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A
T RE A'TI'S
IVP ON
Wheel- Crriages;
Shewing their prefent01       s
* A P L AN alad DEs'cR I P T-Io0
A, New, Conftrui~ed Wagg on:'
Will effe&ually preferve and improve the Public Roads, arnd
be more ufeful, cheap, and handy to the Proprietor.
*~ BY
D AN IEL BOURN.
LO0N D    O N:
Printed for S. CROWDER, in Pater- nofler- row, 176,ý,
yAl- 0
'4fl~








TO THE HONOURABLE THI.
S            C IE TY
FOR
Encouraging Arts, Manufatures, and
Commerce.
GENTLEMEN
H      O W  much foever the few followv.
ing lines may ftand in need of your
indulgence and candour; the neceffity of illuftrating the alteration therein
recommended, and the fincerity of the intention, will, I hope make fome atonement for committing them to the prefs.
I H A v E made ufe of the fame unreferved fimplicity and freedom, as if I had
A 2               been




[ iv
been flating the arguments and enforcing
the fentiments to the moft intimate neighbour. If any thing herein fhall be found
in the leaft degree beneficial to the public,
the pains I have taken will be very well
beftowed, and the pleafure refulting therefrom an ample compenfation.
As the fole intention of your inflitution is
to fpirit up and promote every valuable atchievement, therefore (if this may be allowed to be fo termed) I have a model awaits
your infpedion; your readinefs to examine
the firudure and properties of which, need
not, I apprehend keep me in any fufpence:
and if it fhould be found fufficient to merit your approbation, you will perhaps,
gentlemen, think of fome expedient by
which to promote and encourage its general ufe. And whereas its prime intention
is to benefit the roads, therefore an at,
could it be obtained, to exempt it from expence at the turnpike gates (at leaft for a
certain time) may poffibly be judged as
reafonable as it will doubtlefs be neceffary.
TH A


4




[ v
THAT all forts of roadway carriages
thould be fubjea to the reftritions of the
law, is highly requifite, in regard there is
both a perfonal and public intereft engaged
in their ufage: And that they are not below the obfervance of the greateft will be
as readily allowed, fince the more common
any infirument is, and the greater number
are employed, the confequence thereby becomes the more ferious and interefting.
ASCERTAINING the longitude, making
navigable canals, building bridges, draining marfhy lands, &c. are great works,
which juftly attrat the attention of mankind: yet perhaps a fingle hint in the
common    occupations of life,  may  by
its multiplicity produce as important an
iffue.
THESE, Gentlemen, are the confiderations, that induce me to lay before you the
following trat: which however deficient
of the form and drefs it might have affumed from an abler hand, contains at leaft a
well intended defign, and will, I hope,
5                    meet




[ vi ]
meet with your acceptance, from him who
is, with the utmoft veneration and refped,
GENTLEMEN,
Your dutiful,
And obedient Servant,


Leomnfler,
Dec., 1761.


DANIEL BOURN.




EXPLANATION of the PLATE.
FI G. I. A plan of the fore and hinder
carriage of a waggon.
a a The two fore wheels.
b b The hinder ones.
c c c The tail-pole.
d d The laces.
e e The fhafts.
ffffffff     The upright planks.
g g The beams.
FIG. II. III. IV. Thlee elevations, containing a fore, hinder, and fide view of a
waggon.
a a The wheels.
b b The planks.
c c The crofs beams.
FIG. V. A wheel upon a larger fcale, in
perfpedive.
a The caft-metal rim.
b The block of wood that fills the cavity.
c The pivot.
FIG. VI. The fe&ion of a road.
a a The foot walks.
bb The channels
c The carriage trat.




(W




A


TREATIS E
UPON
Wheel-Carriages.
T        M E of peace and tranquility,
affords an happy opportunity of
improving thofe arts, fciences, and
inventions, which are the bafis of trade
and commerce, and confequently of wealth
and plenty in a country.
AND furely nothing merits the regard of
a nation more; not any thing redounds
more to its honour; or gives it fuch grace
and beauty; fo facilitates its commerce;
or affords fuch eafe and pleafure to its inhabitants as good roads.
AND of all inventions whatfoever, of all
the machinery made ufe of, is there any
one that can lay claimi to much more imB           portance?




portance? whofe influence is wider fpreador produ&ive of fuch interefting confe*
quences, as the waggon?
YET, notwithflanding the truth of thefe
affertions, how hath both the one and the
other lain uncultivated and negle&ed! how
long hath the waggon, by wearing a deflrufive narrow wheeled forin, overcome
and rendered ineffetual all the worthy tho'
faint endeavours hitherto adminiftered, to
amend and make good the highways?
And altho' the introdudion of the broad
nine inch wheel, has of late bid fair for
remedying the defeas of the former; yet
it is incumbered with fome difadvantages,
which greatly prevent its being of that
public and univerfal ufe we could wifh.
And whoever can make any improvement,
fo as to preferve the roads from being
torn or materially hurt, and at the fame
time fecure its utility, and handinefs to the
proprietor, will doubtlefs deferve the moft
lavifh commendations and thanks of the
public.
To effet this falutary purpofe, I fhall
here (to the beft of my ability) offer my
2                      affiftance,




3     1
afffitance; and the many mechanical works,
I have been engaged in, being alfo owner
of a broad and narrow wheeled team, and
having made what remarks, and obtained
what helps I am able, and confulted fome
of the moft approved hands in the craft;
will, I truft, be fome prefumption in my
favour, and enable me to write upon, and
recommend this affair to the public.
THE reafon fo little hath appeared fron
the prefs, upon this fubjet, may be owing to the few engaged in this way of life
that have an improved capacity; and people of parts and education applying their
ttudies otherways, cannot be expeded fuf.
ficiently converfant with what requires intimacy and experience, joined with fpecu..
lation and theory,
BE FORE we begin upon our principal
defign, let us take a view of the general
properties of wheels as now in ufe, with
all the brevity poffible, leaving incidents to
be fupplied by the reader's own jpdgment
and experience.




[4]
THAT a narrow wheel damages a road
more than a broad one needs no proof;
and pradice has now in a great meafure
removed the prejudices, and convinced the
judgment of the moft refra6tory.
THE attrition and grinding of narrow
wheels, is more than that of broad; and
fooner frets and reduces the hardeft materials to powder: the broad rolls or tumbles
over the materials, and leaves behind a
nore copfolidated and even trad.
THE narrow feels every crevice, finks
into the minuteft hollow, which is the
caufe of that jolting, tottering  motion,
which not only further damages the Road
but the carriage too; and alfo very much
retards and deadens its progreffive diredion.
-BUT when wheels are very broad, they
move along with a' more firm and fteady
pace; pleafant to the cattle, eafy to the
carriage, beneficient to the roads, and
fpeedier in their progrefs.
LET




131


LET US now enquire into the complaintsP
glledged againift, and the iinperfe6ions attending th1.broad wheels " as at prefent
f confftruted;" whether expedient for
common iifi, and 'adapted to every farrner's yard? whether they are not too unwieldy and troublefome? And do they not
turn with: difficulty? do they not require
too many horfes, mare than the owner can
well fiparear maintain? and is not the ne-P
ceffary eeitpence of e reding one: greater
than -he cain well. affoid. and'has he always: loading anfwerable; to' he weight and
nightinefs f th e machine?
LET us alfo examine into and confider
theStrudture ofE'thefe kind of nine inch
wheels -FThe wheels of all forts of carriages are fo' plactd, as not to fiand upright, but incline froin a perpendicular or
verti6al pofiture veiyconfiderably' fr*ti at
leaft fix to twelve incbhi; the defign of this
is to leave: room for.thb bed of the carriage, and to preferve itftom 'any injury by
the wheels   they are alfo convexr on the
one, and concave on the other fide  which
is intended to firengthen and give firmnefs




6      ]
nefs * to the wheel, it preferves the fpokes
from beating up, and guards againft thofe
violent thocks with which it is agitated
when in motion; but their inclined pofture neceffarily obliges them to be made
bevil in the periphery, fo that a broad
wheel is a conical figure, or reprefents the
fruftrum of a cone; and naturally, was it
difengaged, when in motion would run in
a circle.  It fuffers therefore fome conitraint by forcing onward in a ftraight line,
a fret or fliding is occafioned on the face of
the ground, the axletree is in fome meafure
racked, and it requires an increafe of
draught to what it would do were the
wheels cylindrical.
B uT what is ftill a much more mo.
mentous difadvantage in nine inch wheels,
is the unevennefs of their periphery,
which are in general made very round, or
high in the middle, and three ftreaks abreaft put on with high headed nails, which
muft in a great meafure deftroy the intend-r
ed benefit of its width, and leave the roads
* To exemplify this, take a piece of tin, which
when plain is weak and will eafily bend, but mould it
into a convex form, apd it immediately becomes very
fl~otg




in that rugged condition we would feek to
redrefs6
In anfwer to the expence and cumberfomenefs of the broad wheeled waggon,
fome people will reply, that a cart with
thefe fort of wheels (for thofe whofe abilities are circumfcribed in narrow bounds)
will anfwer, or at leaft nearly anfwer all
the purpofes of a narrow wheeled waggon.
It is true a broad-wheeled cart, will, in a
great meafure, fupply the place of a narrow
wheeled waggon: yet the hanging the
whole weight upon one axletree, wiich is
upon that account much more liable to ac-.
cidents; the additional fatigue it gives the
thiller horfe, which is rendered thereby
near ufelefs, with refpet to drawing the
load  the almoft neceffity of having a thiller horfe always in the fhafts, while loading and unloading; the difficulty of ballancing the load, and the many forts of
goods that cannot be well put in a cart,
fuch as timber, large ftone flabs, &c. are
material objeftions, when fet in competition to a waggon.


BUT




t$I
UT notwithifanding all the'obhje~1fiS
that may be laid to the charge of nine'
inch wheels, (to wit) their.Pxpenice, their
weight and cumberfomenefiSi andthe rugft
ged bevil form of their periphery; yet
their breadth *gives them a great advantage,
both with refpe~t"to their affion, and ini
fluence upon the-path:; and when'taken in
every light, are, upon the whole, vaftly fuia
perior, and ought to be. preferred to narrow
ones: and had they been encouraged acw
cording to their, real worth and excellence,
would very probably ere now have become
the common and prevailing carriage of the
country, and the narrow have vanifhed
before them; nor would the farmer or cary
rier havt had any reafon to complain, feeing they can draw on broad wheels a bigger load with fewer horfes, than they could
-with the other, efpeciaily beforethe intro,
dudtion of turnpike roads,
YE T are we to. imaginethat here we
nnufI make a ftand? that no further proýgrefs can take place? are we arrived to the
laft flage of improvement? The fequel will,
I flatter myfeif, make it appear to be other-%
wife,




[ 9
wife, that many of the foregoing objeetions may be removed, and a more ufeful,
compleat, and leis exceptionable model be
produced.
IN the mean time let us obferve, that fo'
late as thirty or forty years ago the roads
of England were in a moft deplorable condition; thofe that were narrow were narrow indeed, often to that degree, that the
ftocks of the wheels bore hard againft the
banks on each fide, and in many places
they were worn below the level of the
neighbouring furface many feet, nay yards
perpendicular, and a wide fpreading brulhy
hedge, intermixed with old half-decayed
trees and flubbs, hanging over the traveller's head, intercepting the benign influ--
ence of the heavens from his path, and
the beauties of the circumjacent country
from his view; made it look more like
the retreat of wild beafts and reptiles, than
the footfleps of men.
IN other parts, where the road was wide,
it might be and often was too much fo,
and exhibited a feene of a different apeCt.
Here the wheel-carriage had worn a diverC               fity




[  Io   J
lity of traas, which were either deep, or
or rough and ftony, or high or low, as
mother nature had placed the materials
upon the face of the ground: the fpaces'
between thefe were frequently furzy hillocks or thorny brakes, through or among
which the equeftrian traveller picked out
his entangled and uncouth fteps. To thefe
horrible, hilly, ftony, deep, miry, uncomfortable, dreary roads, the narrow wheel'd
waggon feems to be beft adapted, and thefe
were frequently drawn by feven, eight, or
even ten horfes, that with great difficulty
and hazard, dragged after them twentyfive or thirty hundred, feldom more: Since
this time the fpirit that has appeared in
the nation, and the encouragement given
to fetting up turnpikes, and the making of
good roads, (though then oppofed by the
undifcerning populace, that did not know
their own intereft) has greatly altered the
face of things, andh has opened the way,
and made preparation for the exhibitioft
and exercife of that much more noble and
valuable machine " the broad wheeled
c waggon *."
TH ERR E -
* The firft fet of broad wheels made uie of in roads,
in this kingdom, were cre&ed by Mr. James Morris,
of




THIERIEFORE let us congratulate ourfelves
on making thus far fo happy a progrefs;
and as the publick roads continue to mend
and improve, as they polifh and fmooth,
and arrive nearer perfedion, fo let us try if
the carriage that travels on this road may
piot continue to improve too, and receive a
timilar degree of per-feCtion.
Now    in order to this, I would irfl premife, that " a low wheel is equally ufeful,
",( if not preferable to a high one upon a
"cec fmooth road, and efpecially if the pivot
"4t upon which it aats is in proportion lefs."
I fay upon a finooth road, for this propofilion does not hold equally true in ftony or
of Brock-Forge, near Wiggan in Lancafhire;,who
having a deep bad road to pafs with his team, adviafid
with me upon the fbjje&; I mentioned the makingbf
the fellies of his wheels of an uncommon width - He
accordingly made his firft fet thirteen inches, and tge
next year another of nine inches in the fole; and 1is
travelling with thefe to Liverpool, Warrington and other
places, was took notice of by fome perfons of diffincLion, particularly Lord Strange, andMr. Hard man,Metvber for Liverpool, &c. who after making frit enq4jiries of Mr. Morris, concerning their nature and properties, -reported their utility to the foufe, which accafioned an a6t of parliament being made in their (aVQ lr.


