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HYDROPATHY AND HOM(EOPAT
IMPARTIALLY APPRECIATED,

WITH AN
APPENDIX OF NOTES

ILLUSTRATIVE OF
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIND ON THE BODY.
BY EDWIN LEE, ESQ.,
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY; CORRESPONDING
AND HONORARY MEMBER OF THE TMPERIAL MEDICAL ACADEMY
OF VIENNA, THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF BIEDICINE OF
NAPLES, THE MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL
SOCIETIES OF PARIS, BERLIN,
FLORENCE, &C.
THE THIRD EDITIONS, COMBINED.
LONDON:
J. CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.
FOLTHORP, BRIGHTON.
1847.

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LONDON:
IPRIXTED BY G. J. PALMER, SAVOY STREET; STRAND.



PREFACE.

THIS notice of the Cold Water Cure originally
formed the Appendix to the " Baths of Germany;" that of Homceopathy having been appended to my "Observations on Continental
Medical Institutions and Practice," published
several years ago. These were, I believe, the
first accounts of the subjects given in this country by one of the profession, and from the large
share of attention which they subsequently attracted, I considered that it would be doing a
service to republish my remarks in a separate
fofm-without making them so diffuse as to
form a book, but with such alterations as a more
extended knowledge had shown to be requisite,
for the advantage of those interested in having
an opinion as to the degree of estimation to
which these methods of treating disease are entitled, free from the one-sided views which their

169206



Iv                PREFACE.
partisans are desirous of inculcating, but at the
same time, without an undue depreciation of
the effects which, when considered in their more
extensive bearings, their introduction is likely
to have on medical practice. Considerable additions have been made to the present combined
editions; the. notes in the Appendix remaining
as before.
13, Curzon Street,
May, 1847.



THE

COLD WATER CURE.
GRAEFENBERG, the head quarters of the practice of hydropathy, now consists of about thirty
houses, scattered on the acclivity of a wooded
mountain which rises above the small town of
Freywaldau, containing about three thousand
inhabitants, and in which an establishment has
also been formed. The country is salubrious,
the air pure and bracing, and the water is excellent. " Among the half-wild mountains in
Silesia," observes Dr. Scoutetten in his report,*
* Rapport a M. le Ministre de la Guerre sur 1'Hydrotherapie. Paris, 1844.



HYD ROPATHY.

"C where the medicine of the schools is scarcely
known, the inhabitants still restrict themselves,
in the treatment of the diseases and accidents
to which they are exposed, to the means which
nature offers. Of these water necessarily plays
the most important part, and, together with
forced sweating, are employed in combating a
multitude of diseases." These remedies, which,
from time immemorial, had been popular in the
district, were, however, more methodically and
successfully applied by Vincent Priessnitz, originally a small farmer, who, it is said, when
young, had his attention more particularly
directed to the advantages of cold water from
the circumstance of his speedy recovery, by this
means, from the consequences of a fall, attended
with two broken ribs, and also from the rapid
healing of a crushed finger. He was thus led
to treat patients and animals on the same plan,
and in 1826 had acquired considerable reputation in the surrounding country, which he was
accustomed to perambulate with a bag of sponges
on his back, applying water ablutions and compresses, to which wer.e afterwards added, sweating, cold baths, and douches.  The success
attending the practice induced many patients



HYDROPATHY.

from other parts to resort to Graefenberg, and
considerable opposition was made on the part of
the local authorities before whom Priessnitz was
cited to appear, and was prohibited from practising; but on appealing to a higher, tribunal,
and proving that he used no secret remedy but
only pure spring water, he was authorised to
receive patients; a physician was sent from
Vienna to report upon the proceedings and the
advantages of the treatment, and Graefenberg
was ranked among the Austrian baths.    In
1830 the number of patients amounted to only
fifty-five, but in 1838 to upwards of eight hundred, which number has since more than doubled,
including many medical men.
The governments of Bavaria and other German territories likewise authorised hydropathy.
At Breslau the professors of the university, and
especially the celebrated anatomist Otto, greatly
modified their practice by the more frequent
employment of water. - At Dresden hydropathy
was favorably received.  The   distinguished
professors, Carus and Choulant, regard hydropathy as a powerful means, calculated to render
great service in the treatment of disease, after
the prevailing enthusiasm should be succeeded
B 2



HYDROPATHY.

by an enlightened appreciation of its effects
deduced from experience. Several of the first
physicians of Munich, and especially professor
Ringseis, considered the cold water treatment
properly applied as a powerful resource against
certain diseases which have resisted the ordinary
methods, and at some of the restaurants of the
latter city wine was so little in request, that
water brought from Schoenbrunn was sold. The
Duke of Saxe Gotha gave up a chateau for a
hydropathic establishment, as did also the Prince
of Saxe Meiningen (Liebenstein), and the Prince
of Reuss.*  A degree of reaction has, however,
taken place in the public mind in Germany since
Dr. Scoutetten published his report, and the
number of patients at most of the establishments
has greatly  decreased  during the last two
years.
One of the largest of these establishments,
which I'have twice visited, is Marienberg, (formerly a convent of dames nobles;) standing on
an eminence overlooking the town of Boppart,
in one of the most picturesque parts of the
Rhine, and forming a conspicuous object from

* Rapport, &c.



HYDROPATHY.

the river. In the court-yard is a fountain of clear
spring water with iron cups attached, for drinking, and an ascending douche, by which a fine
continued stream of water may be directed
against the eyes or other parts of the head. A
statue to the virgin, to whom the building was
formerly dedicated, stands as a memento of bygone times in a niche over the door. The apartments (on either side of spacious corridors) are
neatly and conveniently fitted up, the price varying according to the accommodation. There is a
large and cheerful reading-room, commanding a
view of the Rhine, and supplied with newspapers
and periodicals; adjoining is the refectory, where
all the patients assemble at dinner. The baths
are on the lower story, sunk in the ground.
They contain clear water, about four feet deep,
of the natural temperature, and are sufficiently
spacious to admit of the bathers moving freely
about. About 150 persons could be accommodated at the same time. The dinner consists
of soup, roast or boiled meat, potatoes and other
vegetables, cutlets, and plain puddings; the
only beverage allowed being pure water, of
which there is a plentiful supply of bottles upon
the table. Bread and butter, and cold milk and



HYDROPATHY.

water, are allowed for breakfast; and the same
for supper, with the addition of stewed prunes,
pears, or other fruit.
Besides the douches in the house, there are,
in an adjoining building, the Wellenbad, (wavebath,) which is used in certain cases of local
debility, and two or three douches in the environs; one being at the Hermitage, in a picturesque situation at the foot of the Hunds-Drucken
hills, about a mile and half distant, to which
the patients must walk, and, having been
douched, must also return on foot. The water
of the douches falls from a height of from ten to
twenty feet, through tin tubes, the diameter of
which varies from two to three inches, so that a
powerful column of water falls upon the part of
the body exposed to its action. On the back,
abdomen, and chest, the stream is generally
made to fall obliquely.  Marienberg is now
under the superintendance of Dr. Hallmann,
who was formerly commissioned by the Russian
government to visit Graefenberg and report
upon the practice. A few minutes' walk from
Marienberg, and close to the river, is the more
recent establishment, Mtihbad, which can accommodate about fifty patients, and was, till last year,



HYDROPATHY.

under the superintendence of Dr. H. Mayo, but
now of Dr. Burgess, in conjunction with Dr.
Heusner, the proprietor.
The mode of life and method of treatment, do
not materially vary at any of these places; but
the coarse nature of the diet at Graefenberg is
a just subject of complaint, the dinners being
generally composed of beef done to rags, cucumbers in salt and water, acid sauces, and
heavy dough puddings.
" It cannot be doubted," observes an author,*
"that this wretched diet keeps the patients
much longer under treatment than would otherwise be required, and that in many instances it
obstructs the cure altogether."   Priessnitz,
however, is said to be willing to prove that
his patients are able to digest, without inconvenience, substances which at other times would
disagree with them, though doubtless the true
reason is assigned by Dr. Johnson, that bad
food is cheaper than good. Everything of a stimulating nature, as spirits, wine, coffee, tea, &c.
is prohibited.
Although the external application of water is
the most essential part of the treatment, the
drinking copiously is equally enjoined.  Some
* Hydropathy, by Edward Johnson, M.D.



HYDROPATHY.

persons drink as many as twenty goblets a day,
though it is seldom that more than twelve are
prescribed. In some instances it is deemed advisable to recommend the preliminary use of a
few cool or tepid baths, previous to bathing in
the water at its natural temperature.  The
usual mode of procedure originally adopted was
as follows: Each patient is awakened at about
five in the morning by an attendant, by whom
the process of emaillottage, or wrapping up, is
performed. A blanket or woollen covering is
first bound round, so as to envelope the whole
body, the face only being left free; over this a
second blanket is bound round the body. In
a short time copious perspiration is induced;
the window of the room is then thrown open to
admit fresh air, and cold water is given to the
patient at intervals, to supply the waste produced by the perspiration, and to prevent him
from being weakened by its quantity. When
the perspiration has continued for the period
that is deemed sufficient, the coverings are
taken off, except the original blanket, a cloak
being thrown over the patient and slippers
placed on his feet; he descends quickly from
his room to the bath, and first dipping his
hands and face for a second or two, throws off



HYDROPATHY.

the blanket and plunges into the water at a
temperature from 90 to 120 R., while the perspiration is still streaming from the pores of his
skin.
The duration of the bath is only a few seconds in most instances; some persons, however, remain in for a longer period, in brisk
motion, and rubbing the surface of the body.
On quitting the bath the skin presents the same
appearance as a boiled lobster. After having
been dried by friction with a sheet, the patient
dresses, walks about for an hour, drinking two
or three glasses of cold water, and then goes
"to breakfast with what appetite he may." The
time between breakfast and dinner (at twelve
or one o'clock) is occupied in walking, reading,
drinking cold water, &c. At Graefenberg many
of the patients were formerly subjected to a
repetition of the sweating and bathing process
in the course of the day; this is, however, not
now the case.
It is well known that the impression of cold
water or cold air to the surface of the body,
throws the blood upon internal organs, which
relieve themselves of the excess under the consequent reaction when the application of the
cold is discontinued, and a glow, frequently
B5



10

HYDROPATHY.

with  perspiration, is produced.     The sudden
passage of the body, while its surface is heated
or in a state of perspiration, to a very cold medium, is generally considered, and very justly
so, as highly dangerous; but in the cold water
treatment, it is seldom found to be productive
of prejudicial consequences, when under proper
superintendence. On the contrary, a direct increase of bodily vigour and of the appetite is
commonly experienced on leaving the bath.* It
must, however, be borne in mind, that in these
cases the heat of surface and perspiration are of
a passive nature, and not produced by exercise,
by which the whole body is heated and the circulation accelerated, in which state a person
could not go into a cold bath without great
danger. In fact, the practice is very analogous
to that which was adopted by the Romans, who
" The cooling of the body," says Liebig, " by whatever
cause produced, increases the amount of food necessary. The
mere exposure to the open air in a carriage, or on the deck of a
ship, by increasing radiation and vaporization, increases the
loss of beat, and compels us to eat more than usual. The same
is true of those who are accustomed to drink large quantities
of cold water, which is given off at the temperature of the body
of 99"5. It increases the appetite, and persons of weak constitutions find it necessary, by continued exercise, to supply to
the system the oxygen required to restore the heat abstracted
by the cold water.



HYDROPATHY.

11

plunged into the baptisterium or cold bath, after
leaving the vapour or hot one: and also by the
Russians and other nations at the present day.
" The heat of the vapour," says an author who
has treated of the subject, "to which the bather
is exposed, is from 1220 to 132~ Fahrenheit.
Sometimes, when there are no conveniences for
a supply of cold water, a Russian will rush out
from: the bath, and plunge into the nearest
stream, or even roll in the snow."  Acerbi
states, "that almost all the Finnish peasants
have a small house built on purpose for a bath;
the apartment is usually dark, with only a hole
at the top. They remain for half an hour or an
hour in the same room, heated to 1670 Fah.
The Finlanders will sometimes come out naked
and converse together or with any one near
them in the open air.  If travellers happen to
pass by while the peasants of a hamlet or little
village are in the bath, and their assistance is
needed, they will leave the bath, and assist in
yoking and unyoking, and fetching provender
for the horses, or in anything else, without any
sort of covering, while the travellers sit shivering with cold, though wrapped in good wolfskin. The Finnish peasants pass thus instantaneously from an atmosphere of 1670 Fah., to



12

HYDROPATHY.

one in which the thermometer is as low as "240
below zero, which is the same thing as going
out of boiling into freezing water; and, what is
more astonishing, without the least inconvenience, while other people are very sensibly
affected by a variation of but five degrees, and
in danger of being affected by rheumatism by
the most trifling wind that blows."
4" The Indians of North America," continues
the same author, 1" have also their fashion of
bathing, which is not very dissimilar from that
of the Russians.  They construct a kind of
stove, by fixing several small poles into the
ground, the tops of which they fix together, sq
as to form a rotunda, and then cover it with
skins and blankets, so accurately, that the external air is completely excluded. The space
left for the introduction of the body of the person about to take the bath is closed as soon as
he gets in. In the middle of this small apartment they place red-hot stoves, on which water
is poured until a steam arises that produces a
high degree of heat. The effect on the person
enclosed is a speedy and profuse perspiration,
which may be prolonged at will. Immediately
after coming out, he hastens to the nearest
stream, into which he plunges and bathes for



HYDROPATHY.

13

about half a minute; he then puts on his
clothes, sits down, and smokes with great
composure, and, what is of no little importance, with a thorough persuasion that the process will prove efficacious.  The sudatory is
often resorted to for the purpose of refreshment, or to prepare for the transaction of any
business which requires unusual deliberation
and sagacity."*
In these instances, the time the person remains in the cold is not sufficiently long for the
production of its depressing effects, which can
be better resisted in proportion to the previously
high temperature on the surface of the body.
Hence, a person whose body is moderately
warm, or whose skin is in a state of passive
perspiration, would experience less inconvenience and danger from going into a cold bath,
than one whose skin is cool, or when its vital
powers are depressed. The advantage of cold
affusion.in fevers, when the heat of the body is
steadily above the natural temperature, is well
known, and is a further illustration of the same
principle.
In Great Britain, the regulation of the functions of the skin by bathing, especially the use
0 Bell on baths, &c. Philadelphia.



14

HYDROPATHY.

of the tepid bath, has been more neglected than
in perhaps any other country. Of late years,
however, a greater degree of attention has been
directed to this important circumstance, the
number of public baths having increased in
London within the last few years.
In fact, when we consider the extent of surface occupied by the skin, its varied uses, both
as the chief organ of sensation, in which the
ultimate ramifications of the blood-vessels and
nerves terminate, and also as that in which the
important functions of absorption, perspiration,
and the secretion of the sebaceous matter, by
which its surface is lubricated, are carried on;
its analogous office to the lungs, in favouring
the decarbonization of the blood, and its extensive sympathies with other parts, especially the
mucous membranes of the air passages of the
alimentary canal and the kidneys, we cannot
fail duly to estimate the importance of bathing,
as the means best adapted both for maintaining
this organ in a healthy condition, and also of
rectifying many disordered states of the economy; and yet how seldom is it that baths are
recommended in chronic diseases! Can it excite surprise, that in individuals who pass months
together without taking a bath, or perhaps even



HYDROPATHY.

15

without washing the surface of their bodies (as
is the case especially with the poorer classes of
the community) the functions of the skin should
become   materially  impaired, its circulation
torpid, its secretions obstructed and vitiated,
frequently giving rise, by their re-absorption,
to deranged states of the health, of which the
cause is seldom ascertained, and which the
practitioner vainly endeavours to remove by the
internal administration of medicines.*
Even in private practice, where there would
be no obstacle to the free use of baths, how seldom do they form part of the treatment, unless
there should happen to be any existing disease
of the skin! I am convinced, that in many
instances the digestive powers become deranged,
and the general health undermined, from     a
neglect to pay proper attention to the state of
the skin; that a large proportion of the catarrhal, rheumatic, and nervous affections, so prevalent in the variable climate of Great Britain,
might be traced to the same source; and that
the tendency to these complaints, as well as to
pulmonary consumption, would be materially
lessened, were persons, while in health, accus* The baths for the poor recently established in London
and some other large towns, will have a material effect in
the prevention of disease.



16

HYDROPATHY.

tomeo to attend to the functions of the skin, by
the employment of bathing and cold ablutions
more frequently than is generally the case.
Many people, it is true, who perhaps never
take a bath, yet enjoy good health, for the
influence of habit will often enable the body to
support many things that are generally prejudicial.  But, on the other hand, there is no
doubt that many suffer from various unpleasant
sensations and  disordered  states of health,
which might be prevented by the more frequent
adoption of the practice.
In  the  great majority  of cases where
hydropathy has been employed of late, a coarse
sheet dipped in cold water and wrung out is applied, and over this other coverings are bound
round the body..The application of the wet
sheet causes a penetrating sensation of cold and
shivering for a period varying in different individuals; but the body soon becomes warm, and
from  evaporation  being  prevented the wet
cloth acts as a fomentation, and the subsequent
perspiration is much less profuse than when the
blanket is employed. Where, however, the object is to reduce the heat of the surface, as in
cases of acute disease, the wet sheet requires to
be frequently renewed, before this degree of re


HYDROPATHY.

