B 635235 6036 NG T7S N, N x. K'aia 4~ wow~ onae e w o ww m e y m BF rirf~ x\~a. VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT BUREAU FOR GIRLS S336 EAST 19th STREET NEW YORK CITY DECo 927 AN INDUSTRIAL CALENDAR by KATHARINE TREAT 1926 D AN INDUSTRIAL CALENDAR by Katharine Treat Vocational Adjustment Bureau 336 East 19th Street New York City ^ 19 26 VOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENT BUREAU 336 EAST 19TH STREET New York GRAMERCY 2424 OFFICERS Mrs. Henry Ittleson, President Mrs. Milton Harrington, Vice-President Mrs. Edward Steinam, Vice-President Mrs. Charles L. Tiffany, Vice-President Mrs. Edwin Lane, Treasurer Mrs. Edna Rothschild, Secretary BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mrs. Julius Barnes Mrs. Victor Brenner Mrs. Arthur Carns Mrs. Daphne Drake Mr. Milton Einstein Mr. Benedict Erstein Dr. George W. Kirchwey Dr. Henry C. Link Mrs. Carl M. Loeb Mrs. Archibald McIlwaine, Jr Dr. David Mitchell Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr. Dr. Arthur F. Payne Mrs. Emanuel Rosenbaum Mrs. Gerard Swope Mr. Ralph Wolf ADVISORY BOARD Lady Armstrong Mr.: Charles Barnes Dr. Louis Berman Dr. Sanger Brown II Mrs. Sidney Borg Dr. James McKeen Cattell Dr. Julius Drachsler Mr. John Fitch Dr. Menas S. Gregory Dr. Bernard Glueck Mr. George Hall Miss Gordon Hamilton Dr. Milton Harrington Dr. Joseph K. Hart Dr. Samuel Heckman Dr. Lita Hollingsworth Judge Franklin Chase Hoyt Dr. Marion E. Kenworthy Mrs. Isaac Kubie Dr. Daniel Kulp II Dr. Sylvester Leahy Mr. Samuel Lewisohn Miss Florence Marshall Miss Stella Miner Miss Louise Odencrantz Mrs. Willard Parker Dr. Rudolph Pintner Dr. Albert Poffenberger Mrs. Alice K. Pollitzer Miss Rose Schneiderman Mr. Dudley Sicher Dr. David Snedden Dr. Edward Stitt Dr. Gustave Straubenmueller Mr. Ordway Tead Dr. Edward L. Thorndike Miss Mary Van Kleeck Dr. Ira Wile Dr. Frankwood Williams Dr. Harry Kitson STAFF Emily T. Burr, Ph.D., Psychologist Placement Director Alice M. Bessey Placement Counselors Mona Jacobs Katharine Treat, M.A., Psychologist Edna W. Unger, M.A., Director of Industrial Experiments Acknowledgements Acknowledgements and thanks for their co-operation and advice are due to Mr. Martin Dodge of the Research Bureau of the Merchants' Association of New York City; Mr. E. B. Patton, Chief of the Statistical Department of the New York State Department of Labor; Dr. Arthur F. Payne; Miss Edna Shepard of the Bureau of Women in Industry of the New York State Department of Labor; Miss Mary Van Kleek, Director of Industrial Studies, Russell Sage Foundation; the representatives of various Unions and Manufacturer's Associations, and to the staff of the Vocational Adjustment Bureau. ý09 Table of Contents Page INTRODUCTION........................................ 7 Purpose............................................ 7 Vocational Adjustment Bureau......................... 7 Scope............................................... 7 Sources.............................................. 8 Method.............................................. 8 Conclusions........................................ 10 TABLE I. Seasonal Fluctuations of Various Industries in New York City, Alphabetically, by Months..................... 12 TABLE II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically.......................... 13 TABLE III. Industries where Fluctuations are so Slight as to be practically Non-Seasonal, Alphabetically, with Comments 39 Table of Contents (continued) APPENDIX Page Charts showing the, course of employment of various industries, over a period of five years, superimposed one upon another, with comments........................ 41 Chart I. Beverages................................ 42 II. Bread & Other Bakery Products...................... 42 III. Canning & Preserving, Fruits & Vegetables............ 43 IV. Confectionery & Ice Cream........................... 43 V. Miscellaneous Groceries.............................. 44 VI. Boots & Shoes...................................... 44 VII. Men's Clothing.................................... 45 VIII. Men's Shirts & Furnishings..........................45 IX. Women's Clothing.................................. 46 X. Women's Underwear & Furnishings...................46 XI. Women's Headwear.............................. 47 XII. Drugs & Chemicals.......................... 47 XIII. Paints & Dyes..................................... 48 XIV. Furs & Fur Goods................................. 48 XV. Miscellaneous, Leather & Canvas Goods............... 49 XVI. Laundering, Cleaning, Dyeing..........................50 XVII. Glass............................................. 50 XVIII. Machinery.........................................51 XIX. Miscellaneous Paper Goods............................ 51 XX Paper Boxes & Tubes...............................52 XXI. Printing & Bookbinding............................. 52 XXII. Pianos & Other Musical Instruments...................53 XXIII. Cigars & Other Tobacco Products..................... 53 XXIV. Cotton & Woolen Hosiery & Knit Goods................ 54 XXV. Silk & Silk Goods................................... 54 Introduction PURPOSE: To tabulate for the Vocational Adjustment Bureau for Girls, the seasonal fluctuations in various industries in New York City in such a way that the information will be convenient and practical for use in placing girls in these industries. VOCATIONAL The Vocational Adjustment Bureau is a non-sectarian, ADJUSTMENT non-commercial placement agency for the maladjusted BUREAU: girl. Most of the applicants are between 16 and 22 years of age and usually unskilled or semiskilled. Since this element in industry is affected most by seasonal variations, such a study is very valuable to the Bureau. To accomplish its work the Bureau has two distinct departmentsthe Placement Bureau, where girls are sent from other organizations and agencies, and the schools, for vocational advice and placement; and the Research Department, where the fields of Education and Industry are studied with a view to the training and opportunities they have to offer such girls. It is as a part of the Industrial Research Work that this study was made.* SCOPE: The industries included do not begin to cover the entire field, nor is every branch of any industry included. First, those industries studied were the ones most used by the Vocational Adjustment Bureau. Next, those industries where presumably reliable information was available were taken. Some attempt was made to concentrate on those employing large numbers of women, or where a large percentage of the total employees was women.** The industries were subdivided as far as possible to include all branches of each industry and to differentiate the seasons for each branch. Because Women's Clothing, for instance is apt to be active in April, there is no adequate reason to deduce that all branches of Women's Clothing are active in April. Since it is into a particular branch that placements are always made, this detailed subdivision has been carried as far as possible. *The Bureau will be glad to furnish information about other studies. **U. S. Bureau of Census, Fourteenth Census, 1919, Manufacturers, N. Y. SOURCES: The information was collected and checked from the following sources: 1. The files of the Vocational Adjustment Bureau. 2. Unpublished material of the Research Bureau of The Merchants' Association of New York City, on "Seasonal Trends of Employment in Various Industries in New York City." (This material is in scrap book form, and includes clippings from various sources). 