B U LDT /1; ~ O THEJ I PUBLC MUEUM F TE CIY OFMILWUKE ~ ~ ~ ~ I -"./ o,p 17-2,Pae 74 pi t,12 Ethnootanyof te Me441k, Inin By n' Huron H Smith MILWUKEE WI., U. A BULLETIN OF THE PUBLIC MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp. 175-326, Plates 37-46 April 7th, 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians By Huron H. Smith MILWAUKEE, WIS., U. S. A. Published by Order of the Board of Trustees Printed by the CANNON PRINTING COMPANY Milwaukee, Wis. Engravings by the HAMMERSMITH-KORTMEYER COMPANY Milwaukee, Wis. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians CONTENTS Page Foreword................................................ 180 Introduction............................................. 184 Meskwaki Vegetal Medicines............................... 190 Meskwaki Medicinal Materials........................... 198 Other than plants.................................... 198 Meskwaki Medicinal Plants........................... 198 Meskwaki Vegetal Foods................................... 252 Meskwaki Food Plants.................................. 253 Meskwaki Vegetal Fibers.................................. 265 M eskwaki Fiber Plants................................. 266 Meskwaki Vegetal Dyes...................................... 271 Meskwaki Dye Plants.................................... 271 Miscellaneous Uses of Plants............................... 272 Conclusion............................................... 274 Finding List of Plants..................................... 275 By Scientific Names.................................... 275 By English Names...................................... 284 By Meskwaki Names................................... 295 By Prairie Potawatomi Names.......................... 299 By Names in Dr. Win. Jones' Collection................ 304 178 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. ILLUSTRATIONS Plates [Vol. 4 Plate XXXVII. fig. fig. fig. fig. XXXVIII. fig. fig. fig. fig. XXXIX. fig. fig. fig. fig. XL. fig. fig. fig. fig. XLI. fig. fig. fig. fig. XLII. fig. fig. fig. fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Cow Parsnip. Cooking puffballs. Smooth Rose. Cat-tail mats. Meskwaki grave. Red Cedar berries. Primitive costume. Reforestation. Meskwaki corn. Cat-tail mat. Nettle string. Bone needle. Skunk Cabbage. Blue Flag. Yellow Lotus. Cow Parsnip. Outdoor cookery. Yellow Lotus. Mat weaving. Mrs. Joseph Tesson. Great St. John's Wort. Great Lobelia. False Dragon-head. Cardinal Flower. XLIII. fig. fig. fig. fig. Joe-Pye Weed. Common Thistle. White Snakeroot. Button Snakeroot. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 179 XLIV. fig. fig. fig. fig. XLV. fig. fig. fig. fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Senega Snakeroot. Field Horsetail. Rattlesnake Master. Dotted Button Snakeroot. Wild Ginger. Bottle Gentian. Horse Gentian. Pear Thorn. 180 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 FOREWORD The objective of this bulletin, as well as of others to follow, is to discover the uses of native and introduced plants by Wisconsin Indians, or those who originally lived in Wisconsin. Few botanists are working upon aboriginal uses of plants, and while it is a fertile field for the ethnologist, he is usually handicapped in the field by being unable to recognize species at a glance. On the other hand, the botanist must sharpen his ethnological observing faculties, in order to be able to separate the wheat of facts from the chaff of superstititon, hearsay and missionary influence. Added to these difficulties, the investigator must be able to write the Indian names so that they can be understood again when pronounced to other Indians of the same tribe, as a basis of checking back on the truth of the information. The investigator is further handicapped in that he must deal entirely with the older members of the tribe, for the young people are not interested in retaining the lore of their grandparents. Then, too, the older people, through lack of teeth, do not pronounce their words as succinctly as the younger members. The older people, who have this lore, are fast dying out. Since the publication of the bulletin on Menomini ethnobotany,' eighteen out of twenty original informants have died, and taken their knowledge to the grave. One therefore feels the necessity for haste, yet, with the numerous activities of a museum curator, he finds it difficult to get the necessary time for writing. It was at the suggestion of Dr. S. A. Barrett and Mr. Alanson Skinner (deceased) of the Public Museum, that the work was undertaken in 1923 among the Meskwaki Indians, because they had originally been Wisconsin Indians, although now removed to Tama, Iowa, and further because many ethnologists have averred that they are more primitive in their customs than other Wisconsin Indians. This was discovered to be true, and it was well that the work was done immediately, since the chief medicine man of the colony died a year later. Most of the Meskwaki can speak English, so that an interpreter was rarely necessary. These Indians were especially friendly and quite willing to help in the recording of their aboriginal uses of plants. The 'Present series, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 1-174. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 181 best informant, John McIntosh (Kepeosatok),2 was a renowned medicine man known in five or six states, and then eighty-three years of age. He was really a Prairie Potawatomi, born in Milwaukee, but had a Meskwaki wife, and spent the greater part of his life with these people. He lived with his grandchildren on the Meskwaki Reservation about five miles west of Tama, Tama County, Iowa. Not only did he accompany the writer and point out the plants under their Indian names, but he also loaned his note-books of medicinal formulae that he had written in Indian words, explained what each plant was and its use, and showed the most of them in the field. The present bulletin, then, according to his wish, is his contribution to posterity. Two field trips, each of a month's duration, were made by the writer to the Meskwaki Reservation, in June and September, 1923. This enabled him to get a good range of the plants of a season, so as to make sure of the botanical identifications. Mr. McIntosh recognized all of the plants at any stage of their growth, from the time that they were tiny sprouts, until they stood as dead weeds. The other informants were all Meskwaki Indians, and while their knowledge *was by no means as complete as that of McIntosh, they were able to corroborate many of the uses and to furnish strictly Meskwaki names for them. Their lack of knowledge was perhaps due to the fact that their medicine lodge was abandoned so long ago. In conformity with the Menomini bulletin, the plants will be listed (1) under their various uses and (2) under each of these captions, alphabetically by families. Where possible, the literal translation of the Indian name is given.3 One of the finest helps in this present bulletin, came from a chance remark by one of the Meskwaki, a Mr. Win. Davenport, son of Col. Geo. Davenport, who lived on Rock Island in the Mississippi River, and for whom Davenport, Iowa, was named. He mentioned Dr. William Jones, a colleague of the writer at the Field Museum, Chicago, who had been engaged to marry a sister of his, when he was murdered by the Ilongote in the Philippine Islands, in 1907. Dr. Jones4 was part Meskwaki and while a student at Columbia University had made for the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, a study 2Yearbook 1923, p. 28, fig. 13. 'Field work is completed upon the ethnobotany of the Ojibwe and Forest Pottawatomi Indians, and bulletins will appear upon their ethnobotany at a future date. All will follow the same general plan.,'Dr. Jones' name in Meskwaki was "Wasekonewa" meaning "lightning." 182 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 of the ethnobotany of the Meskwaki. All of his specimens, with Indian names attached, are still in the study collections of the American Museum. Upon application to Dr. Clark Wissler, Curator of Anthropology of that museum, parts of the plants of the entire collection, together with all the notes made by Dr. Jones, were loaned to this institution, for study purposes. Dr. P. E. Goddard, Curator of Ethnology, of the American Museum, was of much assistance in explaining the notes and answering questions concerning the collection. Since this collection was made in 1900, it represents far more data than could have been procured twenty-three years later. The bulk of the time in study for this bulletin was spent upon these 211 specimens, which consist mainly of mixtures of fragments of roots, leaves, barks, flowers and seeds. Some few specimens were in powder form. It was necessary to make a sample collection of all the plants known to occur at Tama. These several parts of the plant were taken in each case, and with these known elements, the fragments in the above mentioned mixtures were compared by means of a binocular microscope. In the majority of instances, definite identification could be made. We are including his data in this bulletin and are happy to say that this particular part of his work was not lost, as was so much of his most valuable knowledge. PHONETIC KEY The Meskwaki have written their language for two decades and possibly longer in corresponding with absent members of the tribe, and during our field work, we used their syllabary5 since the syllables could be readily understood by them. In the bulletin, however, the same manner of recording their names will be followed as in the Menomini Ethnobotany. For brevity, where the Prairie Potawatomi name is different from the Meskwaki, it will be preceded by the initials P. P., while the Meskwaki name will be preceded by the initial M. 5 Meskwaki Syllabary la le 11 lo sa se si so ta te ti to na ne ni no da de di do ma me ml mo tta tte tti tto ga ge gi go ka ke ki ko wa we wi wo ya ye yi yo ae io In this syllabary, certain consonantal characters are given sounds different from those assigned in English. 1, is pronounced as p; d, is pronounced as sh; tt, is pronounced as the ch in choose; a crudely formed character resembling y is pronounced as y in you; g, is pronounced as kw; and when pronounced alone, a, e, 1, o become ha, he, hi and ho. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. VOWELS a as in art e as in prey i as in police o as in go u as in rule ai as in aisle i as in flat Sas in bet i as in bit ' glottal stop ', accent follows syllable a, e, 1, u, voiceless and aspirated ft as in luck w, y, and h as in English CONSONANTS Post-Pal Medio-Pal Pre-Pal Dental Bi-labial Stop k t t p Spirant sh s Affricative tc Nasal n m The writer lays no claim to being a linguist, but was able to pronounce Meskwaki words in an intelligible manner to Meskwaki people whom he had never seen before. 184 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 INTRODUCTION The subjects of this bulletin, the Meskwaki Indians, or Meskwakihug, meaning "red earth" people, are better known as the Foxes and are carried on the government records as the Sacs and Fox. Dr. William Jones6 says they were named Fox according to a Fox tradition. They say that while some Wagohug, members of the Fox clan, were hunting, they met the French, who inquired who they were. The Indians gave the name of their clan and ever since then the whole tribe has been known by the name of the Fox clan. Meskwaki is a compound of their words "meskwa" and "aki," meaning "red" and "earth," because they say that the first man of their tribe sprang from the red earth. The Meskwaki say that they are closely related to the Sauk Indians, which term is a contraction of the two words "asawus," yellow, and "aki," earth. They were probably branches of one original stem of the Algonkian stock, and the earliest history of the Fox, was, no doubt, fused with that of the Sauk. The Sauk came to Wisconsin through the Lower Michigan Peninsula, their traditional home having been north of the Great Lakes, and they had not been long in Wisconsin before the French came. Allouez found them on the Wolf River in 1670. Their earliest history is all tradition, for there is no satisfactory evidence that the Fox ever lived farther north than the Fox River and Lake Winnebago. In none of their treaties with the United States have they ever claimed land north of Sauk County, Wisconsin. Fox tradition, however, is that they once lived on the south shore of Lake Superior, whence they were driven by the Ojibwe. The Fox were a restless and warlike people and were the only Algonkian tribe against whom the French made war. The Fox hated the French for giving firearms to the Ojibwe and other tribes, to destroy the Fox. They would have been driven out earlier but for the pleas of Nicolas Perrot. The Fox robbed and murdered indiscriminately around Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in all the surrounding territory, and were often joined by the Sioux and Iroquois, with whom they had an alliance. The Fox were almost constantly at war with the Illinois tribes to 'Handbook of American Indians. Bulletin 30, Part 1, p. 472, Bureau of American Ethnology. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 185 the south, and with the help of the Sauk finally succeeded in driving them from a large part of their territory. The Fox fought also with the Ojibwe to the north, but were never very successful. It was finally an alliance between the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Menomini, together with help from the French, that broke their power. About 1746, the Fox were living at Little Butte des Mortes on the west bank of the Fox River, about thirty-seven miles south of Green Bay. Here they levied a toll upon every trader who came up 'the river. If they were refused, robbery was their mildest reprisal. Morand, a French trader, raised a band of French and Indians, and, after two battles, drove the Fox down the Wisconsin River, where they settled on the north bank about where Bridgeport, Wisconsin, now stands. About 1780, with the Sioux, they attacked the Ojibwe at St. Croix Falls and were almost annihilated. The remnant incorporated with the Sauk. However, although the Government officially calls them the Sauk and Fox, these two tribes have kept their identity to this day. The Meskwaki claim that the famous Black Hawk, of the Black Hawk war of 1832, was a Meskwaki. However, in his "Life of Black Hawk," Benjamin Drake has translated Black Hawk's words: "I am a Sac, my father was a Sac." His mother was said to have been a Meskwaki. The Tama Meskwaki tell a variant story of their presence at Tama Some say their people came from the east along the St. Lawrence Valley to Wisconsin. Some say that they originally came from the Fox River in Wisconsin. They agree that in 1850 the Government assigned them a reservation in Kansas. On their way from Wisconsin to Kansas, they camped a while on the banks of the Iowa River, near Tama. When the Meskwaki reached Kansas, they did not like the land chosen for them. It was good farming land, but without the trees and water they wanted. For this reason, they stayed only two or three years and then came back to Tama, where they purchased two thousand acres along the Iowa River.7 The first settlement was on a piece of eighty acres where the Pow-wow grounds are now, on the west side of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad bridge. The first Indian town was four miles from this place towards the town of Montour, but the Indians did not own that townsite. From 1856 to 1896, the Meskwaki were not under government supervision, as they had refused their Kansas reservation allotment. They were in rather a sorry plight. Without citizenship, they had to 'Yearbook 1923, p. 29, fig. 14. 186 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 have a trustee in order to own land, so they finally chose the Governor of Iowa as their trustee. The state of Iowa had no Indian policy, because this was the only small group of Indians in the state, so Iowa persuaded Congress to pass an act taking this band of Indians under national government supervision. The Indian Bureau purchased more land for them, until they now own about 3,300 acres. Since then they have prospered and increased until they now number about 342. Early records show that the Sac and Fox once had two thousand warriors, which would mean a population of five thousand or even more. The culture of the Fox or Meskwaki is the same as that of the woodland tribes, with some added traits of the plains Indians. They originally knew about wild rice, and raised corn, beans, squashes and tobacco. They are said to be the most primitive of the Algonkians. Although most of them now have regulation frame houses, they prefer the old type of bark house in the summer.8 There has been a great change in their manner of living in recent years. They told the writer that fifteen years ago, none of the men would work at all, depending upon the charity of their neighbors and the little patch of garden that they could raise. Then, they would salvage the dead hogs and cattle from the farmers for food. Now, every man of the tribe works ambitiously, has a good farm, raises hogs, sells sweet corn to the cannery at Toledo, and does anything he can to get ahead. Many of them own good automobiles. During the canning season, several of them work in the cannery. Originally, the Fox were described by their neighbors as stingy, avaricious, thieving, passionate and quarrelsome. There never was any question about their bravery. They had dugouts and birch bark canoes, and used spears and war-clubs as weapons of war. Their head-dress, which is still seen today, was a roach of dyed buffalo hair or horse hair, worn like a Roman helmet, and tied to the scalp-lock. The rest of the head was shaved and painted. In war time, the body was bare and painted, except for breech-cloth, leggings and moccasins. This typical costume can still be seen at rare intervals, such as their annual corn dance in the latter part of August each year. In a large measure, however, this annual festival is degenerating into a show for the tourist. When they find that the tourist expects to see long feather head-dresses, such as the plains Indians wore, they soon acquire them, and try to dress in a manner most satisfactory to the spectator. The 8Yearbook 1923, p. 31, fig. 15. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 187 correct dress is shown in Plate XXXVIII, figure 3. In their burial customs, we again see a more primitive type of grave house, shown in plate XXXVIII, figure 1. It is constructed of hewn poles, with a grave marker of a squared pole, planted butt end up in the ground, to a depth of about thirty inches. The Meskwaki are best at agriculture and general farming now. They produce the usual garden vegetables and field crops of the region, and plenty of eighteen foot corn is raised. Like other aboriginal peoples, they cling tenaciously to their own varieties of corn, squashes, pumpkins, beans and potatoes and never quite allow these to die out in favor of the better-yielding, improved varieties of the whites. Most of the older people among the Meskwaki retain their knowledge of woodcraft and hunting, though there is little hunting done on their reservation now. John McIntosh killed the last deer on the reservation twenty years ago. The soil of the Meskwaki reservation varies from a rich loam on the river bottoms, to sand on the side hills and clay and gravel on the ridges. There are still some considerable areas of woods left, and their chief burying ground is on a side hill in the woods. The trees of the reservation are all hardwoods, with soft maples, basswood, ash, box elder, red and white elm, and cottonwood on the river flats, and oaks, black locust, hickory, butternut, hard maple, hawthorns, hazel nuts, cherry, hackberry, hop hornbeam, and prairie crab on the hills. There is no actual swamp on their reservation, so that they have to travel several miles to get certain medicines that grow only in swamps. The writer was taken thirty miles to be shown the skunk cabbage. However, a good representation of the usual prairie and woodland species was obtainable on the reservation itself. A reforestation project on their reservation is shown in plate XXXVIII, fig. 4. Other than these plants, however, the residents were forced to carry in the seeds and roots of the plants they wanted. As the Indians are a great people to visit other reservations even in other states, considerable numbers of foreign plants were brought in and placed under cultivation and have become naturalized. The aboriginal religion of the Meskwaki was the same as that of other Algonkian tribes. It was filled with stories of personified animals. Charles Keosatok, deceased, told about the medicine lodge of the Meskwaki. He said that the Meskwaki name for Manabus, the culture 188 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 hero of the Menomini, Ojibwe and Potawatomi, is Wisakea. Wisakea had a boat and in it he had the wild pigeon, "manitomimi," and the muskrat, "asflskwi." The pigeon brought him all kinds of leaves and plants, while the muskrat brought him mud and rocks, and with these Wisakea made the world as we know it now. Then he made animals and people. But first, before he made people, he killed all the bad animals. Then he told the Indians what all the plants were good for and had grandmother "nokomis"-the earth (or in Meskwaki-"mosokomikwea" or "nokomesa") take care of the plants. All trees and stones are grandfather-"nemido." The highest god of all was "kitcimanito," and he existed before Wisakea. The Meskwaki consider that plants are the hairs of grandmother's head, and say that she must be addressed and given tobacco when these are collected, as with other Algonkian tribes. The Meskwaki had a medicine lodge "natoinoni," which was the same as the "mitiwin" of other Algonkian tribes. Keosatok's ancestors had a lodge and knew all about medicines, and several of the people who migrated from Wisconsin knew the secrets of the medicine lodge. However, some of the old people got to using bad medicine that killed several Indians, so the whole tribe quit the medicine lodge, soon after the French came to Wisconsin. John McIntosh's account of the origin of medicines was interesting because of its divergence from Menomini account, and also from the Meskwaki. This was to be expected since he was a Prairie Potawatomi. He claims to have received his medicinal lore from his grandfather, who in turn obtained it from his forbears. He did not depend upon visions as a diagnosis, but looked for omens as an indication to recovery. McIntosh said that the first two men on earth were brothers-Kawasat, the elder, and Pe'ska, the younger. When they were children, their father died, and one day the mother noticed an Indian (who was really a supernatural being) who asked her to come and live with him. She said she had two children, but he said that her brother would come out tomorrow to get them. So the mother put them under a birch bark canoe and left them, and on the following day the brother did come for them. This is supposed to have happened in Wisconsin. The mother left with the stranger and lives with him now. She is not dead. McIntosh inferred that the mother was "nokomis," grandmother-the earth. The boys, however, died a long time ago. When the boys grew up to manhood, they went away east, where the big water 1928] SMITH, ETIINOBOTANY OF THE MESKWVAKI. 189 comes down (Niagara Falls). They were gone four years, studying medicines. When they returned they imparted their knowledge to certain elders, who became medicine men and handed down the information as the Indians have it today. The Meskwaki regretted that they had to abandon the medicine lodge. There is an United Presbyterian Mission on the reservation, but the followers are few. Perhaps the older people still cherish a memory of their religion. Throughout the writer's experience, the Meskwaki were good natured and willing to talk and tell about anything they knew. They showed him their treasures in the attics and trunks, and all the paraphernalia of the by-gone days of the medicine lodge. Through conversation with several of the Indians, the writer discovered that many of them are secret followers of the peyote cult. They knew Sam Bosley,9 the head of the cult in Oklahoma, and often visited him. Our Meskwaki informants said that in their peyote lodge, they ate peyote buttons, which are branches of a cactus (Lophophora williamsii) found in Texas, New Mexico and old Mexico. The practice is said to have originated with the Indians of old Mexico. Under the influence of this narcotic, the Meskwaki claim to have seen Jesus Christ, and were thus compelled to pray to Him. One of the mandates of the peyote cult is to at once give up all other religions. The medicine lodge had therefore to be abandoned by all converts. They claim that the white man has no more right to deprive the Indian of peyote, than the Jews had in Christ's time to persecute the Christians. However, it carries a governmental disapproval and the Indian police are vigilantly alert for peyote. A jail sentence is the penalty for possessing any of it. One Meskwaki having indulged solo in peyote, made his way to Tama and dramatically committed suicide with a revolver, on the main street. The Meskwaki explain that the neophyte cannot eat more than two or three peyote buttons, but that the old hand will eat as many as ninety-two at one sitting. This practice explains the absence of the medicine dance among the Meskwaki. The Meskwaki retain some features of the medicine lodge in their dances and they also use the dream dance drum. They have the buffalo dance, and dances for rain and for crops, to which the whites are not invited. These may be in costume or not. 'Sam Bosley spent considerable time at the Public Museum, interpreting the ancient lore of the Potawatomi. See present series, Vol. VI, pts. 1-3. 190 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 In compiling the following data on Meskwaki Ethnobotany, a system similar to that employed in the Menomini bulletin10 has been followed. Plants not known to be used by the Meskwaki are included in this list, as other investigators may find that they were used. The listing of each plant will be by family and English names, followed by the Latin binomial according to Gray's Manual of Botany, then the Meskwaki name and its literal translation, if it is known, and finally the Prairie Potawatomie name and its translation, since their greatest medicine man was of that tribe. Following this will be the uses, supposed properties, its value as an official or eclectic drug by the whites, and any known myth connected with it. The same procedure will be followed in the other subheads under investigation, viz.: foods, fibers, dyes, and plants of miscellaneous uses. MESKWAKI VEGETAL MEDICINES While the Meskwaki have forgotten most of the ceremonies connected with the medicine lodge, they retain a considerable amount of medicinal lore and know the plants that are needed as remedies, and the ceremony and observance necessary in obtaining each. No doubt they originally possessed about the same set of medicine lodge ceremonies as the Ojibwe, the Menomini and the Potawatomi, and had all the forms that attended that lodge. Through the evil use of some of those powers by their shamans, the lodge was abandoned by the people as a tribal function. The individual knowledge was, however, handed down from father to son among those families that still practiced the teachings of the medicine lodge. They still use the necessary songs for digging the plant roots, which are considered the hairs of the head of their grandmother, the earth. They also place an offering of tobacco in the hole from which they take the root, as a propitiation to grandmother, to Wisakea, their culture hero, and to Kitcimanito, praying them in song to render the medicine efficacious. Their diagnostic practice is, however, different. While they made dream diagnosis and had visions as to which was the proper combination of medicines to use, they depended chiefly upon an omen given by the medicine itself. Powdered roots intended for use were dropped upon the surface of a teacup of water. If these powders spread quickly to the periphery, or if they float round and round the 'oPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, 1923. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 191 cup, then it is the proper medicine for the patient and he will surely recover. But if the powder sinks or "drowns," then the patient will die if that medicine is used. The medicine man or woman is usually as shrewd an analyst of symptoms, as the white doctor, and depends considerably on what his senses tell him. He feels the pulse, looks at the pupil of the eye, at the condition of the tongue, at the complexion variation, feels the temperature of the body, and inquires where the pain is located. From these symptoms, he makes a diagnosis, and then checks up on the medicine. Following these precautions he may dream over the case. When it comes to applying the remedy, it is almost invariably given in the form of tea. The ingredients are steeped in luke-warm water, and copious draughts are prescribed several times a day. The writer has taken such draughts of various medicines which they make and finds them not unpleasant to the taste. /Their medicine men expect pay in goods or money and are not at all backward in collecting. John McIntosh once received a fee of $700 for curing a case of dropsy, which "white physicians had pronounced incurable." Thus each remedy is highly prized, and though it may be for some inconsequential ailment, the price is quite high. The time allotted for healing was eight days. If the patient had not recovered in that time, then a change of medicine was necessary. Meskwaki medicine men and women understand that there is a proper season for gathering the various medicines, when the medicinal principles are the most active and know also that this period of time may be short, of only two or three days' duration. They will usually stop whatever else they may be doing to go out and dig or procure the medicines, if the time is right. There are certain rules about gathering these medicines, which they still follow religiously. One would think that when there is sufficient of the materials to last them for a long time, that they would lay in a supply, but such is not the case. They have rules about how much they must have at any one time and they will not exceed those amounts. In one case, the writer took Charles Keosatok by automobile, a journey of forty-seven miles, to get a certain root, which grew no nearer than that. It was quite plentiful at this place and after getting a good specimen, the writer offered to dig a supply for Keosatok, but he declined the roots saying that he already had three roots of this at his home and thus could only take home one roots If he took more, the snake spirit that feasted upon the root would come into his house and bite his people. As proof of this, he 192 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 showed the teeth marks on the end of the root. It might conceivably be three or more years before he would have a chance to come to this spot again as easily, but he could not be induced to take more than one root home. Yet, in the absence of good transportation to the regions where they can obtain the medicines they want, the Indians will pay almost any price for the materials, that is, the goods of their own make. One can have the finest beaded bag or the best rush mat for a comparatively cheap medicine. The writer sent some of the flesh of the prickly pear (Opuntia rafinesquii) and a small section of the heart wood of the red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) to one Indian and received in exchange a very old slab of catlinite or pipestone, that had been valued by the Indian at $25, because it had curious markings and was said to be a spirit rock. Most Meskwaki remedies are combinations of roots and herbs. As they represent it, one plant is one power and has one unit of strength, so that many of their remedies are mixtures of as many as nine different plants. Their supplies of the different medicines are wrapped in cloth and tied with a bit of string. Before use they are reduced to small fibers or even powder by means of a mortar and pestle. During the treatment of the patient, especially when administering medicines, the doctor often employs suggestion, saying a la Dr. Coue, "I can see that you are getting better," "now you are going to get well," and similar phrases calculated to inspire confidence in the treatment. The medicine men have regular songs that are sung when there is a gathering of people to heal a patient. One of these is the rattlesnake medicine song, for the cure of the bite of a rattlesnake. This is typical and is here recorded, together with its translation. natowe'wa natowe'ipona iyonato'owai mitce'ote Rattlesnake, big rattlesnake, come up to us, snake goes away, kawiina'ne in'neawa kawii'na If snake bites man (not squaw) and he swells up kinanota'konane natowe'wa anita'ya kiyoote' Can hear singing rattlesnake we make ready to come out tcaki'mawa kakiwa'tc'mi natowe'shike medicine man (has) snake medicine big rattlesnake keteki'shinani otanawe'shina winikakanowe'nowa snake coiled tail not yet in hole catch him by the tail kitonimi'meki aya'shitekota'tika you know me (all you snakes) we meet together. In singing this song, each word is repeated several times in toto and in parts or syllables, so that the bystanders will not be able to get the 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 193 sense of the words. This song is in Prairie Potawatomi, although McIntosh had taught it to some of the Meskwaki. Following are nineteen of the remedies of McIntosh, all taken from his notebooks. Not all of the ingredients are identified, as some of them came from parts distant from Tama, and he could not show them to the writer. 1. An emetic; for eczema sores, etc. A Menomini remedy. mine'toi [spirit], Snakeroot (Ceanothuis americanus) New Jersey Tea root. masko'swak [red rock], Catlinite rock, powdered. pasankwe'fik [fine hair woman medicine] or tcakwakomia'kfik [smells like pine], Greek Valerian root (Polemnonium reptans). wapishki'ak wisikitcai'pfik [white-like bitter-root], Threeleaved Hop Tree (Ptelea trifoliata). kawish, Inner bark of WVahoo (Celastrus scandens). watepno'wfin or wayepina'waneke'sakik [like Indians' head dress], Root of Senega Snakeroot (Polygala senega). t5itapa'sik [sunshade], Root of Bastard Wild Indigo (Baptisia leucantha). sema [Indian tobacco], Leaves of Venus' Looking-glass. (Specularia perfoliata). mnishami'sh [wood], Inner bark of White Oak (Quercus alba). 2. A poultice for snake-bite; also used as a tea to cure dropsy. wisketca'psakfin, [black root]. Not seen. Veronica Virginica? makasi' sikii'sikiik, Spreading Dogbane Root (Apocynumn androsaemifoliumn). waskii'sakfik, Three leaved Hop Tree (Ptelea trifoliata) Root tcakwakote' mine'si sikai'sikfik, Ground Cherry (Physalis heterophylla). wawiyepino'wen, Root of Senega Snakeroot (Polygala senega). pok'te'min kawen, Mayapple root (Podophyllum peltatumn). kiko'pi sikii'sikfik. Not seen. tem'tepakik. Not seen. tetipa'sfik, Root of Bastard Indigo (Baptisia leucantha). 3. A remedy for fits. pasankwe'tfik [fine hair woman root], Root of Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata). From Menomini reservation. 194 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 meskonfik'efik [red wood], Root bark of Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras). 4. A remedy for eczema. nemine'tcepfik, The red root of White Avens (Geum canadense). pasankwe'tfik, Root of Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata). wesatce'pakiik [yellow root], Root of Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis). wekfipa'mfik, Probably root of sweet flag, not seen at Tama. ketca'kecepeki'pakfik. Not at Tama and not seen. kite'nani, Root of White Sweet Water Lily (Castalia odorata), Not found near Tama. 5. Another remedy for eczema. ashosikwimia'kilk [smell like muskrat], Root of Narrow-leaved Purple Cone-Flower (Brauneria angustifolia). migisi' washenetce' [eagle's claw], A yellow root from Cedar Falls, Iowa, probably (Jeffersonia diphylla). pasankwe'tfik, Root of Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata). 6. A remedy for the convalescent (who have had the flux from a physic of elderberry inner bark-papasitcishi'kona'tik). kopinaketce'kfik [Crane potato root], Root of the Yellow Lotus (Nelumbo lutea). From Chicago pond. meshika'tfip. White Clay pulverized. Called in Meskwakiwapiwini'. kite'wi, Root of Yellow water lily (Nymphaea advena). paka'wiwin, Flesh of the horned toad. 7. An inhalant for catarrh-tcatcamo'sikon (An inhalant). ma'nito [spirit], Root of N. J. Tea (Ceanothus amrnericanus). maskwak [red], Cayenne Pepper. wesatca'pikfik (Yellow Root), Root of Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis). maskwa'wak [red kind], Inner wood of Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). wapatcikitce'kaipakik, Flowers of Great Lobelia (LobeNa syphilitica). enika'aipfik. Not found near Tama. wiskfip, Root of Entire-leaved Rosin-weed (Silphium integrifolium). 