C2


deep




[ 12,
4eep roads; but as thefe are places I defire
to have no concern with, I therefore muft
be underflood to be upon firm land, and
a good well made turnpike road.
YET the advantage of high wheels, even
in ftony and rough roads, is perhaps not fo
great as many imagine. In rifing o7  er an obftacle, the elevation of the line the load
ads in while advancing, is not in proportion 'to  the fize of the wheel;      and the
weight of the wheel when broad, is an
overbalance to fuch advantage of its height,
and is felt. moft when afeending, where
help is moft wanting.       And this is (till
more materially true in the wheels I am
going to defcribe and recommend; yet our
broad wheels as made in conimon are
too high, and' would go better and laft
b,1nger, xvere- thpy m;ade lower, and moife
" Therce is a very material difference betwixt fuch
obfirucons, thit the wheel rolls up the inclined-fide
of, and thofe that {tand fo direLf that the wheelffirfi
touches the highd-t part of. In the firft of thefe,
which arc by far the moft frequent, (and is the fame
as the acclivity of a hill) the low w~lheel has the advantage; of the latter there are few in the turnpike roads
worthy of mention'; befides this argument (if it be
any) fubfifls only at their firif introduction, as the fre'ruent iufe of thefe wheels will corre6t and remove the
ycry obje6tioni laid againfi them.
efpecially




[   '3  ]
efpecially fo if ufed with iron arms, or
axletrees, of which I think, whoever has
in the leaft tafted the benefit by experience, will never after ufe any other.  But
to proceed in the next place,
" THE broader alfo and the more fpace
" a wheel occupieth upon the face of the
"c ground, the fmoother, eafier and better
" it moves."
THE motion of a waggon (and more efpecially the narrow one) is a very irregular
wabbling one, perpetually finking and rifing; it is this, (together with the frition
upon the centers, which is trivial) that occafions fo ftrong a refiftance to the cattle:
therefore the wider the wheels, the lefs is
this fluauous irregularity, and the eafier
the draught. Thus wide, or broad wheels
make a plain even road, and an even road
makes the carriage eafy to draw.
*  '  ~:.:;.  ",  }
Now that we may obtairi thefe two material, thefe only important purpofes, (to
wit) making the carriage move forward
with a fteady, even eafy pace, as upon a
true plane; and at 'the fame time inftead
5                of




[ 14:1
of hurting, benefitting the roads,,by lew.
veiling aid confolidating them, I would
recoummend having the wheels made in the
following manner:
LET there be run out of caft iron at the
fbundes hollqw rims or cylinders, about
two feet high, fixteen inches broad or wide,
and from one topear two inches in thicknefs, according to the defign or neceffity
of the proprietor, and the burden he intends them to bear. Let the'fpace, or ca"
vity within thefe cylinders be filled up fo."
lid with a block of wood, through the
center of which infert your arbor or gudgoon, and' leave it two inches and fix
eighths at each end longer than the cylinder; which parts muft be round, and a-.bdut two inchcs thick, being the pivots,
and when the -whole is well ivdged, the
wheel is conpleat.
In order to fix thefe to the carriage, at
each end of.the wheels or rdllers mull be
-an upright piece or plank, two inches and
an half thick, one foot wide, and about
two feet two inches high or long; the
lpwer end of thefe planks i fand upon the
pivots S




[ Xs j
pivots; through the upper end paffes the
crofs-beams to which they are faftened by
iron fcrew-pins *. The lower beam may
be about feven inches broad, four inches
thick, and fix foot eleven inches long p
upon this ftands the tail-pole and wings or
laces, over thefe the upper crofs-beam,
which muft be three inches deep, the fame
thicknefs and length as the lower one,
thefe are pinned together by iron fcrews,
as in common waggons. This is a defcription of the hinder part of the carriage;
the fame ratio muft be obferved in the fore
part; but a more circumrftantial account
will be needlefs, and in order to affift the
reader's imagination, I refer him to the
plate annexed to this piece.
H ERE then is a folid wheel, which
anfwers all the intentions of the garden
roller; now can any thing be conceived,
that would have fo happy a tendency upon
the roads? to render them   fmooth and
even, to harden and. encruft the ftrrface,
and make it refemble a terrafs walk? I fay,
"* The beanrs, or crofs-Beams (as term them) oa
which the carriage flands and.which anfwers teo aSt
is conftituted in the place of the prefent a*1tiaee
can




[ 16
can any thing be equal to thefe kind of
caft metal rollers, to produce the foregoing effeAs; nor will thefe wheels be fubjea to any cafualties, without fpokes, without fellies, without ftrakes or nails, or nave
or bouks; an ever-during wheel made of fteel
(for caft metal is a kind of fteel) as hard and
durable, that cannot be hurt by violence, or
beaffe&ed by weather, neither fun or wind,
can crack or warp it, nor will it ftand in
need of a wain-houfe to preferve it.
No w    although thefe wheels occupy fo
wide a fpace upon the ground, yet I would
by no means advife, that in carriages of
more wheels than two, the fore wheels
fhould go in the fame tradt with the hinder ones: but let them     be fo placed, that
their outfides extend no wider than the
infide of the hinder wheels *. Prefuming
therefore
* I am not infenfible that the late at of parliament
limits the diftance of wheels from the outfide of the
one to the outfide of the other to fix feet three inches;
I wiih a greater liberty had been allow'd; I have ventured to add three inches more, they will thereby ftand
firmer on their bafe, and I have often wondered, that
in chaifes, coaches, and efpecially phaetons, which are
high built and fubjed to overturn, the wheels are not
fet out at a greater diftance from each other, which
would




[   17  3
therefore that the diftance of the hinder
wheels from outfide to outfide are fix feet
fix inches, there will not be above twelve
or fourteen inches fpace, but what will be
paffed over by a fore or hinder wheel, as
followeth.
Feet. In,
Breadth of the two hinder wheels 2     8
Ditto of the two fore wheels        2  8
Space between the two fore wheels i    z
The diftance of the hinder wheels  6
from outfide to outfide,
THUS do thefe wheels prefs upon al.
moft all that fpace that is contained under
the whole breadth of the carriage; and in.
regard, under their influence, there can be
no tratf funk below the level of the road,
which will appear like a fmooth hard floor,
or fheet of gravel from    fide to fide; f.o
with confidence we may affirm they will
move forward with more fweetnefs and
eafe than any other fort: for certainly the
would be their moft effeitual fecurity from falling: no
arguments can be given to the contrary, but what arifes from the narrownefs of yards and coach-houles,
which are adapted to carriages built in the days of yore.
D                narrow




[ I8 ]
narrow wheel that plows and tears up the
materials, and breaks through the cruft or
face of the road, wearing deep channels
therein; nor even the nine inch wheel,
with its bevil uneven periphery, beftuck
with a multitude of rough headed nails,
are to be compared to the fmooth face of
the cylinders here mentioned and propofed,
that aft as garden-rollers to comprefs and
glaze the carpet on which they move, rendering more folid and durable the undifturbed, unoffended materials of the furface. And if, notwithflanding the uncouthnefs of its prefent form, the nine
inch wheels are fo much preferable to the
narrow; how much more ufeful and excellent will the wheels be here defcribed.
I SHALL not make, and then anfwer
any fuppofititious objedions that might be
apprehended to what I have advanced;
but only add, that they will have all the
advantages without the difadvantages of
any other kind. They will turn in much
lefs compafs,-they will bear any load, and
not liable to obftruct or injure the bed,
which may be made of any width the
owner thall defire.-To draw them will
not




[ '9 ]
not require fo much ftrength, -     they will
be doubly, nay trebly durable, and be obtained at a very low price by the proprietor. -  The trouble and expence of taking
them   off to greafe and clout will be avoided;-their weight * will be a degree
between the broad and narrow wheels.Nor may it be unworthy of notice, or difpleafing  to the land-owner, to find that
his tenant will hereby deftroy lefs of his
timber. But what is principally to be
confidered, and their choice leading pro-t
perty, is their beneficial effects upon the
highways, which will be moft apparently
fenfible wherever they pafs.       And altho'
many narrow and obfcure roads are doubtJefs not yet in  a prepared ftate to     admit
-  The weight of a narrow wheel'd waggon is from
fifteen.to. twenty hundred; that of a broad wheel from
thirty to forty hundred. The waggon I have propofed
will, I apprehend, weigh fomewhere between fixteen
and twenty-four hundred; the expence of a narrow
wheeled waggon is between fifteen and twenty pounds,
that of a broad wheel between thirty and forty, and if
made with iron arms will coft the owner near fifty
pounds. Such a waggon I have defcribed will coft
from twelve to fifteen pounds; and although the
height and thicknefs of the rims of the wheels depend upoi the owner's pleafure, yet I hope the
breadth and fituation will be invariably adhered to.
The locking of them, in order to defcend a hill, is fe
eafy to be perform'd either by a bolt or fhoe, as makes
it ncedlefs to fay any thing upon this article.
D  2              them,




[  20   ]
them, therefore thofe who are fo unhappy as to be neceffitated. to travel with
teams thereon, muff certainly be contented to jog on as their anceftors have done
before them; but in roads that are only
wide enough to receive them, tho' not
laid fo fmooth, and even as one could wifh,
it is my opinion they will travel greatly
better than many people may be inclined
to imagine, nay even the fmall bye-roads,
with a very little trouble and expence,
might be made fit for their reception.
LET me be permitted to add a claufe or
two, with. refped to toll-gates.
AND I would beg leave to give it as my
opinion, that it would be better not to limit carriages of any fort to a certain number of horfes, but to allow th.em to draw
what number they pleafe, provided they
pay a fixed price for each horfe in the
team, and were only fined when deteaed
taking off a horfe or horfes before they
came to the gate, with an intent to defraud, not there tendering according to
the number they drew on any other part
pf the road. I acknowledge a narrow
wheel




[  21  ]
wheel with double the load, will do more
than a twofold damage; yet allowing this,
can any other method be thought of that
will be more advifeable? that of weighing
carriages is what I ftill much lefs approve;
the trouble and expence of fuch engines
through the kingdom would be quite intolerable, and liable to many deceptions.
Now there are many advantages will accrue from admitting any number of horfes
to pafs the gates; and ftating the cafe that
the owner by this indulgence puts in twice
the load, which will feldom be done, (for
narrow wheels will not long laft under
fuch oppreffion) yet the weight upon the
road is not double, fince the machine is the
fame; and if he is required to pay proportionably more at the gate, to the number
of his cattle, and the damage done by the
wheels, furely the public cannot be great
fufferers on this account. Pity it is, that
half the ftrength fhould be fwallowed up
and loft with merely drawing the vehicle,
while the other half only are efiployed for
the burden.,Befides, he may often very
much want to take a greater weight than
four horfes can mafter, and he would be
yery glad to pay the gate for a horfe or
two




1 22 j
two extraordinary, could he be:pqernitted
to put them into his team.
H E R Ea queflion will very naturally
arife, to adjuff-how much fhould be paid;.
what fhare is proper for each kind of. carriagý to depofite.at the. toll-gate that it is.
fuffergd to pafs through? Now can any,
thing, be mor~e reafonable, and will it not
be of the greateft utility and encouragement, that they fhould be obliged to pay,
in proportion to their beneflcial4or detrimental eflfecs. Let us therefore fuppofe a
broad, wheel limited to pay two pence eachhorfe; the fix. inch wheel, whereof,fomeare very fond, and whigh.indeed far fur--
paffeth. the narrow, and is a ftepjtowardsý
the more perfe.6t kind of machines, we
will imagine to pay four pence per-headp,
-With refpeQt to narrow wheels, it would.
be very happy 'if that deftruffive road-ruin,
ing form  were entirely extirpated  And
Were they to pay according tothe, propor-.
tion of damage they do, two fthllings pet
eibead would not excufe them: but in regard fo many are frill employed in the na-.
tion, -and more efpecially as many roads.
yet remain in a ftate that will fcarce admit



;[ 23   ]
of any other fort of carriages, I cannot
'but think-that eight-pence an horfe, nay
perhaps fix-pence, may be quite fufficient
not only to"reduce their number, but 'entirely to abolifh them.
AT many gates above an hundred ~miies
-from London, the commiflioners have im"M
pofed as much per head upon horfes itthe
broad.as the narrow wheeled team, eiiher
through prejudice to broad  wheels. or
falfely judging they thereby a5ted impairtially. But certainly, as I have before faid,
carriages ought to be encouraged according to their true worth. Befides, the proprietors of broad wheels have hitherto Ia-.
boured under the difadvantage of'their
novelty.-The fufferance of narrow wheel1
upon the fame road-the waint of a proper
quarter or trad, owing t6 the road's n&it
being pradifed by them - and the wheel-.
wright's inability, many of them not having to this day ikill fufficient to finifi them
in a mafterly workmanlike manner; and
nothing but their intrinfic fuperiority over
the narrow, could have made them break
their way fo far as they have, againfl the
barriers of cufiom and prejudice,




[  24
WE will conclude with imagining two
carriages, the one a narrow wheel, the
other fuch a one as I have been recommending, travelling near together, each
upon that kind of road, which would be
the confequential refult of their alternate
paffing and repaffing thereupon. We will
juft take a view, both with refpet to the
carriage-the team-and the path they at
upon. To begin with the narrow wheeled
carriage, which we may juffly compare to
a fhip in a ftorm; the perpetual tremor
and ruggednefs of its motion; its beats
and concuffions from fide to fide, muff in
fome degree difturb and hurt the goods it
contains; however, it is certain to loofen
the fpokes in the fellies and fldcks, fhake
and rack the whole flruaure, frequently
to  break the bouks and axletree, and
haftens (before the timber is half decayed)
with precipitated fteps the deftruaion of
the fabric. - The cattle alfo, by reafon of
the inequalities of the trad, draw not by
an equable conftant preffure, but by fucceffive intermitting pulfes, or firetches,
which increafes (I might fay doubles) their
work - fpoils their ftep-- bruifes their
6                       fhoulders




fhouldets---hurts and fatigues the thiller--
and very much checks and impedes their
fpeed..----With refpet to itg influence
tipon the path, I fhall only obferve, that it
naturally  makes the greateft effort, and
does the moft damage, in places already the
worft, as the principal furge and force of
a waggon is againft the bed of a hollow
or cavity; and whereas a narrow          wheel
flands on fewer points or parts of matter
than a broad, and is apter to crufh and
pulverize whatever it paffes over, fo it heceffarily is affected by more finks or crevices *# and therefore has an equal number
- Even the fineft walk has many little inequalities,
which though fcarce difcernible, affet the motion of
a wheel; and were there none at all, a narrow one
would foon produce them. Now a very broad one, by
deprefling every protuberance, will have the fame effet upon the face of the path as a rolling-mill has
upon a piece of fheet lead or tin. No one will argue
that a horfe's foot (by all wife Providence, fpread out
to the moft convenient dimenfion) can ever much difplace or hurt fuch face; or if they fhould, the return
and reafion of thefe wheels will immediately heal and
reftore it. A narrow wheeled cart has a yet more
baneful deftruAive tendency than has the fame kind of
waggon, and ought to be fought after and deftroyed as
a nuifance, with the fame eagernefs and detellation
with which we would purfue a venomous beaft. I
have often wifhed that fome perfon of ability, (killed
E                     in




[ 26 ]
ber of advances toý labour againif. This
explains why a narrow wheel in the courfe
of a day's ifage, makes many m~orerevo.httions than a, broad of the fame height or
diameter, becaufe it paffes along a more
fcolloped or indented ffuiface, which in-"
dentures it is its natural tendency       to  enacreafe, rifing over every minute eminence
with   an elaborate deliberatenefs; but, on
the icontrary, finks with- a precipitated im-.
petus into each     irriguous bafon or iluico,
which    in wet feafons, chequers the way,
-in mechanics and the laws of motion, would, bellow
the. pains to follow and obferve a waggon when in a
rough-road. Such remarksý as the violence, tendency,
degree, frequency, dire&ion, velocity of each pulfe or
movement of the load, &c. might perhaps be as amufing to himfelf and more ufeful to his country, than,
unriddling  a.knotty. problem_ in- mathematics, or,
mounting- into the third. heaven5, aM.,'calculating the,
eclipfes of the fatellites.  For however unnoticed this,,
axiom is, yet it is neverthelefs certain, that every jolt
a waggon receives, in whatfoever direcion,; it requires.
an additional draught or power tobear it onward, equal
to the force that'is neceffary to give fuchicoke  whichwith a burden from forty-hundr ed-to four orIfive tony:
cannot be judgcd iinconfiderable4 It"is,alfbo* eqnally
true that the fame waggon and load we ars a good. road;
lefs than it would do a had one  and we. may.alfo.add 4
as fubfcquent thereto, that lefs expence. is.reqilired to.keep in repair a good, than to patch ard keep tolarablec.
one that is.Iaready indifferent,
with




[ ]7 I
with innumerable little pools that are long
in drying, and contribute to foften the face
of the road, fo that the materials, (as in
morter) eafily flide from their fituation,
are either crufhed and buried with mud,
or at leaft their difpofition, and the texture of the ftrata, is diflurbed and broken;
and thus, by an unobferved, unattended
to procefs, the road foon becomes founderous and impaffible; dirt, holes, and fuch
floughs are formed, which when they become quite intolerable, the country people
repair, if it may be called repairs, by
throwing in faggots.
IT will be judged needlefs to mention
any of the contrary effe&s of thefe very
broad caft ones; effets which have been
already intimated more than once. All
that poflfbly can be faid againft them muft
only amount to a furmife that they will
move heavy *, which experience'alone,
(not argument) muff refute., That they
will benefit the roads is undoubted, and
confequently themfelves affift to remove
* The firft effort, and while other waggons are in
ufe, will be the moft difficult.
E                   the.