17

action takes place. In these instances, the first
impression is agreeable; the application generally allays irritation, reduces the frequency of
the pulse, producing a tendency to sleep, and is
thus a powerful antiphlogistic. As long as the
skin is hot and dry, the application may be repeated, at first at intervals of a quarter of an
hour, and afterwards at longer intervals, till a
tendency to moisture appears. The cold water
application has been strongly advocated by many
practitioners in acute disease, and its modified
adoption cannot fail to be beneficial in many instances-as affording the most efficient means
of lowering the temperature of the body, being,
in fact, but a variation of the practice formerly
advocated and successfully practised by Dr.
Currie, of cold affusion in fevers, the rule to be
observed being that the surface of the body be
steadily above the natural temperature, and that
the skin be not in a state of perspiration, though
as regards the latter some exceptions might be
allowed. Where, however, the feverish excitement depends upon inflammation of an important internal organ, there would in many instances be great danger from the frequent application of cold of an increase of the evil, in
consequence of the blood being driven upon the



18

HYDROPATHY.

internal organs at a time when the power of
re-action is weakened. Hence the cases to
which this treatment would be most applicable
would be simple fevers, the more severe forms
of scarlet fever, and other exanthemata, angina
tonsillaris, rheumatism, and lumbago. Hip or
sitz baths-the patient being seated in the
water, with his legs over the edge of the tubare also of very frequent use, combined with
the wet sheet and other means. When employed for a short time only, and frequently
repeated, the action of the sitz bath is tonic and
bracing, causing contraction of the blood-vessels, and is consequently useful in various states
of relaxation. When used for a longer period,
a re-action succeeds on quitting the bath, more
blood is determined to the parts; it is then a
powerful derivative remedy, and is used to relieve congestion of the brain, or of the thoracic
and abdominal viscera, and piles, by causing
them to bleed, as well as constipation and other
consequences of this state. In some cases of
nervous excitement, head-baths are employed,
the patient lying with his occiput in a vessel of
cold water. Compresses of wet linen covered
with a dry cloth (exciting compress) are also
very commonly recommended to be worn on the



HYDROPATHY.

19

epigastrium or round the body, as also on other
parts, for the removal of abdominal disease,
fixed rheumatic pains, &c.     This is also   a
powerful derivative means, producing in most
instances an eruption on the part. When the
wet cloth is frequently renewed, and evaporation
freely allowed to take place, it is one of the
most efficient means in the reduction of inflammatory action, especially in the skin, joints, and
other parts, and has from time immemorial been
employed both in private practice and in public
institutions. The dressing ulcers and wounds
with a bit of linen or lint steeped in cold water,
(as formerly recommended by Dr. Macartney,)
has also been long employed in some of the
London hospitals.
Shallow and half baths, frictions with the
wet hand while in the water, or with a dripping
sheet, are likewise employed in some instances,
often as a preparatory means for the sweating
process and cold baths; sometimes tepid baths,
or water with the chill off, is previously used. *
* Dr. Gully, in his recent work on the cold-water cure,
advocates hot fomentations to the abdomen (which are commonly used in ordinary practice) as a means of allaying visceral irritation, of procuring sleep, relaxing the kidneys and
bowels, of arresting bilious and nervous headaches, fits of asth


20

HYDROPATHY.

It is not my intention to enter upon the consideration  of the  theories of    disease   which
have been promulgated to some of the exclusive
advocates of the cold ývater plan, nor to attempt
to refute their one-sided assertions as to the inefficiency of other remedial means, which have
stood the test of the experience of ages; but it may
be admitted that the treatment employed in proper
cases of chronic disorder, strengthens the nervous
and muscular systems, gives tone to the body
generally, and to the skin in particular; there is consequently a greater inclination and ability for exercise, a diminution of the undue susceptibility to
atmospheric changes, and to morbid impressions
on the nerves, which in a high state of civilization
are so frequently productive of disordered states
of health. The pure air, bodily exercise, plain
ma, tic, sciatica, spasm, infantile convulsions, continued vomiting, and of relieving acidity and flatulence, and also as a
preparatory measure to the applications of cold water, in " old
persons, delicate females, bloodless and greatly debilitated
patients, especially those affected with bronchial and asthmatic
disorder of the lungs," thereby 1" enabling the skin to react
upon the cold wet sheet, when it would otherwise not have
done so. Extreme congestion and extreme general weakness,
may be thus coaxed as it were into commencing the attempt
at self-restoration." A person must indeed be strongly prejudiced in favour of cold water to think of applying it in similar cases.



HYDROPATHY.

21

diet, the drinking freely of water, and consequent copious excretion of fluid, by means of the
skin and kidneys, must tend powerfully to renew the mass of blood, and to eliminate noxious
matters which sometimes remain long in the
circulation and give rise to intractable diseases.
A vitiated state of the blood, as the cause of
disease, has in fact been more overlooked by
English than by continental practitioners, though
even abroad it is only of late years that due
attention has been sufficiently directed to this
point.
The extent to which the employment of active medicines in chronic disease has been and
is still carried in the British dominions, is made
a subject of just reproach by foreign practitioners. The public, however, is, in great measure, to blame for the practice, by encouraging
the custom of remunerating the great body of
practitioners, not according to the attendance,
but in proportion to the quantity of medicine
sent.  To this custom may be ascribed that
habit which many have acquired of dosing themselves and their families with active drugs on
every slight deviation from a state of health. It
is gratifying, however, to observe that of late



22

HYDROPATHY.

considerable alteration has been effected, both
as regards the doses of medicine and the mode
of remunerating professional services; though
there is reason to apprehend that a long period
must still elapse before the generality of the
public and medical men will'become aware that
their true interest consists in the abolition of
this system. The manner in which mercury is
frequently used, or rather abused, (though not
so much at the present day as a few years ago,)
occasions the production and continuance of
many nervous, dyspeptic, hypochondriacal, and
other complaints, which are generally relieved
for a time by the medicine, (in the same way
that the dram of spirits or the dose of opium
excites for a period those accustomed to their'
use,) and this temporary relief often tends to
keep the practitioner and patient ignorant of
the principal cause of the intractableness of the
complaint, either till recovery takes 'place in
some instances from the medicine being discontinued, or, what amounts to the same thing,
from the homceopathic regimen,--or from some
accidental circumstance, as change of air, scene,
&c., or till, in other cases, the general health is
seriously impaired, and not unfrequently a



HYDROPATHY.

23

foundation is laid for the supervention of organic
disease of important parts.
Eruptions, boils, or abscesses, are not unfrequently induced during the water-cure, and
these are generally considered by patients sa
critical and evacuating morbid humours, though
in the majority of instances they are but a consequence of the excitation of the skin by the
process. In some patients, however, the perspiration eliminated has a strong fetid odour,
and the cloths and compresses are not unfrequently stained, and retain a bad smell. Dr.
Schmitz mentioned to me a case which fell under his observation of a patient who had taken
sulphur-baths seven years previously, but who
had not used sulphur since that period. After
she had been pursuing the cold water cure for
some time, her room smelt of sulphur, a bracelet she wore became tarnished, and her linen
was stained a yellowish colour. Other foreign
matters have also been detected by analysis in
the perspiration and urine of these patients.
A system which acts so energetically upon
the constitution may well be enumerated among
the heroic remedies, and as such requires much
discrimination in the selection of cases.. As



24

HYDROPATHY.

with Cadet de Vaux's method of treating diseases by hot-water, as well as with many other
methods and remedies which have been adopted
for a time and have subsequently fallen into
neglect, so also the too general application of
the cold-water cure has been followed by accidents, and an aggravation of the diseases it
was intended to remedy. With respect to this
point, the author whom I have already quoted
observes, " But no rational man can doubt that
the possession of scientific knowledge would
enable Priessnitz to be much oftener successful
than he is, and would lessen the number of his
failures. Certainly it would prevent his taking
in, and submitting to a tedious treatment, many
cases which such knowledge would have taught
him  at first were perfectly hopeless.  There
are many such cases in the establishment at this
moment." *
" And I foresee," further observes this author, " that much evil will at first result, and
many a life be sacrificed, from  the apparent
simplicity and innocence of the remedy, inducing
* Priessnitz now employs much milder means, which is a
tacit acknowledgment of the impropriety in many instances of
those formerly used.



HYDROPATHY.

25

persons to practise, both on themselves and
others, (to the injury of both,) without the
knowledge necessary to do so with success." *
It is generally acknowledged by the profession in Germany that this mode of treatment is
calculated to be of service in some diseases. I
shall content myself with briefly alluding to the
principal complaints in which it has been found
advantageous, as it is my intention in this place
merely to give an aperpu of the method. A great
number of works have been published of late
years in Germany and France, as also in this
country, by medical and non-medical persons
in which its advantages and disadvantages are
fully considered; and as some among these authors are not prejudiced in favour of or against
the treatment, a tolerably accurate idea may be
formed from their perusal of its results.
Good air, exercise, plain diet, abstinence
from stimulating food and drinks, and tranquillity of mind, have been repeatedly insisted upon,by medical men and others, as being the most
essential means of preventing and obtaining the
removal of the majority of diseases which a
high state of civilization and luxury induces;
' Dr. E, Johnson.



26

HYDROPATHY.

and the former of these are more influential
with the human race than with others of the
animal creation; for though a man be an omnivorous animal, and requires a variety in his
food, yet by the too free indulgence of highlyseasoned viands and stimulating potations, (the
habitý of which generally becomes more strong
at a period of life when there is a less disposition for muscular exertion;)* not only is the
appetite excited and a larger quantity of food
taken than is required by the wants of the system, but there is also a greater demand upon
the nervous energies; the quality of the blood
itself, and consequently of the various secretions, becomes altered, which state of matters cannot long exist without derangement of the
health manifesting itself in one way or another.
This state of predisposition to disease, and
several of the disorders to which it gives rise,
might often be remedied by the exercise, early
hours, and temperance enjoined as part of the
water cure: but it is seldom that persons, so
long as they feel themselves tolerably well, have
the resolution to break through the chains of
* " An excess of food is incompatible with deficiency of
inspired oxygen, that is, with deficient exercise."- Liebig
Organic Chemistry



HYDROPATHY.

27

habit so far as to adopt even partially these
precautionary means, by which the future assistance of the physician might be obviated;
but they go on in their accustomed manner,
dosing themselves at intervals with medicines to
relieve their most urgent inconveniences; and
it is not until the germs of disease become
rooted in the system, and the symptoms are so
strongly manifested as to indicate material interruption in the performance of important
functions, that they are awakened to the necessity of sacrificing some of their accustomed
enjoyments, and are forced to resort to other
than merely palliative means for a restoration
to health, which cannot at this period be effected solely.by hygienic measures, and which is
more effectually accomplished by a combination
of these measures with remedies which alter
and improve the quality of the blood, and impart tone to the nerves, by their general and
gradual operation, than by others which have a
more directly exciting effect upon particular
organs. Hence the reason why so many have
recourse to mineral waters, and lately to the
cold-water plan, which, though more disagreeable in its immediate action  than mineral
waters, may yet be applied to several of the
c 2



28

HYDROPATHY.

diseases of which I have spoken when treating
of these remedial agents: especially to some
forms of long standing disorder of the digestive
organs, particularly  when  arising  from  the
causes which have been already referred to,
viz. repletion, and a too luxurious and sedentary mode of life; some gouty and calculous
disorders, which are so often dependent upon
the same causes, especially when occurring in
the young or middle-aged of full habit and
otherwise healthy; inactivity of the skin; complaints arising from exposure to cold and suppressed perspiration,-such as fixed and shifting rheumatic pains and stiffness, which are
sometimes so intractable as to resist mineral
waters and other means, are likewise not unfrequently cured by this treatment; and the undue
susceptibility to atmospherical vicissitudes by
which they were perhaps originally caused is
often removed, as is also morbid excitability of
the nerves, and its consequences, hysterical and
spasmodic attacks; long standing intermittent
complaints, either in the form of ague, neu* M. Bonnet, chief surgeon of the hospital at Lyons, says:
SThe diseases in which the most complete cures are effected
are chronic rheumatism, with or without swelling of the joints,
and chronic engorgements of the womb."



HYDROPATHY.

29

ralgia, or irregular muscular movements, after
having resisted other measures, have sometimes
yielded to this treatment, than which few things
could be more calculated to counteract the influence of habit by which similar complaints are
so often kept up; syphilitic cases, particularly
when of long duration, and when much mercury has-been taken;* as also relaxation of the
system, and other derangements of the general
health, may often be removed or mitigated by
this plan of treatment.
Notwithstanding, however,     the  advantage
which the water cure may be calculated to produce in some disordered states of the economy,
it must not be supposed that it is either so
generally applicable or so successful as some of
its advocates would have it considered; and the
exaggerated accounts of its efficacy which have
been given to the world by interested or enthusiastic parties, are likely to do much harm by
leading to,its indiscriminate adoption in cases
S"The patients are most likely to derive advantage if
young, and if the complaints have been induced by chills or
cold. If they are of a feeble constitution, hydropathy is
powerless. The study of general treatment, among which
hydropathy must rank, is worthy of all the attention of prac -
titioners."-Compte Rendat, &c.



30

HYDROPATHY.

to which it is but ill-suited. Thus, one nonmedical author, after extolling Priessnitz as
" one of the greatest benefactors of mankindone of the most astounding geniuses of this or
any other age-a second Hippocrates--the
founder of a system by which all curable diseases, and many declared by the faculty to be
beyond the power of their art, are to be cured
by the sole agency of cold spring-water, air,
and exercise,"* fills his book with cases of cure
of acute and chronic disorders, chiefly from the
publications of practitioners of this method,
who, like others interested in crying up any
particular mode of treatment, would generally
abstain from bringing forward instances which
would cause the success to be questioned.
What, in fact, are the majority of publications
written by watering-place practitioners, but
one-sided accounts of the virtues of the waters
of their particular locality, without any reference to other remedies or other places where
the waters may be of equal if not superior efficacy, in the very complaints of which the account is given? The same may be said of
many remedies which have at times been trum
* Claridge on Hydropathy.



HYDROPATHY.

31

petted forth to the world, and though perhaps
efficient in many cases, have nevertheless been
subsequently laid aside, in consequence of their
not answering the exaggerated expectations
raised by their too enthusiastic advocates. It
must also be borne in mind, in estimating the
value of remedies, that it is not because a person gets well while pursuing a particular mode
of treatment, that his recovery is a necessary
consequence of the treatment, as the same result would very often occur under a different
mode, or even where no treatment at all was
adopted. The post hoc is, especially in medicine, very often mistaken for the propter hoc.
On the other hand, some less partial observers,
who likewise followed the practice at Graefenberg, and whose works are favourable to the
cold water treatment, state that many patients
go away without any amelioration in their condition; and that a large proportion labour under no more serious ailments than might be
remedied by a residence in pure air, by exercise and plain diet.
Nor can the accuracy of the diagnosis of cold
water practitioners always be depended upon.
" In a great many cases," observes a recent author,
who passed a long period at Graefenberg, and



32

HYDROPATHY.

whose work is on the whole favourable to the cold
water treatment, " the names of apoplexy,
pneumonia, and serious fevers, have been applied to some symptoms, which a few applications of the wet sheet or frictions caused to disappear, and   of which  the cure resounded
through the colony as a convincing proof of the
omnipotence of the method."*
The ability and tact of Priessnitz is frequently insufficient to counterbalance the absence of medical knowledge as regards the
discrimination of cases -to which the method is
applicable. I have already adduced the testimony of Dr. E. Johnson, that many of the cases
at Graefenberg are such as are not likely to be
relieved, and the attempt is necessarily a failure.
Another medical author who resided at Graefenberg says, " Chance furnished me with several opportunities of meeting, a month or two
after their departure from Graefenberg, with
persons whom I had seen give themselves up
to all the exaltation of their enthusiasm, and I
was quite surprised at the change which had
taken place in their sentiments. A short time
ago I met a young Russian officer, with whom
* Dr. Schedel. Examen Clinique de 'I-Iydrotherapie.
Paris, 1845.



HYDROPATHY.

33

I had dined several times at the table of Priessnitz. 'And how are your headaches?' said I
after the usual salutation, recollecting his bragging, of which I had been a witness more than
once; he replied, with some confusion, ' My
pains are the same as before; and I should
have done much better had I gone to pass six
weeks at Teplitz, instead of losing six months
at Graefenberg.'  Another patient told me,
that far from being satisfied with his journey,
he believed he could date from that period the
sufferings which now tormented him much more
than those for which he had gone to Graefenberg. A lady who had taken care to avoid the
ordinary excesses of Priessnitz's guests could
not find terms sufficiently strong to express to
me, how disagreeable is the time which follows
an hydropathic treatment; the continual use of
cold water had become to her a condition of her
well-being, and when -she was obliged to limit
it in some degree, she experienced the same
inconveniences, as those which occur when one
is suddenly deprived of a stimulant of which
one has contracted a habit."
These instances would be found to be multiplied, if the truth could always be known.
Many persons who feel themselves in better
c 5



34

HYDROPATHY.

health at the time of the treatment, or for some
time afterwards while still under the influence
of the stimulation, and have consequently
spoken highly of it, would, after a period, and
on attempting to return to their ordinary mode
of life, find the amelioration not to be of so
permanent a character as they had expected,
though comparatively few would, like the Russian officer, be disposed to recant what they had
previously said, and to acknowledge that their
expectations had been too highly raised. This
remark is equally applicable to the results of
other methods which have been unduly lauded
by particular individuals, but which an impartial experience in time reduces to their proper
level. " De tout chose ilfaut voir lafin."
" It is evident," observes the same author,
" that the laws of prudence are violated each
hour of the day at Graefenberg; and this truth
is beginning to make its way in the world, for,
dining one day at Neisse with several Prussian
officers, I heard one of them say, that they
were greatly indebted to Priessnitz, whose
treatment had contributed to render promotion
more rapid, by hastening the end of some of
them, whose names he mentioned; which, however, did not prevent one of the guests from



HYDROPATHY.

