross country
and by occasional wood roads along the
slope parallel to the ridge. The difficulty in
this is in maintaining one's direction in the
uneven thickly wooded terrain.      Water
occurs in streams on this slope, as is found
crossing Cedar Lane, except, perhaps, in
periods of drought; whereas on the crest
it is found but once or twice and in wet
seasons.
Return by Bloomfield Avenue car to the
Lackawanna station, Montclair (15 minutes); and thence by the Lackawanna or
Erie Railroad to Hoboken or Jersey City
(30 minutes, 51 cents); or to Newark (I
hour, 2 fares) and thence by the Hudson
tubes to Manhattan




NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

125

PREAKNESS RANGE, HIGH MOUNTAIN-HALEDON TO FRANKLIN AND
RETURN

Access by the 130th Street ferry, Paterson
trolley to Broadway and Main street, and
Paterson and Haledon car to the end of the
line (I24 hours, 34 cents); or by main line
of the Erie Railroad from Jersey City to
Paterson (40 minutes, 70 cents), and Haledon car to the end of the line. Walking
distance ii miles. Route hilly and rough,
by paths and cross country.
The Preakness Range is geologically the continuation of the Second Watchung Mountain,
though the valley of the Passaic River makes.a
considerable break between them. It corresponds,
too' with the northern extension of the Palisades
far to the east, and with the Packanack Mountain
to the west, being the middle of the series lying
roughly parallel with one another. The columnar
structure of the rock is to be noted everywhere,
with its eastward-facing cliff. Its associate, the
prickly pear, is occasionally found, as on the other
trap rock ridges. Franklin Clove has its corresponding structure in Long Clove and Short Clove
below Haverstraw. The varied surface, wild
state, and many old wood roads make this section
of lasting interest to the lover of the out of doors.
From the end of the car line walk north
along the motor road for about a mile to a
brook. Turn up the path on the north side
of the bridge and follow it to the amphitheater and falls.
Climbing the bank, follow the stream for a
few yards, then turn to the right up a brook
bed, and follow it to a fence and a wood
road. Turn to the right (east) on the road to
a path climbing the hill to the.north.
From the top of this, Pennyroyal Hill, may
be had a fine view of the country to the
south and of "the Goffle," or ridge of First
Mountain, to the east.
Continue straight over this hill to the
north, descending into an open vale with a
stand of young trees on its upper side.
Through this take the path leading northwest along the western foot of the next hill
for about a half mile; then take the right
hand fork through the thickets to the small
brook flowing east. Cross this brook and
follow an old wood road diagonally up the
slope northeast. From this road climb more
sharply to the bare top of High Mountain
(3 miles).
The view from this point lacks but little
of the entire circle, the trees when in leaf
cutting off some of the western landscape.
Northwest and north is the receding range
of the Ramapos, Suffern, and the gap of the
Ramapo on the north point. To the east
the horizon is bounded by the line of the
Palisades, with Hook Mountain lying on the
northeast point. Southeast the skyscrapers
of Manhattan are visible. This point is the
highest elevation east 'of the Ramapos (879
feet).
The path leads along the ridge of the
mountain, at the end of which one gets a
view of the more southerly Ramapo hills,
Windbeam Mountain with its two humps
being easily made out over the nearer range.
Keep pretty well to the left down the
easier slopes, striking a brook and a wood
road at the foot. Turn down the brook into
the path and follow it until it reaches the
lower grove, through which a path turns to
the left, crosses the brook, and enters meadow land. To the north a path leads to a
house. Avoid this but keep on up the slope
northwest to the farthest corner of the
fields. Enter the woods and, going 400 feet
north, strike another wood road at right
angles. Turn west on this and, when it
curves down the slope, cross the northwardflowing stream and turn to the right (north)
along a lane, the northern part of "Long
Lane." This soon runs through an abandoned farm and then through primeval
forest. After about three-quarters of a mile
of this lane one comes to a lane to the left
lined with cedars. Follow this down to the
edge of Franklin Lake. This is a charming
sheet of water, a lake of glacial formation,




126

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map i

bordered by wilds on the east and farm lands
on the west (5 miles from Haledon).
Turn south along the east shore through
the abandoned farm and follow the lane into
the woods with "Little Round Top" on the
left. By leaving the birches and keeping
straight ahead one comes to a brook trickling
down a cascade. Cross this. On the other
side the road bends to the right toward the
western side of the vale. Here, as it crosses
another brook, turn to the left and continue
south through the clove. This is as interesting a spot as one can find, the rock talus
only just at the point of repose, and farther
on great masses of rock lying scattered
about in wild confusion.
Keeping up the slope, one comes to a lane
which runs to the right to a highway. Keep
straight ahead, however, crossing a small
stream, the outlet of the clove swamp, and
follow the wood road for the better part of a
mile passing a fork which leads to the right
(south) and too far west, and one to the
left which leads up hill to the north. The
middle road keeps through an open oak forst. On reaching the edge of the cultivated

fields turn to the left to the foot of the
ridge.
Turn right (east) along the foot of the hill
to a brook. From here climb to the first
shoulder of the hill, 30 to 40 feet up, and
continue on this level, climbing rather than
descending, until a wood road along the east
side of the hill is reached. This descends to
the right to cross the golf links and goes on
to Long Lane on the east side of the valley.
Keep off the links if possible by going around
the green to the left through the woods near
the reservoir and picking up Long Lane on
the farther side.
Turn down Long Lane to the right and
follow it for some five minutes or more to a
path coming off the hill at right angles; then
turn up hill and continue directly east cross
country and across the ridges, or southeast
as far as the paths of the outward-bound
walk, and so come to the highway and then
to Haledon (II miles).
Return by trolley and the 30oth Street
ferry to New York (I~ hours, 34 cents); or
by trolley to Paterson, thence by the Erie
Railroad to Jersey City (I hour, 77 cents).

PIERMONT RIDGE (SNAKE HILL)-TAPPAN TO NYACK

Access by the West Shore Railroad from
West 42nd    Street ferry  to  Tappan    (75
minutes, 75 cents); or by Hudson River
trolley from I3oth Street ferry to Bogota and
the West Shore Railroad to Tappan (60
cents). Walking distance 9 miles. Route,
hilly, on paths and roads.
A number of historic points make Tappan of
much interest. Let the first part of' your walk
include these points. First, go west from the
station up the slope along the road. Just past the
concrete wall at the summit turn to the left up the
hill and see the monument erected in i88o to the
memory of Andre, who was hanged on this spot
October 2, 1780. Retrace your steps past the
station, soon passing on the left the old parsonage
(built 1729) of the Dutch Reformed Church
standing alone in a five-acre plot. At the corner
to the east stands the church building erected in

1835, the third on the site. In its predecessor, the
second structure, Andr6's trial was held.
Just south of the church and opposite the end
of the Sparkill Road stands the "'76 house" where
Andre was imprisoned, now a port of call for the
hungry and thirsty. One may go in and see the
very room and table used by the prisoner. Across
the stream, on the Palisades road, at the first
corner on the right, is another old house set in
beautiful grounds. The rear part, of stone, was
General Washington's headquarters.
To pursue the route of the walk turn back
now to the road running north, east of the
stream. A quarter mile north this road
comes to King's Highway, a very ancient
road but unmarked. Follow its windings
eastwardly for about a mile, passing another
seventeenth-century   house.     Cross the
railroad and approach another road. At the




Map 5

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

127,:9....   '.','?...  '  ~'...."""...............................   ~......                     -~._....................,.'":
~  " -- er'.rezw
F4i. ofa de.eu )
   Vt.a dovT Jt3yjW-am 7'fe T'~1P
Figure 59

corner turn to the right, then at the Mountain House to the left, and keep straight
north along this road. (Broadway turns off
to Nyack to the east of the inn.) Keep along
the road, a part of King's Highway, as it
goes north along the foot of the hill to the
first turn into the cemetery on the right
opposite a small white house (3 miles).
Climb the hill through the cemetery and
at the crest of the hill find the graves of
John C. Fremont, "the Pathfinder," and
of Gorringe, whose exploit in bringing Cleopatra's Needle to America is pictured on his
monument. From this point one gets a good
view of the Tappan Zee, the old Erie.pier,
and the picturesque western margin of
Westchester County. From this point a
path leads to the top of Mt. Nebo; but,
as the observatory there is out of repair and
dangerous, one may.better pursue his way
down the eastern steeps a short distance to a
well-defined north-south trail (4 miles).
This is the old Highland Avenue that Tweed
inveigled the local authorities into building
as a real estate venture, until popular indignation put a stop to it.

Having found the trail, one soon crosses a
brook, about the only water on this side of
the ridge. Continue north for more than a
mile to the road over the hill from Orangeburg to Bight (6 miles). Cross this road and
continue along the more winding trail over
the highland ahead, a part of the Interstate
Park. One gets fine views of the western
landscape as far as the Ramapo Mountains.
This trail finally enters a motor road, Bradley Road, down which one may go to the
Erie station (9 miles from Tappan) or,
crossing it, follow a path over the next knoll
and across the fields to the West Nyack
road. Over this road a bus line connects the
Tarrytown ferry with the West Shore Railroad at West Nyack, 2 miles to the west.
Return by the Erie Railroad from Nyack
to Jersey City (80 minutes, $1.13); or to
Tenafly by train and then by trolley and the
30oth Street ferry (66 cents); or from the
foot of Main Street ferry to Tarrytown and
return by the New York Central Railroad
to Grand Central Terminal (ifs hours,
$1.04). The last is the most picturesque
route.

COYTESVILLE

Access by Dyckman Street ferry to
Englewood Landing. Route by paths, roads
and climbing. This is a fairly short walk
(about 5 miles) but offers considerable
variety and can be shortened or lengthened
according to the tramper's pleasure.

A pleasant ferry trip lands one in the
Palisades Interstate Park at one of its busy
points, but it is left at once for a walk of a
mile down stream either by the shore or by
the road on the slope above. When the
upper road is completed it will probably be




128

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

infested with cars on holidays and Sundays,
leaving the shore path as the only route for
trampers. The mystery of a motor road
along this narrow space has never been
satisfactorily explained to the pedestrian,
whose hold on life is getting shorter and
shorter.
Soon after passing Pine Point one comes
to Ross Dock, a camping place. High above
on the edge of the cliff a white building
gleams, and a zigzag path is seen climbing
toward it. Walk down a quarter mile to the
end of this path. The path climbs steeply
along the level of the old quarry, soon to be
usurped by the road, and then by the zigzags to the top of the cliff. The view is good
from here. A better view and a resting place
are found, however, by walking on to the
highway and turning north a block or two
to the end of Washington Avenue to a park
on the cliff.
Turn about and follow Washington Avenue through Coytesville (Linwood on U. S.
Geological Survey map), a quaint old-fashioned village only just now feeling the urge
of modernity. Fourth street is one of the
motor highways along the Palisades, and
down the slope beyond is the trolley line to
Weehawken, on which transfers to I3oth
Street ferry cars are to be had.
Turn with the car tracks to the right and
follow the unused route beyond the next
street and as far as the house by the woods.
Here take a path on the left which goes in
the same general direction. You will soon
come to a wood road. Take this to the left
and at the next wood road turn again to the
left. This road leads around a slope, across
the brook, and up the slope beyond to a
ridge wood road. The walk from the village

has been through a wood of beeches,-probably the best stand of that tree around New
York. Their gleaming silver trunks show
to advantage in the spring and fall when no
leaves obstruct the view.
On the ridge road turn to the left (southward), taking either of its branches for perhaps a third of a mile, passing an old cemetery, and coming to a graveled road. Turn
to the right, as the road comes to an end
here, and take in the view over the Hackensack valley. On the horizon to the left the
Watchung Mountains extend into the distance' Directly in front, at right angles to
the ridge, Paterson may be seen over the
roofs of Hackensack some ten miles away.
To the north of that place High Mountain
rises, and still further to the right, on a clear
day, one can see the Ramapos some twenty
miles distant.
From the end of the graveled road a road
leads to the right down hill in the direction
of a trap-rock quarry; but directly in front
of you a grassy path leads down more directly and avoids the quarry. Follow this
down hill through the woods, crossing the
brook that comes from the direction of
Taylorville, to the highway, Jones Road,
at the corner and near the two bridges.
The road leads to the trolley. at Nordhoff,
but the route of the walk is south for a mile
or so along Jones Road. This has the
brook valley on the left, with its beautiful
beech woods, and on the right the broad
Hackensack valley, of which one gets occasional glimpses through the trees. This road
leads to Taylorville and the Fort Lee trolley,
the east-bound cars of which take you to
Edgewater, and the 13oth Street ferry for an
8-cent fare.

HOOK MOUNTAIN-NYACK TO CONGERS

Access by the New York Central Railroad
from Grand Central Terminal to Tarrytown
(r hour, 89 cents) and ferry to Nyack (I5
cents); or in winter, by the Northern

Railroad of New Jersey from the Erie
station, Jersey City, to Nyack (I hour,
$1.13,); or by the 30oth Street ferry and
trolley to Tenafly and the Northern R. R.




NORTHERN N~iW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND

12o

of New Jersey to Nyack. Walking distance
ii miles. Route by paths, cross country,
and climbing. (See Figs. 26 and 30.)
From the ferry walk up hill to Broadway
and turn north right through the center of
this old-fashioned town (Fig. 26). Passing
through Upper Nyack one comes, just beyond the country club, to a brook at the
corner of a road from the hill. Turn here and
follow the road up the hill to the corner of
the motor road, Midland Avenue, and walk
north on the dirt road, which is still Midland Avenue, whereas the motor route
seeks a higher level. An eighth of a mile
from the corner a lane leads up hill into the
woods. Take this and, after crossing the
swamp, head across lots to the right towards
the cliff until the motor road, Highland
Avenue, is reached again. A short distance
on this brings one to the fork of the old road.
Keep on the latter to the hairpin curve,
where the trail begins.
Leave the road and follow the trail at
first up sharply then to the right (eastward)
along the front of the slope, from which are
fine views. Then go steeply up over the
ridge and finally climb the cone of "Verdrietige" Hook from the north side (3 miles
from Nyack).
This height (730 feet) is geologically a part of
thile Palisades trap-rock formation. It was named
by the Dutch "Verdrietige" (troublesome) from
the contrary winds encountered off the point.
The path leads right over the tops of the
humps and close to the edge of a quarry
cliff. On the second peak it passes a bungalow (whence there is a path down towards
the view and the quarry) and, going down
the slope beyond, picks up an old road,
probably a part of the Tweed operation of
the seventies. (To find a spring, turn down
this road to the left to the abandoned
house and cross the open to the woods at the
rear.) This road takes one again along the
crest of the ridge. After passing the stone
house, go to the left of the little pond and
continue north until the trail comes out of

the woods at the top of the hill near Rockland Lake village. Here at the cliff's edge
is another view of the Hudson, including
Croton Point and the lighthouse near Rockland Landing. (It may be well here to study
the route ahead, the fields, and the ridge to
the north. The way is to the west of the
first knob and takes in the second hill,
either across the fields or through the woods
on the ridge.) Now descend the hill to the
left by a path past a ruined house to the
corner, the center of Rockland Lake village,
and cross there the tramway used for transporting ice from lake to river boat (5
miles).
From this corner the West Shore Railroad
at Congers is 2 miles distant. A bus line
goes this way, connecting Nyack and
Haverstraw.
At the corner turn toward the river to the
first street on the left and follow it to an
open space, an unimproved street, on the
left. Down this pick up the grassy lane
running north and follow it to the right to
Trough Hollow. Here make a choice of
routes, both difficult: the fields because of
the number of stone walls and thickets and
the amount of poison ivy; the woods because of rocks and the lack of paths.
Route i, by the fields: Cross these as they
come, as in checkers, moving along the foot
of the ridge from square to square diagonally
to the right. Trails and lanes may be picked
up from time to time until the last field in a
corner of the woods is reached. Go to its
far corner and. strike into the woods bearing
to the left as far as the first path. Follow
this to the right till it comes out into fields
again. Now keep along a lane running
between fields until in sight of the farmhouse. Avoid this if possible by cutting
diagonally to the left, i. e. at right angles to
the ridge. This soon brings one out on a
straight north-south wood road, the grade
originally intended for the West Shore
Railroad. Continue on this to the left
(south). At a cross lane turn to the left
and soon make another turn to the right




130               NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

MaP 5

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-TRIASSIC LOWLAND      I3I

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CKdTACKIEJoM5Es  PPESWAMP ~LAOCrY~EAPOl  $LL
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iL^i)E-tNQwiv  ^yvyAF L-ETCHeOR-TH
Figure 6o

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BA 5  CFROW NST.5R SAI....k  A..HON..OS....a......
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Figure 6o

(south again) to the station at Coigers (xo
miles from Nyack).
Route 2, by the ridge: From Trough Hollow climb the ridge and follow its crest
through the woods for 2/2 miles to Long
Clove. Here on the bank above the highway
one strikes the upper end of the same grade
mentioned above.    Follow  this south
around the bend over the railroad tunnel

and, east of the tracks, turn south to follow
it, as described before, to Congers (rI miles).
Water is found but rarely on this trip and
only in the lowland.
Return by the West Shore Railroad tg
Weehawken and the West 42nd Street ferry
(rI4 hours, $1.07); or to Bogota (80 cerits.)
and trolley and ferry to 3soth Street (p9
cents).

MOUNT IVY AND THE TORS-MOUNT IVY TO CONGERS

Access by the New Jersey & New York
Railroad from the Erie station, Jersey City,
to Mount Ivy (2 hours, $1.34)> Walking
distance 9 miles. Route by paths and crosscountry climbing.
The trip here outlined, from Mount Ivy
to Congers, has two great advantages over
many other trips: the splendid views from a
large part of the course and the negligible
amount of walking on motor roads.
From the station at Mount Ivy cross the
tracks and the highway at once, going past
the signal post up the slope along a footpath.
This soon meets the grade of the abandoned
quarry road, along which one goes to the
highway. Here, just opposite the end of the
quarry, turn to the right along the road for

400 or 500 feet past the house on the right,;
then, on approaching the house on the left-,
turn in at the gate, going along a cedar lanfe
to the cellar hole, where the path turns uphill to, the crest of the quarry. Here is a far-,
reaching panorama of the northern Ramapos, with Cheesecock Hill in the nearerspace. The trough-like hollow running back
into the Ramapo rampart is File Factory,
Hollow, with Lime Kiln Mountain on the
south side and Horse Chock Mountain ofn
the north.
The roadway now runs back to the powder house, but one should keep to the ridgp
on the path. This dodges about in a trying
manner but is easily picked up again. InA
half mile one goes over a number of open_

viewpoints with northern and southern exbosures. Towards' the north, at Thiells,
are visible the buildings of the custodial
home for epileptics and the feebleminded,
Letchworth Village, named in honor of the
philanthropist, William Pryor Letchworth;
to the south the checkerboard of farm lands,
pasture, woodlands, and cultivated fields.
When paths give out, push through the
shrub near the top or, keeping along the
south slope ome oo feet from the crest,
pick up a path that leads forward. At the
end of 2 miles is a wood road across the ridge,
which connects the parallel highways. Over
the next knob one comes to a worn roadway,
also connecting the roads. From this saddle
keep the path that encircles the knob, going
along the south slope, where water is likely
to be found. In this section the ridge throws
out spurs to the south, giving it a width of
about a mile. Lumbering operations have
recently cleared the top here and opened up
roads.
On passing the next height one espies the
white boulder perched on the shoulder of
Little Tor (Fig. 59). Many smaller ones
have been seen along the route, but this one
is quite a landmark. The views to the east

of the curving range ahead have changed
but slightly as one has made one's way
along, and now on approaching Little Tor
one enters the woods and loses these
longitudinal sights except as they are
glimpsed from the two Tors. The easy
route up Little Tor is by a path after
passing the peak where it climbs from the
south and east. The west cliff offers a stiff
climb but a short one;oter climbs are
always available along the route.
From Little Tor the view (Fig. 60) is
much the same as has been seen from time
to time but wider. Here one gets the fine
sweep of the Hudson, with the Highlands
showing many of the high points. Dunderberg rises from the river, with Bear Mountain looking over the saddle. Then comes
the Timp, whose cliff is below the sky line;
and other heights to the west mingle in an
undulating horizon.
Just south of Little Tor is a brook that
hardly ever runs dry-the most convenient
source of water along the trail, which it
crosses here. Continuing along the trail,
which keeps below the summit on the south
side through fine woods, a walk of irj miles
brings one to High Tor with a path up its







132

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Map 5

south side but little less steep than its cliffs
(5 miles). Here again one gets the view of
the entire horizon, now having in addition
the sight of the Hook Range curving to the
south to culminate in Hook Mountain.
Going down the series of steep steps from
High Tor, one leaves the views and enters
the woods again. First one comes to the
cross trail down to Haverstraw on the left
and Centenary Village on the right. Continue along the ridge trail, which eventually
divides. Take the left-hand path down to
the Short Clove road and then go to the
right ioo feet. Here turn to the left (southeast), leaving the motor road and crossing
the field on a path leading first to the right
up hill, then bending round through the
woods to the left, and so going up to the
summit of the hill. Here the path fades
away.   Now bear slightly to the right,
emerging from the woods and aiming at the
motor road stretching southwards toward
Congers. If successful in this, one should
strike an overgrown wood road slanting
down hill in the direction of Long Clove.
This leads out into a field opposite a house
on the dirt road just north of the motor
road. Follow the dirt road to its junction
with the motor road (7 miles) and go to the
right on the latter some 200 feet to a path on
the left which runs on to the grade of the

old railroad bed. (This can be found opposite the end of the dirt road, but that part
is grown up with brambles.) This grade,
originally intended for the West Shore Railroad tracks, runs around the foot of the hill
and is interrupted on the south side by its
successor, the tunnel. (A path goes around
the heading to continue on the grade beyond, but it runs into another brier patch.)
Turn to the right along the west side of the
tracks on a path. This runs into the cut
and to the rails just across from a spring.
South some 300 feet is a lane. Turn to the
left to rejoin the old grade up the slope.
Follow the grade, a beautiful avenue, a mile
south to its junction with the railroad; or,
at the cross lane at the end of a half mile,
turn to the left and in the field pick up the
road from the farm to Congers station(9 miles).
Return by the West Shore Railroad to
Weehawken and the West 42nd Street ferry
(i 2 hours, $1.07).
A charming road for walking is that south
of the Tors between Mount Ivy and Long
Clove. Starting from Mount Ivy, Haverstraw, or Congers, a number of interesting
trips can be worked out, combining this
road with the ridge trail and the cross trails,
as the map tries to indicate. The road along
the north side of the Tors is a motor road
and less interesting.

UP THE TORS FROM HAVERSTRAW

High Tor is climbed from Haverstraw by
following the motor road above the station
11 mile south to a brick house on the right.
From this a steep path ascends. For Little
Tor cross the tracks, go north on the motor
highway, and at the cemetery take the
left fork as far as Gurney Avenue (34
mile). Starting opposite the cobblestone
wall the path crosses a field and strikes
through the woods to come upon an
easy ascent on which one turns to the
right and climbs to a wood-road that crosses
the saddle. (One swings a full circle around
Little Tor to ascend it.) On top of the

divide take the left-hand road and go
southeast and down, passing the height
before turning to ascend it. After descending, remember that the brook is the last
water; that the path described above
leading to High Tor keeps back on the
southwest slope of the ridge; and that one
is not to be tempted by the minor summits
that occur before the unquestioned bare
chieftain appears. The descent toward the
river is by steep steps to a clearing where
a path goes left to Haverstraw. (Two
hours for the circuit would not account
for stops.)




WAWAYANDA PLATEAU
7                 7? P westward from the sandstone and conglomerate ridges
S.,,      of Bearfort and Bellvale Mountains, on the west side of
SI Greenwood Lake, lies another wide area of the gneiss
Srocks of the New Jersey Highlands which once formed the.,  shores from which the younger rocks east of it were de
~":' ' '   rived. A broad plateau, called Wawayanda Mountain,
S'j / on its western front overlooks Vernon valley and has Wa'\$             // wayanda Lake as its central feature. It includes several
summits of over 1400 feet, one (1496 feet) near the old
S   Williams Iron Mine south of Vernon being the highest
point in the state with the exception of the Kittatinnys.
This is one of the wildest regions of the New Jersey Highlands, with wide areas
of woodland, rhododendron swamps, and farm and pasture lands going back into
forest consequent upon the abandonment of iron mines and the allied charcoal
making forty years ago. Roads shown on the Greenwood Lake and Franklin
Furnace sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey as primary, in full lines, cannot be
depended on as such, as many miles of them have gone back into little-used
wood roads; but they are all the better for walking.

The Wawayanda plateau can be crossed,
by walks of 10 to 20 miles, from the New
York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad at
Stockholm, Beaver Lake, Franklin Furnace,
or Hamburg, to the Lehigh & Hudson River
Railway at Vernon or Warwick; or to the
Greenwood Lake Division of the Erie at
Hewitt; or, in the open season, by steamer
from the west side of the lake to Sterling
Forest or Glen stations. The road through
the swamp from Wawayanda Lake to Moe's
is in the midst of one of the finest rhododendron swamps in the state-its great glossy
leaves a tropical display in any season and
glorified in July by the handsome flowers,
There are similar rhododendron swamps
south of Wawayanda Lake and about the
Canistear reservoir of the Newark water
supply.
Other traverses of the region may be

made from Newfoundland, past the falls
at the outlet of Clinton reservoir and
through the hemlocks about Cedar Pond, to
the south end of Greenwood Lake either via
Uttertown and Moe's, west of Bearfort
Mountain, or through Upper Macopin and
West Milford, east of the conglomeratetopped ridges. The country about the Newark reservoirs, Clinton and Canistear, is
growing wilder yearly, as the city is buying
large areas and clearing them of human
occupants for the protection of the water
supply. Still another traverse of the southern part of this region is from Stockholm
or Newfoundland, east via Canistear reservoir and Echo Lake (Macopin) to the trails
made by Professor Will S. Monroe in the
Wyanokie plateau (see section on Wyanokie
plateau), and out to the Greenwood Lake
Division of the Erie at Wanaque-Midvale.

133




THE KITTATINNYS AND CUSHETUNK
MOUNTAIN
-..OUNTAINS placed like the Kittatinnys on the northwestern
S '           border of New Jersey, along the Delaware River from the
SWater Gap to the New York line can scarcely be covered
by a tramper, to any satisfactory degree, in one day; but a
| week-end, if so planned as to reach them by the middle of a
S| summer Saturday afternoon and return Sunday evening,
Swould suffice to cover 15 or 20 miles of them or more.
This ridge presents good prospects for the development of another state forest
park, such as the Interstate Park in the Highlands of the Hudson and the Catskill
and Adirondack preserves. The state of New Jersey began, a dozen years ago, to
acquire cut-over and second-growth forest land in the center of the ridge, west of
Culver Lake, and up to 1922 had about 7500 acres in several closely associated
tracts, known as the Stokes State Forest. Scientific forestry has been practiced
here, as an example to private owners, and there has been some development of
trails and camp sites for purely scenic and recreation purposes.
It has been the thought of the officials of the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development, which controls the state forest lands, to develop
some time, when funds and the growth of intelligent and favorable public spirit
make it possible, a great forest preserve on the whole length of this ridge from
Delaware Water Gap to the New York boundary. The Stokes Forest serves as a
nucleus for such a park. In 1922 further impetus was given to such a movement
by the gift to the state, from Col. Anthony R. Kuser of Bernardsville, N. J., of
more than Io,000 acres of his forest lands on the northern part of the ridge, including his large country house on High Point (1823 feet)-the highest elevation
in the state. If other large privately owned tracts south of the Stokes Forest
toward Water Gap, such as the 3000 or 4000 acres of the Browning estate, west of
Blairstown, and the old Worthington game preserve, northeast of Dunnfield,
could be acquired by the state, it would constitute a forest park of which any
commonwealth could be proud. It would be within two or three hours by train or
motor of the thickly settled parts of northern New Jersey.
134




THE KITTATINNYS AND CUSHETUNK MOUNTAIN

135

THE KITTATINNYS

In its present wild and rugged state, with
few trails and with the old roads rapidly
fading from disuse, the Kittatinny ridge offers
40 miles of fine country for the exploring
tramper. The south end of the ridge can be
reached by the main line of the Delaware,
Lackawanna & Western Railroad to Water
Gap and then by ferry, via Schellenberger
Island opposite, to the New Jersey shore.
There is another ferry farther down stream
at Dunnfield, a station on the New York,
Susquehanna & Western Railroad, which
provides connections with northern Jersey
and New York City by slow trains. The
quickest way into the south end is by the
Lackawanna expresses to Water Gap and
then by ferry to the Jersey side. Returning
expresses can also be caught via Dunnfield
by ferry and trolley on the Pennsylvania
shore. Trampers going south, making for
Water Gap, should descend to the road on
the Jersey side to a point on the Susquehanna tracks just south of the bridge and
hail the keeper of the refreshment stand on
the island for a boat. He is usually there on
fair Sundays and holidays, even in fall or
winter, except in time of floods. In an
emergency the Susquehanna railroad bridge
can be used as a crossing, the Water Gap
station being about a mile south of its
Pennsylvania end.
The central portion of the Kittatinnys can
be reached via the Sussex branch of the
Lackawanna Railroad to Branchville and
then westward by bus over the concrete
highway to Culver Gap. This brings the
walker to the Stokes Forest. The trail is
reached by following a dirt road (leading
northeast to   Beemerville) which turns
to the right in the gap for about half a mile
around to the east slope of the ridge and
then taking to the blazed path at the left.
Another trail turns south opposite the road
to Beemerville. Enter an old road but follow
it only a few yards, watching for a rocky
trail leaving it at the left. This climbs up to

the top of the ridge, where a fine view is to
be had over Culver Lake. This trail has been
cleared out for more than 3 miles southward and will be adopted, as will the forest
service trail northward from Culver Gap,
as part of the Maine-Georgia Appalachian
Trail.
The northern end of the range can be
approached from the east by the Susquehanna Railroad to Sussex, thence by bus or
foot to Colesville, and thence by road or
forest paths to High Point. The western
approach is via Port Jervis on the main line
of the Erie, then southward by road to
High Point.
The forest rangers' trail in the Stokes
Forest from Culver Gap north to Criger
Road (an old and little-used crossing of the
ridge, west of Beemerville) is a fine scenic
path, which in one place attains over 1650
feet. Here there is a fine view east over the
New Jersey Highlands and west to Pike
County and the Poconos in Pennsylvania.
A steel observatory, a mile north of Culver
Gap, is an excellent viewpoint.
Camping is permitted in the Stokes Forest at
marked springs and water holes on brooks, and
licenses to build fires are granted by the chief
warden of the preserve, whose headquarters are in
a farmhouse on the west side of the ridge, north of
Culver Gap.
A map of the Stokes preserve, showing trails
and spots where camping is permitted, is supplied
free by the Department of Conservation and Development, Trenton. The best map of the whole
Kittatinny range was published by the Department in its annual report for'igr8 and is obtainable
on application. It was issued in connection with an
appeal to the people of the state for the creation of
the whole range into a state park. It is superior to
the U. S. Geological Survey sheets, of which the
Franklin Furnace, Port Jervis, Milford, Wallpack,
and Delaware Water Gap sheets are required, in
that it includes a triangular area of New Jersey,
north of Water Gap, not shown on any federal
map yet published. The New Jersey map shows
the forest areas colored in green. The Trenton
officials also issue a booklet telling of all the forest




136

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

fire stations in New Jersey, some of which provide
interesting scenic objectives for the tramper.
North of the Stokes Forest, trails on the
ridge are few; and, even in the lower country
northwest, the old roads have grown up
thickly with brush since in the last generation or two the farming population has been
dwindling. The U. S. Geological Survey
maps are deceptive here, as roads which
they show as primary, with full parallel
lines, are in many cases hard to find at all
now. The state maps are better revised
and better indicate the real conditions today. But one can follow the old roads,
through forests and swamps toward Mashipacong Pond, to better roads which lead to
the river bank highway at Dingman's

Ferry, Milford, or Port Jervis.      Some of
the abandoned farmhouses in this territory
serve the tramper for shelter on a rainy
night. The writer remembers one such, on
Criger Road, 2 miles west of the north end
of the Stokes Forest, which was very welcome on a night of thunderstorms in July.
The Kittatinnys and their associated ridges on
the other side of Flat Brook valley are interesting
archeologically, in that the limestone and sandstone strata have led to the formation of a number
of commodious and well protected rock shelters
which were much used by the Delaware Indians,
as abundant relics in their earth floors, carbonized
from old fires and greasy from remains of fish and
game, give evidence. The Department. of Conservation and Development has two bulletins
on Indian rock shelters in northern New Jersey.