3. Monthly reports of the New York State Department of Labor, from manufacturers in approximately 780 representative establishments among representative industries, showing seasonal trends of employment in New York City. The number of firms reporting is given for each industry. 4. "Course of Employment in New York State, 1914-1921," Special Bulletin, No. 113, New York State Department of Labor, September, 1922. 5. "The Outerwear Knit Goods Industry," Special Bulletin, No. 117, New York State Department of Labor, March, 1923. 6. "Hours and Earnings of Women in Five Industries," Special Bulletin, No. 121, New York State Department of Labor, November, 1923. 7. "Course of Employment in Sugar Refineries in New York State, 1914-1925," Special Bulletin, No. 137, New York State Department of Labor, June, 1925. 8. U. S. Bureau of Census, Fourteenth Census, 1919, Manufacturers, N. Y. 9. "The Fancy Leather Goods Industry," Industrial Bureau, Merchants' Association of New York City, 1926. 10. Visits or correspondence with Manufacturers' Associations, Union Representatives, and at least two representative manufacturers in each branch of each industry included. METHOD: The industries where women were employed in other than executive or clerical capacity were chosen from the Statistical Department of the New York State Department of Labor's list of representative industries of New York City in which seasonal fluctuations from 780 representative manufacturers in these industries are tabulated monthly. The index numbers given for each month were used.* These index numbers were obtained by the Statistical Department by taking the *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 133-134. number of employees-both men and women-for each industry in June, 1914, as 100 and giving the increase or decrease in employment for each month from that number as a basis. The monthly reports for the years 1921-24 were lent to the Bureau by the Research Bureau of the Merchants' Association of New York City and those for the year 1925 were obtained direct from the Chief Statistician of the New York State Department of Labor. The figures for these five years were superimposed one upon another, month by month, in chart form and show the tendency for any industry for any month over a period of five years.* This gives an idea of those months when we may expect an industry to be taking on employees, maintaining an average number of employees, or laying off employees. From those industries which are charted it will be seen that certain industries do tend to run approximately the same seasonal course of employment each year. The more nearly the fluctuation for each year tends to be the same, the more surely can it be predicted for future years, provided factors other than seasonal demand feinain comparatively stable. Next an attempt was made to see whether the figures for the industry as a whole held true for as many branches of that industry as the Vocational Adjustment Bureau was using or could potentially use. Each Factory or store has been investigated by the Bureau or a favorable report of working conditions and personnel has been received from a reliable source and a written report filed before any girl is placed in the establishment. The months when a particular firm is usually busiest and usually dullest, and also in some cases, comments on the extent of this seasonality factor are noted on the filed report wherever possible. The charts compiled for the whole industry were checked with these firm schdedules and any differences for the particular branches were noted. These differences for the particular branches were checked by visits to, or correspondence with, Manufacturers' Associations, local Unions and at least two representative manufacturers of large, medium and small-sized plants. If there were still discrepancies as to the usual active and dull months, more firms were visited until a fairly reliable estimate could be agreed upon. Particular exceptions were noted. Industries not included in the charts but found in the files, and some retail firms and firms where the work is chiefly clerical, were added. All of the industries not included in the charts were of course included in the New York State Department lists, but combined with other similar industries in which practically no women were employed, so that the resulting charts would have been worthless for our purposes. The entire material was rechecked from the Special Bulletins mentioned in the Sources.** *See Appendix, pp. 42-54. **See Introduction, p. 8, Source 1-10. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The information so far tabulated is useful in its present incomplete form to the Vocational Adjustment Bureau in making placements. We hope it will be helpful to other placement agencies or persons interested in the seasonal variations in industries. When requests for employees are slow in coming in, the monthly calendar (Tables I or II) will indicate which industries are normally active in that month. They do not however indicate the extent of fluctuation for any month. This can be seen very generally in the charts in the appendix. Known employers in these active industries may then be solicited for jobs, or contacts may be found with new employers. An applicant sometimes insi,ts upon being placed in a certain industry with little or no knowledge about that industry except what she has heard thru family or friends. If she wishes to be placed in a Boot and Shoe firm in April, by a glance at Boots and Shoes* it is evident that this industry is usually dull in April and for the two following months, so that there is little prospect of finding her employment here at the present time. She can be shown this fact graphically, and other industries which are active or inclined to be comparatively steadier, can be pointed out to her. Also she can be shown those industries which dovetail the Boot and Shoe Industry and encouraged to work at one of them until employment in Boots and Shoes picks up; thus if her desires and talents run along those lines which are seasonal, she may be encouraged to learn two trades well enough to dovetail them. 2. To have a complete report, many new industries and businesses should be included and more detailed subdivisions of each made; the finer the subdivisions, the more useful in placement work. 3. The more common types of exceptions to the general rule should be carefully noted. For instance, a manufacturer of ladies leather pocketbooks might also manufacture valises or belts and gloves and thus stabilize his seasonal factor and labor turnover, provided he has the type of employee who can be switched from one process to another on the same or different articles, or from the same process on different articles. Often the grade of articles manufactured determines the length of seasons and the percent of turnover, which might be the same or different for the different grades. There is usually a variation in individual jobs for each industry. Those employed on the least skilled jobs in highly sectionalized firms are for the most part laid off first. The smaller firms, and those which manufacture more than one article, on the whole tend to be more stable. *See Table I, opposite p. 12, Boots and Shoes. 10 4. The course of employment is extremely variable and subject to change for an industry as a whole, or for a particular branch, or a particular firm only, or as mentioned above for a particular job. Such changes are probably most frequently caused by general business trends, labor strikes, changes in public demand in style, changes in machinery or organization, the weather, or crops. Therefore such information as is represented in this study is only approximate and must be constantly checked for errors, changes, and additions, as it is used. We make no claim that this information will fit any one firm, or that it is absolute in any way. Seasonality is after all only one factor which causes the increase or decrease in the number of employees for any one month. 