35

maintaining that Priessnitz cured every kind of
intermitting fever in three days. I then recollected the only two patients attacked with fever
whom I had known at Graefenberg, and who
were not yet cured at the end of a month or
six weeks.  One of them had given up the
water, and had recourse to ordinary medicine.
This assertion of the guest whom I have mentioned confirmed me in the opinion that Priessnitz is a favourite of fortune, such as is seldom
seen; for, at the moment when at Graefenberg
an intermitting fever was braving him by its
obstinacy, a few leagues off a panegyrist was
found of his sagacity and the infallibility of his
method.   After my departure from  Graefenberg a lady died there; it was then the custom
to ascribe the occurrence of death to the bursting of an abscess internally, but on this occasion also, the opening of the body gave the lie
to the favourite explanation. When the relatives inquired what had been the cause of the
fatal termination of the case, the answer which
they received was, that the patient's neck was
too short to allow her to live. Where could
there be found another man who would dare
thus to express himself? In what other place
than Graefenberg would there exist a public



36

HYDROPATHY.

who, instead of perceiving in such an answer
the proof of the grossest ignorance, and of an
unblushing effrontery, would, on the contrary,
discover that of a profound wisdom?  What,
then, will be the end of this direction of people's
minds?   What will become of hydropathy,
when it shall no longer be in fashion, and when
time has torn off the tinsel with which it has
been covered? These questions present themselves spontaneously, when on casting an eye
over the history of medicine, we see that so
many systems which have enjoyed so great a
degree of fame, are fallen into complete oblivion. It is a bad sign for hydropathy, that it
counts at the present time among its most
zealous advocates, people who but lately spoke
with  enthusiasm  in favour of homeeopathy.
Precisely, because its value has been exaggerated, it will not be able to avoid a reverse of
fortune."*
Dr. Schedel also mentions cases of intermittent fever which had been long (two months)
under treatment by the cold water, and one
case where the patient became tired of the
treatment and had recourse to quinine, which
* Exposition des Methodes Hydriatriques, par Ehrenberg
et Heidenhain, Docteurs en M6decine, Paris.



HYDROPATHY.

37

soon effected a cure.  He likewise refers to
cases of chronic rheumatism and analogous
affections, where the treatment was not attended with success, though, according to the hydropathists, these complaints are always cured.
One patient had been under treatment for
chronic lumbago for several months in the establishment, and was not cured; and Dr. Schedel
says that similar instances are not uncommon.
The Italians (as well as the English) have a
proverb " Ogni medaglio ha il suo riverso;"
and on viewing the reverse side, as regards the
cold water cure, from what has preceded, it will
be easy to perceive that the method is not so
generally successful, and that some of the cases
have a fatal termination, even while under the
treatment, or within a short time afterwards.
Some of the exclusive advocates of the method
boast of the small number of deaths which have
occurred in the establishments where it is practised, as compared with those which take place
where a purely medicinal treatment is pursued;
but the comparison is not a fair one, inasmuch
as the number of those who would leave their
homes, when in a state of health attended with
danger, to resort to a water cure establishment,
must be extremely limited. The great bulk of



38

HYDROPATHY.

the cases met with in these establishments is
composed of persons labouring under various
derangements of the health unattended with
danger, which is most to be apprehended from
the imprudent use of the remedy from which
they seek restoration. " Of the patients who
resort to Malvern," says Dr. Wilson in his
work,* " for the treatment by water, air, exercise, and diet, seven out of ten labour under the
interruption of more or fewer of the organs
which minister to the digestion of food;" t and
in fact the same may be said of a large proportion of those frequenting the different baths in
the summer season, where, out of a large proportion of invalids, the mortality is extremely
small on the spot, though many may subsequently find their sufferings aggravated, or
have their lives shortened, by an improper use
of the waters.
Hence it will be perceived that much discriThe Dangers of the Cold Water Cure.
t " Let me relieve your mind," says the writer of a letter
to Dr. Bushnan,'' of the idea that a water establishment looks
like an infirmary, and presents at every turn disagreeable pictures of ill health. The fact is just the reverse; the patients
generally seem in good health, and are so for all social purposes; the majority have only some trivial dilapidation of the
system, indigestion, nerves, gout."



HYDROPATHY.

39

mination is required as to the cases in which
the water cure is likely to produce benefit, or
to merit a preference over other means of treatment.   An unbiassed opinion can only be
formed on this point after minute inquiry into
all the circumstances and peculiarities of individual cases; and those persons would often
find themselves grievously mistaken, who from
hearing the account of cases of gout, rheumatism, or any other disease being cured by this
or any other exclusive method, were to infer
that it is necessarily suited to all or even to the
majority of cases of those diseases, which cannot thus be considered in the abstract, but each
case must be examined separately in order to
modify and adapt the treatment to it according
to the varying circumstances and peculiarities. It
is true, that as there may be several roads leading to one place, so also in medicine, the same
disease may frequently be cured by or subside
under different modes of treatment, and it consequently behoves both the practitioner and
patient to select the one which is attended with
the smallest amount of positive inconvenience,
and which requires the least time. Now the
cold water treatment is not only a very unpleasant process, but a long course is in most in


40

HYDROPATHY.

stances insisted on by those who practise it,
and a patient would not have much reason to
congratulate himself upon his relief from an
ailment, by a four, six, or eight months' residence at a water cure establishment, when by
medical treatment, or by a properly directed
course of mineral waters, he might have been
cured in a much more agreeable manner and in
half the time.*   I do not say that this is generally the case, but it is not unfrequently so;
and what I am desirous of advocating is, the
necessity of a proper discrimination by unprejudiced practitioners, in the selection of the
cases to which different means of treatment
may be applicable with the greatest amount of
benefit to patients. I have, in the volume to
which this account formed the appendix, endeavoured to show that mineral waters, which
* Dr. Schedel says: " Four or five months is considered by
the enthusiastic partizans of hydropathy as a short time of
treatment " and Dr. Gully also says, " I constantly have
patients applying to me, to whom I say, you would recover by
retiring to a farm-house, having care of your diet, rising early,
taking appropriate exercise, breathing pure air, &c.; and this
would be required to be continued for eighteen or twenty-four
months. What the water treatment can do for you is to curtail that period by one half or two-thirds, and so it is in these
slighter cases."



HYDROPATHY.

41

have no ephemeral reputation, but which have
been used in all ages, and appear to be specially bestowed upon man as a means of relief
from a large proportion of the diseases to which
he is subject, present the most natural, efficient
and agreeable mode of treating the majority of
chronic diseases.  A foreign author observes
upon this point: " The evidence of antiquity
with regard to the efficacy of mineral waters,
the experience of centuries which confirms this
efficacy, the universal favour in which they are
held among all civilized people notwithstanding
the difference of medical theories, sufficiently
demonstrate that they are of all remedies those
of which the reputation is the most justly established. Nature bestows these remedies liberally upon us in order to invite us to have recourse to them in our diseases; she has consulted, as much as possible, our delicacy, our
taste; she has tempered the virtues and the
power of the waters, and has adapted them to
different temperaments. We obtain from plants
and minerals many medicaments, but they almost all require certain pharmaceutical preparations; whereas mineral waters are always
naturally at our disposal; they contain sulphur,
carbonic acid, and neutral salts, which are fre


42

HYDROPATHY.

quently employed ini the practice of medicine.
Why, when found in nature's laboratory, should
these substances not have an equal degree of
power as when taken from that of the apothecary? Most mineral waters are not harmless;
they cannot be used with impunity in cases
where they are counter-indicated, and every
year there are persons who become the victims
of their imprudence." *
These statements are further corroborated by
the progress of chemistry, which has demonstrated the direct action of solutions of salts and
other substances contained in mineral waters,
in altering and modifying the condition of the
blood, in which similar substances are also contained, and of the secretions, as well as upon
the nervous system, which point I have more
fully treated of in my works on the German
and English mineral springs; but as it may
perhaps be considered that, having directed
much   of my    attention  to these remedial
means I might be prejudiced on this point,
I will quote the author of the work to which
I have already    referred.  " The   medical
treatment which approaches nearest to hydro
* Patissier, Manuel des Eaux Minerales, Paris.



HYDROPATHY.

43

pathy is doubtless that of mineral waters. The
analogy can, however, only be established between these means and a moderated hydropathic treatment, when the cutaneous stimulation is maintained within just limits, and that
of the different secreting organs is not too active, though sufficient to eliminate from the
economy and by the natural means, the nescio
quid, the presence of which interrupts the harmony of the functions. That an actual elimination is sometimes established there can be no
doubt, since I have seen in gouty patients very
abundant chalky matter come out of the abscess.
But between an elimination of this nature, obtained by means of a very painful suppurative
inflammation, and the mild and, so to say, physiological elimination directed towards the natural.emunctories by the use of certain mineral
waters, my choice would not be doubtful.
cc The duration of the cold water treatment
often requires several years in order to procure
a result which would be obtained by mineral
waters in a much shorter time, and certainly
in a much more agreeable manner for the patient.
But, besides, the length of treatment which
tires out the patience, there exists a very posi


41

HYDROPATHY.

tive cause of disgust, which leads many to renounce hydropathy, viz. that they often find
their complaints become aggravated during a
tolerably long period.
" Most of the chronic affections which hydropathy professes to cure may be treated by
appropriate mineral waters, and others by seabaths. Not only can cold water not be made to
supersede the use of all other remedies, but its
employment must often be superseded by warm
water."
Again-" This identity of the action of mineral waters and of hydropathy, is only apparent,
for the effect of mineral waters is generally less
violent, milder, and less disagreeable. They
act more especially by exciting the functional
activity of the secreting organs, and not, like
hydropathy, by irritating and inflaming the skin
and cellular texture, so as sympathetically to
provoke the action of the abdominal viscera.
Hydropathy should be the less preferred to
mineral waters, inasmuch as there are numerous   well ascertained facts where  water
employed at an elevated temperature has been
followed by much more advantageous effects
than are obtainable from cold or tepid water."



HYDROPATHY.

45

In a recently published work,* I have subjoined to my remarks respecting the action of
solutions of various substances, as met with in
mineral waters, upon the blood and secretions,
the opinions of some distinguished continental
observers.  Thus, M. 'Anglada says, " It is
known that the continued use of alkalis weakens
in a remarkable manner the plastic force of the
blood, lessens the tendency to coagulation, and
forms a less consistent clot. Must not this
induce relaxation of the system, allay irritation, and have a sedative action upon certain
organs, when overstimulated,-and ought they
not consequently to be employed in numerous
cases?  The free use of alkalis is said to produce too great a thinness of the blood and disorder of digestion. This may be the case in
some instances, but not generally, especially
when they are required by disordered conditions,
as when an acid diathesis prevails. At Vichy,
large quantities of alkaline water are taken daily
in cases of gout and stone."
A German author observes, upon the same
point: " The neutral salts soluble in water
which are found in the body cause expansion to
* Practical Observations on Mineral Waters and Baths, &c.
1846. Churchill, Princes-street.



46

HYDROPATHY.

a considerable extent of certain organic substances, and on the other hand, contract or draw
others together. They have the property of
dissolving some, of maintaining them fluid, and
of modifying the combinations of others among
themselves. The salts of the blood are the only
active constituents which maintain the albumen
-which of itself is insoluble in water-in a
state of solution, and this twofold combination is
again the only medium of dissolving fatty and
other insoluble substances, and of carrying them
along with it into the circulation."
" If we apply these facts to therapeutical
and pharmaceutical principles, the conclusion is
readily deducible, that the quantity and quality
of saline combinations, especially as they occur
in mineral waters, exert the most marked influence upon the qualities and fluidity of the
blood, its physical and chemical nature, as well
as upon its circulating, secreting, and excreting
powers." (SCHWARTZE. Heilquellenlehre.)
This is a fact which common sense would lead
any one to expect, and is daily evidenced by
experience in pathological states. In cases of
long-standing gout and rheumatism, for instance, I have had numerous opportunities of
witnessing the effects of baths of thermal waters,



HYDROPATHY.

47

in producing a cure in some instances,-in
others, a long cessation from the attacks, after
the employment of them for a few weeks.
Having already referred to these instances in
my work on the " Baths of Germany," I need
not do more than allude to them here as contrasting with the time required under the cold
water treatment, respecting which part of the
subject I will again adduce the opinion of an
impartial observer:-" The ordinary period of
the hydropathic treatment of chronic gout is
very often more than a year. Patients subjected
to the treatment are by no means to be considered freed from the disease-the cases of relapse in patients who had resided long at Graefenberg are numerous, and are fully verified.
The enthusiastic partisans of hydropathy endeavour to explain this fact, which they cannot
deny, by saying that the treatment was too
short, and thus prolong their delusions."
" Experience proves that, on the contrary,
water at an elevated temperature succeeds in
cases where cold water has completely failed.
Besides, the numerous cures of chronic rheumatism which we see effected by the thermal waters
of Neris, Mont D'or, Baden,Wisbaden, Carlsbad,
and the sulphurous springs of the Pyrenees,



48

HYDROPATHY.

sufficiently attest the efficacy of these means
under similar circumstances."
" It must not be forgotten that these waters
are remedies composed by the mysterious hand
of nature, in which are often combined the advantages of hydropathy and the power of medicaments of which the combinations escape us."*
Dr. Schedel mentions the case of one youngish
patient who was two years and two months at
Graefenberg.   Indeed, it is scarcely to be
expected that in the great majority of instances,
the excitation of the surface by sweating and
the drinking of cold water could produce those
alterations which tend to cure and to prevent
the recurrence of the disease, so speedily or
efficiently as the absorption in a mineralised
thermal water.... Baths of mineral water,
I have said, in my work already referred to,
have a twofold action. In the first place, from
the prolonged and repeated contact of warm
water impregnated with saline and gaseous substances, the texture of the skin is softened, the
activity of its capillary circulation is increased,
as well as that of its secretions, perspiration
being not unfrequently produced; and, conse
* De L'Hydrotherapie.



HYDROPATHY.

49

quently, the blood is drawn in greater quantity
from internal parts, thus relieving states of visceral congestion. When tepid they have also a
sedative action on the nervous system, the pulse
becomes slower while the person is in the bath,
and a tendency to sleep frequently supervenes.
These effects, though in a less degree, are also
produced by bathing in warm water, but a
prolonged course of bathing in warm water
would greatly relax and debilitate, whereas
when baths of mineral waters agree, persons
feel refreshed and strengthened by their use.
The second and more important operation of
baths of mineral water takes place by means of
the absorption of a portion of the water which
becomes mixed with the blood, and thus has a
material effect in altering the quality of this
fluid and of the secretions. It has been proved
by the experiments of M. d'Arcy and others,
that a single bath of the Vichy water suffices to
render the urine alkaline. The tonic effects
which result from baths of chalybeate water are
manifested in many instances where persons are
unable to take the water."
"( Mineral waters," says Dr. Kreysig, " become mixed with the mass of humours, produce
in them a specific action, and leave the body in



50

HYDROPATHY.

a modified condition: they often produce effects
independently of any increase of secretion.
Such are chalybeate waters, but in general an
increase in the intestinal canal or cutaneous secretions accompanies their action. We should
be, however, greatly in error, if these secretions
were to be considered critical in all cases, and
as the sole and even the principal effect of the
waters, for they are frequently of very subordinate importance; they constitute the most superficial, though the most apparent and quickest
effect. The Carlsbad waters very frequently
cure the most obstinate swellings of the glands
and of the viscera, without any notable evacuations." *
Mineral waters, however, like other remedies, are liable to failure, and in some cases it
would be advisable to recommend the cold water
cure in preferenee; though these cases must
always form the exceptions to the general rule.
A frequent reason of the non-success of a course
of mineral waters is, that patients either do not
follow the regimen which is so powerful an accessory to their efficacy, or, that on finding a
degree of amelioration, they discontinue their

* Practical Observations on Mineral Waters.



HYDROPATHY.

51

employment too soon; or else, after the course
is terminated, resume those habits of life which
perhaps tended to induce the complaint.  To
the same causes are doubtless attributable many
of the relapses under the cold water cure.
That hydropathy has been in many instances
practised by incompetent persons, by whom
abuses were perpetrated, is apparent from numerous failures, and the fatal results which have
been brought before the public in the form of
judicial inquiry. The chief dangers consist in
the too perturbatory action, as in the forced
sweating, and douches-in the undue excitation
of the skin producing numerous and painful
boils-and in the treatment being too prolonged,
a degree of collapse sometimes succeeding the
stimulation.
In some persons, especially those of advanced
life and of feeble re-active powers, the blood
becomes impoverished from this cause; and Dr.
Schedel observes, that " livid eruptions often
show themselves in persons of a certain age,
presenting evidently the character of local
scurvy." These results are, however, it is to
be hoped, less frequent at the present day
when milder measures have in great measure
superseded the more energetic treatment.
D2



52

H YDROPATHY.