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 195 sema [Indian tobacco], Venus Looking Glass leaves (Specularia perf oliata). 8. A remedy for easy childbirth. wiwin', Horn from a cow; reduced to shavings and then cooked. matwe, Meat of a rattlesnake. 9. To cure a woman when baby is born dead. wiwin, Horn. wikiipfuskwfi'pa [birch or basswood aster]. Not found near Tama. Probably root of Aster macrophyllus. 10. A remedy for interior troubles, for lungs and for fevers. meskonfi'kefik [red root], Root bark of Sassafras. yayankotci'min [twisted berry], Berries of Lonicera flava. maskwa' ak waskfik [red earth bark], Berries of Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). pakane's sakesha'kamin [nut like a berry], Berries of Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum). wishikfipo'pin [sweet-potato], Root of Red Baneberry (Actaea rubra) Grows in Wisconsin. tcise'sfikaiskfik [like ginseng], Root of Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis). asfikitii'pfili sakasekok [stickers-like], Root of Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longfistylis). 11. A healing poultice for large external sores. kawakomi'sh saki'sekfiki'mini [Prickly Ash like berries], Berries of Winter Berry (Ilex verticillata). Only found in Wisconsin. pasankwe'yak [fine hair bloom], Roots of White Vervain (Verbena urticaefolia). maskoswa'k mininyo'ti [red cedar berries], Berries of Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). 12. A remedy for sore throat. tcise' sfikisekfiki'mini [ginseng like berries], Berries of Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis). wapato'kimin [white potato berry], Seeds of the Yellow Water Lily (Nymnphaea advena). senipiso'wfin, Root of the Blue Flag (Iris versicolor). 196 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 13. An internal medicine. inani'wishkosak [Indian ], Root of Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense). misa'ni mishi'min [prickly wooden-berry], Acorns of the Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa.) tetipa'sekfik [sunshade], Root of Bastard Indigo (Baptisia leucantha). yayankwotci'n nakawishi'min [Twisted berry], Root bark of Yellow Honeysuckle (Lonicera flava). sena'mish [cold timber], Inner bark of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum). onep, Inner bark of Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva). maskosfik [red], Whole plant of Field Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium campestre). isesoi'skfuk, Roots of Indian Cup (Silphiumn perfoliatum). 14. Pile medicine. shakwa'komia'kwfik [smells like pine], Root of Greek Valerian (Polemonium reptans). maskoswik [red], Leaves of Field Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium cam pestre). tetipa'sfik [sunshade], Root of Bastard Indigo (Baptisia cleucantha). pisakmineska'wish [ apple], Root of Prickly Gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati). pishi'k [deer], Berries of Zanthoxylum americanum. paka'wfin pake'sekiik [nut like], Hulls of Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). Cultivated at Tama. wayepino'wesakii'sekfik [Indian's head-dress like], Root of Senega Snakeroot (Polygala senega). pakwa'namish [- tree], Root bark of Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina). 15. A universal remedy for all sicknesses. natowe', Flesh of the rattlesnake. pasankwe'fik [fine hair bloom], Root of White Vervain (Verbena urticaefolia). mishina'we [Indian or man-in-the-ground], Root of Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata). maskoswfik [red ], Leaves of Field Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium campestre). 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 197 kawish or ma'nitokawish, Leaves of Ground Hemlock (Taxus canadensis). wayepina'waneke'sakik [Indian's head-dress like], Root of Senega Snakeroot (Polygala senega.) wapito'ke [general term for mushroom], Lichen that grows on Sugar Maple. mishami'sh [wood tree], Inner bark of White Oak (Quercus alba). sema ano'kflk [Indian tobacco], Leaves of Rough Hedge Nettle (Stachys tenuifolia aspera). 16. An emetic for poisons. Antidote for peyote poisoning. wapesi'pinfik pfikokii'sekfik [white potato like], Root of Water Smartweed (Polygonum muhlenbergii). sema [Indian tobacco], Nicotiana tabacum leaves. 17. For sore gums, pyorrhoea; stomach troubles; to eat anything one desires during convalescence. sen, Alum-white-like stone. peki'wfik, Inner bark of Smooth Alder (Alnus rugosa). Like a birch tree; on Cedar River. wenani' [calf of the leg], Root seasoner of Ginseng (Panax quinquefoliuin). onake'ik, Bark of Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 18. A remedy to be used as a diuretic. pishi'to, Common buffalo fish, the one with a hump on its back, from the Wolf River, Menomini reservation. nikoshiki'sekfilk, Root of Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera). Has a yellow flower. 19. A remedy for the menses; stomach trouble; the best for flux. meskwapo'kiik, Flowers of Water Target (Brasenia schreberi). Pond in Green Bay. meskoe' [red], Root of Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis). kiwispikwie'mish, Inner bark of Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana). wenani' [calf of leg], Root seasoner of Ginseng (Panax quinquef olium). makate'wokinesi [black stalk], Root of Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum). 20. "A single thing that is the remedy for craziness. The root is like 198 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 gum, and it has spotted leaves, grows east of Chicago, also on the Ojibwe reservation. A root for crazy people. Cut the head open, break a piece of the gum and put a drop in the head and the craziness will stop." name'kfisapfik or makosi'pfikoki'sekfik, Root of Reflexed Sturgeon Spiderwort (Tradescantia reflexa?) This is a direct copy, in spelling and otherwise, from McIntosh's note books, but the identifications of the plants as seen and collected in the field are those of the author, together with the information concerning their whereabouts and virtues as told by Kepeosatok (John McIntosh). It is not often that a medicine man will tell what the ingredients of one of his medicines are. Among the Menomini we were unable to get a single complete remedy. These formula possess, therefore, interest. MESKWAKI MEDICINAL MATERIALS A few odd remedies from other than the plant kingdom are inserted first, then cryptogams and finally the phanerogams. These follow under the proper families alphabetically. OTHER THAN PLANTS REPTILES Rattlesnake, "Na'towe" or "matwe." The meat of the rattlesnake is often used in medicines, chiefly as a lubricant, similar to Russian oil. This is reminiscent of Chinese pharmacy, and happens to be the first time we have encountered its use as medicine, although we have seen it used as an article of food by the Seminole Indians in Florida. Specimen of "matwe'" is found in Dr. Win. Jones' collection No. 3631 in connection with mica, ground ginseng root, and gelatine. BATRACHIANS Horned Toad, "paka'wiwin." The flesh of the horned toad is one of the ingredients of McIntosh's remedy No. 6 for a convalescent, and is used in connection with the root of the Yellow Lotus, white clay, and the root of the yellow water lily. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 199 FISH Common buffalo fish, "pishi'to." In McIntosh's remedy number 18, a diuretic, the flesh of this fish forms one of the ingredients and the root of the Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera) the other. MINERALS White Clay, "wapi'wiwini." Together with McIntosh, the writer went to the proper hollow near Montour, Iowa, and found for him the white clay, which McIntosh promptly proceeded to eat, saying that it would "stave off old age." He used it in pills the size of a pea in cases of lingering illness. Under the name "agickopigi" [sweet earth], Dr. William Jones' specimen 3611 comes from Cawina Kwahaga, a man of the Thunder Clan, who says it is used for cleaning teeth. Crystals of talc, "wawasesuha" or "micatcineni'waski" [perfume medicine]. This specimen 3635 comes from the Dr. Jones collection and is associated with muscovite or goose down. Mica, "natawinoni, pinahigani i'kwawagi ahaiyowatci ahunapamimedicine a bagging agent women which they use when they get a watci." This is one of the Dr. Jones collection, number 3631, and is a husband love medicine called a 'bagger,' used by the women to get a husband. The other ingredients are ground ginseng, gelatine and snake meat. BIRDS Goose, "wawasesuha" or "micatcineni'waski." This muscovite or perfume medicine goose down comes from the Dr. Jones collection, number 3635, associated with crystals of talc. MAMMALS Horn, "wiwin." It is obtained from shavings of cow horns and is used in McIntosh's remedy number 9 as a remedy in case of still birth. It is used with the aster that grows in the birch or basswood forest, probably Aster mnacrophyllus. Gelatine, derived from a calf's foot, and used in the love medicine, number 3631, in Dr. Jones' collection, together with mica, ground ginseng, and snake meat. 200 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 MESKWAKI MEDICINAL PLANTS CRYPTOGAMS FUNGI Mushrooms, "wapito'ke" (M and P P) [dawn]. According to Dr. Jones, it is "wapatokiagi icigegi." This is the spores of the Giant Puffball (Clavatia gigantea). McIntosh used it as a hemostatic. Jones (number 5116) records that it is used to stop the flow of blood from a wound. This is the only one that they use, considering the other kinds poisonous." PHANEROGAMS ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) Box-elder (Acer negundo L.), Specimen 5153 of the Dr. Jones collection is the inner bark of Acer negundo, which is boiled and drunk as an emetic. The Meskwaki name is "miminenatiihonit6tomic." There is no record of its use by the whites. ANACARDIACEAE (SUMAC FAMILY) Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra L.), "pikwanano'mishi" (M) "pfikwana'mish" (P P). The root bark of the smooth sumac is used to raise a blister on the patient, that is, as a rubefacient. Eclectic practitioners used the berries of Rhus glabra because of the malic acid in the skin and hairs, claiming that it makes an efficient gargle in acute inflammation of the throat. We have no record of the use of the root, except this one, and the use by the Menomini of the root bark for a tea for internal use. Dr. Wm. Jones collected Smooth Sumac under the name: "mi'kumic utciipi'k [Sumac root]. This is boiled and drunk as an appetizer for an invalid. "The writer being acquainted with mushrooms, gathered, half a dozen kinds and showed the Meskwaki how to eat them, cautioning them to confine their eating to the six kinds shown. They were very fond of them and appreciated this widening of their menu. The writer also tried to do this service for the Menomini, and although they saw him eat several species with impunity, they would never so much as taste them. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 201 Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina L.)12 "pakwa'ni." The specimen, Jones 5171, is mixed with the root of Euphorbia corollata and the wood and bark of Quercus inacrocarpa as a remedy for pinworms. The sumac berries are the part used, in this case. Poison Ivy (Rhus to.xicodendron L.), "tatapa'kwi [climbs trees] (M), and "taitapa'kwe" (same meaning) (P P). In Potawatomi the word means also "twisting." This is a dangerous medicine, according to McIntosh, and is used only by the most skilled medicine men. The root is pounded and made into a poultice to put on a swelling to make it open. The use of poison ivy leaves in eclectic medicine has been abandoned because it has not produced good results. APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY) Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.),13 "makosa'kisekfik" (P P). McIntosh said that this kind and the upland variety, also collected, furnish a bast thread. The root is used in medicine for dropsy. Specimen 5092 of the Dr. Jones collection, is a mixture containing the rind of spreading dogbane, together with the wood of sugar maple, the stem of angelica, the bark of crab apple, the root of swamp dock, and the flower base of blue-eyed grass. It was used by a woman with an injured womb, and has no special Indian name other than "medicine" -"natawinoni." This species has similar properties to the official A. cannabinum, and is accounted an excellent diuretic by the white man. Because of this property, it has been likewise used by the white man in the treatment of cardiac and renal dropsy. Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum L.), "mfikoseki' fishikiki"' (M) [like a milk weed], "mikosaka'sakfik [sharp podded weed] (P P). The bast is used for sewing where very fine thread is needed. The root medicine is a universal remedy for many things. It is especially used by these Indians in dropsy and ague. It tallies with the Spreading Dogbane described above. ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus L.), "mishine'pisfin," (M) "sinipisi'wfin" (P P). McIntosh said the Menomini call it "kiiswe'ki," but we 12Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. IX, fig. 4. "aPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXV, fig. 4. 202 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 remember it under the simple name of "we'ke." The Meskwaki use it as a physic, and in combination with other medicines, it is a cure for burns, while the Menomini used it for cramps in the stomach. Sweet flag is official in most pharmacopoeias, but rather discontinued in use now. It was formerly used by the white man in treatment of flatulent colic and atonic dyspepsia, and was supposed to be beneficial as a stimulant in typhoid fever. Any amount of the dried root may be chewed to relieve dyspepsia. Specimen 3612 of the Dr. Jones collection is calamus, under the name "pecegisi'mini" [deer fruit] and "mecine'bisani" [calamus]. The root is boiled and then drunk by one afflicted with tuberculosis or with a cough. It appears again in his specimen 5149 called "asini'pasS," in which the root is boiled and made into a drink for a cramp expected in the stomach. Specimen 5166 appears also to be calamus root, though listed under the name "tcaskipwha." Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllumn (L.) Schott.),14 "shika'tape" and "tcikatape"' M. ["bad sick"], "mishika'tap" [skunk head] (P P). This is one of the diagnostic medicines. The central part of the seed divested of pulp is dropped into a cup of water. If it goes around four times clockwise, before dropping to the bottom, the patient will recover. But if it goes down before the fourth time, or fails to float at all, the patient will die. Charles Keosatok told us that the Meskwaki used to chop this root fine and put it in the meat they fed to their Sioux enemies and others. A few hours after eating, this would cause them much pain and they would die. The root is not used now by the Meskwaki, since they gave up their medicine lodge, but it was formerly used by them to reduce the swelling from a rattlesnake bite. Specimen 5180 in Dr. Jones' collection is Arisaemrna triphyllum and is called "mecigatepaa" meaning [skunk head], this being the same name given by the Potawatomi. When mixed with 5177 (Indet.) and 5161, a portion of a plant gall found on Solidago canadensis, and 5166, Acorus calamus. It is used in very small doses to cure insomnia. Small doses of the partially dried corm have been used by the white man to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, flatulent colic and rheumatism. The juice of the fresh corm in lard has been applied as a local treatment for ringworm. uPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XV, fig. 4. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 203 Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foctidus (L.) Nutt.), "wewi'ini" [horns in the springtime] (M). shown in Plate XL, fig. 1. Charles Keosatok accompanied the writer on a long auto trip to a springy place along the Iowa River to get this important remedy. He dug one for us and one for himself to send to his relatives in Oklahoma. The older roots, where the ends had exfoliated or perhaps had been eaten off by crayfish, he explained had been eaten off by the snake spirit "monito'." If one were to have more than four roots of this in his possession at any one time, the snake spirit would cause the rattlesnakes to come into his house and bite the inhabitants. For this reason, he would not take more than one root, because he had three at home. The fine rootlets or root hairs were to be used in curing toothache. The leaf bases furnished a poultice to reduce swellings. The seeds themselves were medicine, but he did not know their use. Under the drug name of Dracontium, the white man has employed skunk root as a stimulant, sialagogue, emetic, antispasmodic and narcotic. In large amounts, it causes nausea and vomiting, headache and vertigo. It is of doubtful value to the white man. ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY) Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis L.), "katakosia'kfiki" [spikenard] (P P). The root of this is pounded to make a poultice to cure burns and sores. Specimen 3653 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of the root of Aralia nudicaulis, the inner bark of Prickly Ash, and another undetermined root and is called "naposati'wi" [boiled fluid]. It is said to give strength to one who is weak. Among white men, this species has the same properties and uses as the Spikenard (Aralia racemosa L.); namely, stimulant, diaphoretic and alterative. Indian Spikenard (Aralia racemnosa L.).15 Specimen 3627 of the Dr. Jones collection is called "wapeskyA'gi" [white kind]. It was described by the Indian informant as "n6catcigi aiseswametci Those giving birth are showered with it uevicwagi pen6hagi anigiwattci. Mothers have it "showered" or at the head infants when they are born. sprayed from the mouth upon their heads, when they are giving birth. In specimen 3659 the split root of Aralia racemosa is called "miskwite'pata" [red head], and "ke'tcaskipwawisi." In this case it is used as a seasoner for other medicines. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XV, fig. 3. 204 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Ginseng (Panax quinquefoliumn L.), "wena'ni" [calf of leg] (M), "wenane"' (P). McIntosh said that this was a universal remedy for children and adults. Its chief use is as a seasoner to render other remedies powerful. The Meskwaki gather the wild root assiduously because of the high prices it brings from the white traders. Specimen 3631 in the Dr. Jones collection, is a mixture called "pinahigini i'kwaiwtgi ahaiyowatci ihuntapamiwitci." a bagging agent women which they use when they get a husband. It is a love medicine called a bagger, used by a woman to get a husband and consists of ground ginseng, mica, gelatin and snake meat. The medicinal value of ginseng is almost nothing, but the great market is in China, where it is a panacea, supposed to be particularly useful in dyspepsia, vomiting, nervousness and sexual impotency. The value to the Chinese is based upon form. One piece with proper shape and wrinkles may be worth more than the rest of a six-hundred-pound bale. Dr. Jones collected it in specimen 3616 under the Meskwaki name, "winanihi miinowatigi a'tagwisegi." Used in a mixture with other ginseng drink in a mixture medicines. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense L.), shown in plate XLV, fig. 1, "pa'pfia'ni" [seasoning] (M), "kupui'" [ginger] (P P). Dr. Win. Jones reports it in number 3606 as "apipawani iyogi iia'kwamadamegi Literally "seasoning used when there is illness at the throat inside." okutaganegi namegi." That is, it is a medicine used for seasoning, and used by one who has a sore throat. It was used by McIntosh in a mixture with other things for lung trouble. The Meskwaki give a fine reputation to this root, and use it for many things. The cooked root is put into the ear for earache or sore ears. When one can not eat certain things, this root is cooked with them and renders them palatable. When spoiled meat is cooked with it, no ptomaine poisoning results. Mud catfish are cooked with it to improve their flavor. When the root is chewed and the fisherman uses the spittle on the bait, it enables him to catch catfish. Specimen 5158 in Dr. Jones' collection contains wild ginger mixed with the root of Euphorbia corollata, the root of Brauneria angustifolia, and the leaf of Monarda punctata. It carries the name "pota'tcigan." It is used for cramps in the stomach. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 205 The white man lists this in his dispensatories as Canada snakeroot, and considers it a feeble remedy possessing tonic, aromatic and slightly diuretic properties. It is sometimes used in convalescence from acute febrile infections. ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata L.) "wisfiki'minani" (M), "kititai'sfip (P P). The root of this species is used for a taenifuge. McIntosh related to the writer how he recovered four long worms from a Cedar Rapids woman by its use. The root tea is said to drive the worms from a person in one hour's time. The roots are extensively used in the same manner as the official drug, A. tuberosa, as a diuretic and carminative, and in large doses as a cathartic and emetic. Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.),16 "atiste'i" (M) "pishti'wiik [knob on roots] (P P). McIntosh considered this a great medicine, an antidote for poison taken internally. The Meskwaki did not know it as a medicine, but as a dye. They say it is a permanent red dye, used long ago to color basketry fibres. Under the name pleurisy root, it is official with the white man, and has been used in diseases like pleurisy and pneumonia. As an expectorant, it has been recommended in many pulmonary and bronchial affections. BALSAMINACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY) Spotted Touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora Walt),17 "wisawi'bfikflk" [yellow-slippery] (M), "wasawashia'k" [yellow-slippery] (P P). McIntosh used the fresh plant for a poultice to cure sores any place on the body, and the fresh juice to neutralize the sting of a nettle. The Meskwaki did not know anything about the use of this as a dye plant. BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides L.),18 "wiskopitce'piki"' [sweet or squaw roots] (M). The root is called a woman and it is nearly like the sycamore bark in action. The roots are boiled and the tea taken as a remedy for profuse menstruation. It is also a genitourinary remedy for men. The white people seldom use it. Eclectics have used it in the treatment of hysteria and uterine diseases, corre"Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XV, fig. 1. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXVI, fig. 1. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, ul. XXVIII, fig. 2. 206 BULLETIN, PUBLIC' MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 sponding to the use by these Indians. Eclectics claim that it will prevent abortion, by causing uterine contraction when uterine inertia is present. Mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum L.),19 "miske'tei" (M), "pokitimin (P P). This is a valuable remedy to the Meskwaki, and is always used in mixtures, never alone. The root is recognized as a physic and is also used in treating rheumatism. Specimen 5119 of Dr. Jones' collection is the root of Podophyllum peltatum and is called "meckitaa." It is boiled and drunk as a tea for an emetic. Podophyllum is official with the white man. It is our slowest acting purge, requiring ten to twenty-four hours to take effect. The root extract excites the flow of the bile. Summer diarrhoea of children often responds to this drug, where none other is effective. BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) Speckled Alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) Specimen 5137 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Alnus incana called "sapi'kan." This is boiled and drunk by children who pass blood in their stools. CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) Blue Bell (Campanula americana L.), "wisaki'pfiki" [pepper leaves] (M), "wisakipfik" [bitter weeds] (P P). This species furnishes the leaves for McIntosh's lung remedy, while the Meskwaki use it for coughs and consumption. There is no record that the white man ever used it for medicine. Venus Looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.), "inote'wi" [tobacco] (M), "sema" [tobacco] (P P). This is another kind of Indian tobacco and is used in the same manner as Lobelia cardinalis. As an emetic McIntosh says that it will make one sick all day long. It is not recorded in the medicinal lore of the white man. CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera Mill). Specimen 5117 in Dr. Jones' collection is not given an Indian name but is the root of Diervilla lonicera and some other unidentified root. It is mixed, boiled "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, p1. XV, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 207 and made into a drink for the treatment of gonorrhea. The root is also known in specimen 5104 as "cagwaskwa piipyigwigita," and it is used as a tea for one who is urinating blood. Specimen 3606 was doubtfully determined as Diervilla root and has the name "a'kepicawitci" [when they are unable to urinate]. It has approximately the same use as the foregoing. Eclectics among the whites have used the fruit for its cathartic and emetic properties. The plant is also valued by them as diuretic and as a means to alleviate itching in the urethral tract. Glaucous Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica L.), "tipopa'kwisik" (P P). The berry and sometimes the root bark is used in a tea to cure worms in pregnant women, who are poor and weakly. It is also used in combination with other roots. All the local species of Lonicera have been used by the white man as medicine, though only by eclectic practitioners. Many have a more than local repute as emetic and cathartic drugs. Common Elder (Sambucus canadensis L.),20 "pakwana'mishi' (M) "papasikana"tik" (P P). The Potawatomi name is very much like the Menomini and Ojibwe names for the same plant. The use by Meskwaki and Prairie Potawatomi is different, however. The root bark of the elder is used by them to free the lungs of phlegm. The bark tea is used only in extremely difficult cases of parturition, when the baby is born dead. Elder flowers have some local repute among white men as a medicine, and in infusion are used on sores, blisters, hemorrhoids, etc. Young shoots of elder have been gathered for their inner bark which is diuretic and purgative, when used in large amounts. It is also a repellant to flies and insects, which find the odor highly objectionable. White men say that the root of the elder is extremely poisonous when taken internally. Wolfberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.), "tatepa'siki"' [twisted] (M), "tatopa'kwasit" [twisted] (P P). The root of this makes a tea which is drunk to cleanse the afterbirth and to enable quicker convalescence. There is no record of its use by white men. Tinker's Weed (Triosteum perfoliatum L.), shown in plate XLV, fig. 3, "tcekwakwate"' [boils quickly, or root that softens when cooked] (M), "shikwakwoti'" [same meaning] (P P). The root is used in "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 2. 208 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 several ways by the Meskwaki, and in many combinations, one of which is the cure of snake bite. It is also applied to the healing of old raw sores. Specimen 5122 in Dr. Jones' collection is the root of Triosteum perfoliatum and is called "wapin6ck pipicyvagi icegegi." It is used by the Meskwaki on a new-born infant with a sore head. Specimen 5140 is also the root of Triosteum perfoliatum called "cigwa'kwatii," and it is boiled and applied to old sores. It is also used as a drink for cleansing the system. The white man uses it, under the names Wild Ipecac and feverroot, during convalescence from low fevers, in hysteria and hypochrondia, in intermittent fever and chronic rheumatism. It has emetic and cathartic properties and may be substituted for ipecac. Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum opulus L. americanum (Mill) (Ait).21 Specimen 3618 of the Dr. Jones collection is doubtfully identified as the root of this species and is called "tcagipyiimishwahihi" [little twister]. It is further identified by the name "iy6gi iata'kwipisugi mesotawi," meaning, "used when in cramps all over." It is boiled and drunk by one who feels pain over his entire body. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) Starry Campion (Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f.), "wewe'pi"' (M) "wiwi'pin (P P). The root of this common late summer flower is used on swellings that discharge pus, to dry them up. None of the Pink Family is used much by the white man, because of the saponin content that is poisonous in some cases, and because it is known that the seeds are poisonous to some animals. CELASTRACEAE (STAFF-TREE FAMILY) Climbing Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens L.).22 The Meskwaki do not know what plant this is, nor do they use it. McIntosh did not know the Potawatomi use of it, although he said that he knew that the Menomini use it. Specimen 3656 in the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Celastrus 21Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVII, fig. 2. nPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXIV, fig. 3. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 209 scandens called "kiwipy~ihi" [crawling vine] and is used to mix with the root of Arctium minus and an unidentified Umbellifer for the relief of women in labor. Wahoo (Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) "meniskikwi'mishi" or "meniskikwe'mishi" [weak eyes and "tree"] (M). This tree is quite valuable to the Meskwaki for their eye troubles and is thus known by that name, "weak-eye tree." The inner bark of the trunk is steeped for a solution with which to bathe weak or sore eyes. For old facial sores, the fresh trunk bark is pounded for a poultice. A tea made from the root bark is said to be especially powerful in correcting sore eyes. Specimen 5073 of the Dr. Jones collection is the bark of Evonymus atropurpureus and is called "micumici." It is boiled and when the solution cools it is used as a wash for sore eyes. White men gather both the stem bark and the root bark, the root bark being known as Brown Euonymin and the stem bark as Green Euonymin. Only the former is recognized in use by the white man. It is said to act as a direct stimulant to the liver, increasing the flow of bile. It is a very unstable drug, acting at times as a mild laxative and at others as a drastic purgative. CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album L.), "tcakfi'ski" [stickers] (M). Although the present day Meskwaki have a name for this plant they did not know of any use, except as a food. Specimen 5096 of Dr. Jones' collection is the root of Chenopodium album called "askipwawis aipisane kwiyawigi" and the tea made from it is used for allaying itching at the place of the passage of urine. Maple-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium hybridum L.), "tcibi'fik" (M). McIntosh said that it is not used and he had no name for it. The Meskwaki had a name for it but did not know of any use. COMMELINACEAE (SPIDERWORT FAMILY) Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth), "mkosike'shikeki" (M), "pfikwoskflk sakii'sekfik" (P P). The root tea of this plant is used as a urinary by the Meskwaki and by McIntosh. There was a further peculiar use related in McIntosh's remedy number 20. The root yields a gum that is supposed to stop insanity. The head 210 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 is cut open, and a piece of the gum inserted into the head to stop craziness. The name given under that remedy "makosi'pikokasikfik," tallies closely with the Meskwaki name: "mekosi'keshikik." There is no record of white man's use. COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) Since the largest number of plants on the Meskwaki reservation fall into this family it is quite natural that they should make use of a great number of medicines in this family. The number of medicines listed under the Compositae is probably as great as any other four families combined. Yarrow (Achillea lanulosa Nutt),23 "anikfikie'shiktki osawana'kwi" [flying squirrel's tail] (M), "kishkatoa'soanfik" [flying squirrel's tail] (P P). The leaves and flowers of the yarrow are both used to make a tea that cures fever and ague. Specimen 5183 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stem and leaves of Achillea millefolium and is called "papaganigwa 6sawanowi icigegi." It is boiled and used "to bathe some place on the body that is ailing." This has always been a home remedy with the white man, and Germans still use the "schafesgarbetee" to break up a fever. It was employed by the white man for its bitter and aromatic principles. It was used as an emmenagogue and for various ailments of the reproductive organs. It is sometimes used to cure diseased conditions of the entire gastro-intestinal tract. Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.). Specimen 5084 in Dr. Jones' collection is called "anagii'kwa" and is the root of this species, which is chewed to drive away fear at night. Plantain-leaved Everlasting (Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards), "kakikii'pfiki" [evergreen leaves] (M), "kakakiipik" [evergreen leaves] (P P). A tea is made of the leaves and drunk every day for two weeks after childbirth and then the woman does not get sick. Eclectic practitioners have recognized the volatile oils contained in this species, and have employed them as soothing expectorants. Also, because of their glucosoides or other bitter principles they have used them for their stomachic principles. "3Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 1. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 211 Common Burdock (Arctium minus Bernh.). Specimen 3654 in Dr. Jones' collection was doubtfully identified as the root of Arctium minus under the Indian name of "anemfimici" [dogwood]. It is an ingredient of a medicine used by women in labor, and is used in connection with the root of Celastrus scandens and an unidentified Umbelliferous root. Canada Wormwood (Artemisia canadensis Mx.) "skipwa'ishi pisana'kesiti" [mosquito-fine hair] (M), "pasnfi'kfisfit" [buffalo weed] (P P). The leaves of this plant are used as a poultice to cure bad burns. Specimen 5186 in Dr. Jones' collection is the flowering head of Artemisia canadensis and is called practically the same Indian name that we secured, only just reversed-"pisainagisetaskipwawacki." His informant said that it was boiled and made into a drink. It was used as a poultice on a burn, caused by hot water, which agrees also with the use we discovered. It has been used by the white man as a household remedy in ailments of the digestive and genital tracts. It is an excitant to the circulation and an irritant to the mucous membrane. Lobed Cud-weed (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt) "wapfi'skwi" and "sokimefi'skwi" [white and mosquitoes] (M), "wapskfik" and "sflkimii'obag" [mosquito smoke] (P P). The Meskwaki as well as the Potawatomi have two names for the same plant. Both mean the same, "white" and "mosquito smoke." The leaves of this plant are used as a poultice to cure sores of long standing. A tea is made of the leaves to cure tonsilitis and sore throat. A smudge of the leaves drives away mosquitoes. It is also used to smoke ponies when they have the distemper. Specimen 5130 of Dr. Jones' collection is the leaves of Artemisia ludoviciana and was called "wapiskagi." It was used in a tincture to heal old sores, especially those made by scrofula. According to the white man it has the same properties as Artemesia canadensis. Drummond's Aster (Aster drumminondii Lindley). Neither tribe has a name or a use for this plant, although it might be supposed that it would be a reviver, or "pfikwini'sikfin." Smooth Aster (Aster laez)is L.) "no'sowint" [sweat] (M), "pfikwfinai'sikfin [smoke-reviver] (P P). The entire plant is used to 212 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 furnish smoke in the sweat bath, and it is also smudged as a reviver of consciousness for one who is ill. A paper cone is fitted over the nostrils of the unconscious one and this smoke forced up into the nostrils to revive him. Starved or Calico Aster (Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton), "no'sikiin" [smoke a person] (M) "pfikwini'sikfin" [smoke a person] (P P). The entire plant is used as a smoke or steam in the sweat bath. The blossoms only are smudged to cure a crazy person who has lost his mind. Many-flowered Aster (Aster multiflorus Ait.), "wapfiskwi" [gray color] (M) "pfikwini'sikfin [smoke a person] (P P). This is used as a reviver of consciousness and in the sweat bath as are some of the other asters. New England Aster (Aster novae-angliae L.). The Meskwaki did not use this, but McIntosh used it under the name "pfikwiinii'sikfin" to revive consciousness by smudging. Willow-leaved Aster (Aster salicifolius Ait.). The Meskwaki did not use this, but McIntosh used it as a "pfikwini'sikfin" to revive consciousness. Narrow-leaved Purple Cone-flower (Brauneria angustifolia (DC) Heller), "shika'wi," (M) "ashosikwimia'kfik" [smells like a muskrat scent] (P P). Also sometimes called a widow's comb, "wetop" [to comb the hair]. The root is used in a medicine to cure cramps in the stomach and also to cure fits. Specimen 5158 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture called "potatcigan". Besides the root of Brauneria angustifolia, it contains roots of Asarum canadense, Euphorbia corollata, and leaves of Monarda punctata. It is used also to cure cramps in the stomach. Under the name Echinacea, this plant is official with the white man. It is stated to have diaphoretic, sialagogue and alterative properties, and has been used in syphilitic and strumous conditions. It is especially useful in treating eczema and ulcerous conditions that do not respond to iodides or other alteratives. The freshly scraped root was used by the Sioux Indians as a remedy for hydrophobia, snakebite and septic conditions. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 213 Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng.), "kaa'waki" [to stick one] (M), "kaa'wlsk [sharp] (P P). The Meskwaki use the root to make a tea to cure the stomach ache. McIntosh did not use it as a medicine. The white man recognizes the field thistle as containing a glucoside and an alkaloid and has employed it as a diuretic and tonic. Common Thistle (Cirsium lanccolatum (L.) Hill). Shown in plate XLIII, fig. 2. Specimen 5136 of the Dr. Jones collection is called "ketchimasana" [big stinging], and was used as a seasoner for other medicines. The root is the part that appears in the collection. Stiff Tickseed (Coreopsis palmata Nutt). Specimen 5134 of the Dr. Jones collection was called "nenuswacki." This consists of the seeds of the stiff tickseed, which are boiled and made into a drink or Used as a poultice for one who is crippled. Tall Coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris L.). Specimen 5184 is the stems of the plant and is called "nenoc6skwa." These are boiled and drunk for the cure of internal pains and bleeding. Naked Stemmed Hawksbeard (Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G.), "wesawatce'wiki" [yellow body] (M) "wasawatca'wfik" [yellow body] (P P). The entire plant is used to make a poultice to open up a carbuncle or cancer, so that it can be excised without fear of complications. The white man has no record of its use in medicine. Horse-weed (Erigeron canadensis L.), "no'sowini" [sweat] (M). The Meskwaki use it as a steaming agent in their sweat bath, but McIntosh did not know of any medicinal virtues in it, hence did not use it. The white man has used the dried leaves and flowering tops, because of their astringent and styptic action. It is somewhat aromatic and has been used as a diaphoretic and expectorant. In a decoction it has been used in the treatment of dropsy and chronic bronchitis. In the country districts, its common use is as an intestinal astringent in diarrhoea. Philadelphia Fleabane (Erigeron phiiladelphicus L.) "tcatca'mosikani" [sneezing] (M) and "tcatca'mosikfin" (P P). The disk florets are powdered and sniffed up the nostril to make one sneeze and thus break up a cold in the head or catarrh. This is exactly the procedure that other tribes follow with the Sneezeweed (Helenium autuminnale). Specimen 3622 of Dr. Jones' collection contains the disk florets of 214 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Erigeron philadelphicus along with leaves of Monarda punctata and the floral pedicels of Zizia aurea and is called "pitcikumitihi aiyogi snuff used a'kwamidamegi uwicegi." It is snuffed up the nose to relieve sick headfor illness at the head ache. To the white man this fleabane has the same medicinal properties as the previous one described. Boneset (Eupatoriumrn perfoliatumn L.),24 "skipwa'ishi mamitcakanakesiti" [sweet potato root and weeds with flowers round] (M), "sikawa'okis mami'sh pakas&'t" (P P). Another Meskwaki name is "manitowfi'skwi" [snake root]. Another Prairie Potawatomi name is "manitomi'skfikiik" [snake root]. McIntosh uses the tea of the foliage and flowers to expel worms. The Meskwaki do not use it now, but say that long ago it was gathered for its root which was a sure cure for snake bite. It is a time honored home remedy and popular with the eclectics as an emetic and diaphoretic. It was used by the white man for aborting colds, bronchitis, sore throat, and acute inflammations of the throat. Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatoriumn purpureum L.). Shown in plate XLIII, fig. 1. Specimen 3620 of Dr. Jones' collection is doubtfully identified as Eupatorium purpureum root. He gives it the name "amanowin5tawin6ni cicaigwatemegi a'kan6netci i'kwaiwihi iim~in6 -love medicine to be nibbled when speaking to women when they witihiiwaitci." This love medicine is kept in the mouth and nibbled are in the wooing mood. when speaking to women who are in the mood for being wooed. It is said to have the power of "fetching" them. White Snakeroot (Eupatoriumn urticaefoliumn Reichard). Shown in plate XLIII, fig. 3, "wapu'skwi no'sowint [weed, smoke a person] (M), "pfikwiina'sikiin" [smoke a person (P P). Neither tribe calls it a snakeroot, but both use it as a smudge for a "reviver," and also as a steaming agent in the sweat bath. McIntosh said that this was the best "reviver" to be found. Among the white men, it was used more for its aromatic and diuretic properties. Many-headed Everlasting (Guaphalium polycephalumn Mx.),25 "pfikwinii'sikiin" [smoke a person] (P P). This is one of the best of this type of medicines and is sure to heal. It is smudged to bring back a 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVIII, fig. 3. 2'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XI, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 215 loss of mind or to revive consciousness. Burning of this type of herb gives a peculiarly characteristic odor, reminding one of the smell of elm bark, dried medick leaves, and coltsfoot herb. Among the white men it has been used as a soothing expectorant, and for its bitter qualities as a stomachic. Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale L.),26 "tcatcamo'sikani" [inhalant] (M) and "pitcikoma'te" (M), "tcatcamo'sikfin" [inhalant] (P P). The disk florets are dried and put away for medicine. It is an inhalant that is snuffed up into the head to cure a cold in the head or to treat catarrh. The Menomini use it in the same way. The Meskwaki also use the roots for medicine, and make a tea of the florets to drink for catarrh of the stomach. Specimen 5163 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of the disk florets of Heleniumn autumnale, the leaves of Ranunculus delphinifolius and the flowering bracts of Monarda punctata. It is used as a snuff for catarrh and cold in the head. The plant is recognized as a cattle poison and is also used by the white man for the volatile oil of its florets in much the same manner as the Indians use it. Thin-leaved Sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus L.), "poka'tcikani" (M), "pflkawa'tcikfin" (P P). The macerated root is used to poultice and cure sores of long standing. White men value the sunflowers chiefly for the fixed oils expressed from their seeds, though some use the leaves for poultices and an infusion of the leaves as a diuretic. Saw-tooth Sunflower (Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens), "asawfiskipwa'wishi" [yellow weeds] (M), "wapino'wisk" (P P). The flowers are used as a poultice to heal burns. Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower (Helianthus strumnosus L.), "wapino'wfiskwi" [dawn weed] (M and P P). The root is used to make a tea for lung troubles. Rough Ox-eye (Heliopsis scabra Dunal), "wapino'wfiskwi" [dawn weed] (P P). Root of this species is used in treating lung troubles. Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca scariola var. integrata Gren. & Godr.) "minikita'tabfiki" [milk leaf] (M), "skfipwa'koshi pipia'kflkit" (P P). The leaves are brewed into a tea taken in convalescence after childbirth to hasten the flow of milk from the breasts. The milk-juice of Lactuca 2'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XI, fig. 4. 216 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 was formerly used in this country as a sporific and sedative, but is little used now. It was given in the form of substance or syrup to babies during the course of certain infantile diseases. Gray-headed Coneflower (Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) T. & G.), "mose'wfusk" (P P). The root of this plant alone is a cure for toothache, according to John McIntosh. There is no record of its use in the white man's pharmacopoeia. Dotted Button-Snakeroot (Liatris punctata Hook.), "nipinfiskwa ' [summer weed] (M and P P). Shown in plate XLIV, fig. 4. The turnip-like root of the button snakeroot is accredited with all sorts of virtue by the Meskwaki and the Potawatomi. The root is a very valuable remedy to use in infusion when the urine is bloody. It is a cure for bladder trouble of women. The liquid applied locally is a cure for the itch. Used alone, it is cure for gonorrhea. In hot weather, in the olden times, it was fed to ponies to make them spirited so that they would be eager to hunt the buffalo. It was also a great remedy with the eclectic practitioners among the white men, who used it as a diuretic, and also employed it in many female diseases. Blazing Star (Liatris scariosa Willd.), "mosi'ski" (M) "nipi'nfisk" (P P). Shown in plate XLIII, fig. 4. McIntosh and the Meskwaki agreed that this was a great remedy for bladder and kidney troubles, almost as valuable as the preceding Liatris. It also held a high place among the remedies of the eclectic practitioners. Entire-leaved Rosin-weed (Silphium integrifolium Mx.), "wiskfi'pipfik" [sweet leaves] (P P). The leaves were used to make a tea for the treatment of bladder troubles. Specimen 5188 of the Dr. Jones collection was doubtfully identified as the root of Silphium integrifolium and called "ketci kawis." It was used for one with kidney trouble or who was crippled. For a cripple, it is placed in a hole with water and steamed with a heated "nigger head" or rock. The steaming is directed to the seat of the pain. The root is full of an acrid resin, which recommended it to the white man as a tonic, stimulant, laxative and anodyne. Compass Plant (Silphium laciniatum L.), "peke'wakwa [gum] (M), "piiko'watfik" [gum] (P P). The Meskwaki pick out the gum that exudes from the stalks and chew it as we would chewing-gum, 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 217 hence the name. The smaller roots are used for medicine. They are boiled and the liouid cooled to be drunk as an emetic. The white man has used it internally as a treatment for chronic rheumatism, scrofula, and glandular enlargements. Indian Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) "nepiekeki'seki" and "memineteo'n" to [vomit] (M), "aisesoa'skfik" and "isiso'sikfik" [to vomit] (P P). The Meskwaki use the root to alleviate the vomiting of pregnancy, and also hold it as a valuable reduction agent for profuse menstruation. The Menomini and Potawatomi of Wisconsin come to Iowa and carry the root back with them to grow in their gardens for medicine. It grows in and throughout southeastern Wisconsin clear to the Mississippi River, but this source is unknown to the Indians. Charley Dutchman, a Menomini living at Zoar on the Menomini reservation, had some growing in his pig lot, that he informed us came from the patch maintained by McIntosh at Tama, Iowa. This kind of medicine is called "weminoteo'n" [to clean out vomit]. Specimen 5146 of the Dr. Jones collection was doubtfully identified as Silphium perfoliatum root and was given the Indian name "ntmiaya 'kipitciwagi." It was used to make a root tea for Indian women to prevent premature birth, which corresponds to the use already indicated. As far as the white man is concerned all Silphiums have the same properties as listed before. Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), "asa'wflsk" [yellow] (M). The Meskwaki say that sometimes a child does not learn to talk or laugh. Then the medicine man must secure the bone of an animal that died when the child was born, and cook it together with this plant, then wash the baby with this liquid. This insures that the baby will grow up with its faculties intact. The daughter of Win. Davenport was cited as an instance in which this practice was necessary, and none can say that she is not cheerful and full of fun now. In some sections of the United States, the white man has employed the leaves as a substitute for tea. It has also been used in medicine by them, as a mild carminative and antispasmodic, and to some extent as an intestinal astringent. Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida L.) "wasawant'kwasiti" [yellow weed] (M), "skfipwa'kfis wasawa nfi'kfisfik" [yellow weed] (P P). McIntosh and the Meskwaki both assigned the same uses to this golden 218 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 rod. The flowers are used to make a lotion for bee stings, also to cure swollen fauces The leaves are also used as a beverage. Showy Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa Nutt.), "wasawfi'skwi' [yellow] (M), "wasawana'kwosit" [big yellow weed] (P P). The root of this is used to make a tea that heals burns or scalding from steam. Elm-leaved Goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.), "pfikwini'sikfin [smoke a person] (P P). Although the Meskwaki did not have a distinctive name for this plant they used it in the same manner as specified by McIntosh, as a reviver of consciousness. It is smudged and the smoke directed up the nostrils. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber),27 "wisakatce'piki" [sweet root (M), "wasakfltca'pik" [strong root] (P P). The root of the dandelion is accounted a strong medicine among these Indians. When one fails with other remedies, the root tea is taken for a pain in the chest. Specimen 3650 of the Dr. Jones collection consists of bits of the root of Taraxacum officinale and other things and is called "wisaga'ki" [bitter]. This is a mixture called bitter medicine and a drink is brewed that is used for a pain in the chest. Dandelion is official in nearly all pharmacopoeias, and was formerly largely used for its mildly tonic, diuretic and laxative properties. It was thought to increase the activity of the liver and promote secretion of the bile. Dyspepsia, constipation and chronic jaundice were some of the ailments treated with this root extract by the white man. CONVOLVULACEAE (MORNING GLORY FAMILY) Dodder (Cuscuta gronovii Willd.). This plant was quite common but neither McIntosh nor the Meskwaki knew any name or use for it. CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) Panicled Dogwood (Cornus paniculata L'Her.). Three specimens collected at different times and places, all proved to be the same shrub, but had different names. Meskwaki names "maskwa'pimishi" [red tree]; "nowea'kfisa"; "wiskopitce'piki akwi" [weed of the ground] or 'TPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, p1. XXX1, fig. 1. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 219 "wiskopitca'piki" [root]. Potawatomi names: "nowea'kfis" and "nopoakfi'n." This was quite an important medicine. The bark tea was used to cure the flux, in which case it was injected into the bowel as an enema, with a pig's bladder as the syringe, and the hollow bone of a goose as the nozzle. It was often used upon children. When the teeth are sore or one has neuralgia, this same tea is held in the mouth to stop this pain. McIntosh also tells of using the bark in a smudge the same as a reviver, or "pfikwiinai'sikfin." Specimen 5164 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Cornus paniculata and is called "meskwaipimic utcipi'ki" [red tree root]. The root tea was used to cure consumption. The bark has also been used by the white man for its bitter and astringent properties. It was formerly used as an antiperiodic and in large doses as an emetic. CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorumn sedoides L.), "meskwa'naki" [red top] (M). The seeds were used by the Meskwaki for making a cough syrup. McIntosh said that the Potawatomi do not use it. It was a highly valued remedy of the eclectic practitioners, who used the herb in treating catarrh, but its value is very problematical. CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) Black Mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.), "pitciko'makani" (M), "tcatca'mosikfin" [sneezing] (P P). The seed of this mustard is ground up and used as a snuff to cure cold in the head, reminding one of the inhalants formerly offered on the American market. The oil is quite pungent and penetrating. Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.). While this had no Indian name, the Meskwaki claimed that they used it as a medicine. Purple Rocket (Ilodanthus pinnatifidus (Mx.) Steud.), "maskwasa'waki" [red root] (M). McIntosh did not know the use of this plant but the Meskwaki used it as a poultice for the head. They say that when an old man is cold, he puts a poultice of this on his head to bring warmth to his whole body. It was found on the road to Montour. Dr. Jones' specimen 5182 "macgwagi" was doubtfully identified as this species. 220 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Specimen 5098 of the Dr. Jones collection consists of the root and leaves of Iodanthlius pinnatifidus and is called "miskacawigi" [red flowers]. The boiled root yields a paint or toilet rouge, and it is used by the fair sex to add to their charm, hence called by the Indians a woman's love medicine. There is no record of any use by the white man. CUCURBITACEAE (GOURD FAMILY) Squash (Cucurbita pepo var.). Specimen 5100 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stem of the common Meskwaki squash, which is ground up and boiled to make a medicine for female ills. It was given no especial medical name. There is no record of its use by the whites. Wild Balsam-Apple (Echinocystis lobata (Mx.) T. & G.), "mishina'we" [Indian or man-in-the-ground] (P P). The root alone is pounded into a pulp as a poultice for headache. It is one of the principal ingredients of McIntosh's remedy, number 15, which he calls a universal remedy for all sicknesses. It has been used by the eclectic practitioners as an active purgative. DIOSCOREACEAE (YAM FAMILY) Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa L.), "ki'tcipyamiskahi" [great twister] (M). The root of the wild yam is one of the remedies reported by Dr. Jones (3615), which is used by women to relieve pain at childbirth. In Wisconsin, a tincture of the roots has been used by the white man as an expectorant and diaphoretic, and a decoction of the roots is said to be valuable in bilious colic. EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) Scouring Rush (Equisetum hyentale L.), "sesi'po" (M). Shown in plate XLIV, fig. 2. The Meskwaki drink an infusion of the whole plant as a cure for men or women of gonorrhea. Equisetum has been used in South America as an intestinal and urethral astringent. EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) Flowering Spurge (Euphorhia corollata L.), "tcaposi'kfini" [bowel movement] (M) "potea'temin" (P P). The root of this species has laxative properties. It is often combined with a black root for a physic. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 221 It also is used alone. In practice a half inch of the root is pounded and boiled in water. This cup of water is drunk before breakfast. It is also used in the treatment of rheumatism and when five or six such doses are taken, the disease disappears. Euphorbia corollata is found in four of the specimens of the Dr, Jones collection. Specimen 5069 is called "cip6sigan," and the root is boiled and drunk as a cathartic. Specimen 5158 is a mixture containing this root and the root of Asarum canadense, Brauneria angustifolia, and the leaves of Monarda punctata, the mixture being called "potitcigan." Specimen 5165 is a mixture of the roots of Euphorbia corollata and Podophyllum peltatum called "cap6sigani," and the mixture is taken in hot water as a cathartic. Specimen 5175 is the root of Euphorbia corollata under the name "wapeskyagi cap6sigani," with the information that it is mixed with the berries of Rhus typhina and the wood and bark of Quercus macrocarpa. The tea of the mixture is used to expel pinworms. The resin of the root carries the active principle and white men have used it as an emetic, but because of its irritant and uncertain properties, it has been practically abandoned. FAGACEAE (BEACH FAMILY) White Oak (Quercus alba L.),28 "mishimi'shi" (M), "mishimi'sh" (P P). The acorns are called "mishi'minant" (M), and "mishii'min" (P P). The name of the white oak is used in speaking of the inner bark medicine. The inner bark is boiled and the tea drunk to cause the patient to throw up phlegm from the lungs when they are bound up in the chest. Specimen 3602 of the Dr. Jones collection is called a threefold mixture, "neswaiyagatwi," because it is a mixture of the bark of Quercus alba, the flowers of Petalostemun purpureumn, and the root of Geranium maculatum. It is used by one ill with the diarrhoea, "ficaposegi." White oak inner bark is official with the white man, chiefly because of its tannic content. Infusions in water have been used as vaginal irrigants in leucorrhoea, simple or gonorrhoeal vaginitis, as astringent rectal injections for piles, and as a gargle for chronic inflammations of the tonsils and pharynx. Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) Specimen 5189 of the Dr. Jones collection is called "wawa kumic." This is used in a mixture "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 1. 222 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 with the berries of Rhus typhina and the root of Euphorbia corollata to expel pinworms. Both wood and inner bark of the Bur Oak are used. Black Oak (Quercus velutina Lam.), "m tiko'minfini" [wooden berry] (M) and (P P). The inner bark of this species is mixed with other roots for use in treating lung troubles. It has practically the same uses as other oak barks with the white man. In industry it is used for tanning. GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) Closed Gentian (Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.). Shown in plate XLV, fig. 2, "wisakipfiki wisakfini" [tastes like tobacco-weed] (M), "pemteo'pfikfik isipfika'sawfik" [greasy leaves-blue, like sky] (P P). McIntosh placed great stress on the use of this root for snake bite and for curing caked breast. The Meskwaki use it in the same manner. The white man used the root of the gentian as a simple bitter, exciting the flow of gastric juice, promoting the appetite, and aiding digestion. It was used by him in many forms of dyspepsia, and loss of appetite following mild malaria and acute infectious diseases. Stiff Gentian (Gentiana quinquefolia L.) "wisakii'bilk" [very bitter] (P P). McIntosh used the liquid derived from this root for stopping a hemorrhage. The white man made practically the same use of this root as he did of the Closed Gentian. GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY) Wild Geranium (Geranium miaculatum L.),29 "paskipa'ki" (M), "piiskapfi'k" (P P). This root is accounted a great medicine by McIntosh and also by the Meskwaki generally. It has many varied uses among them. The infusion is used to cure sore gums and pyorrhoea, and to stop teeth from aching. It is also a cure for neuralgia. Its greatest use is in curing piles and hemorrhoids. A poultice of the pounded root is bound upon the anus to cause protruding piles to recede. The root of Geranium maculatum appears in three specimens of the Dr. Jones collection. Specimen 3602 is a mixture called "neswaiygatwi" [of three different kinds], and consists of this root, the bark of Quercus alba, and the flowers of Petalostemum purpureum. The mixture is used by one ill with the diarrhoea-"ictip6segi." Specimen 3657 is the root of Geranium maculatum alone and is called "ke'tcipi' 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XIX, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 223 kiwigi" and is used to relieve one with bloody piles. It is prepared for use by pounding the root in a bladder. Specimen 5057 is the base of the plant of Geranium miaculatum called "paiskipagi." It is boiled and made into a drink, or used as a poultice on a burn. While this species is not official, it has been much used by eclectic practitioners where an astringent is needed. It is especially useful for infants and people with a delicate stomach for it is not irritating. It is valuable in serous diarrhoeas. It has also been used by the white man for both rectal and vaginal injections to strengthen weak muscles. HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY) Great St. John's Wort (Hypericum ascyron L.), "wisaki'pfiki" [tastes like tobacco] (M), "iisositfik kfipwa'wfisk" (P P). Shown in plate XLII, fig. 1. The Meskwaki use this root in connection with others to cure tuberculosis. Mslntosh said that if it was used in the first stages of consumption it was a cure. Specimen 5109 of the Dr. Jones collction is listed in his notes as acorns of Quercus but is clearly the root of Hypericum ascyron called "me'tegumini" [wooden berry]. The name would indicate that it was an acorn. However, since the odor of the root is like that of an acorn, and since the writer found the Menomini applying to it a similar name suggesting the odor of the acorn, it is taken that the Indian name is not complete. The Meskwaki boil the root and use it for a dusting powder to place upon the bite of a water moccasin, to draw the poison and heal it. The white man formerly used the leaves of this species as a laxative, alterative and vulnerary. The fresh drug is given internally in the treatment of chronic catarrhal conditions of the respiratory, intestinal and urinary apparatuses, thus paralleling the Meskwaki and Potawatomi uses. Dotted St. John's Wort (Hypericum punctatum Lam.). Specimen 3649 was doubtfully identified as the root of Hypericum punctatum. It was found in a mixture called simply medicine with no use ascribed to it. The mixture contained the heads of Agastache scrophulariaefolia, the leaves of Hypericum punctatum, the leaves of Salix candida, and the tendrils of the Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina). 224 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) Blue Flag (Iris versicolor L.), "apakwakii'shikeki" and "pfikwo'kii'sikiki" [both meaning like a cattail] (M), "senipa'sowfin" (P P). Shown in plate XL, fig. 2. The root of the blue flag is used for colds and for lung trouble. The freshly macerated root is used as a poultice for burns and sores. The fresh iris root is known by the white man to be quite acrid and would produce nausea, vomiting and colicky pains, but dried, it is less painful and is used by him as an emetic, diuretic and cathartic. Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium campestre Bicknell),30 "makiskiwe'" (M), "maskosfi'k" (P P). This plant is boiled whole to make a tea to cure hay fever, "matciski'n." Specimen 5125 of the Dr. Jones collection is a plant of Sisyrinchium campestre called "maciskiwaa," and used for cramps. Specimen 5092 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture containing the base of Sisyrinchium campestre, wood of Acer saccharum, the stem of Angelica atropurpurea, bark of Pyrus ioensis, root of Polygonum muhlenbergii, and rind of Apocynum androsaemifolium. It was not given any Indian name, except "medicine." The mixture is boiled and made into a drink to be used by a woman with an injured womb. It is not known to be used by the white man. JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch), "kikieta'ant" (M) "tfikwa'pfik" (P P). The bark tea of this species yields a beverage for simple sicknesses. It makes the bowels loose and the urine free. There is no recorded use by the white man. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.).31 Specimen 5090 of the Dr. Jones collection is the twig bark of Juglans cinerea, called "pagana'kwi." It is boiled and drunk as a cathartic. Specimen 5131 is the wood and bark of Juglans cinerea called "kanocicia" which seems to be a contraction of "pagana'kwi," though the latter part means "like." This is also boiled and drunk as a cathartic. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.), "pakan" (plural "paka'nani") boPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XII, fig. 2. 1Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 4. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 225 (M) "pfika'nak" (PP). The inner bark of the black walnut is known to be a very strong physic, but it is not used unless imperative, for the Indians have many physics. Specimen 5127 of the Dr. Jones' collection is the twig bark and old bark of Juglans nigra called "paganS'kwi." It is coiled, charred and applied in water for a snake bite. While Juglans cinerea, the butternut, is included in the new formulary, black walnut is often sold as the same thing and used by the white man as a mild cathartic and slight hepatic stimulant. Acute malarial affections, chronic constipation and dysentery are said to yield to its treatment. LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) Giant Hyssop (Agastache scrophulariaefolia (WVilld.) Ktze.), "menakwfi'ski" [stinking or smelling good] (M), "mana'kskwlik" [fragrant] (PP). The root tea of this plant is used as a diurient. It also occurs in Dr. Jones' medicine collected under the simple name, "medicine," 3649, and consisting of the heads of this species, the leaves of Dotted St. John's Wort (Hypericum punctatum), the leaves of the Silvery Willow (Salix candida) and tendrils of the common wild grape (Vitis cordifolia), though no use is given for this medicine. The white man is only interested in the volatile oil from this plant. Water Hoarhound (Lycopus americanus Muhl.). Specimen 5071 of the Dr. Jones collection is the entire plant of this species, called "miskwana'kii," used with a mixture of other unnamed medicines for cramps in the stomach. It is an unofficial herb sometimes used by the white man for its aromatic and bitter principles. Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa L.),32 "menaskwa'kiki meskwanaki" [smelling and red berries] (M). The Meskwaki used this plant in a combination for making a cold cure, but it was not used by McIntosh. Monarda is an aromatic stimulant, diaphoretic and carminative, occasionally used by the white man for flatulent colic, nausea and vomiting, and the diarrhoea resulting from a cold. Horse-mint (Monarda punctata L.). This species occurs in four of the specimens of the Dr. Jones collection, usually in mixtures with "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XIX, fig. 3. 226 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 something else, doubtless for its aromatic principles. Specimen 3622 is a mixture of the leaves of this species with the disk florets of Erigeron philadelphicus, and the flower stalks of Zizia aurea, and it is called "pitcikumattihi" [snuff]. The medicine is in the form of a powder and it is snuffed up the nostrils to relieve a sick headache. Specimen 3669 is called "tepapitcigani" [experiment]. It is a mixture of three other medicines besides Monarda, which are "waiwiwin'ihi" [little hornlet]; a sea-monster herb called "pecipecinimici"; a snake bone, "manet6wa'kani," the florets of Pycnanthemum virginianum, and several other things unidentified. The medicine is administered at the nostrils of the patient when he is on the point of death. This is to rally him. Specimen 5158 is a mixture called "patatcigan," used for cramps in the stomach and consists of the leaves of Monarda and the roots of Asarum canadense, Euphorbia corollata, and Brauneria angustifolia. Specimen 5163 is a mixture used as a snuff for catarrh and cold in the head, and besides Monarda contains the leaves of Ranunculus delph'inifolius and disk florets of Helenium autumnale. False Dragon-head (Physostegia parviflora Nutt.), "nniwa'kwa" [man] (M). Shown in plate XLII, fig. 3. The Meskwaki use the tea of the leaves of this plant for a bad cold. McIntosh had no name for it and did not use it as a medicine. Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemumn virginianum (L.). Durand & Jackson), "koki'sikani," so called when the Meskwaki are using this to put on a mink trap for a luring scent, and "onenwi'n6nt" (M) when the root only is to be used as a medicine. The Potawatomi name "pasinfikasit" was given this by McIntosh, and he acclaims it as one of the best medicines that he uses. It is an alterative given when a person is all run down. Both the root and the leaves are used for medicine but the leaf tea is the part used for the alterative. Specimen 3669 is a mixture containing the florets of Pycnanthemumnt virginianum besides several other things referred to under Monarda punctata, and called "tepapitcigani" [experiment]. It is used to rally a patient who is on the point of death, and is applied at the nostrils. Specimen 5081 of the Dr. Jones collection is only the tops of Pycnanthemnum virginianum, called "askipwawis" [weed]. An infusion is drunk to cure chills and ague. It is also used to catch a snake. The user chews the tops, and then spits a little on the end of a stick. Hie 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 227 then places that part of the stick under the snake's mouth. It is said that the medicine renders the snake insensible to danger, and in this state, it is easily caught.3a Among the white men, it was formerly used in cases of hydrophobia and in cases of atonic dyspepsia. Small Skull Cap (Scutellaria parvula Mx.). The Meskwaki have a name for this plant but the informant did not know what it was. It is used by them in the treatment of flux. While Scutellaria is not an official drug, it has been recommended in a variety of diseases, such as epilepsy, chorea, nervous exhaustion, intermittent fever, incontinence of urine, etc. Rough Hedge Nettle (Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera (Mx.) Fernald), "wisakipfiki" [tobacco like] (M) and "sema a'sipfikfik" (P P). The Meskwaki use the leaves of this to make a tea to cure a bad cold, but McIntosh does not use it unless he wants the patient to vomit. It is not an official drug and is only of interest to the white man for its volatile oil. LEGUMINOSAE (BEAN FAMILY) The bean family is well represented at Tama and the Meskwaki make greater use of the different kinds of beans than any other Indians so far studied by the author. Lead Plant (Amorpha canescens Pursh.), "kisimitiye'on" and "kisimitia'on" (M), evidently the same word, yet pronounced slightly differently by different members of the same tribe. Its meaning is: something to wipe the buttocks." Potawatomi name is "kasimita'on," and it has the same meaning. The leaves of this species are made into a tea to kill pinworms, or in fact any worms in the intestines. The leaves are also steeped to furnish a liquid to cure eczema. The Meskwaki knew the name of this plant, but did not know the use, except as above indicated. No white man's use is known. Bastard Indigo (Amorpha fruticosa L.). Neither tribe knew the name of this but knew that it was used in medicine, though they did not know how. "'It is quite reminiscent of the old bird catching remedy-salt on the tail. One wonders what a rattler will be doing while the user is putting this under his mouth. However, after seeing some of the west coast and desert Indians catch lizards and snakes, we are not prepared to say that this will not work, for we have seen some curious captures. 