[ 28 ]
the objceion, if fuch fhould be fancied againv them. Might it not he worth the
pains, vwere the pommiffioners of turnpikes, purpofely to employ machines for
the rolling, fmoothing and compreffing
the roads, in the fame manner we do our
private walks? But will not this, by the
ufe of thefe wheels, be fuperfeded by
every farmer and carrier's waggon; who
while they are doing their own bufinefs tQ
better purpofe, and with more eafe than
any other means, are alfo ferving the public; and will they not deferve for the more
horfes they ufe, and the heavier loads they
draw, a premium, rather than to be refirained by a penalty? See how   fweetly
that machine moves along! how goodly
the horfes in couplets flep like foldiers orq
duty! with what a conflant fleady fwimring pace, it rolls along the path! how
fine, finooth, and even it hardens and planefies the face thereof, and makes it almoft
impenetrable!




[ 29 ]


N. B. An exa&t defcription of the forrmr
and dimenfion of each refpedtive part of a
waggon would be highly ufeful, but thi~ I
will beg leave to poftpon9.


The END of the FIRST PART.




91P




1 31 3


PART II.
A  few  Remarks upon the HIG IH-*
WA Y S.
A    DISSERTATION On road.mending
may be thought almofi needlefs,
when there is already fuch a fpirit
raIfed, that Ihews itfelf very apparent in
many parts of the nation; and I ackriowledge myfelf a little out of my province
upon fuch a fubjea, rather than whenx
treating upon mechanics; but am proxipt-.
ed thereto by its coincidence with the defign and tenor of this piece.
THE earth is given to the children of.
men, and the management of this donz.
tion to his artifice, t6 mould agreeable to
choice;. an effay is hereby made of his abilities; and that every focial faculty might
be employed and improved, the accommno.dations of life are not 'equafly interfperfed
asd difiributed, but are of a pecukiargrowth, lodged in felea rej iitories, or
entruftedý




I 3a I
entrufted in particular hands, which oped
a reciprocal dependance and conimunication between nation and nation, city and
city, one family and another.
ROADs are the channels of this communication, and are fimilar in fociety to
veins and arteries in the human frame;
they carry nutriment to, and enliven the
whole mafs; and in proportion as thefe
are clogged and impeded, or fair and open,
and in a commercial flate; fo traffic and
mutual intercourfe are in the fame meafure
clogged, and on the decline, or rendered
alert, healthful and flourifhing.
THE importance then of thefe public
avenues, thefe channels of conveyance, efpecially in a trading merchandizing country remains undoubted: Do we not lay
out garden plots and make pleafant and
curious walks to regale a few private fteps?
And fhall the public walks of the nation,
the paffages of all our wealth and indufiry,
feen by every eye and trod by every foot,
remain in a ftate of anarchy and withdut
cultivation?


7


AND




[  S3   ]


AND here with due refpe& to out antient law-makers, is it not matter of fome
amazement, that an affair of fuch confequence fhould be left to parifh-duty and
the care of an annual chofen furveyor,
without weight, influence, fkill, or any
defign in view? who had neither time or
ability to carry a regular fcheme into execution, and only left at the conclufion of
his office manifeft marks of ignorance, irregularity, inability, and floth. With equal
reafon might we not here expet to have
found our parifh churches and public edifices, entrufted to be ereded and compleat*
ed by fuch chance-medley workmen? with-*
out inftriuor or governor, plan, beauty,
or order. But we have now the greateft
reafon to hope from  the wifdom and attention of' our prefent legiflature, that
means will fpeedily be taken, and are even
how in the embryo, that will give univerfal
pleafure and fatisfaaion on this head.
W H E T  E R commiflioners, as at pretent ele&ted for the furvey and care of
turnpike roads, are the moft proper, I will
F                not




[   34   1
not take upon me to determine; but cefi'
tainly it is of the utmoft confequence, that
felfifh views, private animofity, or want
of ability, thould not intercept or fpoil
the intended defign.
RATHER might it not be wifhed, that
the ordering and controul of this great affair, fhould be wholly inverted in the hands
of gentlemen of the greateft weight and
influence? whofe aims are as diftinguifhed
as their perfonages, defigns as noble as
their blood, and whofe public fpirit and
abilities tally with and equal their fortunes.
Thefe are they to appoint, to put the
wheels in motion; it is for mechanics and
artificers to fulfil and execute. We may
with equal juflice exped our battles to be
fought without officers, as any confiderable undertaking to be well executed without governors *, and thofe too of importance and authority.
Now
* That a parifh officer fhould call together his neighbours (many perhaps his fuperiors, and upon whom he
may have adependance) and exercife a kind of jurifdi6lion over them as his workmen, carries in the face
of it foincthilg unnatural. \Whcen they are thus convened,




1 35 1


Now inftead of fmall focieties of com,
miffioners, whofe authority extends only
to a narrow  circumference, may not with
more propriety, will not there be a greater
probability of a more corret adminiftration, were each county as one body to take
cognizance of their own roads, fubje&t at
the quarterly feffions, or at certain appointed conventions, to the infpeaion and governance of the juftices and leading gentlemen, to order and put in motion the
fprings of the machinery? A proper perfon or perfons, may there be appointed;
who as their clerk, agent, or reprefenta-,
tive, in whom their fentiments and authority fhall center, may be impowered to
farm gates-make contrads--receive and
pay-keep accounts-aflift to form defigns.-bring to juftice road offenders, and regulate the plan of operations.
vened, fome motive muft induce them to labour, and
to do a proper day's work; either the eye of a fuperior
-an adequate reward-or a generous public fpirit: the
two firft are wanting, and the laft is fcarce to be ex.e6ted.


F


Tqx,




[ 36   1


T a F, next gradation below the clerk of
the county for the roads, will be the undertakers., for by this means undertakers
of roads will be as familiar an appellatio'r
as undertakers of buildings  and thefe
are the natural, the proper, the only effedtual performers; men who make iv
their bufinefs, their trade, the employ-.
ment ef their lives  Men inured to, and
experienced in the work, who may be
called to an account, made to refund, or
at leaft athamed, if not performed in a
workmanlike manner: Men whofe bread
depends upon their charaaer, and whQ
doubtlcefs will take pains to fupport it.
A SpIRIT of emulation, and the ex.peftation of being fcrutinized, are powerful incentives to adtion and induftry; two
or more of thefe clerks or fuperintendents,
riay be appointed to look after each his
divifion of the county. Thefe are at leaft
annually to deliver in draughts or plans of
the roads: point out where-'when,--how
and at what expence repaired-their for-.
p'ier and prefent ftate.-and what further
improvements




r 37 i
improvements may poffibly be made.-.
Duplicates of thefe, the one may be depofited in the archives of the county, the
other prefented for the infpeAion and approbation of the national affembly.
THE putting of roads in a good and
refpedable condition is far from a light and
trivial affair; or to be left to the option
and appointment of any but approved and
long  experienced practitioners.  There
muft be an unity or regularity in the defign,
which muft be purfued to the completion
of the fcheme. - A plan of operations is
to be laid down and obferved, and a calculation of the expence that will attend the
execution.-The importance of each road
be confidered, and an adequate improvement and pains beflowed upon it.--The
brow of that hill is to be chipped off and
lowered, and the foot bedded up to make
the afcent eafier.---Thofe narrows, between
my lord's grounds widened, and that tree
and hedge the property of the parfon felled.
--There is a cottage on tle wafte in the
way, remove it gratis to a more commodious fituation, --- Here mufft be an arch
crected




[  38]
erected over this current, and that part of
the road drained and raifed above the flood,.-Let this ftream be turned to one fide,
and not fuffered any longer to remain a
nuifance.----That hollow way, with yonder crook or elbow in the road, rejeded,
and a ftraight path carried through his
werfhip's field.-This rock of ftone, and
that bed of gravel will yield ample provifion for finifhing the performance.
T H E S E are fome of the neceffary pre-,
parative fteps towards a road, the infant
traces of its future growth. Now the
riches, generofity and fpirit, the true genius, talft and charader of a people, are
principally difcovered and determined by
the well or ill management of their public
operations: amopgft the chief of which we
fhall here rank the care and improvement
of our highways; the worth and excellence
of which, like that of fofTils, lie buried,
trod upon, and in oblivion, through inattention and fupienenfs, 'till raifed, like
gold, out of this obfcure occult ftate, to
ufefulnefs and brilliancy, by the vigorous
xertion of labour and ingenuity. May
thof




[ 39 1
thofe then to whom   this great work i'
committed, whofe province it is to put in
force and fee the execution of the laws
hereto relating, difplay their zealous endeavours to put them upon fuch a reputable footing, that will at once aid and
quicken the negotiation of bufinefs-give
an air of pleafantry to our habitations-.
redound honour to the country we inhabit.-teftify the cordial, difcreet, adtive ardour we breathe, to promote and bring to
maturity fo defirable an acquifition and
common good: That as roads may be faid
to wear the national livery, they may
appear in a garb not unfuitable to the eminence of a Britifh name and charadter.
And while our merchants and fleets are
engaged in extending our foreign commerce,
we may be tracing out every flep, and
taking the apteft meafures to afifit, complete, and make permanent that at home.
To this end is there any thing we can
turn our attention to, that has equally this
direa and immediate tendency, or upon
which our opulence and induftry can be
more worthily employed, and that will
7                         anfwer




[ 40 3
anfwer even    profufenefs fo well as the
fubje& will on which we are now treating?
And if thefe (roads) are the places for fervice
and profit to the country, and will repay
with fuch high intereft whatever is laid
out upon them? They are not lefs fo for
beauty and ornament. For what a gladdening afpe& t; what an enlivening, cheering Paradifaic countenance does a country
affume from thefe when completely fine!
Grant therefore we were difpofed to make
even   a magnificent appearance       of our
wealth, can we apply it better in charater
where it will be more expofed to obfervation than in the very highways? And were
we to exhibit a fpecimen of neatnefs, fymmetry, and elegance, is it not natural to do
this where there is the greateft concourfe,
and where it will be fure to meet with
* To behold the bufy tribes of men in their varied
conne&ions and intercourfes, (not to mention fea ports
and fhipping) coaches fpringing along with a light
facile flight; the waggon rolling with a grave folemn
majefticknefs; horfe and foot pafiengers in their alters
nate migrations; cities, villages, edifices, farms, cattle, fowls, infeAs, mountains, woods, plains, rivulets, with all the infinite produ6tions of nature, muft
fill the attentive imagination with the moft delightful
amufement.
and




[ 41
and raife the pleafing paffions of delight
and  admiration, in  fuch.numbers of
both native and foreign fpeftators. Were
we therefore in   purfuance of this, to
root up every   tree, hedge, and fpray
that grow on the border, and fence the
road, and which by their vegetating alteration  foon become obnoxious,   and
place in the room thereof pofts and rails,
decently covered with a coat of oil colours, and at convenient diftances alcoves
for the repofe of the wearied; or were we
to proceed yet farther, to eret obelifks and
monumental ftruaures, enriched with trophies in relievo? Though thefe might
juftly be deemed exceffes, yet would even
'uch extravagancies as thefe, be a thoufand
times more commendable than the other
extreme of negligently fuffering them  to
go to rack; retarding and blocking up that
commerce fo neceffary to the well-being,
credit, and happinefs of a people. If we
only confine ourfelves to that neatnefs
which is confiftent with ufefulnefs, it will
afford work enough for a continual watch
and employ. Not that highways, if once
G            moulded




42   i
poulded firf with a ftrong plough, and
afterwards with the fpade (for the materials
till 'this is done are of little ufe) out of
their ancient barbarous crudenefs, and
digefted into a graceful road-like form, will
require any extraordinary continued expence to preferve them  fo; not more, I
Thould -think, than what is enjoined by
parifh-duty, were it 'properly executed.
tI'ere is however very little danger of
doing too much, the roads make ample
return for whatever is laid out upon them
this no fenfible perfon will deny, although
it were ten times more than what is now
done. There is no proportion between
the expence that attends, and the advantage arifing from  beautiful paths. And
cahriages being the principal deftroyers,
it isl ut right they were obliged to pay
even more, toward their repair; the expence of gate-keepers will be the fame,
every addition therefore is neat advantage.
And fure I am that thofe very teamholders would find their account in it; nor
could they doi an aat of greater generofity
themfelves than voluntarily make fuchi
offer a