Another source of danger which has been
ascribed to hydropathy is the occurrence of
insanity. Dr. Schedel states, that in the spring
preceding his arrival two females had become
insane at Graefenberg.  A  Mr. S. and his
wife, both great partisans of hydropathy, informed
him that they had visited an asylum some leagues
distant from the establishment, the director of
which told them that he had several patients in
consequence of the hydropathic treatment. He
also mentions the case of Baron S., attached
to the person of the King of Hanover, who
solicited leave of absence to undergo a course
of the cold water systen, on which the king
cautioned him, as several persons who had
undergone this treatment had become insane.
The baron, however, went; during the course
he had several times an eruption of boils,
and some time after his return actually became
insane.
This result, however, like some of those above
mentioned, would only be likely to arise from
the abuse of the system, and not from its moderate use, in cases where it is indicated, according to the opinion of practitioners not too
prejudiced in its favour.
The position of a water cure establishment is



HYDROPATHY.

53

a matter of great importance as regards the results of the treatment. It should be in an undulating or hilly country, and an agreeable
locality, well wooded and supplied with shade,
so as to present inducements to its inmates for
walking exercise, without the monotony of a
plain and uninteresting country; the water
should be of the purest kind, and the supply
abundant. As there are now several of these
establishments in England, those persons to
whom the water cure is recommended, or who
may be disposed to make trial of it on their
own responsibility, need not undertake a long
journey to Silesia or other parts of the continent. Malvern is perhaps the best position in
England for an establishment of this kind; and
there are now two, under Drs. Wilson and
Gully, who have had extensive experience of
the treatment.  Dr Johnstone has also an
establishment near Leamington.  The great
error, however, to be guarded against, as
respects the  practitioners of this or any
other exclusive method, is the too indiscriminate applicability to which they are disposed,
and the consequent depreciation of other modes
of treatment, which must end, as indeed it has



54              KYDROPATHY.
done to a certain extent in Germany, in causing
hydropathy to fall altogether into discredit, unless the practice be restricted  within just
limits.



NOTES

OF
GERMAN ESTABLISHMENTS MOST ACCESSIBLE
TO ENGLISH INVALIDS.
ROLANDSECK, one of the most agreeable positions on the Rhine, a short drive from Bonn,
near the ruins of Godesberg and the Drachenfels,
and opposite the island of Nonnenwerth. " The
house, which is surrounded by a large garden laid
out in parterres, extensive walks, leading through
luxuriant meadows and wooded dells, is well
sheltered on the north of the rock of Rolandseek, which towers above it. The establishment consists of three houses, and will at present accommodate about fifty patients." The
accommodation is good- a well-selected library,
music-room, bowling green, &c. There is a
full complement of baths of every description,
one four and a-half feet deep and eighty feet in
circumference; one of the springs by which it
is supplied, Rolandsquelle, has for centuries



56

NOTES.

been celebrated for its salubrity. The diet is
said to be good. The resident physician speaks
English..Laubach, also on the Rhine, within half an
hour's walk from Coblentz, amidst very pleasing
scenery, and near the restored Castle of Stolzenfels and the ruins of Lahnstein, on the
opposite bank, and overlooking the mouth of
the Lahn. Ems may be reached in about an
hour and a half. " The accommodation consists of three large buildings, containing upwards
of sixty apartments, and a spacious apartment
on the ground-floor for exercise in hot weather,
billiard-room, bowling-green, gymnastic apparatus, and reading-room. The stream   termed
Fons Carus has long been celebrated. The
physician speaks English."
Weilbach: about equi-distant from Wiesbaden,
Mayence, and Frankfort; possessing a cold
sulphurous spring, described in the " Baths of
Germany." Its position for a water cure establishment is good; the air in summer light and
bracing. The baths are well appointed, and there
is the addition of steam-sweating baths. Dr.
H. Mayo now resides at Weilbach, and last
year published a brochure on the cold water
cure.
* Dr. Bushnan's account.



NOTES.

57

Liebenstein, one of the most frequented cold
water establishments, is considered one of the
healthiest places in Germany; protected from
north and easterly winds, while its well-wooded
mountains and rich grassy valleys make it
second to none in pleasing scenes and associations.  The establishment (formerly appropriated to visitors to the mineral springs which
have of late fallen into disrepute) contains, besides the saloon and lesser public rooms, seventy
bed-rooms in the central portion, and thirty in
each wing. The baths are well arranged, and
attendance good. " No bath in Germany is so
agreeably situate, in the midst of a park twelve
miles in circumference, commanding fine and
varied views of the Thuringian forest, and
stretching over hill, and dale, and mountain."
The Queen Dowager occasionally visits Liebenstein, which is also an agreeable summer
residence, possessing resources for the recreation
of persons in health.

D5





HOM (EOPATHY.
" Quand l'absurde est outr6, on lui fait trop d'honneur,
De vouloir, par raison, combattre son erreur."
LA FONTAINE.
THIs doctrine was first promulgated about
forty years ago, though it did not attract much
attention till of late years.   It originated with
Dr. Hahnemann, a native of Saxony, who, after
having resided in various parts of Germany, failing, it would appear, to succeed in practice, at
length took up his abode in Leipsic, and instituted experiments on the action of medicinal
substances upon himself and others.*      Having,
* "About the year 1800, Hahnemann advertised a new salt,
of which he claimed the discovery, and which he sold at the
modest price of a louis d'or per ounce. The Society for the
Promotion of Natural Sciences, desirous of becoming acquainted
with this new substance, had it analysed by some of the most



60

HOM(EOPATHY.

in 1790, taken some bark, which produced, as
he states, paroxysms of intermittent fever, he
was struck with the circumstance that the substance employed for the cure of intermittents
should occasion a similar disease in a healthy
person. This led to the inference that substances which produce certain symptoms in
healthy individuals, can remove those symptoms
when induced by other causes; hence a fundamental point of the doctrine, that diseases are
cured only by medicines which have the power
of causing similar diseases in healthy persons:
Similia similibus curentur.
Homceopathists consequently do not consider
a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, or pathology, as contributing to the cure of disease, but
restrict  themselves  to  noting  the   different
symptoms and      to  ascertaining  the   appropriate remedy, without regard to the organic
changes, or other circumstances, by which the
symptoms are caused, or whether they affect the
experienced chemists, who pronounced it to be nothing but
common borax. He shortly afterwards advertised " an infallible preventive of scarlet fever;" but being disappointed by
its sale, he afterwards confessed it to be nothing but a few grains
of extract of belladonna dissolved in water."-Remarks on the
Abracadabra of the nineteenth century, by Dr. Leo Wolf.



HOMOEOPATHY.

61

nervous, vascular, or other systems. For example, in strictly following the rules of homoeopathy, if a person have headache, whether
arising from exhaustion, inflammation, or stomach derangement, the same remedy should be
had recourse to, and that remedy must be a
substance capable of causing headache in a
healthy individual.
Medical doctrines are divided by Hahnemann,
into the allopathic, or method in general use, of
curing diseases by remedies of an opposite nature-contraria contrariis,-the antipathic, or
palliative method, and the homoeopathic, the
only true method; the principles of which are
contained in his Organon, ou Exposition de la
Doctrine MeJdicale Homceopathique. This work
contains an abundance of absurd reasoning, of
extravagant and unfounded assertions; of some
truisms, from which erroneous conclusions are
drawn; of exceptions to general principles and
isolated examples, extracted from various works
and adduced   as the principles themselves,
in order to corroborate the positions laid down
by the author. Thus, to prove that many of
the cures hitherto effected, have been so by the
chance employment of homceopathic means, several instances are brought forward, among



62

HOMEEOPATHY.

which are, that rose-water cures ophthalmy,
only because it has the power of causing a kind
of ophthalmy. In like manner bark cures intermittents, because it occasions these diseases;
ipecacuanha arrests fluxions of blood, only because it possesses the faculty of exciting haemorrhage; generous wines, in small doses, cure
homoeopathically inflammatory fever; hyoscyamus could not cure spasms resembling epilepsy,
if it had not the power of exciting convulsions;
the same remedy could not have cured a case of
mania from jealousy, if it did not occasion mania
and jealousy in healthy individuals.
Again, the popular customs of using snow to
frost-bitten parts, of putting a scalded hand near
the fire, are adduced to prove the homoeopathic
nature of the remedies to these accidents; vaccine is considered to act homceopathically in
preventing small-pox, &c.  These examples
will suffice to show, that the style of argument
adopted is opposed to established truths; for
who ever heard of rose-water causing ophthalmy, of bark causing intermittents, of ipecacuanha exciting haemorrhage, or being employed
to arrest it, of generous wines curing inflammatory fever, of hyoscyamus determining convul.
sions, mania, and jealousy? If snow is used to



HOMCEOPATHY.

63

frost-bitten parts, it is used with friction, in
order, as is well known, to bring the parts gradually to their natural state; whereas, if used
on homoeopathic principles, it would be kept
constantly applied; and, as may be imagined,
with a certainty of aggravating the evil. So also
with respect to the application of heat to scalded parts; and to prove vaccine a homceopathic
agent, it should be shown that it has the power
to;cure small-pox when already existing; which
indeed it is asserted it would do, were it not
surpassed by the small-pox in intensity.
Medicines, then, are not considered by the
homoeopathists as direct remedies, but to act by
giving rise to morbid symptoms, surpassing in intensity those of the disease against which they
are employed, on the principle that two similar
diseases cannot co-exist in the same individual:
the original disease consequently yields, being
overpowered by the artificial disease caused by
the remedies: and this, on the discontinuance of
the medicines, is in its turn speedily overcome
by the powers of the constitution.
This proposition also contradicts itself, for, as
Dr. Wolf observes, "( How can it be reconciled
with common sense, that the vital powers are
too weak and insufficient to remove any natural



64

HOM(EOPATHY.

disease or its symptoms, be they ever so trifling,
without the aid of a homoeopathic drug, but are
nevertheless powerful enough to remove the
drug-sickness which is left after the natural
disease is extinguished?  Can any one comprehend that a power should be capable of overcoming a large obstacle, and should be incapable
of removing at the same time a similar and comparatively much smaller one?"
The particular symptoms to which each medicinal substance gives rise, and against which
it is to be employed, are ascertained by experiments made by the homoeopathist upon himself
or other healthy persons.
But it must not be supposed that these surprising effects are produced by the drachm, or
grain doses employed by ordinary practitioners.
According to Hahnemann, the effects of medicinal substances are two-fold, viz. primritive, as
-the violent action produced by large quantities
of certain drugs; purgation, sweating, &c.;
and secondary, or homoeopathic, in which the
action is determined towards the diseased part;
the active properties becoming more developed
in proportion to the minuteness of the dose: in
fact, homoeopathists are cautioned against too
minute a subdivision of the medicine, lest it



HOMCEOPATHY.

65

should become so energetic as to give rise to
dangerous symptoms. I cannot, however, do
better than extract one or two passages from
the " Exposition," in order to illustrate this
position.
"Besides, the homoeopathic medicament acquires, at each division or dilution, an extraordinary degree of power by the friction or the
shock imparted to it, as a means of developing
the inherent virtues of medicines unknown before me, and which is so energetic, that of late,
experience has. obliged me to shake the mixture
only twice, whereas formerly I prescribed ten
shakes to each dilution."
" Gold, silver, platina, charcoal, are without
action on man in their ordinary state, but from
the continued trituration of a grain of gold with
a hundred grains of powdered sugar, there results a preparation which has already great
medicinal virtues. If a grain of this mixture
be taken and triturated with another hundred
grains of sugar, and if this process be continued
until each grain of the ultimate preparation contains a quadrillionth part of the grain of gold,
we shall then have a medicament in which the
medicinal virtue of the gold is so much developed, that it will be sufficient to take a grain,



66

HOM(EOPATHY.

place it in a phial, and cause the air from it to
be breathed for a few instants by a melancholy
individual, in whom the disgust of life is carried so far as to incline to suicide, in order that,
an hour afterwards, this person be delivered
from his evil demon, and restored to his taste
for life."*
Hahnemann also says, speaking of silex or
flint, " This earth being reduced to a millionth
degree of attenuation, a grain of the powder is
to be reduced to the decillionth dilution. In
fact, dilutions to the billionth or trillionth degree produce effects much too violent; that of
the   sextillionth degree may   be commenced
with, but this, only    suits  robust persons;
in irritable subjects it is prudent to use only the
decillionth dilution."
Of kitchen salt, he says, 6"A grain of salt is
reduced to the millionth degree of attenuation;
this powder is to be dissolved in diluted alcohol,
and the division extended to the decillionth de* Dr. Balfour, in his report of homoeopathy in Vienna, (in
the British and Foreign Medical Review, October, 1846;) says,
" One practitioner often contents himself with allowing the
patient to smell the remedy, waiting patiently for some weeks
or so for the completion of the cure, not even permitting a
second smell."



HOM(EOPATHY.             67
gree: carried to this degree of dilution, sea-salt
is a powerful and heroical medicament, which
can only be administered to patients with the
greatest caution." These instances will perhaps
suffice to exemplify the doctrine.
"We find homoeopathy," says Dr. Forbes,
" maintaining that substances utterly powerless
in a state of sensible bulk, can acquire astonishing power by mere subdivision. Can any proposition be submitted to human apprehension
that seems more utterly improbable, more ludicrously absurd? To be called on to believe that
the decillionth of a grain of charcoal or oyster.shell is capable of producing hundreds of the
most formidable symptoms of curing, as by magic, the most inveterate diseases, while we might
take ounces of the very same substance with no
other inconvenience than from its bulk, seems
so gratuitous an outrage to human reason, that
the mind instinctively revolts from the proposition."- Homoeopathy, Allopathy, and Young
Physic.
The action of imponderable agents, as light,
electricity, &c., has been adduced by some homeopathists to prove the action of infinitesimal
doses of medicines; but it is evident that no
similar comparison can be instituted; and in



68

HOM (IEOPATHY.

order for the analogy to be maintained, it should
have been proved by the homceopathists, that
persons can see better in proportion to the
small quantity of light, and that they are more
affected by heat or electricity in proportion to
the smallness of the quantity of these agents
applied.
Hahnemann says, "Let mathematicians explain to them how true it is, that if a substance
be divided into any number of parts, its smallest
particle will always contain something of this
substance, and therefore it can never become a
nonentity." On which Dr. Wolf remarks, " If
this be admitted in a strict sense, does it follow;
therefore, that the effect of these substances on
the human body in any imaginable small quantity, must not only be perceptible, but still
greater than when in quantities many million
times larger? The thick fibres of a piece of
meat are divisible into those which are so small
as to be perceptible only by the best microscope. Does it follow from this, that the decoction of such a microscopic fibre will afford the
patient as much or even more nourishment
after a homoeopathic manipulation, than a strong
broth made allopathically from some pounds of
meat?"

Afi.



HOM(EOPA1 HY.

69

Homoeopathic remedies may therefore be considered analogous with the medecine expectante,
with this difference, that in the latter the pa-.
tients know that the physician employs no remedies, but trusts entirely to the efforts of
nature for their cure; whereas the imagination
of patients treated homoeopathically is acted
'upon, from their being led to consider the remedies employed to be of an energetic nature,
as will be seen in the sequel. The cures so
pompously announced by the homceopathists,
will in almost all cases be found to be simple
recoveries by the efforts of nature after a longer
or shorter period, as in the following, published
by a homoeopathic physician.
" Madame C. V., aged thirty-six, affected
with chronic gastro-enteritis, produced  by
grief and abuse of coffee: she   had been
treated by several physicians, and had been
kept for three months on a milk diet; she had
headaches, and menstruation had been suppressed seven months; she was prescribed pulsatilla, nux vomica, &c.; menstruation appeared
in twenty-seven days, and in three months she
was cured."
" Mademoiselle R. did not menstruate at her
accustomed period, and was affected with a



70

HOM(EOPATHY.

catarrh; she was prescribed pulsatilla; menstruation occurred in the following month, and
the catarrh was cured without any other medicament."
On looking over the history of several of the
cases treated at the London Homceopathic Institution, which were published in numbers, I
find what might be anticipated, that they are very
analogous to the above, viz., the ordinary slighter
ailments usually met with in dispensary practice,
which seldom require a long treatment, though
most of these cases reported in the Homoeopathic Annals required two, three, or four months'
attendance, before the patients were dismissed;
and though the different globules prescribed
are minutely stated, no mention is made of the
attention to diet and regimen, the necessity of
which is doubtless inculcated upon the patients,
thus leaving it to be inferred that the recoveries
take place from the globules-post hoc ergo
propter hoc. The publication of these brochures,
however, probably answered the purpose of an
advertisement, for which it was intended. The
great influence of the diet, &c., is, however,
acknowledged in the most recent work on
Homoeopathy as follows:-" If the homoeopathic
physician possesses even an ordinary amount of



HOM(EOPATH Y.