228 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 False Indigo (Baptisia leucantha T. & G.), "tikakwo'on" [shade for ground squirrels] (M), "titapa'sik" [sunshade] and "tika'ko inokSi'sikfik" [sun shade] (P P). There are several medicinal uses for this plant in combinations of various kinds. One of these is McIntosh's remedy, number 2, used as an emetic, for eczema, etc. Another is that of Dr. Win. Jones (3613) in which it is combined with sycamore bark, when the medicine is called either "papikwiiski" [hollow stem] or "wikwas kwigwi" [hollow stem], and is used on wounds made by an axe or knife. Specimen 5145 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Baptista leucantha, which is boiled and used for catarrh. It is called "ti'tepasegi" [sunshade]. It is also one ingredient of McIntosh's number 13, an internal medicine. The Meskwaki also use it to cure sores of long standing. McIntosh combines it with senega snakeroot (Polygala senega) to cure rattlesnake bite. The root and herbage of this plant has been used locally by the white man as an emeto-cathartic and intestinal stimulant. Moderate doses increase respiration and reflex action, but poisonous doses produce death by respiratory paralysis. Internally, it has been used in the treatment of typhus and scarlet fevers, and in epidemic dysentery. Partridge Pea (Cassia marilandica L.), "neka'min" [sand] (M). The Meskwaki soak the seeds in water until they become mucilaginous and then eat them for sore throat. McIntosh did not recognize it as a medicine at all. "Senna leaves" of this species were official in the United States in 1870 when it was used as a cathartic, but it is not used now, as the action is many times weaker than true senna leaves. Illinois Tick-Trefoil (Desmodium illinoense Gray), "kotca'skasakiki" (M and P P). This is a powerful medicine as used by McIntosh in combination with other medicines. The root juice of this alone was valued by the Meskwaki and Potawatomi as a scent to lure wild animals into a trap. The white man has no record of its use. Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), "kawakomishi" [sweet berry], "akwikoma'ti," "tcikanimitca'kwa" [seeds in pods] (M). The bark tea is used in measles, fevers and especially in the treatment and cure of smallpox. This fluid keeps the bowels and kidneys free, 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 229 hastens convalescence and prevents pitting. This remedy is about the same as sycamore bark.34 The bark of the twigs is used to make a tea to cure a bad cold. The leaves are also used sometimes to make a medicine, but Keosatok could not explain what it was used for. Specimen 5154 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of the bark of Gleditsia triacanthos and the leaves of Osmorhiza longistylis, which is boiled and drunk to enable the patient to regain flesh and strength. There is no record of its use among the whites. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Specimen 3672 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of liquorice, which the Indians must buy, since it is not native. It was mixed with Carum carvi and some other undetermined root, 3671, for use in female trouble. It is much used in the pharmacy practice of the white man to mask objectionable tastes of other medicines. Wild Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh.). This root occurs in specimen 5028 of Dr. Jones' collection. It is without any data as to use. Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch), "tcikanimitca'kwo" [seeds in pods] (M), "tcikinoka'wfisk" (P P). The wax from these pods is fed to a patient to cure him of lunacy. Specimen 3662 of Dr. Jones' collection is the inner bark of Gymnocladus dioica and the medicine is called "a'tciganimici kwi" [planting tree], and is also known to the Indians as coffee-bean. It is combined with 3661 (lacking from the collection) and with 3663 is called "wiskwaskwihi." The white man has never used this as medicine but has used the gum from the pods as an effective fly poison. Bush Clover (Lespedeza capitata Mx.), "past i'wfik" (P P). The root of this is very large for the rest of the plant, and it was unknown to the Meskwaki as medicine, but McIntosh called attention to its strong odor and said that it was used as an antidote for poison. It is not used in medicine by the whites. Purple Prairie Clover (Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.), "kepia'ekie'shikiki" [thimble top] (M), "t.kipina'mo tci'sikfik" (P P). The large tap root is used to make a tea which is drunk as a cure for measles. 3"See page 99. 230 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Specimen 3602 of the Dr. Jones collection contains the florets of Petalostemumn purpureum along with two other ingredients, the bark of Quercus alba and the root of Geranium maculatumin. The name is "neswaiyagatwi" [of three different kinds] and it is used as a cure for diarrhoea. Specimen 5169 of the Dr. Jones collection was doubtfully determined as the root of Petalostemum purpureum under the name "kipgaii icigigi." It is boiled and made into a drink for the cure of measles. The pronunciation is nearly the same as that recorded by the writer. So far as known it is not used by the white man. Silver-leaf Psoralea (Psoralea argophylla Pursh.), "wi'sakfip6kosa" (P P). The root of this plant is used in a tea to cure chronic constipation. The alkaloid psoraleine has been used by the white man as a remedy for snakebite. LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.), "peshe'kishi'mint" [deer berries] (M) "pshfikshi'mfin" [deer berries] (P P). This is a reviver for one who has lost consciousness. Live coals are carried on a shovel and a very small piece of the root is placed upon the coals. The head of the patient is covered with a cloth. For just a short time the fumes are inhaled and then the patient will sit up and talk to the doctor. Solomon's Seal has been employed among the whites as a substitute for digitalis, though it is much less powerful. As it augments the flow of urine, it was formerly used for dropsy. It is said to increase the appetite and digestion. False Spikenard (Smilacina racemnosa (L.) Desf.), "p.shekisimini"' [deer berries] (M), "psfiksi'mfin" [deer berries] (P P). The smudge of this is used to hush a crying child. It is also used as a smudge in severe illness. Cover the head with a shawl and smoke the patient for five minutes, then he will revive and talk to you. This plant is also known under the Meskwaki names "kishi'pabitskwi" and "pashi'kasimini," also meaning deer berries, as well as the Potawatomi word "sfiksi'mfin," meaning deer berries. The Meskwaki claim that it is called this because the deer eat the berries. They say also, along with McIntosh, that the root is burned and smudged for one who has had a fit or for insanity, and that this will bring him back to a normal condition. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 231 Specimen 3624 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stem-base of Smilacina raceminosa referred in his notes to Acorus calamus. It is called "pecegi simini mediwigi ahay6watci ai'pa'piwatci." This is said to be deer fruit medicine lodge people they use when they do tricks. the conjurer's root, used in the meetings of the medicine society when the medicine man wants to perform tricks, or cast spells. Specimen 3665 of the Dr. Jones collection consists of the root of Smtilacina racemosa and the wood of Fraxinus nigra and is called "miskwipitiihi [leaf turned red]. This combination is used to loosen the bowels. Specimen 5147 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Smilacina racemosa alone and it is called "pecegisimin" [deer berries]. It was put into the cooking kettle during the time of plague to prevent sickness. It was also put into the food that was fed to hogs to prevent hog cholera. The white man has used it in the same manner as his drugs containing convallarin, that is, as a substitute for digitalis. It is less powerful and was thought more efficient in treating dropsy. It strengthens the contractions of the heart muscle, reduces the number of heart beats, increases blood pressure, stimulates respiration, and frequently increases the appetite and digestion. Carrion Flower (Smilax herbacea L.), "a'sipfini'minfini" [coon berry] (M), "asipfini'minfin" [coon berry] (P P). McIntosh uses the berries as a medicine, but the Meskwaki only consider them as a food. There is no record of the use of this plant by the white man. LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY) Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis L.), "inote'wi" [Indian tobacco] (M and P P). Shown in plate XLII, fig. 2. Win. Davenport in explaining about "shikatape'" brought out a tobacco pouch of Indian tobacco, which is not for smoking at all. It was a maceration of the entire plant. When a storm portends this "tobacco" dust is thrown into the air to dispel it. At the end of a funeral, it is thrown into the grave, much as we strew flowers. The roots are also used for a love medicine. Great Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica L.), "wapiskitce'piki" [white roots] (M), "wapiskitca'pakik" [white roots] (P P). Shown in plate 232 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 XLII, fig. 4. This is used as a love medicine and the roots of the preceding one, Cardinal Flower, were used in the same way. They are finely chopped and put into the food of a quarrelsome pair, without their knowledge. This medicine averts divorce and makes the pair love each other again. The eclectic practitioners among the whites used L. cardinalis as an anthelmintic and the L. syphilitica was a well known old time remedy for syphilis, deriving its scientific name from this use. MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) Indian Mallow (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.). Neither tribe used it but the Meskwaki had a name for it, "m.nakwfiski" [smells bad]. Glade Mallow (Napaea dioica L.), "wisaitce'piki" [sweet root], "we'sakaki," "wesasa'k," and "wepokfin" [like pumpkin vine] (M), "wasa'was tca'pkfikfik" [yellow root] (P P). The roots of this were a special remedy for piles. It was growing only in McIntosh's farm yard. The Meskwaki name "wesasak" means slippery, as does another Potawatomi name for it, "wapfiku'n pfikoki'sakfik," and it was a great female remedy to render parturition easy. It was also a remedy for female troubles. The root fibers were slippery like the fibers of slippery elm bark. It was used as a poultice to keep old sores soft. It could be used alone, but was generally used in combination with other medicines. It was also a hunting charm. Specimen 5157 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Napaea dioica and is called "wapaskwa." The root was boiled and used as a poultice for a swelling, There is no record of the use among the whites. NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY) Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort (Oxybaphus nyctaginea (Mx.) Sweet), "apatci'mikaki" (M), "aiatciami'kifk" [sneezing] (P P). The whole herb or the root only is used in treating bladder troubles. Specimen 5129 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Oxybaphus nyctaginea and was called "wisagagi." It was boiled and made into a drink, and it was also used in a macerated preparation as a poultice for a burn. There is no record of its use among the whites. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 233 OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.), "wi'sfikak" [basket tree] (M and P P). A bark infusion is used by the Indians on sores and to cure the itch. Itch of the scalp due to vermin is cured in the same way. Specimen 3637 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stamens of Fraxinus americana, just at the time when they are bursting with pollen, and is called "waipaskwa" [white medicine]. It was used with several others of his specimens: 3638, 3639, 3640, 3641, 3642, 3643, and 3634, which are respectively: Oxypolis rididior?, Pastinaca sativa?, Thalictrum dasycarpum?, Cypripedium acaule, Indet., Filipendula rubra, and Phlox pilosa?, each of them for a different purpose. Specimen 5053 of the Dr. Jones collection is the inner bark of a swamp sapling of Fraxinus americana, called "wisaga'kwi" which is cooked into a molasses consistency and used on old sores. Specimen 5159 of the Dr. Jones collection is a curious growth of wood flowers which, from its structure, seems to have grown on Fraxinus americana. It is called "micgwapaga'ki." It is boiled and made into a drink which is used as an antidote for a bite, probably a snake bite. Specimen 5168 of the Dr. Jones collection seems to be the inner bark of Fraxinus americana, which is a medicine called "mawa'kumic" with no notes as to its use. Ash bark has been employed among the whites as a bitter tonic and astringent. It was used in the reduction of intermittent fevers. Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.),35 "askipfika'kwi" (M), "askipfika'pfili" (P P). The inner bark of the trunk is considered a remedy for any internal ailments. Specimen 3665 of the Dr. Jones collection is the wood of Fraxinus nigra together with the root of Smilacina racemosa, and the name applied to this mixture is "miskwipittihi" [leaf turned red]. The tea prepared from this mixture is used to loosen the bowels. The white man has used the bark infusion as a bitter tonic. ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHID FAMILY) Moccasin Flower (Cypripedium acaule Ait.).36 Specimen 3641 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of this species called "kfikfiwema "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. IX, fig. 3. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XIII, fig. 4. 234 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 'kesiihi" [whip-poor-will moccasin]. It is so called because the blossom has the form of a moccasin. It is a part of a love medicine, the other ingredients of which are: the stamens of Fraxinus americana, 3637; the root of Oxypolis rigidior? 3638; root of Pastinaca sativa? 3639; root of Thalictrum dasycarpum? 3640; Indet. 3642 called widows' comb; root of Filipendula rubra 3643; and the root of Phlox pilosa? 3644. Ladies' Tresses (Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard), "soa'nfinl" [tail of a rattlesnake or squirrel] (M). Neither tribe uses this for a medicine. PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.),37 "meskwe" [red] (M), "maskwa'we" and "meskwa" [red] (P P). McIntosh used a tea of this root to bathe burns. Then, too, the root is chewed and the spittle put upon burns to relieve the pain. It is called a great medicine and sometimes is prepared under water. It is then peeled under hot water. It is often added to other medicines to strengthen their effect. Sanguinaria is a drug of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia only, and is used in many ways. In small doses it stimulates gastric secretions. It has been used as an expectorant, sternutatory and an emetic. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). Shown in plate XXXVIII, fig. 2. Specimen 3603 of the Dr. Jones collection is the leaves of Juniperus virginiana and is called "myi'kapenitcigi aniposapi they who are weak with illness, they boil it imenowitci." This is a medicine made by boiling the leaves of the red they drink of it cedar. It is drunk for weakness and as a convalescent medicine. The wood of the red cedar is found in specimen 3652, mixed with other undetermined materials, and it is used as a seasoner for other medicines. It is prepared in warm water and is stirred with the fingers during preparation. PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) Common Plantain (Plantago major L.),88 "kowaske'mishi" (M) "8Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXI, fig. 2. '"Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XIV, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 235 "mfikitca'kwo" [spotted frog] (P P). The fresh leaf is used, as among the Menomini, to reduce swelling. A tea of the leaves is made for bowel troubles and for a urinary. The tea is also used to cure burns. Plantain has also been used extensively by the white man. Eclectics still use it to treat inflammations of the skin, malignant ulcers, intermittent fevers, etc. The leaves are of some value as a haemostatic. PLATANACEAE (BUTTONBALL FAMILY) Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), "kisowa'kwa" or "kisowa'kwi" [sweat or warm] (M), "kiswak" [sweat] (P P). The bark tea is used for colds and for purifying the blood. Its greatest use is for smallpox. When the pustules are washed with this, they dry up and leave no mark. The patient drinks the bark infusion at the same time to purify his blood. Eating this bark will often dispel internal pains, and cause the patient to get fat. It is also used in lung troubles and for hemorrhages. Specimen 3613 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of the bark of Platanus occidentalis with the stem and twig of Baptisia leucantha, and is called "papikwaski" [hollow stem] or "wiskwis kwikwi aiy6gi hollow stem used uwiyiha i'petcinahutci." The name of the medicine arises from when anyone has cut himself accidentally. the fact that the stem of the plant is hollow. It is used on wounds made by a knife or an axe. So far as the white man is concerned, there is no record of its medicinal use. POLEMONIACEAE (PHLOX FAMILY) Downy Phlox (Phlox pilosa L.), "skipwa'shipisana'kisita" [eczema weed] (M), "kwfipwa'kasi pasinfi'ksiik" [eczema weed] (PP). A tea made from the leaves is used as a wash for eczema, and is drunk to cure and purify the blood at the same time. Specimen 3644 of the Dr. Jones collection was doubtfully identified as the root of Phlox pilosa and was called a weed, "askipwawica." It is part of a love medicine and goes with seven other ingredients: specimens numbered 3637-3643. There is no record of white man's use of this plant. Greek Valerian (Polemnoniumn reptans L.), "shekwakwiya'kwikwi" [pine smell] (M), "tciikwakomiwfik" [smells like pine] (PP), 236 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 "piasan'kwefik" [fine haired roots] (P P). This last term is the same in Menomini. This is a powerful medicine employed for quick results. With Mayapple root it is used as a urinary or physic. There is no record of its use by the white man. POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) Senega Snakeroot (Polygala senega L.), shown in plate XLIV, fig. 1, "wesatcakika'kfik1" [head dress of an Indian] (M), "wayepina'waneke'sakik" [head dress of an Indian] (PP). This is the chief remedy of both tribes in cases of heart trouble. Specimen 5174 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Polygala senega and the medicine is called "wa'kagapi." The root is boiled and made into a drink to be used for heart trouble. Senega is official in all pharmacopoeias. It is used as a stimulating expectorant in acute bronchitis, spasmodic croup, and catarrhal laryngitis. POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) Smartweed (Polygonum acre HBK.), "sakfi'ski" [weed] (M). Neither tribe uses this plant. Hedge Buckwheat (Polygonum dumetorum L.), "tetipa'kwe" [twisting] (M). Neither tribe uses this plant. Swamp Persicaria (Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats.), "wapasi'pini kokakiai'sikekipeskipaki" [white or water potato and?] and "sakfi'ski [weed] (M), "piskapfi'k pikii'takfik" [grows in the water] (PP). The root is used for treating sores in the mouth. The Meskwaki use it for a tea when it is "young or soft," as they express it. The leaves and stems furnish a tea for the treatment of flux in children. The Indians soak the drug without heat, as they claim the active principle is destroyed by heating. Specimen 5092 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture incorporating the root of Polygonum muhlenbergii with five other ingredients: Acer saccharum, Angelica atropurpurea, Pyrus ioensis, Sisyrinchium campestre and Apocynum androsaemifolium. The mixture is boiled and made into a drink to cure women with an injured womb. White men do not use it. Pennsylvania Persicaria (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.), "wi'sakfiki" [to wipe anus] (M), "kasimitii'on" [to wipe anus] (P P). 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 237 This is used to cure the bloody flux, by wiping the anus with it. It is also a cure for piles. White men record no use for it. Great Water-Dock (Rumex britanica L.). Specimen 5124 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Rumex britanica, called "tipikiskanagi." It is boiled and made into a drink that is an antidote for poison. POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) Maiden-hair Fern (Adiantum pedatum L.). Specimen 5148 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root and stems of Adiantum pedatum and was mixed with specimen 5168 (Fagus americana?) for curing children who "turn black." It is called "mi'kadiwa'kanisi." The writer did not discover any use of the fern family, but Dr. Jones collected his specimens and information some twenty-three years previously. The white man has used the roots of this fern, in syrup and infusion, to treat chronic affections of the respiratory tract. Lady Fern (Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh.). Specimen 5172 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of the Lady Fern and called "cicigwilwa uwicigicigigi." It is boiled and made into a drink to cure pains in the bosom of a woman. The pains are those said to be due to childbirth. It has been locally used by the whites to alleviate backache. RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) White Baneberry (Actaea alba (L.) Mill.), "neniwa'kw1" [man root], "wiskopitce'piki" [sweet or squaw root] (M). The latter name is the same as that for Blue Cohosh and the root is used in the same manner as a genito-urinary remedy for men and women. Specimen 3623 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Actaea alba and is called "tcigiwiskupitci'pi'kihahi uwiyhiha katawi niepegi a little sweet root one nearly dies cametci." The translation of the Indian description gives the use of it is given to eat. this medicine admirably. It is said that it will revive and rally a patient when he is at the point of death. Specimen 5120 of Dr. Jones' collection is also the root of Actaea alba called "wikupitcipi'kii," and it is boiled and made into a drink to relieve the pain of childbirth. The 238 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 root drug of this has been found beneficial by the white man for its effect on the circulation. It has also been used to relieve headache due to eyestrain. Canada Anemone (Anemone canadensis L.), "wapaski'paskone'wiki" [very bitter root] (M), "wasa'wiisk" [yellow weed] (P P). This is a remedy to cure cross eyes. A root tea is also used to wash the eyes when they twitch and also when the eye is "poisoned." It is probable that no drug in materia medica has been employed for so many purposes as the anemone. It has been recommended at various times for cataract, paralysis, rheumatism, melancholia, syphilis, dysmenorrhoea and many other morbid conditions, without much effect in any. Thimbleweed (Anemone cylindrica Gray), "kepi'a," "wapfino'pwfiskwi" (M), "wepieia'wik" [seeds of hair], "kfipwakuls wasinfi'kfik" [bitter weeds] (P P). The leaves of this species are used to poultice bad burns. The root, under the name "seeds of hair" makes a tea for headache and dizzy spells. It also is a medicine for crazy people. Charlie Chuck's sister was cured of craziness with it. Specimen 5099 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stem and fruit of this species and is called "cigahigwai." This is boiled and made into a wash to cure sore eyes. This species has neither more nor less virtue in the eyes of the white man than others of the genus. Virginia Anemone (Anemone virginiana L.), "wasa'wfiski" (M) [yellow flower], "wasa'wfik" [yellow flower] (P P). According to McIntosh, this is the high yellow golden seal. When the patient is very sick and unconscious, they will take a hot iron, put the seed pod on it, use a cone to catch the smoke and direct it up the patient's nose. Then consciousness will return and he will revive. Specimen 5150 of the Dr. Jones collection consists of the seeds of this species with their dense mats of hair and is called "wapiway6gi." It is used to cure catarrh, and the smoke is inhaled through the nostrils. The smoke is produced by placing the seeds upon live coals. This species is likewise of little value to the white man, save as an eclectic medicine. Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis L.), "kakaki'waskwi" [crow's foot] (M), "kakaki'wfis" [crow's foot] (P P). The root of this plant 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 239 is chewed for stomach and bowel troubles. The ripe capsules are mixed with the smoking tobacco by the young beaux among the Indians, to make it smell good and refined. Specimen 3674 of Dr. Jones' collection is the seeds of Aquilegia canadenis and is called "manwaihi" [love perfume]. This is used with love medicine and also without, as for smoking. Specimen 5082 of Dr. Jones' collection is the root and leaves of Aquilegia canadensis and is called "minwaigos fiyogi atepowigi." The root and leaves are boiled and made into a drink to cure diarrhoea. It is also used as a power of persuasion at trade or council. Specimen 5167 is the root of Aquilegia canadensis and, in connection with the bark of Zanthoxylum aimericanum, is called "misin" [nettle]. This is taken when the contents of the bladder are thick, according to the Meskwaki. There is no record of its medicinal use among the whites. Leather Flower (Clematis virona L.), "inishina'pasiina" [Indian weed] (M). The root of this species is used to make a drink for any kind of common sickness. McIntosh did not use it. The white man has no record of its use as a medicine. Sharp-lobed Hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba DC.), o "wewitcipisa'o" (M), "wawitci'pasa" (P P). When the mouth gets twisted or crossed and the eyes get crossed, this root is brewed into a tea, and the face is washed with it until it returns to normal. At the same time the patient has to take two teaspoonfuls daily. Specimen 5139 of the Dr. Jones collection is the leaves of Hepatica acutiloba and is called "wiwitepeswai." The tea from the leaves is used to cure some physical deformity like crosseyes. A great deal of this leaf drug is imported into the U. S. from Spain for the white man's use, though no analyst has succeeded in finding any constituent of importance. Abortive Crowfoot (Ranunculus abortivus L.). The Meskwaki have no name or use for this but McIntosh knows it as "sfikitii'poi" [stickers], and uses the roots as a styptic to stop the nose bleed. It is not used by the white man. Water Yellow Crowfoot (Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.), a'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXI, fig. 2. 240 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 "nfimwa'pit" [dog's teat] (M and P P). The center of the flowers or the stigmas are used for a snuff to cause sneezing. Specimen 5136 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of three medicines containing Ranunculus delphinifolius leaves, disk florets of Helenium autumnale and leaf bracts of Monarda punctata. The mixture is powdered and used as a snuff for catarrh and cold in the head. The white man has no use for it. Meadow Rue (Thalictrumn dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall.), "kakaki' wfiskwi" [crow weeds] (M), "kakaki'wfiskwe" [crow woman weed] (P P). This is a love medicine used to reconcile a quarrelsome married couple. It is a hollow stemmed plant and as such is used by both tribes like a straw to drink water from a spring, hence it is called by two other names meaning hollow stemmed, "pepikwe'niskaki" (M) and "pfikwe'wfnfisk tapaka'wfikipatike'tak" [drink water from it] (P P). Specimen 3640 of the Dr. Jones collection was doubtfully identified as Thalictrum dasycarpum and is called "cactgaihimini" [garter-snake berry or fruit]. This is a medicine which forms part of a love medicine, used with numbers 3637, 3638, 3639, 3642, 3643 and 3644. Along with others of this family, Thalictrum contains a bitter tonic principle, berberine, and has been used by the white man as a medicine. RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus L.),40 "kitfiki manito" [spotted snake spirit] (M and P P). The Indian name for this plant is the same in Meskwaki, Potawatomi, Menomini and Ojibwe, and all ascribe great powers to it. All Indians refer to its twisted, intricately knotted roots and ascribe potency to its use in the treatment of bowel troubles. McIntosh said that it was a great medicine root, and called attention to the fact that it was red and so twisted as to resemble the bowels, hence it was used for bowel troubles. The Meskwaki do not use it as a medicine. The root and bark of New Jersey Tea are strongly astringent because of its nine per cent tannin content, and its use with the white man is confined to its astringent properties. During the Revolutionary war the leaves were used as a substitute for tea. Specimen 3609 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Ceanothus amnericanus, which his informant said was used formerly to cure snake bite. It is called "sagimtwi minet6wa isigipowaitci." chief serpent when it bites "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXI, fig. 1. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 241 Specimen 5087 of the Dr. Jones collection has the more common name "ketagi manetawa" pronounced almost the same as among other Algonkian tribes. It is the root of Ceanothus americanus which is prepared by boiling and then chewing. This is the premier remedy for flux. Buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her.). Specimen 5181 of the Dr. Jones collection is the bark of Rhamnus alnifolia and is called "migosigicigigi." It is boiled and made into a drink to cure constipation. This is native to Iowa in a few localities, and doubtless possesses the same properties as Rhamnus purshiana, which is the commercial source of Cascara Sagrada, the drug official with the whites. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr.), "soka'tepe" [stickers] (M), "sfikiti'pfia" [stickers] (P P). The root of this is used as a styptic to stop nose bleed. Although it has been used by the white man for its bitter astringent properties, it is not valued much now. Pear Thorn (Crataegus tomentosa L.), shown in plate XLV, fig. 4, "omeko'minfi'ki" (M), "sfuksiminai'sfikawfis" [deer apple] (P P). The apples are used as a medicine for bladder ailments. They are used unripe by the Indians, as they are by eclectic practitioners among the whites. They are reputed to have astringent and cardiac tonic properties. Specimen 5133 of the Dr. Jones collection is the twigs of a species of Crataegus called "miniisaglwic." The tea is used for a pain in the side or for bladder trouble. The Indian name is a good pronunciation of the Ojibwe word for the same thing. Specimen 5152 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root bark of a species of Crataegus and carries the same name "minisaglwic." The tea is used for general debility. Queen of the Prairie (Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson), "meskwa'naka" [red top] (M), "m.skwa'nfikfik" [red top] (P P). It is said that the foliage and flower top are red, and it is a very important root medicine with the Indians in treating various heart troubles. Specimen 3643 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Filipendula rubra and is called "mickwana'kihi" [red top]. It is a part of a love medicine with the Meskwaki and goes with Fraxinus americana stamens, 242 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Oxypolis rigidor? root, Pastinaca sativa? root, Thalictrum dasycarpum? root, Cypripedium acaule root, Phlox pilosa? root, and an undetermined root. Due to its tannin content this plant is used by the whites solely for its astringent properties. Wild Plum (Prunus americana Marsh.), "pokama'aki" (M), "pfikoma'ia" (P P). The bark of the root is an astringent medicine used to cure canker in the mouth. There is no recorded use of this as a medicine by the white man. Canada Plum (Prunus nigra Ait.), "wikwaskia'mish" [bark peel around the tree] (M and P P). The bark tea of this species is used to settle the stomach when it will not retain food. It has no medicinal use among the whites. Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana L.),41 "makwi'minfini" (M), "soswi'menfin" (P P). The root bark tea is a sedative and is used for stomach troubles. Specimen 5077 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root bark of Prunus virginiana and is called "pe'kiwiaimic" [choke berry]. The bark is boiled and made into a drink and it is also used as a rectal douche fluid for curing the piles. The fluid is astringent and is spoken of by the Indians as "a puckering." Wild-cherry bark is official in our pharmacopoeia and while it goes under this scientific name, the actual preparation is made from Prunus serotina. Its sedative action is quite transitory, but the syrup of wild cherry makes a pleasing mask for other drugs. Wild Crab Apple (Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey), "inote mishi'mishaki" [Indian apple tree] (M), "mishi'mishak" [apple tree] (P P). The Indians say that fifty years ago this was used to cure smallpox. However, it is not so used now. Smooth Rose (Rosa blanda Ait.), "sipitia'mini" [berry] (M), "sipitii'min" [berry] (P P). Another Meskwaki name for this is "kishipi'iminaki." Shown in plate XXXVII, fig. 3. The skin of the rose hip is used for stomach trouble. This is the same use as was seen on the Menomini reservation. The word is the same and doubtless means the same "to itch like the piles." McIntosh and the Meskwaki,aPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VIII, fig. 1. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 243 use it for itching piles or for an itch anywhere on the body. The whole fruit is boiled down to a syrup. The white man has no record of its medicinal use. Highbush Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter),42 "makate'minaki" [blackberry-earth] (M), "k&tamin" (P P). The Meskwaki use the root extract for stomach trouble, but McIntosh uses the liquid of the root for treating sore eyes. Specimen 5070 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Rubus allegheniensis called "kiwapyimic'kwi" [raspberry root]. This is boiled and prepared for a drink as an antidote to poison. Blackberry root extract is a favorite household remedy of the white man for its tonic and astringent properties. It is useful in summer diarrhoea of children and adults. Wild Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus-aculeatissimus (C. A. Mey.) Regel. & Tiling.).43 Specimen 5160 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of this species and is called "atetia" [red root]. It is used as a seasoner to mix with other medicines. Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) "wita'wiaki" (M), "itwatci skii'min" (P P). A beverage tea is sometimes made from the root of this by the Meskwaki. Meadow Sweet (Spiraea salicifolia L.) Specimen 3628 of the Dr. Jones collection is the immature seeds of Spiraea salicifolia, called "sagimawa" [chief], and also "wiita'tagagwinii [bone-back] miickwimitcitahitcigi" [those in blood flux]. It is made into a medicine to stop blood flux. There is no record of its use by the whites. RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY) Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.), "totomi'sh" [bullfrog] (P P). The inner bark of this species was a very important medicine with McIntosh and was used as an emetic. With the white man, Cephalanthus bark has been gathered as a sort of substitute for quinine, and indeed, it belongs to the same family. Cleavers (Galium aparine L.). Specimen 5066 of the Dr. Jones collection is the whole plant of this species and it is called "sagwacki." It is boiled and drunk as an emetic. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXV, fig. 4. 43Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXV, fig. 3. 244 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Shining Bedstraw (Galium concinnum T. & G.), "asa'wfiskwi' (M) [stickers] (M and P P) "asa'wfisk" (P P). The whole plant is brewed to make a tea for bladder and kidney trouble. The tea is also to cure the ague. McIntosh cited the case of John Jensen, who had been very sick, but was well and seen working on the section that very day. Many species of Galium have been used by the white man as diuretics and for various skin diseases, though none is official. RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY) Three-leaved Hop Tree (Ptelea trifoliata L.),"44 "wapekya' wisakopce'piki" [white bitter root] (M), "wapishki'ak wisiktcai'pfik" [white root bitter root] (P P). Like the Menomini Indians, McIntosh obtained the seed of this tree from Kansas and planted it, but he had quite a group of the little trees and made no objections to taking as much of the root as one wanted. The root is principally valuable for lung troubles. It is pounded and steeped for tea with three other barks, one of which is that of the white oak. It is a very good medicine. This root is often added to other medicines to make them potent. The root bark of Ptelea contains a powerful volatile oil, an acrid resin, and an alkaloid and is frequently used as a home remedy in the United States. Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum aminericanum Mill.),45 "kawakomi'shi' and "kawishi ke'koteki" [tree berries] (M), "kawakomi'sh" (P P). The second Meskwaki name was obtained from Charles Keosatok, while Win. Davenport had yet another name for it, "shipa'skwi." Four distinct parts of this plant are used; the bark of the trunk, the bark of the root, the berries, and the leaves. The bark and berries are a strong expectorant and are used in making cough syrup and medicine. It is also used for stopping hemorrhages and for tuberculosis. Specimen 3653 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture under the name "nap6satiwi" [boiled fluid]. It consists of the inner bark of Zanthoxylum americanum, the root of Aralia nudicaulis, and another undetermined root. It is drunk to give strength to one who is ill. Specimen 5128 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Zanthoxylumn americanumn, and is called "kawa'kumici" [tree berries]. It is mixed with specimen 5161 "winfigii," a portion of a plant gall, probably growing on Solidago "4Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXVIII, fig. 4. 5Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXVIII, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 245 canadensis. The tea is used to cure kidney trouble. Specimen 5142 of the Dr. Jones collection is the inner bark of Zanthoxylum anmericanum and is called "kawacanwana'ki." This is made into a powder and used for toothache. Prickly ash has no proven physiological value but has been used by the white man for many ailments. It is supposed to be a pungent stimulant, sialogogue, diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative and emmenagogue. It is a stimulant to the mucous membrane and excites the glands of the buccal, gastric and intestinal tracts. It is said to promote secretion of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and skin and to augment the rate and force of the pulse. The negroes of the South believe that it cures toothache. SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides Mx.), "mitwi" (M and P P). The buds are boiled in fat to make a salve or balm for nasal application to cure coughs and colds for children or adults. The white man has found these buds to be stimulant, tonic, diuretic, antiscorbutic and antiseptic. Silvery Willow (Salix candida Fluegge). Specimen 3649 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture containing, besides the leaves of this species, the heads of Agastache scrophulariaefolia, the leaves of Hypericumn punctatum, and the tendrils of Vitis vulpina, or some closely related grape. While this is one of their medicines, Dr. Jones' notes give no use for it. Dwarf Willow (Salix humilis Marsh.). The botanical status of two willow specimens collected was identical, though one tree grew on a ridge and the other in a lowland. One was called in Meskwaki "sopika'" and in Potawatomi, "se'ekomish'." The root tea of this one was used in flux and for giving enemas. The upland species was called in Meskwaki "soso'pika," and in Potawatomi "sisiko'pamish." The Meskwaki did not know its medicinal use, but McIntosh said that the leaves were used for stopping a hemorrhage. He never uses the leaves from the lowland species. The white man does not use this species medicinally. 246 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) Bastard Toad Flax (Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.), "wisawa' kasi" [bitter] (M), "wisaka'pakos" [bitter] (P P). The leaf tea is drunk for internal pains in the lungs. Specimen 3617 of the Dr. Jones collection is the immature florets of Comandra umbellata and is called "n6skwatcigfini iy6gi ii'keponanoan object to be licked used when their watci okutagfinegi." When the patient breathes with difficulty, by breathing is closed at the throat. reason of a cold or some other illness, this medicine is taken by licking it. There is no record of the white man's use of this plant. SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Alum-root (Heuchera americana L.), "kwakwate'wopamekie'shikkipkpski'paki" [looks like grasshopper legs] (M), "timenokfipopi'skapfik" [strawberry-like leaves] (P P). The foliage is used as an astringent in the healing of sores. Specimen 3632 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture containing the doubtfully identified root of Heuchera americana, corn silk, and Ash manna from Fraxinus nigra. It is called "naisai'tcigini" [healer]. It is mixed with "naiwaygwa'ki," another medicine, and "kiy6tcawaskwi" [snake medicine]. Nothing further is recorded of its use, than as a healer. The white man has used the alum root in the treatment of serous diarrhoeas and other conditions where vegetable astringents are usually recommended. Prickly Gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati L.), "kawe'minaki" (M), "peskominaka'wes" (P P). McIntosh uses the root of this to cure uterine trouble caused from bearing too many children. There is no use assigned to it by the whites. Black Currant (Ribes floridum L'Her.), "kasoo'soana kfik~ ke'shikeki" [tail-like] (M), "kakaki'menfik" [crow berries] (P P). McIntosh uses the root bark as a medicine to expel intestinal worms. There is no record of its use by the white man as a medicine. SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) Slender Gerardia (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl.), "asawana'kasiti" 1928J SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 247 (M), "skfipwa'piisi pasanfi'ksit" (P P). McIntosh and the Meskwaki use it to make a tea for the treatment of diarrhoea. The whites do not use it. Lousewort (Pedicularis canadensis L.),46 "makwama'wishi" [bumble bee plant] (M), referring to the fact that bumble bees visit the plant, "mfikwamiik" and "makwama'wfish" (P P), meaning that the bumble bees make honey of this plant. The whole plant is boiled to make a tea to reduce any internal swelling. For external swellings the root is made into a poultice. Tumors are supposed to be healed by this according to McIntosh. There is no record of its use by the whites. Figwort (Scrophularia minarilandica L.). The Meskwaki had a name for this but Keosatok could not think what it was, although he knew the roots were used as a medicine. Culver's Root (Veronica virginica L.),4' "witcikatcapI sikfini' [black snake root], and "makate'wakw' fitcepiki" [black root] (M), "witcikatcai'p'sikfin" [black snake root] (P P). This is a very valuable remedy to McIntosh and the Meskwaki, as the root is used in curing fits, constipation and to dissolve gravel in the kidneys. The root furnishes a tea for ague of long standing. Specimen 3660 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Veronica virginica called "masanutcipi'ki" nettle-root. It is used by women who are weak and by those who are in labor. As Leptandra, the root is in the New Formulary and in fresher preparations is a violent cathartic and emetic. It is thought by some to be a reliable remedy in duodenal indigestion and chronic constipation. SOLANACEAE (POTATO FAMILY) Clammy Ground Cherry (Physalis heterophylla Nees.), "tcekwakwote'" [twisted] (M), "dumwo'sa" [old woman berries] (P P). The Meskwaki make use of the root as a medicine. There is no record of its use in medicine by the white man. Ground Cherry (Physalis virginiana Mill.), "meta'mo iminfni poki'mini" [squaw berry pops] (M) "metamo'samenfini" [old squaw 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXIV, fig. 1. 7Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXV, fig. 1. 248 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 berry] (P P). The whole plant is used by McIntosh to make a tea to cure dizziness. There is no record of its use in medicine by the white man. STAPHYLACEAE (BLADDERNUT FAMILY) Bladder Nut (Staphylea trifolia L.), "tamakona'tfiki" (M). The twigs of this are used by the Meskwaki for pipe stems. The seeds are used in the gourd rattles used in the dream and medicine dances. Whites have used the bark as a local medicine. TILIACEAE (BASSWOOD FAMILY) Basswood (Tilia americana L.),48 "wikfipimi'sh" [string tree] (M and P P). The inner bark of the basswood is considered medicinal by these Indians, who use it boiled as a poultice to cause boils to open. Specimen 5151 of the Dr. Jones collection is a twig of Tilia americana which is called "wigwisgwimic." This is boiled to furnish a tea, which is drunk by those having lung trouble. The white man makes no medicinal use of this tree except to express a fixed oil from the seeds. TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) Cat-tail (Typh/a latifolia L.),49 "pakwe'fik" (M and P P). The seed fuzz of the cattail is called "piwie'skinfiki" meaning [feathers] (M), "piwie'skintfik (P P). Children born in the winter are wrapped in a quilt of this fuzz to keep them warm. Old sores on the neck are padded with this fuzz to help them get well. It is not medicine to the white man. UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) Rattlesnake Master (Eryngium yuccifolium Mx.), shown in plate XLIV, fig. 3, "kishi'paskwapt" (M), "kiship'skwap" (P P). The plant leaves and fruit were formerly introduced into the rattlesnake medicine song and dance.50 The root is also used as a medicine for bladder trouble and poisons other than that of the rattlesnake. The Eryngium is called the button snakeroot in the unofficial drugs of the parsley family, and has been used locally for its bitter aromatic principles. 48Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XII, fig. 4. 49Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXV, fig. 3. "See page 27. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 249 Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Mx.), shown in plate XXXVII, fig. 1, and plate XL, fig. 4. Specimen 3604 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Herculeum lanatum called "fiatapapiso'watci" [when cramped with the colic]. It is a medicine for those who are sick with the colic or any kind of cramps in the stomach. Specimen 3614 of the Dr. Jones collection is the seeds of Heracleum lanatum and is called "miga'kwiihi" [big stem]. It is further described by the Indian words "iiyogi, uwicwawini, ikatawi-wipisiwitci." It is used, when they are almost crazed by pain in the head used for a severe pain in the head. Specimen 3626 of the Dr. Jones collection is the stem of Heracleum lanatum called "pipigwiskihi" [hollow plant]. It is further described by the term "mecwaiwitcigi i'tawutci." The stem is used for a poultice wounded, is put on to heal wounds. Specimen 5138 of the Dr. Jones collection is doubtfully identified as the root of Heracleum lanatum and is called "pipagwiicki." The root tea is used to cure erysipelas. The fresh leaves and roots of this plant will produce vesication, and has been used by the white man as a counterirritant. It is alleged to have a curative effect in epilepsy, and to correct dyspeptic disorders. Smooth Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.), "shakfi'skwa" [stickers] (M), "sikiti'pia" [seed stickers] (P P). This is a medicine imported by the Meskwaki from Wisconsin and they say it is good medicine for everything. It is chiefly used as an eye remedy. It is horse medicine, too, and the root is grated and mixed with salt for distemper. When hunting, they fed a pony with the root and he was thus enabled to catch the buffalo. Specimen 5154 of the Dr. Jones collection is the leaves of Osmorhiza longistylis and the bark of Gleditsia triacanthos mixed to make a tea which is drunk to regain flesh and strength. It is not given an Indian name. There is no record of its use by the whites. Nuttall's Prairie Parsley (Polytaenia nuttallii DC.). Specimen 3605 of the Dr. Jones collection is the seeds of Polytaenia nuttallii and is called "a'kwawiminigici kegi" [like unto seed]. It is boiled and made into a drink for women when they are severely ill with diarrhoea. There is no record of its use by the whites. 250 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Clustered Snakeroot (Sanicula gregaria Bicknell), "skipwa'ishi' [stickery weed] (M), "asikitii'pfiiia" [stickers] (P P). This plant is used by the Indians as an astringent, and to stop the nose bleed. They burn the plant upon hot stones, and inhale the fumes or steam up the nostrils to stop the nose bleed. The Meskwaki did not know this plant although they had a name for it, but McIntosh knew it and gave the use. This class of plants was used in an earlier day by the white man for its rather active, aromatic, bitter principles. Yellow Pimpernel (Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude),51 "mana'kwaski' [stink weed] (M), "manwi'kos" [perfume] (P P). The root of this plant was used as a seasoner and might be found mixed with any remedy because of its good smell. These Indians evidently did not know all of the good properties it is supposed to have as do the Menomini. Golden Alexander (Zizia aurea (L.) Koch), "kakaki'wasik wasawiin'akfik" [yellow flowers] (P P). The root of this species is used in fevers. Specimen 3622 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of the flower stalks of Zizea aurea, the leaves of Monarda punctata and the disk florets of Erigeron philadelphicus. It is called "pitcikumat ihi" [snuff], and is further described as "iiyogi a'kwamldamegi uwicegi." used for illness in the head This medicine is powdered and taken as snuff to relieve a sick headache. There is no record of its use by the white man. URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), "kakawami'sh" [berries hanging on a tree], "kakai'mishi" [crow berries] (M). The only medicinal use of this is when they feed the inner bark of the trunk to ponies as a conditioner. The bark of hackberry is rich in tannin and it has been used by white men as an astringent. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.). The Indians call it hop also and have introduced it into their own culture. McIntosh makes use of the root to cure insomnia. The hop is official in nearly all pharmacopoeias, as a tonic, diuretic and sedative. Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud.) "masa'n [sting] (M and P P). The root of the nettle is used by the Indians as a "'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVII, fig. 3. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 251 diurient, and cures the incontinence of urine. There is no record of its use by the white man. Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.), "wasao'kfis (M and P P). The root bark is used for a medicine in any sickness. The root bark is reputed among white men to be anthelmintic. White Elm (Ulnus americana L.). Specimen 5110 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root bark of this species and is called "anipitcapi'ki." It is boiled and made into an eye lotion to be applied to sore eyes. Slippery Elm (Uhnus fulva Mx.),52,pikwa'nant, (M) "osasha'kfip" (P P). The bark is used to make a poultice for old sores. It is pounded, then wet up and put into combinations with other medicines. Specimen 5126 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Ulmus fulva and is called "cacogotcipi'k." It is boiled to make a tea for women so that they may deliver a child with ease. Slippery elm bark is also a favorite with the white man for its demulcent and healing qualities. It is used in coughs and bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery and inflammation of the urinary passages. In some parts of the country, slippery elm poultices are used on abscesses, felons and other local inflammations. This parallels the use among the Meskwaki. VALERIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY) Edible Valerian (Valeriana edulis Nutt.). Specimen 3629 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Valeriana edulis called "minagwa'ki" [stink], and further described as "aiy6wigi meskwipyatcisa'totcigi." they use it who fetch up blood It is used to relieve hemorrhage. Valerian is official in all pharmacopoeias, and while it is a feeble remedy, it is used in quieting hysteria and functional nervousness by the whites. Its chief use is in relieving the nervous symptoms that occur during the menopause. VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY) White Vervain (Verbena urticaefolia L.), "pisant kwe'aki' [fine hair or like hair the inflorescence] (M), "pasankwe'flk" [roots like fine hair] (PP). The root tea is used to cure profuse menstruation. Specimen 3607 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Verbena urticaefolia and is called "pisane kwiyahi" [of tiny fuzz]. It is further 5 Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 3. 252 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 described as "mitciwfigi i'kttawi nep6hiwatci." It is said that the they eat when they are on the point of death eating of this medicine will revive the patient and restore him to health. Specimen 5173 of the Dr. Jones collection is also the root of Verbena urticaefolia, but is used as a perfume and called "pisine'kwiy~igi" [fine haired woman]. Among the white men, the white vervain has gained some repute as a treatment in cases of rhus-poisoning. VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) Virginia Creeper (Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene). Specimen 5111 of the Dr. Jones collection is the root of Psedera quinquefolia under the name "pisipagi." It is boiled and made into a drink to cure diarrhoea. The white man has never employed the root for medicine but has locally used the fruit as a refrigerant and diuretic. Frost Grape (Vitis cordifolia Mx.), "siwanfint" (M). The Meskwaki children make a tea out of the twigs of this grape and hold it in their mouths when they have been poisoned by eating Indian turnip (Arisacmna triphyllum). It is said to dissolve the element (calcium oxylate) that causes the pain. 1\'McIntosh had no name or use for the grape. There is no record of its medicinal use by the whites. Riverside Grape (Vitis vulpina L.). Specimen 3649 of the Dr. Jones collection is a mixture of medicine not given an Indian name or use, but consisting of tendrils of this species, heads of Agastache scrophulariaefolia, leaves of Hypericum punctatum and leaves of Salix candida. Specimen 5155 of his collection is the twigs of this species called "miiguse pagwi." The twigs are boiled and the tea is drunk to cure insanity. MESKWAKI VEGETAL FOODS The Meskwaki have always had a great reputation as agriculturists, and had a great variety of native vegetables and grains, which they never permitted to die out. They had some fine hunting in their day, too, and in their later contact with the Sioux and the western and southern plains Indians, they were in at the finish of the great buffalo hunting. Naturally they had more hunting medicines than we have listed, but many of these hunting medicines are lost because there is no longer any big game to hunt. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 253 It is comparatively easy to get information about aboriginal foods and combinations because food is always interesting to any people. The Meskwaki were especially fond of their aboriginal foods, because, as they express it, they had medicines in them that kept them in health. They felt that nature's food products had absorbed medicines from the ground that kept them well. Of course, they now use much of the white man's food and to this they ascribe their present diseases and poor teeth. A Meskwaki woman cooking fried bread is shown in plate XLI, fig. 1. Since the Meskwaki formerly lived in the Wisconsin lake country, they know all about the wild rice, but seldom have a chance to get a taste of it, except when they go visiting back in Wisconsin. But for their locality, they have worked out a very extensive list of the native foods. The plants that they still keep growing from aboriginal times are numerous. During the months of August and September, the tourist will find the Meskwaki working industriously away under a roofed shelter, constructed of poles and boughs, making squash rings, drying onions, and all their native foods, and preparing their winter supply of food.53 About fifteen years ago the agricultural part of their life was not so much developed, and none of the men worked. Their chief contribution to the larder was through desultory hunting for small game. Now they are quite industrious and have good farms, where they take considerable of the labor of cultivation off the shoulders of the women. They say that they had regular tobacco for a long time before they saw the white people. The food families are listed alphabetically. MESKWAKI FOOD PLANTS CRYPTOGAMS FUNGI When visited none of the Meskwaki ever ate any of the fungi, believing them all to be poisonous as stated in footnote 1. Their name for them was "wapito'ke" [dawn]. The writer taught them the use of a half dozen species, and found them very fond of them as food.54 At the same time we cautioned them to confine their gathering to only those particular kinds, and they were quick to recognize these six kinds "31923 Yearbook, page 34, fig. 16. "Mrs. Charles Keosatok is shown cooking giant puffball in plate XXXVII, fig. 2. 254 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 when we found them anywhere in the woods. The kinds shown to them were: Giant Puffball (Clavatia gigantea), Brick-Top Mushroom (Hypholoma sublateritium), Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), Abortive Earth Prune (Clitopilus abortivus), Honey Mushroom (Armillaria mellea), and Inky Cap (Coprinus atramentarius). It is a fair comment on their credulity, that they followed the example of the writer, for there are many white people who could not be induced to eat any kind of a mushroom, even though they have it on good authority that it is edible. At one time there were twenty-two Meskwaki eating at the home of Keosatok, and all enjoyed the mushrooms that his wife cooked under our instructions. It especially appealed to them that these mushrooms might be used in soups, for soup is a favored dish with all aborigines. It possesses the valuable character of elasticity, which probably appeals to them. They are great people to visit at meal times, and the meal may be commenced with three people as it was on this particular occasion at the home of Keosatok, but before it was finished there were a total of twenty-two guests. It is only necessary to add water to increase the bulk of soup. There is no question of welcome at the Indian's dinner table. PHANEROGAMS ALISMACEAE (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY) Broad-leaved Arrow-head (Sagittaria latifolia Willd.), "wapasi'piniaki" [wild goose or swan potato; white potato] (M). This is one of their valued wild potatoes. The round corms are attached by a slender rootlet to the main cluster of fibrous roots, and in digging for a specimen one is very apt to detach them from their rootlets. The muskrats gather these corms for their winter store of food, and along a stream where these grow one can often find a cache of them. When the Indians find them it saves the trouble of digging them. These white potatoes are boiled, then sliced and strung on a piece of basswood string and hung in the rafters for the winter supply. The same species, and also Sagittaria arifolia,55 are found on the Menomini reservation sparingly, and are used in the same manner under the same Indian name. A similar species found in California is used as a food under 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXI, fig. 3. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 255 the name wappate or wapatoo by some tribe of Indians there. It is also called "Tule root."50 Specimen 3695 of the Dr. Jones collection is the cooked corms of Sagittaria latifolia and is called "apenyigi kicesutcigi" [cooked potatoes]. The corms are cooked and dried as a part of their winter food supply. Specimen 5037 is also the fresh or dried corms of Sagittaria latifolia for food use. It is called "nenatiwapenyigi" [Indian potatoes]. ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.),57 "sena'mish" [cold timber] (PP). There are not many sugar trees on the Meskwaki reservation; hence but little sugar is made, but they recall with considerable longing the sugar that they used to make in Wisconsin. Most of their cooking, even of meats, in the olden days was done with maple sugar as the seasoning instead of salt, but now they have to depend mostly upon salt. ANACARDIACEAE (SUMAC FAMILY) Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra L.), "pekwana'nomishi" (M). The berries of the smooth sumac are used to make a cooling drink in the summer time, using sugar to sweeten the drink. Some save it for winter also. It is mildly acid and reminiscent of lemonade. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense L.), shown in plate XLV, fig. 1, "pa'pfia'nl" (M). The root of wild ginger is kept on hand at all times and it might be called their most important native seasoning. A good many mud catfish are caught in the Iowa river, which flows through their reservation and the use of wild ginger in cooking them destroys the mud taste and renders them palatable. It is also used to cook with some animal that has died, such as a hog or a cow, and has been given them by some farmer. When used in this way, they claim there is no danger of ptomaine poisoning. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 2. A Lyons, A. B.-Plant Names, Scientific and Popular, 1907, Detroit, p. 408, Art. 1906. 256 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.),58 "maneni'fiki" [thread material] (M). When these milkweeds are in bloom, or even better, when they are in bud, the Meskwaki gather them for their soups. They are cooked with meat of some kind, generally pork, and taste very much like okra. They are sometimes added to cornmeal mush. There are two or three varieties used in the same way, but they do not use the buds of the Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa). They are also gathered and dried and stored away in paper bags for winter use. BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum L.),5,"mishi kite'imishi" (M). The fresh ripe fruits of the Mayapple are very acceptable to the Meskwaki. They eat them raw, or cook them and make a conserve from them. BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) Hazelnut (Corylus americana Walt.),6~ "paka'ni" (M). The Meskwaki have a considerable supply of these on their reservation and enjoy them in the milk stage as well as when ripe. They also save them for winter use. CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Common Elder (Sambucus canadensis L.),"' "papoki'minfini" and "pakwananoke' kotek" [berries of the elder] (M). While the Meskwaki like to eat these raw, they also cook them into a conserve. They prefer them without sugar when cooked. Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium L.), "popoki'minfini" [berry] (M). This is only valued by the Meskwaki as a food, although we know it to have medicinal value. It is eaten raw and also cooked into a jam. COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), "apinyi'gi" [potatoes] "sasa'kihagi" [goiners] (M). These potatoes are called "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXVI, fig. 2. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XV, fig. 2. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 3. 'ePresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 2. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 257 "goiners," though we know of no such word in the English language. The original specimens were collected by Dr. Jones (3694). Dandelion (Taraxacum oficinale Weber),62 "wisakatce'piki" [sweet root] (M). The Meskwaki relish these for greens in the spring, and cook them with pork. CUCURBITACEAE (GOURD FAMILY) Squash (Cucurbita pepo var.), "asawaiyewapikuni'ha" [old time squash], "kitcitiah" [big-rear] (M). Dr. Jones' specimen 3705. This is a small squash and is prepared as follows: It is cut in two in the middle. Then it is sliced off into rings. The rings are placed upon a pole and the squash is half dried in the sun. The rings are then plaited together, after which they are spread out on a mat. Another mat is placed on top of the pile, and a woman walks over this pressing the squash flat. Then the squash is put out in the sun to dry. When thoroughly dried it is put away for winter use. There are also seeds of another larger squash (5051), which is cut into strips and the strips plaited and dried in the sun, and made into a mat for winter use. Watermelon (Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst.). This specimen was collected by Dr. Jones (5050) but no Indian name was assigned. The Meskwaki cultivate this as well as the muskmelon and are fond of both. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) White Oak (Quercus alba L.),63 "mishimishi" (M). The acorn of this oak is made into a meal and the mush eaten like cornmeal mush. In olden times, any kind of an acorn was used for this purpose. The Meskwaki understood the process of leaching out the bitter tannic acid with wood lye, and afterwards washing away the lye. The acorns were thus rendered sweet and could be dried and made into meal with mortar and pestle. They also made a drink of the ground scorched acorns, similar to coffee. GRAMINAE (GRASS FAMILY) Corn (Zea mays L.). Native Meskwaki corns are of various colors, as shown in plate XXXIX, fig. 1, and the root word for their corns is -Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXI, fig. 1. 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 1. 258 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 "damin." This, when used in connection with color designations, tell what kind of corn it is. Most of the corn specimens described here are from the Dr. Jones collection. Cooked Corn (Zea mays amylacea) "mesigwigi," [that-is-stirredin-the-cooking] "mamegwahasohagi" (M). This is the variety known as soft corn or squaw corn (3697). Sweet Corn (Zea mays amylacea), "wiskupimina," [red-corn], "meskwanagiha" (M). The kernels of this corn are shaped like flint kernels, rounded into a semicircle. It is used as a sweet corn and is cherry red in color (3698). Black Sweet Corn (Zea mays amylacca), "wiskupimina ma'kadimina" [black corn] (M). This is a typical squaw corn and is used by the Meskwaki as sweet corn (3699). Small-eyed Sweet Corn (Zea mays amylacea), "wiskupimina pisigwaha" [small eyed] (M). This is called small-eyed corn because it is the selected small grains, which are laid aside while the drying of corn is in progress. Corn of this kind is considered the best for eating, and it is the grade used in the Kigano ceremony of the Meskwaki clans (3700). Cooked Corn (Zea mays amylacea), "mesigwagi" [parched] "pagasuhagi" (M). Boiled or parched corn is called "pagasuhagi." This is fully matured corn. It is shelled from the cob in making it ready to store for winter. This is Dr. Jones' specimen 3701. 3702 is a specimen of parched corn under the same name that is popped out more like popcorn (Zea mays everta). Corn Hominy Grits (Zea mays amylacea), "panagihagi" (M). The Meskwaki hominy is rather thoroughly reduced to bits. They boil the squaw corn in water and ashes, until the outside skin of the corn begins to peel. Then the corn is taken out and washed thoroughly with cold water until the lye is eliminated. It is then put into a kettle of fresh water and boiled. Just as the corn is getting done wild ginger root is added for seasoning. It is made from the fully ripened corn, and can be made at any time. This is specimen 3718. The succeeding two specimens are made from white squaw corn and are the full kernel and the hominy grits. The full kernel (3719) is called "wiskupeminitagwahani," while the grits (3720) are called "wapiminitagwahani." 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 259 Other specimens collected by Dr. Jones differ only in method of preparation. 5040 is field dried corn called "mackwanagia." 5042 is the same kind of corn that has been boiled and then dried to prepare for storing. 5048 is a black corn prepared by boiling and then drying. 5049 is corn that has been through the hominy process. Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica L.), "mino'man" (M). Since the Mi'eskwaki were once Wisconsin Indians they had the same customs of gathering wild rice possessed by the rest of the present Wisconsin dwellers."4 There is none at all growing near the Meskwaki reservation. JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Shellbark Hickory (Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch),~' "wapapipaka'nani" [white hickory nut] (M). C. alba and C. laciniosa also were found growing on the reservation, but no distinction is made in the Indian name. All were gathered and stored for the winter food supply. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.),"6 "kinotce'sipaka'nan'" (M). Butternuts are common in their territory and they store the nuts for winter use. Black Walnut (fuglans nigra L.), "makwe'paka'nani" (M). The black walnut is not so common around Tama and it seems to be there only because it has been planted, but the Meskwaki know and relish the nuts. LEGUMINOSAE (BEAN FAMILY) Hog Peanut (Amphicarpa minonoica (L.) Ell.), "asa'wi" (M). When the mice gather these small nuts from underground, in the fall and store them in heaps, the Meskwaki collect these heaps and take them home to eat. Dr. Jones' specimen (3696) called "askimahagi" [these-new], is the same thing. Groundnut (Apios tuberosa Moench.),67 "mfikwo penii'k" [bear potato] (M). This is one of the chief wild potatoes with all of our northern forest Indians, and is found in the low lands of the Iowa "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, p. 67. Illustrations plate XXIX, figs. 1 and 2, and plate XXVII, fig. 2. 'Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. IX, fig. 1. "6Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 4. "TPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXIX, fig. 3, and pl. XXX, fig. 1. 260 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 River around Tama. The root-stocks of the ground nut are moniliform, resembling a chain of beads, running in all directions from 15 to 25 feet. The beads are the potatoes, and vary from the size of a marble to three inches in diameter. The substance is quite white and elastic, and cuts more like a turnip than a potato. It is sweet, starchy and quite palatable when eaten raw. These potatoes are peeled, parboiled, sliced and dried for winter use. They are cooked with meat in the winter time. Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch), "tcikanimitca'kwo" [seed tree] (M). Keosatok said that the round seeds of the ripened pods were roasted and eaten as a nut by his people a long time ago, and that sometimes the seeds were "cooked too done," and then ground up and boiled to make coffee. Lima Bean (Phiaseolus lunatus), "kapetcia" (M). This is one of their beans that resembles very much the bean known to commerce as "Jackson Wonder" introduced under that name in 1891 by M. W. Johnson Seed Co. Dr. Jones' specimen 5047. Common Bean (Phascolus vulgaris). The Meskwaki had a host of beans under many names descriptive of the varieties which we will compare to known commercial varieties. All of these were collected by Dr. Jones and the numbers refer to his field numbers. The general Meskwaki name for all beans is "maskutcisa" [bean]. "asaigwiiha tcitapiha manicenova kicigita." This is a yellow-eyed yellow-eyed sitter twice grown bunch bean, which they grow twice in a year, and is very close to the "Southern Prolific" variety, popular fifty years ago. 3681. "tcitapiha piwaha." This is a bunch bean called "piwaha," and is sitter? of the Navy Pea bean type, closely resembling the variety known as "White Mexican." 3682. "ma'kadiwatoha tcitapiha." This is called a black-mouthed bunch black-mouthed sitters bean, and is of the Navy Pea bean type. 3683. "tcitapiha wiwi'kwitciiha." Although this is a bunch bean, the sitter wrinkled-body beans themselves very closely resemble the Red Cranberry pole bean. 3684. "iigosiha pigeciwitiha." This is a pole bean and their name for it climber smoky-rear 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 261 is "smoky-rear." It is very close in appearance to the Concord or Tall Sioux pole bean of commerce. 