[ 43 1
bffer: Cafh laid out this way, (thougH
often it muff be allowed with too little
difcretion) yet repays cent. per cent. I
wonder commiffioners do not fall more
into the method I have already hinted, of
farming roads to undertakers by the great;
as every one that has been ufed to fervant&
muft know how profitable and fatisfadtory
it is to each contrafting party.
BUT to be more particular;
TURNPIKES feem the moft eafy and
natural method of raifing colleCtions for
the fervice of the ways; their great utility confift in that they oblige each to
depofite in  an exaCt proportion to his
ufage of the toad; and at the inftant, and
in the place where they are reaping the
fruit of fuch experce, when they ought
io be beft difpofed to do it willingly.
This ratio could not well take place,
(nor could many, efpecially firangers, be,made to pay at all) by any oiher means.
f-ow far gates, were their number increafed and pay augmented, might render
G 2                arny




t  44  1
dny further contributions or duties untne
ceffary, is hard to conjeture. That they
have been of fingular fervice hitherto admits of no doubt.
DIRECTORS, the trouble of erefting
thefe is fo trivial and ufe vifible, that the
many deficiencies in this article, betokens
at what a low ebb, how little regard is
paid to the public utility, when fet in
competition with that of perfonal.  But
what fhall we fay when we come into the
lonely, mountainous parts of the creation;
where for many miles we behold not an
human form, where many a dangerous,
wandering ftep might have been efcaped
by an extended finger? May he who here
would not drop a penny towards fetting up
a poft, wander on till the dawn of the
next morn.
MILE-STONES are an entertaining piece
of garnifh and road furniture, that by meafuring the way make the hours pafs with
pleafure, and thereby much alleviate the
tedious irkfomenefs of a long ftage.
2                     HEDGES




[ 45    1


H E D t ~ s require a particular, extraordinary care, and without much pains make
a very obnoxious fence to a road: they
intercept the falutary virtue of the fun and
air, that contribute fo very largely to keep
it dry and in good condition. Their returning
luxuriance mocks the labour of the workman; nor have all our laws hitherto made
upon this article had their defired effea;
and if they have not, we may fafely aver
they never will: A law not duly enforced
is tantamount to none at all, or is a dead
letter. May not hedges be fo far deemed
to belong to the road, as (at leaft on the
fide next thereto at the public expence,
and by the direCion of the agent) to be
trimmed, and     the ditch   fcoured every
year? And its growing height reduced
within due bounds by the landholders
being obliged, by anr unerring conftancy,
and penal fanaion, to plaflh* it every fourth?
May
* If this operation was ordered to be univerfally performed at the fame time (between Chriftmas and Ladyday) of the fame year: He who negle6ed to obey the
injun6tion, would be fo confpicuous to every obferver#
that either the fear of incurring the penalty, or the odium




[   46  -
May not trees within fuch a diftance, 6b
a forfeiture to the hand that will fell and
take them away?
FOOT-WALKS          are made    with' very
little trouble or expence; why may not
four foot on one, or rather each fide next
to the fence, be appropriated to fo ufeful
a purpofe.    Any   materials are fufficient
thrown up high, and with a flight cover of
gravel, and will when once done want ever
after little ol no repair: yielding moreover an ornamental, uniform, and agreeable verge, or border on either hand; and
is certainly  quite   in chara6ter with    the
definition of a road, which ought to comprehend all the different modes of travelling. Next to thefe let two
dium of his fingularity would, one fhould think, erforce compliance. Or, perhaps were the law filent,
with refpedt to the occupier, and the agent alone wars.commiffioned notonly to fee the ditch fcoured, and the
fide of the hedge trimmed next to the road; but alfo
its height every autumn (all the growth of the preceding fummer) cut or ftruck off with a hook: Would
not this operation make the fence grow thick and beaufiful like a verdurous wall-allow the ai'' to circulate
upon the road, and open the country to the View of tle
traveller?


CHANNEL'S




!  47   3
CHANNELS be funk, fix feet wide,
and not lefs than two feet below the crown
pf the foot and carriage-way, which may
be raifed by what is dug out of there
fluices. Thefe receptacles will keep at a
due diftance the foot-walks, and help to
preferve the road dry, by taking off its
excrementitious wafhings;   adding  variety, beauty, and ufe to the whole,
Let the
CARRIAGE TRACT be the fegment of
a circle whofe diameter is fixty-feven feet;
the chord of the fegment thirty-two feet.
Allowance of more compafs may be made
when   near to  populous places.   The
crown of the arch will rife above the fubtenfe two feet, which will be fufficiently
circular to anfwer every purpofe and to
caft off that moifture, which together with
narrow wheels are the two main enemies
that wage war againft and deftroy all our
rpads.


WHEN




[ 48 1


WHEN the mafter of the work is about
to lay out his fubfequent road, let him
well furvey and confider its piefent form
and conftruftion; let all hillocks and redundancies be took away to make good,
or bed up the deficiencies of lower places,
remembring that its future, lafting, fettled ftate, depends upon this firft operation.  Letall afccnts and defcents, be
made as eafy as the nature of the cafe or
the courfe of the country will admit. All
crofs currents, though very fmall, and
iffuing only from a fpring, or occafioned
by a fudden ihower, ihould be thrown
under an arch. Let the foot (if allowed)
and middle or main way, be made fo near
an height, that an horizontal line ftretched
acrofs may touch the crown of each. The
f(rong plough is an ufeful infirument to
mould the firft fketch and rough draught
of the defign. The fpade now takes place,
and gives the laft firoke, the finifhing in-.
tention, to its bare uncovered form; and
pow if it were roiled (with fomething like
fuch rollers, only heavier, that are ufed
on bowling-greens) would give it a compaAl


f




[ 49 1.
pat firmnefs, preparatory to laying thereon and enrobing it with its ultimate attire.
It need not be urged that flone broke very
fine and then gravel, are the articles for
this purpofe. Thefe, if not near, will
(efpecially the latter) well anfwer the expence of carriage, though ten or fifteen
miles diftance, which may be brought in
large quantities by the new conftruded
carriage, I will not fay a barge-load at a
time,
THE work being finifhed and put into
this excellent form and attire, by much
fkill, labour, and expence, and covered with
a good coat of gravel, or fuch hard materials as the country affords, laid with a
true, fine, graceful face, and kept in a
neat, clean, goodly condition, by perfons
appointed to fuch truft: I fay when it is
brought to this perfeation, affifting intercourfe-yielding facility to the motion of
carriages-inviting the company of, and
giving univerfal fatisfaftion, pleafure, fafety,
fpeed to every kind of traveller-and as it
were diminifhing diftances, by adding eafe
and celerity to his fteps-making even the
H               wholc




[ 50 ]
whole landflkip fmile upon him with a rei
doubled lufire: Would it not %grieve and
infpire with indignation any confiderate,
fenfible mind, who has the leaft fpark of
kenignity to his native country, to fee it
all fruifrated and deffroyed by the fufferance of fuch noxious vehicles, that break
the face-w-let in wet-generate dirt-and
fo defiroy and efface the beauty of its form,
as would foon reduce it to the moft difagreeable, uncouth, founderous fcene of
diforder, not leaving the leaft trace of it4
former elegance and completenefs.
IN order to preferve a road in the beauty
we have been recommending, not a grain
Ihould be fretted, difturbed or mifplaced;
neither a narrow nor a rough edged wheel
can quadrate with the intention, no more
than variegated fears can enflamnp the fame
figure. The wheel muff meet, lie upon,
and occupy the road its whole breadth,
and by application, without the leaff degree of fridfion. To this end the face of
the periphery muff be trte, finooth, and
iylindric, and of a confiderable breadth
or width. Btit the periphery-of a nine
inch




[ 5r 3
inch Wheel being uneven and varied, does,
When in contad with the ground, prefs
on only part of its breadth, and the next
wheel that paifes makes a quite different
imprefion; confequently every wheel of
this fort a new and partial print. Thus
this weighty orb is tugged along to anfwer
but half its purpofe; the main intended
benefit is much JelTened, and the face of
the road fomcwhat torn, confounded, and
mangled, rather than rolled and made even:
but cafl-wheel-s will exadly match each
other, make, whether high or low, thc
very fame impreffion, and run parallel to,
and intimately embrace the face of a true
plane. Thefe then when in adion with
heavy loads, will fo effedtually planifh,
denfify, and clofe up the earth's pores as
not eafily to admit of wet, at eJeat( not fo,as to difunite its texture, but will remiain
firm under long continued fhowers, which
Will fall quick off, and the remaining fuperficial moiffure (like that upon a plane
ftone) will foon be exhaled, and the ground
recover its ficcity.


J~ 2


2LET




[  52   ]


LET us haften then to make ufe of this
catholicon for roads here recommended,
(to wit) " Caft-metal wheels," behold
them  rolling along under the oppreffive
weight of tons, giving a firmnefs to the
terras they move on, little inferior to the
metal with which they are environed. The
more thefe are burdened the more beneficial and happy will be the effeat.
THE great increa'e in the number of
carriages, of all forts of late years, as it
points out the   growing flate  of our
commerce, is a reafon why the roads
require an additional care and expence.
Alfo the growing    numbers   of thofe
for plekfure, and the great improvements
made in them much beyond other countries, refle6ts honour to this nation, and
inflead of being an argument of our pride
and luxury, rather fprings from opulence
obtained by ifiduftry, and expended with
judgment and true tafte: for perhaps our
molt innocent as well as pleafanteft hours
arc thofe employed in travelling, and which
is always allowed to   be produtive of
6                        health;




ii 53 3 -health; why fhould not thefe then be
made as agreeable and deledable as poffible?  Moreover
SOUR fituation as an ifland, and proximi...
-ty to the northern regions, the or iI
clining towet, the other cold, make alfo
the care of ou-riroads more peculiarly neceffary than in thofe climates where th.
-heat of the fun is more -intenife. Were it
not f'o, is it 0ourc choice -to be the laft to
reform? Let um thereforte fuccour every
expedient, that' promotes their amend.t
ment; and together. with regulating our
caravans or road-way machines, another
important (I fiould fay firiftand leadiig)
itep, is to eftabliffi a well planned govein%
ment or political difcipline, which mnitft
neceffarily confit of degrees, (to wit) the
prime controul, or firft moving principle;
lodged in the hands of gentlemen;,fecodndarily the agents, who are each to have
his allotment of roads to manage, without
interfering with one another;3but this, Wvith
all due deference to the fet*icL 'diifpofald.'E
things, is referred to fuperiorjqdgments.;.


II AD




S54 2
HA D a Boyle or a Newton, with thetr '
abilities been doomed to follow a waggon
for feven years, what lights would they
have thrown upon the fubjedt? the whole
energy of Euclid had been poured upon eve,
ry ftep: the effeas of the waggon upon (he
road, and the road upon the waggon, would
have been afcertained and exemplified by
mathematical demonftration. A calculation of the value of carriage through the
nation, might perhaps have employed their
genius; and may-be in the counter-fcale
that of the fea in contraft Fewel for our
fires, manure for our lands, gravel, hone,
timber, lime, together with all the various
tribes of manufaftures would have been
minutely and refpetively confidered, nor
would they have paffed by the advantage
of expediting of troops for the defence of,
this our ifland. What important effets
4pring from Good Roads I
L T us then lay ourfelves Qut to attain
this happy iffie, and make every highway
fupply the place of a navigable Aream.
F I N I S.


a












A
TREATISE
UPON
Wheel-Carriages;
RECOMMENDING
A New Conftruded One;
WHICH WILL
Effectually Improve and Preferve
THE
PUBLIC                 ROADS.
IN WHICH
The wrong Judgment paffed thereon, and the
contrary Arguments made ufe of, by the
COMMITTEE belonging to the SOCIETY for the
ENCOURAGEMENT of ARTS, MANUFACTURES,
and COMMERCE, in the Strand, are confidered
and Anfwered.
In a LETTER to that Society.
Including an ADDRESS to the Houfe of Commons.
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
A PLAN, and recommendatory Epiftle, by Mr. SHARiP, of
Leadcenhall- Street.
PART        III.
BY
DANIEL             BOURN.
LONDON,
Printed for the Av THOR, and Sold by him at the Bull and Gate,
Holborn; and by S. CROWDE R, in Pater-nfter Row.
M DCC LXVIII.




(ii)
have attraaed your obfervation, there
are only two privileges I could wifh
to fee effeted in its favour.
The One is,
That, whereas all new contrivances
require encouragement to make them
take place, it may be allowed to pafs
the Turnpike-Gates without expence
Ihe Other,
That becaufe the more it is banr
dened, the better and more profitable
it will be for the roads, it may not
be prohibited from being made ufe of
by any number of herfes.
TH ES. 'advantages, fhould you,
Gentlemen,.in your great wifd6m fca
meet to grant, were it only for a
limited




1 )
limited time, the nation would foon
difcover and be convinced of its real
properties, and approve or reje& it
accordingly.
My firft effay, to wit, nine-inch
wheels, met with your favourable
regard; and fhould this my fecond,
of which I entertain a much higher
opinion, it will be very grateful news
to him who is, with the profoundeft
refpea,
Gentlemen,
2our mofi devoted
and obedient
humble Servant,


DANIEL BOURN.






IS'


jp






f 1 TU 1


COMMITTEE
OF
MECHANICS,
in the STRAND.
GE14TLEME14,
TH     E  grand principles upon which I
Sapprehend you grounded your obje*ions
to my invention,   and which were
deemed fufficient to overthrow every arguinent in favour of little wheels; was, that the
radi 6br' fpokes of wheels, are levers, that confequently the draught will be eafy or difficult
ip proportion to their length.  And in the


K C


next




[  62    ]
next place, that this length ought to be equal
to the height of the point of agency or firft
moving power, which is the thoulder of the
beaft that drawg.
THAT thefe radii or fpokes, a applied to
Carriages, either are levers or rot, is the fubje&
to be determined; for if it be found that they
at as levers, in the bufinefs of progreffing
the carriage, there is an end put to the controverfy; and little wheels cannot in the leaft
be fuppofed fit for ufe; by reafon it will follow
that about eight tons weight, will be drawn
with equal eafe in a carriage with large wheels,
of the height you feem  to approve, as two
tons will upon fuch as I recommend, which
are only two feet diameter.  If this ratio is
not firikfy true, the radii of wheels are not
levers, and your aftrtion mufft bewrong: The
reditude of which thould be carefully examined.