CUSHETUNK MOUNTAIN
An interesting objective for a day's ramble in west-central New Jersey, in
Hunterdon County, is Cushetunk Mountain, a curious horseshoe-shaped ridge
of trap rock similar to the diabase of the Palisades of the Hudson and part of
the same outflows of Triassic time. It appears on the Highbridge sheet of the
U. S. Geological Survey, on which its odd shape attracts the student of these
maps, who plans his walks by them, as something worth exploring. The heels of
the horseshoe, which faces southeast, abut the gneiss rocks of the New Jersey
Highlands. The rocks of the curving ridge had their origin in a flow of diabase
which intruded between strata of the Brunswick shale of the Triassic formation.
They were eventually exposed by erosion which wore down the softer shales
above and around and left the harder igneous material standing 800 feet above
sea level and 400 feet above the surrounding country.

Access by local trains on the Central
Railroad of New Jersey from Jersey City to
Lebanon (Iy2 hours, $1.75).
The interior of the curve, the picturesque
Round Valley, may be entered through a
break south of Lebanon, giving access to
several farms on the shales within. The
shales are open in farm land and pasture,
while the contact of the trap is indicated by
forest which covers the ridge. A central
road leads southeastward up to the toe of the
horseshoe, where are good views over the

plain of the valley of the Raritan, bordered
on the south by similar trap ridges, also
southward extensions of the Palisades intrusion. From the summit the road angles
down upon the shale, where roads carry the
walker to the Central Railroad at Whitehouse
or the Flemington branch of the same road
at Three Bridges.
The region is particularly attractive in
spring, about the time of the blossoming
dogwood, which is plentiful on the slopes of
the ridge.




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES,
LONG ISLAND
HALE-SHAPED Paumanok," as Walt Whitman
called his beloved Long Island, offers a variety
of walks which are in decided contrast to the
trampers' routes in the Highlands of the Hudson and of northern New Jersey north and west
of the city. The western end of the island is
/not considered in this chapter; such walks as
remain in Kings and Queens boroughs being
L <               treated separately in the division on Greater
'^'/-'         New York. We treat here of Nassau and Suffolk counties, comprising five-sixths of the length of the great whale from a point
back of his snout out eastward a hundred miles to his north and south flukes, at
the tips of which are Orient and Montauk Points.
Instead of rugged, rocky hills and heavy hardwood forests the walker finds long
sea beaches of fine sand on the south shore and of shingle and boulders on the
north. Between these in the north half is a region of rolling, sandy hills with
alternating deep, narrow harbors and promontories extending into the Sound.
The woods are thin and not so varied in plant types as those on the mainland,
being mostly of pine and oak. In the southern half these hills give way to plains
gently sloping to Great South and Moriches Bays. Some areas, with their coverings of low, stunted pines and oaks and laurel and sweet fern and bayberry, much
resemble the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.
The topography of Long Island, governed as it is by quite different geological
formations, differs much from the regions north and west of New York City. Instead of the ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Hudson and New
Jersey Highlands, with their flankings of sandstones, conglomerates, shales, and
limestones, one finds either strata of sands, clays, and gravels, worn off the older
rocks of the mainland in the Cretaceous period and now constituting the underlying formations of the island, or the later terminal moraines and associated formations left by the great continental glaciers of Pleistocene time. These include
outwash plains, old channels of flow from the ice front, lake-bed deposits, kettle137




138

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

hole lakes or ponds, curiously eroded bluffs of clay and gravel, and pebble and
boulder beaches.
About a dozen of the sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey, on the inch-to-the-mile scale, are required to cover the two counties-the Oyster Bay, Hempstead, Northport, Babylon, Fire Island,
Setauket, Moriches, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Sag Harbor, Easthampton, Gardiner's island, and
Montauk sheets. Maps covering the entire island, showing the roads, are sold at news stands. One
of the best maps of the whole island, for scientific accuracy, is issued with "The Geology of Long Island,"
a professional paper of the U. S. Geological Survey, by Myron W. Fuller, the most complete treatise
on the subject. The paper may be obtained, free, as long as the issue lasts, from the U. S. Geological
Survey, Department of Interior, Washington, D. C. It has both topographical and geological maps
on the scale of half an inch to the mile, the.latter showing the lines of the moraines and their associated deposits in a graphic manner which is suggestive of walks which will include interesting geological
features.
THE NORTH SHORE
Just over the Queens borough line in North Hempstead there is a region about
Manhasset which, although built up in large estates in recent years, still contains
some roads comparatively free from automobiles and some farm lanes and paths
through the woods on the tops of the moraine hills. These hills reach to nearly
300 feet in altitude, especially about Lake Surprise near the W. K. Vanderbilt
estate and the Motor Parkway. Lake Surprise is of kettle-hole formation, originating in a block of ice left, when the continental ice sheet began its last irregular
retreat, to melt slowly away leaving a hollow in the stratified sand and gravel
which had been deposited over and about it. It is close to the abruptly dropping
edge of the moraine, which falls quickly into an outwash plain sloping gently
southward toward Mineola.

Manhasset Neck still has a few quiet
stretches of country road north and east
from Port Washington. A good afternoon
tramp may be had from Port Washington,
which is reached in an hour's ride by train
from the Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan. Walk east to Hempstead Harbor
and follow the beach around Mott Point to
Sands Point, visiting the lighthouse and
returning thence by less traveled routes to
Port Washington. At high tide the wall of
the Belmont estate, near the point, blocks
passage to the Light. At other stages, the
beach may be crossed. High tide is ij hours
later than at Governors Island, the hour at
the Island being published daily in the newspapers.
On the east side of Hempstead Harbor

many of the roads are metaled and much
traveled by automobiles; but there are some
less-used dirt roads through pleasant farm
and woodlands. On the Sound shore, around
from Sea Cliff and Glen Cove to Oyster
Bay; continuous beach walks are difficult
because of private estates and creeks; but
there is a 2-mile stretch unobstructed and
worth visiting running from Oak Point to
Rocky Point, which may be reached from
Mill Neck station on the Oyster Bay branch
of the Long Island Railroad. The ferry to
Rye makes its Long Island landing on this
beach; and a pleasant summer afternoon
jaunt is to take a train or trolley from the
city to Rye, the ferry to Mill Neck, and a
walk to Oyster Bay station or perhaps farther
to Cold S-'Mg or Syosset.      (The ferry




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

139

terminus on the North Shore varies and is
sometimes at Greenwich, Conn., instead
of Rye.)
The pebbles and boulders on these noith shore
beaches are interesting to one with some knowledge of geology. They are from many of the
rock formations, sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic, on the opposite Connecticut and Westchester shores and even from farther north.
Pebbles from as far as the Berkshires and the
Adirondacks, carried hundreds of miles on the
continental glacier, have been identified in the
shingle of these strands. As the flow of the ice
to the Long Island terminal moraines was almost
north to south, the worn and polished pebbles and
the rougher surfaced boulders represent the ledges
directly opposite on the north side of the Sound.
On the beach between Oak Point and Rocky
Point are fragments of rock easily recognizable to
one who has tramped in eastern Westchester
County, about Bedford, or in northern Fairfield
County, Connecticut-a metamorphosed schist,
with large white porphyritic crystals of feldspar
resembling- domino sugar, or dark gray diorite
from the shore near Harrison and east to Norwalk.
Then there are plutonic syenites, granites, and
granite gneisses with red garnet and pink feldspar
from the Connecticut upland back of Norwalk and
Bridgeport and red and buff quartzites from
farther north in the Housatonic valley. Farther
east on the north shore, from Smithtown Bay to
Setauket and beyond, are boulders of trap rock
from the basalt ridges running north from New
Haven, which wear smooth into forms suggestive
of sea monsters. With them are small remnants
of the little-resistant red sandstone of the Connecticut valley.  Still further eastward, toward
Wading River and Orient Point, are more frequent
boulders-some of astonishing size-from    the
gneisses and schists of eastern Connecticut and
probably from central Massachusetts. A report,
with a geologic map, issued by the Connecticut

State Librarian, shows where in Connecticut each
formation lies, and any walker interested in
following the repeated sequence on the Long
Island shore can do so in half a dozen tramps from
Manhasset Neck to Wading River.
Some of the back roads south from Oyster
Bay are not too sophisticated, and some
farm and wood paths are accessible. There
is also a system of bridle paths between
Oyster Bay and Syosset through the oak
woods which are mostly open to walkers.
The Wheatley Hills are pretty and not
altogether spoiled for the walker by great
country houses. Old Westbury and the
section about Westbury Pond retain a little
flavor of the Long Island of the days before
the automobile. They may be reached from
Roslyn or Wheatley station on the Oyster
Bay branch or from Westbury on the Wading
River branch. There are fine views from the
Whitney estate on the summit of the moraine, north of Westbury, and pleasant
paths through the woods toward Harbor
Hill, one of the highest eminences on the
island, where the home of Clarence W.
Mackay stands.' Permission to enter the
grounds is granted to courteous and responsible applicants.
Most walks about Oyster Bay should
include a pilgrimage to the modest but
much visited grave of Theodore Roosevelt,
with its simple stone, at the top of the hill
in the little Young's Memorial Cemetery, a
mile east of the town on the road to Cold
Spring Harbor. All trampers should make
this pilgrimage as a tribute to a great lover
of the outdoors.

COLD SPRING HARBOR, SAGAMORE HILL, OYSTER BAY

Access by Long Island Railroad from
Pennsylvania Station or Flatbush Avenue
station to Cold Spring Harbor in I to IY
hours (total cost of trip $2.50). Route by
wood roads, sandy and rocky beach, main
roads, with no climbing, through pleasant
woods, then along two of the deep indented

bays of the Sound where trees overhang the
beach, past handsome estates, including the
former home of President Roosevelt.
When planning this walk be sure to avoid
high tide, which blocks the beach and is Ij
hours later than at Governors Island-an
hour found in every morning paper under




140.

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

St 01 WW

4732     -wel-Fig ure clo
Figure 61

Marine News. Go down the station road to
the concrete highway and on this to the
right to a big field; cross and follow the edge
of the woods northerly until this hillside
veers west, then continue in the previous
direction across fence and bridle path up a
sandy slope to an abandoned railroad bed.
On this shaded way go north past the ponds;
cross a private road (i mile), pass a bridge
(I Y miles), and go on to a church. Here
turn into the grounds of the Fish Hatchery
and inspect the ponds (drinking water at
tank). Cross the motor road to the grounds
of the Station for Experimental Evolution
of the Carnegie Foundation (2 miles). (The
Eugenics Records Office is one mile away.)
Admission is for those really interested in
studying the principles of evolution of plants
and animals; there are laboratories with
mice and dogs and a cave with colorless,
blind denizens.
Cross the grounds northwest past the
summer school of biology of the Brooklyn
Institute to a dirt road; follow this north
along the harbor to the private roads at the

fork (24 miles). Take the right fork to
cross a grassy space to the beach just north
of a long sand bar which reaches nearly
across the bay. On these beaches care in
the matter of fires, rubbish, etc., is required.
Follow the beach about 2 miles. Within the
first half mile good water spouts from a pipe
near the shady bank, suggesting luncheon.
The unusual buildings of the Louis C. Tiffany place, with stately cedar and hanging
gardens, are in view from the beach. The
grounds are open to the public, on application to the caretaker, the last Saturday of
each month.
Further on we circle inland around a conspicuous stone boathouse (Fig. 61), cross a
marsh, and follow along the bayside of the
woods as far as a little wharf. The path
from this strikes into the woods northwest,
then west, and in a few minutes comes out
on the fields of the Roosevelt farm, in sight
of the house. One is allowed to pass this
close on the south side. Thence follow down
the entrance road, southwest. This unpretentious residence with its wide porches was




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

14t

the home of a lad so delicate that he was not
expected to reach maturity, until he was
turned loose with rod and gun to tramp this
countryside. Where the private road debouches on the highway one may cross to a
pump in the field opposite.
Following the road one mile south past a
fine entrance and close to the water one
comes to Young's Cemetery where Colonel
Roosevelt's simple and   dignified  stone
stands within a railing on a small hill.
Next start west (stopping at a drinking
fountain) and follow the side path 2 miles
to the station; or a jitney may be taken. The
tall locusts for which the North Shore is
famous line part of this avenue. Some maples show trunks of 4 feet and over. The
bay is visible across the lawns. At the band
stand in the village turn to the right to the
station; a stretch of waste land along the
shore is to be made into the Roosevelt
Memorial Park. As an alternate route from
the cemetery, one may go 4 or 5 miles further
through gently rolling farm  country to
'Syosset on the main line of the railroad.
On the east side of Cold Spring Harbor
lie West Neck and Lloyd's Neck, the latter
interesting for good examples of the high
bluffs of sand, clay, and gravel which are
characteristic of the north shore from this
point for many miles eastward. From Cold

Spring station, some miles on the highway
may be saved by taking a bus to Cold Spring
Harbor village, a pleasant old town set in
ancientlocust trees, or still farther down West
Neck. Northward the roads lead toward
Lloyd's Neck, through a rolling moraine hill
country with old and new estates, and cross
Lloyd's Beach to the neck.
Several pleasant lanes lead out to the
shore of the Sound, though some have lately
been blocked by estate development. On
the northwest point of the neck a basin
scooped out by a big sand and gravel dredge
is a refuge for small motor boats in storms
or overnight.  Eastward rises a striking
bluff, 16o feet above tide, at the base of
which a fold of the greasy Cretaceous clays
which underlie the glacial dep'osits of the
island comes to the surface a few feet above
h-4h tide mark. Bits of lignite, shells, and.
impressions of leaves of trees of the same
genera-oaks, sassafras, walnuts, and ot her
-as their modern species growing on the
summit of the bluffs, are found in this clay
The beach becomes more shingly and bouldery as one goes eastward to the entrance
of Huntington Harbor, with representatives
of many Connecticut ledges in the jumble of
fragments of all sizes. A huge boulder, 15
feet high, stands on West Fort Point at the
entrance of the harbor.

THE LONG ISLAND MORAINES
On the south side of the Wading River branch of the Long Island Railroad is
an elevated area including the Mannetto, Dix, and Half Hollow Hills and rising
to 406 feet above tide at High Hill-the highest point on Long' Island. The
slopes of these hills are covered with farms and with many new country houses
and their ornamental grounds; but on the higher portions are considerable areas
of oak woods, with little-traveled roads through them, where arbutus blooms
plentifully in spring. The Dix Hills, the eastward group, are least developed in
modern estates and contain secluded stretches of road. They are accessible from
Fairground on the Wading River branch or from Deerpark on the main line; and
a pleasant early spring walk, which will yield arbutus if you get into side roads
and wood roads, may be made between these stations covering 8 or 9 miles.




142

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

C` ~ ~ ~ -  --~~~r.
3..._~--ri~P2
Pigur  621 ~,

The two moraines of Long Island-the Harbor Hill moraine which extends from
Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, thrdugh Cypress Hills and Forest Hills, Queens, and the
Ronkonkoma moraine which extends from Little Neck eastward-cross, like the
blades of a pair of scissors, in the Wheatley Hills. From that point eastward they
separate: the Harbor Hill going along the north shore to Orient Point; the Ronkonkoma through Mannetto and Dix Hills past Ronkonkoma Lake, the largest
kettle-hole lake on the island, to Montauk Point. Each marks the southern limit
of two different advances of the ice sheet, which stopped on lines that crossed
each other.

Along the Ronkonkoma moraine eastward is a section little penetrated by estate
development, containing many stretches
of oak and pine woods with moorlike expanses of low growths-sweet fern and bearberry and laurel. Eight- to ten-mile traverses from stations on the main line to the
Wading River branch give cross sections of
very similar character. North of Lake
Ronkonkoma-a deep bowl without outlet
60 feet below its surroundings-the distance
between the railroad lines is wider, and

there are miles of thin forest and moors.
This is a hot walk in any but the colder seasons but curious and' interesting for its
monotony, because so different from more
varied terrains in other directions from the
city. Toward the Harbor Hill moraine,
about Setauket, one encounters immense
boulders of Connecticut granite or gneiss,
sometimes in conspicuous positions, again
hidden in thickets and swamps where they
melted out of the retreating front of the ice
sheet that transported them there.




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

143

The north shore beach between Northport and
Smithtown Bay has some stretches of high bluffs,
and on one west of Fort Salonga is a curious
geological phenomenon, the "Broken Ground."
An unusually fluid stratum of the underlying
Cretaceous clay oozes constantly out upon the
beach, at high tide mark, to be washed away twice
a day by the waves of the Sound. The removal of
the clay weakens the support of the overlying
sands and gravels; and the result is that the
bluff, more than Ioo feet high, is pitching outward
in a series of overturned terraces. Great cracks
have formed, 20 feet deep and slowly widening,
where slices of the undermined earth break away
and upset, so that still living trees in them stick
out horizontally from the soil. This locality is
historically interesting as the scene of a small but
brilliant exploit of Connecticut men who crossed
the Sound in whaleboats, in the closing year of the
Revolution, and surprised and captured a British
garrrison on foraging duty in Fort Salonga, a
weakly-fortified post near the old brickyard on
the shore.
This part of the Sound beach may be
reached from Northport or Kings Park stations on the Wading River branch by following the east-west highway north of the track
and taking convenient lanes out to the shore.
For the next Io miles eastward the north
shore is too much broken up by creeks and
marshes to give long continuous beach
walks; although Nissequoque Neck, north
of St. James, is worth a day's easy ramble.

An odd feature about the bluffs is that cold
fresh water is sometimes found on the beach
in rivulets running from the outcrop of the
Cretaceous clay, if the outcrop is above high
tide mark. The surface water sinks rapidly
through the porous. upper strata but finds
the clay impervious and flows along its upper
surface out to the face of the bluff. Test any
pools you see, if near high tide mark. They
may be fresh-a lucky find on a hot day.
Another unbroken stretch of the north
shore beach begins at Miller Place, 4
miles northeast of Port Jefferson, and may
be followed for io miles to Wading River.
Here a creek and salt marsh make a detour
inland necessary, unless one wades hipdeep. There are more high bluffs in this
section, and the boulders are larger than
those seen westward and are varied by trap
rock masses from the Triassic formations of
the Connecticut valley. Some of the largest
boulders, worn out of the moraine when the
bluffs stood farther out by the erosion of the
waves of the Sound, stand several feet
above water and are a favorite roost for
gulls. This beach is pleasant for swimming,
with hardly any surf, and the summer
tramper should take a bathing suit.
On the path leading around the Wading River
marsh is one of the largest erratic glacial boulders
of the nortl shore moraine, a mass of red granite

C L~TT
C~L-           __             -.n~~::
4       -        C
\>r k/?i'.d               ae * dunJ.J, eccfg-rsasr- artr.dcrres *ri Cfrift-vodf zire
exG'a vTL rk/iy-tg &fecc~jlPoee.r. -w-ec/**. coa, gargay: Jr1nricrAre.
Figure 63




144

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Figure 64

originally 20 feet high and almost as wide and
thick but split into several large fragments.
Eastward of Wading River the beach
continues for 20 miles to Mattituck Inlet,
with one small intervening stream, which
can be waded, at Fresh Pond.      Herod
Point, a mile east of Wading River is one of
the most impressive promontories of the
whole north shore. In fact the bluffs for
many miles here are almost equally striking, rising to 150 feet for most of the distance and in one place to more than 200.
Their general character is shown in Figure
64. This is one of the most remote portions
of the island for trampers, as the Wading
River branch of the railroad stops at the
village of that name, and the nearest line to
the beach, eastward, is the Riverhead
branch, 6 to 8 miles south, with little but
scattered farms to break the pine woods in
between.

An interesting country lies south of Wading River toward Manorville and Camp
Upton, including a string of lakes known as
the Grass Ponds in which rises the Peconic
River, the   island's largest fresh-water
stream. Half a mile south of the Wading
River station, to the east of the highway,
lies the curious Deep Pond, one of the most
striking examples of kettle-hole lakes80 feet below the moraine surface around it,
without outlet, yet clear and sweet.
Along the Ronkonkoma moraine, east
from the lake of that name, there are many
wooded stretches with little-used roads
winding through the pines. Between Selden
and Medford and south of Riverhead there
are hills rising to 300 feet. This region is
much like the Jersey Pine Barrens, although
it yields good crops if properly farmed and
fertilized.

THE SOUTH SHORE
The lower, gently sloping strip running almost the length of the island south of
the moraines and made from their outwash, is not so interesting for trampers;
being too much built up in farms or villages or too lacking in relief to be attractive. But across the bays on the long sea beaches are a hundred miles of good
walks (see Fig. 63). Fire Island Beach stretches for more than 60 miles without
a break to Montauk Point.




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

145

Rockaway Beach used to be a good strand
for walking and still is if one doesn't mind
its built-up state. Long Beach is approaching the same condition. East of Jones Inlet
is a 12-mile stretch of unbroken beach with
several sand spits, once separated but now
united, including Short Beach, Jones Beach,
High Hill Beach, Gilgo's, and part of Oak
Island Beach. The whole of Oak Island
Beach was for a time united to the others,
but part is now cut off by a recent incursion
of the sea. From Memorial Day to about
September 15 the strip may be reached by
ferry from Bellmore to High Hill Beach or
from Amityville to Gilgo's. For the rest of
the year special boats must be hired. There
are hotels at High Hill Beach and at Gilgo's.
Two miles east of High Hill Beach is an
interesting preserve for wild fowl, maintained by the Guggenheim family under the
name of the Oyster Bay Game Protective
Association, that north shore town possessing some square miles of these south shore
marshes and sand dunes. Wild duck and
geese are persuaded to remain here and
breed, and in the spring and fall migrations
large flocks visit the brackish pond to feast
upon their favorite dainty, the hard, wheat'like seeds of the ditchgrass (Ruppia). Oak
Island, also reached from Amityville, is
much reduced from its former size but still
gives 4 miles of strand.
Fire Island, reached by ferry from Bayshore, by frequent boats in the season, and
by occasional Sunday service in winter, is
considerably developed in cottages and
bungalows from the lighthouse east through
Saltaire and Point of Woods; but beyond

these summer colonies there are miles of
lonely dunes and strand. There are hotels
(in summer) at Cherry Grove and Smith's
Point, beyond which is another deserted
portion for 12 miles to Westhampton. But
the independent tramper in tolerable weather could make a shelter of the abundant
driftwood or seek the coast-guard patrol
huts halfway between the stations, which
are quite habitable except for mosquitoes in
summer. The coast-guard captains are
hospitable to anyone in real need; but this
recourse should not be depended upon, as
they are not supposed to entertain travelers
except in emergency. Often, however, they
welcome trampers of good address for the
sake of having company to relieve the monotony of their duty.
A good two days' walk, if one reached Fire
Island from Bayshore and walked along
east to the hotel at Cherry Grove, could be
continued to Smith's Point. Here there is a
rickety bridge over the channel between
Great South and Moriches Bays, which
affords a crossing to Tangier and access up
to the Montauk branch of the Long Island
Railroad at Mastic or Brookhaven. If the
weather is not too hot, one might reach
Smith's Point the first night and continue
on the beach to Westhampton the second
day. Study of the maps will suggest several
one-day or two-day walks on the Great
South Beach. For easy walking within
reach of the city no better route could be
suggested than this seaside way. A twoday trip with Montauk as the goal would be
especially delightful at any time from spring
to fall.

__
O
----c~e~b4~h~
~'
-- ~C~B~g~p-~'~''/
h~

Figure 65




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

The climax of Long Island for the walker, from the point of view of unusual
scenery, lies on Montauk Point at the extreme eastern tip of its South Fluke.
The last io or 12 miles of the South Fluke, from Napeague Harbor to the lighthouse on the Point, offers a bit of moraine topography gnawed at continually by
the sea, which has gouged its hills into remarkable bluffs (see Fig. 64)-as different as can be imagined from anything else for a hundred miles north or south
along the Atlantic coast from New York Harbor.
The Ronkonkoma moraine here comes to the sea, which has washed away four
or five miles of its former extension into the Atlantic and carried the debris westward to build up the Great South Beach. There is a wide stretch of rolling
moraine topography east of the canal at Canoe Place, between Bridgehampton,
Eastl ampton, and Sag Harbor, which on the south shore has been developed
lately into golf courses and country houses. Further eastward, at the old whaling
village of Amagansett, the fluke narrows, and the hills of the moraine were probably
once cut through by the sea but have been more recently joined by the wide
stretch of dunes and marshes of Napeague Beach. Four or five miles beyond
Amagansett the bluffs rise again into the remarkable spearhead of Montauk

Point. This wedge of clay and gravel, tapering from 3 miles in width to the
headland where the tall lighthouse and screeching fog signal stand out into the
Atlantic, offers one of the most unusual and interesting fields for the rambler
within a few hours of the metropolis. It cannot be done in a day; it is a 4-hour
ride by train, and the Point is 8 miles from the station. One should stay at one
of the two hotels and take two or three days to explore. A week of vacation would
not be unprofitably spent there. The Montauk Inn, open in summer, is close by
the railroad terminus in the village on the north shore; the Parsons House, on the
south side, near the abandoned Fort Plain coast-guard station, is open all the
year.
Montauk Point resembles Block Island, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and
parts of Cape Cod farther east and for good reason, for they are also parts of the
two great terminal moraines. The clays, clayey gravels, and boulder tills of the
New York state portion of the Ronkonkoma moraine of which Montauk Point
is the extreme eastern part above water, have been sculptured on their south
front by the sea and the rain and the wind into strange and grotesque shapes.
"Noses" they are called; and the scenery of the bluffs is odd and almost weird,
especially at night or in foggy weather (see Figs. 64 and 67). Back of the bluffs







148

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

are rolling hills rising to 168 feet, with numerous kettle-hole ponds, relics of ice
blocks melting before the glacier front (Fig. 66). The front of these hills toward
the sea is clothed only in short grass, bayberry, and low shrubs (Fig. 66).- A
quarter of a mile back, sometimes in a quite distinct line, larger trees, which seem
to have shrunk from the brink, stand in close array (Fig. 66), gnarled and twisted
in trunk and limbs from the fierce ocean blasts and clipped and massed into parklike domes in the hollows. The writhing shapes of these trees, especially about
some of the tiny ponds, are strong evidence of the hard life they have led to
attain their size. Many of the ponds are filled, in summer, with thousands of
blossoms of the white water lily; in autumn their edges are bright with the scarlet
fruit of the winterberry. Low trees and shrubs-oaks, sassafras, and others
which turn to brilliant hues in October-give to the autumn coloring of these
moors an unusual brightness.
In early summer the open grassy places are beautiful with a pretty heath-like
milkwort (Polygala polygama), whose purple and white spikes are conspicuous in
dense masses in June and July.