3685. "igosiha pepyai'kutciha." This is a pole bean called "lumpy-body" climber lumpy-body and is the true Red Cranberry pole bean. 3686. The Red Cranberry pole bean is the original source of all our best pole beans in commerce today and it dates back into aboriginal times with the Indians. It is used in many food combinations by them, that would seem queer to the white man. "figosiha cigusuha." This pole bean is known by the name climber tender-and-easily-cooked "tender-and-easily-cooked." It closely resembles Burpee's Sunshine pole bean. 3687. "figosiha asawigwaha kekyitciha." This is a yellow-eyed pole bean yellow-eyed climber? called "kekyitciha." It is closest in appearance to the commercial "Missouri Wonder pole bean. 3688. "maskwigwata igosiha pepyi'kutciiha." This is a red-eyed pole red-eyed climber lumpy-belly bean known by the name of "lumpy-belly." The varnished appearance of the bean relates it closest to the Kentucky Wonder Wax pole bean. 3689. "miskwigwata figosiha pi'ki-maskutcisa." This is a red-eyed pole red-eyed climber regular bean bean called "the regular bean," and most closely resembles the regular Kentucky pole bean. 3690. "igosiha wigimaha." This pole bean is called the chief, and much climber chief resembles the Landreth pole bean. 3691. "igosiha wapeski'gwata." This pole bean is called the white-eyed climber white-eyed climber, and is closely similar to the very old variety of pole bean known commercially as "Case Knife." 3692 and 5036. "miskwigwia." This pole bean was very similar to the Kentucky pole-bean food Wonder pole bean. 5029. "mi'kadiwesita figosiha." This is a pole bean that closely resembles black climber the Black Kentucky Wonder pole bean. 5045. "k~itagesita figosiha." This spotted pole bean is very much like spotted climber Landreth's pole bean. 5046. 262 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Wild Garlic (Allium canadense L.),68 "shikako'aki" [skunk weed] (M). This is the small wild onion of the prairie, which grew so abundantly all over the prairie at Chicago and which residents there think was the source of the name of the city. However, all of our Algonkian Indians agree that the word is a combination of the word "shikak" [skunk], and "o" meaning the home or den of the skunk. It is a favorite wild food of the Indians and the tiny size is their only regret. It is sweeter than its larger relative Allium tricoccum,~9 and is gathered and dried for the winter cookery, and seasoning. A. tricoccum under the name "shikako'ifik" was used to cook with deer meat. Wood Lily (Lilium philadelphicum L.), "meskwaki tawa'naki"' [red, straight] (M). Also "miskwata'pint" [red potato]. This is one of the valued Meskwaki potatoes, which is becoming scarce now. The straight roots are gathered for potatoes. Carrion Flower (Smilax herbacea L.), "asipfinini'minani" [coon berries] (M). The Meskwaki insist that they relish the fruit of the carrion flower as a food, but it is too bitter for the white man. Perhaps they cook it in some way to get rid of the taste. NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER LILY FAMILY) Yellow Lotus (Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.), shown in plate XL, fig. 3, "waki'pimini"' (M). This is a favored kind of Indian potato with the Meskwaki and they regularly migrate, at the proper season, to the Amana Communal Farm, at Amana, Iowa, to a pond where it grows abundantly. They cut the terminal shoots, at either end of the underground and underwater creeping rootstock and this is their potato. These terminal shoots have the shape and size of a banana, and are the starchy storage reservoirs for future growth. They have hollows in them just like the stems, but contain considerable quantities of starchy food. They are cut crosswise into small sections and strung upon basswood string, as shown in plate XLI, fig. 2, to hang from the rafters until needed for food in the winter. They are then soaked and cooked with meat or corn or beans. Old Mrs. Tesson, who once lived in Milwaukee before the migration to Kansas, and who came back to Tama with the first settlers on the Meskwaki reservation, had several "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXII, fig. 1. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXII, fig. 4. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 263 of these strings and gave us the information about their use. The yellow lotus seeds were formerly gathered also for food and were especially favored when cooked and combined with corn. The seeds are called "oskishi'kfik'." RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus L.),70 "kitfiki manito" [spotted snake spirit] (M). The leaves of the New Jersey tea were used as a beverage in olden times, according to the Meskwaki. They are not now used. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Pear Thorn (Crataegus tomentosa L.), shown in plate XLV, fig. 4, "omeko'minfiki" (M). Although not of the best, the little apples of the pear thorn are eaten as a food by the Meskwaki and are sometimes cooked. Wild Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duchesne),71 "atei'minfin" [heart-berries] (M). The Meskwaki are very fond of the wild strawberry, and spend considerable time picking and cooking them into a jam for winter use. Prairie Crab Apple (Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey.) The Meskwaki name varies somewhat according to the person pronouncing it. It is either "mishi'minfiki" or "mishi'menfik" [apple]. Dr. Jones spells it "miciminagi." His specimen, 3717, was dried and prepared for storage by a woman of the Pheasant Clan. These fruits are also reduced to jelly by the Meskwaki women. Wild Plum (Prunus americana Marsh.), "pokama'aki" (M). The Meskwaki gather this in quantities and make it into a plum butter to use in the winter time. They are also fond of it fresh. Canada Plum (Prunus nigra Ait.), "wikwaskia'mishi" (M). This is so called because the bark peels around the tree. This plum is esteemed quite as highly as the wild plum, and is preserved and eaten in the same manner. Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana L.),72 "mrnakwi'minfini" [puckerPresent series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXI, fig. 1. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXIII, fig. 2. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VIII, fig. 1. 264 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 ing] (M). These cherries are eaten avidly when fresh and ripe and the women and children gather whole branches to carry to their working places, stripping the fruit at their leisure while they work. The bark makes a beverage. Highbush Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis Porter),73 "makate' min" [blackberry] (M). The Meskwaki gather and eat the blackberry fresh and in jams and pies, sun-drying and storing them also for winter use. Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.),74 "wita'wiaki" (M). The blackcap raspberry is eaten fresh and also sun dried for winter use. The root bark is sometimes used to make a tea to drink as a beverage. SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Prickly Gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati L.),7 "kawe'minaki" (M). The prickly gooseberry is cooked with sugar as a dessert. Mrs. Joe Tesson, the informant, did not know of any combination with other fruits. Black Currant (Ribes floridum L'Her.), "kasooso'ana" kfik~ ke'shikeki" [crow berries] (M). The Meskwaki make use of the wild black currants as a food. SOLANACEAE (POTATO FAMILY) Clammy Ground Cherry (Physalis heterophylla Nees.), "tcekwakwote" [crooked] (M). The Meskwaki eat these berries raw, when they are ripe. Ground Cherry (Physalis virginiana Mill.), "m&tamo'iminftni" [old woman berries] (M). The Meskwaki eat these when they are ripe. They prefer them when they have been touched by frost. Meskwaki Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), "peni'aki" (M). The Meskwaki have an Irish potato of their own propagation that dates back considerably and seems to be of the Early Rose strain. It is not purple inside like the Menomini potato. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXV, fig. 4. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXV, fig. 3. T"Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXIII, fig. 1. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 265 UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Mx.), "pepikwe'ski" [hollow stem] (M). Shown in plate XXXVII, fig. 1, and plate XL, fig. 4. This is another of the Meskwaki potatoes, of which there is an unlimited supply on the reservation. It is cooked like the rutabaga and tastes somewhat like it. We had always supposed the root to be poisonous, but they experience no ill effect from its use. The Meskwaki called our attention to the resemblance of the side roots to the ginseng root, and also to the fact that it smells the same as ginseng when fresh or dried. The white man so often mulcts the Indian that it seems poetic justice when the tables are turned. Many of the Meskwaki sold these side roots dried and tied like ginseng for ginseng to a white buyer who used to visit the reservation buying ginseng, and he never discovered the difference. Doubtless the Chinese, the ultimate consumers, never found out the difference, either. The first Meskwaki name given is the one used when mentioning it for medicinal use, and for the table the name "skipwa'ok" is given. They say the roots are like sweet potatoes. URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), "kakaweo'n" [crow berries] (M). The ground, hard berries of the hackberry constituted a sort of meal which was made into a mush and eaten as a food. VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) Frost Grape (Vitis cordifolia Mx.), "siwa'nin" (M). According to the Meskwaki, this was one of their prized dessert fruits of the fall, gathered after the frost had touched it and turned it sweet. MESKWAKI VEGETAL FIBERS Since the Meskwaki are among the most primitive of the North American Indians, we had a good chance to see the employment of many vegetal fibers, that have been superseded by the white man's materials in many other tribes. They had some very skillful workers with native fibers and most of the women in the tribe, even the younger ones, knew how to prepare these fibers. They have always been poor until comparatively recent times, hence were unable to avail themselves 266 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 of the white man's substitutes for their native threads, cordage, and mat materials. Now many of them take a pride in the superior strength and utility of their native fibers, so that there seems to be no danger that this phase of their culture will soon die out. They are more skillful than many other tribes and receive more for their mats and other manufactures because of their superior quality. They have not woven textiles for a long time. Their bark houses are still used extensively in the summer, although scarcely at all in the winter, as most of them have at least frame houses. Quite a goodly number have acquired automobiles, and will probably never be satisfied with the slow, tedious work of fabricating most of their homemade articles again. The wife of Chas. Keosatok, shown in plate XXXIX, fig. 4, was one of the most skilled mat makers that we have ever encountered, and demonstrated willingly all of the processes entering into the gathering of the raw material, preparation, manufacture of cordage, and weaving of different kinds of mats. Even old Mrs. Joe Tesson, shown in plate XLI, figs. 4 and 3, could still weave a beautiful rush mat. There were plenty of bone needles still in use on the reservation. There are two schools on the Meskwaki reservation, which are, like most, boarding schools, except that the reservation has such small dimensions that the children can all go home at night. One is next to the Presbyterian mission at the entrance to the reservation from Tama, and the other about three miles up, where most of the Indians live. Fortunately the children are encouraged to maintain their native arts. Under the head of vegetal fibers, we will also consider their uses of forest trees, since these are so closely related. As before, the families will be listed alphabetically, and descriptions of uses will be made along the same lines as in the preceding divisions of this paper. MESKWAKI FIBER PLANTS ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharumn Marsh.), "senami'shi" [cold timber] (M). The maple leaf is used frequently in the beadwork designs of the Meskwaki and they say that originally, they covered the under side of 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 267 the leaf with charcoal or flour and made an imprint of it on a piece of bark to compose their design. APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY) Speading Dogbane (Apocynum androsacmifolium L.), "mfikoski"' i'shikiki" [like milk weed] (M). The outer rind or bark of this plant is quite strong, and this particular species was considered the best because it grew on the uplands and was, therefore, tougher. Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum L.) is known by the same name, but grows in the bottoms, and is not considered so strong for thread as the former. It is used, however. The smallest divisions of this outer bast fiber are finer than our finest cotton thread and much stronger. The bast is gathered just before the fruit has ripened, and they test the correct time for gathering by pulling up a stalk and twisting the two ends in opposite directions to see how the bast behaves. If it separates easily and does not break, they consider the fibers ready to gather. They plait it in strands to make heavier cord and also twist it together into the usual two-ply cord. ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.)," "man'ni'ilki" [thread material] (M). The bast fiber of the milkweed was also used in the same manner as the bast in the dogbane family, but was considered a bit coarser than the dogbane fiber. BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) Hazelnut (Corylus americana Walt.),77 "pakant" (M). Hazel twigs used to be employed in making home-made brushes for cleaning the earthen floors of the wigwams. They were also used in making twig baskets. While the Meskwaki lived in Wisconsin, they made great use of the paper or canoe birch (Betula alba papyrifera Marsh.) which they knew as "wikwas," and there were expert canoe makers in the tribe. They used strips of bark for the top coverings of their wigwams, to make them waterproof, and understood then the use of a lot of extra fibers such as the Jack pine roots for sewing canoes, that they do not know about now, since there are none of these trees near Tama. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXVI, fig. 2. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 3. 268 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Common Elder (Sambucus canadensis L.),78 "pakwana'mishi' (M). Their use of the elder joints parallels that of the white children. They punch out the pith and make water squirt guns for playing, or else popguns for shooting pith corks. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Great Bulrush (Scirpus validus Vahl.), "napi'askfini" (M). The Meskwaki rush mat is the best we have seen made by any Indians in this region, both in design, tightness of weave and care in selection of the rushes. They select good long rushes, which have very little central pith space, so that in service the crushing down of the center will not make the rush shatter. They gather them in quantity along the rivers and ponds, and pull them instead of cutting them off.79 They bleach them first, and then, when thoroughly dry, dye them with the white man's dyes, although they formerly used their native vegetal dyes. They are tied in bundles of separate colors. The bleached and undyed rushes are ivory white and are used more frequently than are the dyed rushes. The finished mats are about three feet wide and sell for about $5 a running yard. The binding of the edge is done with nettle fiber cord. EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) Scouring Rush (Equisetum hyemnale L.), "sesipo" (M). This species is used by the Meskwaki women in scouring their pots and pans as it was formerly used by the whites. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) The several species of oak around the reservation were used by the men for fencing, for building and for fuel. The Meskwaki names have already been given under previous headings. OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.), "wi'sikak" [basket tree] (M). The trunk of the tree is split into its annual layers of wood to get splints for weaving baskets.:7Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XVI, fig. 2. 791923 Yearbook, page 36, fig. 17. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 269 Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.), "askipfika'kwi" (M). The inner bark and the wood are both used to make baskets, and this is their chief basket material. Black ash which grows in the swamps is preferred over other kinds, because the fibers run straight. Also the annual rings separate easily when pounded. They chop the rings apart to start the splints and then put in wedges and by striking with the head of the axe a little behind the wedges cause the splints to loosen. In aboriginal times, they also made bows and arrows out of the black ash wood. Boys even today make their bows and arrows out of it. TILIACEAE (BASSWOOD FAMILY) Basswood (Tilia americana L.), "wikfipimi'shi"' (M). The fiber itself is called "wikfip." This is the ready Indian string, available at all times in the woods. It is kept in every household in a prepared state. The women make the twine. They peel saplings when the sap is active and the bark will readily loosen. A cut is made in the outer bark to expose the inner bark, and the teeth are fastened on the outer rind. It is pulled off and thrown away, and the inner bark rolled up in a ring. It has yet to be divided into the size of string desired. It is now boiled in lye water, and when the fibers begin to spread, it is taken out, dried and seasoned. It is cut four feet long and rolled into a coil again, to break the hard, fibrovascular bundles. Finally two strands are twisted in opposite directions and allowed to run back together to make a two-ply cord. This twisting is done on the bare leg. It is done in just the same manner that we quadruple a string. Two strings side by side are twisted in opposite directions by two people, then when doubled, in the center, they fly together tightly to form a new cord. On a smaller scale this is what the Meskwaki woman does. The fiber is used in many ways. Mats and baskets, fish nets and shoes are made from it. Meats are hung up to dry in the smoke and a great variety of other uses is found for it. TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) Cat-tail (Typha latifolia L.),80 "pakwe'ik" (M). Several parts of the cat-tail are useful to the Meskwaki. The root is used as a natural oakum to caulk his canoe. The leaves furnish him a rainproof and windproof side wall for the wigwam, shown in plate XXXVII, fig. 4. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XXXV, fig. 3. 270 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 The fuzz on the fruit makes good pillow and comfort material. The mats made of the cat-tail leaves are produced in an entirely different way from those made of rushes. They are sewed, and the edges are woven and sewed also. Nettle fiber is the strongest cord, and is used for sewing and for binding the edge.81 A curved rib bone of a calf is shaped into a needle with an eye to carry the nettle cord which is about the size of a carpenter's line, and the leaves are sewed with an invisible stitch. Shown in plate XXXIX, fig. 2. They are made several layers thick and the mats are quite large. They depend partly upon the overlapping of the leaves like shingles for their impenetrability to wind or rain. Specimen 3728 of the Dr. Jones collection was not sent for identification, since it was a model of a flag-reed lodge, used for their winter home. The lodge is called "pa'kwaigani" [flag-reed lodge], because the walls were made from the mats of Typha latifolia. The covering or support for the roofing mats were woven from the twigs of pussy willow. The overlapping of the leaves of Typha latifolia renders the shelter waterproof and keeps the wind out. URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud.), "masa'n" [sting] (M). The inner bark of the nettle is comparable to the China grass fiber, for it is fine and strong. It is probably fifty times as strong as the same diameter of cotton string. The fibers are gathered in about three-foot strips and braided into a large hank until wanted. Then it is twisted together, as shown in plate XXXIX, fig. 3, in the same manner as other fibers to make a cord. This cord is kept in a round ball and, when using from the ball, an end is tied fast to some solid support and this forms the central core around which the weaving of the edge of a cat-tail mat is done. The same string is used in the binding. Slippery Elm (Uhnus fulva Mx.),82 "pfikwa'ani" (M). The Meskwaki bark houses are covered with the bark of either the slippery or white elm, preferably the former. Strips six feet long are peeled from old trees, spread out on the ground in piles, and weighted down with stones to flatten them out. Then the strips are used to make the 61923 Yearbook, page 37, fig. 18. "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. VII, fig. 3. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 271 sides of the winter wigwam and also to cover them or roof them against the rain. Such houses are often thirty feet long and twelve feet across. MESKWAKI VEGETAL DYES The Meskwaki still use some of their native dyes, which can scarcely be said for other Indians in this state. In earlier times, they used more of these native dyes, that are now forgotten. They boiled the material to be colored, with the dye material whether it was the root, the leaves, or the flower. Practically all the Meskwaki dyes that are now used are those which color black, yellow or red. Other colors are bought at the drug store, but they realize in using them that they are not so permanent as the dyes that they used to make for themselves. MESKWAKI DYE PLANTS ANACARDIACEAE (SUMAC FAMILY) Smooth Sumac (Rhius glabra L.), "pakwana'nomisht" (M). The yellow dye made from the root is called, according to Dr. Jones, "asawesigani," and it was used on rush mats and woven bark mats. 3679. JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.), "makwe'pakanant" [black walnut] (M). The dye is called "pagana'kwa nasigani" [walnut dye] or "mi'kadiwesigan." The wood and bark of the black walnut is charred by the Meskwaki to make it give up its best black dye. 3678. OXALIDACEAE (OXALIS FAMILY) Sorrel (Oxalis stricta L.) "wiskopi'pakwi" [sweet weed] (M), "wiskapakfiposi'" (P P). The common sorrel was often eaten by the Meskwaki for its acidity. In former times, the whole plant was boiled to obtain an orange dye. PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.),83 "maskwa'we" [red] (M). The Meskwaki cooked the root and made a red face paint long "Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, pl. XIV, fig. 2. 272 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 ago, and also used the fluid to dye baskets red. They also dye their rushes red for mats with this root. Under the name "maickowii," Dr. Jones has collected a red dye of this material, 3680, and under the name "mickowaha," specimen 2229, is the same. The notes upon it show that it is a red dye for mats and woven bark baskets. MISCELLANEOUS USE OF PLANTS Under this head will be considered the uses of plants in a superstitious way, as lures, or hunting charms, or for sacred or ceremonial purposes. They formerly made use of plants to help cure the skins of animals where the fur was left upon the tanned hide, but no one now knows this art, primarily because it has been so long since they lived where they could hunt animals. ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) Indian Turnip (Arisaemna triphyllum (L.) Schott.), "tcika'tape" [bad sick] (M). This root was one reserved largely for use in war. When the Meskwaki were at war with the Sioux, they would often abandon vessels of meat cooked with this root. The meat was appetizing, but some time after the Sioux had partaken of it they would have great stomach pains, and would shortly die. CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) Venus Looking Glass (Specularia perfoliata (L.) DC), "inotewi" [tobacco] (M). This is one of the Indian tobaccos or "sema," as some have it. It is smoked at ceremonies. CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) Panicled Dogwood (Cornus paniculata L'Her.), "maskwa'pimishi' [red tree] (M). The Meskwaki did not have the silky cornel or the alternate leaved dogwood, from which other Indians made ceremonial Indian tobacco, so they used this species. EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), "pasi'pinfisk" (P P). This plant is gathered and fed to captive wild geese. It is said that it will make them fat in a week's time. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 273 Scouring Rush (Equisetum hycnmale L.), shown in plate XLIV, fig. 2, "kashipone'siki" (M). This plant is fed to the Meskwaki ponies to make them fat. It is said that they will fatten on this food in about a week. LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemun virginanum L.), Durand and Jackson), "koki'sikant" (M). This is the name that is given to the plant when the leaves are used to scent a trap to catch minks. LEGUMINOSAE (BEAN FAMILY) Marsh Vetchling (Lathyrus palustris L.), "moskotci'sekil'shikiki"' [bean-like] (M). The root of this vetch is used as a lure to trap beaver and other game. LOBELIACEAE (LOBELIA FAMILY) Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis L.), shown in plate XLII, fig. 2, "inotewi" [Indian tobacco] (M). This is a ceremonial "tobacco" and not smoked at all. To ward off a storm, throw some of this "tobacco" to the winds. The last rite at the grave is to strew some of it over the ground. Great Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica L.), shown in plate XLVI, fig. 4, "wapiskitce'piki" [white roots] (M). This and the roots of the preceding are love medicines, that is, anti-divorce remedies. Ground-up roots are secretly put into some common dish, which is eaten by both man and wife. The quarrel is soon over and they live happily together. RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis L.), "kakaki'waskwi" [crow's foot] (M). The young beaux of the tribe mix the ripe seeds with their tobacco. It is said to perfume the smoke and make it "smell fine." SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) Wood Betony (Pedicularis canadensis L.),4 "makwa'mawishi"' [bumble bee plant] (M). The Meskwaki knew this also as a love med"Present series, Vol. IV, pt. 1, P1. XXXIV, fig. 1. 274 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 icine. This is not the ordinary love charm but the root is used to make married people congenial again after they have been estranged. It is placed, as is the Lobelia root, in some dish that they are going to eat in common. It makes them love each other again. STAPHYLEACEAE (BLADDERNUT FAMILY) Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia L.), "tamakona'tfiki" (M). The seeds of the bladdernut are considered sacred in that they are used in the rattles of the medicine dance. CONCLUSION We are fortunate to find an Indian tribe which has retained so much of the ancient lore, even though they are few in number. It was very gratifying to find them so ready to help the author set down all the facts. The Meskwaki have adopted the ideas of the white man, and most of them are prosperous. They still find time to keep up their old dream dance ceremonies and the third week in August will usually find them engaged in their annual corn dance. They are well worth visiting, as they are right on the Lincoln Highway. The writer is also fortunate in having available the excellent ethnobotanical data of the late Dr. Win. Jones, collected so many years ago when the tribe was even less spoiled by contact with the whites. The present bulletin, coupled with the work of Dr. Truman Michelson, of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C., along linguistic lines, pretty well preserves to posterity the history of the Meskwaki. 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 275 FINDING LIST OF PLANTS BY SCIENTIFIC NAME Abutilon theophrasti....................................232 ACERACEAE.................................200, 255, 266 Acer negundo..........................................200 Acer saccharum........................196, 224, 236, 255, 266 Achillea lanulosa........................................210 Achillea millefolium....................................210 Acorus calamus................................201, 202, 231 Actaea alba............................................237 Actaea rubra........................................... 195 Adiantum pedatum.................................197, 237 Agastache scrophulariaefolia.................223, 225, 245, 252 Agrimonia gryposepala..................................241 ALISMACEAE........................................ 254 Allium canadense.......................................262 Allium tricoccum.......................................262 Alnus incana...........................................206 Alnus rugosa...........................................197 Ambrosia trifida........................................210 Amorpha canescens..................................... 227 Amorpha fruticosa.....................................227 Amphicarpa monoica....................................259 ANACARDIACEAE...........................200, 255, 271 Anemone canadensis....................................238 Anemone cylindrica.....................................238 Anemone virginiana.....................................238 Angelica atropurpurea...............................224, 236 Antennaria plantaginifolia................................ 210 Apios tuberosa.........................................259 APOCYNACEAE..................................201, 267 Apocynum androsaemifolium.............193, 201, 224, 236, 267 Apocynum cannabinum..............................201, 267 AQUI FO LIACEAE....................................195 Aquilegia canadensis............................238, 239, 273 276 BUiLLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 ARACEAE........................................201, 272 ARALIACEAE........................................203 Aralia nudicaulis...............................195, 203, 244 Aralia racemosa.........................................203 Arctiumn minus....................................209, 211 Arisaema triphyllum............................202, 252, 272 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE............................204, 255 Armillaria mellea........................................254 Artemisia canadensis....................................211 Artemisia ludoviciana.................................... 211 Asarum canadense.................. 196, 204, 212, 221, 226, 255 ASCLEPIADACEAE...........................205, 255, 267 Asclepias incarnata.....................................205 Asciepias syriaca..................................... 256, 267 Asciepias tuberosa..................................205, 256 Asplenium f elix-f emina..................................237 Aster drummondii....................................... 211 Aster laevis............................................211 Aster lateriflorus........................................ 212 Aster macrophyl lus.....................................195 Aster multiflorus........................................212 Aster novae-angliae..................................... 212 Aster salicifolius........................................ 212 BALSAMINACEAE...................................205 Baptisia leucanthia..........................193, 196, 228, 235 B ERB ERJDA CEA E................................205, 256 Betula alba papyrifera................................... 267 BETULACEAE...............................206, 256, 267 Brasenia schreberi...................................... 197 Brassica nigra..........................................219 Brauneria angustifolia...................194, 204, 212, 221, 226 Campanula americana....................................206 CAMPANULACEAE...............................206, 272 CAPRJIFOLJACEAE...........................206, 256, 268 Capsella bursa-pastoris................................... 219 Capsicumn tetragonum...................................194 Carvum carvi..........................................229 Carya cordiformis.......................................224 Carya ovata............................................259 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 277 CARYOPHYLLACEAE................................208 Cassia mari landica...................................... 228 Castalia odorata.......................................0194 Caulophyl lum thialictroides.............................. 205 Ceanothus americanus...................193, 194, 240, 241, 263 CELASTRACEAE..................................... 208 Celastrus scandens..................................193, 208 Celtis occidentalis...................................250, 265 Cephalanthus occidentalis................................ 243 CHENOPODIACEAE................................. 209 Chenopodium album..................................... 209 Chenopodium hybridum.................................. 209 Cirsium discolor........................................213 Cirsium lanceolatum..................................... 213 Citrullus citrullus.......................................257 Clavatia gigantea....................................200, 254 Clematis viorna......................................... 239 Clitopilus abortivus.....................................254 Comandra umb~el lata.................................... 246 COMMELINACEAE................................... 209 COM POSJTAE....................................210, 256 CON VOLVULACEAE................................. 218 Coprinus atramentarius.................................. 254 Coreopsis palmnata.......................................213 Coreopsis tripteris....................................... 213 CORNACEAE.....................................218, 272 Cornuspaniculata..............................218, 219, 272 Corylus americana...................................256, 267 CRASSULACEAEL.....................................219 Crataegus tomentosa................................241, 263 Crepis runcinata.........................................213 CRUCIFERAE........................................219 CUCURBITACEAE................................220, 257 Cucurbita pepo var..................................220, 257 Cuscuta gronovii........................................218 Cypripedium acaule..................................233, 242 CYPERACEAL........................................ 268 Desmodium illinoense.................................... 228 Diervilla lonicera...............................197, 199. 206 278 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 DIOSCOREACEAE....................................220 Dioscorea villosa........................................220 Echinocystis lobata..................................196, 220 EQUJISETACEAE.............................220, 268, 272 Equisetum arvense......................................272 Equisetum hyemale............................. 220, 268, 272 Erigeron canadensis.....................................213 Erigeron philadeiphicus.....................213, 214, 226, 250 Eryngium yuccaef olium.................................. 248 EUPHORBIACEAE...................................220 Euphorbia corollata...........201, 204, 212, 220, 221, 222, 226 Eupatorium perfoliatum................................. 214 Eupatorium purpureum.................214 Eupatorium urticaef olium................................ 214 Evonym us atropurp ureu s................................. 209 FAGACEAE..................................221, 257, 268 Fagus americana....................................... 237 Filipendula rubra............................... 233, 234, 241 Fragaria virginiana...................................... 263 Fraxinus americana.........................233, 234, 241, 268 Fraxinus nigra.............................231, 233, 246, 269 Galium aparine.........................................243 Galium concinnum.......................................244 Gentiana andrewsii......................................222 GENTIANACEAE.....................................222 Gentiana quinquefolia....................................222 GERANJACEAE...................................... 222 Geranium maculatum.......................221, 222, 223, 230 Gerardia tenuifolia......................................246 Geum canadense........................................ 194 Gleditsia triacanthos................................228, 229 Glycyrrhiza glabra.......................................229 Glycyrrhiza lepidota..................................... 229 Gnaphalium polycephalum................................ 