[ 63 1
IT is an eflablifhed and infallible axiom in
mechanicks, 'c That power cannot otherwife
" be generated than by increafing the fpace
"~ paffed thro' by the agent or prime mover;
" and that this generated power bears an ex"* aft proportion to the meafure of fuch in.
" created fpace."  The point from  whence
this ratio fprings, is called the fulcrum, and
where there is a complication of thefe powers
or properties, the point in which they unite
or ballanpe, is termed the centre of ofcillation.
Now that wheels as applied in carriages
do at all a&f as levers, or the length of the radii
adminifter any additional force, will not be
admitted. The draught of the cattle is immediately againft the centre. There is no fulcrum-employed or purchafe obtained. The
mover and the moved, keep the fame diftances,
and pafs thro' equal fpaces and in equal times;
and the force given is equal to thq refiftanice
ipade; the wheel therefore is to be coofidered


K a


as




[ 64 ]
os only an infirument, to remove the frietioa
that would be occafioned by the carriage fledging upon the ground.
IN the definition of a mechanical power*
it is underftood, that the inftrument fo termed
has the ability to increafe or diminifh force.
The lever, wheel, pulley, fcrew, wedge, oblique-plane are powers or fo many        different
modes of producing force: The augmentation
6f which force is invariably the fame in each,
for the laws of naturee will not admit a medium or other ratio, than as the fpaces paffed
thro' by the aaive and paflive impulfes.
OuT of the foregoing       number, two only
can with any propriety be employed otherwifc
* The balance is meerly a mechanical inftrument, not a
power; being incapable of producing greater or leffer than
what is given. When the arms from the centre to the extremir
ties are unequal it ceafes to be a balance; it thence becomes a
liver, or in other words, a fleel-yard.
than




than as mechanical. power;, to wit, The w~hetI
4nd pully; the other glwavs adt in  htke
as powers; but the wheel and puily art: uwed
frequently only to take off friaion, and tzhnc
are termed friajon wheels., and become only
jpiftruments; as is thac afe whitn j,)cd to a
LE T Us now proceed to the fecond part oQf
the objedion, cc.that the height cf tile wiwll_ý
'Cought to be determined by the hiýight of
"the fhoulder of the beaft, or the point- of
"con'ta& with th~c traces," and. why not
higher? why not take all the advantage you
can? when very high perh;;,ps they may rua.of their own accord: cc but the draught
"fhould be immediately agairii the axis.",
So it is whether the wheels are high or low,
or ho*wever the fhafts Pr the loadd is placed.
" But the axis,, and confcquently the load is
C'thereby drawn in a line parallel -to.the- phinc
'of the plath.'" This it. the grand- ob*jeaion,to




to?et which in a'true lights i may encf
fary to illufirate fome terms made ufe of itl
purfuing the argument, and to 'treat upon it
by the help of mathematical figures.
DkAUG.HT LINE, is a line draw~n from'
the point of contact on tho fhoulder of the
beat to the centre of the axis of the wheel.
Thi's line is of two forts, to wit,, the''PA-a
RtALLEL when the centre of the wheel is f
equal height with the Point of contaq4: And
DiAGO]A      r nlined, when they are un~
equal, or the hind line iborter.
BASEitLZIN E, is a right line drawn frorft the
foot of the beaff, to the point of fupport at
the foot of the wheo.-. N, H. This line mayo
be faid to be never, at leaft very rarely paqw
rallel. to the hgcigon.
FOR E and HIND LINiES, are perpendiculars
let falls the firft from the contaa, the other
from




from the central point, upon the extremities
ot the bafe, making right angles therewith.
There four cardinal lines reprefent the manner of a carriage in every fituation, always
keeping the fame flations with regard to each
other, and are termed the figure.
AN angle, is the fpace comprehended be.
twixt the two lines that form it; and the
point of an angle the part where the faid lines
meet: which angles and points, in this figure,
are cafily diftinguifhed by the terms CONTACT, CENTRAL, FoRE and HIND. There
diftintions belong to the carriage.--Thofe for
the road are,
LovG ASCENTS, thofe which are more
than ten feet, or than the length of the bafe
line, and  which   do not interfe&  it, but
unite, or lie parallel thereto, as for inftance, the
fide of an hill or mountain.


SHORi




t681


SHORPT AscE,,urS, fuc'h aS. are Iefs than ten
leor the length o~f the bafe line, and which
are thereby interfeded. Or any little rife, fwell
or hillock~ lying betwixt the' fore, and hind
point aitho' ever fo m)in ute.  The line of an
afcent is- the face, or that part, the 'wheel
rolls up while afcending.
IRCItvirS, art. thofe kind of interruption.wbhichRand, erca beforec.the face of a wheel,
nd whdich the wheel doos-not vol4 up the tide
of,, bput maakes an opoa angle before them
ar. its approach  fuch as a- hone, brick, flake,
or poft, that raife their heads above the path.
The firif touch of the wheel on any of thefe
k- die point. of inccidece.ý
*Wi (fhall now proceed with "fuitable and
b~tdllijibk ideag. And-,
IF according to gebneral r'eteivecr ptiinc!..
$es, the centre of the wheel oug-bt to be as
high




r693
h~igh as the point of contaat, * then the fop r
principal or cardinal lines will form  vn oblong
gjquare, arid the draught line aind' that of tbd'
bafe be ekaa parallelsib
Acc    t bD  fretis ought to be the c~dk..
"is it not very plain, that by this meahs- yotx
"are htaring the carriage in a t Iight Ilhid&ttr
69the very point you are takingI fo mdtcl paint
4~ and with fo many' horfes to- arrive'? An&
do not youi apply your force'Iin a dire' a~'ralkil to the path you aft movihg ~nPH,ow
frivilotis are artgumfents to the contr~ary andy
"what' an unmechanical head muff he have
"who can contefL it!VI
A   late celebrated philofopher was of the
famne opinion., and was very fond of relatding a
L Ltory
61 Althcr wheels of this height, at 10 er~tvy highb 'Ae jenh
-rally pleaded for in theory, yet they are feldom. fo fraimeds
being for the moil made lower.




[ 76    ],Jory that put the queflion out of all doubtf
and amounted to nothing lefs than an experimental demonfiration of the advantage of high
wheets, This gentleman, upon    the road
lights on a man who had got his waggon in
a flough; after many ftroaks with the whip,
and not unlikely a mixture of brutality, oaths,
and fcratching the head, frequent on fuch accafions, the waggon there remained firm  as
Atlas. The gentleman feeing the poor man's
perplexity, fet his philofophic genius to work,
and prevails with the man, after much perfua.
fion, and a little manual affiflance, to move
a good fhare of the load from off the fore
upon the hinder wheels: This done, a flight
firoke of the whip, plowed the waggon thro'
the flough with wonderful eafe.
1tiRE, then is moft undeniable evidence in
favo.ur of high wheels: It agrees with common fence, to wit, the voice of numbers,
and the fentiments of learned writers. The
paflive




[ 7r
paive weight paflefling the central point, is
urged along the line of draught after the active impulfe inhabiting the contaft; and therefore correfponds and runs parallel to the line
of the bafe. Was the point of contat elevated
fome degrees, a proportionable fhare of the
power would be loft in fruitlefly lifting up the
load: Was it depreffed lower, a portion would
likewife be loft, or rather worfe than lolt, according to the declination, in prefiing it
againft the bafe, THUS the argument appears
very plain in favour of high wheels,
LET us now examine what can be urged
in favour of low ones, or of an inclined line
of draught; fufpending  our determination
like upright judges, till the caufe is tried, weighing every circumftance,  and at the clofe,
giving preference according to evidence,
THE wheels here recommended are only
two feet high or diameter, which is indeed a
L 2              great




L72 ]
greatdifproportion to thehigh ones, and which
will incline the line of draught from a parallel,
into one, we (hall call by the name of diagonal,
"whofe inclination will be about feventeen or
eighteen degrees: And altho' this height is not
the neceffary refult of this new formed carrlage, the rollers of which may be made
higher or lower at pleafure; yet to carry on
the comparifon and to elucidate the reafons
"that may be affigned for a diagonal, in preference to a parallel line of draught, will re"quire fome fixed flandard, which.we fhall
fet at twvo feet, being the height they are
now made.
IN purfuing of which argument in favour
"of a diagonal line of draught, oblique to the
"line of the bafe, it will be needful, to take a
very ftria furvey of the path we are upon, and
minutely fludy its ftruCture and form. As I
was riding fide-long of my waggon, it happered to be a path nearly parallel to the ho.
rizon




4   73 1
rizon; altho this circumftance fignifies no,
thing to the matter in difpute, the parallel an4
diagonal,  aAing upon the fame refpetive
principles in afcending an high mount, as when
on an horizontal plane.  As I was riding,
" What's the meaning my waggon draws fo
" hard here, I'm vifibly afcending no hill, an4
" its tolerable good road; I've a pretty heavy
" burden its true, but one would imagine that
" it pulled as hard againft the cattle, as the
" cattle do againft it; 1'11 indulge a little a" mufement upon the meaning of it: Was
c' my waggon fufpended in the air, an hair
cc would draw it one way or the other; was
Sit floating on a piece of water, a bit of pack" thread would guide it at pleafure  was it
" upon the gravel walk that divides my gar(" den, two horfes would progrefs it as eafy
<c as the eight do here. I turned my horfe be'c hind for the fake of a frlth afpet, and
" obferved it make little ups.and downs, ad" vavces and falls; fometimes one wheel was
" engaged
~'-  '. _*




[ 74 ]
" engaged in rifing, fometimes the other; and
" when either of thefe was the cafe, my thiller
" was fure to have a thove on the counter fide.
" Let me make ufe, quoth I, of a little phi.
*< lofophy upon the meaning of this phaeno" tienon, John, get me two flicks and point
", them, drive one in the path there, and I'll
"!6 do the fame by the other here, in the tra&
" of the wheel and at the diflance of ten or
" eleven feet, the length of the bafe line."
I fretched a line from the one to the other,
which difcovered the uneveneffes in the road,
which with my rule, I took to the fixteenth
of an inch.
SHORT        ASCENTS.
Tm Is firetched line, was a true bafe line
to that part of the road; and by this procefs
I was the better enabled to take minutely the
different bearing, or altitude of each part of
the face of the trad; and to calculate the
degree




"[  75  3
degree of force neceffary to be employed thekre
in: And it is very demonftrable that a carriage muff always neceffarily be moving in a
line that lies oblique to this bafe; as no road
is, or can poflibly be laid fo exalUy even, fo I
may fay, mathematically true, as to conform
diredly, not even for an inch together, to the
bafe line. This obliquity, of the real motion
of the load or central point to the bafe, conflitutes that line called the fhort afcent, and
its reverfe.
FROM this furvey of the road, it muft appear, that no force can be wanting, or none
worthy of notice, in any defcentional line; the
team therefore may be faid to be in a great
meafure unemployed, during a great part of
its progrefs.
GRANTING therefore, that force is only
wanted, or that the greateft degree of it can
only be neceffary in fhort afcents; let it be
well




well retnarked that it muft be in there places,
and thefe alone, that we have to confider how
the power can be beft applied in order to bear
the carriage to the fummit or eminence of
thefe, whether by a parallel, or diagonal
draught line.
Now as it muft appear very clear, that
power can only be of ufe in afcents, and that
the lines or faces of thefe afcents, ftand oblique to the bafe; it mufft alfo be equally clear,
that the draught line ought to bear the fame
obliquity, that the whole force may be applied
in a line parallel, not to the bafe, but to the
line of fhort-afcent.
WHEN the draught line is parallel with the
bafe, there is a portion of the power in thefe
afcents loft, by preffing the wheels harder
againft the afcent line: And this lofs of power
is exadly proportionable to the obliquity of
the faid line. Thus power is loft and the
load,




477
hiad Incr eardd at the very hiftlanýt, thd grlcate(
Tiftt parallel' drauiglQ halves the force beA
twbtt the afcents and defcents; bit the WIati
Wanits none*: The- diagonal beilows^ the w'hok6
upo~n the afcento.
As the greateft power is wanted whereC the"
afcents are moll inclined or elevated) therefore
&6. diagona'l fhould be confiderably ofr raher
eluk~ly -inclined too, that the force mna-y be
~ivoknt-to the in~crea~fe of the refiffa'nceft'i rbY riade, That a roller. of two feet dia*IkMt~tdoes not g'ive the diiagonal too great
*%liquity is~ apparen-t from the f Ollowithg fy-i;
WtrN  hefore line is four feet, which is
the heitht of -the conta&t in a middle fimed
horfe~ and the diagonal eleven' feet in lensth
'ki irclinmtkoz. almioft fixteet decreft;- and i
L                     tib




[ 7s ]
the diagonal be ten feet, its inclination will
be about feventeen degrees: But a great many
fhort afcents exceed that elevation many degrees,  therefore the aforefaid diagonals, are
not fufficiently inclined for fuch afcents, confequently   there is even    in them    a lofs of
power at the time of greateft demand, and
that by the very thiller horfe or horfes themfelves. *
IT will be here natural to obferve that altho'
the thiller horfe or horfes, have a great advantage in drawing by an inclined line, yet the
next to them, and fo on to the foremoft do
enjoy the fame privilege. A very juft remark,
and a powerful plea for drawing double; but
of no weight againft a diagonal draught, but
rather evinces the reafonablenefs of a yet
greater
* I hope fome of our advocates feb high wheels, or experimeni.
tal philofophers, or both, will try this experiment either ift miniature or magnitudes and if they will give me the privilege
of being prefent, I'll be oblig'd to them.
'^ *.:*''.~~~ ^.., ~, x.....;  ^'




/
1  79   1
greater inclination, that they alfo' may par.*
take of ~lpe benefit in proportion to their diffance.
Iti exploaring of which, let us obkcrve, that
with refpect to the next pair of horfes to the
thillers, it is contrived by the help of an anf
gular fiaple under the thafcs 'near the backbgnd that they draw In a right line from the,
centre, but not inclined more than nine degrees;
the next pair has but about fix degrees, and
the foremoft four, but this depends in a fixall
neafure upon the fituation and fize of the csx&
tie, the talleff being properly put Loremof'. The
middle horfes bear the draught line a little out
of a ftraight courfe, but this may be counted
no detriment but perhaps rather an advantage
to their afion. An horfe when in full itretch.fands upon the points or toes of his hind feet,
a:nd: his conta& in.that altitude makes an inclination of about forty degrees, fo that a little
preffure for reafons to'oabvious to need exc
Planation -is rather. an  afibilance  to keep
M2                   him




,him -to his w'ork; bqn this preffiarc is' extreaoi
ly final), by reafon- g little power bends -a
flretched line into fo gentle a curve, Any one
knows that poe. snt loft iti drawing-a
we~ight by a line bent over a pulkey, fri~tion.excepted, but the body horfes aa as pulleys
"wthout friajton. So that the wiluable hene.'
ift of- drawing by an. inclined line, is conveyed
in fome ineafure to the foreinoft: And althq'
the d,ecl,ination to the central point in therm ii
not fo great as in the thillers, yet it is as much
ps the nature of the, cqfe will ai~t, and mnore.
ink high wheels.   Lvr.. this forve for am~
~.plan4,tion Why  q  fthiller  or e  f eti.
iirengtb, will when ptit to his iqettle draw tp*vt
than a fore.onf, n~t eon avecout of is ýi
zrighe; '"beload wbich provek zmetbing, Eu
becatufe that, filtu aton gives, him ~htboiimporoaot
privilege of draW-ing by az;sore jclipOd IIWO
T~AT an inclined draught line spera
~eto a ýa ildI xne is clear, and: the mneafw,
Of




'of, aduagae thereby g4Wd!a4."5 iFfet1a
bearing of a road, may be afcertaincdtoWa
exa~tnefs with regard to the thiller: but it is
not ca1y to calc~1te wCith rthe famc degree if
era nY, bw much.that advantagc-is, as p
pii. to thQ fore gnd bqdy bhfes  Rand is
ter~bWclin themriail, by thecir heightAiditeaft
dion. A mredium drawn frova the different in,.
cliaflio~n of each draught, co wit ve 7-near zru6
"Wbich =uft be coip  d to that of, the akamiit
CA.C It. AG; M14 (kbe fuppofedalways either
afcending or dfcendiog, but whqn it requires
paUipg. or draught to make it move,,*. mumt
bc a~Sing agaiaft an *4Iceit of grsalc r rK%
414V44,04; so 40A. OJlit# a Iyer of (and' of
q(#gr~vel, will c~afe an Ofcnu*  by reafoa
eelmiift be- fu.mwhst lower uvoi tlhet
pa it.04dA& tbasi that part bdfore tlaý whe4
iptp W.lijcl it V moviatg; &Ihh, Upw the fice of
the tra&t after the whe-el has paffed, thu" naay
be no fenfibic elevation: Such obftru~tions as
there.