5. Any corrections or suggestions from any firm, industrial expert, or interested person will be greatly appreciated by the Vocational Adjustment Bureau and the writer. 11 Table I. Seasonal Fluctuations of Various Industries in New York City, Alphabetically, by Months. 12 Table I. Seasonal Fluctuations of Various Industries In New York City, Alphai Setically, by Months. INDUSTRY MONTHS MY JE JU INDUSTRY MONTHS MY JE JU AU INDUSTRY MONTHS JA FE MA AP AU SE OC 140 fr JA FE MA AP SE OC NO DE ART NOVELTIES, Misc.... Celluloid................ Glass................... Lampshades............. Painting................ Paste and Glue........... Pillows and Table Runners BEAUTY SHOPS, Misc..... Hair Waving........... Manicuring............. Permanent Waving...... BEVERAGES............ BOOTS & SHOES, Misc..... Shoes, felt.............. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS, Misc......... Biscuits................ Bread.................. Cake................... BRUSHES.............. BUTTONS, Misc........... Fancy.................. Men's Clothing........ Pearl................... Shoe.................... CAFETERIAS........... CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, MEN'S........ (Suits and Overcoats) CLOTHING, WOMEN'S, Misc................... Bathrobes and Kimonas... Blouses............... Boudoir Caps............ Coats and Suits......... Dresses, children's...... Cotton............. Silk................ Wool............... Dressmaking............ Neckwear............... Skirts.................. Underwear, misc......... Brassieres.......... Corsets............. Petticoats........... CONFECTIONERY, Misc... Candy.................. Ice Cream.............. S _ a i i I I I - m ____ I ____ 1= ____ 1 ____ I ____ I ____ If ____ I ____ [ ____ [..1 ____ __ - i ' h m m I I ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ DECORATING............ DRUGS & CHEMICALS, Misc..................... Cosm etics............... Fireworks............... Paints and Colors...... Perfumes.............. Photographers' Supplies.. DYEING................. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES, Misc..................... Radios and Accessories... FLAGS & BANNERS...... FURNISHINGS, MEN'S, Misc.................... Blouses, boys........ Garters................. Hats and Caps, cloth..... Hats, straw............. Neckwear............... Shirts and Collars....... FURS & FUR GOODS..... GLA SS................... GROCERIES, Misc......... Cereal Products........ Sugar Refining......... HAIR GOODS, Misc........ Hair N ets.............. HANDKERCHIEFS....... HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S, M isc...................... Children's.............. Fabric.................. Felt and Blocked......... Straw.................. HOTELS................. Chambermaids.......... Elevator Operators...... Linen Room........... INFANT'S WEAR........ JEWELRY, Misc............ Silverwear.............. KNITTED OUTERWEAR, Misc..................... Bathing Suits.......... H osiery................ Neckwear............... Sweaters, wool.......... LAUNDRY............... H and................... Steam.................. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODS, Misc............ Bags and Pocketbooks.... Belts, men's............ W omen's.......... Gloves.................. Novelties, misc......... Diaries............. Wallets, men's....... Suitcases.............. PAPER GOODS, Misc...... B ags................... Boxes and Tubes......... Patterns................ Stationery.............. W allpaper.............. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS................ POWDER PUFFS........ PRINTING & PUBLISHING, Misc................. Bookbinding........... Engraving.............. Lithographing........... Magazines.............. Newspapers........... STORES, DEPARTMENT.. TEN CENT..... TEXTILES............... Cards, sample.......... Cotton Goods, misc....... Lace............... Smallwares......... Silk Goods and Raw Silk.. TOBACCO.............. TOYS, M isc................ D olls................... TRIMMINGS, Misc......... Flowers and Feathers..... Linen Monograming..... Passamenterie.......... UMBRELLAS............ UPHOLSTERY........... WINDOWSHADES........ -i --~-^ JA FE MA AP MY JE r If t m n =n, I 17K a a -iT: r 1~~ - F L JU AU SE OC NO DE [ I - Al a raDii I I I amm - - I _ aI- II --- a a a a- ' L ii amm - Li [ ~ a "4;-Wm................. DE JA F MA AP MY JE JU AU SE OC NO JA FE MA AP MY JE JU AU SE OC NO DE JA FE MA AP MY JE JU AU 5E OC NO DE Excerpt from "An Industrial Calendar" Vocational Adjustment Bureau, N. Y. C., 1926 KEY Active -Dull, I Average '0 ~ > ~p. Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. NOTE: These pages can be torn along dotted line, and mounted on cardboard in calendar form for use in the Placement Office. 14 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. JANUARY ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Paste and Glue. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread; Cake. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Pearl. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Blouses; Dressmaking. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Hats and Caps, cloth (Jan. 15-30); Hats, straw. HAIR GOODS-Misc. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'SFabric; Felt and Blocked; Straw. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Bathing Suits; Neckwear. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSBelts, men's (Jan. 15-30); Novelties, diaries. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Bags; Patterns; Wallpaper. TEXTILES-Cards, sample; Cotton goods, misc.; Silk, goods and raw silk. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers (Jan. 15-30); Linen Monograming. UMBRELLAS UPHOLSTERY DULL ART NOVELTIES-Lampshades; Pillows and Table Runners. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER PRODUCTS-Misc.; Cake. BAKERY Biscuits; BUTTONS-Fancy. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B a t hrobes and Kimonas; Coats and Suits; Dresses, cotton, sil k, wool; Skirts; Underwear, misc., petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-C o smetics; Fireworks; Paints and Colors; Photographers' Supplies (Jan. 15-30). ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Radio and Accessories. FURS & FUR GOODS GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S- Children's. JEWELRY-Misc. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Gloves; Novelties, men's wallets; Suitcases. POWDER PUFFS STORES-Department; Ten Cent. TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. 15 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. FEBRUARY ACTIVE BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc.; Bread; Cake. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy (Feb. 15-30); Pearl. CLOTHING MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Misc. (Feb. 15-28); Blouses; Coats and Suits; Dresses, children's, cotton; Dressmaking; Neckwear; Underwear, corsets. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-M is c.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats and Caps, cloth; Hats, straw; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining (Feb. 15-28). HAIR GOODS-Misc. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Fabric; Felt and Blocked; Straw. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Bathing Suits; Sweaters, wool. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSBags and Pocketbooks; Belts, men's; Belts, women's; Noveltie s, misc. (Feb. 15-28), diaries; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns. PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc.; Bookbinding. TEXTILES-Cards, sample; Cotton goods, misc.; Silk, goods and raw silk. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Flowers and Feathers; Linen Monograming. UMBRELLAS UPHOLSTERY DULL ART NOVELTIES - Celluloid; Lampshades; Pillows and Table Runners. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Biscuits; Cake. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B at hrobes & Kimonas; Dresses, wool; Skirts; Underwear, misc., petticoats. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Fireworks; Paints & Colors; Photographers' Supplies. ELECTRICAL SUPPIJESRadios and Accessories. FURS & FUR GOODS KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSNovelties, men's wallets. STORES-Department. TOBACCO TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. 17 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. MARCH ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Lampshades; Painting. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-M is c.; Biscuits (Mar. 15-30); Bread; Cake. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy; Pearl. CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-M i s c.; Blouses; Coats and Suits; Dresses, children's, c o t t o n; Dressmaking; Neckwear; Underwear, misc., corsets, petticoats. CONFECTIONERY, Misc.; Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALSCosmetics. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. FLAGS & BANNERS FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats and Caps, cloth; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HAIR GOODS-Misc.; Hair Nets. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Fabric; Fel t & Blocked; Straw. JEWELRY-Misc. KNITTED OUTERWEAR - Hosiery; Sweaters, wool. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Belts, men's, women's; Novelties, misc., diaries; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns. POWDER PUFFS PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc.; Bookbinding. STORES-Department. TEXTILES-Cards, sample; Cotton goods, misc., lace; Silk, goods and raw silk. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Flowers and Feathers; Linen Monograming. UMBRELLAS UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES DULL A R T NOVELTIES - Celluloid; Paste and Glue. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B a t hrobes and Kimonas. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Paints and Colors. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIESRadios and Accessories. FURS & FUR GOODS KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc. LAUNDRY-Hand. TOBACCO TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. 19 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. APRIL ACTIVE BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving (Easter Wee k); Manicuring (Easter Week) BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Biscuits; Bread; Cake. BUTTONS-Fancy. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S - Misc.; Dresses, cotton; Dressmaking (April 1-15); Underwear, misc., corsets, petticoats. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Cosmetics; Fireworks; Photographers' Supplies. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc; (April 1-15). FLAGS & BANNERS FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-H a t s and Caps, cloth (April 1-15). GLASS GROCERIES-Sugar Refining. HAIR GOODS-Misc.; Hair Nets. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Fabric; Felt and Blocked; Straw. KNITTED OUTERWEARSweaters, wool. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Belts, men's, women's; Noveltie s, mis c. (April 1-15), diaries. PAPER GOODS-Patterns. POWDER PUFFS STORES-Department. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, misc. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers (April 1-15); Linen Monograming. UMBRELLAS UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES DULL ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Celluloid; Lampshades; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Coats and Suits (April 15-30); Dresses, wool. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIESRadios and Accessories. GROCERIES-Cereal Products. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc. LAUNDRY-Hand. PAPER GOODS-Bags; Stationery. TOBACCO 21 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. MAY ACTIVE DULL BEAUTY Waving. S H 0 P S-Permanent ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Celluloid; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Biscuits; Bread; Cake. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-M i s c.; Dresses, cotton, silk; Skirts. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Fireworks; Paints and Colors; Photographers' Supplies. FLAGS & BANNERS GLASS GROCERIES-Sugar Refining. HAIR GOODS-Hair Nets. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Straw. KNITTED OUTERWEARSweaters, wool. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSGloves; Novelties, diaries. POWDER PUFFS TRIMMINGS-Linen Monograming. UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES BREAD & OTHER PRODUCTS-Misc. BAKERY CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Co a t s and Suits; Dresses, chidren's, wool; Dressmaking. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIESRadios and Accessories. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boy's; Hats and Caps, cloth (May 15-30). GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIR GOODS-Misc. JEWELRY-Silverware. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSBags and Pocketbooks; Novelties, mis c., men's wallets; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Stationery. Bags; TEXTILES-Cards, samples. TOBACCO TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers. 23 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. JUNE ACTIVE BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc.; Biscuits. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B a t hrobes and Kimonas; Dresses, silk; Skirts. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-F ir eworks; Paints and Colors. FLAGS & BANNERS FURS & FUR GOODS GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HAIR GOODS-Hair Nets. KNITTED OUTERWEARSweaters, wool. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSGloves; Novelties, diaries. POWDER PUFFS TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. UPHOLSTERY DULL ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread (June 15-30); Cake (June 22-30). BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy. CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S- Misc.; Blouses; Coats and Suits; Dresses, children's, c o t t o n, wool; Underwear, misc., brassieres, corsets, petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats and Caps, cloth; Hats, straw; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIRGOODS-Misc. HANDKERCHIEFS HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Fabric; Felt and Blocked. JEWELRY-Misc.; Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Bathing Suits; Neckwear. LAUNDRY-Steam. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Novelties, misc., men's wallets; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Bags; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns; Stationery. STORES-Ten Cent. TEXTILES-Cards, sample. TOBACCO TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Flowers and Feathers; Linen Monograming. 