From the station follow the concrete road
east and climb to Montauk Inn for the view.
To reach Montauk Light by the sofith shore
take to the grassy roads clearly shown in
Figure 66 running from the inn to Ditch
Plain Life Saving Station and from there
go down on the beach to observe the
bluffs (Fig. 64).
The strand is interesting for the variety of
boulders and pebbles brought down from many
miles north and representing a dozen New England
formations-granites, gneisses, quartzites, and red
sandstone-left in the moraine by the great ice
sheet and washed out of it by the sea. These
boulders may be seen protruding from the stiff
clay of the bluffs (Fig. 67); and every storm and
rain loosens more of them to fall on the beach,
there to be smoothed and polished by the surf.
For the zoological student there is a constant
battle, in the pools among the boulders, between
starfish and innumerable small periwinkles, in
which the former are ceaselessly devouring the
latter, which seem to breed fast enough to keep up
with their absorption.
From Ditch Plain follow the good path
along the bluffs as the beach path becomes
rather stony (Fig. 67). There is a tea house
halfway to the point.

A new feature at the point is an old windmiil
removed from its original site at Watermill wheer
it was built 200 years ago and re-erected as a
summer house on the headland west of the light.
The lower story of the old mill tower is paved
with the old buhrstones which ground the eighteenth-centiury Long Island farmers' grain.
The north shore of the point is best
reached by going north from the inn up the
conspicuous ridge and, when it dips, keeping
on in the same direction (there are some piles
of stone to indicate this) to a road running
east and west. Pass a fork to the north
and take the next fork east past some interesting kettle holes and woods to the north
side of Great Pond (Lake Wyandannee).
Beyond the pond a deflection southward to
the bare hills will afford views to repay the
effort and from which one can follow the
beach north of Oyster Pond to Montauk
Light (Fig. 65).
The north shore of the point is not so
varied in its attractions to the exploring
tramper, being lower and sandier and having beach grass in place of trees and shrubs;
but it is worth an excursion. One oddity is
the use of discarded fish nets as a sort of
corduroy road over wet spots to fishermen's




NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES, LONG ISLAND

149

shacks. Shore birds are plentiful because
of the refuse from fishing. Great Pond and
Oyster Pond (Fig. 65) cut deep into the
width of the point, and one must take to the
north side beach or dunes to pass there.
Prospect Hill, east of Great Pond, is grassy
on its upper parts and gives wide views.
Fresh water is occasionally found in rills
issuing from claybanks on the edges of the
kettle-hole ponds.
The site of the old Camp Wyckoff, notorious
in the Spanish War for its typhoid death rate, on
the east site of Fort Pond near Montauk village,

has been used for some seasons past by regular
army and state guard artillery units for practice
with service ammunition-much to the objection
of the permanent and summer residents who have
tried to get the army authorities to take the
soldiers elsewhere. The guns have been trained so
that the trajectory of the shells is eastward up over
the hill on which the Montauk Inn stands. They
exploded in the pastures and thickets at the north
and west sides of Great Pond. If any of these
artillery regiments are at practice, the tramper
should be careful to avoid the vicinity where the
shells may fall, although pickets are posted to warn
those who may approach the limited area over
which the shrapnel and high explosives burst.

r.
I
s,
~- ----
--~---~- --

~gF~ ~Jo~j~c~
~7dc/~

Figure 67




NEW JERSEY-SOUTH OF THE RARITAN
           ECULIARLY adapted to the demands of the walker who seeks
an occasional contrast from the rocky hills and hardwood
forests of northern New Jersey, the Ramapos, the Hudson
I     Highlands, or Westchester and Putnam    counties, is that
Ssection of New Jersey lying south of Raritan Bay and River,
for 30 miles back from the ocean. It includes the remarkable
Pine Barrens, similar in aspect to the pine country of the Carolinas
and sharing, in considerable measure, their mild winter climate;
the higher land of different geological structure in the Highlands of
Navesink and the Beacon Hill area; and also the sea beaches from
Sandy Hook to Barnegat.
The Pine Barrens are the most notable feature of this part of
New Jersey. They have attractions peculiar to themselves for the observant and
appreciative tramper, especially in the seasons when it is cold about New York
City and farther north, that is from December to March. Not only is the region
warmer than New York City by the difference in temperature which a difference
of a degree of latitude toward the equator would produce, but temperature maps
for the spring and winter months show that the isotherms (lines of equal temperature) swing northward from the crests of the lower Appalachians and follow the
Atlantic coast toward Long Island, so that the Pine Barrens have a climate in
January nearly as mild as that of Virginia or North Carolina. Go 60 or 70 miles
south from New York City on a freezing January day and you will actually find
signs of stirring spring in the pine woods and cedar swamps. Arbutus blooms
about Lakehurst and Toms River early in March, and nowhere has the writer
found it more beautiful than along the edges of the sandy roads in Ocean and
southern Monmouth counties.
These wide stretches of white sand and pitch pines, with bands of darker green
made by the white cedar along the streams and swamps, have been described by
Dr. Witmer Stone, curator of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and long a close student of the region, in his "Plants of New Jersey, with Special
Reference to the Pine Barrens" as "still one of the most extensive areas in the
Middle States left in primeval condition." The boundaries of the Barrens are
somewhat indefinite, as the pines merge insensibly into the hardwood forest and
150




NEW JERSEY SOUTH OF THE RARITAN

151

farm land around them, and there are considerable tracts within their area that
have been improved by cultivation. There are also some "Pine Barren islands"
-areas of pine trees and sand with the characteristic flora of the main barrens
but outside them-the one nearest to the metropolitan area being between South
River and South Amboy. The New Jersey state forestry officials object to the
term "barrens" and maintain that the forest could be made commercially productive if scientifically treated and protected from the frequent fires that ravage
it. But the botanist, like Witmer Stone today and John Torrey, who in 1820 was
one of the earliest to study it, finds unique attraction in its barrenness because
of the peculiar flora that has adapted itself to these sands and cedar swamps.
The northern edge of the main area of the Pine Barrens is found a few miles
south of Red Bank. The south-bound traveler, observing the vegetation from a
train window, will note a rather sudden change as he passes from the Cretaceous
formations of marly sands and clays of northern Monmouth County to the
sandy and gravelly Tertiary deposits of its southern area. On the former are
cultivated fields and groups of locusts and maples; on the latter a change occurs
within a mile to the pitch pine and species of oaks, with white cedar in dense
stands along the brooks. The American holly, beautiful and characteristic
evergreen of that part of southern New Jersey that lies within 20 miles of the sea,
begins to be noticeable as a shrub or small tree about Farmingdale. It is larger
the farther south one penetrates the Barrens.
WALK AREAS NORTH OF BARNEGAT BRANCH, C. R. OF N. J.
Two main lines of railroad run southward,the New Jersey Survey. The latest geologifrom  Red Bank: to the right through 'cal map of New Jersey, issued in 1913 by
Farmingdale, Lakewood, and Lakehurst to  the Department of Conservation    and
Winslow Junction and Atlantic City; to the Development, is illuminating in its interleft to Long Branch and along the seacoast pretation of the sand, gravel, clay, and marl
to Point Pleasant and Island Beach. The formations.
angle of departure between the two lines  The nearest considerable area of the Pine
gives a widening space for traverses of the  Barrens that can be crossed in a day's tramp
region. Another widening angle from the lies between Farmingdale, on the inland
Lakewood-Atlantic City' line is afforded by  railroad line, and Belmar, on the seashore.
the Barnegat branch, which turns east at From the former station follow the track of
Lakehurst through Toms River to Tuckerton. the Amboy Division of the Pennsylvania
Walks of any distance desired can be about a mile southeast and then turn left
planned by going south on one line and  on a sandy road which runs over the dry
crossing to the other for a return, with the hills for 4 miles in almost a straight line.
use of the sheets of the U. S. Geological The scenery will be interesting, particularly
Survey which cover the region-the Sandy  to one who has not seen it before, with the
Hook, Asbury Park, Whitings, Barnegat, scanty woods of pine and oak. On the thin
and Cassville sheets-or the larger sheets of soil underneath them the walker who prac



152

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

tices a little botany will find odd new
plants, like the starry-blossomed, moss-leaved
pyxie spangling the brown needles in April;
or along the streams the pitcher plant and
golden club; or later, in summer, a host of
bright-colored orchids and other meadow
plants which are rare or unknown in the
northern part of the state.
This road may be followed, outside the
Pine Barrens, to the more fertile or better
cultivated area of farms which lies inside
the salt marsh and seabeach strip through
Glendola to the wide estuary of Shark River
and the coast railroad   line at Belmar
or Avon. This makes an easy walk of about
io miles which one can lengthen by walking
along the beach. Or one can keep in the
woods longer by turning southeast toward
Manasquan or Brielle.
Further south several longer traverses,
through wider areas of the Barrens, can be
made from Lakewood through farm land
to the crossings of the north branch of the
Metedeconk River, then through the sand
and pine woods to the broad estuary of the
Manasquan River, thence to the ocean beach
at Brielle or Seagirt.

Below the south branch of the Metedeconk, a stream which empties Lake Carasaljo at Lakewood, the Pine Barrens become
still more pronounced in their typical aspect;
although there are many areas which have
been brought into and remain in cultivation,
as well as some deserted farms, mills, and
cranberry bogs.
Southeast   of  Lakewood, outside of
the streets recently cut but little built
upon, old roads through the sand wind
parallel with the south branch of the
Metedeconk toward Burrsville or Cedar
Bridge, whence one can continue to the
seabeach, via Metedeconk Neck or Point
Pleasant.
From Lakewood south to Toms River is
another wide area of the Barrens, with occasional cedar swamps. The necks and inlets
of the deeply indented shore of the north
end of Barnegat Bay, where the upland pine
and oak merge first into cedar stands and
then into salt marshes, offer many lovely
water views. The vicinity of Lakehurst is
full of opportunities for short excursions into
the pine woods especially to the eastward of
the railroad line.

WALK AREAS SOUTH OF BARNEGAT BRANCH, C. R. OF N. J.
South of the Toms River-Barnegat branch of the Central Railroad of New
Jersey is a still wider and less settled area where the Barrens attain their wildest,
most remote character, with a lack of traces of human beings that surprises one
when it is considered that the region is but 50 to 70 miles from large cities like
Philadelphia and New York. The writer walked 26 miles on a July day, looking
for summer orchids, from Manahawken to Whitings; and on the route, mostly
little-used roads that were merely ruts in the sand, found but three houses. Only
one of these was permanently occupied, one of the others was abandoned, and the
third appeared to be used only in the cranberry-picking season. Deer are beginning to come back to this region, as tracks of their hoofs in muddy spots attested.
There are small fruit orchards along the railroads and a few principal highways;
but most of the routes are infrequently used except in the cranberry-picking
season. The maps of the U. S. Geological Survey are unreliable in indicating the
character of roads. So-called primary roads, indicated by full parallel lines, may




NEW JERSEY SOUTH OF THE RARITAN

153

often be little-used tracks in the sand with the pines pressing them closely; but
they are all the more attractive for the tramper.

Walks of from Io to 20 miles, according to
the time available, through this most barren
of the Pine Barrens country may be planned
to fit the train service. It is well to remember that walking through sand is slow going
and that 2Y2 miles an hour is a good average on this loose footing.
A route that gives intensified examples of
the peculiar aspect of the Barrens is from
Toms River south via Beachwood to Double
Trouble, a large cranberry culture.
In early spring the water with which the plants
are covered in winter to protect them from
freezing is drawn off, and the lake which the map
may show disappears-to the bewilderment of the
uninitiated explorer. Often, however, the location
of the lake is marked by windrows of berries which
were missed by the pickers of the previous fall and,
blown ashore over the winter-level water, lie on
the margin. In summer the dry bog is bright with
many blooms, which the cranberry growers regard
as troublesome weeds. In September and October
there is a period of activity when hordes of Italians
from Philadelphia descend upon the bog to gather
the berries. For the rest of the year a single
caretaker watches the dam, or perhaps it is wholly
deserted. By cold weather the dam is closed and
the pond reappears. The New Jersey state maps,
in representing these bogs with a particular
symbol, are more accurate than the sheets of the
U. S. Geological Survey, which show the ponds as
if they were permanent whereas they are only
to be found from November to March.
From Double Trouble one can go southwest over a little-used road through the
pines to the Forked River-Whitings highway, which leads west to Bamber where is a
good-sized pond. Here take the Tuckerton
Railroad to Whitings for a train north; or, if
there is time, walk to the junction along the

track, which goes through more interesting
country than the roads and passes patches of
bogs where one will find the golden club, the
pitcher plant, the insect-devouring sundew,
the bright-colored calopogon, or the meadow
beauty, according to season. Peach orchards
along some parts of the Tuckerton line are
doing fairly well and in April brighten wide
areas with their bloom.
A longer tramp, through a still less tamed
portion of the Barrens, lies between Barnegat
and Chatsworth via Cedar Bridge. This is so
far from New York city, and schedules leave
so little time between the Barnegat Division
and the Atlantic City line, that the traverse
can scarcely be made in a day unless one
takes the 4 A. M. train. The second train,
leaving at 8:30, gives only 6 hours until the
return train up.
The climax of the desert quality of the
Pine Barrens, the most arid section of all,
lies to the south of the Barnega -Chatsworth
road, west of Manahawken, toward the
cedar-bordered Oswego River and its tributaries. Here are the East and West Plains,
plateaus covering 20,000 acres, where the
excessive dryness and frequent fires have reduced the forest to a low scrub of pines and
oaks, with thickets of laurel interspersed.
The pines are often cut down to mere knobby burls of wood, rising two or three feet
above the sand, with branches radiating like
the spokes of a wheel. The eye looks for
miles over vegetation which rarely rises
higher than a man's head. But it has its
aspects of beauty when the laurel is in bloom
or the meadow beauty and the calopogon
tinge the meadows and moist spots with
scarlet and purple.

THE BEACH STRIP
The beach strip of New Jersey is so much developed in shore resorts, from
Atlantic Highlands to Point Pleasant, that there are but few miles left in their
original state.




154

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

0

Fgr 68j B             e
It 've^
Figure 68

South of Seaside Park, east of Toms River,
where the Pennsylvania Railroad turns
inland across Barnegat Bay, are Io miles
of lonely strand on Island Beach, which extends all the way to Barnegat Inlet and is
inhabited by few others than the coast
guardsmen. Here is a good route for a two
days' camping trip. Water can be secured
at the coast-guard stations, and the crews
will sometimes give shelter to small parties
in emergencies.
Sandy Hook offers an interesting short
walk, with a beach which appears surpris
ingly lonely for a spot so near the city and
with some rather dense woodland back of it,
Permission must be obtained of the army
authorities, at the headquarters in Whitehall
Street, New York, to enter the reservation;
but this is not difficult in peace time for
those who convince the officials of their good
intentions. The officers at the post are
courteous in showing visitors all that they
may properly see. Water is scarce between
the tip of the point and the railroad at
Highland Beach, and it is advisable to take
along a canteen.

MONMOUTH COUNTY
The northern part of Monmouth County is quite different from the southern:
more fertile sands, gravels, and clays with considerable marly intermixture give
soils that produce excellent crops and good stands of hardwood forest. The hills
running from Shrewsbury River, close to the ocean, through the Highlands of
Navesink and Beacon Hill toward Matawan and Freehold contain considerable
areas of woodland. This ridge, rising in the Highlands to 265 feet and in Beacon
Hill, south of Matawan, to 373 feet, preserved since its deposition in the Cretaceous period because of the relative hardness of its upper strata, gives wide views
where the summits are bare. One can cross it at several points on the railroad or
trolley line from Matawan to Atlantic Highlands toward Middletown and Red
Bank.
A pleasant walk, with fine ocean and tidal the Highlands of Navesink to the lightriver views, is from  Atlantic Highlands house high up on the east end of the ridge,
railroad station around the north front of then around to the south into a depression




NEW JERSEY SOUTH OF THE RARITAN
- C3to C^--.
155

Afanc[    Figure 69f
Figure 69

where lies a concealed fort, and to the road
westward along Shrewsbury River. This
route passes through the Hartshorne estate
(this family once owned all Sandy Hook)
where fish hawks, protected by the owners,
nest in large numbers in the trees. Thence it
continues along the river shore to Stone
Church, whence one may return directly to
Atlantic Highlands station or, for a longer
walk, go in to Red Bank. One may cross the
bridge to Oceanic and go west up Rumson
Neck either by the road along the south
shore of the Shrewsbury or by a middle
road through fine estates; or one may continue from Stone Church along the north
shore and cross to Red Bank above the railroad bridge. The latter route is less built
up and perhaps the prettier.
A good ridge walk past old houses and
estates marked with the formal lines of
ancient locusts, is from Hazlet (east of
Matawan, on the railroad) up southward to
the top of the Beacon Hill ridge and then
down the south side and along eastward
through Middletown and the old village on
Chapel Hill, with its disused lighthouse, to
Atlantic Highlands.
From May to October, when the Central
Railroad of New Jersey steamboats are
running, this is the ideal approach to the
Highlands of Navesink; and there is time
for a jaunt of several hours between the
arrival of the morning boat and the departure of the last in the afternoon. Liberty

Street and West 22nd Street ferries connect
with the steamers.
The Sandy Hook sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey covers the territory.
A walk full of historical associations is from
Freehold, reached on the branch railroad line from
Matawan, westward over the battle field of
Monmouth. This is exceptionally well preserved
in many details, though cultivation has drained
the "morasses" along the watercourses in which
accounts of the battle state that scores of the
combatants perished. They seem dry enough now.
Perhaps the most picturesque relic of this fight,
which in June, 1778, might have been another
Saratoga but for the criminal bungling, perhaps
treachery, of General Charles Lee, is the old
Tennent Church, 4 miles west of Freehold, whose
pews were stained with the blood of dying British
and Americans when it was a field hospital just
back of the lines that Washington and Lafayette
held firm after Lee's dastardly retreat. The graves
of soldiers of both armies lie under the old oaks
in the churchyard and include that of the British
Lieutenant Colonel Monckton, who died in the
last charge of the rear guard in which he served.
Molly Pitcher's well is preserved at the edge of
the meadow east of the church. On the busy
motor highway from Trenton to Long Branch,
south of the church, stands a post bearing a blue
and white enameled sign, with the simple words,
"Here Washington met Lee on his retreat." Like
Muinchausen's trumpet notes melting out in the
spring and bugling in the air, you will be no true
American if you do not hear the Father of His
Country's "Damned poltroon!" ringing out of the
cornfields on either side as he scorched Lee with
his justly angered glare.




SHAWANGUNK RANGE
BOUT halfway between the Catskills and the Highlands of the
Hudson a ridge just under 2000 feet in height runs southeasterly
from Kingston toward the high point of New Jersey near Port
SJervis. The valleys Rondout, west of the range, and Walkill,
S    east of it, average about 300 feet in elevation, so that the steep
L i  drop is sufficient to provide fine outlooks. The sky line shows
repeat after repeat of sloping plateau and south-facing cliff.
SOne of the northerly dips holds Mohonk and its gem of a lake;
i    the next major drop, Lake Minnewaska; another, Lake Awosli      ting; and the highest, beneath Sam's Point, the summer settleS ment of Cragsmoor. All of these exhibit striking sculpture of
~  'L    cliff and fallen rock, plunging views into near valleys with their..,. streams and towns, and the Catskill profile to the north. The
plateau of the top is covered with low oak and pine.scrub mostly
below eye level. The going in these is lumpy, on a surface close
set with small rounded rocks, except where the trail takes to
S   the ledges or cliff tops or where one follows the excellent
-.''.  j.- roads. The gullies are filled with tall woods. There are expensive hotels at Mohonk ($8 to $1o a day) and at Minnewaska,
and there is a boys' camp at Awosting; but boarding houses
are to be found on the slopes and at Cragsmoor. Springs are frequent at the base
of the cliff.

Access to Cragsmoor and Minnewaska by
the New York, Ontario & Western Railway
from Jersey City to Ellenville and Kerhonkson (103 and 107 miles respectively, 4 hours,
$3.70); to Mohonk by the West Shore Railroad from Weehawken to New Paltz (5 hours,
$3.76). There are good roads to the top,
and good local maps may be obtained on
request from  Mohonk Hotel, the Minnewaska hotels, and Cragsmoor Inn, or of Bert
Terwilliger in Ellenville. The sheets of the
U. S. Geological Survey (Ellenville, New
burg, and Rosendale sheets) are necessary
for the contours. They do not show many
trails, however, but the through routes.
The following are some of the walking distances: Ellenville to Bear Hill, 4 miles;
thence to Sam's Point, 3 miles; Sam's Point
to  Awosting, 7Y2   miles; Awosting to
Minnewaska, 4Y2 miles; Minnewaska to
Mohonk, 7 miles; Minnewaska to New
Paltz, Io miles; Minnewaska to Kerhonkson, 6 miles; New Paltz to High Fall, 7
miles.

156




SHAWANGUNK RANGE                157
IVA" ' -<pi,    -  -
7Z
7   ---
c    - _   \-7
__ ~
r/I>-C




158

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

SAM'S POINT, THENCE TO MINNEWASKA AND MOHONK

Route by roads and good trails.
From Ellenville station cross the tracks;
then follow the Menaagha-Cragsmoor road
southward and keep on past the Menaagha
fork to South Gully and its large brook (I
miles from Ellenville). Rounding the spur
beyond the brook one comes upon two openings to a trail leading a mile up the ridge at
a fair grade with some steep climbing and
good views. The alternate ascent by the
road up the South Gully is an easy grade
but without views. Beyond the Menaagha
fork is a trail (2h miles from Ellenville),
which is first an old wood road that dips to
cross a brook, where a cool bath may be
taken. Thence one may either climb west
steeply or on a fair slope to the northerly
point of the summer settlement. Having
reached the plateau, keep to the westerly
good roads to reach Bear Hill. Signs show
the wood road to the top (4 miles). The outlook is one of the finest in the whole range.
The inn is half a mile east of the hill (signs
point the way.)
Sam's Point (2Y2 miles farther on) is

reached from Cragsmoor post office by a
good road with a fine view down the South
Gully. From here the cliff may be followed
north to the Ellenville ice caves, where ice
is to be found all summer (3 miles of rather
hard going); or the forester's tower on High
Point may be visited (3 miles); or a trip
may be taken to Camp Awosting (Io miles)
by way of Verdeer Kill Falls.
There is no place to put up at Awosting, so that one must return or go on
to Minnewaska. From Verdeer Kill Falls
to Awosting the trail runs south to Mud
Pond and is not difficult to find if one is
used to mountain work, although none
of the available maps cover this mile.
From Awosting good roads run to Minnewaska (4Y   miles); and from  Minnewaska
to Mohonk (7 miles) there are roads on
which motors are not met. There are paths
to all scenic points, as the local maps
will show.
The sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey fit
clumsily to this trip along the ridges, calling for
those of Ellenville, Newburg, and Rosendale.




THE CATSKILLS
-  EAREST of high mountain regions to New York City and
-_ the metropolitan district, the Catskills, though long
- tamed in the more accessible sections by resort development, still contain in remoter parts miles of wilderness
attractive to the exploring tramper and climber. These
mountains are too far away for one-day trips; but on
week-end or three- or four-day tramps routes may be
planned to include, in several such excursions, their finest features. As for the
wider views, from the summits fronting the Hudson valley, man's doings cannot
spoil their magnificence; the wilder prospects, from the balsam-topped higher
peaks, ignore his influence.
The higher and more rugged parts of the Catskills, 3500 feet and more, still
resist the hotel and boarding-house invasion; and recent development of state
forest preserves and of large private estates will tend to maintain their present
character. Clearing and marking of a hundred miles of trails by the Conservation Commission, under the direction of District Ranger Fred Andrews of Big
Indian, last year opened to the tramper many fine summits and deep-trenched
valleys and furnished important additions to the older paths familiar to the lovers of the routes over Slide, Wittenberg, and Cornell mountains. Some more
remote mountains, like Peekamoose, are quite without trails and are likely to
remain so for years, as only the hardiest climbers attempt their cliff-encircled and
fir-barbed summits.
SLIDE MOUNTAIN TRAILS

The oldest and best-known trails in the
Catskills are' those which reach the summit
of Slide Mountain (4204 feet), highest point
in the region. They were formerly blazed, in
a somewhat casual way, by private initiative but were included last fall in the Conservation Commission's system and with the
bright red, yellow, and blue metal disk
markers of the state forestry department
are now plain to all.
The most picturesque approach to Slide
is through Woodland Valley, one of the finest
15I

valleys in the Catskills, entered from the
north at Phoenicia, 4 or 5 hours by train
from New York City on the Ulster & Deiaware Railroad via Kingston. The foot of the
trail up Wittenberg, at the head of the
valley, is about 4 miles from Phoenicia; and
one can save an hour or so by taking a bus.
From Lord's boarding house, where the trail
leaves the dirt road, the ascent up the steep
face of Wittenberg to the 38oo-foot summit
is nearly 3000 feet in about 3 miles. It is
steepest at the beginning and near the top,




i6o

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Figure 71

a gentler slope halfway giving breathing
space. From the top there are splendid
views eastward over the great Ashokan Reservoir, north over the central Catskills,
and west toward Slide and Panther. The
path goes on southerly over Cornell Mountain, Ioo feet higher than Wittenberg; then
down 900 feet over steep ledges and through
a stand of virgin spruce, saved by state purchase, to the notch between Cornell and
Slide; then up 1200 feet to the summit of the
highest peak.
An easier route is from Big Indian station
on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad up the
road following the headwaters of Esopus
Creek to Winnisook Lodge; whence the
climb to the summit (about 2500 feet above
the lodge and 3 miles distant from it), first
by old wood road and then by footpath,
requires little exertion. This ascent was
formerly made by saddle horses, and traces
of an old road are still seen.
Slide Mountain may also be ascended in a
rough climb by the famous slide on the north
face through dense forest and up precipices
thinly studded with trees for handholds.
For full directions read John Burroughs'
account of his climb in his essay, "The
Heart of the Southern Catskills," in the
collection entitled "Riverby," He turned
off the Woodland Valley road a mile or so

beyond the beginning of the Wittenberg
Trail, went up the west, or right, branch of
Cornell Brook, and then struck left, near
the head of this branch, directly up the
slide (15oo feet of high-angle cliffs) to the
summit.
A long but easy climb of Slide is from the
fouth, through the valley of the east branch
of Neversink Creek, from Denning-last
hamlet up that stream. It is reached on foot
from Claryville, which has connection by
bus with Liberty or South Fallsburgh on the
main line of the New York, Ontario &
Western Railway. The dirt road up the
valley passes a state open camp beside the
stream a mile above Denning and ends at
the last house, Tyson's, a house with a
Japanese roof. Thence an old road, an
important route in the old days of the hemlock peelers and tanneries which cleared
these mountains of much of their original
softwood, climbs along the flank of Wildcat
toward Winnisook Lodge. The Slide Mountain sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey is a
little obsolete here, in that it shows this old
road as double dotted lines leaving Tyson's
by thq south bank of the stream. The
correct route follows the ruts through the
pasture on the north side beyond Tyson's
caretaker's farm into the woods and turns
uphill in a quarter of a mile. The road on




THE CATSKILLS

161

34Wcifro y.'T MEb-:^jrTp[^^:u1vI tJ  o A5igar ys;. ~ a[saLrv^-g'^.-.a.^^^^o^^^^*F^cr7gj^^^.  ~*_-.---.----
-s --=-           --~ -..  -'     I
^sK^^^'"^7^^?^'"'"''''''^^^?^:=^ ^ii
r^.  ~':l-*^^-^^5 -^^.   ^^*^- ^^---^ Sc   f^ ^?^ --i& <   ^a~  r

Figure 71

the south side has been largely obliterated
by disuse and floods; but a trout fisherman's
path follows up the south bank of the
branch to within a mile of the notch between
Slide and Cornell, and one can ascend to the
last trickle of the brook and keep on to the
Cornell-Slide Trail.
On the Denning-Winnisook road, at about
the 3000-foot contour, one may turn to the
right into the Curtis-Ormsbee Trail, made
more than twenty years ago by members of
the Fresh Air Club of New York City as a
memorial to "Father Bill" Curtis, famous
athlete and sports writer and official, and his

companion Ormsbee, who perished in a
summer snowstorm on Mount Washington
in 19oo. A granite monument, erected by
former Supreme Court Justice Harrington
Putnam, of Brooklyn, an ardent outdoor
man who has a farm near Denning, indicates the beginning of an easy climb, which
joins the Winnisook trail on the ridge about
a mile west of the summit. This monument,
in spite of its remote position, has not
escaped mutilation by vandals, who evidently spent hours of a day fit for better
things in marring its polished face with their
initials and other laborious nonsense.