71

penetration, he will soon perceive that the remedies which are chosen nevertheless fail to effect
a cure unless great attention be paid to the
hygienic regimen and external means.    The
homoeopathist must therefore, after a few years,
have his attention almost exclusively directed to
hygiene."-Madden on Homoeopathy, 1846.
The only division of diseases by Hahnemann
is into acute and chronic; of the former but
little is said in the Exposition; although they
may arise from exterior causes, as cold, excesses,
&c., yet in many cases they depend upon a psoric
affection, and almost all chronic diseases originate from sycosis, syphilis, or psora (vulgo, itch).
This latter, especially, is the cause of innumerable diseases, which great truth it took Hahnemann twelve years to find out. In mentioning
some of the evils produced by this miasm, I
quote his own words: "This is the only fundamental and exciting cause of all the morbid
forms, which, under the names of nervous weakness, hysteria, hypochondriasis, mania, melancholia, epilepsy, spasms of all kinds, rickets,
caries, cancer, gout, haemorrhoids, jaundice,
dropsy, amenorrhoea, hemoptysis, asthma, and
suppuration of the lungs, sterility, deafness,
cataract, and amaurosis, gravel, palsy, pains of



72

HOM(EOPATHY.

all kinds, &c., figure in pathology as so many
separate diseases, distinct and independent one
from the other."
" The modifications this miasm has undergone
in its passage through millions of human constitutions, during several hundred generations, explain how it can assume so many forms." *
Abstinence from everything of a stimulating
nature, as condiments, coffee, &c., is recommended; even the smelling of delicate perfumes
is prohibited, although the smoking of tobacco
is allowed; which, considering Germany is the
country whence homoeopathy originated, was an
extremely politic measure.
The absurdity of a doctrine equally opposed
to reason and every-day experience could not
fail to be immediately apparent to the medical
profession, as well as the injurious effects that
might arise from its professors being allowed to
practise on the credulity of the public, a large
proportion of whom is always to be attracted by
novelty, especially if it be clothed in the garb of
unintelligibility and mystery. In order, there* It is scarcely necessary to recal to mind, that many persons,
while actually labouring under the itch, are in robust bodily
health. The homocopaths of the present day do not, however,
adopt this absurd dogma.



HOMCEOIATHY.

73

fore, to show the value of the pretensions of
homoeopathy, the experiment was made in Germany, Russia, France, and Italy, of treating a
certain number of patients in public institutions
by homoeopathic means, and an equal number
by the usual methods: the results are such as
might have been anticipated.
A German homoeopathist, practising in Russia, was invested by the Grand Duke Michael
with full powers to prove, if possible, by a comparison of facts, the advantages of homoeopathic
measures over the ordinary modes of treatment;
and a certain number of patients in the wards of
a military hospital were entrusted to his care.
At the expiration of two months, however, he
was not permitted to proceed further; for, on
comparing results, it was seen that within this
period, out of four hundred and fifty-seven
patients treated by the ordinary means, three
hundre I and sixty-four, or three-fourths, were
cured, and none died; whereas, by the homoeopathic method, tried on one hundred and twentyeight patients, one-half only were cured, and five
had died.
In order to ascertain and give publicity to the
results, the Russian government caused a certain number of patients to be treated homoeo


74

HOM(EOPATHY.

pathically in one hospital, while in another an
equal number of patients were merely subjected
to regulated diet and appropriate regimen, without the exhibition of any medicine. The results
were very similar in both instances, and the
medical council appointed to superintend the
experiments tlus gives its official opinion:
" The medical council, after having attentively
weighed the results of the experiments made
according to the homoeopathic method, and compared them with those made according to the
principles of the medecine expectante, finds that
they greatly resemble the latter, and are probably based only on the vis medicatrix nature;
for the infinitely minute doses can produce no
effect on the human body. The medical council
is therefore of opinion, that the homoeopathic
practice should be prohibited in sanatory establishments dependent on government, for the following reasons:
" 1. Acute diseases require energetic means
of treatment, which are not to be expected from
homoeopathy
c" 2. The homoeopathic treatment of external
lesions and surgical diseases is altogether out of
the question.
"3. Some slight affections get well while
7



HOM(EOPATHY.

75

under homoeopathic treatment, but similar affections disappear equally well, without any medical
treatment, by the adoption of an appropriate
regimen, good air, and cleanliness."
The homoeopathist who introduced the practice at Naples, was, as stated by Dr. Wolf, " an
ignorant Bohemian barber, who enjoyed the
patronage of the Austrian general, to whom he
was particularly recommended by Hahnemann.
The public as well as some talented young physicians, who adopted homoeopathy, awoke from
their illusive credulity, but not until the general,
with many other persons of distinguished rank,
had died or were injured by this all-curing art."
At the time homoeopathy was in vogue at
Naples, a commission was appointed, by royal
order, to superintend the treatment of a certain
number of patients during forty days; the
patients were selected by the physicians, and a
separate ward in the hospital was appropriated
to them.
It was first determined by the commissioners to
ascertain whether some of the patients would
not get well without the employment of any
remedy; ten were consequently set apart, and
all recovered. One of them had a gastric fever;
the homceopathic physician wished to give him a
E 2



76

HOM(EOPATHY.

drop of the tincture of St. Ignatius's bean, at
'the twelfth dilution, representing a quadrillionth
part of the original drop. He protested against
waiting, saying, that the delay might compromise the life of the patient. The physicians reassured him; they reckoned upon a crisis occurring, which accordingly did take place in the
night, and the patient was well in two days.
Had the homceopathic dose been taken, the
cure would most assuredly have been attributed
to it.
Several slight affections were treated homoeopathically and recovered, without the commissioners being able to ascribe any of the recoveries
to homneopathy, as they would in all probability
have recovered as soon by simple attention to
diet. A third set of cases of a more serious
nature, and requiring the assistance of medicine,
were also treated by the homoeopathic method,
which was found altogether powerless, none of
them obtaining any advantage; the cases were
longer under treatment than usual, and several
of the patients became worse, requiring the employment of ordinary measures for their cure.
In a fourth series of experiments of homoeopathic remedies on healthy persons, no effects resulted from their administration. From these



HOM(EOPATHY.

77

facts, the commissioners deduced the following
inferences: 1st, That the homoeopathic treatment produced no effect; and 2ndly, that it had
the serious inconvenience, in several of the
patients, of preventing the employment of remedies by which they might be cured.
On account of the statement of a Dr. Luz, a
veterinary surgeon at Leipsic, that he had performed several surprising cures by the homceopathic method on horses and dogs, trials were
instituted on these animals in the veterinary
school and hospital at Berlin. The experiments
were conducted with the utmost exactitude, and
in the presence of many students and homoeopathists; and though the cases were similar to
those described by Dr. Luz, not one was cured,
not one confirmed his statements even in the
slightest degree.
The experiments made in Paris to show how
far homoeopathy had claims to public confidence,
also tend to prove that where any effects are produced, they are to be ascribed to the influence
of the imagination.
First. Several medical students of the H6tel
Dieu, chosen by a homteopathic physician, were
subjected to the homoeopathic regimen, and took
at first one, then two, then ten, and at last eighty



78

HOMCEOPATHY.

globules at a dose, of the most active medicines
prepared by the only homoeopathic chemist in
Paris. In not one instance was the slightest
effect produced.
Secondly. A number of pills made with inert
substances, as flour, gum arabic, and starch, were
given to patients who believed them to be homoeopathic remedies. I subjoin two or three of
the results obtained.
Aphonia, of six weeks' duration, cured in a
few hours by starch pills given homceopathically.
A girl, aged twenty, was admitted on the 14th
January with complete loss of voice, which had
existed since the middle of November. She had
experienced a similar attack in the preceding
year, but had recovered in fifteen days. Menstruation was regularly performed. A few days'
rest, and the usual hospital regimen, produced
no effect; she was consequently placed in the
department where the homceopathic experiments
were made, and was ordered two starch pills;
the first to be taken in the presence of the physician, the next when four hours had elapsed. A
few minutes after the first pill had been swallowed, the following symptoms manifested themselves-anxiety, pain, and uneasiness in the region of the heart and thorax, perspiration, with



HOMCEOPATHY.

79

heat and eruption on the skin..The second
pill appeared to aggravate these symptoms, with
the addition of hiccough. She afterwards fell
asleep, and, on awaking, was astonished to find
she could talk in a loud tone. The complaint
did not recur, and she soon quitted the hospital.
A man, aged forty, was admitted about the
same time as the preceding patient, complaining
of sense of oppression on the chest. He had
experienced an attack of hemoptysis a year before, and was exceedingly hypochondriacal.
During the first few days no treatment was
adopted, and he continued in the same state.
Four starch pills, which he supposed to be
homceopathic remedies, were then prescribed;
one to be taken regularly every six hours. Half
an hour after swallowing each pill, the patient
experienced anxiety, sense of oppression, spitting
of blood. The pills were discontinued, and resumed on alternate days during a fortnight.
Each time they were taken, they were followed
by oppression, headache, acceleration of pulse,
diuresis, and pains in all the limbs.
A girl, aged twenty-three, labouring under
cough with hectic fever, and sleeplessness, was
also treated by these inert pills, which she
imagined to be homoeopathic. Each time after



80

8HOMi EOPATHY

taking a pill, the fever diminished, the cough
was less fatiguing, and she slept better; she
suffered more when she did not take it, and
always requested to have her " calming pill."
The following case occur ed to a physician at
St. Petersburgh: " A lady, aged forty-eight,
phthisical, had been treated by the homoeopathic
method during two years, when I became her
physician; and as my efforts were unsuccessful
she requested me to treat her homoeopathically.
I consented, and gave her two grains of sugar,
assuring her she would experience the effects of
this powerful medicine for six days. The followving day she received me with an ironical
smile, saying, ' One may easily see, doctor, that
you are not accustomed to handle homceopathic
remedies: that which you gave me was too.
energetic; it caused so much disturbance, that I
did not expect to outlive the night; however,
its action is in the end salutary, for I have not
felt myself so well for a long time as I have felt
to-day.'"
Thirdly, Two physicians attached to an hospital experimented upon the infirmiers, or male
attendants in their wards. One physician desired his infirmiers to note down every hour the
sensations they experienced, after taking what



IOMCEOPATHY.

81

they supposed to be a homoeopathic agent. They
all experienced various sensations, of which the
following is a specimen:
A young man in perfect health took eight
pills, containing a minute portion of charcoal,
and at the expiration of half an hour had noted
the following symptoms: headache, confusion,
imperfect vision, flushing of the face. On repeating the same dose, the symptoms recurred,
with violent prespiration.
Fourthly, The other physician conducted his
experiments differently: he took every morning
six homoeopathic pills, and at the end of a certain period asked his infirmiers if they were
willing to do the same; they consented, and did
not experience the slightest effect.
Thus, in the former experiment, the individuals
expecting to experience extraordinary sensations,
from being required to note them down, do not
fail to feel some, as would be the case with most
persons under similar circumstances. On the
other hand, those who saw no effect produced
on their superior by the pills, also take them,
and not expecting any particular sensations, do
not experience any.
SI might adduce various other examples, but
'being desirous not to extend this account, I shall
E5



82

HOMOEOPATHY.

content myself with briefly alluding to the experiments of Professor Andral at the hospital
La Pitie.
A hundred and thirty individuals were treated
by homoeopathic remedies in the presence of
numerous witnesses. The regimen recommended
by Hahnemann was strictly adhered to, and the
prescriptions prepared by a homoeopathic chemist.  The experiments were of two kinds;
first, to ascertain whether symptoms can be produced in healthy persons by medicines which
cure similar symptoms when arising from other
causes. Bark was one of the first substances
chosen, and its various preparations were taken
by M. Andral, and ten other persons, at first in
homoeopathic doses, which produced no effect;
then in ordinary doses, which were gradually
increased up to from six to twenty-four grains of
sulphate of quinine per day.  None of these
persons experienced the least symptom of an
attack of intermittent fever; the only effects
produced by the large doses were slight indisposition and headache, in some whose stomachs
were not so strong as the rest.
Aconitum, which, according to the homeopathists, is of superior efficacy to blood-letting in
febrile diseases, was tried, and produced no



HOMCEOPATHY.

83

effect. Sulphur was also tried by several persons, without any eruption being produced on
the skin.
Thus the statement that remedies cause diseases resembling those which they cure, is an
assertion utterly groundless.
The second kind of experiments was made to
ascertain whether homceopathic remedies would
in any case affect the progress of disease.
Several cases of intermittent fever were treated
homwcopathically. Some got well at the end of
a certain period, which would in all probability
have been the case, had no remedies been employed: in other cases no effect was produced,
and, on the usual method of treatment being
adopted, the patients got rapidly well. Similar
results were obtained in treating febrile diseases
and several chronic complaints, except that in
some cases the patients got worse while under
the homoeopathic system.
The homoeopathists in Paris having petitioned
the Minister of the Interior to permit the estab
lishment of dispensaries for the treatment of
patients by the homoeopathic   method, the
minister requested the opinion of the Academie
de Medecine on the subject. The reply of that
body is made in the following terms:


84

HOMCEOPATHY.

" MONSIEUR LE MINISTRE,
" Homoeopathy, which presents itself to you
at the present time as a novelty, is not a new
thing. For more than twenty-five years this
doctrine has wandered here and there;-first in
Germany, then in Prussia, afterwards in Italy,
and now in France; seeking everywhere, though
in vain, to introduce itself as a branch of medicine.
" The time of the Academie has been repeatedly taken up with the subject, and, moreover,
there are but few of its members who have not
sought to ascertain its basis, and its effects.
" With us, as elsewhere, homceopathy has
been subjected, in the first place, to logical examination, which has exhibited in it a formal
opposition to the best-established truths, a
great number of striking contradictions, and
many of those palpable absurdities which inevitably ruin all false systems in the opinion of
enlightened persons, but which are not always
a sufficient obstacle to the credulity of the multitude.
" With us, as elsewhere, homceopathy has
also been subjected to the trial of facts, and put
to the test of experience. Observation, faithfully interrogated, has furnished the most cate


HOMOEOPATHY.

85

gorical answers; for if it be admitted that some
examples of recovery have occurred while under
the homoeopathic treatment, it has been ascertained that the success is justly attributable to
the bias of a weak imagination on the one hand,
and to the remedial powers of the constitution
on the other. Observation has also shown the
great danger of homceopathy in frequent and
serious cases of disease, where the physician
may do as much harm, and cause no less injury,
by inactive measures, as by those which are
directly prejudicial.
" Reason and experience are consequently
united to repel a similar doctrine, and counsel that it should be left to itself and to its own
resources."
Having heard of the existence of a homoeopathic hospital at Leipsic, the head-quarters of
the doctrine, I had the curiosity to visit it when
in that city, some years ago, and was directed to a
small house in one of the suburbs, with an inscription on the outside denoting its destination.
I had no difficulty in obtaining admission, and
was accompanied through the house by the assistant homoeopathist, the principal being in
the country.



86

HOMEOPATHY.

From what I had previously heard, I expected to see at least from thirty to forty beds
occupied by patients, and was somewhat surprised to find that the house only contained
eight, of which but one was occupied by a
phthisical patient, who had been for several
months without any amelioration. There were,
however, five other patients able to get about,
viz. a case of chronic swelling in the foot; one
of delirium tremens, which had also been a long
time under treatment by arnica and hyoscyamus,
in doses of the decillionth part of a grain, which
I was gravely assured produced sound sleep; a
young girl, with no other complaint than deranged menstruation, who had also been some
months in the house; a case of necrosis of the
tibia treated by the internal exhibition of homoeopathic remedies; and a woman with a cutaneous disease, of a syphilitic nature, who had
been treated with sulphur, carbon, gold, and
other homoeopathic remedies, since the month
of February, but with little advantage, as the
disease appeared to me likely to be interminable
under a similar system.
During my visit two or three out-patients
presented themselves. One of these was a
healthy boy, with tinea capitis, for which he had



HO M CEOPATHY.

87

been taking homoeopathic globules since February, the hair having been allowed to grow,
and no external application having been used.
The appearance of the patient's head did not
afford any favourable evidence of the good effects
of the treatment, and I should imagine the disease was much in the same state as when he
first applied for relief.
The house-physician to this institution having
become convinced, after a residence of several
months, of the nullity and danger of homoeopathy, gave up the appointment, and published
an exposition of the system pursued, with an
account of the cases, which clearly show what
had long been evident to the bulk of the profession and the public, viz. that the so-called
cures were recoveries from ordinary ailments by
the efforts of nature; the cases being frequently
a long time under treatment, whereas by a proper medication and attention at the outset, they
would probably have been cured in a few days;
and that many of the more serious cases got
worse for the want of efficient treatment.* When
last at Leipsic, I heard that matters were
going on indifferently with homoeopathy, the
hospital having been turned into a dispensary.
* Ueber die Nichtigkeit der Homaeopathie. On the nullity
of Homceopathy. Leipsic, 1840.



88

HOMCEOPATHY.

Most of the homoeopathists of the present
day have abandoned some of the more absurd
propositions of Hahnemann as untenable, and it
must not be supposed that they always adhere
in practice to the avowed principles of their doctrine.  It has not unfrequently happened that
persons who attributed their recovery to homoeopathy were treated allopathically without their
being aware of it. The case of the late Duke
di Cannizaro, shows how little trust is to be
placed in the practice of homceopathy.    He
was slightly indisposed, and was ordered some
globules, one to be taken at stated intervals.
Considering, however, that he would not be at
home when the time for taking the third dose
arrived, he took three doses at once and did
not survive many hours, the substance being an
active poison in a concentrated state. In fact,
one practitioner in Leipsic, a professed homoeo,
pathist, candidly acknowledged that he pursued
both plans of treatment, and was accustomed to
ask his patients by which method they would be
treated.*  The principles, however, are the
* "Many," says Dr. Balfour, in his recent report of homceopathy at Vienna, " continued to practise both methods, not
eccletically, but according to the wish of the patient,
leaving enquiry to otheis, and stumbling blindly on."