**'.^T''^^.^^^


[ 82 ]
thefe therefore I apprehend require a diagonal
draught.
-THE clearer the argument appears in favour of
low wheels, or a diagonal draught-line, the more
-abfard and ridiculous will appear the fituation
and magnitude of the hind wheels in waggons.
The line of draught in them defcends towards
the centre of the fore wheels, the very reverfe
to what ought to take place. But it is eafier
to fubdue a powerful enemy than combat popular prejudices. What gave rife to this odd
fancy, was, that thefe being higher preffed
the other forward; in reality the hind wheels
ought to be the lower, -or at moft not above
even. The true mechanical principle would
be to place the centres of both pair of wheels
in the draught line when it is continued direl&.
At leaft that meafure ought to be adhered to
as near as the conveniency of the machine
will admitk.,~.,    LONG




'1 -83 1


LONG ASCENTS.
THE foregoing arguments are of-the fame
weight in every different pofition of a* road,
for in long afcents, the figure or bafe line inf
dines with the afcent. It is therefore the innumerable fhort afcents -upon the long afcent,
that determines whether the draught-line ought
to be parallel or.diagonal.
INCI-DENTS.'
I SHALL now bellow ax remark or, two iO
incidents,- but as.' thefe feldozu*occur, 'they,
would-be fcarce worthy of notice, iftrea Ing
upon thefe did not ferve to illuftrate the adioa
of,a wheel in every circumftinfe.
INx incidents then, and'in thefe only, the
high wheel has fome adv*antage) over the
low one, and the reafon is becaufethe pereC
phery




phery of -the high, approaches the point ofr uPi
cident iotier than the izIOW, at -inothbr words.*
the hind line is at a greater diftance from the
incient. when, it -.begins. toafc~nd, a4 cnfe.
quenely  pafl  _tf bremm - %paee war~l
at, the futmimit. B!* the prdporttion of advAtvi.
bagc gained. ity 'the Lighý- is, not actotrding ýt6
Vie. diffirencc.of- itR diameter tw tbe low; *but
Ate account, muff bte in1ewcove with, -atidtotk
from  the different heights, alfo -of thie. in~idental points; to afcertain which, would require a tablocif g3eat 1ngth, but the inferlo
tion of it w~ould be of little ufe. This advanAagc however.doest notpzwxeed ftom arty. i~ver
A. *he. -wheel,, as, it, wtrnly imagI9nedi,.whioh
m.igbt fdIuasi*allbo enpim to Itthe, ifiakU~W;
oýr, rathcr to the, oblique pknt- copr~hen"
betwixt the. hind' point, and -that of incidetrimc*
which bears up the large wheel by a lefs in4i~n~d o~r 'Ian~ri aafco ide -tban the littlebne.
Wheros the lamer, by w aI'oathing nghet,; i
usued -uplby-, a.1fihortr, -more -elevated% line,'
and




[    s  ]
mnd paffeth thro' lefs fpace to attain to a perpe dicular on the faid fummit.
OBSERVE* here firft, that what is gained in
power is loft in time, the little wheel being
as much fooner up as it takes more power to
raife, and has alfo a proportionable longer level
to pafs before its arrival.
OBSERVE fecondly, that wheels make curved lines while afcending to the eminence of
incidents, that the.principal refiftence is at the
firft touch, that being the acuteft part of the
mixed angle, and in which the power of motion in the wheel gives fome little affiftance.
OBSERVE thirdly, that low    wheels have
the advantage of a diagonal draught-line, that
gives greater afliftance than the parallel in advancing, and wnich makes ample amends in
fmall incidents, under three inches inor need
the driver fear thofe that are fomething higher,
N                   altho'




[ 86
altho' I fhould fooner advife him to pafs them
by, or kick them out of his way, then to
roll over with any fort of carriage.
OISERVE -laftly, that thefe kind of incidental afccnts have no relation to the fort afcents before fpoken of, and which are innumerable in every road, and are diftinguifhable from them by the open angle, the wheel
makes at its approach to the firfl: Whereas in
the latter, the great and little wheel begin to
advance at the fame inftant of time, and diftance
from the top, and continue to roll up the inclined fide, paffing thro' the fame fpaces, and
in equal times: So that in thefe fhort afcents
with refpe6 to the wheel, there is no advantage obtained by being merely high or low,
were they equally heavy and centres in propor-.
tion, but with regard to the draught, the
little wheel giving the benefit of a diagonal, is
thereby drawn up in its afcent, much cafier
that the great wheel,




[ 87 1


A   DIGRESSION.
LET us now make an excurfion to pay a
vifit to our good friend the philofopher. We
left him reaping that pleafure we may fappofe to acrue to an ingenuous mind from beholding an experiment that feems to agree with
and firengthen a preconceived opinion. But let
me alk you, Sir, Were the hinder wheels as
deeply immerfed in this ftygian pool as the
fore ones? Were they not rather upon the
brink and prepared to defc:nd, as foon as the
fore fhould begin to move? And were they
not to cut a furrow through the livery contents for the hinders more eafy paffage in following? Was it not almoft impoffible they
fhould be equally intangled? And when the
fore;wheels were lightened, although the weight
was put upon the hinder, would not the carriage foon begin to ftir? And when the cattle
feel it yield, are they not fure to ply it with
N  2             courage




[ 88 ]
courage, and thereby fetch it out with feem.,
ing eafe and precipitance? And this would have
been the fame cafe, nay, it would have moved
eafier if the hinder wheels had been no higher,
or not fo high; fo that your experiment falls to
the ground, and proves nothing but your own
iiftake and wrong explication. Did you not
once reflet upon and confider thefe circumfiances? No! you was content with what you
had feen, and furely believed it was all owing to the height of the wheel: And then, I
fuppofe, your thoughts were turned upon fome
remarkable eclipfe to happen, or comet to appear; or to mark the fteps of fome wandering
particle of light in its ingrefs and regrefs, refletions and refra6dions in a drop of rain, to
exhibit this or that particular colour: And you
might be very well employed for ought I
know; but if you had applied your abilities
a littl6 more to invefligate the true properties
of this noble and ufeful machine, the conveyancer of almoft all the produ1ions of mother
eartn




[ 89 ]
earth to us her fons and daughters who inhabit
around her, the world might have been full as
much obliged to you, and of which you was
doubtlefs very capable: This in my opinion you
ought to have done, and not to have left the
other undone. But why were you, and why
are your philofophical brethren fo fond, when
loading goods, of laying the principal weight
upon the hinder wheels? You only help to
bring fcience into difgrace by fuch advice: For
the poor waggoners, although they know lefs
of general principles than you, yet they knpw
quite as well when the carriage goes eafy, and
therefore they very rightly put the greater fhare
of the weight forward; and the reafon is plain
from what I have already advanced (to wit)
becaufe the draught-line afcends from the central point in them, but defcends in the hinder;
and on fuppofition there were any advantage
in fridion in a high wheel, it is much more
than overcome by its increafed weight and fide&
rackings. advice therefore (hould not be given
without




g 9o I
without a certainty of being right; for although
there people may not be able to proje& or tell
the effe&t of an alteration or invention, they
know from fa& what is for the beft upon the
prefent conftrualion, and for that reafon, adw
bere to it.
FRICTION.
I s1WVM.L bare pAffed by fri&ion asalmoft un4
wortby of xtica, * d it not bemn for the very
gruAt ftrc4 1a4W t.ern by many people when
6Oaveriing on whcel-corriages as if the princi'
paJ fom of the Ctle were employed to fubdue
this iniginary giant; Whereas it is the whed
agting'agaiaft ' anTcent, that requires the forcem
For if thc carriage rife but one inch in pafing
of fix, which is an afcent few people will think,
perhaps, worthy of notice, there will be a tua
weight againfit the breafts of the cattle, on con..
ditlon the load, together with the carriage and
wwheek, for the whe01s are part of th lmad,
weigh




9 9' 1
weigh fix tons.  If a flone of a cubical inch;
flands before the face of a wheel, there muft
be an additional force exercifed, equal to prtf.
fing it into the ground, crufhing it to powder, or
lifting it to a perpendicular on its top:  AIlfa
if a load rife an eighth, which it does oft..
times in pafling half au inch) there will be
thirty hundred immediately againft the team.
Every horfe, therefore, if he draws no more
than his fhare, will have a preffure upon his
'holmes of near four hundred weight; and yet,,lthough of thefe fhort afcents there are thoufands in a fhort divifion of a road, they arc
paffed over in filence, fearce a word being
droped about them. But thefe (hort arcents
are the moff formidable, when we meet theim
upon the face of a long aCcent, as the utmoft
exertion of the cattle muff be here employed,
and in fuchplaces moff efpecially, is required a
diagonal draught-line parallel to the farces or
lines of the faid fhort afcents, but to return.


FRIcTION




[ 92 j
FRICTIOW in fubtie complex machines, efpecially thofe for meaifuring time, and where
very rmall power"is portioned our, is of great
confequence, and is chiefly owing to little
and unavoidable inequalities and roughneffesin
*thefevera parts;  but in the centers of carriage wheels, which are polifbed a thou(and
times over by their aftion, fridtion principally
ariies from the compreflibility and fpringinefs
of matter; for one fubifance bearing ppon anoather, will in fome minute infenfible degree
indent each cthurs furface; and this is the
cafe with the convex and concave faces Qf
the pin and box, which while they -arp kept
with oil or greafe, thp frition is little
more than that extream fmgllnefs  which ari es from the compreffion: But when the
unation is wafted and loft, then the parts in
conta&t fo intimately embrace, that they cohere
with a firxnefs equal to folidity, and will not
releafe but break and tear the parts, and then
the attrition or flicking becomes very fenfible
and great.                         WHILE


4I




[ 93 1.W1IL E wooden axietrees only, were in
ufe, and the arms that paffed thro' the naves of
the wheels were about fix inches diameter,
there was fome little excufe for making the
wheels pretty large, efpecially as they were
thin and light. But now that arts are improving and iron trees or arms are grown common,
a high wheel, efpecially a high broad one, and
yet more fo in a hinder) is a firange and
an atrocious infult upon any mechanical underfianding, and the tugging along of a fett
of wheels of about a ton weight, merely to
fave a few ounces frialion, is to me an incom.
prehenfible myflery.  Befides infert an iron
arm thro' a fix foot, and another thro' a four
foot wheel, and i'll make no fcruple to affert,
that there will be as much fridion in the firft
as the letter; for it is the lateral force of carriages occafioned by the fway or concuffion-of
4he load that increafes fridtion and fraaures
the axle.  Now this lateral force is great according to the length of the fpoke, for tho' the
0               fpokes




( 94 )


fpokes have not the properties of levers, with
refpeal to bearing or paffing along under the
load, yet they a& as fuch with refped to their
force upon the arm, which from out to out of
the two boxes, may be about ten inches. 'Tis
eafy to judge then with what augmented force
thefe are opprefled from a high wheel by any
fide-rack or twift, a bevil edged ftone, or
dropping into a hole, where the impulfe or momentum of three or four tons ftrains the foot
moftly inward towards its oppofite, the inner
box is beat with violence againft the underfide
of the arm next the thoulder, and the upper of
that next the end; which has broke thoufands
of axles, and wheels, and done infinite prejudice; for a load is always in a tremulous vibrating motion. I need not add the greater
fridion of a box or hollow centre to a folid
one, or the lefs probabillity of keeping the
wheel true or in a ftraight line with its courfe,
and (hall finith this unimportant fubjei with
obfcriing, that the imootier progrefs of the
caat




.( 95 )


Cafl iron rollers, guards againfi there difafters
and the pivotts of the arbors which are centres
in peritrochio, and the diflance from end to
end about two feet, are attended with very little
more frifion than the perpendicular prefture of
the lad,, which is not worth regarding, and
Iefs rather than more, than in other carriagesj,
and admitts of doubt whether it exceeds two
or three pounds to a wheel.
CO.ACH       WH 1E 1L S.
Wi'ri regard to thefe, they are not fo i'mmediately the fubjea of my concern; for as
they are machines for pleafure, that flrudure
which is beft adapted to the gratification of the
ufer is certainly right, at leaff in a partial view.
However we willjuft touch upon them as far
as the aCt of drawing is CQmprehended:. And
here another principle is to be obferved and conw
fidered, and that is momentum. If a waggon
defcends, whether!it be with precipitance or
02




( 96 )
not, whether one inch or three, or four, or
more, whether fleep, or gentle, at the foot
of fuch defcent there is almofl a full and immediate period to progrefion; and it requires
to be heaved by the mere dint of ftrength and
application over the next afcent, tho' very minute, its dull and lingering motion yielding
very little affiftance: But the fpeed or velocity
of thefe, afford a momentum, that carry them
foreward over perhaps many fmall afcents, and
defcents, without intervening pulls from the
cattle.  We infer, therefore, from hence, that
the line of draught in them ought to approach
fomething nigher a parallel than in the waggon, as the fpur to their celerity is given more
promifcuoufly not always in rifing the face of
a thort afcent, but full as oft on the eminence,
and fometimes on the defcentional fcale, any
where eventually; the   fpeed being hereby
accelerated, the purpofe is anfwered by increafing the momentum. Yet on the other hand, as
thefe machines go but flow up long afcents, and
the




i  9 7
the ihort ones upon thefe requiring a diagonal
to draw them eafieff, although there is always
power enough, and as high wheels are heavier
than the low ones, and require fitronger arms,
&c. Thefe reafons, although afcertaining the
due meafure of each, and their united totallity,
would be tedious, yet afford a prefumptive proof
for limiting them to under five feet, or perhaps
not above four, efpecially in light vehicles for
longjourneys) fpeed, and few horfes. Bat the
odd fancy of making the hinder wheels f6 high,
or higher than the fore, except where the lat..
ter run under the beam for the fake of turning,
is unaccountable, and neither conIfifent with
necefiity, beauty, nor any mechanical prin-'
ciple,
CAST IRON ROLLERS.
WHEN an argument has been protra~ted to.
fore length betwixt contending parties, it
frequently terminates in the one's being put'
upon