25 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. JULY ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Lampshades. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc.; Biscuits. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Boudoir Caps; Coats and Suits (July 15-30); Skirts. CONFECTIONERY-Ice Cream. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Paints and Colors; Photographers' Supplies. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-H a t s and Caps, cloth. GROCERIES-Misc. HAIR GOODS-Hair Nets. KNITTED OUTERWEARSweaters, wool. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSGloves; Novelties, diaries, men's wallets (July 15-30). POWDER PUFFS TEXTILES-Cards, sample. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers. DULL ART NOVELTIES-P a st e and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread; Cake. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy; Pearl. CAFETERIAS CLOTHING WOMEN'S-M i s c.; Blouses; Coats and Suits (July 1-15); Dresses, cotton, silk, wool, (July 1-15); Underwear, misc., brassieres, corsets, petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc.; Fireworks. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-M is c.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Neckwear; Hats, straw; Shirts and Collars. GLASS GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIR GOODS-Misc. HANDKERCHIEFS HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Straw. INFANT'S WEAR JEWELRY-M i s c.; Silverware, (July 1-15). KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Bathing Suits; Hosiery; Neckwear. LAUNDRY-Steam. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Novelties, misc. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Bag s; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns; Stationery; Wallpaper. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc.; Bookbinding. STORES-Department; Ten Cent. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, misc. TOBACCO TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Linen Monograming; Passamenterie. UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES 27 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. AUGUST ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES - Celluloid; Lampshades. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc.; Biscuits. (Aug. 1-15). CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Boudoir Caps; Coats and Suits; Dresses, wool; Skirts. CONFECTIONERY-Ice Cream. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Paints and Colors. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-H a t s and Caps, cloth. GROCERIES-Misc.; Cereal Products (Aug. 15-30). HAIR GOODS-Hair Nets. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc. (Aug. 15-30); Fabric; Felt and Blocked. JEWELRY-M i s c.; (Aug. 15-30) Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEARSweaters, wool (Aug. 1-15). LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSBags and Pocketbooks; Belts, women's; G 1 ove s; Novelties, misc., diaries, men's wallets; Suitcases. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS(Aug. 15-30). POWDER PUFFS TEXTILES-Cards, sample. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers. DULL ART NOVELTIES-P a st e and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread; Cake. BUTTONS-Pearl. CAFETERIAS CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Blouses; Dresses, cotton; Underwear, brassieres, corsets, petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALSFireworks. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. (Aug. 1-15). FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-M i s c.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats, straw; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. GLASS HAIR GOODS-Misc. HANDKERCHIEFS HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-C h i 1 -dren's, straw. INFANT'S WEAR JEWELRY-Misc. (Aug. 1-15). KNITTED OUTERWEARHosiery. LAUNDRY-Steam. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Bags; Boxes & Tubes; Patterns; Stationery; Wallpaper. PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc. STORES-Department. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, misc., smallwares; Silk, goods and raw silk. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Linen Monograming; Passamenterie. UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES 29 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. SEPTEMBER ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Celluloid; Glass; Lampshades; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving (Sept. 1-15); Permanent Waving. BOOTS & SHOES-Shoes, felt. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy; Pearl. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-M i s c.; Bathrobes and Kimonas; Blouses; Boudoir Caps; Coats and Suits; Dresses, children's, silk, wool; Dressmaking; Underwear, misc., petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy; Ice Cream. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc.; Cosmetics; Perfumes. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIESRadios and Accessories. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Garters; Hats and Caps, cloth. FURS & FUR GOODS GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIR GOODS-Hair Nets. HANDKERCHIEFS(Sept. 15-30). HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Fabric; Felt and Blocked. JEWELRY-Misc.; Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Bathing Suits; Neckwear. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and )Pocketbooks; Belts, men's, women's; Gloves; Novelties, misc., diaries, men's wallets; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Patterns; Stationery. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS TEXTILES-Cards, Sample, (Sept. 1-15.) TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Flowers and Feathers. UMBRELLAS DULL BOOTS & SHOES-Misc. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCT S-Bread (Sept. 1-15); Cake (Sept. 1-15). CLOTHING, WOMEN'SDresses, cotton. DRUGS & CHEMICALSFireworks. GROCERIES-Sugar Refining. HAIR GOODS-Misc. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Straw. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, lace. UPHOLSTERY 31 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. OCTOBER ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Celluloid; Glass; Lampshades; Painting; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BEVERAGES-Grape Juice. BOOTS & SHOES-Shoes, felt. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy; Pearl. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, MEN'S--Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Bathrobes and Kimonas; Boudoir Caps; Coats and Suits; Dresses, children's, silk, wool; Dressmaking; Underwear, misc., petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc.; Cosmetics; Perfumes. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc.; Radios and Accessories. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats, straw; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. FURS & FUR GOODS GLASS GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIR GOODS-Misc. HANDKERCHIEFS HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Fabric; Felt and Blocked. JEWELRY-Misc.; Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc.; Bathing Suits; Hosiery; Neckwear. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Belts, men's, women's; Gloves; Novelties, misc., men's wallets; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Misc.; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns; Stationery. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc.; Bookbinding. TEXTILES-Silk, goods and raw silk. TOBACCO TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Flowers and Feathers; Linen Monograming; Passamenterie. UMBRELLAS UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES DULL BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Biscuits. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Dresses, cotton. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Fireworks; Paints and Colors. GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Straw. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSNovelties, diaries. POWDER PUFFS TEXTILES-C ards, sample, (Oct. 15-30); Cotton Goods, lace. 33 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. NOVEMBER ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Misc.; Celluloid; Glass; Lampshades; Painting; Paste and Glue; Pillows and Table Runners. BOOTS & SHOES-Misc.; Shoes, felt. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread; Cake. BRUSHES BUTTONS-Fancy; Pearl. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B a t hrobes and Kimonas; Boudoir Caps; Coats and Suits (Nov. 1-15); Dresses, wool; U n d e rwear, misc., petticoats. CONFECTIONERY-Misc.; Candy. DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc.; Cosmetics; Perfumes. DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc.; Radios and Accessories. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats, straw; Neckwear; Shirts and Collars. FURS & FUR GOODS GLASS GROCERIES-Cereal Products. HAIR GOODS-Misc. HANDKERCHIEFS HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Children's; Felt and Blocked. JEWELRY-Misc.; Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc.; Bathing Suits; Neckwear. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Bags and Pocketbooks; Belts, men's; Gloves; Novelties, misc., men's wallets; Suitcases. PAPER GOODS-Boxes and Tubes; Patterns; Stationery. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS PRINTING & PUBLISHINGMisc.; Bookbinding. STORES-Department; Ten Cent. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, smallwares; Silk, goods and raw silk. TOBACCO TOYS-Misc.; Dolls. TRIMMINGS-Misc.; Linen Monograming; Passamenterie. UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES DULL BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving; Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Biscuits. CLOTHING, MEN'S-Suits and Overcoats. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Dresses, children's, cotton, silk; Dressmaking; Neckwear (Nov. 15-30). DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Fireworks; Paints and Colors; Photographers' Supplies. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-H a t s and Caps, cloth. GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'SFabric. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSNovelties, diaries. POWDER PUFFS TEXTILES-Cards, sample; Cotton Goods, lace. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers. 35 Table II. Seasonal Fluctuations in New York City, for each Month, by Industries, Alphabetically. DECEMBER ACTIVE ART NOVELTIES-Misc. (Dec. 1-24); Glass (Dec. 1-24); Lampshades (Dec. 1-24); Paste and Glue (Dec. 1-24); Pillows and Table Runners (Dec. 1-24). BEAUTY SHOPS-Hair Waving (Dec. 20-31); Manicuring (Dec. 20-31). BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Bread; Cake. BOOTS & SHOES-Shoes, felt (Dec. 1-15). BRUSHES BUTTONS-Pearl. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-B a t hrobes and Kimonas; Underwear, mis c.; (Dec. 1-15), petticoats (Dec. 1-15). CONFECTIONER Y-Misc.; Candy; Ice Cream (Dec. 20-31). DECORATING DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Perfumes (Dec. 1-24). DYEING ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES-Misc. Radios and Accessories. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-Misc.; Blouses, boys; Garters; Hats, straw; Neckwear (Dec. 1-15); Shirts and Collars. FURS & FUR GOODS GLASS HAIR GOODS-Misc. HEADWEAR, WOMENSChildren's. JEWELRY-Misc. (Dec. 1-15); Silverware. KNITTED OUTERWEAR-Misc.; Bathing Suits; Neckwear. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSBags and Pocketbooks (Dec. 1-24); Novelties, misc. (Dec. 1-24), men's wallets (Dec. 1-24); Suitcases (Dec. 1-24). PAPER GOODS-Bags; Boxes and Tubes; Patterns; Stationery; Wallpaper. STORES-Department; Ten Cent. TEXTILES-Cotton Goods, smallwares; Silk, goods and raw silk. TOBACCO TOYS-Misc. (Dec. 1-24); Dolls (Dec. 1-24). TRIMMINGS-Linen Monograming; Passamenterie UPHOLSTERY WINDOWSHADES. DULL BEAUTY SHOPS-Permanent Waving. BEVERAGES BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS-Misc.; Biscuits. BUTTONS-Fancy. CANNING & PRESERVING CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Dresses, cotton, silk; Dressmaking; Neckwear; Skirts; Underwear, misc. (Dec. 15-30), petticoats (Dec. 15-30). DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Cosmetics; Fireworks; Paints and Colors; Photographers' Supplies. FURNISHINGS, MEN'S-H a t s and Caps, cloth. GROCERIES-Misc.; Sugar Refining. HEADWEAR, WOMEN'S-Misc.; Fabric. LAUNDRY-Hand. LEATHER & CANVAS GOODSMisc.; Belts, women's; Gloves; Novelties, diaries. POWDER PUFFS TEXTILES-Cards, sample. TRIMMINGS-Flowers and Feathers. 37 Table III. Industries where Fluctuations are so Slight as to be practically Non. Seasonal, Alphabetically, with Comments. BEAUTY SHOPS-Practically non-seasonal. Busiest the end of each week and holiday weeks. Manicuring is the steadiest branch. BUTTONS-Misc.-Standardized; Men's Clothing-Fairly well standardized. CAFETERIAS-Slight depression in July and August. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-Underwear, misc.; brassieres, corsets, petticoats-slight depression from June thru August. DRUGS & CHEMICALS-Misc.-Slight depression from April thru June. GLASS-Slight depression from June thru August. HANDKERCHIEFS-Slight rise from September 15 thru November 15. HOTELS-Non-Seasonal. INFANTS WEAR-Slight depression from July thru August. LAUNDRY-Busiest first part of each week; Steam-slight depression from June thru August. PIANOS & PIANO ACTIONS-Slight depression in June; rise in the Fall, especially September. PRINTING & PUBLISHING, Misc.-Slight rise in February, October, November; slight depression from June thru August. BOOKBINDING-Slight rise in February, March, October, November; slight depression in July. ENGRAVING-Non-seasonal. LITHOGRAPHING-Non-seasonal. MAGAZINES-Each month or week just previous to each issue. NEWSPAPERS-Non-seasonal. UMBRELLAS--Slight rise in January thru April, and September thru October. 39 Appendix Charts showing the course of employment of various industries from monthly reports of approximately 780 representative manufacturers of New York City to the New York State Department of Labor, over a period of five years, superimposed one upon another, with comments. The index numbers indicate the increase or decrease in employment (June 1914 = 100) rather than an absolute amount.* *For further explanation of the statistical method used in obtaining these index numbers, see Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 133-134. 41 Chart I. Course of Employment for New York City, INDEX NO. BEVERAGES 1921-1925. INDEX NO. i'o Employment in this industry is decreasing due to prohibition, which fact may show that candy is a more popular substitute for alcoholic beverages than soft drinks. Usually firms start taking on employees the end of April. June is the busiest month. October is apt to be busy because of Grape Juice.* This chart is based on the monthly reports of 8 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 2. Chart II. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. BREAD & OTHER BAKERY PRODUCTS INDEX NO...0 KEY I13 170 19 a i 170 lI0.... zs IGoO JIN FE Ilk AP MY RJ JU AG SE OC NO DE The above title includes Breads, Biscuits and Cakes. Bread and Cake show a Winter and Spring rise and a Summer drop, while Biscuits show the opposite tendency. This chart is based on the monthly reports of 11 representative establishments. 42 Chart III. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. CANNING & PRESERVING, FRUITS & VEGETABLES INDEX NO. INDEX NO. KCýY 1W2 IW44 501 I I I I I ~ Iso 40 _ 40 _ ___ ___ ____ 40 501 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 50. ____ __ L I I I I. O 0' ~Va MA MY Jt JU AG st OC NO b Canning and preserving is one of the most striking examples of the seasonal industries. The fluctuations would be increased markedly except for the steadying influence of factories engaged in preparing or bottling or packing pickles, olives, mince meat, salad dressing, mustard, and peanut butter. Fruit and vegetable canning is only a skeleton organization in winter and spring, but in active operation from June thru October. This varies slightly with the products of individual factories." This chart is based on the monthly reports from 3 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 114. Chart IV. Course of Emloyment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. CONFECTIONERY & ICE CREAM INDEX NO. ISO KYISO 1701 hzl I.11 (0-~ I~~3 1.-.0 100 00 150I.AJ 1/ 0000 12 100 Th MA AP MY J 7 JU AG SE OC NO DE This is a decided seasonal industry. It is most active in the Fall with a minor seasonal movement for one or two months before Easter. January and the Summer months are dull*. Since 1917 employment in this industry has been on the increase but on the decrease in the Beverage industry. These two industries dovetail each other. Sixty-one per cent of the employees in the Confectionery Industry are women.** This chart is based on the monthly reports of 11 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 121. **See Introduction, p. 8, Source 6, p. 35. 43 Chart V. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. MISCELLANEOUS GROCERIES INDEX NO. KEY 140 -----------5--^--Z 1 110 19Y S--- 192 (*- 15 130 - __. _ -. - 'E The Sugar Refining Industry is the dominant industry in this group, and only to a boycott.. This chart is ba..sed on the monthly reports of 7 representative es*See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 117; Source 7, p. 11. / I 090 "0 N * The Sugar Refining Industry is the dominant industry in this group, and only 10% of the employees in Sugar Refining are women. It shows a slackening of production in the Fall that continues to January. A huge level is reached in the Spring and Summer on account of the canning of fruits and vegetables. The result is a more or less regular movement in the industry. The year 1923 was a sensational year due to a boycott."' This chart is based on the monthly reports of 7 representative establishments. ~See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 117; Source 7, p. 11. Chart VI. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925..mnl,ý-...... BOOTS & SHOES V.. Ei X J.J. Uf\ JL. XJ IN U. - 1--KEY i------\-\------- -t 1i 410 ___-- 7 ___ ___ 10 I00 _..... "y ^ r..... " _. .... 80 -,.... -- -. 70,_ _ \ / 70 5{ I I I 1 I I I 50 JA F MA AP MY J JU AG 5E OC NO DE There is a slight variation in the number of employees during the dull season, (which reaches its lowest level in April and September) as compared with the seasonal changes in other industries. Felt shoes show a high production in the Fall for the Christmas trade*. This chart is based on the monthly reports of 13 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 55. 44 Chart VII. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925........... MEN'S CLOTHING..... INDEX NO. INDEX NO. I too.o __ __. 70( GO GO 1 - KEY 19Z3 30..........924 30 fo f MIA AP MY' JEJu AG SE Oc NO W vu Men's Clothing is less seasonal than Women's Clothing. It has a Spring and Fall peak, with slack tendencies in the Summer*. The chart is based on the monthly reports of 54 representative establishments manufacturing suits and overcoats. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 96-99. Chart VIII. INDEX NO. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. MEN'S SHIRTS & FURNISHINGS INDEX NO. INDEX NO. Shows the same general trend as Men's Clothing. The chart is based on the monthly reports of 33 representative establishments manufacturing Shirts, Collars and Cuffs, Boys' Blouses, Garters, Hats and Caps, Straw Hats, and Neckwear. In 1921 76% of the employees in the Shirt and Collar industry were women.* *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 6, pp. 12, 54. 45 Chart IX. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. CWOMEN'S CLOTHING INDEXh NO. IINDEX~ INU.. -. A I a a '. ) __[1 ___v__ __I__ 90 70 ~r ~70 iiZI so 50 ~ I I i j KEY 40 1 DA 4-0 192) ~330 0 - 1925 o_ 201 ___ 1 __ __ ___ ________ ao JF M~ tIA AP MY JE JU AG SE OC Vi0 Distinct seasonal fluctuations prevail in the Women's Garment Industry. The peak comes just before Easter and in the Fall. The lowest ebb comes in June, July and December. There is a great increase and decrease in the number of employees and even greater shifts in pay-rolls due to overtime and part time work. This variation is most marked in Coats and Suits, not quite so marked in Dress and Waist manufacturers and Dressmakers.* The chart is based on the monthly reports of 129 representative establishments. See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 101-106. Chart X. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. WOMEN'S UNDERWEAR & FURNISHINGS INDEX NO. 110. Ito-1 I )( 101 i II I )10 90 90 I I I.I Ii 3 -2..WO GO KEY '50 ---\2 50LlS D924 40 __0 1925 _ _ 30 __.30 JA FE MA A MY JE JU AG SE DC IO DE The same fluctuations prevail in Women's Underwear and Furnishings as in Women's Clothing, but to a much less degree. The chart is based on the monthly reports of 30 representative establishments. 46 Chart XI. Course of Employment for New York INDEX NO. WOMEN'S HEADWEAR City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. OlJ I ____L1 I I I IL_ I I l o JA E[tA AP M I 3 JU AG 5 OC NO DE There is a marked seasonal fluctuation in this industry. The busy months come before Easter and in the Fall, and the dull months in the middle of Summer and Winter. The Spring season is the longer having more employees and more overtime work. The Fall season lasts for only a month or two, but there is less decrease in the number of employees laid off than for the Spring season. Change from the busiest to the dullest month often takes place within a month*. The chart is based on monthly reports from 25 Millinery and Flower and Feather establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 106. Chart XII. Course of Employment for New York INDEX NO. DRUGS & CHEMICALS City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. GL I I I I I I I I I _ _ 1 ____ 0 JA FE MA AP MY JE JU AG 5E OC NO bE The above title includes Chemicals, Acids, Disinfectants, Proprietary Medicines, Calcium Carbide, Potash, Soda and its products. There is a slight depression in the Summer for the combined lines. The manufacture of Photographic Supplies is fairly steady, having a rise in the Spring.* This chart is based on the monthly reports of 7 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 66. 47 Chart XIII. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. PAINTS, DYES & COLORS INDEX NO. jro I %I I I I I ~~ KEY1)0 - ~ z - ___. IIC) ICA3 I1)24 30 - Cow--A-C- 0 70 _70 1, _ MA n LA# r r~ A rt IMA A? MIY Ji JU AG 5E OC NO The above title includes Paints, Shoe Blackening, Printing Inks *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 66. and Dyes.