214 GRA M INA E........................................... 257 Gymnocladus dioica.................................229, 260 Helenium autumnale........................213, 215, 226, 240 Helianthus decapetalus................................... 215 Helianthus grosse-serratus............................... 215 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 279 Helianthus strumosus.................................... 215 Helianthus tuberosus....................................256 Heliopsis scabra........................................215 Hepatica acutiloba....................................... 239 Heracleum lanatum..................................249, 265 Heuchera americana.....................................246 Humulus lupulus.......................................250 Hydrastis canadensis....................................194 H YPERJ CA CEA E...................................... 223 Hypericum ascyron......................................223 Hypericum punctatum......................223, 225, 245, 252 Hypholoma sublateritium................................254 Ilex verticillata.........................................195 Impatiens biflora........................................205 Jodanthus pinnatifidus...............................219, 220 Iris versicolor.......................................195, 224 IRIDACEAE..........................................224 Jeff ersonia diphylla......................................194 JUGLANDACEAE.................................259, 271 Juglans cinerea................................. 224, 225, 259 Juglans nigra..........................196, 224, 225, 259, 271 Juniperus virginiana........................192, 194, 195, 234 LA BJATAE.......................................225, 273 Lactuca scariola integrata................................ 215 Laportea canadensis.................................250, 270 Lathyrus palustris......................................273 LAURACEAE.........................................194 LEGUMINOSAE..............................227, 259, 273 Lepachys pinnata....................................... 216 Lespedeza capitata......................................229 Liatris punctata......................................... 216 Liatris scariosa.........................................216 L IL IA CEAE......................................230, 262 Lilium philadeiphicum................................... 262 Lobelia cardinalis.............................. 231, 232, 273 LOBELIACEAE..................................231, 273 Lobelia syphilitica..........................194, 231, 232, 273 Lonicera dioica......................................... 207 Lonicera flava......................................195. 196 280 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Lophophora williamsii................................... 189 LYCOPERDACEAE...................................200 Lycopus americanus.................................... 225 MALVACEAE........................................232 Monarda fistulosa.......................................225 Monarda punctata...204, 212, 214, 215, 221, 225, 226, 240, 250 Morus rubra............................................250 Napaea dioica..........................................232 Nelumbo lutea......................................194, 262 Nicotiana tabacum...................................... 197 NYCTAGINACEAEL...................................232 NYMPHACEAE.......................................262 Nymnphaea advena...................................194, 195 OLEACEAE.......................................233, 268 Opuntia rafinesquii..................................... 192 ORCHIDACEAE......................................233 Osmorhiza longistylis...........................195, 229, 248 OXALIDACEAL...................................... 274 Oxalis stricta........................................... 274 Oxybaphus nyctaginea...................................232 Oxypolis rigidior............................... 233, 234, 242 Panax quinquefolium................................197, 204 PAPA VERACEAE.................................234, 271 Pastinaca sativa................................ 233, 234, 242 Pedicularis canadensis...............................247, 273 Penthorum sedoides.....................................219 Petalostemum purpureum....................221, 222, 229, 230 Phaseolus lunatus.......................................260 Phaseolus vulgaris...................................260, 261 Phlox pilosa...............................233, 234, 235, 242 Physalis heterophylla............................193, 247, 264 Physalis virginiana...................................247, 264 Physostegia parviflora...................................226 PINACEAE...........................................234 PLANTAGINACEAE.................................. 234 Plantago major......................................... 234 PLATANACEAE......................................235 Platanus occidentalis....................................235 Pleurotus ostreatus......................................254 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 281 Podophyllum peltatum......................193, 206, 221, 256 POLEMONIACEAEL...................................235 Polemnoniurn reptans.............................193, 196, 235 POLYGALACEAE....................................236 Polygala senega........................ 193, 196, 197, 228, 236 Polygonatumn biflorum................................... 230 POLYGONACEAE....................................236 Polygonum acre........................................ 236 Polygonum dumetorurn.................................. 236 Polygonum muhlenbergii........................ 197, 224, 236 Polygonum pennsylvanicum............................... 236 POLYPODIACEAE....................................237 Polytaenia nuttalliji...................................... 249 Populus tremuloides.....................................245 Prunus americana...................................242, 263 Prunus nigra.......................................242, 263 Prunus virginiana..............................197, 242, 263 Psedera quinquefolia.....................................252 Psoralea argophyl la...................................... 230 Ptelea trif oliata.....................................193, 244 Pycnanthemum virginianum..........................226, 273 Pyrus ioensis...............................224, 236, 242, 263 Quercus alba..........................193, 197, 221, 230, 257 Quercus macrocarpa............................ 196, 201, 221 Q uercus velutina........................................222 RANUNCULACEAE...............................237, 273 Ranunculus abortivus.................................... 239 Ranunculus deiphinifolius....................215, 226, 239, 240 RHAMACEAE....................................240, 263 Rhamnus alnifolia....................................... 241 Rhus glabra....................................200, 255, 271 Rhus toxicodendron.....................................201 Rhus typhina..............................196, 201, 221, 222 Ribes cynosbati................................ 196, 246, 264 Ribes floridum......................................246, 264 Rosa blanda............................................242 ROSACEAE......................................241, 263 RUBIACEAE.........................................243 Rubus allegheniensis................................243, 264 282 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol.4 Rubus idaeus-aculeatissimus............................... 243 Rubus occidentalis..................................243, 264 Rumex britanica........................................237 Rumex verticillatus.....................................237 RUTACEAE..........................................244 Sagittaria latifolia...................................254. 255 SALICACEAE........................................ 245 Salix candida...............................222, 225, 245, 252 Salix humilis........................................... 245 Sambucus canadensis............................207, 256, 268 Sanguinaria canadensis.......................... 197, 234, 271 Sanicula gregaria.......................................250 SANTALACEAE...................................... 246 Sassafras sassafras..................................194, 195 SAXIFRAGACEAE................................246, 264 Scirpus validus.........................................268 SCROPHULARIACEAE............................246, 273 Scrophularia marilandica................................. 247 Scutellaria parvula...................................... 227 Silene stellata..........................................208 Silphium integrif olium................................194, 216 Silphium laciniatum..................................... 216 Silphium perf oliatum................................196, 217 Sisyrinchiurn campestre..........................196, 224, 236 Smilacina racemosa............................. 230, 231, 233 Smilax herbacea.....................................231, 262 SOLANACEAE...................................247, 264 Solanum tuberosum..................................... 264 Solidago canadensis.............................202, 217, 244 Solidago rigida..........................................217 Solidago speciosa........................................218 Solidago ulmifolia....................................... 218 Specularia perfoliata........................193, 195, 206, 272 Spiraea salicifolia....................................... 243 Spiranthes cernua.......................................234 Stachys tenuifolia aspera..............................197, 227 STAPHYLACEAE.................................248, 274 Staphyllea trif olia...................................248, 274 Symphoricarpos occidentalis.............................207 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 283 Symplocarpus foetidus..................................203 Taenidia integerrima..................................... 250 Taraxacum officinale.................................218, 257 TAXACEAE..........................................197 Taxus canadensis.......................................197 Thalictrum dasycarpum.....................233, 234, 240, 242 Tilia americana.....................................248, 269 TI LIACEAE......................................248, 269 Tradescantia occidentalis................................ 209 Tradescantia reflexa.....................................198 Triosteum perfoliatum...............................207, 208 Tsuga canadensis........................................197 TYPHACEAE.....................................248, 269 Typha latifolia................................. 248, 269, 270 Ulmus americana.......................................251 Ulmus fulva....................................196, 251, 270 UMBELLIFERAE................................. 248, 265 URTICACEAE................................250, 265, 270 VALLERIANACEAL.................................. 251 Valeriana edulis........................................ 251 VERB ENACEAE...................................... 251 Verbena hastata....................................193, 194 Verbena urticaefolium........................195, 196, 251, 252 Veronica virginica...................................193, 247 Viburnum opulus americana............................... 208 Viburnum prunifolium...................................256 VITACEAE.......................................252, 265 Vitis cordif olia......................................252, 265 Vitis vulpina...............................223, 225, 245, 252 Zanthoxylum americanum................195, 196, 239, 244, 245 Zea mays................................... o....... 257 Zea mays amylacea.....................................258 Zea mays everta........................................258 Zizania aquatica........................................259 Zizia aurea.....................................214, 226, 250 284 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 BY ENGLISH NAME Agrimony..............................................241 Alder, smooth..........................................197 Alder, speckled.........................................206 Alexander, Golden......................................250 Alum................................................... 197 Alum root.............................................246 Anemone, Canada.......................................238 Anemone, Virginia...................................... 238 Angelica...........................................224, 236 Apple, Crab............................................263 Apple, Prairie Crab...................................... 263 Arrow-head, Broad-Lvd.................................. 254 Artichoke, Jerusalem..................................... 256 Aspen, Trembling........................................2945 ARUM FAMILY...................................201, 272 Ash, Black.........................................233, 269 Ash, Prickly........................................195, 244 Ash, White.........................................233, 268 Aster, Drummond....................................... 211 Aster, Large-Lvd........................................195 Aster, Many-Flowered................................... 212 Aster, New England.....................................212 Aster, Smooth..........................................211 Aster, Starved..........................................212 Aster, Willow-Lvd...................................... 212 Avens, White...........................................194 Balsam-apple, Wild..................................... 220 Baneberry, Red.........................................195 Baneberry, White.......................................237 BARBERRY FAMILY.......................... 205, 256, 269 Basswood..........................................248, 269 BASSWOOD FAMILY................................. 248 BATRACHIANS......................................198 Bean, Common......................................... 260 BEAN FAMILY............................... 227, 259, 273 Bean, Lima............................................260 Bedstrawv, Shining....................................... 244 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 285 BEECH FAMILY.............................221, 257, 268 Bell, Blue..............................................206 Bergamot, Wild.........................................225 Betony, Wood..........................................273 Birch, Canoe...........................................267 BIRCH FAMILY.............................. 206, 256, 267 BIRDS................................................199 BIRTHWORT FAMILY............................204, 255 Bittersweet, Climbing.................................... 208 Blackberry, Highbush...............................243, 264 Bladdernut.........................................248, 274 BLADDERNUT FAMILY..........................248, 274 Bloodroot......................................197, 234, 271 BLUEBELL FAMILY.............................206, 272 Boneset...............................................214 Box Elder.............................................200 BUCKTHORN FAMILY............................240, 263 Buckthorn.............................................241 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY...............................236 Buckwheat, Hedge.......................................236 Bulrush, Great..........................................268 Burdock, Common......................................211 Burdock, Small.........................................209 Burning Bush..........................................209 Butterfly weed......................................205, 256 Butternut..............................................259 BUTTONBALL FAMILY..............................235 Buttonbush............................................243 Cabbage, Skunk.........................................203 CACTUS FAMILY.................................... 192 Calamus...............................................202 Campion, Starry........................................208 Caraway...............................................229 Carrion Flower.....................................231, 262 Cardinal Flower.....................................231, 273 Catlinite rock........................................... 193 Cattail............................................248, 269 CATTAIL FAMILY................................248, 269 Cayenne pepper.........................................194 286 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol.4 Cedar, Red.................................192, 194, 195, 234 Cherry, Choke.................................197, 242, 263 Cherry, Clammy Ground.............................247, 264 Cherry, Ground................................193, 247, 264 Cherry, Virginia Ground................................. 264 Cicely, Sweet Smooth................................195, 249 Clay, White................................... 194, 198, 199 Cleavers...............................................243 Clover, Bush...........................................229 Clover, Purple Prairie.................................... 229 Coffee-tree, Kentucky................................229, 260 Cohosh, Blue...........................................205 Columbine, Wild....................................238, 273 Compass Plant.........................................216 COMPOSITE FAMILY............................210, 256 Cone-flower, Gray-headed................................ 216 Cone-flower, Purple.................................194, 212 Coreopsis, Tall..........................................213 Corn..................................................257 Corn, Black sweet.......................................258 Corn Silk..............................................246 Corn, Small-eyed sweet.................................. 258 Corn, Sweet............................................258 Cowbane......................................233, 234, 242 Crabapple..............................................242 Crab, Prairie.............:..............................242 Cranberry, Highbush.................................... 208 Cranesbill, Wild........................................222 Crowfoot, Abortive......................................239 CROWFOOT FAMILY.............................237, 273 Crowfoot, Yellow Water................................. 239 CRYPTOGAMS...................................200, 253 Cucumber, Wild......................................196 Cudweed, Lobed........................................211 Culver's Root...........................................247 Currant, Black...................................... 246, 264 Dandelion..........................................218, 257 Dock, Great Water......................................237 Dock, Swamp...........................................237 1928] SMITH., ETHNOBOTANY OF THE 1MESKWAKI. 287 Dodder, Gronovius'......................................218 DOGBANE FAMILY...............................201, 267 Dogbane, Spreading............................. 193, 201, 267 DOGWOOD FAMILY..............................218, 272 Dogwood, Panicled..................................218, 272 Dragonhead, False...................................... 226 Dyes..................................................271 Earth-prune, Abortive....................................254 Elder, Common................................207, 256, 268 Elm, Slippery...................................196, 251, 270 Elm, W h ite.............................................2 51 Everlasting, Many-headed................................ 214 Everlasting, Plantain-Lvd................................. 210 FERN FAMILY....................................... 237 Fern, Lady.............................................237 Fern, Maidenhair....................................197, 237 FIGWORT FAMILY................................... 273 Figwort...............................................247 FISH..................................................199 Fish, Buffalo.......................................197, 199 Flag, Blue.............................................195 Flag, Sweet............................................201 Fleabane, Philadelphia.................................. 213 FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY............................. 232 FUNGI............................................200, 253 Gall, Plant.............................................217 Garlic, Wild............................................262 Gelatine............................................... 199 GENTIAN FAMILY................................... 222 Gentian, Closed.........................................222 Gentian, Stiff...........................................222 Gerardia, Slender........................................ 246 GERANIUM FAMILY.................................. 222 Geranium, Wild.........................................222 Ginger, Wild................................... 196, 204, 255 Ginseng...........................................197, 204 GINSENG FAMILY...................................203 Golden Alexander......................................250 Goldenrod, Canada......................................217 288 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Goldenrod, Elrn-Lvd..................................... 218 Goldenrod, Showy......................................218 Goldenrod, Stiff........................................217 Goldenseal............................................. 194 Goose.................................................199 Gooseberry, Pr ic kl y............................196, 246, 264 Goosedown............................................. 199 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY................................209 Goosefoot, Maple-Lvd................................... ".209 GOURD FAMILY..................................220, 257 Grape, Fox............................................252 Grape, Frost.......................................252, 265 Grape, Riverside........................................252 Grape, Wild...........................................252 GRASS FAMILY....................................... 257 Grass, Field Blue-eyed.................................. o196 Greek Valerian....................... """"........193, 196, 235 Hackberry.........................................250, 265 Haw, Black.....-...................................256 Hawksbeard, Naked-stemmed........... "."""""...".........213 Hazelnut...........................................256, 267 Hemlock..............................................19 7 Hemlock, Ground.......................................197 Hemp, Indian......................................201, 267 Hepatica, Sharp-lobed............................""...239 Hickory, Bitternut......................................224 Hickory, S he1llb a rk......................................25 9 Hoarhound, Water....................... "...........225 HOLLY FAMILY.....................................195 Honeysuckle, Bu sh..............................197, 199, 206 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY........... "........206, 256, 268 Honeysuckle, Glaucous...................".........207 Honeysuckle, Yellow.................. """"""""".............196 Hop....................................................250 Hoptree, Three-Lvd.................................193, 244 Horn................................................195, 1 99 Horse-gentian, Orange-fruited............................207 Horse-mint.......................25 HORSETAIL FAMILY........................220, 268, 272 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 289 Horsetail, Field......................................... 272 Horse-weed............................................213 Hyssop, Giant.........................................225 Indian Cup........................................ 196, 217 Indian Turnip..........................................272 Indigo, Bastard................................193, 196, 227 Indigo, False..........................................228 Inky Cap Mushroom....................................254 IRIS FAMILY........................................224 Ivy, Poison............................................201 Jack-in-the-pulpit.......................................202 Joe-Pye Weed..........................................214 Lamb's Quarters........................................209 Lady's Slipper, Stemless................................. 233 Ladies Tresses.........................................234 LAUREL FAMILY................................194, 195 Lead Plant.............................................227 Leather Flower.........................................239 Leek..................................................262 Lettuce, Prickly........................................215 LILY FAMILY....................................230, 262 Lily, Wood............................................262 Liquorice..............................................229 Liquorice, Wild........................................229 LOBELIA FAMILY...............................231, 273 Lobelia, Great..................................194, 231, 273 Locust, Honey.........................................228 Lotus, Yellow.................................194, 198, 262 Lousewort.............................................247 MADDER FAMILY................................... 243 Maize.................................................257 MALLOW FAMILY...................................232 Mallow, Glade..........................................232 Mallow, Indian................................... 232 MAMMALS...........................................199 Mandrake..........................................193, 206 MAPLE FAMILY.............................200, 255, 266 Maple, Sugar..................................196, 255, 266 Mayapple.................................193, 206, 236, 256 290 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol.4 Meadow-rue, Tall...................................... 240 Meadow Sweet.........................................243 Mica..................................................199 Milkweed, Common.................................256, 267 MILKWEED FAMILY........................ 205, 256, 267 Milkweed, Swamp......................................205 MILKWORT FAMILY................................ 236 MINERALS........................................... 199 MINT FAMILY...................................225, 273 Mint, Horse............................................225 Mint, Mountain.....................................226, 273 Moccasin Flower.......................................233 MORNING-GLORY FAMILY...........................218 Mulberry, Red..........................................251 Muscovite.............................................. 199 Mushroom, Bricktop....................................254 Mushroom, Honey......................................254 Mushroom, Inky-cap....................................254 Mushroom, Oyster......................................254 Mushrooms............................................200 Mustard, Black.........................................219 MUSTARD FAMILY..................................219 NETTLE FAMILY............................250, 265, 270 Nettle, Rough hedge................................197, 227 Nettle, Wood......................................250, 270 Nut, Ground...........................................259 Oak, Black.............................................222 Oak, Bur..........................................196, 221 Oak, White...............................193, 197, 221, 257 OLIVE FAMILY..................................233, 268 ORCHID FAMILY.................................... 233 ORPINE FAMILY.....................................219 OXALIS FAMILY....................................274 Oxeye, Rough..........................................215 PARSLEY FAMILY...............................248, 265 Parsley, Nuttall's Prairie................................ 249 Parsnip, Cow......................................249, 265 Parsnip, Wild.................................233, 234, 242 Peanut, Hog............................................259 Pea, Partridge..........................................228 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 291 Pear, Raflnesque&s Prickly................................ 192 Persicaria, Pennsylvania.................................236 Persicaria, Swamp.........................:............. 236 Peyote................................................ 189 PHANEROGAMS.................................200, 254 Phlox, Downy..........................................235 PHLOX FAMILY..................................... 235 Pimpernel, Yellow...................................... 250 PINE FAMILY........................................234 PINK FAMILY........................................208 Plantain, Common...................................... 234 PLANTAIN FAMILY.................................234 Plum, Canada......................................242, 263 Plum, Wild....................................... o242, 263 Popcorn...............................................258 POPPY FAMILY..................................234, 271 POTATO FAMILY...............................247, 264 Potato, Meskwaki.......................................264 Psoralea, Silver-Leaf....................................230 PUFFBALL FAMILY..................................254 Puffball, Giant.........................................254 Purse, Shepherd's.......................................219 Queen-of-the-Prairie....................................241 Ragweed, Great........................................210 Raspberry, Black..................................243, 264 Raspberry, Wild Red........ o.........................0243 Rattlesnake............................................198 Rattlesnake flesh.......................................198 Rattlesnake Master.....................................248 Rattlesnake meat.......................................198 REPTILES............................................198 Rice, Wild.............................................259 Rocket, Purple.........................................219 ROSE FAMILY...................................241, 263 Rose, Smooth..........................................242 Rosin-weed, Entire-Lvd.............................194, 216 RUE FAMILY........................................244 Rush, Scouring................................220, 268, 272 SANDALWOOD FAMILY.............................246 292 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol.4 Sarsaparilla, Wild...................................195, 203 Sassafras..........................................194, 195 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.............................246, 264 Scullcap, Small......................................... 227 SEDGE FAMILY......................................268 Shield, Water.......................................... 197 Smartweed.............................................236 Smartweed, Water..................................197, 236 Snakemeat............................................. 198 Snakeroot, Clustered....................................250 Snakeroot, Dotted Button................................ 216 Snakeroot, Senega......................193, 196, 197, 228, 236 Snakeroot, White.......................................214 Sneezeweed............................................215 Solomon's Seal.........................................230 Sorrel.................................................274 SPIDERWORT FAMILY..............................209 Spiderwort,, Reflexed....................................198 Spiderwort, Western....................................209 Spikenard, False.........................................230 Spikenard, Indian.......................................203 SPURGE FAMILY....................................220 Spurge, Flowering...................................... 220 Squash............................................220, 257 STAFFTREE FAMILY................................208 Star, Blazing...........................................216 St. John's Wort, Dotted.................................223 ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY..........................223 St. John's Wort, Great..................................223 Stonecrop, Ditch.......................................219 Strawberry, Wild.......................................263 SUMAC FAMILY.............................200, 255, 271 Sumac, Staghorn...................................196, 201 Sumac, Smooth................................200, 255, 271 Sunflower, Pale-Lvd. Wood..............................215 Sunflower, Saw-tooth................................... 215 Sunflower, Thin-Lvd.................................... 215 Sycamore..........................................228, 235 Talc crystals............................................199 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 293 Tea, New Jersey..........................193, 194, 240, 263 Thimble-weed..........................................238 Thistle, Common.......................................213 Thistle, Field...........................................213 Thorn, Pear.......................................241, 263 Tickseed, Stiff..........................................213 Tinker's Weed.........................................207 Toadflax, Bastard.......................................246 Tobacco............................................... 197 Toad, Horned......................................194, 198 TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY............................205 Touch-me-not, Spotted.............................205 Trefoil, Illinois-Tick....................................228 Tlurnip, Indian..........................................272 Twinleaf............................................... 194 Umbrella-wort, Heart-Lvd................................ 232 VALERIAN FAMILY.................................251 Valerian, Edible........................................251 Valerian, Greek.................................193, 196, 235 Venus Looking Glass.......................193, 195, 206, 272 Vetchling, Marsh.......................................273 Vervain, Blue......................................193, 194 VERVAIN FAMILY..................................251 Vervain, 'White..........................*.. *...195, 196, 251 VINE FAMILY...................................252, 265 Virginia Creeper........................................252 Wahoo............................................193, 209 Walnut, Black.................................196, 259, 271 WALNUT FAMILY...............................259, 271 Walnut, White.........................................259 WATERLILY FAMILY...........................194, 262 Waterlily, Sweet White.................................194 Waterlily, Yellow...............................194, 195, 198 Watermelon............................................257 WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY..........................254 Willow, Dwarf.........................................245 W\ILLOW FAMILY...................................245 Willow, Hoary.........................................245 Willow, Silvery........................................245 294 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol.4 Winterberry............................................195 Wolfberry.............................................207 Wormwood, Canada....................................211 YAM FAMILY........................................220 Yam, Wild...........................................22 0 Yarrow................................................210 YEW FAMILY........................................ 