[  98   ]
upon proving a felf-evident maxim, or which
is in effea the fame, as that two and two
make four. This is pretty much the cafe with
refpeCt to caft iron rollers, whofe excellent
adaptnefs for rolling, hardening, and beautifying roads, and giving them the face of a gravelwalk, is, one would think, inconteftable. And
it thould appear alfo equally inconteftable,
obvious, that no other form, but that of
a fleek-faced parallel or cylindrical one, fimilar to thefe, and made in a mould, can ever
produce the much-defired effea. But even
thefe are objeAted to, as not being high enough,
not only on the account of drawing, which I
have already confidered, and proved that they
do not make the itinerating line too much inclined, but on the contrary, fcarce enough, but
alfo that they are not even high enough for the
very ad of rolling; and yet for one that is ufed in a
garden or green that is higher, there are five hun.
dred not fo high: Befides, fuppofe you were
to make them fix times higher, would they,
thipk




[ 99 3
think you, lie upon fix times the furface?
No, nor any thing like double, exceptwhere
the ground was extremely fpungy, wnich
I don't wifh to fee in a turnpike road, and
even in fuch place, or in a foft meadow, )tne
Sinch added to the width I fhould much prefer
to double or quadruple the circumference; uay,
in my opinion, a roller no bigger than a pailrycook's pin, on condition it were fixteen inches,
wide and a true cylinder, preferable to a narrow, or a nine-inch wheel, for the benefit of
the roads, load it to what degree you pleafe;
for it is its progreffive application that fmooths
the road, and if it makes any indentures, it
only (hews that the face, or cruft of that road,
was not fqfficiently firm to fupport it, much
lets any other, and a fmall fupply of gravel
would make a laffing cure.  i don't expea
a cylinder of this kind to work miracles, or to
turn the face of clay into gravel, but, fure I am,
it will perform wonders, and that to the unexpeeied furprize of beholders i and that evqa
dirt




[ J00 ]
dirt or clay, by its repeated a6ion, will gain a
firmnefs of face, fomething like a foot-path,
that will ftand much wet before they will totally return to their original fpunginefs. Some
obje6tions were made with regard to their
width; they were not wide enough for fome,
for others too much fo. It is very eafy to
find fault and objeat, but it is not fo eafy to
obviate and (hew to what degree fuch objeCion
is, or is not juft: The one may be the offfpring
of a fuperficial, impetuous, unthinking judg.
ment, but the other muft proceed from forethought and penetration, built upon experience, and the thorough knowledge of the aptitude and relation of things and events. The
width is intended by rolling to make the path
even from fide to fide without furrows; for it
is not the lateral, but elongated channels or
"furrows that harbour wet, and break up and
defiroy a road: The width is therefore, I think,
fufficient to perform the intention, at the fame
"time that it will not incumber or prejudice the
owner;




( Ior )
owner; however, no one' is by the nature of
the machine reftrained either to height or
width. The defign of the author was to introduce and recommend Caft Iron Rollers, and
neceffity obliged him to make h s firft of fome
dimenfion or other, and he chofe that which
appeared to him then, and which he fill conti.
nues to think, the beft upon the whole.
TRIAL.
WITH refpea to the trial of this machine by
a few members of the fociety for about a mile,
upon the new road, it was certainly extremely
imperfea, and proved nothing at all. I will
readily admit that my waggon drawed harder
than the other towards the latter end of its progrefs; and the many enemies there were to the
new invention, made any farther interpofition
at that time fruitlefs; and my long expenfive ftay
in town from my bufinefs, obliged me to haften
immediately down. When arrived at home,,.                       I clofely




( 102 )


I clofely examined the carriage; and found one
of the rollers had made a flight concave circle
into the crofs beam that lay over it, by rubbing
Again&t it, and which was at firft placed too
near. This accident alone, was fufficient to
retard its motion and fruftrate the trial. The
centres alfo grew extremely hot: This you,
gentlemen, imputed to the quick revolution of
little wheels; but it was entirely occafioned by
their being left open and expofed on the under
fide, and the clouds of duft raifed by the crowds,
mixing with the oil, foon abforbed it and caufed
the heat; for it never had the leaft tendency
thereto at any other time, nor is at all the confequence of that. new form. In coming totown, I btought upwards of two tons and a half,
and in great part of the road, paffed over frefh
ground, hillocks and rutts, for want of a track,
yet I performed equal ftages with other waggons, and with no more fatigue to my cattle;
and am very certain, were I to travel that road
but a few times, till I had made myfelf a path,
a greater




( 103 )
a greater load might be carried with this than
any other carriage. With regard to one of the
rollers touchilg the b-am.- it muff be at the
time of trial, for irk nver had fo great a load,
being fix tnm-, at any other; but the eveat
of the day made me lildes to any' particular
fcrutiny, and I. haffened -home, determined to
meddle no more with fchemnes, efpecially-thofe
of a mechanical nature.
AT the firft fetting out upon the trial) and for
fore viray, it was remarked to go full as well
as the other waggon. In going up the hill,
through the emulation of the drivers, and im"
petuofity of the people beating the horfes, both
teams were put upon a gallop; during which
fcuflle, fome ifones fell off my antagonifis waggon, which fome of the officious multitude very
genteelly laid upon mine; though I verily be..
lieve they were not very material. The.centres
now were become very hot, and the oil expended, an& putting on frefh, did little good.
P2               Th(




( io4 )
The odds now grew more and more vifible,
and my machine returned with confiderable
difficulty. The perfon employed to get a waggon in oppofition to mine, could not forbear
*betraying Come partiality: He had boaaled but
a little before, that he could by a word or two
fpeaking, -deftroy all my fuccefs with the fociety; and the place pitched upon for loading,
feemed well enough planned to effea fo bene..
volent a purpofe: It was at the foot of a pretty
fleep afcent, immediately at the fland of the
waggon, with a beaten path for his wheels; but
mine being wide, muff neceffarily break up frefh
ground. This was a very important place, had
any of the members been prefent to have obferved its action; however, the hopes of my
remaining there were frufirated. My machine
afcended, fome of the company faid, better
than his did. The getting up this pitch, and
the pleafantnefs with which it turned the corner
and ran along the levwl, fo furprized fome
Atranger%, that they fhook me by the hand and
wi hcd




( Io   )
wifhed me joy. None of the committee, to my
knowledge, faw this; as they, and my opponent, who had loaded half an hour before,
were affembled near Pancras, to fee the carriage
move towards Iflington: Thefe, to the beft of
my remembrance, are the principal circum.
Ltances of that trial.
TH E avenues to, and from  the brain, are
fometimes fo effetually clofed, or elfe like a
parifh road, fo blockaded with roughneffes and
interruptions, that make it difficult to fingle out
thofe thoughts requifite to an occafion. The
appearance too of crowds, the prejudices of the
majority, folicitude for the event, fhrug of the
fhoulder, folemn phiz, important afpe&, and
confirmed, fledfaff opinion of opponents, might
perhaps in fome meafure contribute to give a
little flutter and abfence to the mind at that
time; elfe, how natural would it have been
to have argued, if arguments would have figni.
fled, " Why this gradual decay in the motion of
a my




( xo6 )
"< my waggon?" Had it been ow0ing to wnt
of lever in the wheels, furely it w;n  Lave
been as confpicuous at firft as laft.,t,,2 y
do I argue upon the word,!tver? PD, )III i
body of learned London mecha:ic% h  flcw
of the kingdom, or perhaps tki c    3, wd
know what a lever is, and where, whrn, atd
how employed? I fay, learned nmeihanics! for
of this kind of literature, inffruments are the
confonantq, and mechanic powers the vowl.
cis: Compofitions of machinery, are framed
out of thefe integral parts, according to the
rules of grammar and juft fyntax, which are
as familiar to a mechanic, as the alphabet to a
pedagogue. He therefore, who does not know
a lever, muft be a firanger to his A, B, C, and
ought to continue to ripen at fchool, as totally
unfit to harangue upon or adjudge prizes, according to the merit of proficients and mafters
in conftrudlion. I do not addrefs this, gentlemen, to your whole body, but to thofe particu.
lar virtuofi, who were to ftrenuous in the op.
pofition




[r17]
pofition and obtained a majority* 'And I here.
Tfy challenge any one, or altogether, to an fwer
the arguments contained in my treatife; and
if they fhould be incapable of pleading their
own cau'fe, I'll give them the privilege of counfel, Mr. Martin, or any other leLurer on thefe
fubjeats they may think proper; for Iflhll not
be guilty of fo much falAe delicacy as to Allow
myfelf to be one whit behind the foremoll
of your tribe in thefe particulars. But I wont
be anfwerable for the orthography,. or any
particular flip of the pen, but for the general
tenour and meaning of the piece. Neither
will I be content to be told what is not right,
I expe&t you'll declare your fcntiments and tell
me what is better. It is not enough to fay my
wheels are too low or too wide, unlefs you inform. me and the world) what height, and
what Width, is preferable with a why and
wherefore; and you fhall be welcome to-my
writings as a fcaling-ladder, to attain the altitude
of the thing fought. I did not appear before
your.0




i[ 1o8 ]
your fociety to trick them out of a prize by
falfe pretences or flight of hand; but chiefly
to have their concurrence and approbation, that
the prejudices of mankind might be the fooner
conquered, who are always prone to tread in
the fteps of their grandfathers, and in the next
place, there was a propriety in applying to a
fociety whofe darling charater is that of ENCOURAGERS, and if I deferved a premium, I
was not fo blind to my own intereft as not to
accept it; why elfe are they offered, if not to
flimulate the wings of ingenuity? I don't pretend to the art of writing, and if it had not
been upon fuch an occafion, my name had
never appeared in public: But I have not yet
been fo happy to meet with any thing upofi
the fubjeA  tollerably fatisfatory, and yet I
look upon this noble art, that of progrefling carriages; not to be one whit behind (don't be
tfartled Gentlemen) that of navigation; as it
greatly affeas our inland trade, and the beauty
and good order of our roads. Every farmers
yard,




777F44


i:o09g
yard, almoft every cottage being flocked with
one or more of thefe land- navigators, hitherto
fo HIl contrived and keft without controul to
their fingle detached fancy, who cannot be
fuppofed to have. any other view than their
own immediate butinefs, without paying any
regard to what damage may be done to the
path they a& upon. He therefore who only
endeavou' s to make an improvement fe as to
rend%.r then) Profitable to the owner, or public,
or both, certainly deferves to be treated with
refpe&t and efltcmi   And here I cannot for.b
be.,r refle~ling with fome emotion upon the
unhappy -fate of proje~tors. You, gentlemen,
of whom the earth is fcarcc worthy, may ftill
walk abouit in Your fhC'ep and goat fkinhs,* for
only endeaviouring the, good of your fil~ow
citizens. 'Tis true the niechanic tribe are no't
in' Rituted
Witnefe the Ifington perfornmane, Ma d~twio pritm
produd!ions, the Stocking Frame, and Fire Engine, &C, &C. &C
Tliefe all died in poverty, not having olaincS the roompence




[ 110o]


inflituted into an Hirarchy; they have no
powers delegated to them from the flate to
punifh heretics and non-conformifls to their
eflablithed principles: The occupation is fcarce
divine enough, to admit of this procedure.
But the confequence of your new do6trines
and human inventions, may be as dangerous to
public peace and tranquility, as ecclefiaftic diffentions, and have an equal tendency to bringing difgrace upon the dons and arch-dons of
the order. And if you are not clapped into,n inquifition and tied to a flake, yet you are
fligmatized and branded as fingular, reformers,
and turbulent; and are fure to feel the fmart
of empty pockets, garrets, and mouldy crufts;
which are worfe to fuffer than a flit nofe,
cropped ears, or ftanding at the church door
with a faggot: So that you are in an unhappier
condition than fpiritual delinquents, for they
do at leaft wind up life with fome eclat, bonfires and public rejoicings; while you linger it
out in penury and obfcurity; pointed at by the
flow




( III )


flow finger of time, unlefs you can help yourfelves by manual labour or fome ditagreeable
employment.
Or all the articles offered to the fociety, none
can deferve a greater regard than thofe of a
mechanical nature: nay, the very produAions
of whim and fancy fhould not be wholly excluded, as they often furnilh a hint that may be
of lafting and permanent advantage to mankind,
the effedts of which may not be immediately
vifible. A piece of painting or fculpture may
have great merit, yet not fufficient to obtain a
bounty; in which cafe it may however be difpofed of for its worth, without expence or lofs
to the artift: But it is otherwife with machinery; and the one is only a temporary ornament, the other a durable acquifition.
Now, if any of you gentlemen are fo far
verfed in the arcana of nature, as to point out
or invent fomething of a lighter texture than
Q.2                 Caft




S12.]
Caft Iron, yet equally hard and durable; or
if you can enlarge the wheels without adding
weight (could you gain advantage thereby) or
if you can cure a nariow wheel from cutting,
or the rough uncouth edge of a broad, from
crufhing and pulverizing; or contrive any
other form than a fleek-faced cylindric one to
anfwer the intended purpofe; or if you can
roll the roads without the ufe of the roller;
I will be the firft to return publc thanks, and
eagerly vote (were I qualified) a Boon, that
(hould enable you ever after to be carried in
"triumph upon thofe kind, of wheels you yourfelves thould moft approve.
SSME farther objetiops were made to my.
carriage,:but fuch as I am almon afhamed to
take notice 6I_; and, yet were made with fuch
warmth of teniper, as tho' my invention had
really given offence-fuch as, " that it would
- be liable to oveatrga," which in fae.isjuft
the contratyi.And fome of you. found out,
that




that rQllers had been made ufe. of befor@, tJq
building of my waggon.  Strange, indeed, i
would have been if nothing ip'. the Qiape of 0.
roH.1r had ever bt--ep feein, or, hcard of. bcfon
thtJimel  I wifh. they had bpen.a~i~t
carriaveq before,, and faved.tne tk~t~ophJA  cl
expence of recomm'end~ing the-mT.. TAouts
me.in mind( of a c-ertain gitici.lw.ho, fcUW4
great fault with the pQet Miltoo.',and. cle4
hipi plagiry, for f1ealinq every. articl.r, o(.,tb4
O1ivinQ comporitin. the 'Words, froy  ~eD~
tionary, and the letters frprpm the alphkaket,
But were not Jackets and Corks in ufe many
years, nays5r.e a tpr Ies  goand appliedm, to.the
purpqfe of fwi~nming too,? AMd-yet,  1, Iamt
rightly irpformaed, you, a.1IWc.41 two..hundr04
p~unds. to the. perf-on thpi ficft fewed theu
Zgthecz  in iietx of tyiDg- tben~rondt
(bQdcr.With regard.to-% my,,proda~1ioq,~-j
sp~ far from. wyilng cowpariIans or e;,ivyi4
pthrsb but I think it w~oi~d.be al gtic4 p isnp
ýetQma   e a. Aiore ipxpog;4t au4i~e~
ing