ASCENTS TO PEEKAMOOSE

Southward from Slide and Cornell is a
high region of little-climbed summits. Important among them are Balsam Cap, which
looks down into deep Maltby and Moon
Hollows-30oo-foot drops over a succession
of cliffs and steep slopes; Rocky, Lone, and
Table mountains, on the east side of the
Neversink; and Peekamoose, haunt of deer
and bear, one of the wildest peaks in the
Catskills.
The Conservation Commission now controls much of this land and has considered a
trail over these summits; but it might be as
well, perhaps, to let it remain wild and for
bidding for the rare enjoyment of the hardy
climber in a region which, though limited,
is as wild as any in the Adirondacks. Peekamoose is not often ascended and has no
definite trails. It may be climbed up Donovan Brook, a tributary of the east branch
of the Neversink, thence through dense fir
and spruce to the top. Another route is
by the infant Rondout Creek, from what the
map of the U. S. Geological Survey calls
Peekamoose Lodge, though incorrectly, as
it is really the old Dimmick place. This was
once the remote country place of a family of
that name who had a private Roman Catho



162

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

lic chapel, still perched with its cross on the
top of a sandstone cliff, through a break in
which the creek falls into a beautiful pool.
From this spot, which only the walker can
reach, one may walk east through the deep
Gulf Road into Watson Hollow; past a barn
with four whitening bear skulls on its door;
and out across the Ashokan Reservoir, by
way of the marvelous aerator, with its hundred of plumes of water, east of the Olive
Bridse Dam, to the railroad at Ashokan
statign. Or one may go west down the
Rondout to Sundown and Eureka, all the
way to the Kingston Division of the New
York, Ontario &   Western Railway, at
Wawarsing, or, crossing the divide into the

Neversink valley, reach the main line of
that road at South Fallsburgh.
A more direct but rougher course for the
tramper making south from Slide and
Peekamoose is to ascend from the Gulf
Road over the ridge south of Rondout
Creek, cross the notch between Gulf and
Samson mountains, and descend into the
valley of Vernooy Creek. Here is to be
found a mile or two of gorges, falls, and deep
pools-wonderfully picturesque and now
little visited. From them roads lead south
and east to Wawarsing or Kerhonkson on the
Kingston  Division  of the New    York,
Ontario & Western Railway.

A NEW TRAMP SECTION

West of the Esopus headwaters, toward
the streams Dry Brook, Mill Brook, and
Beaverkill which flow into the east branch
of the Delaware, lies a section of the Catskills whose streams have long been known
to.the trout fisherman but whose summits
have not been much known to the average
climber-a section which has lately been
opened to the latter by the new Conservation Commission trails. Here in the summer
of 1922 the state began construction of
trails on land which it had acquired and on
adjoining private tracts where permission
was given. These trails are similar to the
paths in the Adirondack Preserve and,
like them, are marked with colored metal
disks three inches in diameter-red for eastwest routes, blue for north-south, yellow for
diagonal courses.
The first of these trails was begun on the
road south from Big Indian, at a point a mile
above Oliverea, where a lettered sign indicates its route. It crosses the Esopus and
climbs up the right bank of the tributary
Elk Bushkill to the last house, Kane's, then

climbs steeply by an old wood road, cleared
of brush by the forest rangers, along the
south flank of Eagle Mountain and crosses
at an altitude of 310oo feet. It is marked with
red disks. At the top of the notch between
Eagle and a spur of Big Indian Mountain a
blue-marked north-south trail turns to the
right along the ridge to the fire observatories
on Balsam and Belle Ayr mountains. From
it are descents west into the valley of Dry
Brook and east to Mapledale, Big Indian,
and Pine Hill. The red disks carry the
climber down westward into the upper
waters of Dry Brook, where a yellow-marked
path is met which runs from Seager's (a
hamlet farther down the stream) up over a
col between Doubletop and Big Indian
mountains into Biscuit Creek valley and
down that deep gulch to Frost Valley where
runs the west branch of the Neversink. A
tract Ioo feet wide along several miles of
Dry Brook is owned by George J. Gould for
the protection of fishing rights; but Mr.
Gould has given the state permission to put
up the trail markers on his property.

BALSAM ROUNDTOP
From the upper part of Dry Brook dirt Furlough Lake into the headwaters of Mill
roads lead past the Gould country place at Brook. The state markers indicate the route




THE CATSKILLS

163

to the beginning of a road paralleled by a
telephone line which ascends southward to
the fire observation station on Balsam
Roundtop-an excellent viewpoint for large
portions of Ulster, Sullivan, and Delaware
counties. This tower can also be reached
by the old road, once a highway from Dry
Brook to Hardenberg via Balsam Lake,
shown on the Margaretville sheet of the
U. S. Geological Survey as a double dotted
line-well engineered, though the bridge at
its beginning is now gone and one crosses the
stream on a plank over a natural flume now
little used and badly overgrown-to a junction near the summit with the newer road
and telephone line from Mill Brook. The
tower is on the summit of Balsam Roundtop, about a mile west of the road, by trail.
Old wood roads like this-some shown on
the sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey,
but most of them   not represented-are
found in every valley on the sides of the
mountains and are often convenient helps in
ascents; though they are filled in summer, as
are large patches of the slopes about them,

with tall wood nettles which sting the skin
annoyingly if inadvertently touched.
The road over Balsam Roundtop descends
southwest via Balsam Lake into the valley
of the Beaverkill; whence one can go west
through the remote hamlets of Turnwood
and Hardenberg to the east branch of the
Delaware. From Hardenberg a Conservation Commission trail has been marked
southward over Mongaup Mountain to De
Bruce, on Willowemoc Creek. From there it
is but a short way to the main line of the
New York, Ontario & Western Railway at
Liberty.
The Beaverkill valley can also be reached
from Frost Valley and the west branch of
the Neversink by an old road. One turns
into it from the stream at Round Pond,
follows up Fall Brook, and crosses a notch
into the watershed of the Delaware. From
Claryville westward  a  little-used  road
through scattered farms runs along the
southern slopes of Mongaup Mountain into
the headwaters of the Willowemoc and down
to De Bruce, Livingston Manor, or Liberty.

A PICTURESQUE SECTION

The valleys of Dry Brook and Mill Brook
offer routes on dirt roads out to the Ulster &
Delaware and Delaware & Northern railroads (the latter railroad is not shown on
the U. S. Geological Survey sheet) to
Arkville, Margaretville, and Arena. The
Millbrook ridge extending westward from
Balsam Roundtop is high and rough, with
deep and rugged side valleys, and offers an,
interesting terrain for exploring climbers.
Some of the ridges inclosing the valleys on
the north may be crossed in the notches by
little-used abandoned roads past scattered
or deserted farms. North of the east branch
of the Delaware toward Stamford is an area
of wooded hills less wild than the mountains
to the south and also with roads through the
notches. (All but the last-described trail
were marked in 1923 by the Conservation
Committee.)

Between Esopus Creek and the valleys of
West Kill and Schoharie Creek are two lines
of mountains which attain respectable elevations. (West Kill Mountain is 3800 feet
high.) Through their notches are good
routes, worth exploring. A rough route,
plain to follow, is along the engineer's line
over the profile along the Shandaken tunnel
which will carry Schoharie water from the
new reservoir at Gilboa into the Esopus and
the Ashokan Reservoir. These ridges rise
eastward into the great mass of Hunter
Mountain (4025 feet high). Hunter is the
second highest mountain in the Catskills
and has a broad, level plateau from which a
fire observation tower gives wide views. It
can be climbed in four ways: from Lanesville, on the south, by a logging road-the
easiest and quickest route; from Stony
Clove, on the east, by a fire warden's trail;




164

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Figure 72

from Hunter station, on the north, by a
long-used trail over the curiously shaped
spur, the Colonel's Chair; or from the West
Kill valley, by logging roads and trail over a
northern spur. This last route may also be
reached from Lanesville through Diamond
Notch. These routes are shown on the Phoenicia and Kaaterskill sheets of the U. S.
Geological Survey, except that from Stony
Clove, which is partly new but well marked,
and that from Lanesville, for which the correct route is to turn left from the highway,
about a mile and a half east from the station, at a farmhouse where guidance will be
given. There the path enters a meadow then
climbs up the side of a deep valley to some
abandoned logging camps on a level spot
not far below the summit and then goes
around the east side of the plateau to the
fire tower.

East of Hunter on the other side of the
deep Stony Clove is a mass of densely
wooded summits-including Plateau Mountain (3900 feet), Indian Head, Twin, and
Plattekill-which may be climbed with the
help of wood roads in the notches. One of
the most picturesque of these notches is
Mink Hollow, which leads from the Mount
Pleasant-Woodstock road at Lake up between Plateau and Twin and down to Elka
Park and the Schoharie (marked by the
state forest rangers with blue disks). The
east front of this mass is the ancient
marine bluff, the edge of the Devonian
sandstones of the Catskills, where thousands
of feet of strata were worn off the longvanished high mountains of the Taconic
range to   the eastward.   This ancient
bluff remains in Overlook and Plattekill
mountains. Around its face a road climbs




THE CATSKILLS

165

from Woodstock through Mead's' past the
Mountain House and leads into the deeply
eroded Plattekill gorge with its waterfalls
and mossy clefts. From it may be had
expansive views eastward over the Hudson
valley to the Taconics and the Berkshire
front.  Kaaterskill Clove, the   deepest
cut in the eastern Catskills front, is even
finer.  It is especially  worth  visiting,
for its two large cascades-Kaaterskill Falls
and Haines Falls-and many smaller ones.
At Kaaterskill Falls do not fail to pass under
it for the view out under the overhanging
circle (Fig. 72).
North of Kaaterskill Clove and the Schoharie headwaters are several high summitsNorth and Stoppel mountains, north of
Haines Falls and the Kaaterskill Mountain
House-accessible by an old road along the
edge of the eastern cliffs and continuing the
wide views toward the Berkshires. There are
practicable ascents of this 300ooo-foot scarp
by old roads in several of the gulches. Still

farther north are the three knobs of the
Blackhead Mountains-Blackhead, Black
Tom, and Thomas Cole-each nearly 4000
feet high, Black Tom (3976 feet) being the
third highest Catskill summit. Blackhead,
the easternmost, overlooking the lowlands,
may be ascended from Purling (Cairo Forge
on the sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey)
by wood road, trail, or the bed of a brook
coming down from the hogback south of the
summit. From its summit not only are
there fine views eastward, but southward
one is given an unusual aspect of the central
and southern Catskills toward Hunter
Mountain. There is no trail over Black
Tom and Thomas Cole; but these shaggy
knobs could be negotiated by a hardy
climber; and there are old wood roads in the
side valleys to help. North of the Blackhead
Mountains Acre Point carries the border of
the Catskills around westward past Windham
High Peak and to somewhat lower ridges in
western Greene and Schoharie counties.

4 i   tk& - cmr^top waCS&foidrQsrunfaii
0a.eTvW, 5 Z -W CAI/-Cn  o-n- TV50 s 0.  &Ue-sClutC
a-wi -H~ep~e^&C  C~f-t~igue a7 r,3 o
(TrLLS. u5<  50.0o5,.
gure 73




THE TACONICS
ELIGHTFUL and nearly as accessible from   New York
City as the Catskills but of quite different geology and
Sconsequently different topography and lying east of the
Hudson, at distances of 75-100oo miles or more from
the metropolis, along the boundary lines of New York,
Connecticut, and Massachusetts, is a section geologiScally known as the Taconics, a modern rendering of an
old Indian name elsewhere spelled Taghkannock. On the
U. S. Geologscal Survey sheets, however, the name is
limited in use to the hills along the upper half of the New York-Massachusetts
border. In common usage it is applied to the high plateau capped in the southwest corner of Massachusetts by Mt. Everett and its extension into Connecticut
and New York.
In topography this section appears to continue the eastern Hudson Highlands
into the Berkshires; but, in place of the plutonic or metamorphosed granites and
gneisses of the former, it is made up largely of schists (also much metamorphosed
and with a greater proportion of the limestones and marbles) whose softer rocks
have permitted the erosion of the valleys of the Housatonic and other streams.
The eastern Highlands are separated from the southern extension of the
Taconics, along the New York-Connecticut lines, by the long valley now followed
by the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad through Katonah,
Pawling, Wingdale, and northward. This valley is underlain by impure limestones of about the same quality as the Inwood limestone found at Marble
Hill on Manhattan Island, although in places a higher calcium content and
greater metamorphism have transformed this dolomite into what is commercially
called marble and which approaches the purer marble of the Berkshires and
Vermont.
A southern boundary of the Taconics, for the purposes of this chapter, may be
placed at Ten Mile River-one of the largest tributaries of the Housatonicwhich has its sources and most of its course in New York, in Columbia and
Dutchess Counties. It crosses the boundary east of Wingdale. North of this
stream and for 10 or 15 miles between the Housatonic valley on the east and Ten
Mile River and its tributaries on the west is a roughly contoured region of schistose rocks, rising to elevations over 1400 feet, comparable to the Hudson High166




THE TACONICS

167

lands. These hills are covered with second-growth hardwood broken by occasional outlooks from open ledges. Large areas, especially west of Kent, Conn..
have been disfigured by forest fires. Old wood roads are common, and one sees
frequent depressions left by forgotten charcoal pits used for making fuel for the
old iron bloomeries, as in the Hudson Highlands.
THE WEST BANK OF THE HOUSATONIC

For the tramper the most pleasant as well
as the easiest way through this region is by
the little-used road along the west side of
the  Housatonic, which   extends, with
scattered farms, for 30 miles northward past
Kent and Cornwall to Falls Village, Conn.
The main highway up the Housatonic and
most of the villages are on the east side,
where limestone strata on that bank permitted formation of wider and more easily
farmed flats and intervales.
Farther north of the first block of hills,
which include Schagticok'e Mountains between Ten Mile River and Macedonia Brook
where Connecticut has a state park of a
thousand acres, is another rugged region,
in Kent and Sharon townships, with summits above 1400 feet and many secluded
back roads. The character of most of these
roads, owing to disuse, is not so good as
suggested on the U. S. Geological Survey
sheets-but all the better for the walker.
The unfrequented road on the west bank of
the Housatonic is here again the easiest
route all the way to Falls Village. The
tramper with a light pack can cross the
river at Kent or West Cornwall and find a
night's lodging at inns.
From Falls Village, Conn., where a power
company has dried up the largest fall on the
Housatonic, it is an easy climb northwest
to Mt. Prospect (1475 feet high) which
gives a fine view of the northwestern corner
of Connecticut, eastward from    Canaan
Mountain over the river meanders of the
level Housatonic valley. Westward are
Bear Mountain and Lion's Head. To the
north, a view may be had over Twin Lakes;
while still farther north rise Mt. Everett

and other summits of the MassachusettsNew York corner.
Trails and roads lead from Prospect
across the lowlands of Salisbury to Lion's
Head, a   700oo-foot crag giving fine views
eastward. A rough traverse might be made
along the edge of the plateau northward to
Bear Mountain, highest summit in Connecticut (230o feet). On the map the distance
is about 3 miles. At about 2 miles one
strikes an old wood road (dotted lines on
the Sheffield sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey), from which a faint trail ascends
to the beehive-shaped rock monument on
the summit. An easier way is to cross the
the noisy Wachoonstinook Brook, west of
Lion's Head, to the road to Forge Pond,
one of the Riga Lakes and once the seat of
an important smelting industry where the
anchors of the frigate Constitution were
made a century ago. Thence a plain, but
little-used, road  goes  northward  over
Gridley Mountain, past Bear, and over the
Massachusetts line. The dotted-line road
leading to the trail up Bear turns off to the
right beyond Gridley Mountain.
Over the Massachusetts line one is in the
sparsely settled Mount Washington township, one of the most thinly populated
townships in the state, whose population
grows steadily less as the farms are deserted.
Shelter on the plateau is a problem, unless
one is on a camping trip. From Mount
Riga the nearest lodging place northward is
at Dr. Spurr's, beyond Mt. Everett. One
can turn left at the Union Church and
descend westward via Bashbish Falls to
Boston Corners or Copake Falls, or east by
faint wood paths south of Bear, or between




I68

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Bear and Everett to Taconic (Chapinville
of the Sheffield sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey) and find inns or boarding houses.
The descent to Copake Falls is worth
while, since it includes the beautiful Bashbish Falls on the brook of the same namea fall of 60 feet in a divided plume of water
over -a cliff between Bashbish and Cedar
mountains. The roads from the center of
the plateau, between Bear and Everett on
the east side and Alander and Bashbish
mountains on the west, converge to this
gorge-the onlywayout for vehicular traffic.
Going down hill, watch for a path on the
left as you begin to hear the sound of the
falls. It leads to the top of a little conical
point of rock. Here is one of the finest views
in the region, especially toward sunset:
the V-shaped opening in the hills near at
hand frames almost the entire front of the
Catskills, 40 miles west across the Hudson,
with the Kaaterskill Mountain House about
in the center of the distant view. The fall
and pool below are well worth a visit, and
the roar of the falling water makes one
admire again the Indian's onomatopoeic
sense in applying combinations of syllables
-however well or ill the white man has
preserved them-which fitted the natural
objects the redman sought to describe.
"Bash-bish", that is just how the falling
water sounds.

Mt. Everett (2624 feet) is quite worth
the easy climb by a road on which one
might be willing to risk a motor car that he
cared little about. The road turns to the
right from the north-south route, about
half a mile north of the Union Church.
Guilder Pond, halfway up, is a pretty little
tarn. There are some shacks a little beyond
which are open to climbers for shelter.
The broad, level summit is nearly bare,
with a few low pines. A steel observatory
raises the climber to a fine view of the
Catskills, the Helderbergs, and the northern
and eastern Berkshires.
One thing about this summit will attract the
botanically-inclined climber-the mountain, or
three-toothed, cinquefoil (Ponlenlilla tridentata)
which is found in this latitude in high, windswept
places, grows there. It grows on  the higher
Adirondacks and the White and Green Mountains but not on some summits in the Catskills,
like Slide (4204 feet), which is 1400 feet above
Everett but covered with forest. It demands
plenty of exposure and grows on lower summits,
like High Point (1806 feet) in the Kittatinys of
New Jersey and on Mt. Beacon (1635 feet) in the
Fishkill Mountains east of Newburgh on the
Hudson. Both are open, bare elevations. There
is plenty of it on Everett, although it is not found
on Greylock (3500 feet); but Greylock's summit is
perhaps too sophisticated and has been accessible
too long by wagon and motor, and its native
alpine plants have been replaced by barnyard
weeds.

THE TACONICS NORTH OF MT. EVERETT

North of Everett the Taconic plateau
falls away by steep forested slopes into
Egremont and beyond along the New YorkMassachusetts line, where the hills are
lower and pasture and farm land rise to their
tops. On White's Hill (1713 feet) is a good
view over the New York boundary in Hillsdale, taking in the Columbia County hills
west and the Housatonic valley toward
Great Barrington eastward.
From White's Hill, some miles of forested
elevations stretch northward along the
boundary, in Austerlitz, N. Y., and West

Stockbridge, Mass. Among them is Harvey
Mountain which exceeds 2000 feet. Eastward toward Lenox and Pittsfield there is
little to attract the through tramper, and
he would do well to go on by train or trolley
to Greylock and the beginning of the Green
Mountain Long Trail. Along the Taconic
Mountains, as the name is used on the sheets
of the U. S. Geological Survey, from Lebanon Springs, N. Y., to the valley of the
Hoosic River, is a 20-mile stretch of hills
rising in Berlin Mountain, southwest of
of Williamstown, Mass., to 2800 feet. rA




THE TACONICS

169

nre observatory is located on its summit.
This range includes some rugged summits
and deep side valleys and is out of the track
of most trampers. It might be worth a few
days' exploration. Villages are few    on
either side, but shelter could probably be
found on the line of the Lebanon Springs
railroad, westward.
Greylock is the highest summit of the
Taconic formation in Massachusetts and
offers good views from the tall observatory;
but the motor roads to its summit, the hotel,
and other buildings give it a rather overcivilized look; and the presence of busy
manufacturing towns, Adams and North
Adams, just under it eastward make it
appear less attractive to the climber who
ikes his mountains in their natural state,

than the lower elevations in this territory
like Everett or Bear, or even remote hills
nearer NewYork City in our Interstate Park,
where the eye sees only a tumbled mass of
wooded ridges, unbroken by the smoke from
great mills. Saddle Ball, a mile south of
Greylock, only 200 feet lower,, is not so
sophisticated, because inaccessible except
by trails.
There are some steep forested trails on the
west side of Greylock, through the Hopper,
and they have been improved lately by new
short cuts made by the members of the
Williams College Outing Club. The view
northward, into southern Vermont, including Dorset, Equinox, and Stratton
mountains, is the most impressive of the
circuit




TRAILS
VER increasing automobile traffic on highways and even *on
secondary roads which were once delightful paths for the pedestrian, has spoiled many fine country walks, especially on Sun1   days and holidays, when most trampers find their only opportu/7       ) nities to enjoy such recreation. Growth of such road traffic is
oil       likely to continue, so that some substitute must be found for
those who walk for pleasure and recreation. This substitute is
S-.^  sF/l~  ^being developed in the form of trails. Trails have of course long
been available in regions suitable for vacation jaunts in the
mountains of New England and New York, thanks to such
public agencies as the United States Forest Service and the New York State Conservation Commission and to such private or semiprivate groups as the Appalachian Mountain, Green Mountain, and Adirondack Mountain Clubs.
But these regions are too far away from our great cities in the East to be available for other than periods of a week or more. What is needed is a system of
trails apart from traveled highways yet near enough to the cities to be accessible
for one-day, week-end, or over-holiday trips. The need is beginning to be filled.
Through the development of such forest preserves near a great city as the Palisades Interstate Park-in which New York, city and state, are exceptionally
fortunate-and through the. far-seeing policy of its commissioners and manager
many miles of trails have already been construct ed, and greater plans are afoot.
SOME OF THE PATHFINDERS
These trails were begun, in the Harriman and. Bear Mountain sections of the
Interstate Park, in 1920, on the initiative of a few outdoor enthusiasts, such as
Meade C. Dobson, who afterward organized the Adirondack Mountain Club;
Professor Will S. Monroe, president of the New York section of the Green
Mountain Club, who had already done immense service for outdoor lovers by
building 42 miles of the Monroe Skyline Trail in the Green Mountains of Vermont
and by marking a nearer trail system in the Wyanokie plateau in northern Passaic County, N. J.; Frank Place, Jr., one of the authors of this guidebook, as
leader of the Tramp and Trail Club; William W. Bell, active member of the New
York chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club; and J. Ashton Allis, of the
Adirondack Mountain, Appalachian Mountain, and Green Mountain Clubs.
170




TRAILS

I7I

Hearty co-operation and assistance in many forms was given by Major W. A.
Welch, general manager of the Interstate Park.
At the instance of Mr. Dobson, a federation of delegates from the New York
City walking clubs was formed under the name of the Palisades Interstate Park
Trail Conference. The delegates recruited helpers from each club and committees on scouting, clearing, and marking began work in the field in October, 1920.
Every man supplied his own tools and food and paid his own expenses. Major
Welch provided transportation within the Park and shelter on some week-end
working trips.
METHODS OF TRAIL LOCATION
The method of locating the trails was adapted from the practice of the Appalachian Mountain Club in New England. The route was scouted first without
making permanent blazes. Then the scout, with a helper, strung the route with
light cotton twine, looping it around trunks and branches. When it was decided
that the twine followed the best route (and changes were always possible by altering the line of the string) with reference to view points, springs, picturesque cliffs
and ledges, and other features considered desirable to include, the "elephant
squad" took up its task. Using hatchets for dead wood and large pruning shears
for green saplings and shrubs, the clearing gangs cut the trail out, on United
States Forest Service standards, four feet wide and high enough, through
branches, so that a man passing through with a knapsack would not run his face
into twigs. Care was taken to avoid damage to any trees of thrifty growth. After
the final clearing was done by the workers of the conference, metal squares with
symbols and initials to fit each route, provided by Major Welch, were affixed to
trees where possible. Over bare ledges, cairns of stones were made. Arrows of
white paint on extensive areas of bare ledges will eventually make the routes
clear beyond any doubt.
The first project of the conference was the' building of a trail from Tuxedo, on
the main line of the Erie Railroad, across the Ramapo, Harriman, and Bear
Mountain sections of the Interstate Park to the Hudson, at Jones Point on the
West Shore Railroad. It was laid over untracked summits and ridges as far
as possible, avoiding highways and including scenic points and water holes.
This trail, about 25 miles long, was completed in the winter of 1920-1921, and
the markers were all in place by early summer of 1921. In the winter of 1921 -1922 a highly scenic extension, the Timp-Torne Trail, was made along the
mountains fronting the Hudson from Dunderberg to Fort Montgomery (Figs.
6o and 77). In the summer of 1922 work was begun (and largely carried to completion in the following winter and spring) on the Finger-board-Storm King
Trail-an extension of the Ramapo-Dunderberg Trail, from the northeastern




172

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

S               summit of Finger-board     Mountain,
J y  west of Lake Tiorati, northeastward;
its eventual destination being Storm
SKing Mountain at the Northern Gate
of the Hudson Highlands. A short cut
from this path on Long Mountain to
Fort Montgomery is the Long-Torne
Trail.  A  short, but scenic and in.
teresting, approach trail, also made in
the winter of 1922-1923, is the ArdenSurebridge Trail from  Arden station,
on the Erie, via Island Pond Mountain,
the "Lost Road," and the Surebridge
SMine road to a connection with Ramapo--,.,' o2a'rla~          Dunderberg Trail in the notch between
Figure 74             Hogencamp and Finger-board mountains. Another trail, largely within the
Interstate Park, is the Ramapo-Plateau Trail, from Tuxedo to Mount Ivy,
completed 1923.
THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL
While these paths were building, among idealists in this outdoor endeavor,
sentiment began to develop for a greater trail-an Appalachian Trail-stretching
the entire length of our eastern ridge lands from Maine to Georgia. Professor
Monroe started the idea with a plan for a Delaware Water Gap-Hudson Highlands-Berkshire Trail to connect with the Long Trail in Vermont; Mr. Allis,
with the co-operation of Albert M. Turner, Field Secretary of the Connecticut
State Park and Forest Commission, actually explored and disclosed practical
possibilities for such a grand-trunk route and urged its construction at meetings
of the New England Trail Conference, which co-ordinates the work of the northeastern trail making agencies and of which, in 1922, Mr. Turner was chairman.
Then a greater dreamer still, Benton MacKaye, acting for the committee on
community planning of the American Institute of Architects, proposed the Appalachian Trail in full from Mt. Katahdin in Maine to Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina and an extension still further south to the mountains of northern Georgia.
He interested the members of the Palisades Interstate Park Conference in the
idea, and this federation was reconstituted into the New York-New Jersey Trail
Conference for the purpose of developing the Appalachian Trail in these two
states. Major Welch is chairman of this conference, and the vice chairman for
New York is Mr. J. A. Allis; for New Jersey, C. P. Wilber, State Forester. Parts




TRAILS

173

of the Ramapo-Dunderberg, Timp-Torne, and Arden-Surebridge trails in the
Interstate Park will be on the route of the Appalachian Trail. The trails in
the Stokes State Forest, on Kittatinny Mountain in northwestern New Jersey
over which Mr. Wilber presides, will be another already completed link.
Volunteer scouts of the conference began work in the spring and summer of
1922 and acquired information which permitted considerable work on the trail
in the fall and winter and in the spring of 1923. The route of the Appalachian
Trail, from Delaware Water Gap, is along the Kittatinny Mountain, where it
reaches 16oo feet in altitude, to Culver Gap, where it adopts the state forest
trail for several miles to Beemerville, crosses the Wallkill valley to Pochuck
Mountain, and Vernon valley to Wawayanda Mountain. Over that high plateau it passes to Bearfoot Mountain, west of Greenwood Lake, then around the
north end of the lake, and eastward past Mombasha Lake into the Interstate
Park via Arden and the Arden-Surebridge Trail. It will connect with the
Ramapo-Dunderburg and Timp-Torne trails, follow them to the Hudson, and
find a crossing on the bridge now under construction (1923) between Bear
Mountain and Anthony's Nose. East of the Hudson, it will pass northeast over
the Putnam County hills into Dutchess County at Pawling and enter Connecticut over Schagticoke Mountain, north of Ten Mile River.
Mr. MacKaye has found in the states along the line of the proposed trail other
groups and individuals interested in the idea, and they are working on it in their
areas. Considerable stretches of existing state and national park and forest preserve trails in North Carolina and Virginia and of remote back roads and wood
trails, especially on the ridges east of the Shenandoah Valley, are in line and can
be included.
INTERSTATE PARK TRAILS
For the New York City tramper, however, the Interstate Park trails are of
more immediate interest. They begin just across the river, over the ferries from
130th Street, Harlem, to Edgewater and from Dyckman street to Englewood
Cliffs. The paths under the cliffs, from Edgewater to Piermont, are thoroughly
described in Dr. Dickinson's guidebook "The Palisades Interstate Park." Major
Welch plans, in time, a through trail all the way to the Ramapo and Highlands
sections of the Park, from the north end of the Palisades over Hook Mountain,
past Nyack, Rockland Lake, and Haverstraw, around west to Mount Ivy, and
entering the Ramapos at Ladentown. The northern and eastern parts of the
park could then be reached by several routes on a network of dirt roads and old
wood paths shown on the Trail map published by the Park.
The Palisades-Hook Mountain-Mount Ivy trail would connect with the Ramapo-Plateau trail to Tuxedo, which crosses this region by way of the frontal




174

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

slope, Green, and Pine Meadow Swamps, Halfway Mountain, Stony Brook, and
out to Tuxedo by the famous guerilla lair, Claudius Smith's Den.
TUXEDO-TOM JONES TRAIL

The original trail made by the walking
club delegates, the Ramapo-Dunderberg,
starts at Tuxedo station on the main line of
the Erie. Walk a few rods north on the
track; then turn to the right past a group of
sheds, cross the Ramapo River, and turn to
the left (northeast) along the road on the
east bank. Watch for the first of the threeinch square galvanized metal, white-painted
markers with a red square and the letters
"T-TJ" (meaning Tuxedo-Tom Jones Mountain, terminals of the first section undertaken) on a tree at the right of the road
about 20 yards north of the bridge. (This
tree also bears the T-MI marker of the
Tuxedo-Mount Ivy Trail.)
Enter an old wood road at the sign, leaving the dirt road at the river edge and climbing to a shelf on the rise. Follow the redsquare-on-white-field markers northeast past
a group of workmen's cottages near the
Ramapo. Continue in the same direction for
about a mile from Tuxedo, cross a brook
which comes down from the east, and follow
it up by open wood road, on the north side,
avoiding forks to the left. Cross again to
the south side in half a mile and climb up a
steep grade in the road. At an elevation of
about 800 feet the route crosses the brook
over a smooth ledge to the north side, and,
about Ioo feet farther on, the newly cut
trail begins at a tree with two markers. It
climbs up the steep side of Black Ash
Mountain and on the top leaves the lands

of the Tuxedo Park Association, which permits well-disposed walkers to cross them,
and enters the Interstate Park-a singlestrand of barbed wire marking the boundary.
The trail continues easterly, down a
little, over ledges, and along a faint old wood
road for a few hundred yards. Then by
steep  lichen-covered  ledges it ascends
Parker Cabin Mountain, where a new observatory with a canvas top raises one above
the trees to wide views. It next descends
into the gap easterly and crosses the Hemlock Hill road, reputed one of the "Old
Continental" roads, used by Washington's
and Putnam's troops in the Revolution.
which are encountered in many parts of the
Highlands. There is an unfailing spring
about 300 yards down this road to the right
(southerly) under a boulder, on which the
Boy Scouts of the Lake Kanawauke headquarters have painted in red a heart and a
curved line-the Indian symbol for good
water.
The trail climbs the next hill, Tom Jones
Mountain, with a ruin observatory at its
I200-foot summit, and then descends steeply
to the, Seven Lakes Drive-the main automobile road through the Park. Two hours
for easy-going, less for fast walkers, is required for this section of the trail. A mile
east, at the Scout headquarters, buses may
be taken back to Tuxedo or, in the summer,
to Bear Mountain.