HOMEOPATHY.

89

same, viz. expectation, and the influencing the
patient's imagination by leading them to suppose that they are taking some extraordinary
remedies. In the cases which are noised about
and published as recoveries by the homoeopathic
method, the advantages derived may be ascribed
to the above causes, assisted by a more strict
attention to modes of living and regimen; and
in many instances is only temporary, as in the
case of a noble individual labouring under tic,
who has been repeatedly said in the papers to
be cured or greatly relieved by different methods
of treatment, and who, it appears, subsequently
had recourse to the water cure. It is in the
nature of several complaints, especially those of
a nervous character, to be better or worse at
different times or seasons, and to offer complete
intermissions during a longer or shorter period,
especially when patients can be induced to
adopt a regulated diet, and mode of living; and in
these cases the amelioration is generally ascribed
to the remedy which happens to be employed at
the time. Homoeopathy in fact is now comparatively little heard of in most parts of northern
Germany and in France, to what it was some
years ago, and only required to be inquired into
by the more enlightened portion of the public,



90

HOM(EOPATHY.

for the absurdity of its propositions to be apparent. During its whole progress it was never sanctioned by any individual of scientific eminence, or
even who was held in estimation by the profession; but has been principally taken up as a
means of acquiring wealth, or a livelihood, by
persons who had never been previously hqard
of, or who had failed to acquire practice in the
usual way, by whom every means have been
taken to puff it into notice, and keep public attention directed to it, such as the establishment
of dispensaries, the publication of books, and
of histories of alleged cures, addressed ostensibly to the profession, but which in fact are
but a means of advertising.
"All the results," says a German author,
"which have been obtained by the employment
of medicines in homceopathic doses,   were
founded, without exception, upon delusion, and
were not in consequence of these means. If
any one wishes to convince himself of the truth
of this, he need only so administer these doses,
that the persons are not aware that they have
taken anything, and every physician would then
see as little effect from them as I have seen
after innumerable experiments. These infinitesimal powders, drops, and globules, are in



HOMOEOPATHY.

91

fact nothing more than the modernised moonstone of the ancient Phoenicians and Carthaginians. At that time, as at the present day,
faith in them must produce a blind confidence,
and if this be effected, it would not matter whether
they were swallowed, or hung about the neck,
or carried in the pocket as an amulet, the effect
would be the same. The worthy Stieglitz very
justly observes, that it does honour to the condition of German medicine, that notwithstanding all the noise and puffing, but very few
medical men adopted this system; and that
many of the younger physicians rather chose to
support privations, than give themselves up to
its absurdities;. and even some of the homoeopathic physicians themselves can scarcely conceal a feeling of shame, when they find themselves in the presence of others who understand
the matter."
" When homceopathic physicians and patients
assert that they have seen on themselves and
others the most evident effects from these means,
we must draw our inferences from the consideration of the particular proceeding which is accustomed to be followed. Every change which
occurs in the organism after having taken an
homoeopathic dose, would be considered as the



92

HOM(EOPATHY.

necessary consequence of it. Hence, minute
attention is always more or less directed to the
functions of the body, but this would give rise
to a variety of symptoms even in very healthy
persons, who would otherwise have experienced
nothing. Any one who has a tolerably lively
imagination, may make the experiment on himself. If I were to tell an excitable patient, he
must attentively observe the pulsation of his
heart and arteries, I may reckon to a certainty,
that at my next visit I shall have to hear an account of the surprising symptoms which have
been observed, respecting the heart's action." *
Alluding to the different medical theories
which at various times have had their day, and
after a longer or shorter period have sank into
oblivion, the same author observes; "Each system found its believers and adherents, the number of whom at first greatly increased, and then
gradually diminished. The falling off usually
took place when the charm of novelty had subsided. In proportion as the system ceased to
be new, was the belief lessened in its infallibility, which was generally at first loudly cried
up by the proposers, and the number of fortu
* Psychiche Heilmittelehre, von Dr. Braunlich.



HOM(EOPATHY.

93

nate cures decreased in the same proportion,
until the whole fabric of the system was carried
away in the stream of time, and frequently left
behind scarcely a trace of it in the history of
medicine."
I will also subjoin a few apposite remarks
made by a correspondent in the Medical Gazette, upon the subject.
" The importance of any pretended remedy
for disease, exerts its influence on that great
majority of the public who are necessarily incapable of judging of medical evidence, because
they are ignorant of the extraordinary workings
of the human mind, which exhibit themselves
to medical men only, not in unhealthy individuals alone, but often in those who are apparently free from disease. Experienced medical
men are alone capable of ascertaining the existence or non-existence of disease amongst the
variety and complexity of symptoms which distinguish particular affections; and they alone
can say with certainty, whether disease has actually existed, or if so, whether it is or is not
actually cured by the remedy alleged to have
removed it. For-there is a strong inclination in
mankind generally, to assist in propagating an
imposition  to which  they have themselves



94

HOM(EOPATHY.

yielded, both because it makes them objects of
interest to the public, and because it appears
to justify them in having given it their confidence.
" Again, there are many cases where the complaint has existed only in the imagination of the
patient, and in these it will be no matter of
wonder if the homoeopathic globule in aid of
said imagination should effect a cure. In chronic stomach disorders, also, many patients have
recovered under an homoeopathic doctor, and
thus been the means of exalting his fame,
whereas, it would be easy to show, that such
patients needed only.cautious diet, time, the
abandonment of a habit of taking too much
aperient medicine, and the observance of regular rules, to effect a cure-all of which even
an old-fashioned doctor would, of course, have
directed.
" A gentleman who had been out of health
some time, and had paid but little attention to
the direction of his medical attendant, was advised to consult an homoeopathic physician; he
did so, and remained under his care six weeks,
the doctor making his visit as often as he pleased:
he improved in health-in short, was cured.
'Now,' exclaimed his friend, 'you henceforth



HOMCEOPATHY.

95

stand up in defence of homceopathy.' ' Not at
all; I am more than ever convinced of its fallacy and humbug.   I have followed the plan
of diet, &c., which plan was often urged upon
me by my former medical friend, but not one
of the billionth powders or globules have I
taken.'
" A gentleman had been for some time subject to acute inflammation of the membrana
conjunctiva, and had been attended by a surgeon of great eminence in the metropolis, who
on every occasion had succeeded in subduing
it.  On a recurrence of the complaint, by
the judicious advice of friends, he was 'placed
under the care of an homoeopathic practitioner,
when, after being for six weeks shut up in a
dark room, great attention being paid to his
diet and manner of living, he was cured again
by the wonderful effects of the homoopathic
remedies!!!  This, of course, stamped the
faith of the family, and all became disciples of
Hahnemann. Some time after, one of its members was found in a fit, and the doctor was sent
for. What plan did he adopt?   He belonging
to a school which professes to repudiate bloodletting as pernicious, and almost certainly fatal,
himself immediately bled her, and that not in



96

HOMCEOPATHY.

an homoeopathic quantity, but largely.  She
continued under his care for a few days, but
not recovering, she was by the doctor's own
desire sent into the country in this state, and
handed over to her original medical attendant,
who discovered, and was confirmed in his opinion by an eminent physician, that she had been
suffering from epilepsy, arising from the overloaded state of her stomach and bowels. The
results, of course, effected the moral cure of
the whole family.
" I give you now a case of the mischief that
may arise from adopting this harmless system.
A lady of rank had occasional headaches, for
which she was advised to consult an homceopathic physician.  She had for many years
taken daily aperient medicine, but nevertheless
enjoyed a very good state of health. Her old
medical attendants were summoned to her assistance after about the expiration of twelve
months of homoeopathic treatment. They found
her labouring under congestion of the liver to
an enormous extent, constipated bowels, and
active peritoneal inflammation, all of which had
existed for some days, and had not ' yielded to
the means employed' by the homoeopathist; he
by whose treatment these formidable symptoms



HOM(EOPATHY.

97

had been induced, willingly sneaked out of the
responsibility; true, her life was saved, but she
has never enjoyed her former good health.
'" I have often been amused at the contradictory tales which I have heard on the subject of
homoeopathic cures. For instance, I have been
told that a noble duke has been, by these remedies, cured of his gout; and then I am compelled to hear, that the noble duke is laid up
with gout at his country seat. A distinguished
baronet, also, is cured of the gout, but I hear
again that the senate-house has lost the valuable services of the worthy member, becausehe is confined with the gout. A noble earl is
cured of his most painful malady, tic-douloureux, by homoeopathic treatment; but by his
friends I am assured that his sufferings are still
very great. Another sufferer from this most
dreadful disease, the Marquis of A--, first
stamped the fame of this system as a certain
cure for tic-douloureux, but it is well known
that the noble marquis is still desirous of trying
every remedy which can be suggested for the
alleviation of his sufferings, and it is a remarkable fact, that he has heaped honours and distinctions on many persons who have cured him
F



98

HOMCEOPATHY.

of his malady. It is often dinned in my ears,
that a certain noble earl swears by homoeopathy,
yet that noble earl flies to Malvern with all
avidity, to follow the most dangerous system of
hydropathy for his relief.  These are curious
contradictions, but not more curious than true,
and is it not wonderful that the fact of any
person abandoning a system by which he has
sworn, to adopt another diametrically opposed
to it, should not open the eyes of his friends, as
to the extent of his faith in it? The fact is,
the public have not yet learned the necessity of
inquiring what opportunities those persons have
had, who profess to practise medicine or surgery, of perfecting themselves, not merely in
the knowledge of remedies, but what is of infinitely greater importance, in distinguishing the
character of diseases.  How  many are there
in the ranks of the profession, men of honour
and talent, who have not thought it beneath
them to spend often half their lives in the
drudgei'y of public practice in hospitals and similar institutions, that they might obtain a competent knowledge of diseases, as distinguished
from each other, and of applying remedies to
each individual case! for after all, each case is



HOMCEOPATHY.

99

a particular disease, and cannot be treated in a
wholesale manner, as these systems would induce us to suppose.
" How often do we hear these men, after
they have obtained all the information in their
power, and attained to stations of eminence,
expressing their regret, that they have been
prevented from devoting a still larger portion of
their time in learning an art which is infinite in
its extent and complexity? I mean the art of
detecting and distinguishing diseases under innumerable phases. This, in fact, is the foundation of the art of medicine, for when a disease
is at once surely ascertained and detected, it
is comparatively easy to find its proper remedy,
and to cure it, if it is in its nature curable. The
public, I repeat, make no such inquiries, but
hearing that a case has been cured by an unusual remedy-brandy and salt, or mustardseed, for instance-they immediately infer that
these remedies, if applied by a certain individual, will cure every disease, and therefore
this individual, whether young or old, male or
female, learned or unlearned, is the person to
be consulted, and is preferred to those who have
devoted the best portion of their lives to the
study of their profession."



100

HOMCEOPATHY.

It is unnecessary for me to make much allusion to the works published by homceopathists, as
the degree of estimation to which they are entitled, and the value of the cases which they
contain, will have been pretty effectually shown
in the preceding account, as far as the public is
concerned.
Is there then nothing good in homoeopathy?
Unquestionably - though the good resulting
from homoeopathy is more of a negative than a
positive character, and one advantage of its
introduction into England is that it has tended
to limit the too active medication in chronic
disease, which has so long prevailed to the prejudice of a large portion of the community; and
the suspension of this active medication, during
the homoeopathic treatment, has not unfrequently been a cause of the benefit which has
followed: consequently, homoeopathy is not unlikely to be longer in fashion in England than
it has been in the continental countries, where
a different system of medical practice obtains.
It has likewise led to more minute inquiry into
the action of several remedies, and has thus
tended to make the circumstance more frequently known, that much smaller doses of active substances (especially sedatives and other
i  4



HOMOEOPATHY.

101

remedies having a specific action) than had
been previously supposed, are not unfrequently
highly influential in the alleviation of certain
disordered conditions of the system, when large
doses have failed to benefit. It does not, however, follow from this, that the infinitesimal
doses of the homceopathists have a positive action; for it would be absurd to argue, that because an effect is produced in some exceptional
cases by two, three, or four drops of a tincture,
of which the ordinary dose is from fifteen to
thirty, that a positive result should also ensue
from the administration of the billionth part of
a single drop. It is true, however, that in a
few rare cases where there exists a high degree
of sensibility, or a particular idiosyncrasy, that
effects will result from  inconceivably  small
quantities of active substances; every practitioner must have experienced the unpleasant
consequences which have followed the inadvertent addition to a medicine of a minute
quantity of ipecacuanha or opium, when this
peculiarity has existed. In like manner some
persons are disagreeably affected by flowers or
perfumes, or experience unpleasant sensations
when a cat, a butterfly, or other animal, against
which they have an antipathy, is in the same



102

HOMCEOPATHY.

room, even though they may not have seen it.#
These, however, are exceptions, from which no
general conclusions can be drawn, and these
exceptions have been adduced in proof of the
general action of homoeopathic doses, to which,
as I have shown, not only reason but experience
from trials conducted on a large scale is op.
posed. The only physician whose opinion is
entitled to consideration, from his not being
interested in supporting the practice of homoeopathy, who appears to have been convinced
from some trials that he made of the special
action of homoeopathic doses, is Dr. Millingen,
who, in his " Curiosities of Medical Experience," has adduced half a dozen cases, which he
conceives go to prove the fact. These cases,
however, with one exception, merely corroborate, in my opinion, what has been advanced,
viz., that because some slight ailments and
symptoms subside after an homoeopathic dose,
which the patients for the most part know to be
something unusual, it is not to be inferred that
it is in consequence of a particular virtue in the
drop or globule which has been administered
* " Indeed, the action of homceopathic remedies may be
considered in a certain sense as idiosyncratic."-Madden, Op.
Cit.



HOMOEOPATHY.

103

to them, as we have seen that analogous effects
often occur after a pill or liquid, composed of
inert substance, but which the patient imagines
to possess some extraordinary power.   The
fourth case is that of a young woman, to whom
a homoeopathic dose of a preparation of nux
vomica was given, in whom the peculiar symptoms that usually follow a large dose of strychnine were produced, though she had been led
to believe the remedy prescribed was merely a
dose of calomeL  Now, when we consider that
an ordinary dose of strychnine is only one-sixteenth or one-twelfth of a grain, it would not
occasion much surprise, even admitting that an
homoeopathic infinitesimal dose was actually
given, (the quantity is not stated,) that the
peculiar symptoms of this energetic medicament
should be produced in an isolated case. The
only fair test is to make experiments with this
or any other homoeopathic dose on a number
of individuals; this has been done by impartial
persons, and also by homoeopathists themselves,
subject to the supervision of others; and, as
has been seen from some of the instances adduced in the preceding pages, the result has
been always a failure. Homoeopathy has further tended to make more generally known



104

HOMOEOPATHY.

what may be effected in many disordered conditions of the economy, by a due attention to
regimen, by the imagination, and the unaided
powers of the constitution, and in this way like.
wise has rendered some service.
A good deal has been said by the homoeopathists in England about the homoeopathic
hospitals abroad.  The only ones of which I
know are the one at Leipsic, of which I have
spoken, and the one at Vienna, of the practice
of which the following report is given by Dr.
Balfour (in the British and Foreign Medical
Review for October, 1846). The homoeopathic
hospital is a private one in the convent of the
sisters of charity in one of the suburbs, and
contains fifty beds; and since 1845, has been
under the care of Dr. Fleischmann. Hahnemann's empirical rules as to rubbings and shakings are disregarded - the diet is light and
simple-no coffee, tea, or wine is allowed.
"In taking into consideration the adjuvants to
the treatment, the religious character of the
establishment must not be forgotten. The patients find themselves surrounded by all the
consolations of religion, by everything which,
in their opinion, tends to ensure, in the event
of death, a speedy passage of the soul to the



HOMCEOPATHY.

105

realms of bliss-their minds thus set at rest
with respect to futurity, they are less gloomy
and desponding, and consequently react more
favourably upon the body than under the opposite circumstances. The severer their disease,
the more closely do they grasp their rosaries
and crucifixes. The superiority of the attendance is also one great advantage in favour of
this hospital, independently of the important
fact just stated, that the nurses are spiritual as
well as temporal comforters. The comparative
youth of the patients in this hospital must also
be taken into consideration; out of three hundred and twenty patients, two hundred and
forty-five were under thirty years of age, and
only four above sixty.  The circumstance of
comparative youth under all kinds of treatment
has an immense influence upon the ultimate
result."
"Again-the patients are admitted and dis
charged by the physicians without any control;
so that, to say the least, it requires a man to be
very conscientious to decide impartially between
temporary improvement and perfect cure, especially when he recollects that the fate of his
creed, and of his institution, depends upon the
nature of his returns to government, which are
v5



106

HOM(EOPATHY.

made monthly.    Cases discharged apparently
cured may apply for readmission, and be under
some pretext or other refused, while,, to disarm
suspicion, a few whose relapses are more manageable may be readmitted. I have seen at
least one patient refused admittance, and that,
too, the very day after his discharge, without
any good obvious reason; it was that of a boy
with effusion into the right pleura, following
scarlatina. There was also a general anasarcous state of the body, which speedily disappeared, but the chief complaints remained obstinate, and after thirty-three: days' treatment
with bryonia, (second dilution,) he was dismissed, slightly improved. This is not the only
case of effusion into the chest which has been
dismissed unimproved during the period of my
observation, yet this scarcely agrees with Dr.
Fleischmann's returns, as out of twelve with
exudation in the pleura during ten years, he
says he hascured all, but three, who died; and a
physician of the general hospital assured me
that many such cases, after having been dismissed by Dr. F., and subsequently refused
admission, have applied to him for relief, which
they have obtained by the use of purgatives
and baths. Then again I may say, there are



HOMCEOPATHY.