* Chart XIV. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. FURS & FUR GOODS INDEX NO. IM0I I I I- TI 1 - - I I I I I JA FE MA AP MY JE JU AG SE OC NO DE This is a highly seasonal industry. Employment increases steadily throughout the year to its high point in November. The change from the busiest to the dullest season then takes place within two months. March is the lowest month.* This chart is based on monthly reports from 14 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 51-53. 48 Chart XV. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. MISCELLANEOUS LEATHER & CANVAS GOODS INDEX NO. INDEX NO. I hO~ - ____r 1 r I -r1 100 3 _ - _ _ _ I00 50.- 90 70l.. __ __ A I - -0 K EY. 50~~1z -_-_ _ - - 50 * 1924, ___ -\..I I 1Z5 40 __z--- --- 011 re; J M F A A A MY J R JU AG S1 OC NO The above classification includes Bags, Belts, Gloves, Suitcases and Trunks, Burlap and Jute Bags, and Leather Novelties. Leather Gloves is the largest industry in this group. The Summer in all branches is usually dull, and November is usually busiest.* Bags and Pocketbooks have their best season in the Fall, beginning six weeks before Christmas; they show a slight rise in the Spring. Overtime is about 30% above the regular force, and in the dull season production practically closes. Even in the better regulated shops the force drops as low as 50% or 60% of normal.** Men's Belts are steadier than Women's Belts and have their best season in the Spring. Gloves have their maximum in June. Those firms manufacturing novelties usually run a number of lines. The main divisions are: Men's Wallets, which have a rush for the Christmas trade. (2) Advertising Novelties. This is a miscellaneous division. No concerns in New York City specialize exclusively in Leather Advertising Novelties. (3) Diaries. When the season for Diaries is over the firms practically close down or manufacture some other novelties. This chart is based on the monthly reports from 25 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 51. **See Introduction, p. 8. Source 2. 49 Chart XVI. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. LAUNDERING, CLEANING, DYEING, ETC. INDEX NO. rlu KEY - - j-- - - --f 19120 r0;|---- -----------'20..... i2a 110 - I95____0 110 100 l____o __100 0_____ 70 60 50 ______ 50 Ah ft MA Ap? M J 3U AG 5E oc NO D There are many more women employed in Laundering than in either of the other two classifications. Handwork Laundries show a 50% increase in employment for the months June, July, and August, while Steam Laundries show a 20% decrease at precisely the same time. This chart is based on monthly reports from 16 representative establishments. Chart XVII. Course of Employment for New INDEX NO. GLASS r\/YF~X' NO York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO.,^T I I I 1 I I I I IIr I r KEY *7 - * (19 S* 1924 i 50 -- --* 10 ____- ------ 80 70 GO60 50 40 z0 10 JA fE MA A? Mr Jt JU AG SE c N o DE Glass includes Mirrors, Cut, Stained, and Ornamental Glass. There is a depression in July and August when repair work, inventories and vacations occur.* This chart is based on monthly reports from 6 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 15-17. 50 Chart XVIII. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. MACHINERY INDEX NO. This chart is constructed from monthly reports from establishments manufacturing Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies.* There is a general depression in the Summer. The Radio industry is highly seasonal showing approximately a 90% drop in the number of employees after New Year's day, the various firms report. This chart is based on monthly reports from 15 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 31-33. Chart XIX. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. MISCELLANEOUS PAPER GOODS INDEX NO. 130 OIz _ ___ I ____ [~1 ____ I-1~~1III1 - IINDEXr NOV. 1530~ 110 KEY LIZI I'1.5 1M-3 L cl 2 -1 c2z...I__ I __I....i...] ___ 11110 1001 1 1 -~ r ~ -I I r I 1oo C) () -. ". , .. -- ....... -- 70 70 50 1 I.... 50 JA F~ MA AP MY JE JU AG St OC N0 bE The Wall Paper Industry is the chief industry of this group, and it is not very seasonal. It reaches its high point in December and January.* This chart is based on monthly reports from 17 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, p. 76. 51 Chart XX. INDEX NO. Course of Employment for New York PAPER BOXES & TUBES City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. 70 so 4-0 30 10 1 1 1 1 L. I I I _ 1 110 JA FE MA A? 2Y JE JO AG -SE OC C O DE The number of workers at this branch of the Paper Industry has declined since 1914, due in part to a new labor saving machinery. There is a rise in the Fall because of the Christmas trade followed by several dull months in the early Winter.* In set up Paper Boxes 60.9% of the employees are women.*" This chart is based on monthly reports from 12 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 6, p. 12. "4See Introduction, p. 8, Source 2. Chart XXI. INDEX NO. Course of Employment for New York PRINTING & BOOKBINDING City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. SI......1 1 1 I I __-1 1301 1 - 1. I I I lmJ lzo, -- I -.. I - 1.1 1 "I' I 4A 14sz I925 116 - -- -- 7 -- - - - - - - 80 lzo 110 100 50 80 70 ý0 I i JE [ I hi I I I- 1 RL MA AP M I JE J AG SE OC NO EI The chart is based on the monthly reports from 61 representative printing firms. Printing is usually high in November. The depression in April and May 1921 was due to labor troubles.* *-See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 78-80. 52 Chart XXII. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925. INDEX NO. PIANOS & OTHER MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS INDEX NO. 10O 1I0 10.. _" _._ __ I 1( 0o0 __ _,. -,-- - - - - - 100 40 40 0 0 1 _ 1, 70 40. 1- 40 -50 _...- 092- 50 40, _ ___ I _4. JA FE MA AP MY J. J, AG SE OC NO DE The most active season in this industry is always in the Fall, and usually the month of September. It suffered severely in the 1921 depression.* The chart is based on monthly reports from 18 piano establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 45-48. Chart XXIII. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1926. INDEX NO. CIGARS & OTHER TOBACCO PRODUCTS INDEX NO. 100 1 I00 0 0 1 0 KEY 80 -- 1i22 80 JA fE MA AP MY JU A 5E1S 0(C NO DE A large number of women are employed in this industry. Practically 76% of them work at Cigar making, and 50% of the total employees are women.* *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 6, pp. 12, 63. 53 53 Chart XXIV. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925 INDEX NO. COTTON & WOOLEN HOSIERY & KNIT GOODSINDEX NO. ZA PKEYIN26DE ---- -- /- 140*See Introduction, p. 8, Sorce 5, pp. 17-18. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 5, pp. 17-18. Chart XXV. INDEX NO. Course of Employment for New York City, 1921-1925 SILK & SILK GOODS INDEX NO. INDEX NO. JA ft MA AP MY 31 JU AG S[ OC NO DE The above chart includes establishments manufacturing Silk Ribbons, Broad Silk, Plushes, and Silk Gloves, Underwear, and Hosiery.* Silk Goods has become less and less seasonal due to the fact that silk is worn all the year. It has, however, a Spring and Fall rise, and a month of depression in the Summer. This chart is based on the monthly reports from 6 representative establishments. *See Introduction, p. 8, Source 4, pp. 82-84. 54 F. M. RAPP, Printers:: 329 Greenwich Srreet, New York, N. Y. A3u( * AUC4 'BIi UPv. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 39015 06597 7483 i iiii: II'-- I IIlIl m ,,_ _ IlII_ w