RAMAPO-DUNDERBERG TRAIL

Across the Drive, on the north side, one
picks up a different marker, with a red
circular spot, instead of a square, and the
initials "R-D" for Ramapo-Dunderberg.
The Tuxedo-Tom Jones section and part

of the "R-D" will eventually be an approach
to the great Appalachian Trail; the latter
coming east from Arden. The R-D Trail
climbs up a steep wood road to the bare
ledges of Black Rocks and extends north




TRAILS

I75

and east on a high, largely bare, curved
ridge which swings around over Bare Rocks
to Hogencamp Mountain.
This ridge is geologically interesting, as it constitutes a considerable remnant of the old Cretaceous peneplain-the base-leveled plain which
extended over the area of the Middle Atlantic
states and was arched upward into a low dome at
the beginning of the Cretaceous Period. The old
gneisses and  granites, much metamorphosed
masses of extremely ancient rock, softened and
contorted and recrystallized by tremendous plutonic intrusions, were also uplifted and fractured
into huge blocks by this complex. These blocks,
whose faces still control the topography of the
regions, formed the Pre-Cambrian Taconic and
Appalachian ranges, which had been worn down
again into a low dome by great horizontal pressures. This plain has since been dissected by
erosion to its present irregularities, which have
been largely governed by fault liries-the edges of
the fracture blocks of Pre-Cambrian time. The
tops of the present hills, above nIoo or 1200 feet,
are remnants of the ancient peneplain.
From the pole observatory on Hogencamp Mountain the trail descends northeasterly to the old Surebridge Mine road,
over which, up to forty years ago, iron ore
from the Hogencamp mines was carried in
wagons out to Greenwood Furnace at Arden. For a one-day tramp, here is a good
place to turn back to the Erie Railroad. An
easy route is to follow the Surebridge road
to the Cohasset Lakes and then the Arden
Valley road to Arden station. The Surebridge road is now drowned in Upper Cohasset Lake; but one can follow the new
shore to the left through the brush to the
Y. W. C. A. camp, pick up the old Arden
road, follow it out to the relocated highway,
or cross the dam at the outlet to the new
road and then go westward past the Duck
Pond and Echo Lake to the railroad. A
shorter and more picturesque route to
Arden is out the Arden-Surebridge Trail,
via the "Lost Road," through the rhododendron swamp north of Hogencamp Mountain, over Surebridge and Island Pond
mountains and via Arden Farm to Green-.A'rt(Ct       k        7Aydc7ý-.atiom  I i'-n ledy

CoT~Laset f9ns 'iorahiitwerFigure 75
wood Furnace and the station. Four hours
from Tuxedo to Hogencamp Mountain,
with an hour and a half more to Arden via
Cohasset Lakes, would be easy going. The
"Lost Road," now the Arden-Surebridge
Trail marked "A-SB" with a red triangle,
turns to the left from the Surebridge Mine
road about a hundred yards north of the
R-D Trail crossing. Anyone becoming familiar with the region will discover other
exits northward and westward from the
R-D Trail, by several wood roads, mostly
shown on the Park Trail map.
The main trail continues northeastward
over Finger-board Mountain to the Arden
Valley road, which leads out from Lake
Tiorati to the Erie Railroad-another good
point to leave or pick up the trail. The
new tower on a northwest spur of Fingerboard, from which is to be had the best
view of lake panorama to be seen from any
tower in the park, stands a few hundred
feet north of the trail, where it dips in a
saddle to Seven Lakes Drive. General
views from here are shown in Figures
38, 75, and 53. The R-D route follows
the road down hill (markers on telephone
poles) to the right, crosses the Seven
Lakes Drive, and enters the Lake Tiorati
(old Cedar Pond) road opposite. About
a third of a mile south a cai'rn and a
marker, on the left, point to the re-entrance
into the woods by an old road toward Goshen Mountain. This elevation (1360 feet)




176

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

is climbed by a newly cut straight ascent.
It gives a fine view back to Lake Tiorati.
The trail now slants off the southeasterly
side of Goshen, crosses a wood road in the
next divide, and climbs again to Letterrock
Mountain, on which it continues northeasterly to another gap, through which runs
a wood road from Bockey Swamp into
Stillwater Brook valley. Cross this road
and climb the steep face of Black Mountain, then go around on the brink of the
cliffs on the south and southwest sides.
The botanist will find something interesting on
the ledges, near an old iron ore prospect hole--a
large patch of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uvaursi), common on Long Island and in the New
Jersey Pine Barrens, as well as farther north, but
rare in the Hudson counties.
There is a fine view southwesterly from
these cliffs. From them the trail goes down
-into Beech Bottom, crossing the road, now
little used, which was the routeof Anthony
Wayne's forces for the storming of Stony
Point in 1789. Just west of the brook crossing is the first of two shelters provided by
Major Welch for the R-D Trail. The other
is to be built near Hogencamp Mountain.
The trail next climbs West Mountain
partly by wood roads, partly by newly cut
trail, over the southern crown of this ledgy
mass, where are some of the finest outlooks
of the route.
An alternate, easier route out to Tomkins
Cove is by a wood road which leaves the
R-D trail east of Beech Bottom Brook and
goes to the right over the south slope of
West Mountain through a newly-cleared
area and east by roads to the river.
Every one of these ledges was once the post of
some Continental, Tory, or British vidette, for
the mountain is set in Revolutionary history.
Wayne passed through the valley to the west, and,
in 1777, Sir Henry Clinton's army toiled through
the Timp Pass to the east to capture Forts Clinton
and Montgomery.
The path drops steeply over smooth
ledges into Timp Pass, over which frowns

the Timp-a remarkable cliff at the west end
of the Dunderberg massif and one of the
most picturesque rock faces in all the 30,000
acres of the Park. It is recognizable, at any
angle from which one sees it, for miles
around. The markers lead up the tumbled
rock fragments of the Six Chins Trail
(Fig. 42) to the summit. There stirring
panoramas are spread to-the view, north,
west, and south: from Bear Mountain
around to West Mountain and a pretty
valley towards Bulsontown; and the Hudson
from Tomkins Cove to Haverstraw Bay
and beyond, on the south (Figs. 43 and
59).
East from the top of the Timp the way
is first by an old wood road then by a
new path turning northeast, across a brook
where good water is usually found, to the
Bockberg-a 12oo-foot cone with a fine
view north over Iona Island and the Hudson gorge. Near the summit is the old Cornell iron mine, a dangerous hole filled with
water.
The trail now makes for Dunderberg proper, the eastern point of the massif, crossing the abandoned grade of the railway
projected for reaching a hotel at the summit
-both enterprises planned in 1892 when it
was thought that New York City might
have the Columbian Exposition and that it
might be located on Verplanck's Point
opposite. Both projects failed when the
exposition went to Chicago. From the 865 -foot summit at the east end of the massif
the trail descends steeply over ledges to the
Jones Point station at the river edge. Look
out for a deep gravel pit, at the left of the
trail going out of the woods, and stc:er for
the tiny  schoolhouse, whence a flight
of steps leads down to the level of the
tracks.
The R-D Trail has been done in 64
hours, not including rests, by strong walkers
(Miss Annette Buck and Mr. Earle and Mr.
Aselin of the Tramp and Trail Club) but
for the average tramper is rather too long
for one day. It might be more comfortably




TRAILS

177

done on a Saturday afternoon and Sunday
by using the Beech Bottom shelter if
going west or by camping out at some water
supply on or near the route if going east.
The best part of it scenically may be
covered in a day by using the Arden Valley
road from the Erie Railroad to Lake
Tiorati, picking up the R-D  there, and

going out to Jones Point. From Timp Pass,
if one is tired or time grows short, quick
exits are found by wood roads or a recently
blazed trail south and east to Tomkins Cove
or by wood and village road northerly
through Doodletown to lona Island railroad station or Bear Mountain steamboat
landing.

TIMP-TORNE TRAIL

The first extension  to the RamapoDunderberg Trail was the Timp-Torne path.
Its southern end is a Y--one leg beginning
in the Timp Pass and going by wood roads
and new paths, marked with metal squares
with a red circular spot and the initials
"T-T," to the cliffs on the west side of West
Mountain.   There it is joined by     the
western leg, which leaves the R-D Trail in
Beechy Bottom on the east side of the brook,
follows a wood road northerly past the
beaver ponds, and then turns to the right
up hill along a small brook and over ledges
to the top of the western cliffs. This Y
makes it possible to turn into the TimpTore Trail, from the R-D path, on either
side of West Mountain. (The sky line of
T-T Trail shows in Figures I, 33, 34, and
60).
The T-T Trail goes north, largely over
bare ledges with fine views east and west,
and descends, using parts of a maze of old
wood roads, to the old Doodletown road at
a large white oak. If one wishes to call it
a day, one can go out east on this road to
the lona, sland railroad station. To go on,
follow the Doodletown road west (left) a
short distance to the Seven Lakes Drive,
cross it, and strike through the woods
partly by old roads,,partly new cutting, to

the bottom of the cliffs on the south side
of Bear Mountain. A practicable ascent up
this smooth rock face has been marked to the
fine open ledges on the southwest spur of
Bear and then around the west side through
the "caves"-great tumbled masses of granite heaped upon one another so as to roof
large spaces-and down through a recently
cleared wood lot to Popolopen     Creek.
This stream is crossed by a log bridge built
by Major Welch.
The aqueduct on the north side of the
creek is an easy short cut to Fort Montgomery village. The T-T Trail follows
the aqueduct east 200 yards, then climbs
up across the two roads and the narrowgauge mine railway in the notch to the
top of Popolopen Torne-a picturesque
bare knob whose poll was scraped bald by
the ice sheet of the glacial period, and then
drops down east to the tipple of the ore railroad, whence one may continue by road, a
mile, to the Fort Montgomery railroad station.
The Timp-Torne Trail is a rather strenuous one-day's walk for a party of varying
abilities. A small group of good walkers,
starting at Tomkins Cove and going in to
Timp Pass, can do it between morning and
evening trains. There is no one single trail
comparable.

FINGER-BOARD-STORM KING TRAIL

J. A. Allis and others started last year
the Finger-board Mountain-Storm    King
Mountain extension of the R-D Trail. It

begins at the northeasternmost summit of
Finger-board and strikes northward, down
hill, presently finding an old wood road, one




i78

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Figure 76

of a series which served charcoal pits in the
old days, which leads into a better wood
road that comes out on the Arden Valley
road at a point about an eighth of a mile
south (up hill) from the dump of the old
Bradley Mine. It climbs on to the summit
of Bradley   Mountain   above   Bradley
Mine, avoiding the hole in the top of
the great excavated cavern (where one
might drop into the flooded shafts below)
to secure a fine view westward over the
Arden Brook valley, including Cohasset
Lakes and Echo and Surebridge mountains.
It then turns northeast and passes over the
several summits of Stockbridge (the highest
over 1400 feet) for 4 miles to the Baileytowh
Trail-a wood road which leads from Nawahunta Lake on Seven Lakes Drive over
Stockbridge to the Central Valley Road.
About half a mile south of this road is a
remarkable example of vertical and horizontal faulting on a cliff face which has produced a perfect little cave and a narrow
chute-forty feet long, a foot wide, and three

feet high-descending at a steep angle under
huge rock masses.     The trail was laid
through this chute, but walkers whose avoirdupois is of necessary consideration can detour around the side of the cliff.
The Finger-board-Storm King Trail continues about half a mile northeast of the
Baileytown wood road and then drops down
eastward into the swampy valley which lies
between Stockbridge Mountain and Cranberry Hill. It picks up an old, brush-grown
road along the floor of this valley, going on it
northeastward until within a quarter of a
mile of the Long Mountain highway; then
it turns sharply to the right, on what was a
lesser wood road but is now cleaned out to a
crossing of the Long Mountain road just
westward of its highest point on the ridge.
A sign directing one to a fine perennial
spring, down the steep slope northward,
leads the tramper on this trail along the
western flank of Long Mountain. There it
climbs, first by stretches of wood road and
then over the ledges, to the top of the south



1 RAI[LS

179

Figure 77

ern and highest summit Long Mountain
Here is a remarkable view (Fig. I, pg.
X) of the circuit of the Highlands, including the expanse of the Interstate
Park south and east, with Bear Mountain
looming impressively, the hills outside
the Park east to the Hudson and beyond
in Putnam County, and the country north
toward West Point and west to Schunemunk. The trail continues northeast, along
the brink of the western cliffs overlooking
Deep Hollow, to another and slightly lower
summit
The Finger-board-Storm King Trail is
largely cleared and marked from Long
Mountain to Black Rock Forest. Two descents from the low notch between the
middle and north summits of Long Mountain to the valley of Popolopen Creek were
marked. An easy descent leads down the
west side of the ridge by an old wood road
to the Deep Hollow road and by the latter
to the bridge over the creek just east of the
Forest of Dean mining village A rugged

descent, including ledges giivng good views
eastward over Turkey Mountain toward
Bear Mountain, runs along the east side of
the ridge and then down to the Deep Hollow road close to the bridge. North of the
creek the trail climbs by a new cutting up a
low hill to a test shaft sunk in searching
for iron ore. From there it follows wood
roads more or less grown up in brush along
the ridge on the west side of the valley of
Long Pond Brook to the Central ValleyWest Point highway. In the early part of
the past century this district was much more
settled than at present. Gradually the cabins have been deserted until only halfovergrown ruins remain to tell the stoiy.
A reminder of the much more extensive
settlement of this region years ago is found
in a clearing on the woodroad near three
cellars of long abandoned homes. Theweli
preserved headstone and footstone of the
grave of a child tell of a tragedy among
these mou*ntain folk in the year of Waterloo.
The inscription reads:




180

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Here Lies the Body
of James Laurence Haryette
Aged Two Years, Two Months
Died May 20, 1815
Sleep, Beloved Babe, Lie Here at Rest
God Cald You Hence, He Thought it Best
A Happy Fate to You Is Given
For Infants Do Abide in Heaven
Crossing the Central Valley road, the
Finger-board-Storm  King Trail ascends,
by wood roads and some new cutting, the
sharp summit overlooking Long Pond. It
attains a bare ledge with fine views and
then goes northwest, by new cutting, over
cliffs and ledges to the road shown as a poor
road on Map 4. It meets this road at a
point where the barbed wire boundary line
of the property of an artists' colony in
Cat Hollow   (southwest) is reached. A
wood road running northwest along the
wire toward the conspicuous cliffs of Mt.
Rascal soon enters the Black Rock Forest,

the preserve owned by Dr. E. G. Stillman,
by the path called Arthur Trail on his map.
His trails may be followed northeast via
the tall observatory on Spy Rock (1468
feet, highest point of the Highlands west
of the river) to Black Rock. From here one
may follow the old Continental Road past
Bog Meadow Pond and out to the old
West Point military road and then climb
Storm King by the trail around the cliffs
of West Rocks and go over the ridge and
out to the eastern summit overlooking the
river. From   this summit good    paths
descend to the left and zigzag down to
Cornwall-on-Hudson.   Those   who   like
rough  climbing may    descend over the
ledges and cliffs straight down to the
Storm King Highway and reach Cornwall
or West Point by that new scenic road.
(This newly scouted extension of the
FB-SK Trail has not been plotted on Map 4
in this book.)

LONG-TORNE TRAIL

For the purpose of a direct crossing of the
Highlands from Arden to Fort Montgomery,
which will be the route of the great Appalachian Trail, the scouts J. A. Allis, W. W.
Bell, Charles B. Reid, and C. E. Buckingham, with suggestions from Major Welch,
made a short cut from. Long Mountain to
Popolopen Tome, which is known as the
Long-Tome Trail. It leaves the middle
summit of Long Mountain and drops to
the right, partly by wood road, down into
the valley  between  Long and Turkey
mountains eastward. There is a noteworthy
boulder on this descent, a huge fragment of
the ancient, Pre-Cambrian Grenville formation, in which the thin layers of sediments
formed on the bottom of an incalculably old
sea are still preserved in parallel, littledisturbed layers in spite of the immense
deformation and metamorphism which this
region has generally undergone.
The Long-Tome Trail climbs*over Turkey Mountain by a wood road just south

of the highest summit of this ridge and then
drops down eastward through swampy
woods and old fields to a farmhouse on the
west side of Popolopen Creek. It crosses
the creek on the farm road bridge, turns
off to the right by a minor road, and reaches
the Popolopen valley highway to Fort
Montgomery at a convenien: point for
ascending the western ledges of Popolopen
Tome.
SA new and highly scenic crossing of the
Hudson Highlands is provided by the
Finger-board-Storm King (as far as it goes
on Long Mountain) and the Long-Tone
Trails by starting at Arden and taking the
Arden Valley road to Bradley Mine, visiting the mine, then following the road over
the dump a short distance to the F-SK
route, along which the tramper may proceed
over Bradley, Stockbridge, Cranberry,
Long, Turkey, and Tore mountains to the
river at Fort Montgomery. This totals about
18 miles. A convenient point of departure




TRAILS

181

from the F-SK Trail for a comfortable one- Twin and Summit Lakes to the highway to
day tramp is at the Baileytown Trail, Central Valley on the Newburgh branch of
which road may be followed northeast past the Erie Railroad.
TUXEDO-MOUNT IVY TRAIL

In the spring and summer of 1923 the
sixth of the trails made by members of
the New York City walking clubs in the
Palisades Interstate Park  was scouted,
cleared, and marked from Tuxedo, on the
main line of the Erie Railroad, to Mount
Ivy, on the New Jersey-New York division
of the same railroad. It is about twelve
miles long and includes much rugged and
wooded country and several interesting
features. Its marker is of sheet copper,
3~; inches square, with the initials "T-MI"
embossed and painted red and the words
"Palisades Interstate Park Trail."
The trail uses the route of the earlier
Tuxedo-Tom   Jones Trail from    Tuxedo
station, across the Ramapo River, and up
the east bank half a mile past a cluster of
houses. A little beyond these houses it
turns in right up hill. It climbs up east and
southeast to Claudius Smith's Den, the
haunt of the Revolutionary bandit, and then
strikes north of east over Blauvelt Mountain into the valley of Spring Brook. It
then, using old wood roads, new cutting,
and the Sloatsburg road, crosses an unnamed ridge beyond into the valley of
Stony Brook, which it crosses at Burnt
Saw Mill Bridge. It next climbs up the
notch north of Halfway Mountain past the

white quartz boulder named Monitor Rock
by the Fresh Air Club,because they found
a copy of the Christian Science Monitor
under it,to the top of the ridge. Then it
enters the rocky, swampy plateau and
goes on northeastward, using new cutting
for a mile and a half until it reaches an
old road that crosses the region (northwestsoutheast) from the Sloatsburg Road to the
eastern front of the Ramapos. It follows
this road to a northeast-southwest road
called the Woodtown Trail on the Interstate Park map and makes a sharp turn
right (south) over a brook where there is
a sign "Tim's Bridge." A little farther
south and up a rise the route turns left
(east), skirting a swamp and passing the
south end of Limekiln Mountain, where
there is a fine view easterly over the lowlands of Rockland County. The road here
shows occasional wagon use and is called
the Two Bridges Road on the Park map.
It descends north, east, and southeast
through a side valley in the eastern rampart
of the Ramapos into the valley of Mahwah
Creek and across that stream into the
hamlet of Ladentown. The highway may
then be followed northeast to the Mount
Ivy station on the New Jersey and New York
Railroad.

ARDEN-SUREBRIDGE TRAIL

The Arden-Surebridge Trail (marked with
a red triangle and initials "A-SB") starts at
Arden station and goes east, past the bears'
cage, to the Harriman dairy bottling house,
crosses Arden Brook on the footbridge,
climbs the stairs to the road above, and
follows it to the first right-hand turn. It
takes that turn past the chicken farm
and, while the dirt road turns around to the

west, goes straight on by the Island Pond
road up the slope eastward (there is a short
cut across a loop of this road), turning to the
left by wood roads to the boundary of the
Interstate Park. It turns off this boundary
road to climb to the summit of Island Pond
Mountain, where a log observatory gives a
fine view west and north. Then it drops
down into the valley southward through the




I82

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

"Lemon Squeezer," a deep narrow crevice turns to the right a few hundred feet to the
where part of a cliff has fallen away, and R-D Trail. The markers are also placed
into the wood. road leading from Island on the old Arden Trail, a wood road which
Pond up eastward over Surebridge Moun- descends toward Pine Swamp and then
tain. It takes this wood road (here known as climbs over Pine Swamp Mountain to
the "Lost Road" because it was only recently the Seven Lakes Drive. Reverse directions
cleared of forty years' growth of rhododen- for following it out from the R-D trail
dron which had completely obscured it) out toward Arden were given earlier in this
to the Surebridge Mine road, on which it chapter.
TRAILS UP BEAR MOUNTAIN AND POPOLOPEN TORNE
If some master genius of outdoor play should give himself full swing to dream of
a setting that would stir the imagination, it is hard to see how he could scheme
better than for the sweep of terrace
"E. [ /f. W      in an amphitheater of mountain with
an arm of the sea for its portal that
*.',,                     New Yorkers know as Bear Mountain.
Surely the whole scheme of the Bear
N:. 4"'                         Mountain-Harriman section of the:-'^^^^^:^ "    -,Interstate Park is a dream come true.
..        In its own steamers the Park Commission can transport daily whole
sections of the metropolis to the
thousands and tens of thousands.
Annual visitors are planned for by
the million. Ten thousand campers
can be housed and fed at one time.
Transient guests are fed and hun-.":   dreds of boats are furnished free.
Transportation is furnished at nomIN                    inal prices to all parts of the park.
The dignified and picturesque inn,
- -     -'              built of boulders and logs, runs a cafeteria and restaurant but has no
sleeping accommodations except in
winter, and then only for walkers
-           wwho have arranged by telephone with
the New York office of the Palisades
Interstate Park or with the inn iti^Po dop   C   r,1,,irp      self for accommodations or meals
Figure 78                or both.




TRAILS

183

Access by West Shore Railroad to Bear
Mountain station or by the Park's own
boats as advertised in the daily papers in
summer. (When the new bridge is built
Manitou station on the New York Central
Railroad will give access from the east end
of the bridge.)
The path around Hessian Lake (Fig. 80)
starts just behind the Inn. It circles the
north end of the lake and carries one to
the viaduct over Popolopen Creek (Fig. 78)
with its views down into the ioo-foot
ravine. North and south of this bridge the
woods contain   the ramparts of Forts
Montgomery   and   Clinton, respectively.
From the latter the bridge will start that
will cross the Hudson to Anthony's Nose.
Anthony's Nose (Fig. 76) is singular in that
it stands at an angle of the river and commands a panorama in either direction. The
western and southern views as well as the
environs of the inn, the lake, and Popolopen
Tome, are given in Figure 33.

Bear Mountain may be climbed by a
path that leaves the drive west of the inn
on a road now under construction. The
outlooks are very fine.
Popolopen Torne is relatively low and
may be climbed by a good dirt road to a
point near its summit. It presents, however,
three or four of the best outlooks over river,
mountain, and valley of all viewpoints in
the entire Highlands of the Hudson (Fig.
76). The road turns inland north of the
great bridge over Popolopen Creek, and the
trail starts near the highest point of the
divide between Bear Mountain and the
Torne-a short but steep trail clearly
marked with the T-T signs. The road,
indeed, furnishes, by way of the Fort
Montgomery station, an excellent start on
theTimp-Torne Trail described on page 177.
It should not be forgotten that this trail,
in either direction, is considered by many
as the best high, one-day walk within ready
reach of the city.

Figure 79




"THE SITTING-DOWN PLACE"
L          TRE $t          T is time that these three writer-walkers
P* brought this long tramping to a halt. If
they have rambled on, through page mileSage that is too extensive, in the wander land
Sthey fancy a wonderland, they claim credit,
S    nevertheless, for resisting the temptation to
Yil           bring out an encyclopedia of pedestrianism
and for restricting themselves to a book that
is made up solely of footnotes. With the
refrain with which it began, they wind up
this schedule and outline of the outdoor
opportunities offered, in his neighborhood,
to the dweller in the walled streets of New
York:
F P    P, H 1          "Blessynge of the Lord on thislonde of hym,
S for the sweetness of heven,
and the depe that coucheth beneth;
for the sweetnesse of the copes of the mountaines of olde,
and for the applis [apples] of the ancient hils:
for the fruytes of erthe
-and plente of it."
Whatever else he was, it is certain that he who took pen to set down this chant
was none other than a walker and that his inspiration and his strength came from
the "hils."
If there were to be found, written and compiled in this spirit, a little Outdoor
Book of Common Prayer (and song) and if there existed in one out of every group
of walkers the courage to read from it aloud, going up "into a mountain" and sitting down, for beatitude, then there would not be a lingering trouble of mind in
any of the compilers that this guide of ours beguiles, from under church roofs out
into the "sweetnesse of heven" on their one free day in seven, those who need
bodily strength for their work and serenity of spirit over against their strains.
We who go afoot to nature to get this re-creation can make good the claim to
be the original open-air enthusiasts. Do not all enthusiasts take themselves seri184




THE SITTING-DOWN PLACE"

185

ously? Living in a world distraught, in the City of Extravagance, we are brash
enough to opine that we can put up a bit of a sign on the footpath of satisfaction
that is the trail to simple living, friendliness, and serenity, and that we hear the
Voice behind us, "This is the way, walk ye in it."

Fif.Ire a80   CQZ
Figure 8o




APPENDIX
OUTING CLUBS
With the remarkable growth of interest in walking as a means of outdoor recreation and for the study of the nature, which has been displayed in the past few
years, has come a great increase in the number of organized groups and other
agencies for supplying facilities for such enjoyment in the vicinity of New York
City. The lists here presented include about sixty such agencies, some long established, others only recently formed. Most of them welcome desirable new members. Outdoor lovers who feel that the programme of one or the other of such
groups, as briefly stated here, would satisfy their needs for recreation or nature
study should apply to the officers named for membership. If any of the older
and larger organizations, which, to keep their membership from becoming larger
than they desire, maintain a waiting list, are not immediately accessible, some of
the newer and smaller groups may be quite as attractive and interesting in their
programmes and facilities for such enjoyment of outdoors. The usual custom,
in the case of organizations where social features are included, is to invite the
applicant for membership to attend one or more of the scheduled outings. If
mutual liking follows, election takes place according to the rules or by-laws of the
group approached. Groups which conduct field excursions for some scientific
study are usually open to all interested. Notices of the outings of these groups
are published on the Friday outing page of the New York Evening Post.
LOCAL CHAPTERS OF ORGANIZATIONS WITH MORE THAN LOCAL SCOPE

Adirondack Mountain Club. Organized
in April, 1922, to construct trails and shelters in the Adirondacks, in co-operation
with the State Conservation Commissions;
local chapters for walks and other activities
in New York City and in Albany. President
George D. Pratt, former Conservation Commissioner, who has given funds for construction of shelters along a through trail from
Northville to Lake Placid, laid out by
William  G. Howard, assistant superintendent of state forests, via Piseco Lake,
West Canada Lakes, Cedar River, Blue
Mountain Lake, Long Lake, and Cold River.