107

hundreds of trifling cases admitted here which
would not have been admitted into any hospital
in England, and even of these comparatively trifling cases  many remain for weeks, nay,
months, in the hospital, while more acute or
more interesting cases are hurried out too often
with the cure incomplete. When the patient
recovers, the case is published as one of the
triumphs of homoeopathy, whilst the many similar cases, where even homoeopathic treatment
has proved unavailing, are silently passed over,
or are recorded as instances of the imperfection
of the human. intellect."
c' The whole process of the admissions and discharge of patients is mysterious; still so much
is certain, that most of those admitted have
been previously visited at their homes by the
assistant.  I feel convinced  that the great
secret of Dr. F.:s great seeming success lies in
the fact of the admissions and dismissals being
uncontrolled, and there being no check on the
diagnosis; rarely other than well-marked cases
have the diagnosis written on the board at their
bed.head, the others being left blank, and entered in his book, of course, as he pleases.
"' Homoeopathic remedies are not exclusively
trusted to, for Dr. F. uses cold applications to



108

HOMCEOPATHY.

the head in delirium, and sometimes in headache; cold washings of the body in fevers, and
in arthritis cloths dipped in cold water, surrounded by oil-silk, applied to the affected
parts. He also has for constipation clysters of
warm water, or water mixed with a little salt;
and in diarrhcea rice clysters. He told me
that neither he nor any other homoeopathists ever
gave emetics or purgatives, and yet I heard
his assistant once order a woman a spoonful of
oil.
Dr. F. does not adopt the similia similibus,
one drug serving for a great many diseases.
" Two or three fatal cases are given in the
report, and fifteen per cent; three out of nineteen having died,"  whereas Skoda's cases of
pneumonia in the general hospital during the
same time amounted to forty-five, the deaths
three, being an average of 6.6 per cent., no
blood-letting being employed.
" I think you will see," concludes Dr. Balfour, "by what I have stated, that the strength
of the homeoopathists lies not in the greater
rationality- or superiority of their practice,
but is founded on the weakness of allopathy,
that they do not help their patients, but, if they
are strict homoeopathists, are for ever shut out



HOMCEOPATHY.              109
from helping them; that in their treatment of
acute disease, their success depends entirely on
the hitherto unrecognised powers of nature.
All the magic influence of their infinitesimal
doses of phosphorus, &c., being emulated, if
not excelled, by the heroic virtues of the extractum graminis."*
* An inert substance.



NOTES

ILLUSTRATIVE OF. THE
INFLUENCE OF THE MIND ON THE BODY.
THE great influence exerted by the imagination and other mental faculties on the exercise
of the bodily functions, and in the production
and removal of disease, has not received from
medical practitioners the degree of consideration
to which its importance entitles it, notwithstanding the effects of this influence are daily seen in
the practice of medicine, and the subject has occupied the pens of several eminent individuals,
both in ancient and more recent times. It is
not my intention to enter at any length into the
consideration of this subject, which would suffice to fill several volumes, but I purpose adding



NOTES.

111

as a pendant to, the remarks already made, a few
illustrations, by which it will be seen that this
influence has not been over-estimated in the
preceding pages.
The faculty which so frequently enhances enjoyment by anticipation,
"Whose might
Can makethe desert heavenly fair,
And fill with forms divinely bright,
The dreary vacancy of air,"
and to which, when under proper control, the
civilized world owes so large a share of its happiness, is also unfortunately instrumental in the
production of much of the misery that exists, by
the gloomy foreboding of expected evils, or by
-the ideal aggravation of present misfortunes.
While on the one hand, the happy effects of a
well-grounded  confidence are daily   brought
under the observation of the medical practitioner in the recovery of patients under the
most unfavourable circumstances; on the other,
the direful consequences of this instrumentality
are strongly exhibited during the prevalence of
some epidemic diseases, which are known to
affect individuals in proportion to the degree of
apprehension that prevails; whereas medical
men and others, who under these circumstances



112

NOTES.

are not so liable to be influenced by the terrors
of an excited imagination, are'much less likely
to be affected by the disease, or, if they are attacked, the termination is favourable in a large
proportion of cases.  In many instances, again,
and especially after accidents and operations,
though the circumstances appear to be most
favourable for recovery, yet if the moral of the
patients be so influenced as to make them apprehend an unfavourable termination, how frequently does it not occur that these prognostications are verified by the result! In like manner, predictions of the occurrence of disease or
death at a certain period, by the hold they obtain on the patient's imagination, occasionally
bring about their own fulfilment. It is said,
that in the Sandwich Islands there is a sect who
assume the power of praying people to death:
1" Whoever incurs their displeasure, receives notice that the homicide litany is about to commence, and such are the effects of the imagina.
tion, that the very notice is sufficient with these
people to produce the effect." It is mentioned
by Hearne in his Journey, that " Such is the
confidence of the North American Indians in
professors of the magic art, that they appear



NOTES.

113

capable of curing the most serious diseases without resorting to any physical means; and the
feats of their malignity plunge individuals into
diseases which often terminate fatally. One of
these Indians, Matonabbi by name, conceiving
that Hearne was in possession of supernatural
powers, requested him to kill, by magic, a man
against whom he entertained a deadly hatred.
To oblige him, Hearne, without dreading any
bad consequences, drew some figures upon a
piece of paper, and gave it to Matonabbi, advising him to make it as public as possible. Matoiabbi's enemy, who enjoyed perfectly good health,
had scarcely heard of the paper, when he became
melancholy, drooped, refused food, and died in a
few days."
The two following cases are stated in a recent
work.*  "A weak-minded man, a clergyman,
drinking wine in company, swallowed a bit of
sealing-wax, when one of his companions seeing
him alarmed, to increase his terror, jocularly
called out, 'It will seal up your bowels.' From
that instant he became melancholy, and in a
day,or two refused all nourishment. On being
pressed to give a reason for this refusal, he said
-  Preservation of Heath of Body and Mind, by Forbes:
Winslow.



114

NOTES.

he knew that nothing would go through him.
He was, however, induced to take a cathartic,
which operated freely; nevertheless, he could
not be convinced but that his body was hermetically sealed, and with the exception of a little
broth, which he was frightened into taking, he
refised to swallow anything, and died in consequence."
"A young farmer, who detected an old woman
breaking sticks from his hedge for fire-wood,
seized her and threatened her with the terrors
of the law. After some struggling she released
herself from his grasp, and kneeling on the fagot
in the bright moonlight, stretching her withered
arms out to heaven, addressed him, already
shivering with cold, in the following wordsSHeaven grant that thou never mayest know
again the blessing to be warm.' He complained
of cold all the next day, wore an upper coat,
and in a few days another. In a fortnight he
took to his bed, saying nothing could make
him warm, covered himself with many blankets,
placed a sieve over his face, and from this single hallucination from fear of the cold air, he
kept his bed upwards of twenty years, when he
died."
The author of the "Anatomy of Melancholy"



NOTES.

115

thus expresses himself on the subject: " Sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension will take
away diseases; in both kinds it will produce
real effects. Men, if they see but another man
tremble, giddy, or sick of some disease, their
apprehension and fear is so strong in this kind,
that they will have the same disease; or if by
some soothsayer, wise man, fortune-teller, or
physician, they be told they will have such a
disease, they will so seriously apprehend it, that
they will instantly labour of it. If it be told
them they shall be sick on such a day, when
that day comes they will surely be sick, and will
be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes they die
upon it."
Again, " As some are so molested by phantasie, so some again by fancy alone, and a good
conceit, are as easily cured. We see commonly
the toothache, gout, falling-sickness, and many
such diseases, cured by spells, words, characters,
and charms. All the world knows there is no
virtue in such charms, but a strong conceit and
opinion alone."
I need scarcely allude to the more common
effects of the imagination and of moral impressions known to every one, as illustrated by the
production of blushing, paleness, fainting, pri


116

6NOTES.

vation of appetite, disturbance of disgestion, and
other functions;* but it is too often overlooked,
that similar impressions are very frequently instrumental in the production and keeping up of
a large proportion of chronic diseases; hence, a
cause of the intractableness of many of them
under a treatment exclusively medicinal.
A great many of the disorders of the digestive
apparatus met with in a metropolis like London
are induced and kept up by anxiety, the worry
of particular avocations, and the annoyances and
perplexities to which the professional, mercantile, and trading classes of the community are
especially subjected. Such complaints may persist, or be constantly recurring for an indnfinite
period, deriving but temporary alleviation from
medicine; but they not unfrequently cease spontaneously, rif any circumstance occur to counteract the influence of the above-mentioned causes;
as partial change of habits, a short residence in
the country, the undertaking of a journey of
pleasure, &c. The same may be said of the
class of nervous disorders, many of which are
occasioned and kept up solely by causes of a
moral nature, as seen in the occurrence of some

" Unquiet meals make ill digestions."
SHAKSPEARE.



NOTES.

117

convulsive affections, viz. hysteria from mental
emotion or antipathy, epilepsy from fright, &c.
Deep sorrow, disappointment, and other analogous causes, are but too often the latent occasion
of complaints whichlong resist the efforts of medicine, for the iritractableness of which no obvious
reasons can be assigned, and by their depressing influence on the-vital powers, are frequently productive of some of the most distressing organic diseases to which humanity is
subject.
A large proportion of cancerous diseases originate in grief, disappointment, and similar
depressing causes which interfere with the free
capillary circulation, and alter the innervation
of parts. Consumption is not unfrequently indiuced by the same influence, or by a combination of mental and physical causes, the operation
of which being necessarily very slow and gradual, mostly escapes observation till the germs
of disease are firmly engrafted in the system,
and only await the action of an exciting cause
to bring them into activity.  The complaint
termed nostalgia, or home-sickness, is likewise
a striking example. In these cases the individual, torn away from his country to fight or
labour in foreign lands, droops and pines away



118

NOTES.

without exhibiting the symptoms of disease of
any particular organ, until a hope be held out
of his speedy return, when the cure will sometimes be effected as if by enchantment.* Dr.
Carrick, who had many opportunities of witnessing this disease, says of the Scotch labouring under it, "They get dull, will not eat, cannot
sleep, or if they do, they dream but of friends
and home; the disease is daily on the increase.
There is but one cure; put them into a homeward-bound vessel, and let them tread once
more their native shore.     The same effect is
also produced by disappointment in love; the
female form cannot endure the worm that feeds
upon the damask cheek. The concealment of
her passion brooding among the ruins of her
peace, produces a mental anguish, under which
the body soon sinks."
With how much greater ease and lightness
* One of our most justly esteemed poets has thus alluded to
this malady:
"The intrepid Swiss who guards a foreign shore,
Condemn'd to climb the mountain cliffs no more,
If chance he hear the song so sweetly wild,
Which on those cliffs his infant hours beguil'd,
Melts at the long-lost scenes which round him rise,
And sinks a martyr to repentant sighs."
Pleasures of Memory.



NOTES.

119

are all the bodily functions performed, when the
mind is free from care and we are in good spirits!
How languid, on the contrary, is the flow of the
"nimble spirits in the arteries," when we are
" besieged with sable-coloured melancholy!" and
how much more liable are we under these circumstances to be affected by deleterious agencies
of a physical nature!  In an advancing army,
flushed with conquest, disease rarely appears;
if, however, the same body of men be dispirited
by defeat and on a retreat, disease to a great
extent will not fail to manifest itself, should
they be exposed to any of its more common
causes. The British troops in Walcheren continued tolerably healthy, notwithstanding the
deleterious influence of the climate, till circumstances occurred" to depress their moral. The
same effects were seen on a larger scale on the
retreat of the French from Moscow, and there is
no doubt, that had the army been advancing
with a prospect of good quarters, instead of
being in retreat and undisciplined, it would
have supported the privations consequent on
the rigour of the season and scantiness of food,
with the loss of a comparatively small number
of men.
The power of the imagination and of faith is



120

NOTES.

constantly exemplified in the action of remedies,
especially in diseases of a nervous character.
Thus we see that many patients, and more especially nervous and hypochondriacal ones, often
find themselves much better after first consulting a new medical attendant.* Fresh remedies,
when first tried, are often attended with a remarkable amelioration, and not unfrequently
arrest the attacks of epilepsy, neuralgia, &c. or
mitigate their severity; particularly if the patient had been led to expect great advantage
from their administration. In these cases, however, as the novelty subsides, and the patient
becomes more accustomed to the remedy, its
good effects frequently cease to be manifest.
* Delille, in allh.ding to the effects of Mesmerism, says"Tous se felicitoient de leurs metamorphoses,
La vielle Egl6 croyoit voir renattre ses roses,
Le viellard decrepit se ranimant peu-a-peu
D'un retour de sant6 menagoit son neveu;
Le jeune homme a vingt ans, rid6 par la mollesse,
Se promettoit encore quelques jours de jeunesse.
Mesmer courut ailleurs porter son art aimable;
Chaque malade au fond de son appartement,
Tout seul avec ses maux s'enterra tristement,
Et des remedes vains implorant la puissance,
II perdit le plux doux en perdant l'esp6rance."
L'IMAGINATION.



NOTES.

121

Patients who entertain an idea that they require a course of mercury, will often derive
great benefit, and will actually feel a soreness
of the mouth, accompanied with an increased
flow of saliva, on taking pills composed of bread
or other inert substances, provided they believe
themselves to be taking mercury. It is stated
in the "Dictionnaire des Sciences M6dicales,"
that a physician gave a peasant a prescription
for a.purgative, saying, " Take this."  The
man, on his return home, actually swallowed
the paper, which produced a similar effect to
what would have resulted, had he taken the
remedy prescribed. He returned in a day or
two-to the physician, to say that the purgative
had quite cured him. At the period of Corvisart's lecturing on the diseases of the heart,
many of the students became affected with palpitation and other symptoms of these diseases,
and it is well known that when medical students
and non-professional persons read descriptions
of diseases, they often become affected with
some of the symptoms; or, if they had previously any of the symptoms, about which they
had been reading, these are almost constantly
aggravated from  their attention being more
strongly directed towards them.  The power
G



122

NOTES.

of the imagination and mental impressions in
producing hysteria is well known. Analogous
influences, and an exertion of the will, also frequently prevent the recurrence of attacks of
this disease. On the same principle are easily
explicable the cures which have been performed
from persons being placed on the tombs of
saints; by touching holy relics; by pilgrimages
to particular places; as in thdse affected with
St. Vitus's dance who were cured in the sixteenth century by a pilgrimage to a chapel dedicated to this saint near Ulm. I have given,
in my work on Nervous Disorders, some cases
of partial or total paralysis, in which the persons have continued helpless for years, and have
ultimately recovered, either spontaneously or
after some strong moral impression; but as it
would be somewhat out of place to cite here
detailed medical cases, I prefer illustrating the
remarks which have been made, by a quotation
or two from a work. in general circulation:-"A
large body of sailors resorted to Sadler's Wells
theatre one night, and amongst them a man
who was deaf and dumb, and had been so for
many years. This man was placed by his shipmates in the front row in the gallery. Grimaldi
was in great force that night, and although the
r' 4.



NOTES.

123

audience were in one roar of laughter, nobody
appeared to enjoy the fun and humour more
than this poor fellow. As the scene progressed
Grimaldi's tricks and jokes became still more
irresistible, and at length, after a violent peal of
laughter and applause, which quite shook. the
theatre, in which the dumb man joined most
heartily, he suddenly turned to his mate who
sat next him, and cried out with much glee' What a d-d funny fellow!'-' Why, Jack,'
shouted, the other, starting back with surprise,
'can you speak?'-' Speak,' returned the other,
'ay, that I can, and hear too.' The man, who
appeared an intelligent and well-behaved fellow,
said, that in the earlier part of his life he could
both speak and hear very well, and that he attributed his deprivation of the two senses to the
intense heat 'of the sun in the quarter of the
world from which he had recently returned.
He added, that he had for a long time felt a
powerful anxiety to express his delight at what
was passing on the stage, and that after some
feat of Grimaldi's, which struck him as particularly amusing, he had made a strong effort to
deliver his thoughts, in which, to his great astonishment, no less than that of his comrades, he
succeeded."
G 2



124

NOTES.

" When Grimaldi, worn out by premature old
age, was almost deprived of the use of his limbs,
so as to be scarcely able to stand or walk, he
was visited by a friend, and when, with much
difficulty, he had descended from his bed-room
to the parlour, his friend informed him, with
great care and delicacy, that his son was dead.
" In one instant every feeling of decrepitude
and bodily weakness left him, his limbs recovered their original vigour, all his lassitude
and debility vanished, a difficulty of breathing,
under which he had long laboured, disappeared,
and starting from his seat, he rushed to his
wife's chamber, tearing, without the smallest
difficulty, up a flight of stairs, which a quarter
of an hour before it had taken him ten minutes
to climb. He hurried to her bedside, told her
that her son was dead, heard her first passionate
exclamation of grief, and, falling into a chair,
was once again an enfeebled and crippled old
man."*
The following cases will likewise serve to illustrate the beneficial effects of moral impressions in certain diseased states of the system.
" At the siege of Buda, that city had suffered
from the effects of a long conflict, and the inha* Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.