197 19281 SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. By MESKWAKI NAMES 295 Mieskwaki akwikoma't' anikukie'shikek' osawana'kwi apatci'mikak' apakwakiashikek' asawana'kasit' asa wi asa'wiiskt asawfiskipwa'wish' asa'wciskw1 asipani'rninUfl1 asipuni'miflan' askipiika'kw' atei'minufl1 atiste'i ayatci'mikak' inishina'pasuina mnote niishi'mishak1 mnote'wi inote'wi Latin Gleditsia triacanthos Achillea lanulosa Oxybaphus nyctaginea Iris versicolor Gerardia tenuifolia Amphicarpa monoica Solidago canadensis Helianthus grosse-serratus Galium concinnum Smilax herbacea Smilax herbacea Fraxinus nigra Fragaria virginiana Asciepias tuberosa Oxybaphus nyctaginea Clematis viorna Pyrus ioensis Specularia perfoliata Lobelia cardinalis kaa'wak' Cirsium discolor kakai'niish1 Celtis occidentalis kakaki'waskw1 Aquilegia canadensis kakaki'wuskw1 Thalictrum dasycarpum kakawami'sh1 Celtis occidentalis kakakweo'n Celtis occidentalis kakika'pfi Gnaphalium polycephalum kakika'puiik Antennaria plantaginifolia kashi'pi Rosa blanda kashipone'siki Equisetum hyemale kasoo'soana kui ke'shikek1 Ribes floridum katako'sia'kuzk Aralia racemosa kawako'mish' Gleditsia tricanthos kawak'mishi Zanthoxylum americanum kawe'niinaki Ribes cynosbati kawish' ke'kotek1 Zanthoxylum americanum kepi'a Anemone cylindrica kepia'ekie'shikikl Petalostenmum purpureum kikieta' an1 Carya cordiformnis kiniotce'sipak'a'nanl Juglans cinerea kishi'pabuiskwi Smilacina racemosa kishi'paskwapi Eryngium yuccaefolium kishipi'iminaki Rosa blanda kisimitia'on Amnorpha canescens kisimitye'on Amorpha canescens kisowa'kwi Platanus occidentalis kitCukj nanito Ceanothus americanus kokisikani Pycnanthemum virginianum kotca'skasakfjki Desmodium illinoense kowaske'mishi Plantago major kwakwate'wopamekie'shikekIpeski'paki Heuchera americana Use Fever Fever, ague Bladder Burns Diarrhoea Food Insanity Burns Ague Food Food Baskets Food Dye Bladder Common ills Smallpox Emetic Tobacco Stomachache Horse medicine Bowels Love Food Food Afterbirth Afterbirth Itch Fattener Worms Burns Smallpox Cough Womb trouble Cough Craziness Measles Bowels Food Food Bladder Stomach Eczema Worms Smallpox Flux Hunting lure Hunting lure Urinary Astringent Food Stomach trouble Page 228 210 232 224 246 259 217 215 244 231 262 233, 269 263 265 232 239 242 206, 272 231, 273 213 250 238, 273 240 250 265 214 210 242 272 246, 264 203 228 244 246, 264 244 238 229 224 259 230 248 242 227 227 235 240, 263 226, 273 228 234 246 264 243 makate'min niakateminaki Rubus allegheniensis Rubus allegheniensis 296 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Meskwaki makate'wakw'i utce'pik' makatewika'kwanasi makiskiwe' makwanaka makwa'mawish1 makwe'paka'nan' makwi'minfi mana'kwaskt maneni'hk1 manitowu'skwt mano'man masa n maskwa'pimish1 meskwapo'kuk1 maskwasa'wak1 maskwa'we mekosike'shikek1 memineteo'n menakwf'sk' menakwu'sk' menaskwa'kui meskwana'kt inininete'on meniskikwe'mish1 meskwa'ki tawa'nakt meskwana'ki meskwa'nakA meskwata'pin1 meskwe meta'mo iminusni poki'min' metiko'minfmn' mish'kite'imish' mishi'menuik mish'mis'h' mishine'pisun1 miske'tei mitwi mfskoseki'shikik' muikoseki a'shikik' muikoseki' shikikt mfikwa'mui mosi'sk' moskotci'sekiii'shikik1 mfikwopeni'ak napi'askfi neka'min nteniwa'kwa neniwa'kw' nepiekeki'sek' nipi'nfiskw" nfimwa'pit' no'sikiuh no'sowini no'sowini no'sowini nowea'kuisa Latin Veronica virginica Adiantum pedatum Sisyrinchium campestre Filipendula rubra Pedicularis canadensis Juglans nigra Prunus virginiana Tacoidia integerrima Asciepias syriaca Eupatorium perfoliatum Zizania aquatica Laportea canadensis Cornus paniculata Brasenia schreberi lodanthus pinnatifidus Sanguinaria canadensis Tradescantia occidentalis Silphium perfoliatum Agastache scrophulariaefolia Abutilon theophrasti Monarda fistulosa Silphium perfoliatum Evonymus atropurpureus Lilium philadelphicum Penthorum sedoides Filipendula rubra Lilium philadelphicum Sanguinaria canadensis Physalis virginiana Q uercus velutina Lactuca scariola integrifolia Podophyllum peltatum Pyrus ioensis Quercus alba Acorus calamus Podophyllum peltatum Populus tremuloides Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum androsaemifolium Lathyrus palustris Pedicularis canadensis Liatris scariosa Lathyrus palustris Apios tuberosa Scirpus validus Cassia marilandica Physostegia parviflora Actaea alba Silphium perfoliatum Liatris punctata Ranunculus deiphinif olius Aster lateriflorus Aster laevis Erigeron canadensis Eupatorium urticaefolium Cornus paniculata Use Page Ague 247 Flux 197, 237 Hay fever 224 Heart 233, 234, 241 Tumors 247, 273 Food 259, 271 Stomach ills 242, 263 Perfume 250 Food 256, 267 Snake bite 214 Food 259 Diurient 250, 270 Enema 218, 272 Ptomaine poison 197 Poultice 219 Dye 271 Urinary 209, 210 Vomiting 217 Diurient 225 Not used 232 Catarrh 225 Emetic 196, 217 Eye sores - 209 Food 262 Cough 219 Heart 241 Food 262 Dye 234 Dizziness 247, 264 Lungs 222 Lactuary 215 Food 256 Food 263 Lungs 221, 257 Physic, burns 201 Physic, rheumatism 206 Coughs 245 Ague, dropsy 201, 267 Fiber 267 Hunting lure 273 Swellings 247, 273 Bladder 216 Lure 273 Food 259 Crafts 268 Sore throat 228 Cold 226 Genito-urinary 237 Menstruant 217 Itch 216 Sneezing 215, 226, 239, 240 Sweat bath 212 Sweat bath 211 Sweat bath 213 Sweat bath 214 Flux 218 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWVAKI. 297 Meskwaki onieko'minfsk' onenwi'nun1 oskisli'kfi paka'nan i pakan pakwana'nonhish ' pakwana'nomiSh' pakwananoke'kotek pakwe'fi papoki'min'6n' papuan'1 pashi'kasimin' paskiba'k' paskipak' peke'wakwa pekwana'nomish i pcniaki pcniaki pcpikwe'niskak' pepikwve'sk';)eshe'kislli'min1 pesekisi'min' pisan 'kwe'ak' pitciko'makan' pitcikonsa'te liwi'SkiflUk' poka'tcikan ' iokania'ak' pukwa'nan' pukwokia'sikikt popoki'minfi sak'sk' sakf'sk' sena'mish1 sesi'po sipitia'ini siwa'nun1 shaki,'skwa shekwakwiya'kwikw i shikako'aki shikako'fuk shikatape shika'wi shipa'skwi skipwa'ishi skipwa'jshi skipwa'sh' pisana'kesjta skipwa'slsipisana'kesjti skipwa'isbl mamnitcakanake'siti soa'nuni sokatepe sopika' Sosopika tamakona'tjuki tatapa'kw i Latin Crataegus tomentosa Pycnanthemum virginianuns Nelumbo lutea Juglans nigra Corylus americana Rhus glabra Sambucus canadensis Sambucus canadensis Typha latifolia Sambucus canadensis Asarum canadense Smilacina racemosa Geranium maculatum Geranium maculatum Silphium laciniatum Rhus glabra Apios tuberosa Solanum tuberosum Thalictrum dasycarpum Ileracleum lanatum Polygonatum biflorum Smilacina racemosa Verbena urticaefolia Brassica nigra Helenium autumnale Typha latifolia Helianthus decapetalus Prunus americana Ulmus fulva Iris versicolor Viburnum prunifoliuns Polygonum acre Polygonum muhlenbergii Acer saccharum Equisetum byemale Rosa blanda Vitis cordifolia Osmorhiza longistylis Polemonium reptans Allium canadense Allium tricoccum Arisaema triphyllum Brauneria angustifolia Zanthoxylum americanum Sanicula gregaria Artemisia canadensis Phlox pilosa Artemisia canadensis Eupatorium perfoliatum Spiranthes cernua Agrimonia gryposepala Salix humilis Salix bumilis Staphylea trifoliata Rhus toxicodendron Use Page Bladder 241, 263 Alterative 226 Food 194, 262 Physic 225 Food 256, 267 Dye 271 Lungs, partuirition 207, 268 Food 256 Sores 248, 269 Food 256 Earache, lungs 204, 255 Reviver 230 Piles 222 Flux 222 Bladder 216 Blisters 200, 255 Food 259 Food 264 Straw 240 Food 265 Reviver 230 Reviver 230 Profuse menstruation 251 Colds 219 Catarrhs 215 Sores 248 Sores 215 Canker mouth 242, 263 Old sores 251, 270 Lungs, colds 224 Food 256 Not used Beverage Art work Gonsorrhoea Stomachs ills Food Horse medicine Physic Food Food Snake bite Cramps Expectorant Nose bleed Burns Eczema Burns Fevers Not used Styptic Flux Flux 236 236 266 220, 268 242 252, 265 249 235 262 262 202 212 244 250 211 235 211 214 234 241 245 245 Medicine gourd 248, 274 Swellings 201 298 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. Meskwaki Latin tatepa'siki Symphoricarpos occidentalis tetipa'kwe Polygonum dumetorum tcakfi'ski Chenopodium album tcaposi'kiin'i Euphorbia corollata tcatca'mosikant Erigeron philadelphicum tcatca'mosikant Itelenium autumnale tcekwakwate' Triosteum perfoliatum tcekwakwote' Physalis heterophylla ti' Aspidium spinulosum ti' Onoclea struthiopteris tikakwo'on Baptisia leucantha tcibi'fik Chenopodium hybridum tcikanimitca'kw* Gleditsia triacanthos tcikanimitca'kwo Gymnocladus dioica tcika'tape Arisaema triphyllum totomi'shi Cephalanthus occidentalis wakipiminl Nelumbo lutea wapapi paka'nant Carya ovata wapi'skwI no'sowint Eupatorium urticaefolium wapfiskw' Aster multiflorus wapii'skwi sokime'iuskwI Artemisia ludoviciana wapasi'pini kokakiii'sikekipeski'pak' Polygonum muhlenbergii wapasi'piniaki Sagittaria latifolia wapaski'paskone'wik' Anemone canadensis wapekya' wisakotce'pikt Ptelea trifoliata wapino'wfiskwi Helianthus strumosus wapiskitce'pik' Lobelia syphilitica wapito'ke Any mushroom wapi'wini White clay wapiino'pwtiskwi Anemone cylindrica wasao'kis Morus rubra wasawanui'kwasiti Solidago rigida wasa'wfiski Anemone virginiana wasaw,'skw1 Solidago speciosa wawitipe'sa Hepatica acutiloba wena'ni Panax quinquefolia wepokiin Napaea dioica we'sakaki Napaea dioica wesasa'k Heracleum lanatum wesasa'k Napaea dioica wesatcakika'kiki Polygala senega wesawatce'wik Crepis runcinata wewept' Silene stellata wewi'ini Symplocarpus foetidus wewitcipisa'o Hepatica acutiloba wikfipimi'shi Tilia americana wikwas Betula alba papyrifera wikwaskia'mishi Prunus nigra wisaitce'piki Napaea dioica wisakatce'piki Taraxacum officinale wisakibfi'ki Mentha arvensis canadensis wisakibiki wisakiint Gentiana andrewsii wisaki'ptiki Campanula americana wisaki'piki Hypericum ascyron wisaki'piki Stachys tenuifolia aspera wi'sakfiki Polygonum pennsylvanicum Use Afterbirth Not used Not used Physic, phlegm Catarrh Catarrh Snake bite Food Beverage Flux Snake bite Not used Smallpox, colds Lunacy Snake bite Emetic Food Food Reviver Reviver Tonsilitis Flux Potato Cross eyes Lungs Lungs Love Poison Old age Burns Any ill Bee stings Reviver Burns Cross eyes Seasoner Piles Piles Food Piles Heart Carbuncle Pus formations Toothache Cross eyes Fiber Crafts Stomachic Piles Lungs Colds Caked breast Lungs Tuberculosis Cold Flux [Vol. 4 Page 207 236 209 220 213 215 207 247, 264 228 209 228 229, 260 202, 272 113 262 259 214 212 211 236 253 238 244 215 231, 273 200, 253 199 238 251 217 238 218 239 204 232 232 249, 265 232 236 213 208 203 239 248, 269 267 242, 263 232 218, 257 222 206 223 227 236 1928] SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWAKI. 299 ifeskwaki wisawa'kasi wisawi'bfikt wjskuipi'pakaW1 w iskopitce'pik' wiskopitce'Pikt wiskopitce'pik' akwt wi'sukak wisikiminan' wita'wiak' witcjkatcapIsikunl Latin Comandra umbellata Impatiens biflora Oxalis stricta Caulophyllum thalictroides Actaea alba Cornus paniculata Fraxinus americana Asclepias incarnata Rubus occidentalis Veronica virginica Use Lungs Sores Dye Genito-urinary Genito-urinary Piles Itch Worms Beverage Gravel Page 246 205 274 205 237 218 233, 268 205 243, 264 247 By PRAIRIE POTAWATOMI NAMES P. P. aiatciama'kuik asa'we asawusk asawfi'ski usesoAi'sksuk asbosikwimia'kuk asipuni'nlenun;isiso'sikik isositu'k kiupwa'wfssk askipfika'pisa asukitai'pusa asfikita'pfrn asfukita'puia asfikita'psia saka'sekuik atamenun dumwo'sa cnika'apuk iniani'wishkosak iote'wi kaa'wusk kakaka'pfik kakaki'mnufk kakaki'wasik wasawfznu'kuzk kakaki'wfis kakaki'wfiskwe kasinitia'on kasimitia'on katakosia'kuki kawakomi'sh kawakomish sali'sekeuki'mini kawish kawish kawish ke'kotek keta'min kcc'ecpk'au kishi'paskwap kishkatoa'soantuk kiswak Latin Oxybaphus nyctaginea Amphicarpa monoica Galium-concinnum Solidago canadensis Silphium perfoliatum Brauneria angustifolia Smilax herbacea Silphium perfoliatum Hypericum ascyron Fraxinus nigra Agrimonia gryposepala Osmorhiza longistylis Ranunculus abortivus Sanicula gregaria Osmorhiza longistylis Fragaria virginiana Physalis heterophylla Asarum canadense Lobelia cardinalis Rubus occidentalis Cirsium discolor Antennaria plantaginifolia Ribes floridum Zizia aurea Aquilegia canadensis Thalictrum dasycarpum Amorpha canescens Polygonum pennsylvanicum Aralia nudicaulis Zanthoxylum americanum Ilex verticillata Celastrus scandens Taxus canadensis Zanthoxylum americanum Rubus allegheniensis Eryngium yuccaefolium Achillea lanulosa Platanus occidentalis Use Page Bladder 232 Food 259 Bladder 244 Mental (iseases 217 Menstruant 217 Cramps, fits, eczema 212 Food 231 Pregnancy 217 Tuberculosis 223 Internal ills 233 Nosebleed 241 Distemper 195 Nosebleed 239 Nosebleed 250 Lungs 195 Food 263 Food Catarrh Internal Ills Tobacco Tea Not used Afterbirth Worms Fever Bowels Love medicine Pinworms Flux Burns Burns Sores Eczema Universal use Coughs Sore eyes Eczema Snake bite Fever, ague Lungs 247 194 196 231 243 213 210 246 250 238 240 227 236 203 244 195 193 197 244 243 194 248 210 235 300 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 P.P. kititii'sfip kite'nani kite'wi kitiiki ma'nito kiwispekwie'mish kopinaketce'kiik kupu0' kfipwa'kis wasini'kfik kotca'sakasakfik kotca'skasakiik kwfipwa'kasi pasinui'ksfik makatd' koni'si makatd'wosikoni'si makate'wokinesi makosa' kisekik makosi'pikokii'sekik makwama'wish mana'kskwfik ma'nito ma'nito kawi'sh manitomi'skfikfik manwi'kos masa'n maskosfi'k maskoswii'k masko'swak maskoswa'k miniyo'ti maskwak maskwa' ak waskfik maskwa'wak maskwa'we matwe meniskikwi'mish meshika'tfip meskoe' mesa'ni mishi'min meskonfi'keifk mesko'wik mskwa meskwapo'kfik meskwa'nfi'kfik meta'mosam&inn m&tiko'menin migisi' washen&tce' mine'toi mishami'sh mishika'tap mishi'mishak mishina'we miskota'pin mitwi mfikitca'kwo mikosaka'sakfik milkwva'mfik mose'wfisk name'kfisapfik Latin Asclepias incarnata Castalia odorata Nymphaea advena Ceanothus americanus Prunus virginiana Nelumbo lutea Asarum canadense Anemone cylindrica Lathyrus palustris Desmodium illinoense Phlox pilosa Adiantum pedatum Adiantum pedatum Adiantum pedatum Apocynum androsaemifolium Tradescantia reflexum? Pedicularis canadensis Agastache scrophulariaefolia Ceanothus americanus Taxus canadensis Eupatorium perfoliatum Taenidia integerrima Laportea canadensis Sisyrinchium campestre Sisyrinchium campestre Catlinite rock powdered Juniperus virginiana Cayenne Pepper Juniperus virginiana Juniperus virginiana Sanguinaria canadensis Rattlesnake meat Evonymus atropurpureus White clay Sanguinaria canadensis Quercus macrocarpa Sassafras sassafras Sisyrinchium campestre Sanguinaria canadensis Brasenia schreberi? Filipendula rubra Physalis virginiana Quercus velutina Jeffersonia diphylla? Ceanothus americanus Quercus alba Arisaema triphyllum Pyrus ioensis Echinocystis lobata Lilium philadelphicum Populus tremuloides Plantago major Apocynum cannabinum Pedicularis canadensis Lepachys pinnata Tradescantia reflexum? Use Taenifuge Eczema Convalescence Bowels Flux Convalescence Lungs Insanity Hunting lure Hunting lure Eczema Page 205 194 194 240 197 194 204 238 273 228 235 Flux 197 Poison 197 Flux 197 Thread 193, 201 Insanity 198, 210 Tumors 247 Diurient 225 Catarrh Universal use 197 Worms 214 Perfume 250 Incontinent urine 250 Internal med. 196, 224 Hay fever 224 Sores, eczema 193 Lungs 195 Catarrh 194 Lungs 195 Lungs 194 Burns 234 Childbirth 195, 198 Sore eyes 209 Convalescence 194 Flux 197 Internal use 196 Fits 194, 195 Piles 196 Burns 234 Flux 197 Heart trouble 241 Dizziness 247 Lungs 222 Eczema 194 Eczema 193 Phlegm 193, 197, 221 Diagnostic 202 Smallpox 242 Universal use 196, 220 Food 262 Coughs 245 Urinary 235 Ague, dropsy 201 Swellings 247 Toothache 216 Insanity 198 1928] SMITH, ETILNOBOTANY OF THlE MESKWNAKI. narnotcika'kowish na poakfi'n na'tawe na'towe iiekoshika'sekuk ncynjnetcepjuk nienowi'sh ntipi'nuisk uftiniwa 'pit nonakona'powvus nowvea'kfts onake'ik onlep usasha'kip pakane's sakesba'kamin paka'wiwin 1aka'wfin pake'sckfik pakwa'namish pakwe'ik papasikana"tik pasankwe'fik pasankwe'tuk pasankwe'fik p~ikaipf'k pika'takitk pasinfftkasit pasi'lpinusk piskapf'k pishkalba'g pasnf'kfisft pasta'wvik peki'wfik pcmpteO'lpukuk asipfika'sawfk penia'k Peskominaka'wes piasa'nkweuk 1iSakmineska'wish pishi'k pishi'to piwi'skinfik pfika'nawve pukawa'tcikfun piika'nak pfikonai'a pfiko'wathk pukwa'namish Pfukwana'sikfun putkwain'sik fn pfikwana'sikfsii pfikwana'sikiun pfikwana'sikfin Pfikwana'sikiun pfikwana'sikui1 Latin Allium canadense Cornus paniculata Rattlesnake meat Rattlesnake meat Dier villa lonicera Geum canadense Asclepias syriaca Liatris punctata & scariosa Ranunculus delphinifolins Osmunda cinnamomea Cornus paniculata Tsuga canadensis Ulmus fulva Ulmus fulva Zanthovlun anmericanumn Ifornedl Toad Juglans nigra Rhus typhina Typha latifolia Sambucus canadensis Polemonium reptans Verbena hastata Verbena utricaefolia Polygonum mublenbergii Asclepias tuberosa Pycnanthemum virginianium Equisetum arvense Geranium maculatum Geranium maculatum Artemisia canadensis Lespedeza capitata Alnus rugosa Gentiana andrewsii Apios tuberosa Ribes cynosbati Polemonium reptans Ribes cynosbati Zanthoxylum americanum Buffalo Fish Typha latifolia Corylus americana Ilelianthus decapetalus Podophyllum peltatuni Juglans nigra Prunus americana Silphium laciniatunm Rhus glabra Aster drummondii Aster lateriflorus Aster laevis Aster multiflorus Aster novae-angliac Aster salicifolius Eupatorium urticaefolium Use Food Piles Universal umcd. Universal mcd. Diuretic Eczema Food Bloody urine Sneezing Caked breast Flux Py'orrhloea Internal usc Old sores 301 Pauge 362 219 198 196 197 194 267 216 240 219 197 196 251 Lungs 195 Convalescence 194, 198 Piles 196 Piles 196 Quilts 248 Physic, lungs 194, 207 Eczema 193 Fits 193, 194 Profuse menstruation 195, 196, 251 Flux 236 Poison antidote 205 Alterative 226 Feed 272 Neuralgia 222 Flux 222 Burns 211 Poison antidote 229 Pyorrhoea 197 Snake bite 222 Food 259 Food 246 Urinary 236 Piles 196 Piles 196 Diuretic 197, 199 Sores 248 Food 256 Sores 215 Physic 193, 206 Physic 225 Canker mouth 242 Emetic 216 Blister 200 Reviver 211 Reviver 212 Reviver 211 Reviver 212 Reviver 212 Reviver 212 Reviver 214 302 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. P. P. Latin Use piikwana'sikun Gnaphalium polycephalum Revive pfikwlna'sikuh Solidago ulmifolium Revive pukwe'wfmiisk tapaka'wukipatike'tak Thalictrum dasycarpum Straw pcikwoskfik sika'sekfk Tradescantia occidentalis Urinar potea'temin Euphorbia corollata Physic pshfikshi'miin Polygonatum biflorum Revive psfksi'muh Smilacina racemosa Revive [Vol. 4 er er ry er er Page 214 218 240 209 220 230 230 se'ekomish sema sema sema ano'kiuk sema a'sipeikuk sen' sena'mish senipa'sowfin senipiso 'wuin shakwa'komia'kwiuk shakwakwota' she'kwakwotai shingwa'komia'kiik sikawa'okis mamish pakase't sikitii'puii sinipisi'wumn sipitia'min sisiko'pamish skiipwa'kfishi psipia'kiikit skiupwa'kfis wasawa nc'kisfik skiupwa'pfisi pasanu'kesit soawa'menun siikim5'obag sukita'poa sukita'po8 suksimin'sitkawiis tamenokiupopii'skapuk tapopa'kwisik tatapa'kwe tatapa'sik tatopa'kwasit tcatca'mosikun tcatca'mosikun tcatca'mosikun tcakwakomia'kuk tcakwakote' mine'si sika'sikfik tcakwakomia'kiik tcikako'wish tcikinoka'wiusk tcimaskwa'pokuh tcise'sukasekfsk tcise'suikasekiki'rnini tekipina'mo tci'sikfk tetapa'sekuk tetipa'suk tika'ko inokai'sikiuh tukwa'pfik Salix humilis Nicotiana tabacum Specularia perfoliata Stachys tenuifolia aspera Stachys tenuifolia aspera Alum Acer saccharum Iris versicolor Iris versicolor Polemonium reptans Triosteum perfoliatum Triosteum perfoliatum Polemonium reptans Eupatorium perfoliatum Osmorhiza longistylis Acorus calamus Rosa blanda Salix humilis Lactuca scariola integrata Solidago rigida Gerardia tenuifolia Prunus virginiana Artemisia ludoviciana Ranunculus abortivus Agrimonia gryposepala Smilacina racemosa Crataegus tomentosa Heuchera americana Lonicera dioica Rhus toxicodendron Baptisia leucantha Symphoricarpos occidentalis Erigeron philadeiphicus Brassica nigra Ilelenium autumnale Polesnonium reptans Physalis heterophylla Polemonium reptans Allium canadense Gymnocladus dioica Onoclea struthiopteris Aralia nudicaulis Aralia nudicaulis Petalostemum purpureum Baptisia leucantha Baptisia leucantha Baptisia leucantha Carya cordiformis Flux 245 Peyote antidote 197 Ceremonial 193, 195, 206 Universal use 197 Emetic 227 Pyorrhoea 197 Internal usc 196, 255 Lungs 224 Sore throat 195, 224 Many ills 193, 196, 235 Boils 207 Snake bite 208 Piles 196 Worms 214 Eyes 249 Physic 201 Itch 242 Hemorrhage 245 Lactary 215 Bee stings 217 Diarrhoea 247 Stomach 242 Tonsilitis 211 Styptic 239 Styptic 241 Reviver 230 Bladder 241 Astringent Worms Swellings Snake bite Afterbirth Catarrh Catarrh Catarrh Eczema, emetic Dropsy Physic Food Insanity Worms Lungs Sore throat Measles Internal use Piles Piles Bowels 246 207 201 193, 228 207 213 219 215 193, 235 193 193 143 229 195 195 229 193 196 228 224 1928] SMITHI, ETHNOBOTANY OF TIlE MESKWVAKI. 303 P. P. tutonhi'si sapatcikitce'kdpakfik wapato'kimin wapesi'pinuik pitkolci'sekuk wapino'wfisk wapino'wftsk wapino'wcisk wapiskiteapakuk waJpito'ke wapito'ke wapiWIWint1 wapukfuis pikoka'sakeik wapskiik sukima'obag watepno'WUfl wasakftca'puk wasao'kfis wasawanla'kwosit wasawashia'k wasiiwatca'wuk wasa'wiu wasa'wuts'k wasawius'tca'pkukiuk waskl'sakusk watepno'wvfn waiisapin wawitci'pasa wayepina'waneke'sakik wayepino'wesaka'sekusk wekupa'muik weitan'e wepieia'wvuk wesatca'pikiik wesatce'pakiik wikcipi'mish wikupuskwui'pa wikwaskia'mish wisaka'bCuk wisaka'puk wisaka'putkos wi'sakcipckosa wishikfipo'pin wiskapa'kuposi wisketca' psakutn wisksup wiski'pipfuk wi'scikak witcikatca'psikjun WiWil' yayankotci'min yayankwotci'n nakawishj'nmin Latin Cephalanthus occidentalis Lobelia syphilitica Nymphaea advena seeds Polygonum rnuhlenbergii Helianthus grosse-serrates Ilelianthus strumosus Ileliopsis scabra Ptelea trifoliata Lobelia syphilitica Any mushroom Any lichen WVhite-Clay Napaea dioica Artemisia ludoviciana Polygala senega Taraxacunm officinalis Morus rubra Solidago speciosa Impatiens biflora Crepis runcinata Anemone virginiana Anemone canadensis Napaea dioica Ptelea trifoliata Polygala senega Silene-stellata Hepatica acutiloba Polygala senega Polygala senega Iris versicolor? Panax quinquefolia Anemone cylindrica Hydrastis canadensis Hydrastis canadensis Tilia americana Aster macrophyllus? Prunus americana Gentiana quinquefolia Campanula americana Comandra umbellata Psoralea argophylla Actaea rubra Oxalis stricta Veronica virginica? Silphium integrifolium Silphium integrifolium Fraxinus americana Veronica virginica Horn Lonicera flays Lonicera flays Use Emetic Catarrh Sore throat Peyote antidote Burns Burns Burns Lungs, eczema Love charm Poison Universal use 01(1 age Piles Sores Eczema Chest pains Any ill Steam burns Sores Carbuncle Reviver Cross eyes Piles Dropsy Eczema Pus-swellings Twisted face Heart trouble 193, Heart trouble Eczema Seasoner Burns Catarrh Eczema Boils Childbirth Stomachic Hemorrhage Lungs Lungs Constipation Lungs Dye Dropsy Catarrh Bladder Itch Kidneys Childbirth Page 243 194 195 197 215 215 215 193, 244 231 197 2001 194 232 211 193 218 251 218 205 213 238 238 232 193 193 208 239 196, 197 236 194 197, 204 238 194 194 248 195 242 222 206 246 230 195 174 193 194 216 233 247 195, 199 195 196 Lungs Internal use "} tnA rt 3)4 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. By NAMES IN DR. WM. JONES' COLLECTION Meskwaki No. Latin Use aiatApapis6witci, 3604 Heracleum lanatum Colic acawaiyewapikunaha, 3705 Cucurbita pepo var. Food iicuskwiyAgwa'ki, 5177 Indet. Unknown aide'tahi, 3621 Indet. Love charm agickopigi, 3611 Clay Tooth cleaner A'kepiciwitci, 3606 Diervilla lonicera Diuretic a'kwawiminigaici kegi, 3605 Polytaenia nuttallii Diarrhoea amanowinfitawin'oni, 3620 Eupatorium purpureum Love charm anaga'kwa, 5084 Ambrosia trifida Fear anemfilmici, 3654 Arctium minus Parturient anipitcapi'ki, 5110 Ulmus americana Eyes apipowani, 3608 Asarum canadense Sore throat apenyagi, 3694-6 Sagittaria latifolia Food apenyagi sasa'kihagi, 3694 Ilelianthus tuberosus Food aisigwaiha tcitapiha, 3694-6 Phaseolus vulgaris Bean asapya, 5067 Indet. Lungs asawaiyewapikun5'ha Cucurbita pepo var. Food asawesigani, 3679 Rhus glabra Dye asinipas6, 5149 Acorus calamus Cramps askimahigi, 3696 Amphicarpa monoica Food askipwawica, 3644 Phlox pilosa Love charm askipwAwis, 5081 Pycnanthemum virginianum Chills-ague askipwawis aipisane kwiiyawigi, 5096 Chenopodium album askipwawis penimotcigicigegi, 5089 Indet. a'tciganimic8'kwi, 3662 Gymnocladus dioica atetaa, 5160 Rubus idaeus-aculeatissimus atetiwi, 5178 Indet. cacgihimini, 3640 caicogotcapi'k, 5126 cagusiha, 3687 cagw.'kwatai, 5140 cagwaskwa pipyiigwigita, 5104 cp6sigan, 5069 cip6sigani, 5165 cicigwaiwa uwicigacigigi, 5172 cigahigwai, 5099 cigawihi, 3642 cigawli, 5170 kanocacia, 5131 kipetcaia, 5047 kaipgai icigigi, 5169 kiitagesita iigosiha, 5046 kiatcitiha, 3705 kawac6wana'ki, 5142 kawadana'kihi, 3625 kaw~'kumici, 5128 kekyaitcaha, 3688 ketagi manetOwa, 5087 ke'tcaskipwawisi, 3659 ketci kiwis, 5188 ketcimasAna, 5136 ke'tcipai kiwAgi, 3657 Thalictrum dasycarpum Ulmus fulva Phaseolus vulgaris Triosteum perfoliatum Diervilla lonicera Euphorbia corollata Euphorbia corollata Asplenium felix-femina Anemone cylindrica Indet. Indet. Juglans cinerea Phaseolus lunatus Petalostemum purpureum Phaseolus vulgaris Cucurbita pepo var. Zanthoxylum americanum Ash manna? Zanthoxylum americanum Phaseolus vulgaris Ceanothus americanus Aralia racemosa Silphium integrifolium Cirsium lanceolatum Geranium maculatum Urethra Rheumatism Lunacy Seasoner Unknown Love charm Parturient Food Sores Urethral Cathartic Cathartic Anodyne Eyes Indet. Indet. Cathartic Bean Measles Bean Food Toothache Reviver Kidneys Bean Flux Seasoner Kidneys Seasoner Piles Vol. 4 Page 249 257 199 207 249 214 210 211 251 204 255 236 260 257 271 202 259 235 226 209 229 243 240 251 261 208 207 221 221 237 238 224 260 230 261 257 245 244 261 241 203 216 213 222 1928] SMMITIlI, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE IMESKWAKT. 305 Meskwaki No. ke'tcjpYatfiskahi, 3615 ke'tcitatepa'kWaihi, 3664 kicesuteigi, 3695 kiwvapyaili, 3656: iwvpyaimica'kwi, 5070 kiydtcawaSkwi kikuwema'kesalii, 3641 niicgwagi, 5182 rnicgwapoga'ki, 5159 masciskiwija, 5125 isiackowaha, 2229 miickowaii, 3680 nhickwakwihi, 3667 niackwanagia, 5040 nmckwana'kihi, 3643 m~ig'kwtihi, 3614 ni:ig5'kwaia, 5100 oliguse pagwi, 5155 m~a'kadaimina, 3699 nakadiwa'kanuisi, 5143 mia'kadiiwatolia, 3683 na'kadiiwesigan, 3678 makadawesita Sgosiha, 5045 nia'kuniic utcapik, 5141 niliniinenatahonitotomic, 5153 rniimegwahtasoliagi, 3697 mnagwa'ki, 3629 nianetuwa'kani, 3669 rnanwagos iiyogi atepowagi, 5( isnrwahi, 3674 masanteapiki, 3660 nmaskutcisa, 3681-92, 5029, 50, maskwacawagi, 5098 nuiskwana'kii, 5071 niaskwigwiia, 5029 nniskwipatdhti, 3665 maskwite'pata, 3659 niaw'kumic, 5168 miecigatepaa, 5180 niecinebisOni, 3612 mneckitaa, 5119 nieckwanagia, 5040 niesigwagi, 3697 meskwapimic utciipi'ki, 5164 ietegumini, 5109 nmicatcineni'svaski, 3635 miciminagi, 3717 micumici, 5073 migosigacigigi, 5181 ninisagawic, 5133 rninasagawic, 5152 minaskwa, 5135 011550, 5167 niy'kapenstcigi, 3603 nagutipagi, 3639 namaya'kipatciwagi, 5146 Latin 1)ioscorea villosa I dcl. Sagittaria latifolia Celastrus scandens Rubus allegheniensis Indet. Cypripedium acaule Jodanthus pinnatifidus? Fraxinus americana Sisyrinchium campestre Sanguinaria canadensis Sanguinaria canadensis Indet. Zea mays amylacea Filipendula rubra Ileracleutm lanatum Cucurbita pep~o var. \Titis vulpsina Zea miays amylacea Adiantuns Iedatut Phaseolus vulgaris Juglans nigra Phaseolus vulgaris Rhus glabra Acer fnegundlo Zea mays amylacea Valeriana edulis Pycnanthemum virginianum 082 Aquilegia canadensis Aquilegia canadensis Veronica virginica 36, 5045-6 Phaseolus vulgaris Iodlanthius Ipinnatifidus Lycopus americanus Phaseolus vulgaris Fraxinus nigra Aralia racemosa Fraxinus americana? Arisaema triphyllum Acorns calamus Podophyllunm peltatum Zea mays anmylacea Zea mays amylacea Cornus paniculata Hypericum ascyron Talc crystals Pyrus ioensis Evonymus atropurpureus Rhamnus alnifolia Crataegus tomentosa Crataegus tomentosa Agrostis alba? Aquilegia canadensis Juniperus virginiana Pastinaca sativa? Silphium perfoliatum Use Parturient Venereal Food Parturient Poison antidote Snake bite Love charm Any ills Snake bite Cramps 1)ye Dye D)elirium Corn Love charm Hecadache Female remedy Insanity Corni Blackness Bean Dye Bean Appetizer Emetic Corn Hemorrhage Reviver Diarrhoea Love charm Parturient Beans Love charm Cramps Bean Physic Seasoner Indet. Insomnia Cough Emetic Corn Corn Consumption Snake bite Perfume Food Eyes Constipation Bladder Debility Nightmare Diurient Weakness Love charm Non-abortant Page 220 255 209 243 246 233 219 233 224 271 271 258 241 249 220 252 258 237 260 271 261 200 200 258 251 226 239 239 247 260 220 225 261 231, 233 203 233 202 202 206 259 258 219 223 199 263 209 241 241 241 239 234 217 306 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE. [Vol. 4 Meskwaki No. Latin naiposMtwi, 3653 Zanthoxylum anmericanum natawinoni, 3649 Mixture natawinoni, 3652 Mixture natowinoni, 5092 Apocynum androsaemifolium naitowinoni, 5117 Diervilla lonicera natowinoni, 5154 Osmorhiza longistylis natowinoni, 5163 Mixture natownoni, 5179 Indet. nasiitcigani, 3632 Heuchera americana nasa'tcigasni, 3634, 3658 Heuchera americana naiwayagwa'ki, 3632 Heuchera americana nenocoskwa, 5184 Coreopsis tripteris nenotawapenyagi, 5037 Sagittaria latifolia nenuswacki, 5134 Coreopsis palmata neswaiyagatwi iicaposegi, 3602 Quercus aiha nosigaini, 3619 Lonicera sullivantii? noskwatcigani, 3617 Comandra umbellata Use Page Tonic 203, 244 Not specified 225 Seasoner Womb 201, 224 Gonorrhoea 206 I)ebility 229 Catarrh Menses Healer 246 Healer 246 healer 246 Henmorrhage 213 Food 255 Cripple 213 Diarrhoea 221, 222, 230 Sudorific Expectorant 246 jaganakanasigani, 3678 paganh'kwi, 5090 pagasna'kwi, 5127 pagaskwi, 3667 pagasuhagi, 3701-2 pagechiwitiha, 3685 pa'ki-maskutcisa, 3690 akwaigani, 3728 pa'kwasni, 5171 paunigihaigi, 3 718 papaganiawa 6s6watnowi iicigegi, papagatugacigigi, 5156 papagwacki, 5138 papa'kwai utcapik, 5132 papigwaskihi, 3626 papikwaski, 3613 phskipagi, 5057 piipagi, 5111 pecegisimin, 5147 pecegisimini, 3612 pecegisimini, 3624 pecipecinomici, 3669 pegimicakwa, 5143 pe'kiwaimic, 5077 pepya'kutcaha, 3686 pepyakutcaha, 3689 pinahigani, 3631 pisanagisetaskipwawacki, 5186 pisane'kwayashi, 3607 pisasne'kwayaigi, 5173 pisapyaLgi asaswaski, 5123 pisigwaha, 3700 pitawani, 5176. pitcikumatahi, 3622 piwaiha, 3682 potatcigan, 5158 psagwacki, 5066 sagimawa, 3609 Juglans nigra Juglans cinerea Juglans cinerea Indet. Zea maya amylacea Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Typha latifolia Rhus typhina Zea maya amylacea 5183 Achillea millefoliunm Indet. Heracleum lanatum Indet. hleracelum lanatum Baptisia leucantha Geranium maculatum Psedera quinquefolia Smilacina racemosa Acorus calainus Smilacina racemosa Mixture Gymnocladus dioica? Prunus virginiana Phaseolus vulgaris Pliaseolus vulgaris Panax quinquefolium Artemisia canadensis Verbena urticaefolia Verbena urticaefolia Indet. Zea mays amylacea Ptelea trifoliata? Zizea aurea Phaseolus vulgaris Asarusu canadense Galium aparine Ceanothus americanus Dye Cathartic Snake bite Liver Corn Beans Bean Fiber Pinworms Corn Sores 271 224 224, 225 258 260 261 270 201 258 210 Love charm Erysipelas 249 Root remover Wounds 249 Wounds 228, 235 Burns 223 Diarrhoea 252 Cholera 231 Cough 202 Conjurer 2.31 Reviver 226 Emetic Piles 242 Bean 261 Bean 261 Love charm 199, 204 Burns 211 Reviver 251 Perfume 252 Poisoning Corn 258 Seasoner Sternutatory 214, 226, 250 Bean 260 Cramps 204, 212, 226 Emetic 243 snake bite 240 192?8J SMITH, ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MESKWVAKI. 307 Mieskwaki No. Latin sagimawa, 3628 Spiraea salicifolia sagwacki, 5066 Galium aparine sapikln, 5137 Alnus incana sasa'klhagi, 3694 Helianthus tuberosus tapikichlna'kli, 3655 Umbellifer? tapiklskanagii, 5124 Rumex britanira ta'teplsegi, 5145 B~aptisia leucantha tclgipylmiskwahahi, 3618 Viburnum opulus anmericanum tclgiwiskupitcl'pi'kihahi, 3623 Actaea alba tcAskipwaa, 5166 Acorus calamus tepapitcigani, 3669 Pycnanthemum virginianum t'pyli, 5144 Prunus virginianas wagimaha, 3691 Phaseolus vulgaris wa'kagap5, 5174 Polygala senega wananihi, 3616 Panax quinquefolium wapskwa, 3637 Fraxinus americana wapaskwa, 5157 Napaea dioica? wvapatokagi acigegi, 5116 Clavatia gigantea wpeskigwata, 3692, 5036 Phaseolus vulgaris wipes kigwata agosia, 5036 Phaseolus vulgaris wapeskyagi, 3627 Aralia racemosa wlapeskyagi caiposigani, 5175 Euphorbia corollata wapeskyagi wisaga'kwi, 5121 Indet. wapiminitagwahani, 3720 Zea maya amylacea wiipinock papicyagi acegegi, 5122 Triosteum perfoliatum wapiskagi, 5130 Artemesia ludoviciana wapitokagi Icigegi, 5116 Clavatia gigantea wapiwayogi, 5150 Anemonc virginiana wata'tagagwanii, 3628 Spiraea salicifolia waiwa'kumic, 5189 Quercus macrocarpa ws'wwsesuha, 3635 Talc Crystals wawi'kwltclha, 3684 Phaseolus vulgaris wawltepeswai, 5139 Jlepatica acutiloba wawiwinahi, 3669 Mixture wigwasgwiimic, 5151 Platanus occidentalis w ikwas kwigwi, 3613 Plant Gall? winagai, 5161 Tilia americana wikupitcapi'kii, 5120 Actaea alba wisagagi, 5129 Oxybaphus nyctaginea wisagaki, 3650 Taraxacum officinale wisag'kwi, 5053 Fraxinus americana wislganohiki, 3666 Veronica virginica wiskupimina meskwaniagiha, 3698 Zea mays amylacca w'iskupimina ma'kadamina, 3699 Zea maya amylacca wiskupeninitlgwahaxii, 3719 Zea mays amylacea wiskupimina pisigwaha, 3700 Zea mays amylacca wiskwaskwihi, 3663 Gymnocladus dioica Use Love charm Emetic Flux Food Parturient Poisoning Catarrh Cramps Reviver Unknowvn Reviver Douche Bean Heart Seasoner Love charm Swelling Styp~tic Bean Bean Infants Pinwornms Female remedy Corn Sores Scrofula Ilaemostatic Catarrh Flux Pinworms Perfume Bean Cross cycs Reviver Wounds Unknown Lungs Parturicnt Burns Chest pains Sores Physic Corn Corn Corn Corn Unknown Page 243 243 206 256 236 228 208 237 202 226 261 236 204 233 232 200 261 261 203 221 258 208 211 200 238 243 221 199 260 239 226 228, 235 244 248 237 232 218 233 247 258 258 258 258 229 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII. Figure 1. Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Mx.). Source of food and medicine. See pages 249 and 265. Figure 2. Cooking puffballs (Clavatia gigantea). Mrs. Chas. Keosatok, Tama, Iowa. See page 253. Figure 3. Smooth Rose (Rosa blanda Ait.). Source of medicine. See page 242. Figure. 4. Cat-tail mats covering wigwam. Tama, Iowa. See page " 269. 310 I / 2 f1 '7 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII. Figure 1. Meskwaki grave at Tama, Iowa. See page 187. Figure 2. Red Cedar berries (Juniperus virginiana Mill.). Source of medicine. See page 234. Figure 3. Primitive Meskwaki war costume at Tama, Iowa, on Iowa River. See page 187. Figure 4. Reforestation on Meskwaki reservation at Tama, Iowa. See page 187. 312 r l 1 c-v +fi Y -"k r'.., -. va'".^ x,''L.'!:,as,.+!,a Y.. 'Al " 1 INV. r x 4; EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX. Figure 1. Meskwaki corn (Zea mays amylacea). See page 257. Figure 2. Cat-tail mat and sewing equipment, Mrs. Chas. Keosatok, Tama, Iowa. See page 270. Figure 3. Making nettle string. Mrs. Chas. Keosatok. See page 270. Figure 4. Bone needle and nettle string. Mrs. Chas. Keosatok. See page 266. 314 '!.: I $11 j i X zz i x 'fiery f f4i t s. 4. 91J EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL. Figure 1. Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.). Source of medicine. See page 203. Figure 2. Blue Flag (Iris versicolor L.). Source of medicine. See page 224. Figure 3. Yellow Lotus (Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.). Source of food. See page 262. Figure 4. Cow Parsnip (Heracleumi lanatumn Mx.). Source of food. See page 265. 316 1, I~ ''. i ri I I s 1i r in4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI. Figure 1. Meskwaki outdoor cookery, Tama, Iowa. See page 253. Figure 2. Yellow Lotus (Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.). Source of food. See page 262. Figure 3. Partially woven rush mat, Tama, Iowa. See page 266. Figure 4. Mrs. Joseph Tesson, mat weaver, Tama, Iowa. See page 266. 318 Nunn A EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII. Figure 1. Great St. John's Wort (Hypcricum ascyron L.). Source of medicine. See page 223. Figure 2. Great Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica L.). Source of medicine. See page 232. Figure 3. False Dragon-head (Phtysostegia parviflora Nutt.). Source of medicine. See page 226. Figure 4. Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis L.). Source of medicine. See page 231. 320 " H ~fir' y Gyy.b e1..,..:. yw. W 'l/ i 'kK" y.io' A.Y/ yw-1 'y6 l ~ "a'. Ky: " wI.k > IrI two' 11,rbra! ' - 1!;.. "Tol - A-t all 10 att. 0 Npb 400 " t ') ) I, " x. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII. Figure 1. Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium purpureumn L.). Source of medicine.. See page 214. Figure 2. Common Thistle (Cirsium lanceolatunm (L.) Hill.). Source of medicine. See page 213. Figure 3. White Snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard). Source of medicine. See page 214. Figure 4. Button Snakeroot (Liatris scariosa Willd.). Source of medicine. See page 216. 322 I I 4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV. Figure 1. Senega Snakeroot (Polygala. senega L.). Source of medicine. See page 236. Figure 2. Field Horsetail (Equisetum thymale L.). Source of medicine. See page 220. Figure 3. Rattlesnake Master (Eryngiunt. yuccaefoliumn Mx.). Source of medicine. See page 248. Figure 4. Dotted Button Snakeroot (Liatris punctata Hook.). Source of medicine. See page 216. 324 f v _.._;,,,i' R. r... 1 " aFJ:. 0 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV. Figure 1. Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense Mx.). Source of medicine and food. See page 204. Figure 2. Bottle Gentian (Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.). Source of medicine. See page 222. Figure 3. Horse Gentian (Triostcumn perfoliatum L.). Source of medicine. See page 207. Figure 4. Pear Thorn (Crataegus tomientosa L.). Source of medicine. See page 241. 326 M ill.., 1'l t1. MUS.. X11L. VOL. -4, I1.. XI1V... 'T 9T99 9Rs r e 99/9 pa es o A c e fi u e 1-99co e,K... r 4P i e 10 o p a d C m Vol It V 9s e g 1-94 20 3,/ Juy, 19j,2 17,taaaaaN z Itx+:-.easaM " &se, 10 ol V /~. le N ale c-C, I (1T t,-: ), C..Ri. I t n.l. Al n99 PULIATON OF THE PUBLC MUEUM F TE CIY OFM LWUK2 Th 2 oi h uemaes tni /1c u l: l 4, for sale -0 de post4g YEARBOOK V o l.. Y e a b o o k f o r 1 2 1.. 1 4, t x t fi u r e s 1-5,Ju y 1922 a f xa me x~ a a a a x a s Be eae c n e N sa P ice