Club lodge in John's Brook Valley, on
Mount Marcy trail, under consideration.
Corresponding secretary, in charge of membership, Thomas C. Stowell, 93 State St.,
Albany (executive office of club). Chairman
of New York chapter, George A. R. Mead,
440 Fourth Ave., New York City. Dues:
active, $5; associate, $3; contributing, $Ioo;
$I extra for local chapters.
Appalachian Mountain Club. Main organization, with headquarters in its clubhouse at No. 5 Joy St., on Beacon Hill,
Boston, maintains more than 200 miles of
trails in the White Mountains of New

186




OUTING CLUBS

Hampshire and in adjoining Maine, including Mt. Katahdin as well as several stone
shelters with keepers in summer season.
Chapters in New York; Worcester, Mass.;
Manchester, N. H.; Providence, R. I.;
Meriden, Conn.; and Asheville, N. C. New
York chapter conducts walks in vicinity of
New York City. Secretary, Miss Ruth
Langmuir, 237 South Broadway, Hastingson-Hudson. Admission, $Io; annual dues
$5.
American Alpine Club. Open to expert
mountain climbers only. Meetings held in
New York, Philadelphia, or Boston. Publishes books on mountaineering. New York
members hold occasional lectures and meetings, sometimes open to outdoor groups.
President, L. L. Delafield, 20 Exchange PI.,
New York. Secretary, W. D. Wilcox, 1526
New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C.
Librarian, LeRoy Jeffers, New York Public
Library, where the club's collection of mountaineering books and photographs is kept.
Die Touristen Verein Naturfreunde, a
large organization of climbers and trampers
in Germany and Austria, with several
branches in the United States. The New
York branch holds walks centering about its
colony  near Wanaque-Midvale, N. J.
President of New York branch, H. Winter,
885 Belmont Ave., Brooklyn.
Green Mountain Club. Main organization (president, C. P. Cooper, Rutland, Vt.;
secretary, James P. Taylor, Burlington,
Vt.) maintains the Long Trail, 210 miles, in
the Green Mountains of Vermont, with
shelters open to the public at convenient
intervals. Membership in general organization open to all, at $2 annually. Besides
chapters in several Vermont cities there is
the New York section, which keeps up the
Monroe Skyline section of the Long Trail,
42 miles, from Camel's Hump to Middlebury Gap and is to build a large log cabin,
known as the Monroe Lodge, on Camel's
Hump, open to all climbers. The trail and
lake are named in honor of Professor Will S.
Monroe, of Montclair, N. J., Normal School,

president of the New York section, who
made the Skyline Trail. The New York
section conducts walks and nature-guidance
outings in this vicinity from September to
June; maintains trails in the Wyanokfe
Plateau of Passaic County, N. J., laid out
by Professor Monroe; and has a permanent
all-the-year-round camp on Lake Tiorati
in the Interstate Park. Vice-president and
acting head, Major William D. Ennis, 132
Nassau St., New York City. Secretary,
Miss Laura E. Woodward, Montclair Nor
mal School, Montclair, N. J. Annual dues,
$4, with offerings for trail maintenance, the
Monroe Lodge, and other activities.
Inkowa Club, for the promotion of outdoor life for young women, has a large New
York section. The Demonstration Center
for Outdoor Life, which is promoting Inkowa
Clubs throughout the country, carries on
during the summer, at Greenwood Lake,
a camp for young women and a clubhouse
for men and women under the direction of
Miss Grace Parker, chairman of the New
York Inkowa Club and founder of the
Inkowa Movement. The Inkowa Club has
a business office at 12 West 40th St., and a
city clubhouse in Spuyten Duyvil and is
planning a clubhouse in down-town Manhattan. The programme includes walks;
classes in swimming; gymnasium work;
tennis; riding; golf; instruction in nature
study, art, and languages. The Director
of the New York Inkowa Club is Miss
Angelique Rivollier. Initiation fee, $3;
annual dues, $12.
Reptile  Study  Society  of America,
founded by the late Allen S. Williams for
the protection of harmless snakes and
instruction as to dangerous reptiles and as to
the beneficent effect of others to agriculture
and in the reduction of insect and rodent
pests, has commissioners in many states.
New York members hold an annual Spring
Snake Hunt and other excursions. President, Dr. Raymond L. Ditmars, curator,
Reptile House, New York Zoblogical Garden.
Secretary, Miss Nellie L Condon, ro8




188

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Convent Ave., New York City. Dues, $i
annually.
League of Walkers. Organized in 1920
to co-ordinate the interests of walking clubs
throughout the country. President, Dr.
John H. Finley, New York Times. Secretary, Albert Handy, 50 Church St., New
York City.
Woodcraft League    of America, 370
Seventh Ave., New York City. A national

organization for the promotion of outdoor
life, headed by Ernest Thompson Seton,
Walks are part of the activities of most
tribes; among those in New York City
which hold such walks are the Tamarack
Tribe, of Madison House, 216 Madison St.,
under leadership of Louis Lubin, and the
Debwenando Adult Tribe, Miss Josephine
Cowley,   Io6I   St. Nicholas Avenue,
secretary.

GROUPS WHICH CONDUCT WALKS, OR HAVE THEIR OTHER ACTIVITIES,
LARGELY IN AND ABOUT NEW YORK CITY

Athenians, an organization of young
men whose aims "are to instill a better
understanding of life and create a spirit
of good fellowship among its members,"
holds weekly walks. Secretary, Gabriel A.
Schnierer, 149 East II8th St.
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,
Department of Education, holds spring and
fall field excursions for various studies,
for members, under the direction of Charles
T. Atkins. Office, Academy of Music,
Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn.
Civic Club, 14 West Twelfth St., includes
in its various activities a walking group
under the direction of L oyd T. Williams.
Fidelis Yacht Club includes "landlubbers"
excursions in the form of walks and camping
parties, from fall to spring. President, Max
A. Newman, 870 East 17oth St.
Followers of the Trail holds walks and
week-end camping excursions throughout
the year. Secretary, Ted Frank, 5 East
II6th St.
Fresh Air Club, a veteran group of men
now in its forty-sixth season (1923), holds
strenuous walks in rough country about
New York. Membership requires proved
fitness for endurance. Secretary, Mortimer
Bishop, New York Athletic Club.
Gray Geese, an organization of young
men connected with the Arnold Toynbee
House for walks and other activities, plans

a summer camp on the Hudson near
Yonkers. Apply to Gordon Wolkenberg,
38 Murray St., New York City.
Greenwich Village Historical Society,
which has various educational and patriotic
objects, conducts "Historiette Jaunts" on
the lower west side of Manhattan for the
study of local history on Saturday afternoons from its headquarters at I Sheridan
Square. President, Catherine Parker Clivette.
Kroywen Club, a group of young people
of both sexes for walks and other activities,
plans a permanent camp. Secretary, Miss
Esther Arons, 9 East 98th St.
New York Academy of Sciences has
various groups for field excursions for the
study of. sciences, with meetings at the
American Museum of Natural History.
Among affiliated societies are the Linnaean
Society, the New York Microscopical Society, the New York Mineralogical Society,
and the Torrey Botanical Club. Bulletins
are issued by the Academy at the Museum;
and all interested are welcome at the meetings and excursions, which extend from
October to May.
New York Hiking Club holds weekly
tramps and social events for young people
of both sexes. Secretary, Miss Dorothy
Worthman, I17 West 114th St. President
William Newman, 1022 East I56th St.
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park,




OUTING CLUBS

189

provides guides for walks through the botanical section of the park for the instruction of visitors. These walks are regularly
scheduled for certain days. Information at
Museum.
New York-New Jersey Trail Conference
is an informal association of members of the
walking clubs of New York City and vicinity
for the purpose of making trails where possible, particularly in the Palisades Interstate Park and on the route of the projected
Maine-Georgia Appalachian Trail in its
sections within New York and New Jersey.
The co-operation of all interested is welcomed, and non-members of clubs may join.
Chairman, Major W. A. Welch, general
manager of Palisades Interstate Park. Vicechairman for New York, J. A. Allis, New
York chapter, Appalachian Mountain Club.
Vice chairman for New Jersey, C. P. Wilber,
New Jersey State Fire Warden. Secretary,
Raymond H. Torrey, Evening Post, 20
Vesey St. Many of the new trails owe their
existence to this conference.
Westchester Trails Association, organized
in 1923 by Mrs. Chester Geppert Marsh,
County Recreation Director (present Secretary), Court House, White Plains, to
conduct group walks and mark trails.
President Col. Charles T. Bates, Bronxville,
N.Y.
Norsemen Ski Club, for outdoor winter
sports, plans a camp in Westchester. The
secretary, S. Arnessen, 117    Columbia
Heights, Brooklyn, gives instruction to
novices. Dues, $3 yearly.
Outdoor Club.    A  Brooklyn group of
young people of both sexes for walks. Pathfinder, David Littell, 645 Miller Ave.,
Brooklyn.
Summit Lake Camp Club. An organization of young women which has a summer
camp in the Interstate Park and conducts
walks, basketball games, and other activities. President, Miss Stefanie Schlessinger,
508 West 178thSt.
Stuyvesant Neighborhood    House, 34
Stuyvcsant Square, holds walks and week
end outings in charge of Miss Edna McBride.
Tramp and Trail Club, a long-established
group of walkers, holds two walks, long and
short, on Sundays and other excursions,
from September to June; also social gatherings. Secretary-treasurer, Mrs. Edgar D.
Stone, 1216 Carroll St., Brooklyn.Torrey Botanical Club, one of the oldest
scientific organizations in the city, founded
in 1870 and named in honor of John Torrey,
professor of botany at Columbia University. Conducts weekly field excursions from
April to October, for the study of various
aspects of botany; also longer holiday trips
in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut; holds meetings and lectures at New
York Botanical Garden, Columbia University, and American Museum of Natural
History; also fortnightly walks for winter
botany. Open to all interested. Dues, $5
yearly; which includes magazine and other
publications. Secretary, Dr. Marshall A.
Howe, New York Botanical Garden. Chairman of field committee, to whom inquiries
about field excursions should be addressed,
A. Tennyson Beals, 2929 Broadway.
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, St. George, Staten Island. Includes
groups for field excursions, especially the
Bird Club (William T. Davis, president)
which has bird walks and a clubhouse in
the hills back of Egbertvile.
University Settlement Society, 184 Eldridge St., holds walks under direction of
Miss Irene L. Feeney, staff secretary.
Young Men's Hebrew Association, Bronx
Branch, headquarters at 1261 Franklin
Ave., holds walks under direction of William
Newman.
Walkers Club of America holds ten-mile
walks every Sunday and an annual City Hallto-Coney Island walking match. Pathfinder,
James H. Hocking, 104 West 42nd qt.
"Ensoku-Kai"   (in English, "Walkers'
Club"), a group of Japanese residents of
New York City, conducts walks under the
leadership of K. H. Ohata of Mogi, Momo



190o

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

moi & Co., 105-107 East 16th St., and T.
Muto, the Bank of Chosen, 165 Broadway.
Mohawk Camping Club, founded in 1881,
reorganized 1922, offers walking, camping, nature study, canoeing trips, and collection of Indian relics. Plans permanent camp.
Secretary, W. Northrup, 70 West loist
St. Initiation fee, $I; dues, $I annually.
Washington Irving High School, through
a group of Girl Scouts, holds walks and
camping tours. The school's guidebook
committee, of which Miss Mabel Skinner is
chairman, has published a "Stay at Home
Guide,"for walks in the city and near vicinity.
Carroll Club, 120 Madison Ave., established by Mrs. Nicholas R. Brady, in memory of her mother, for Catholic young
women from eighteen to thirty recommended by their parish priests, includes in
its programme swimming, tennis, gymnasium classes, and social affairs; also walks in
the open season. Director Mrs. E. S. Tobey.
Physical director, Miss Olive McCormick.
Initiation fee, $I; annual dues, $8.
Dormitory Club of the Eighty-sixth Street
Branch of the Y. M. C. A. conducts walks,
canoe trips, and camping trips. Earl Wright
is chairman of the outdoor committee.
White Plains Community Church, Longview and Maple Avenues, White Plains
an undenominational church, holds walks
after its Sunday morning services and
sometimes outdoor services. Miss Alice
Carlson is in charge of the walking program.
Young Men's Hebrew Association, Lexington avenue and 92nd St., includes in
its programme walks for members in various age groups under the direction of Jack
Nadel, administrator.

Surprise Lake Camp of the Educational Alliance and   the Young Men's
Hebrew Association, near Cold Spring on
the Hudson (Max Oppenheimer, administrator) includes walks and trail making in
its programme.
Paterson Rambling Club, one of the
oldest outing clubs in New Jersey, holds
walks for nature study and social intercourse on Sundays. Secretary, B. W. Blandford, 49 Twenty-first Ave., Paterson, N. J.
Harlem Branch of the Young Women's
Christian Association, I24th St. at Lenox
Ave., conducts walks under leadership
of the director of physical education,
Miss Grace E. Vose.
Outdoors Committee of the American
Women's Association arranges walks for
its members. Chairman, Miss Louise E.
Braun, care Hallgarten & Co., 44 Pine St.
American Walkers Association, New York
Branch, conducts Sunday walks from September to June. Pathfinder, William Durhan,
212 East 58th Street.
New York Ramblers, "organized to promote an outdoor and social spirit among
congenial people of both sexes," holds walks
and other outdoor excursions throughout
year. Secretary, Edward Bursht, 398 Saratoga Avenue Brooklyn.
Camp Tapawingo     Club, has a clubhouse at 308 West 59th Street and holds
walks and other outdoor events under the
direction of its Athletic Association. President, Miss Anna G. Toomey, 30o East 57th
Street.
Shore and Mountain Tramping Club, for
tramping in fall, winter, and spring, canoeing and camping in Summer. Secretary,
Sallee N. Salomon, 14 East 12oth Street.

GROUPS LIMITED TO PARTICULAR INSTITUTIONS OR BUSINESS CONCERNS
FOR THEIR MEMBERSHIP

Abraham and Straus department store,
Brooklyn, has a walking group, conducted
under its welfare department. The walks
are led by Miss Muriel Maurer.

City Athletic Club, 50 West 54th St., has a
walking group in charge of the physical director, Ewan Ardayne.
College of the City of New York Geology




OUTING CLUBS

19I

Club, under direction of Professor Ivin
Sickels and Professor B. T. Butler, holds
field excursions for the study of geology and
other natural sciences.
Community Church, 34th St. and Park
Ave., has a walking group known as the
Altrurians. The chairman of the committee
in charge is Miss Augusta Moesell, 225 East
Twelfth St.
Indian Head and Inwood Canoe Clubs,
at Riverdale-on-Hudson and at the foot of
Dyckman St., respectively, have walks

in the winter for their members and
guests.
Roosevelt Society of the Boys' High
School, Brooklyn, seeks to interest students
in outdoor life. Miss Agnes E. Clark is
faculty adviser.
Western Union Telegraph Company, in
the welfare department for the women
operators in its Church Street building,
includes a walking group, the President of
which is Miss Edith M. Burwell; the hiking
director, Miss Lillian Markendorf.

MISCELLANEOUS

Associated  Mountaineering   Clubs of
North America, a bureau conducted by LeRoy Jeffers, at the New York Public Library, seeks to co-ordinate the interest of
fifty clubs and societies in the creation, development, and protection of National Parks
and Forests. Maintains a collection of literature and maps.
National Association of Audubon Societies works to arouse the public conscience
for the preservation of wild birds and game
animals. President, T. Gilbert Pearson,
1974 Broadway.
Boone and Crockett Club, New York
City, an association of large-game hunters, is
active in the creation of national parks, forest preserves, and game refuges. President,
George Bird Grinnell, 238 East 15th St.
Camp Fire Girls, 31 East 17th St., holds
walks for the instruction of Camp Fire
Guardians who direct local troops. Miss
Marjorie Gambier-Bousfield, associate field
secretary.
Boy Scouts of America, in addition to
their well-known programme for the outdoor
education of youth, scoutmasters, and older
scouts in camps in Interstate Park and other
parts of Hudson Highlands and Ramapos,
have made many new trails. The Scouts'
White Bar Trail circling about the Kanawauke Lake headquarters in the park and a
trail marked with a fleur-de-lis, Scout
emblem, from Wanaque-Midvale, over the

Ramapo ridge to Glen Gray, on the east
side, are examples. National headquarters,
200 Fifth Ave. A. T. Shorey, 47 Downing
St., Brooklyn, directs Interstate Park trail
work.
Palisades Interstate Park, camping department (Miss Ruby Jolliffe,25 Broadway,
New York City, or lona Island, N. Y.,
director), makes week-end tramps and
camping trips with overnight shelter easy to
arrange by providing, at reduced rates,
closed camps with fuel, lights, and blankets,
from October to May on advance arrangement. The park management also provides
lodging and meals at moderate prices at
Bear Mountain Inn. "Hike leaders" can
sometimes be supplied by the camp department.
American Game Protective and Propagation Association, 2273 Woolworth Bldg.,
New York City, devoted to the conservation and propagation of wild life, publishes
a quarterly bulletin and holds annual conferences.  President, John B. Burnham.
Dues, $5 and up.
Wild Flower Preservation Society of
America, headquarters at New York Botanical Garden, educates the public to protect
plants and flowers for natural beauty and
as food and shelter for birds and animals.
Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Elizabeth  G.
Britton.




OVERNIGHT STOPS
Shelter overnight on week-end tours for trampers who do not wish to carry a
tent or tarpaulin or other cover in their knapsacks is usually not hard for resourceful ones to find in hotels, boarding houses, or farmhouses. Some of the most
pleasant experiences are found in unforeseen, emergency lodging places for the
night, and trampers are common enough now so that little explanation has to be
made to the host. But a list of places in good tramping territory where lodging
may be found may be helpful and is here supplied. Most readers can supplement
it with knowledge of their own of comfortable little inns and friendly, understanding farm folk.

Long Island. On the south shore beaches
there are hotels open in summer at High
Hill Beach and at Gilgo's, on the same
beach; on Fire Island, at Ocean Beach,
Water Island, Cherry Grove, and Smith's
Point. Skipping the region of the Hamptons
the next inn is at Amagansett. At Montauk
Point the Montauk Inn (May i to Nov. i)
and the Parsons House (open all year) are
found. There are hotels, resort and all-theyear-round, at Riverhead and Greenport,
and boarding houses are frequent. Inns
may be found at Sag Harbor.
Westchester County, N. Y. All-the-yearround inns may be found at Peekskill,
Tarrytown (a women's clubhouse open to
trampers is reported there), Bedford, and
Katonah.   Women    trampers can   find
Young   Women's Christian   Association
houses in the larger towns.
Putnam and Dutchess Counties, N. Y.
There are hotels at Lake Mahopac (some
open all the year), Carmel, Brewster, and
Pawling, and inns along the Albany Post
Road between Peekskill and Poughkeepsie,
and at Beacon and Fishkill.
Rockland County, N. Y. Good hotels may
be found   at Nyack, Rockland    Lake,
Haverstraw, and Suffern. At Tomkins

Cove are the Eyrie (on a hill with a fine
view) and the.Come Inn (on the highway).
Orange County, N. Y. In the winter the
Palisades Interstate Park entertains guests
at the Inn with good service and moderate
rates. Near by in Fort Montgomery are the
Mountain House and the Fort Clinton.
There are hotels at Highland Falls, West
Point, Cornwall, and Newburgh on the
Hudson river. In the middle of the Bear
Mountain section of the Park there are no
hotels; but on its western border, along the
Erie, are inns in most station townsRamapo, Sloatsburg, Tuxedo, Southfields,
Central Valley, Highland Mills, Mountainville, Monroe-and, farther     west, in
Goshen and Middletown. At Mombasha
Lake, west of Southfields, is Kuhn's hotel.
In the southern part, also, at Warwick, are
others.
Sullivan and Ulster Counties, N. Y.
Hotels and boarding houses are frequent in
the resort towns in these counties. In some
of the remoter parts desirable for trampers
may be found small, comfortable inns, as
in Claryville, at the head of Neversink
River near the high southern Catskills.
There are resorts for trout fishermen in
De Bruce on the Willowemoc on the west

192




OVERNIGHT STOPS

193

side of the Ashokan reservoir, at West
Shokan in Woodland Valley south of
Phoenicia, at Lanesville up toward Stony
Clove, and in the lower Neversink Valley
from Port Jervis northward.
Bergen County, N. J., is rather too near
for hotel needs.
Passaic County,N. J., has good inns along
the Greenwood Lake division of the Erie
Railroad from Little Falls, through Mountain View, Pompton, Midvale, and Hewitt,
to Sterling Forest at the New York boundary.
Orange County, N. J. Greenwood Lake
village, reached by the above railroad, has
large and small hotels. There are also
resorts along the west side of the lake in
both states and a unique hostelry at
Moe's, up the road over Bearfort Mountain
toward Wawayanda Lake.

Sussex County, N. J. Inns at Franklin,
Hamburg, and Sussex, on the Susquehanna
Railroad, and at Beemersville and Colesville, under the shadow of the Kittatinnys.
Above Culver Lake, at Branchville, are
several hotels and boarding houses. West
of the Kittatinnyrange, residents in hamlets
such as Wallpack and     Millbrook and
hamlets along the Delaware would shelter
trampers.
North Central New Jersey. Along the
lines of the Lackawanna Railroad are
hotels in such towns as Boonton, Dover,
Netcong, Hackettstown, and Washington.
Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Inns are
found along the coast highway, at Tom's
River, Manahawken, and Barnegat, and
inland, at Lakehurst and    Chatsworth.
Most of these inns are open throughout the
year.




EQUIPMENT FOR THE TRAIL
To enjoy walking trips in the country to the utmost, with comfort and freedom
from everyday concerns that ought to be left at home in the city, proper clothing
is important, particularly proper shoes. Opinions differ as to height and weight of
footwear; but the main thing to consider is that it should conform to the natural
shape of the foot, so that one never thinks of it on a tramp. Some broad-toed
form should be used; and the best is the army, or Munson, last-long known
to experienced trampers and further popularized in the last few years by the vast
supply of surplus army goods on sale. Most men who go out walking, so far as
observation of many outing groups shows, have learned to treat their feet properly; but many women in these parties, if they are beginners, still wear the
pointed-toe boots or shoes of dress or business.
CLOTHING

High boots, or knee-length leggings, are
advised in almost all of the country covered
in this guide. Of course, for a Saturday
afternoon stroll over on the shore path of the
Palisades or along the Croton Aqueduct no
special attention need be paid to clothing.
One may go from his office in business attire,
although there will be much more comfort if
one's footwear is easy and wide-toed. But
up in the Ramapos and the Hudson Highlands and even in some nearer regions like
Westchester or the wooded and hilly parts
of Long Island, there will be loose stones,
scrub oak, briers, all sorts of obstructions
on the ground and up to one's knees or
higher that require measures of protection
if one is not to suffer discomfort and lose the
fullest enjoyment of the day out of doors.
Boots or stout leggings will save many a
bruised shin or ankle or torn stocking and
trouser leg. Canvas leggings may be taken
in one's pack to be slipped over trousers
when briers are met and removed when
desired. In winter high leg coverings are
still more needed, especially in deep snow;

although for snowshoes the foot should be
covered with moccasins or something similar, with soft soles to save wear on the
webbings.   Ordinary rubbers or arctics
over the usual footwear will do very well
and will not wet through so easily as moccasins.
As to hobnails on heavy leather boots or
shoes, there is diversity of opinion. In Alpine work they are absolutely necessary; but
in this territory their value is questionable.
When the nail grooves are new they hold
well on ice; but they soon wear smooth and,
unless renewed, are worse than no grips of
the kind at all. They are especially dangerous on the way home on the smooth ramps of
the railroad stations. Various forms of rubber-soled footwearsuch as are made for snowshoes, with differing patternsof indentations,
are fairly sure on hard crust or frozen snow.
There is a heavy deep-grooved rubber sole,
imported from England by some sportinggoods stores, which is good. The writer has
discarded hobnails on his last pair of winter
boots. They add many ounces to lift and

I94




EQUIPMENT FOR THE TRAIL

195

requite a thick double sole to hold them; in a
single sole they will cause leakage, especially if many holes are made by frequent
renewals. One stout outer sole, kept flexible by frequent oiling, with a good waterproof inner sole is the writer's choice. Look
to the waterproofing and renew it between
walks whenever the boots get wet and dry
and hard. For this purpose many things
are good. Neat's-foot oil or other animal
greases serve well. Some like castor oil to
keep the uppers pliable; but the oldfashioned beef or mutton tallow of the farm
is probably as good as any patented preparations. Rub it in or melt it and let it harden,
along the welt especially, as that is where
the water gets in.
Breeches or long trousers, as you please.
Some prefer trousers as being      looser.
Breeches are snugger and offer less resistance to briers and scrub oak. Breeches
for women, long worn in the western outing

clubs, are becoming more in vogue in the
East and sensibly so. There are combinations of breeches with detachable skirts
which are convenient for travel to and from
the country or where city or country yokels
may stare. Have a warm woolen pair for
winter; a light hard-faced material is best
for summer. Knickerbocker suits or handsome tweeds are all very well for the golf
course or a road walk; but why be concerned, when one is out in the woods, if
one's clothing is torn by blackberry, hawthorn, or cat brier. The best sights may be
off the roads, even off the trail or wood road;
and one should not be deterred from plunging into the brush. If one prefers knickerbockers and golf stockings for lightness,
then leggings will be useful to slip 'over
stockings when brush is encountered or
when the leader of the walking party decides to change his route and do a little
cross-country work off the roads.

A WORD ABOUT SNAKES

Leggings are a good protection against
rattlesnakes or copperheads, our only
venomous snakes in this territory.  But
there is little danger from them. Director
William T. Hornaday, of the New York
Zo6logical Park, says that "the rattlesnake
is a world beater at minding his own business. The copperhead is remarkably pacific.
They attack only when they think themselves exposed to danger. If ever you need
to camp in a cave, remember that in warm
weather the rattlesnakes are all out hunting
and will not return until approach of winter."  He asserts, furthermore, that in
America only about two persons per year
are bitten  by  wild rattlesnakes.  The
writer has walked for twenty years in a
territory within ioo miles of New York

City, including many wild sections, and
has never seen either rattlesnake or copperhead, although acquaintances of undoubted
veracity have seen and killed them in
relatively remote regions like the Kittatinnys, the mountains west of Greenwood
Lake, and, rarely, in the Ramapos and
Hudson Highlands. These snakes will
never pursue or attack unless cornered.
The danger from them lies in stepping
suddenly upon or close to them, near
their rock dens; and with leggings or high
boots one is safe, as they cannot strike
more than a short distance (about onethird of their length) above the ground.
The head and fangs are shot out horizontally from the coil in which they lie and not
upward.

THE PACK

A pack that will hold little or much, as
occasion requires, is the writer's preference
for all-day trips. One will want room for an

extra sweater, a poncho, extra socks, and an
extra shirt, great comforts after a wetting if
one can change to them on the train home.




196

SNEW YORK WALK BOOK

Such things, with one's luncheon, perhaps a
coffee pot, cups, odds and ends that one has
gathered and cherished in years of tramping,
will carry much easier on the back than in
the pockets or hands. The writer likes the
center-suspension arrangements of straps,
as in the Swiss rucksack and an excellent
form of Norwegian pack, rather than the
straps on either shoulder. It seems to hang
better, to distribute the load over the back
muscles and cause less fretting of shoulder
muscles, and enables one to carry heavier
loads on a long tramp with greater ease.
The single diagonal strap cramps the chest.
A pack on the back is bound to cause heavy

perspiration  and  wetting  between  the
shoulder blades. Reed frames have been
devised to hold the pack off the back and
give circulation or air. The Norwegian pack
mentioned, a little more expensive than
most, has hollow steel frames bent to keep
the canvas off the back. A good way of
drying off the back when one is wet with
perspiration and nearing the end of the
day's tramp is to slip one strap of the pack
off the shoulder and let it hang at the side
by the other; this will expose one's back to
the air, and the sun and wind will quickly
dry the shirt and skin.

CLOTHING FOR INCLEMENT WEATHER

For protection against rain, pure rubber
clothing is about the only reliable material;
but in warm weather or after exertion it is
uncomfortably hot.   The various waterproofed or specially woven fabrics will turn
moderate rain a long while but will eventually wet through or cause internal moisture from perspiration which is about as
bad. It will not often happen that one will
be out in a pouring rain long enough to be
soaked. Close fabrics such as duxbak, as
made in hunting coats, are also useful
against wind and in winter blasts; with a
woolen shirt underneath they make an excellent combination. For the head, one may
wear whatever one likes in fair weather or
go bareheaded; but have a southwester or
some other old stout, weathered headgear in
the pack for rainy-day emergencies. But
what's a wetting in summer anyway? Soak
yourself but keep your pack and extra
things dry, and change at the end to a dry
shirt or sweater, and there's nothing to
worry about.
For underwear, light merino wool is the
writer's fancy in winter and on long trips in
summer with heavy packs. For a day's
spring, summer, or early fall tramp, athletic
cotton underwear is comfortable. An extra
suit of it takes little more room than a

handkerchief and is a fine thing to change
into if one is wetted. Why doesn't someone manufacture athletic-cut light woolen
underwear? It is not so clammy when wet,
as cotton.
A poncho takes little room in the pack
and is useful in many ways besides its chief
function of protecting from rain. It serves
for a luncheon cloth, a seat for oneself or
party on wet ground or in snow, and perhaps for a shelter at night. Some weigh
only a pound and a half. They serve also to
pad the inside of the pack against one's back
and keep sharp-cornered objects from sticking into the shoulder blades; and, considering all their uses, they ought to be in the bag
for long tramps anyway.     For one-day
tramps they may be very useful in emergencies. The Japanese use for similar purposes
two square yards of flexible oiled paper, one
square about the shoulders, one about the
waist-a light, compact, inexpensive protection against weather. Paper is as effective a protection against wind as leather,
and many trampers regard a paper waistcoat, costing fifty cents, as indispensable for
blustery weather.
The problem of clothing for rough weather
is, however, one that each tramper can best
solve for himself.