NOTES.

125

bitants had experienced the miseries of fatigue,
bad provisions, and anxiety of mind. The scurvy
had also made great progress among the besieged; the place was on the eve of being surrendered to the enemy, when the Prince of Orange
introduced letters to the men, promising them
speedy assistance; a medicine which was represented to possess wonderful efficacy, and to be
almost beyond price, was forwarded for the use
of the garrison. Three small phials containing
this precious panacea were given to each physician; this stratagem was completely successful.
It was stated that three or four drops were sufficient to impart a healing virtue to a gallon of
liquor. Invalids flocked in crowds to the physicians; many who had not moved their limbs for
a month before, were seen walking the streets
perfectly well."*
At the time when Sir H. Davy was assisting
Dr. Beddoes in his experiments on the inhalation of nitrous oxide, Dr. B. having inferred
that the oxide must be a specific for palsy, a
patient was selected for trial, and placed under
the care of Davy. Previous to administering
the gas, Davy inserted a small thermometer
under the tongue of the patient to ascertain the
* Winslow, op. cit.



126

NOTES.

temperature. The paralytic man, wholly ignorant of the process to which he was to be subjected, but deeply impressed by Dr. Beddoes
with the certainty of its success, no sooner felt
the thermometer between his teeth, than he
concluded the talisman was in operation, and in
a burst of enthusiasm, declared that he already
experienced the effects of its benign influence
throughout his whole body. The opportunity
was too tempting to be lost. Davy did nothing
more, but desired his patient to return the following day. The same ceremony was repeated,
and the same result followed, and at the end of a
fortnight he was dismissed cured, no remedy of
any kind, except the thermometer, having been
used.
When the metallic tractors were in vogue for
the cure of several complaints, by being applied
to the parts affected, Dr. Haygarth tried the
experiment of preparing tractors composed of
other than metallic substances, but which were
made to resemble the original ones, and equally
advantageous results ensued from their application.
I will subjoin three other cases which appeared in the papers, and were considered as
evidencing the special interposition of a super


NOTES.

127

natural agency, having been cried up as miracles
in the localities where they occurred.
" Miracle in the river Ouse. - Charlotte
Beeby, late of Elstow, aged twenty-five, an inhabitant of Biddenham, has for the last five
years been a cripple, with an affection of the
back, the lower limbs being perfectly paralysed.
The affection had resisted the treatment of
many practitioners. Being acquainted with the
episcopalian church doctrines taught by the
Rev. Mr. Matthews of this town, she conceived
that if she were baptized by that gentleman she
would recover. Accordingly, the reverend gentleman, at half-past ten at night, in the presence
of a hundred spectators, converts to his doctrines, proceeded to the river Biddenham, whither the diseased person was removed in a cart,
as usual when moved about. Mr. Matthews,
going into the river to support her, immersed
her in the water, when she immediately said,
' Leave me go, I can walk,' and walked out of
the water, and ran some little distance up a hill
till she was exhausted, but she has retained the
use of her limbs ever since."
Similar cases, occurring for the most part in
females, are recorded from time to time, and are
not unfrequently considered as miraculous cures



128

NOTES:

by those who are ignorant of their nature, which,
I believe, I first explained in my work on Nervous Disorders, as depending upon a debility of
the faculty of volition.  These cases not unfrequently continue for months or years, being
often kept up by habit, unless circumstances
occur which forcibly impress: the mind, and excite this faculty to activity, as in the above instance, as well as that of the thermometer
placed under the tongue by Sir H. Davy. The
case of the voice being restored in consequence
of the impression produced by Grimaldi's antics,
as also that which I have related under the
head of homceopathy, of loss of voice being cured
by starch pills, which the patient supposed to
be homoeopathic remedies, are of a similar na-:
ture, the affection being restricted to the muscles concerned in the formation of the voice in
these instances..The paralytic patients formerly cured by being placed on the tomb of the
Abbe Paris, laboured under a similar affection,
of which I have given several examples in the
work 'above referred to, but which being frequently mistaken by the patient's friends as
well as by members of the profession, for a consequence of structural disease, is too often intractable under a purely medical treatment, and



NOTES.

129

the sufferings of the patients are indefinitely
prolonged, when they might often be removed
by a proper employment of psychical measures.
In the following case, which is of an analogous
nature, the limb was contracted, and could not
be extended from the same cause, and there was
besides anormal sensibility of the skin, which is
a very ordinary concomitant of these complaints,
but which frequently leads practitioners into the
error of supposing the disease to be of an inflammatory nature.  Though to appearance
alarming, these cases almost always recover
sooner or later, unless, from bad management,
or from long confinement, disease of some internal organ be induced.
Extraordinary Miracle.-The Union Catholique of Monday last, contains a letter dated
Nice, the 9th October, 1842, which relates a
most extraordinary miracle that had just happened in that town, and of which the writer was
an eye-witness! The circumstances are briefly
as follow:--' The young Countess de Maistre,
twenty-one years old, daughter of the Governor
of Nice, had for four months lived in almost continual sufferings, contractions, and spasms. The
labours she had undergone in the convent of
the Sacred Heart at Turin, where she was a
G5



130

NOTES.

novice, had caused a swelling in her feet.
Leeches, unseasonably applied, had injured the
nerves, and this, which was at first only a slight
inconvenience, became at last a distemper of a
very frightful character. One of her legs became contracted, bent back, and fixed in a
strained and unnatural position, (dans un etat
de flexion exageree,) so that the knee became
twisted, and the foot rested firmly and immoveably on the hip. All this was accompanied by
frightful suffering.' Being unable to fulfil the
duties of the monastery, her mother brought
her home early in last July, 'her life already
despaired of, neither eating or sleeping, always
in pain, able neither to walk nor sit, nor remain
in bed.' She got worse every day in spite of
the attentions of three excellent physicians.
She had besides crises of convulsion; she would
fall down on the ground, be covered with black
marks, her eyes turned round in her head, and
her arms grew benumbed. The day of her
cure, four hours before the miracle, she was
visited by two of the physicians, who examined
the limb: The same evening the surgeon came
to the house, and seeing her, could not help
saying,' There is no hope, I cannot work miracles.'"  Such was the state of the patient which.



NOTES -

181

we have described "pretty fully from the letter.
In the rest of the case we must be more brief.
A daughter of the Countess de Komar had a
great devotion for a canon,, Dom Gaspard del
Bufalo, who died in December, 1838, in the
odour of sanctity, after having founded an order
of Missionaries of the Precious Blood, and
worked miracles of all kinds during a laborious
course of evangelical labours in Piedmont and
Italy. Mdlle. de Komar had, for some days
past, persuaded Mdlle. de Maistre to join her
in a Noveria, and in'certain other devotions, towards this holy man. On the 8th October, at
noon, in the midst of these devotions, Mdlle.
Komar, 'urged to do so by a secret and irresistible power, commanded Mdlle. de Maistre,
in a loud voice, in the name of God, and by the
merits of his servant, to do her utmost to stretch
out her leg.   ' Frances,' said she to her,
' stretch out your leg, try, try.' The patient
did so move her leg, and leaping from her bed,
turew herself into her friend's arms, and cried
out, '.Nathalie, I am cured.' The physicians
were at once sent for, and, on examination, they
found.that. the knee, lately ossified, was now
sound.and flexible. It was straight, smooth,
white, and perfectly sound; on being repeatedly



132

NOTES.

squeezed, it was perfectly free from pain, though
the moment before she had not been able to endure the slightest contact of the linen. The
cure occurred at half-past three, P.M. and all the
rest of the day Mdlle. Maistre continued on foot,
receiving visits from the chief people of the
place.  The next morning she heard three
masses, kneeling, and received the blessed
Sacrament with all her family. Afterwards she
went to the hospital, and when the letter was
written, she was going from bed to bed, visiting
and consoling the sick. The particulars of this
occurrence, with the depositions of the physicians, have been sent to Rome. The rumour of
it has spread to Genoa, Turin, and through
Piedmont, where it has caused the most lively
emotion."-Morning Herald, Dec. 1842.
In the next case the cure was produced by the
same means, being in consequence of the report
of the former one. It was likewise headed" A  Modern Miracle,"-said to have been
wrought at Plombieres, was also recorded in the
Union Catholique:-" A   young girl, who for
some years had been confined to her bed, by a
disease which baffled the skill of several eminent
physicians, was deemed to be incurable. For
the last four months her body appeared to be



NOTES.

133"

dead; she was incapable of moving either of her
limbs, or even of raising her hand to take the
light nourishment presented to her; she, nevertheless, preserved her intellectual faculties. For
some time lately, she became still more debilitated, and was believed to be dying, and prayers
were put up to God that he would put an end
to her agony. At this period, the cure of the
parish read an account of the miracle which had
been performed at Nice, and commenced a
neuvaine, in the hope that the Deity might have
the same benevolence towards his suffering
parishioner. Nine congregationists communiacted on Thursday the 10th ult., and on the
18th, mass was performed at the altar of the
holy Virgin; the young girls of the parish communicating in the name of the sick person. At
the same time a pious woman repeated the mass
to the poor girl, who was placed on her knees at
the foot of the bed. At seven o'clock she communicated; at eight o'clock, and between the
two elevations of the host, the long-suffering
woman got up and seated herself on the bed,
exclaiming, '0, I no longer feel ill; and if I
continue thus, I am cured.' She had not spoken
for a long time before, and she could bear no
light in her eyes without enduring great pain.



134

NOTES.

After the mass, she remained for some time perfectly tranquil, and then getting up, suddenly
spoke with all the force of a person in full health,
saying, 'I am   cured-O, a miracle! leave me
alone, and I will get up and walk.' Astonishment filled the rhinds of all present. As no
others were at hand, they put a pair of wooden
shoes on her feet, and she walked in them with
all the steadiness of any other person. In a few
minutes the room was filled with people, and all
present,-with tears of joy in their eyes, joined in
chanting the Te Deum.    A mass of thanksgiving
was perfornped in the church; the bells were
rung, and the whole place was full of emotion.
Those who were without faith became believers,
and all joined in prayers to God."--Times, Dec.
15, 1842.*
Dr. Warren, of Boston, relates the case of a
lady who had a tumour of the glands of the neck,
of the size of an egg, which had lasted two years,
and had resisted all the efforts for its removal,
* In many cases time effects a cure after the failure of every
other means. Several years ago, I saw a young man who had
suddenly lost his voice about five years previously, and who had
no hope of its restoration. I stated my opinion that it was not
unlikely to be restored at some time or other. This has since
occurred, an interval of twelve years having elapsed between
the attack and recovery.



NOTES.

135

so that an operation was proposed. To this the
patient objected, but asked whether it would be
safe to make an application which had been recommended to her, viz., touching the part three
times with a dead man's hand. Dr. W. assured
her that she might make the trial without apprehending any serious consequences. After a
time, she again presented herself, and smiling,
informed him that she had used this remedy and
no other, and on examining the part, he found
the tumour had,disappeared.    The cure of
scrofulous swellings and sores in former days,
by the royal touch, is also attributable to the
power of the imagination, on the absorption of
parts.
Imitation and habit influence in a remarkable
manner the actions of the economy in health
and disease. How frequently do we not see one
person imitating the gestures of another, without being aware of the circumstance? * Children, in whom the imitative faculty is- most
strong, readily adopt the gestures and even the
tone of voice of their parents or other persons
with whom they are associated. The action of
" It is certain that wise bearing or ignorant carriage is caught,
as men take diseases one of another; therefore let men take
heed of their company."-HENRY IV., Part 2.



136

NOTES.

yawning, when we see others yawn, is a familiar
example of the power of imitation. Muscular
twitching of parts, squinting and stammering,
are not unfrequently acquired by imitation, and
are subsequently kept up by habit for an indefinite period. St. Vitus's dance occurs in some
children in consequence of their associating with
others affected with this complaint, which is in
many cases kept up for a long time by habit
alone. The same may be said of epilepsy, and
other nervous affections. It is a matter of common observation, that if one female have an
hysterical attack, in a place where several are
congregated, as in the ward of an hospital, or in
any public assembly, others frequently become
similarly affected, The mode adopted by Boerhaave, of arresting an epidemic of a convulsive
nature, has been repeatedly quoted by medical
writers, as illustrating the power of imitation
and of moral impression over these disorders.
A girl labouring under attacks of an epileptic
nature was placed in the ward of a public institution, with other girls, who all became affected
in a similar manner, and the complaint continued to prevail epidemically, till Boerhaave
assembled all the patients together, and heating
before their eyes a number of iron rods, expressed



NOTES.

137

his determination to apply a~ red-hot rod on the
face of the first who should have an attack.
None of them had any recurrence, and the epidemic ceased as if by magic. Epidemics of a
somewhat similar kind have at different times
been propagated by imitation over a considerable extent of country; as in the case of the.dancing mania, which extended so widely in the
sixteenth century. Laughter is also frequently
excited by imitation, and sometimes under circumstances but' little likely to occasion merriment. Wesley relates, that paroxysms of uncontrollable laughter occurred at some of his
prayer-meetings. He himself, and some of his
most zealous followers, could not resist the infection, but laughed as loudly as the rest. He
accounts for the circumstance by ascribing it to
the influence of Satan.
The power of habit is further seen in the facility with which persons, under certain circumstances, accustom themselves to bear with but
little inconvenience extremes of temperature;
to digest with facility articles of food which
would cause an attack of illness to those less
accustomed to their use; or to require but a small
quantity of sleep. By this power the eye becomes enabled to discern minute objects in com


138

NOTES.

parative obscurity. The ear of a North American Indian applied to the ground, can hear
advancing footsteps at a distance that appears
incredible to Europeans. After the loss of one
sense the other senses become, by the habit of
cultivation, extremely susceptible to impressions
made on their organs. When a person is deprived of his hands, the sense of touch may become surprisingly developed in other parts of
the body, as the feet. Many diseases are greatly
under the influence of habit, especially epilepsy,
hysteria, and others, which occur at periodical
intervals. The paroxysms of an intermittent
fever are sometimes kept up by habit. Abortion is liable to recur at a similar period of pregnancy from this influence. In these cases the
disorders are often kept up until some circumstance occurs which tends to break the chain of
habitual- recurrence. Moral impressions have
frequently this effect, as seen in the cases related
in the preceding pages. Change of scene and
mode of living also have a beneficial effect in
many instances. Some remedies, which have
an energetic action, and other, means in which
the patient is led to place great confidence, produce an advantageous result in some cases, while,
-in others which have resisted a variety of remedial measures, time alone effects the cure.



NOTES.

139

It is unnecessary to, lengthen this work by
any further examples of the influence exerted by
the mind on the body, enough having been said
to enable those who have perused it to form an
estimate of the power of this influence; as also
of the value to be set upon homoeopathy.
SPALE, PNTER, SAVOY STR:ET, SAD
0. 1. PALMER, PILlNTERp SAVOY STRICETý STAAND.



NOTICES OF THE FORMER EDITIONS.
" The remarks on this rage are characterized by moderation and good sense."
-Spectator.
" Mr. Lee's was the first notice of the Cold Water Cure which appeared in
England. We admired the cautious and temperate style in which he treated it.
His views on the subject are sober and rational."-Atlas.
" It will repay perusal to those who are thinking of placing themselves under
the care of the water doctors."--Athencum.
" An able dissertation."-United Service Gazette.
" Mr. Lee's remarks are precisely what we expected from his candour and
acuteness."-Court Journal.
" Gives a very fair and rational view of the merits and fallacies of this mode of
treatment."-MIedical Gazette.
WORKS ON MINERAL WATERS.
Lately published, 1 vol., price 4s. 6-d.
PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS on MINERAL WATERS
and BATHS.      Contents: On mineral waters in general-Classification and effects-Employment of-Adaptation to diseased states--
Sea-bathing - Artificial mineral waters- Notes on continental climates.
" We suppose no member of the profession in this country is so well acquainted with its actual state upon the continent as the author of the little work
before us. We have frequently derived advantage from the accounts his somewhat prolific pen has furnished, and we can especially recommend the present
production to the notice of our readers. Mr. Lee, moreover, long as he has
been accustomed to a continental residence, has not returned with that enthusiastic and exclusive admiration of everything not to be found in this island,
which is so ridiculous in some who have written, and in more who speak on the
subject. On the contrary, his remarks and limitations to the utility of the
mineral waters are very discriminate and just. The author's practical acquaintance with the true character in the various climates enables him to add much
incidental information on that head."-M-ledico-Chirurgical Review.
" A good epitome on the subject of mineral waters."--Athenaum.
" The account is able, just, and intelligent."-Atlas.
" Contains a considerable amount of useful practical information on the subject."-Foreign Quarterly.
J. CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.
THE     BATHS of GERMANY, with Notices of the chief
French and Swiss baths. Third re-issue, price 6s.
THE MINERAL SPRINGS of ENGLAND, and their
Curative Efficacy, &c.   Price 4s. WHITTAKER AND Co.
Just published by the same Author.
THE MEDICAL REFORM QUESTION; a Supplement
to "C Remarks on Medical Organization and Reform."
OBSERVATIONS on the MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
and Practice of France, Italy, and Germany; with a parallel between British and Foreign Medicine and Surgery. Second edition,
price 7s.
Preparing for publication, the Third Edition, enlarged, of
A TREATISE on some NERVOUS DISORDERS.





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