[ "14


ing fubje&. Nor is my contrivance the offspring
of a hafty, unpremeditating fancy, but the
work of thought, time, and clofe attention.
Neither is it to be judged of, or a true idea
gained by a few minutes view, dr feeing it go
a mile in fome particular place. Its firft appearance is perhaps the worfi; or, like a new
fafhioned garb, unufual; but it is defigned for
bufinefs, and adapted for the conveyance of
every, and not any peculiar article thro' the
kingdom, and therefore ought to be viewed
and examined with great care and attention.
IT was farther objeded, and perhaps with
truth, that this machine is not well adapted to
the ufe of roads where the mire or fand is very
deep. I will take the liberty to afk, how you
know this? did you ever try it in fuch road?
But allowing the affertion, that it may be what
we call fuffocated, or its power of adion in
fuch place overwhelmed and deftroyed, let me
afk whether that road ought to remain fo?
Does




[ ~Is
Does it not want repair? Is it in a fit condition
for any carriage? Or was it thefe rollers that
rpade it fo? Let me alfo afk, whether it is
better to make ufe of machines that can pafs
a Deep or Quag, but would foon reduce the
beft road to the fame condition; or of fuch
as cannot pafs 'till the road is repaired, but
when that is done would go as well or better
than others, and alfo for ever preferve them in
good condition. For my part, I ihould be
glad to find that it will not at all pafs in bad
roads.  I'm  rather afraid it will over-a& its
part, and thereby entice people to negled fuch
repairs.
S   WHOEVER that perfon was that had the
effrontery to argue and affirm, that a Roller
of this fort would make holps and even damage
a road worfe than the wheels now in ufe-As
fuch affertions admit of no anfwer, I only rce
turn, that I'm extremely forry for the gentleman,




[ f6 ]


m"n, fand heartily recomritend him to the care
"bf his friends.
LE T fly machine pars a thoufand times
over a piece of meadow, frefh ploughed land,
br anyy raw uncovered foil, and fee whether
the laft a-&in will not be equal or prcferable
to the firft? Let any other wheels attempt the
rahine, and fee wheth'er they would not foon
iut to the Bed, and their progrefs be flopped
before their talk was finithed?  The effet
" Would be fimilar upon a lamnin of gravel, only
r more gradual in the execution. On the contrary, how would therfe Rollers cohfolidate
and brace up its pores, how little duft would
they generate in fummer, or dirt in winter!
IP notwithftanding it fhould be found that
the new carriage is too delicate a lady for the
"prefent form of the roads, let her at leaft walk
forth where there is a path fit for her reception,
atid I doubt not, but in time, and with encouragement,




f 117]1


couragement, every, one will be pleafed with
her company, and. court her abodeammAirho'
the unpoliflted country may as yet but ill-fuit
Uer -inofffive and nymph-like fReps.
IT is an urnpavdona~le abufe to cav~il at her
on acvcoznt Qf th~is or Ohat particular deformity
in the path. Tho rcad qn4,* the machine
muftlimutually improve together; for deftruc-m
tive wheels will nevcr produce good roads,
arnd Oad rpads are but ill prepared for the
rccepflion pf Rollers. But let us well confider
and weigh what will be the refult -of their
evr)aftions, an4 i~nagine each kind uo
that path) it w~uld naturally produce) and then
draw a conclufion of their 4ifferent values from
their aation upon thof; efpedlive  roduaions,
and from the beauty and ei~cellence of the one
contrafled with the defeals qf the other: For
if here is a machine recQmrnended that will
make pcrfe&t the roads, there muft be fome
time and pains fuppofed before that end can
R                    br




[ In8]


be accomplifled.   I'm  certain that the more
this machine is noticed and converfed with, the
more the curious obferver will be delighted
with its operation. What, gentlemen, makes a
carriage difficult to move but the unevennefs of
its path? What is to corre& that unevennefs,
but a machine that makes it even! that is, rollers
caft in a mould which are as true as if turned in
a lathe, and if judicioufly fcrutinized, muft
give fatisfa&ion to the greateft mechanics and
mathematicians.
"I hereby, once more, gentlemen, prefent it
to youri confideration, as I intend very fhortly
to makea thorough trial of it for three or four
days or more in different roads and with various
weights upon it, even to its utmoft ability; for,
I purpofe, martyring it in the experiment. If
you think proper to take cognizance of it, it
will give me fatisfation; and I folicit thofe
gentlemen who were the friends of it before, to
attend the iffue; for I am determined that it
fhall




X1 3i
Mlall be tried to the utmoft fatisfaffion of the
public. How far it will be judged proper by
the fociety to fupport me,,Icannot fay.,' They
will undoubtedly aa as becomes their charader.
But this I know, that I am neither willing, nor
indeed able, to be at any farther expence myfelf,
nor will it, I apprehend, be jud&d r ea fo n'be*.
and therefore fhall try every expedient; upon
your refufal, to obtain affiffance from others.
But with regard to thofe gentlemen who oppofed
it, I think it muff in an efpecial mann'er be 6incumbent on them, either to juftify that bppofition, or candidly acknowledge themfelves mif..
taken. For my part, I make no doubt of its'
taking place and becoming the national carriage,
though, perhaps, but by gradual fleps; and
therefore look upon your rtj:aion as the higheft
compliment you could have paid me, as it ferves
to (hew, that iis excellencies lay too deep for
fuperficial infpeitn. And if I gain no advantage from it, nor am even refunded, the cofis
I have been at wh-ile living, don't, gentlemen,
deny




c: 120 J


dcpy ine the little vanity when dead, of having
it put. upon. my bead-fl1one.  The Inventor of
&r-a4 nine-inch Wbeels. And more cfpccially
thofe broade r ones of CaL'c Iron., which he prom.
p2gated with his PURSE, and defended
with his PENi, although rejeded by a fociety
of ARTIZAN~S: And may I reap the fruit of
that Prize that will fArtly be beftowved on tbd"
lovers of mankind, and fuch As feek their felicity.
MA4v alfo the choi~eft of bleflings a~tqrjd my
n~ative country; may her fields be, as a garden.
plot; htr roac~s as gravel walks; and every
highway fupply the placc of aNavigablp Streamn


F I N ISo




C_~ __ __ __ _ _ R __ ___ ___ *___
-Y I --- L_ - ---- ---. I


ADVERTISEMENT
TO TIHE
PUBLI C.
T    H    R E is, perhaps, nothing in nature fo
difficult to conquer, as popular preju.
dice. Time alone mufft cool the oppofition,
familiarize the novelty, and conciliate the
fancy eftranged by preconception.  We will,,
however, indulge the pleafing profpet, that in
a few years, ROLLERS or Cylinders, call in a
mould, I fay, call in a mould, confequently,
perf-tly true, not patched  together with
itreaks and-nails, with a rough bevil irregular
face, but even and exaat, as if turned in a lathe,
will folely be made ufe of for carriages of burden. The roads then will be one fmoath
S                "theet




( 122 )


fheet of gravel from fide to fide, without the apo
pearance' of a furrow, and as firm as a
boarded floor; whofe gentle curve will, or ought
to be the fegment of-a large circle of at leaft
feventy or eighty feet diameter. When this
is once the cafe, and thefe rollers only are ufcd,
the expence of repairs will be extremely trivial;
and were the tops of hills or long afcents a
little lowered, and the feet.beded to eafe the af..
cention of carriages, the price of conveyance
would fink one half, and a town an hundred
mihls diftant, reap all the advantage of fituation with regard to its capital, as if it were
tut fifty; owing to intercourfe being thereby
rendered more fafe, pleafanr, aid expeditious.
But I would requeff thofe who may be inclined to.make trial of thefe machlines, to take
care how they.are made, for a great deal depends upon the firm nefs of the frame, and exec
cution of the workeanffiip.   This hint is
very AeedfuI, for -many may doubtkefs think
there




( 123 )


there -was no great difficulty in the tranCition
from narrow, to broad nine inch wheels; yet
I can affure them it coft my friend and partner,
Mr. Morris, who thro' my advice firft ereded
them, much expence and repeated efforts, before he was able to finifh them in a workmanlike manner, a trivial defea very often
fpoiling an otherwife valuable performance.
His firft fet, were thirteen inches in the fole;
thefe foon flit along the mortices quite round
the rim. He next made them nine inches
wide with double rows of fpokes, in order
to fupport the edges of the fellies; thefe filled
up with dirt quite to the nave, and became an
infupportable burden.Then rivets were thought
of to keep the fellies from  burfting, which
anfwered the purpofe and have been fince continued. Mr. Patten, of Warington, now ordered a fet for his own ufe, who was the fecond perfon that employed broad wheels.
Soon after this they were exempted from pay
S 2                 at




(124)


At the tfirnpike gates which eftf&oally efhtbli&" '
ed them, but rot without much unurmuzrillg
and oppofition from the unthinking multitude.
I mention the foregging circi~mflances to Iffew,
both how   diffcult it is to make -perfe&l, a6'4
alfo- to introduace any new  device.  This con-q
trivance, that I have in this'tra& recommended,
and in i former one, printed in -the ye~at 1763,
is of vaftly fuperior importance than. the a!-w
teration  fo    narrow   to broad, n ie inch
wheels'; and in the fuccefrs of wvhich every inhabitant in the kingdom 'is in forte meafure interefled, for fu r~y th~e convedyance of wrnanh.
fa~tures, and 'all the provifio6ns of life, canfot be
of littlq moment) not; to mention the beauty,
fajety, &c. &c. of fine- roads. Be pre~vciedbpops.on, therefore, M.y cou ntrymen, to g~ive it an irn.
partial heartng and faiii ra; fi      an ufe-w
teAl prod'u~ion, your's be the advantage, mi~ne
the fatisfaa-ion; butI if on the contrary, ibe
lot~nd deficierkt, it will Oink into obicurity of
Its




( rzs)


its own accord, wkhoot the need of vioear
-oppotition,ý and the aushor muft be Cn~t withW
having made, a well intended;i butil.JMWlged
Attempt. With regard to-a genenalk~owlcd~.of meebnics, I ploce InfC# pride MUin f &i11
think m yfelf id~eror to few, and have pt.7
tkilrY made this a~e h   fbe     fm
thoughts, and OIa1I leave n olfne unturned
to give the public the utmoftf Isf"&ion with
regar4 thereto,9 relying entirely upon your can,*
dour, opennefs and generofity for the event. I
lbaall only add, any perfon who is inclined to
ere& one of thefe, machines, thiall be welw;cme to my advice and attendance, at any~
S  reafonable diffance from homne. And, any
"Vw gentleman, who i's inclined to promote them;n his own country, I will come down to.give- inftrudlions and fee one made, upon
the terms of my e~xpences being allowed
while out, or will make one here, and fend
'it upon moderate terms, but I am averfe to
giving advice by letters.
Me Bet




(xz6 )
WiN. lieI.have ýidjoined  Mr4 SIt ARR's
Accoant -of this_.new. carriage,: tqgethber witb
his plate;-as they.were inferted in the Gentle.
[man's Magazine; who, merely from a public
fpirited motive, has made many of them, and
fent fdmeteto gentlemen of the firft rank- in
-the country, and  who agrees, with.myfeif,.with.refpeAl to its utillity, and the feffentia-s
of its conftrufion,




U
/




3F




N




7.1








0 \6






a



A


DESC.RIPTION
OF THE
Rolling Carts,
As built by JAMES           SHARP,
of Leadenbali-fireet, LONDON.
T     HE ROLLING CART, is fixed upon
two rollers running abreaft or parallel
with each other, and placed under the body
of the cart, working upon pivots as the wheel
of a wheel-barrow.  Thefe rollers are cylilSders of caft iron, two feet diameter, and fixteen inches broad, the infides are filled up with
ftrong plank, fo as to appear and have the
-trength of a folid roller, and yet are hollow
in the manner of a cafk. An iron fpindle is
inferted through the center of each roller,
upon the ends of which reft the four planks
which fupport the body of the - cart; and
though thefe planks are no thicker than two
inches, they are, by proper wedging, made
capable of bearing any weight that can be laid
upon them. The ends of the pivots, or gudgeons, work in a fquare focket, fo that they
A                 may




[ 2 ]
may be greafe in a very fhort time, without
taking off or undoing any part whatever: but
there is an abfoluce necefliry to gicafe thn.n.
often, efpecially the inner pivotb, as they wear
moft in that part.
They tilt up and fthot their Load as a com.
mnbn cart. When they are drawn upon a
fmooth and hard road, they follow eifier than
any carriage whatever, carrying,n equil load;
and there is no doubt but wherever tfhey paf
or repafs often, every road will be Imooth and
hard.
In a deep country road they will prefs in
and level rutts to an am'izing degree more advantageoufly, even in once paffing over them,
than any number of men ufually employed for
that purpofe; and each fide rolling fixteen
inches, as the late a& of parliament direds, it
is apprehended they will be allowed to pafs for
&half the toll of nine inch broad-wheeled carts,
and will not be liable to be weighed at any
toll gate or weighing engine.
They are calculated to carry about three
tons at each load: The body will hold within
the brim what is commonly called a load and a
half, that is a yard and a half cube meafure.
Though




Though the rollers are low, (which may l
thought to be forme detriment) yet the benefit
of this conflru&tion is found by much to overbalance the advantages of a high wheel; the
pivots being fo imall as to render the friCion
little in comparifon with that between wheels
and axletrees, and that frition can never be
jncreafed, as with high wheels, when going
over fideling road.
There are cutters placed behind each roller
for the purpole of catting off the clay, if any
fhoutd adhere Lhereto in paffing throtugh Ilaghs,deep holes.
The body of the cart, being mo more than
two feet fix inches from the ground, is loaded
with much lefs labour than any other.
In adapting them for the ufe of ftreets with
copfe and raves, as the common city.car, they
may be made full as broad as any other in the
infide, and yet near three feet may be faved in
the breadth, the wheels being removed from
the fides to work under the bed of the cart.
By this means lefs room will be taken up in
the ftreets, and the fides being made to take
off or open as a gate, they may be loaded over
the fides fo that the cart need never fet acrofs
the




4
the fireet to obitrud the paffage. Alfo the fhafts
being placed on the outfide, and the wheels
being removed from thence, it becomnes thaped
as a wedge, that fhould it ever be violenwly
drove againft any coach, cart, poft, &c. it
will be only a fliding firoke to each, and not
a dead blow, which is too commonly feen:
In this reipea accidents may be prevented.
The weight of the rollers, together with
their fpindles or axietrees, will not exceed half
the weight of commo:i nine inch broad wheels.
Thisconfttuion may be ufed with equal
advantage, either with fingle or double (hafts,
or with a pole for oxen; and, by fuitable variation in the body of the cart, may be applied to any purpofe whatever.


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