EQUIPMENT FOR THE TRAIL
INCIDENTALS FOR THE KIT

197

As for small things in the pack, they will
differ according to the character of the
tramp. Odds and ends of hardware that one
would require in the Catskills may be left at
home for a day's jaunt in the Ramapos.
Compasses are useful, even in the comparatively well settled regions covered in parts
of this guide. They may be mighty handy
if it turns cloudy or stormy and one cannot
steer by the sun; and if one is going to explore some of the hilly, wooded regions described, they will be badly needed at times.
Radiant night compasses are excellent. The
fine instrument which the United States
Army Engineering Corps sold, after the
war, for a dollar at its depot at Columbus,
Ohio, but which is no longer easy to secure
is one of the best though heavy. It can be
obtained for a higher price at some sportinggoods stores. The light, thin, radiant army
compass with open face and floating dial
and a marked glass that can be set to one's
course, sells for $1.25. There are other designs of light-weight radiant compasses on
the market at moderate prices.
The sporting-goods houses have put on
the market in recent years many useful
things in the way of equipment and food,
which the walker may find it worth while to
try. Yankee notions, like waterproof match
safes and combination eating utensils, take
little room and give much satisfaction when
needed. There has been great improvement
in palatability in the evaporated foods since
the war, and most of them will be found
worth trying. But for coffee, at least, the
writer believes the real thing preferable to

any preparation, and it is quite as easy to
prepare. Use a narrow-bottomed, tall metal
pot (a spout is not necessary), because it will
boil quicker and pack better.
Trampers learn all sorts of individual
tricks, from long experience, that are not in
the sporting-goods catalogues.     Frank
Place's walking group, the Tramp and Trail
Club, taught the writer one that is useful, of
using an ordinary steel dog chain for holding
a coffee pot over a fire. Select a spot where a
stout sapling stands, suspend the pot by the
chain attached to the bail, fasten it on the
trunk of the sapling, and swing the pot by
bending the tree over the fire, which can niow
be built regardless of form and without
hunting for stones on which t9 place the pot.
When the coffee boils swing the tree away
from the fire, to where the pot can be
handled. If you are ever out with Malcomson of the same club he will introduce
his big Bermuda onion. You will crave a
thick slice and you will never go tramping again without one. It adds horse
power to one's legs after luncheon. Every
experienced tramper has his "medicine" of
this kind.
Some sort of first-aid kit is a good thing
in one's pack, takes little room, and may be
much needed in trail accidents. Adhesive
plaster, to cover blisters or chafed spots or to
hold bandages over cuts; a little phial of
alcohol; strong cord; needle and threadsmall but useful things of this kind, gathered
as the result of experience-can be carried
in a small container, take little room, and
may be much wanted some time.




FIRE LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Outdoor folks should be careful to respect the laws for the prevention of forest
fires, against illegal building of fires of any kind, against unwarranted trespass, and
against other injury to private and public lands. Theyshould seek byexample and
warning to prevent others from causing damage through carelessness or intent.
Digests of the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, and
Massachusetts covering fires, trespass, etc., are here presented through the
courtesy of conservation officials who supplied the material.

NEW YORK
Subdivision 3 of Section 54 of the Conservation Law provides that "no fire shall
be set on or near forest land and left unquenched; no fire shall be set which will endanger the property of another; no persons
shall set forest land on fire; no person shall
negligently suffer fire on his own property to
extend to the property of another; no fire
shall be set in or near forest land in connection with camping without all inflammable
material having first been removed for a
distance of three feet around the fire; no
person shall drop, throw, or otherwise scatter lighted matches, burning cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco; no person shall deface or
destroy any notice posted containing forest
fire warnings, laws, or rules and regulations."
Punishments range from fines of $Io up;
anyone who sets fire wilfully shall be guilty
of a felony.
PENNSYLVANIA
A heavy penalty--a fine not exceeding
$Iooo or imprisonment of not more than six
months-is provided for causing forest
fires. In the state forests, some of which are
in Pike and Monroe counties and accessible
to New York City, no permit is necessary
to camp overnight, but a permit is required
for camping two days or longer; maps show
ing the location of state forest land may be
obtained of the state forestry department
in Harrisburg.   No camp fires are permitted that are not adequately protected
against their spread; all fires must be put
out completely immediately after use; persons suspected of starting fires, intentionally
or unintentionally, will be prosecuted; waste
papers, empty cans, and other refuse must
be buried or otherwise disposed of; springs
and streams must not be polluted.
NEW JERSEY
"Fires for Fun," a valuable booklet issued
by the Department of Conservation and
Development, obtainable on application,
gives many good rules for fire building and
camping in any section and lists the state
laws on this subject. "A camp fire in New
Jersey," it states, "save in a rare emergency,
is no longer a necessity. It is a luxury and
privilege whether made for warmth, for
cooking, or for its aesthetic appeal. Moreover, the careful and experienced campers
are few among the thousands of transients
who use the state's woodlands for sport or
recreation and to whom the camp fire seems
a desirable plaything. Therefore, though
such fires need not be and are not forbidden,
their use must be so regulated as to protect
the public and private interests. New Jersey requires resident and transient alike to

198




FIRE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

199

secure written permits for building any fire
in or near the woodland, as a protection
against the careless, ignorant, or indifferent
use of fire." These permits must be secured
of the local fire warden before lighting any
fire within 200 feet of the woods or of brushland or of any growth which might carry fire
to woodland. Permits are valid for not more
than seven days and may be limited to a
shorter period or renewed as the warden
sees fit They are issued free to all reliable
applicants, but, when sent by mail, postage
must be furnished. They are issued only
by the local fire warden for his district alone.
(A list of these wardens is issued on application.) Permits give their holders no right to
enter on or use property of another, and use
of the permit without the property owner's
permission is entirely on the holder's responsibility and at his own risk. Permits are
not necessary for fires built in closed containers such as stoves, refuse burners, etc.,
or for the use of alcohol and similar artificial
fuels.
CONNECTICUT
Severe penalties are provided in the general
statutes and the forest laws against wilfull

or careless fire building. No person shall
kindle a fire upon public land without
authority nor upon the land of another
without permission of the owner thereon
or his agent. No person may authorize
another to kindle a fire in his woodland
unless all combustible materials for the
space of twenty feet surrounding the place
have been removed. Relaxation of this law
for camp fires for cooking food has been
made, but the statute is explicit and stringent and could be enforced where maliciousness or carelessness caused damage. The_
state trespass law is also severe, and the
owner of land is supported in protecting his
property from damage, if he wishes to be
drastic.
MASSACHUSETTS
Chapter 48 of the General Laws provides
that "no person shall set, maintain, or increase a fire in the open air between March I
and December I, except by written permission" of the state fire marshall, within
metropolitan fire prevention districts, or
the forest wardens in other sections. Heavy
fines are provided.

THE TRAMPERS' TEN COMMANDMENTS
I. Respect all property, as a tolerated, uninvited guest.
II. Walk through no prohibited ground.
III. Leave gates and rails, fences and walls, markers and signs just as you found them.
IV. Gather no rare flowers and none at all in parks.
V. Pick no cultivated fruit, damage no growing timber.
VI. Clear ample space, before a fire is laid, of leaves and twigs; build on pine needlesnever.
VII. Make sure the fire is out before you leave-nothing is "good enough' but out;
drenching is best.
VIIL Leave any camp site cleaner than you found it; and, at established camps, replenish
wood for fires and used supplies.
IX. Warn guests of proper dress for the particular country to be covered.
X, Do no one thing that could discredit tramDera.




CHURCHES ON THE TRAIL
A request has come to one of the compilers of this guide for suggestions as to
week-end walks for groups whose members desire to attend churches of their particular faiths on Sunday. The idea appears to be that such groups would like
to leave the city Saturday, find suitable lodging that evening, attend church in
the morning, and go on walking Sunday. Through the assistance of the Rt. Rev.
William T. Manning, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of New York,
and of Miss Ruby M. Jolliffe, superintendent of the camp department of the
Palisades Interstate Park, we are enabled to offer information as to rural mission
churches and special summer religious services in one attractive region, the west
side of the Hudson, including the park. Other religious facilities in this section
can doubtless be found by those seeking them.

Bishop Manning supplies us with a list of
Protestant Episcopal rural churches in
Rockland and Orange Counties.
Rockland County: Haverstraw, St. Luke's;
Haverstraw (Garnersville), Trinity; Jones
Point, House of Prayer; New City, St.
John's; Nyack, Grace; Pearl River, St.
Stephen's; Piermont, Christ Church; Sloatsburg, St. Francis' Chapel; Spring Valley,
St. Paul's; on the Sloatsburg-Haverstraw
Road, St. John's in the Wilderness; Suffern,
Christ Church; Tomkins Cove, Chapel of
St. John the Divine; Valley Cottage, All
Saints' Chapel.
St. John's in the Wilderness is the pretty stone
chapel and rectory erected forty years ago by gift
of Mrs. Margaret Zimmerman, for the benefit of
the mountain people who had been without religious facilities, on the road from Stony Point or
Haverstraw to Sloatsburg. It is about 7 miles
back of the Hudson at an elevation of 1250 feet
and about 8 miles from Sloatsburg, or 12 miles
from Tuxedo, via the Seven Lakes Drive and the
Beaver Pond road. The rector, the Rev. Burton
H. Lee, is supervisor of a chain of mission churches
in these hills and in the river towns. He also conducts religious services for all who care to attend
at Lake Tiorati (Cedar Pond), near the colored
Y. W. C. A. camp on the east side, on Sunday

mornings from June I to September I; also for
the boys' camps on Lake Stahahe (Car Pond),
nearSouthfields. Campers from other lakes nearby
join in these services. His regular service, at
St. John's, is at 3 P.M. He has a dormitory where
he will put up walking groups in emergencies, and
arrangements might be made with him, by groups
walking across the park, to sleep there and attend
his services. His address is R. F. D., Stony Point.
In Orange County are these Protestant
Episcopal churches: Arden, St. John's
(maintained by Mrs. E. H. Harriman);
Chester, St. Paul's; Cornwall, St. John's;
Fort Montgomery, St. Mark's; Goshen,
St. James; Greenwood Lake, Good Shepherd;
Highland Falls, Holy Innocents; Highland
Mills, St. David's; Monroe, Grace; Montgomery, St. Andrew's; Newburgh (Balmville), St. Agnes; Newburgh (New Windsor),
St. Thomas'; Port Jervis, Grace; Walden,
St. Andrew's; Warwick, Christ.
Protestant churches of other denominations are found in most towns and villages
and sometimes a little Methodist, Baptist,
or Presbyterian chapel may be encountered
in the most remote surroundings, or services
may be held in a schoolhouse in the hill
townships.
)o




CHURCHES ON THE TRAIL

201

Catholic churches are found in most of the
river towns, like Nyack, Haverstraw, Stony
Point, Highland Falls, West Point, Cornwall, and Newburgh, and along the line of
the Erie and its branches, at Suffern,
Tuxedo, Harriman, Central Valley, and
Monroe. In summer missions are provided
for visitors.
Religious facilities of this kind can also be
found in other regions described in this
guide. The ecclesiastical authorities will be
glad to inform parties seeking such guidance
where the desired churches are located, and
walking routes can be arranged accordingly.
In the Palisades Interstate Park, during
the summer season, there are Catholic and
Protestant services Sunday mornings at
Bear Mountain Inn. On Lake Tiorati
services are held for Protestants and
Catholics. The Rev. Mr. Lee, as previously
mentioned, holds the former. A priest from
Stony Point serves mass at the Boy Scouts
headquarters at Lake Kanawauke at about 8
A. M. and then goes to Lake Tiorati and
holds mass at Camp Hayes, the Catholic
Charities camp on the east side near the
dam at about 9 A. M. These are open to any
one in reach at other lakes or to visitors.
The service at Camp Hayes is quite picuresque, the altar being in a tent. Mr.

Lee holds services at Lake Stahahe, his
expenses being    paid  by   the  Palisades
Interstate Park   Commission.     The girl
campers in the Twin Lakes section are near
enough to Central Valley to attend Protestant and Catholic services there, although
services are sometimes conducted at the
camps, especially on Lower Twin Lake,
where Catholic services are held in the
summer season. The Y. W. C. A. camps
on Cohasset Lakes hold their own vesper
service.
At the Hebrew Orphan Asylum camps on
Lake Tiorati a regular Jewish Service is held
Saturday mornings, and in the girl campers'
section about Twin and Summit Lakes the
Central Jewish Institute, which uses the old
Stockbridge house, provides services for
people of its faith.
Study of maps will suggest many combinations
of week-end walks in which church attendance may
be included by those who desire it. For Saturday
afternoon a group might start at some point along
either the Hudson shore or the Erie Railrcad, walk
five to eight miles to some town where shelter
could be found, attend church in the morning,
then take a longer walk across to the next transportation line home. Similar routes could be
arranged east of the Hudson, on Long Island, or
farther away from the city, in any of the,territory
described in this guide.




GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
The compilers of this guide make frequent references to the geology of the
regions described, and they recommend to trampers and outdoor folks in general
an understanding of the elementary principles of this science and of their interpretation as related to the territory covered by the Walk Book. Geology goes
hand in hand with physical geography, and the topography of the regions covered here, or anywhere else, can best be understood if one has some knowledge of
the underlying formations and their origin.

Geologically, the region covered by this
guide is, for variety of formations and
evidences of great dynamic influences, one
of the most interesting in the world. This
has been pointed out clearly, with illuminating maps and diagrams, by A. K. Lobeck,
in "The Superb Position of New York City
as a Center for Physiographic Study,"
Annals New York Acad. of Sci., Vol. 28,
1918.  Dr. H. B. Kiimmel, the State
Geologist of New Jersey, has emphasized
the fact that one need not go far afield to
such an obvious example of vast geologic
forces as the Grand Canyon of the Colorado
to learn how the earth's crust has been
sculptured. With some understanding of
the elementary principles of the science, as
interpreted in.many publications on this
region, one may, with the far-seeing eye of
the scientific imagination, appreciate marvelous examples of geologic influences right
on Manhattan Island or anywhere within
our territory.
Look across the Hudson to the Palisades
and the parallel ranges of the Watchungs
beyond and learn what the geologist tells
you of how they were formed: great dikes
and sills of molten rock, scores of miles long,
forced up between the red sandstone strata
surrounding them, hardened, covered by
later  formations, exposed   by   erosion,

planed by the glacier of the ice age to make
the wonderful battlements we see today.
Follow the line of the Great Terminal
Moraine, the thousand-mile-long dump heap
of the Pleistocene glaciers, across Long and
Staten Islands and New Jersey as shown in
the gravel knolls lobed as they stood against
the ice front; examine the kettle-hole lakes
where ice masses melted while debris rose
about them; and throw your imagination
back twenty-five thousand years or more
and see the ice front hundreds of feet deep
and deepening back northward to a thickness of a mile, very much as it is over
Greenland today.
Look for the impressions of trilobite
spines in the red quartzite on the edges of
the granite and gneiss formations of the
Hudson Highlands and think back to a day,
millions of years gone, when these extinct
creatures swarmed and bred and perished
along the beaches and mud flats of the Old
Land, Appalachia, of which the Highlands
are a remnant.
Think of the vanished Taconic Range,
high as the Alps today, of which the New
Jersey-New   York   Highlands   and  the
Berkshires and the present day Taconics of
the New York-Connecticut-Massachusetts
borders are now the diminished stumps and
realize that thousands of feet of hard rocks

202




GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

203

have been worn off this great range since it
was uplifted by vast compressive movements in the earth's crust in Ordovician
time. Oldest of all rocks we know are those
old gneisses in the Highlands, and you will
think, perhaps, that they are too ancient to
have ever contained life; but, old as they
are, there are traces of organic life in them
which show that part are of sedimentary
origin laid down as settlings of sand and
mud in the old seas and altered by longcontinued and powerful pressures from their
own mass and by intrusion and absorption
by molten rock which issued from the
interior of the earth underneath them.
To make clear the application of names of
geological periods and formations as related
in the territory covered by the Walk Book,
a table is here presented based on that
published in "The Geological History of
New York State," New York State Museum
Bull. No. 168, by Professor William J.
Miller-a   useful interpretation  of the
geology of this state. The excellent geological map of New York state (the lower
Hudson sheet) and the geological map of
New Jersey, by Professor J. Volney Lewis
and Dr. Henry B. Kiimmel, have been
drawn upon, the latter for continuation of
formations extending   across the  state
boundary.
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
(Beginning with the youngest formations and
reading down to the oldest, with examples in the
territory covered by the Walk Book.)
CENOZOIC (RECENT LIFE) ERA
Quaternary Period, the Age of Man. Glacial deposits, sand, gravels, clays over most
of Long Island, all of the mainland of New
York, and all but a small portion of Staten
Island and of New Jersey north of the
Terminal Moraine,, extending from Perth
Amboy, via Plainfield, Summit, Morristown,
Dover, and Hackettstown to the Delaware
near Lambertsville with traces beyond that

line; sea beaches, salt marshes, alluvial
deposits, peat bogs, wind blown sand dunes
on seacoast and elsewhere.
Tertiary Period, the Age of Mammals.
Sands, clays, and gravels in Long and
Staten Islands and in New Jersey, overlain
by Quaternary deposits north of the moraine; on the surface south of it, well represented in the Pine Barrens.of New Jersey,
the boundaries of which, from the point of
view of their peculiar vegetation, are largely
coterminous with the present extent of the
formation.
MESOZOIC (MIDDLE LIFE) ERA
Cretaceous and Jurassic Periods, the
Age of Reptiles, with birds appearing for the
first time in the Jurassic and trees and flowers of modern aspect appearing for the first
time in the Cretaceous.
The Jurassic formation is absent in this
region. It is found in the South and West
and in Europe.
Cretaceous sands and clays are found in
Long and Staten Islands and are exposed in
a number of places at the bottom of the
bluffs on the north shore of Long Island
(Hempstead Harbor, Lloyd's Neck, the
Broken Ground at Fort Salonga, and elsewhere) and are also disclosed at no great
depth in well borings. The Cretaceous formation is of great extent in New Jersey, reaching from Atlantic Highlands through Beacon Hill and across the state to Trenton
and Camden. It includes marl beds, leaf
and shell fossils, and lignite. Many of the
leaf impressions in clay and in iron concretions are of trees represented by similar
genera at the present time and growing on
the surface not far above the memorials of
their ancestors.
PALEOZOIC (EARLY LIFE) ERA
Triassic Period, the Age of Amphibians,
with cycad (earliest seed-bearing) plants,
now comparatively infrequent in number
of species, then the prevailing vegetation.




204

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Triassic geology is well exemplified in the
red, black, and gray sandstones, with occasional conglomerates, extending from Tomkins Cove, Rockland County, N. Y., into
New Jersey and across that state to the
Delaware and beyond; with which are associated vast eruptions and intrusions,
rocks which now make the Palisades and
the Watchungs and their extensions southwestward; alternating strata of the sandstones separating the igneous rocks. The
sedimentary strata have a uniformly gentle
incline westward toward the older Highlands along the border of which is the line
of an immense fault, or earth crack, part
of the "Logan Line"-a line of weakness in
the earth's crust from Quebec via Lake
Champlain and the Hudson Valley to the
South Atlantic States. A sinking of many
thousands of feet occurred along this line
after the Triassic strata had been deposited,
and older limestone formations which have
left traces in pebbles in the border conglomerates were largely carried far down below
the present surface.
Permian Period. This period is absent
here. It is represented in the West and in
Europe.
Carboniferous Period, the great coal age
with non-flowering plants, ferns and horsetails, etc. This period is not represented in
the territory described in this guide, as the
area was then above sea level and was in
process of erosion rather than deposition.
Some western Catskill sandstones (Chemung) are of the period. The type locality
is in Pennsylvania.
Devonian Period, the Age of Fishes. The
Catskill Mountains were largely formed by
marine deposits of this period washed off
the Taconic Mountains eastward and other
adjoining land areas of Devonian time.
Devonian formations are also found along
the western slope of the Shawangunk Mountains in New York and their extensions in
New Jersey, the Kittatinnys; also in Schunemunk Mountain in Orange County; in part
of Bearfoot Mountain, the high sandstone

and conglomerate ridge west of Greenwood
Lake; and in adjoining sandstones south
nearly to Lake Hopatcong in New Jersey.
Silurian Period, Age of Invertebrates,
with  simple fishes.   The Shawangunk
Mountains of New York and the Kittatinnys of New Jersey are Silurian deposits,
laid down in the sea of that period. Deposits of that time also form the southern
part of the Bearfort-Kanouse-Green Pond
Mountain ridge from Greenwood Lake south
to the line of the Rockaway River in New
Jersey west of Dover. The red conglomerates of the upper parts of this ridge are
one of the most striking rocks in appearance in our area; and glacial boulders, worn
from them in the ice age, are readily recognizable wherever seen north of the terminal
moraine. The younger, Devonian formation in this ridge, in Bearfort, Bellvale, and
Schunemunk mountains, though much the
same in appearance, is distinguishable from
the Silurian in that it contains fragments
eroded from the older rock. The whole ridge
was formed by deposition in an estuary of
the Devonian and Silurian areas which was
probably much wider than the present width
of the ridge, since the ridge was formed by
lateral compression which has left the strata
in a great U-shaped trough.
Ordovician Period, part of the Age of
Invertebrates. This period is represented in
our area by the shales and slates along the
Hudson valley   from   Dutchess County
through Orange County, along the Wallkill valley, and in Sussex County, N. J.,
between the Kittatinnys and the Highlands. A small area is found at Thiells,
Rockland County, N. Y.
Cambrian Period, the age of earliest
definitely known forms of life, of invertebrate marine animals (trilobites), and low
forms of vegetable life.
Narrow strips of reddish quartzite, in the
valleys and along the borders of the PreCambrian gneisses and granites of the Highlands of New York and New Jersey, represent the first sedimentary formation eroded




GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

205

from these extremely ancient metamorphic
and igneous rocks, then much higher mountains than now. They were seashore formations and are composed of cemented quartz
sand such as is found on beaches today.
Trilobites swarmed in the shallow waters,
and the impressions of their spines and head
coverings are found in many places in the
ledges; typical examples are along the northern front of the Fishkill Mountains, in
southern Dutchess County, particularly
at Poughquag, from which the quartzite
takes its name in New York and along the
borders of similar Pre-Cambrian rocks in
New Jersey, where it is known as the Hardyston quartzite. Limestones of Cambrian
origin are common in northern New Jersey
about Franklin Furnace and southward.
PROTEROZOIC AND ARCHEOZOIC
ERAS-PRE-CAMBRIAN
Algonkian and Archean Periods, the ages
of earliest known forms of life, but with
records very imperfect.
These formations, the oldest in the earth's
crust of which we have any positive evidence, are well represented in the granite
and gneiss highlands of New Jersey and
New York, with a long arm extending
through Westchester County into Manhattan Island and adjoining Connecticut. That
part of their mass is of sediments that con
tained life is indicated by beds of limestones
formed by the shells of marine animals; by
iron ores, probably assembled by agency of
vegetable acids; and graphite, the carbon
of ancient plants.
Ancient shales, sandstones, and limestones, much altered but with their strata
still preserved, are represented in what is
now called the Grenville formation, which
is also found in the Adirondacks, Canada,
and New England. These rocks have been
so metamorphosed by vast intrusions of
granite, syenite, and other molten magmas
that they have been contorted, recrystallized, and more or less digested, although
they have left traces in minerals and traces
of strata even when most affected. The
whole mass is consequently an intricate
complex which is one of the most interesting fields for geological study, affording
examples of the effect of the great forces
in the early history of the earth.
These highlands have also been effected,
at various periods, by gigantic lateral pressures which faulted them into huge, more or
less quadrangular blocks lying in a northeast-southwest direction, the faces of which
governed the later erosion and the present
topography by guiding the streams which
were established upon them and by opening these hard rocks to disintegration by
weathering. The frequent,cliffs and steep
slopes in these highlands are evidences of
the faces of these great fault blocks.

THE CARVING OF THE COUNTRY
To the tramper of inquiring mind the river systems of the region covered by
this Walk Book will offer many a question. How can a river cut athwart a mountain range? How did the Hudson burst through or cut down a great granite bulwark like the Highlands at Cornwall or Iona? Many erroneous theories have
been advanced to explain these water gaps, such as violent disturbances that have
broken a path for the river through the mountains, or the overflowing of
great lakes. The question has been much discussed in the past and one
by one these old theories have been rejected for the modern theory of revived
rivers.




20o6

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Professor William Morris Davis in his
"Physical Geography" gives an explanation
which can be expanded to fit our gorge.
Professor Davis offers the simple explanation of revived rivers as the tools that
have carved such valleys as ours whether
transverse or longitudinal. The crosswise
valleys, like the Mohawk and the Hoosick,
are often broad lowlands with a deep soil
weathered on weak underlying rocks; the
lengthwise, a steep-sided gorge cut in
rugged, hard rock, like the Hudson at
Storm King. In such cases the rivers had
their present arrangement before the valleys were excavated and when the whole
region stood lower than now, at a time when
a broad plain spread far and wide at about
the level of the ridge crests and highland
summits of today. Then a change occurred.
The region was uplifted. Rivers, revived
by this uplifting of the country, began to
wear, down valleys. No branch streams
could wear down faster than the main
stream that they entered. Thus the Hudson's branches, whether great like the distant Mohawk or small like the Fishkill
and Moodna creeks, could not cut down
their beds faster than the Hudson did. But
all the northern valleys widened with relative rapidity because of their comparatively
delicate rocks and in time became broad
lowlands or rolling country, while the outlet valley still retained a gorgelike form in
the resistant rocks that now stand as aridge or belt of highlands.
This explanation applies to the Susquehanna, cutting gaps in the Allegheny ridges,
and to the Potomac, cutting a deep passage in the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry
and draining the lengthwise Shenandoah

Valley. The belt of the resistant rock can
be traced across the river bed in shallow
riffles and ledges. Thus also the Delaware
River gathers many branches from tht
open inner valleys of northeastern Pennsylvania and escapes by a narrow notch, the
Delaware Water Gap, in Kittatinny Mountain at the northwestern corer of New
Jersey.
The large volume of the Hudson below
Albany is due, not to the rainfall in its
basin, but to a moderate depression of its
valley below sea level whereby it has been
drowned to a navigable depth. The navigable waters now entering through the
Highlands have been of great commercial
value and advantage to New York City,
whose history might have been very different if the Hudson had been as shallow in
the Highland gorge as the Potomac'is in
its gorge through the Blue Ridge.
The Hudson drainage area may be likened to a lopsided trident with its point
5000 feet in the air on Mt. Marcy, its long
western tip near Rome, N. Y., its stubby
eastern point at Bennington or North
Adams. Particle by particle, rapidly or
slowly according to the degree of hardness
of the rock upon which it is working this
great trident is carving out broad valleys or
incising narrow gorges and washing the
waste away through our gap-in the granite
at Cornwall. It has been estimated that
the rate of waste and wear in the Mississippi
Valley is about one foot in 5000 years.
Look off from Beacon or Storm King up
the valley and get a creepy feeling of what
everlasting ages Nature takes to do her
work. She is no schoolgirl with a lump of
plasticine.




PLANT LIFE OF THE REGION
Acquaintance with the trees, flowers, ferns, and other plants found on his
excursions gives the walker increased enjoyment of a pure and aesthetic type.
This acquaintance may be pursued through all the year not only from the blossoming of the skunk cabbage in March to the witch hazel in November but even
in the winter months through study of bark and buds. Knowledge of a few
hundred of our commoner flowering plants and ferns is not difficult to acquire,
with the help of many popular illustrated guides; and the means for identifying
greater numbers of species of all kinds of plants, including those of more obscure
classes, are available for those who have the inclination to seek them.

Our territory is greatly varied in its
plant life and, because of topographical and
geological conditions, affords many curious and interesting examples of distribution. Many northern plants come down to
our latitude along the high ridges of the
Highlands of the Hudson and of New Jersey, continuing their line to the loftier
summits of the Great Smokies, where subalpine conditions give them the same kind
of environment as they prefer in New England or Canada. Some which were driven
south before the glacial advance of the ice
age still persist here, having remained when
other boreal species fled north before the
warmer climate of recent times. And many
southern plants have northern outposts in
southern New Jersey in the warm sands and
cedar swamps of the Pine Barrens.
The more plants one learns to know, the
easier it is to know more, if one follows the
systematic keys of the manuals and guides
and comes to recognize the characteristics
of the families and genera of the Linnaean
system. The flora of the northeastern
United States, including ferns and some
other nonflowering plants, includes about
4000 species. Some of these are rare and
would scarcely be identified except by the

special student, but there are probably
500 species with which one can become acquainted without great effort merely by
observing and identifying them in a few
spring and summer seasons. After the first
hundred the second hundred will be more
easily recognized, if one gives attention to
the family characteristics of the first acquaintances-characteristics quite as fixed
and unmistakable as those of human groups.
After 500 are known, it is the experience of
the writer that new discoveries give increased satisfaction, as less common species are encountered, identified, perhaps
with more difficulty in the search of keys
and guides, and added to one's circle of
plant friends.
There are joys of this kind for the outdoor
lover within a day's excursion from the city
quite as thrilling as those of the orchid
hunter on the Amazon. Every remote peat
bog or forest glade where one may find
some rare native orchid new to him, every
unfrequented ledge or cliff where an unknown fern is recognized as such and run
down through Gray or Britton to its proper
species becomes sure hunting ground as
exciting as Central Africa or the Arctic.
Some obstacles to popular study of plants

207




NEW YORK WALK BOOK

exist in the sophistication with which special students of certain genera have treated
them, like the hawthorns, which have been
divided from a dozen into more than a hundred so-called species, with but slight differences; in hybrids found in some trees,
like oaks and willows; and in the unfortunate differences in nomenclature between
the  Cambridge school, represented   in
Gray's "Manual of Botany," and the New
York school, represented by Dr. N. L.
Britton's monumental work on     North
American plants. Most of the popular manuals follow Gray, but Dr. Britton's manual, though in three heavy volumes against
Gray's smaller form, is highly valuable
for its line drawings of every species listed
and for its remarkable list of common names
gathered from every section of the country and not found elsewhere in collected
form.
F. Schuyler Mathews' books on trees and
flowers, Mrs. Dana's books on flowers and
ferns, and the Chester booklets are all
good for beginners. But old Asa Gray is
the writer's stand-by. All our plants are
there, if you have the time and inclination
to run them down to their families, genera,
and species. As for the artificial keys they
are good for the beginner, but one does not
need them after a few hundred species, including most of our families, are known.
By that time the family resemblance strikes
one at once, and even the genus is apparent.
It is then only a matter of running down
the species. It comes down to a process of
elimination. If it isn't anything you know,
it must be one of comparatively few species, and soon you find it. And always you
will have in the back of your head the
"look" of a few long-sought plants that you
feel ought to be in this area. You look
through every favorable location for them,
summer after summer; perhaps you despair
of finding them; but one day you almost
step on one of them in your path, and,
presto, you know it and welcome it at
once. It is a help, as Thoreau remarked,

to receive from some friend a plant which
you have never seen but which ought to
grow in this territory. You get the appearance of it in your eyes better than can be
given by any book description, and the
next time conditions are favorable it leaps
out of concealment where you had long
sought it. That makes a good day. It is
something that no one can take away from
you.
An excellent index to the plants of this
vicinity is found in Norman Taylor's "Flora
of the Vicinity of New York," a publication
of the Torrey Botanical Club and New York
Botanical Garden, covering the territory
studied by this club. The club was formed
in 1870 and named for John Torrey, associate of Asa Gray and professor of botany
at Columbia University for forty years.
This territory is somewhat more extensive
than that covered in this Walk Book, including all of New Jersey, all of Connecticut, some of the eastern counties of. Pennsylvania, and Delaware, Ulster, Dutchess,
and Columbia counties as well as the New
York areas herein described. It is not a
manual, in that it gives no descriptions,
but it tells you what has been found in this
area and what you may look for. It is confusing to the beginner, in that it uses Britton's, instead of Gray's nomenclature, but
it is a useful and stimulating book.
Dr. Witmer Stone's "Plants of New Jersey with Special Reference to Pine Barrens" is similar to Mr. Taylor's book in
being an index rather than a manual but
is confined in treatment to that state and
particularly the southern part. Some of the
suggestions he makes as to the effect of the
ice age on vegetation and as to the existence in the Pine Barrens of plants like the
broom crowberry and bearberry as survivors of the Arctic conditions which existed near the ice border in Pleistocene
time, are of great interest. Its illustrations
are helpful in identifying the peculiar plants
of this botanical province-in many ways
the most interesting in this vicinity.




MAPS AND GUIDEBOOKS
The following is a partial list of the various maps, guidebooks, and descriptive
works by means of which the walker can supplement the suggestions offered in
this book:
MAPS

U. S. Geological Survey Sheets. Quadrangles 13 x 17Y2 miles. Scale I inch to I
mile. Sold by the U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C., and by map dealers.
Index sheets giving names and limits of
quadrangles can be obtained free from the
U. S. Geological Survey. Index sheets
required for areas covered by this book,
the New England, the New York State,
and the Pennsylvania and New Jersey
sheets.  Price, if purchased  from  the
Survey, io cents each, or 6 cents each in
lots of 50. (Sheets for some areas are also
published on the scale of Y2 inch to i mile
and include four of the inch-to-the-mile
sheets.)
U. S. Geological Survey Folios. For many
of the above quadrangles geologic folios
have been published giving descriptive
text on historical and economic geology
with colored maps showing formations and
structure. Catalogue free. Price of folios,
25 cents.

New Jersey State Topographic Survey
sheets. Scale same as U. S. Geological
Survey sheets, but the sheets cover the
area of three or four of the U. S. sheets.
Sold by the Department of Conservation,
Trenton, N. J. Price, 40 cents. Index
sheets supplied free. (These sheets are kept
revised, and several have lately been issued
on a larger scale, 234 inches to i mile.)
Geological Map of New Jersey. Scale 5
miles to i inch. Issued in 1915 by the
State Geologist. Prince, 75 cents.
(The above maps as well as numerous
county atlases may be consulted at the
New York Public Library, the New York
Historical Society, or the American Geographical Society. The maps of the U. S.
Geological Survey can be purchased at
C. S. Hammond and Co., 30 Church St.;
National Map Co., 360 Broadway, near
Franklin St.; at Rand, McNally and Co., 42
East 22nd St.; and the American Map Co.,
7 West 42nd St.)

BOOKS
(Some of the more important works consulted in the preparation of this book.)
BERKEY, C. P. Geology of the New York City (Catskill) aqueduct. Albany, 1911.
New York State Museum Bull. No. 146.
BERKEY, C. P., and MARION RICE. Geology of the West Point quadrangle,
N. Y. Albany, 1921. New York State Museum Bull. No. 225-226.
BOLTON, ROBERT. History of the several towns... county of Westchester,
New York, 1881.
209




210

MAPS AND GUIDEBOOKS

CLAYTON, W. W., and W. NELSON. History of Bergen and Passaic counties,
N. J. Philadelphia, 1882.
COLE, D. History of Rockland county. New York, 1884.
COMSTOCK, SARAH. Old roads from the heart of New York.. within thirty
miles of the Battery. New York and London, 1915.
DICKINSON, R. L. Palisades Interstate Park. American Geographical Society,
New York, 1921.
EAGER, S. W. An outline history of Orange county. Newburgh, N. Y., 1846-47.
FULLER, M. L. The geology of Long Island, New York. U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 82. Washington, D. C., 1914.
GRATACAP, L. P. Geology of the city of New York. 3rd edit. New York, 1909.
GREEN, F. B. The history of Rockland county, New York, 1886.
HINE, C. G. The New York and Albany Post Road from Kingsbridge to... Albany,
being an account of a jaunt on foot... 1905. New York, 1905.
History of Morris county, N. J., 1710-1913. 2 vols. New York, 1914.
JENKINS, STEPHEN. The Story of the Bronx... New York, 1912.
KELLEY, F. B., comp. Historical guide to the city of New York. 2nd edit. New
York, 1913.
MACK, A. C. The Palisades of the Hudson. Edgewater, N. J., 1909.
MESSLER, ABRAHAM. First things in old Somerset. Somerville, I899.
MILLER, W. J. The geological history of New York State. New York State Museum
Bull. No. i68. Albany, 1914.
RIDER, FREMONT. Rider's New York City and vicinity, including Newark,
Yonkers and Jersey City. New York, 1913.
SALISBURY, R. D. The glacial geology of New Jersey. New Jersey Geol. Survey,
Final Report, Vol. 5. Trenton, 1902.
SALISBURY, R. D., and W. W. ATWOOD. The interpretation of topographic
maps. U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 6o. Washington, D. C., I908.
SNELL, J. P., and others. History of Hunterdon and Somerset counties, N. J. Philadelphia, 1881.
STOKES, I. N. PHELPS. The Iconography of Manhattan Island. New York 1915 -1922.
TARR, R. S. The physical geography of New York State. New York, 1902.
TAYLOR, NORMAN. The vegetation of Long Island. Part i. The Vegetation of
Montauk. Brooklyn Botanical Garden Memoirs, Vol. 2. Brooklyn, 1923.
VAN VALEN, J. M. History of Bergen county, N. J. New York, 9goo.
WOODWORTH, J. B. Pleistocene geology of portions of Nassau county and Borough
of Queens. New York State Museum Bull. No. 48. Albany, 19o1.




INDEX

Acknowledgments, xv
"Adamless Eden," 71
Adirondack Mountain Club, 170, i86
Airy, Mt., 50
Albany post road, 42, 63
Algonquin Trail, 43
Alice iron mine, 94
Amagansett, 146
Andr6 monument, 45
Anthony's Nose, 60, 61, 67, 81; name, 63
Appalachian Mountain Club, 170, 171, i86
Appalachian Trail, 172
Aqueduct footways, 37
Arbutus, 150
Arden, 72
Arden-Surebridge Trail, 72, 171, 175, 1 8
Ardsley, 44 (with ill.)
Ashokan Aqueduct, 64
Ashokan Reservoir, 162
Atlantic Highlands, 153, 154, 155 (with ill.)
Awosting, 158
Awosting, Lake, 156
Baker residence, 55
Bald Hill, 53, 64
Bald Mountain, 87
Balsam Cap, 161
Balsam Roundtop, 162
Bamber, 153
Barnegat Branch, C. R. of N. J., 151, I52
Barnegat Inlet, 154
Barrens, Pine, 150
Bashbish Falls, 167, 168
Beacon Hill, 154, 155
Beacons (South and North), 60, 64
Bear Hill, 158
Bear Mountain, x (with ill.), 62-63 (with ill.), 81,
177; trails up, 182
Bear Mountain, Conn., 167
Bear Swamp Pond, 90, 91, 92
Bearberry, 176
Bearfort Mountain, 95, 105
Beavers, 73, 75
Beech Bottom, 75, 176, 177
Belden homestead, 25
Bell, W. W., 170, 172, i8o
Belmar, 151, 152
Belmont estate, 138

Bergen Beach, 27
Berkshires, 166
Berlin Mountain, 168
Big Indian Mountain, 162
Black Ash Mountain, 174
Black Horse Tavern, 52
Black Mountain, 74, 75, 176
Black River, 103
Black Rock, 82
Black Rock Forest, 82
Blackhead Mountains, 165
Blinn place, 53
Bloomfield, iio
Bloomfield Avenue, 119, 120, 124
Blue Brook, 123
Blue mine, 1o5, io8, 1og
Bluffs, 144 (with ill.), 146, 149 (with ill.)
Bockberg, 81, 176
Bog Meadow Pond, 82
Boonton, 88, I12
Botanical Gardens, 22
Botany, 207
Boulders, 115, 141, 143, 148
Bound Brook, 121; Chimney Rock, 120 (with ill.),
122
Bowling Green Mountain, 103
Boy Scouts, camp at Glen Gray, go, i9
Bradley Mine, 70, 178, 18o
Bradley Mountain, 178
Bradley Road, 127
Breakneck Pond, 71
Breakneck Ridge, 64
Bronx Park, 18, 21; hemlock gorge and dam, 15
(with ill.), 22
Bronx River, 39, 40
Bronx River Parkway, 43
Brooklyn, Prospect Park, 28, 29 (with ill.)
Brooklyn Institute, 140
Brooks Hollow, 71
Brookside Drive, 124
Brundige Cave, 99, o10 (with ill.)
Bryn Mawr, 37, 48
Bull Hill, 60, 64
Burnt House Trail, 74
Burnt Saw Mill Bridge, 71, 99, 1oo, 1o2
Butler, 89
Buttermilk Hill, 46
Byram River, 33
II




212

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Caldwell, 124
Camp Wyckoff, 149
Canada Hill, 61, 62, 68
Canals, 110
Canistear reservoir, 133
Cannonball Road, 90
Cannonball Trail, 91
Carnegie Foundation, Station for' Experimental
Evolution, 140
Carris Hill, 106, o08
Cascade of Slid, 1oI
Catskill Aqueduct, 37, 38, 48, 49, 52; high walk, 65
Catskills, 159
Caves: Claudius Smith's, 99 (with ill.), 18r; Ellenville, 158; Indian, on Manhattan, 12, 14 (with
ill.); Northern Ramapo plateau, 99
Cedar Bridge, 153
Cedar Lane, 124
Cedar Pond. See Tiorati, Lake
Central Park, 6; blockhouse, 7 (with ill.), 8; lake,
6 (with ill.)
Charcoal pits, 70
Children's Village, 43
Chimney Rock, 120 (with ill.), 122
Churches, 200
Cinquefoil, three-toothed, 168
City Island. 24
Clay, fluid, 143
Clinton reservoir, 133
Cohasset Lakes, 71, 175 (with ill.)
Cold Spring, 66
Cold Spring Harbor, 139, 140 (with ill.), 141
Collaberg Pond, 51, 56
Columbia University, 9
Coney Island, 28
Congers, 129, 130, 132
Conklin cabin, Too, 102
Connecticut, geology, 139
Cornell Mountain, 159, 16o
Cornell-Slide Trail, 161
Cornwall, 82
Coytesville, 127, 128
Cragsmoor, 156
Cranberry bogs, 152, 153
Crestwood, 43
Criger Road, 135
Crompound Road, 50
Croton, 50
Croton Aqueduct, t6, 37, 47 (with ill.), 48, 49, 52;
Van Cortlandt Park (with ill.), 48
Croton Dam, 52, 56
Croton Lake, 49
Croton Reservoir, 51
Croton River, 53(with ill.)

Crown Range, 77
Crow's Nest, 77, 78 (with.
Culver Lake, 135
Curtis-Ormsbee Trail, 3 6
Cushetunk Mountain, 130
Dean Trail, 75
Deep Pond, 144
Delaware Water Gap, 134. 135
Denning Hill, 68
Dick house, 66
Dickerson Hill (with ill.), 51, 5 5
Dimmick place, 161
Ditch Plain, 148
Dix Hills,, 141, 142
Dobbs Ferry, 42, 47
Doodlctown, 74, 76, 8I
Double Trouble, 153
Dry Brook, 162, 163
Dunderberg Mountain, 74, 75, 81, ',(
Dunwoodie, 37, 38
Dutch farms, 27, 31
Dyckman Farm House, r5
Dyckman Street ferry, 12 (with ill ), i
Eagle Mountain, 162
Eagle Rock, 119, 120
Eastview, 46
Echo Mountain, 73
Edison mines, 103
Ellenville, 158
Elmsford, 44
Englewood Approach, IT (with ill.), 12
Esopus Creek, 160, 162, 163
Essex County Reservation, 118, 119 (with ill
Everett, Mt., 166, 168
Far Spy Rock, 82
Farmingdale, 151
Fire Island, 145
Fire Island Beach, 144
Finger-board Mountain, 175
Finger-board-Storm King Trail, 171, 177
First Mountain, 1o, 113, 118, 119, I20, 123 (with
ill.)
Fish Hatchery, 140
Fishkill Mountains, 60. 64
"Five Points," 80
Flushing, 27
Footways (with ill.), 3
Fordham, 17
Forest of Dean Mine, 70
Forest Park, 27, 29
Fort Defiance Hill, 68




INDEX

213

Fort Salonga, 143
Fort Washington Avenue, 12
Franklin Lake, 125
Freedom Furnace, 105, Io9
Freehold, 154, 155
Fresh Kills, 30, 31
Frost Valley, 162, 163
Garret Rock, 119
Garrison, 62, 66
Geology, 202
Glacial period, 114, 137, 139
Gladstone, 104
Glen Gray Pond, go, 91
Goshen Mountain, 175
Grand Boulevard and Concourse, 18
Grant's Tomb, 9 (with ill.), io
Grass Ponds, 144
Grassy Sprain Road, 40
Great Pond, 148
Green Mountain Club, 170, 187; camp at Lake
Tiorati, 73
Green Pond Mountain, 85-86, 95,115
Greenwood Lake, 92, 93 (with ill.), 98
Greylock, 168, 169
Greystone, 47
Gridley Mountain, 167
Hacklebarney, 104
Haledon, 125
Half Moon (ship), 60, 61
Hamilton Road, 42, 44
Harbor Hill, 139, 142
Harbor Hill moraine, 142
Harlem River, 16
Harriman estate, 93, 95
Hartsdale, 39
Hartshorne estate, 155
Harvey Mountain, 168
Haskell, io6, 107, 1o8
Hassenclever Mountain, 74
Hastings, 42, 43, 47
Haverstraw, 127 (with ill.), 132
Hemlock Twin Springs, 62
Hempstead Harbor, 138
Herod Point, 144
Hessian Hill, 50
Hessian Lake, 183, 185 (with ill.)
Hewitt, 96
High Aqueduct walk, 65
High Bridge, 16, 17 (with ill.)
High Hill, 141
High Hill Beach, 145
High Mountain, 125

High Point, o16, 1o8, 134
Highlands of New Jersey, 85
Highlands of the Hudson, xii, xv; from West Point
north (with ill.), 76; west of the river, 69
Hogencamp mines, 71, 73
Hogencamp Mountain, 175
Holliswood Trail, 30
Holly, American, 151
Hook Mountain (Hudson River), 46 (with ill.),
I15, 129
Hook Mountain (Watchungs), 86, III, 112, 113,
11i6
Hopatcong, Lake, 86, 103, III
Housatonic River, 166, west bank, 167
Hudson River, 35
Hunter Mountain, 163
Hunters Island, 24, 25 (with ill.)
Huntington, C. P., estate, 23
Huntington Harbor, 141
Ice age, 14, 139
Indian Brook, 66
Indian caves on Manhattan, 12, 14 (with ill.)
Indian Hill, 59
Indian Kill Brook, 94
Indian Lake, 68
Indian names, 107
Indian paths, 13
Indian rock shelters, 136
Interstate Park, xii, 69; development, 71; eastern
section, 75; trails, 173
Inwood, 15
lona Island, 183 (with ill.)
Iron mines, 70, 76, 104, o05, o18, 109
Irving, Washington, 45, 47, 117
Irvington, 42
Isaac Rice Play Field, 25
Island Pond Mountain, 181
"Jackson Whites," 90, 92
Jamaica Bay, 27
Jamaica-Flushing road, 27
Japanese tea rooms, 52, 56
Jerome Park reservoir, 18
Jones Point, 81
Jones Road, 128
Kaakeout Hill, 46
Kaaterskill Falls, 164 (with ill.), 165
Kakeout Mountain, 88
Kanawauke, Lake, 71
Keg Mountain, 51 (with ill.), 55
Kensico Reservoir, 57
Kent Cliffs, 67




214

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Kettle holes, 29, 138, 142, 144, 148; Forest Park,
30 (with ill.)
King George's Road, 121
King's Highway, New Jersey, 126
Kinney estate, 85
Kittatinny Mountains, 134, 135
I adentown, Ioo
I a Grande Lake, go, gI, 106 (with ill.)
I akehurst, 151, 152
Lakes: along Seven Lakes Drive, 99; Interstate
Park, 71; kettle-hole, Long Island, 138, 144,
148; Wyanokie plateau, 106
1 akewood, 151, 152
Larchmont, 58
Laurel Mine, o08, og9
Lebanon, 136
Lemon Squeezer," 73, 182
Letchworth Village, 131
letterock Mountain, 74, 75, 176
Linwood, 128
Lion's Head, 167
Little Falls, I n
Livingston house, 47
Lloyd's Neck, 141
Logan's fault, 89, 113
Long Beach, 145
Long Clove, 130, 132
Long Island: beaches, 144, 145; geology, 138;
moraines, 141; Nassau and Suffolk counties, 137;
North Shore, 138; South Shore, 143 (ill.), 144;
topography, 137
Long Lane, 125, 126
Long Mountain, 77, 179
Long-Torne Trail, 172, 180
Look-off, ix
Lorillard mansion, 22
"Lost Road," 72, 73, 175, 182
Lyndehurst, 47
Mamaroneck River, 58
Manahawken, 152, 153
Manhasset, 138
Manhattan: down-town, 2; upper, 5 (ill.), 6
Manitou, 61
Manitou Mountain, 60
Mannetto, 141, 142
Maps, xiv, xv, 209
Marshall mansion, 24
Mashipacong Pond, 136
Matawan, 154, 155
Mathews, F. S., 208
Metedeconk River, 152
Mianus River, 59

Midvale, 106, 107
Milburn, II8, 124
Millbrook ridge, 163
Miller Place, 143
Millwood, 49, 53
Mine Hill, 87
Mines, old, 70, 76, 104, 105, 108, 109
Mink Hollow, 164
Minnewaska, 156, 158
Moe's, 133
Mohonk, 156, 158
Mombasha Lake, 94
Mongaup Mountain, 163
Monitor Rock, 181
Monmouth, 155
Monmouth County, N. J., 154
Monroe Skyline Trail, 170
Montauk Point, 137, 144 (with ill.); lighthouse
(ills.), 145, 149; panorama (ill.), 146-147
Montclair, 119, 120; winter dawn (ill.), 118
Montrose, 54
Montville, 88, III, 112
Moraines, Long Island, 141
Morning Glory Road, 121
Morningside Park, 8 (with ill.)
Morris Canal, no, III (ill.)
Morristown, I16, 117
Mosholu Parkway, 18
Mount Ivy, 130
Nassau County, 137
Navesink, 154, 155
Nawahunta Lake, 71
Nebo, Mt., 127
Nepperhan, 40
Nepperhan River, 42, 43
Neversink Creek, 160, 162, 163
New Jersey: beaches, 153; glacial geology, 115;
northern, 113; ridges, historical role, 116; south
of the Raritan, 150
New Rochelle, 39
New York University, 16
Newark, Ino; aqueduct, 87; reservoirs, o06, 133
Nigger Hills, 56
Nigger Pond, go, 91
Nissequoque Neck, 143
North Hempstead, 138
Northport, 143
Nyack, 46 (ill.), 127, 128
Oak Island, 145
Odell house, 42, 49
One Cedar Mountain, 94
Ophir Farm,8 5




INDEX

215

O'Rourke's Quarry, 114 (ill.)
Oscawana Lake, 60, 67 (with ill.), 68
Oswego River, 153
Otter Hole, lo8
Oyster Bay, 138, 139
Oyster Pond, 148, 149
Palisades, xi, xii-xv (ills.), 113, 115
Parker Cabin Mountain, 174
Passaic, Lake, 115
Passaic River, II
Paterson, Io, III, 115, 119
Paumanok, 137
Pavenstecher property, 78
Peekamoose Mountain, 159; ascents to, 161
Peekskill, 50
Pelham Bay Park, 23 (ill.), 25
Pennyroyal Hill, 125
Pequanac River, 88, 105
Phillipse Brook, 64, 66
Piermont, 116
Piermont Ridge, 126
Pine Barrens of New Jersey, 150
Pine Brook, 40
Pine Meadow Brook, Io0, 102, 99
Pine Meadow Brook Trail, Ioo
Pine Meadow plateau, o10
Pines, New Jersey, 153
Plainfield, 120, 122
Plateau Mountain, 164
Pocantico hills, 45
Poe cottage, 18
Point Pleasant, 151, 153
Pompton Lakes, 89, 90
Pompton Mountains, 86
Pompton-Pequanac highlands, 85
Pompton Plains, 112
Ponds. See Lakes
Popolopen Creek, 6o, 6I, 77, 177, 182 (ill.),
183
Popolopen Torne, 177, 180; trails up, 18
Potamogeton Pond, 27
Pottersville, 1o4
Preakness Range, 125
Prop Rock, 82
Prospect, Mt., 167
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 28, 29 (ill.)
Putnam County, 60
Pyngyp, 74, 75
Quaker Bridge, 56
Quaker Ridge, 40, 52
Quaker Spring, 35 (ill.)
Queens Borough, 26

Queensboro Furnace, 172 (ill.)
Queensboro Lake, 71
Ramapo-Dunderberg Trail, 72, 73, 171, 174;
over Timp and Dunderberg, 79
Ramapo Ore Co., 93
Ramapo plateau, go; lower Ramapo plateau, 89;
northern part, 98
Ramapo-Plateau Trail, 172
Ramapo River, 92, 101, III
Raritan River, I50
Red Bank, 151, 154, 155
Red Fence Road, 61, 62, 63, 68
Revolutionary relics, 116
Rhododendrons, 72, 73, 133
Riverdale, 21
Riverside Drive, 9 (ill.), o1
Roanoke (ill.), 142
Rochelle Park, 39
Rock Spring, 118
Rockaway Beach, 145
Rockaway Point, 28
Rockland Lake village, 129
Ronkonkoma, Lake, 142
Ronkonkoma moraine, 142, 144, 146, 147
Roosevelt farm, 140
Roosevelt grave, 139, 141
Roosevelt Memorial Park, 141
Rotten Pond. See La Grande Lake
Round Valley, 136
Rumson Neck, 155
Rye, 138, 139
Rye Pond, 57 (with ill.)
Sagamore Hill, 139
St. George, 30, 32
St. Mary's Lake, 56
Salonga, Fort, 143
Salt Hill, 50, 51 (with ill.), 55
Sam's Point, 156, 157 (ill.), 158
Sandy Hook, 154 (with ill.)
Sawmill River. See Nepperhan River
Saxon (Saxton) Woods, 58
Scarsdale, 39
Schagticoke Mountains, 167
Schunemunk Mountain, 83, 84 (ill.)
Schuyler, Fort, 23
Schuyler place, 47
Second Mouftain, 113, 123 (ill.), 124
Setauket, 142
Seven Lakes Drive, 99
Shark River, 152
Shawangunk Range, 156
Sheepapen Rocks, 23 (ill.), 25




216

NEW YORK WALK BOOK

Sheldrake River, 39, 40,.58
Shorakapkok, 12, 14 (ill.), 16
Short Clove Road, 132
Shrewsbury River, 154, 155
Silver Lake, 56
"Sitting-down place," 184
Six Chin Trail (with ill.), 80
Sleepy Hollow, 45
Slid, Cascade of, ioi
Slide Mountain, s59, 160; weathered ledge (ill.),
165
Sloane Observatory, 66
Sloatsburg, o01, 102
Smith, Claudius, 99, ioo, 181
Smith's Point, 145
Snake Hill, 126
Snakes, 187, 195
South Mountain Reservation, 118, 119 (ill.)
South Orange Avenue, 124
Spitzenberg Hill, 54, 55 (ill.)
Sparin Brook, 41, 48
Spruce Pond, 72, 94
Spuyten Duyvil, 13, 15
Stahahe, Lake. 71
Staten Island, xi; bird club, 32; Museum, 32;
walks, 30
Sterling Lake, 93
Sterling Mountain, 94
Stickle Pond, 85, 86
Stillman Black Rock Forest, 69, 77
Stockbridge Mountain, 77
Stokes Forest, 134, 135
Stony Brook, 99, Too, Ioi
Stony Brook Mountain, 88
Stony Point, 69, 74
Storm King Highway, 65, 78, 79, 82
Storm King Mountain, 70 (ill.), 78; winter on
(ill.), 79
Suffern, 89, 9g, o10, o02
Suffolk County, L. I., 137
Sugar Loaf, Putnam County, 61, 6g
Sugar Loaf Mountain, New Jersey, 94
Summit, 115, 122 (with ill.)
Sunnyside, 47
Surebridge Mountain, 73
Surprise Lake, 95, 97
Sutherland Pond, 82
Syosset, 138, 139
Taconics, 166
Tappan, 126
Tarrytown, 44
Taurus, Mt., 64
Taylortown, 88

Taylorville, 128
Ten Commandments, trampers', 199
Ten Mile River, 166
Terrace Pond, 95, 96, 97 (ill.)
Thirty Deer Ridge, 40
Tibbit Brook, 18, 19 (ill.), 37, 38, 48
Tice's Pond, 90
Tiffany (L. C.) place, 140
Timp, 80, 176; view north (ill.), 81
Timp-Torne Trail, 75, 79, 171. 177
Tiorati, Lake, 71, 73, 74, 75 (ill.), 99
Todt Hill, 30, 31, 32 (ill.)
Tom Jones Mountain, 174
Tomkins Cove, 74, 76, 79
Tompkins Corners, 67
Toms River, ]5i, 152, 153
Torment Hill, 51, 56
Torne Brook, 98-99, ioo, 0o2
Torne Mountain, 98, io6
Tors, 115, II6, 130; ascent from Haverstraw, 132
view from (ill.), 130, 131
Towaco, 86
Trails, 170; Interstate Park, 173
Triassic lowland, 113
Trough Hollow, 120, 130
Tryon Hall, 13
Tuckahoc, 40
Tuckerton, 151, 153
Tulip trees, 40, 43
Turkey Mountain, 50, I8o
Tuxedo, 103, 171; name, ioo
Tuxedo-Mount Ivy Trail, 181
Tuxedo Park Association, 93
Tuxedo-Tom Jones Trail, ioo, 174
Twin Islands, 25 (ill.), 26
Tyson's, 160
U. S. Geological Survey sheets, xv, xvi
Valeria Home, 51
Van Cortlandt Manor House, 19, 52, 56
Van Cortlandt Park, 18, 19 (ill.). 3-, 38
(ill.); Croton Aqueduct (ill.), 48
Vanderbilt (W. K.) estate, 138
Verdeer Kill Falls, 158
Vernooy Creek, 162
Wading River, 141, 143
Wanaque-Midvale, 89, go, r9
Wanaque River, ro5, 0og
Washington, Fort, 12-13
Washington, George, 1I6, I21, 126, 155
Washington Rock, Ii8, 121
Watchung Mountains, 113, i16, 117, 122 (ill.), 124




INDEX

217

Water Gap, Id4, 135
Waughaw Mountain, 86
Wawayanda patleau, 133
West Neck, 141
West Point, 68, 69; Military Academy reservatinn;
77; up the Hudson from (ill.), 76
Westbury Pond, 139
Westchester County, xi; diversified country, 35;
geology, 34; landscape, 34; ridges, 42; typical
scenes (ills.), 44, 46; walks, 33
Westhampton, 145
Wheatley Hills, 139, 142
White Plains, 37
White's Hill, 168
Whitings, 151, 152, 153
Whitney estate, 139
Wildcat Mountain, 94, 60o
Windbeam Mountain, Io6, 107, ro8, 11i5

Windmill, 148
Winfield road, io8
Winnisook Lodge, 160
Wittenberg Mountain, 159; east and south 1' -r
(ill.(, 161
Woodland,41
Woodland Land, 42
Woodland Valley, 159
Woodlawn Cemetery, 18
Woodtown Trail, Ioo, 118
Wyandannee, Lake, 148
Wyanokie plateau, Io5, 107 (ill.), 1o8
Wyckoff, Camp, 149
Yapewi Rocks, Iog
Yonkers, 38, 46
Young's Memorial Cemetery, 19, 141
Zolooircal Park, 18, 21, 22
















THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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