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The Soos of To=day
American and Canadian.
The Key to the Great Lakes, a Nation's Commerce Passes by
its Doors-The Greatest Locks in the World Illustrated and
Described-The Establishment of Great Industries and the
Development of the rich Algoma Country is Building up Great
Cities where once the Red Man held Undisputed Sway-'The
Romance and Legend of the Land of Hiawatha.
Illustrated from Photographs by
A. E. YOUNG, Photographer, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.,
and Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

Being One of a Series of Photo Albums
Illustrating American Scenic Places,
Published by
W. G. MAC FARLANE, Toronto, Canada.

A. E. YOUNG, Publisher,
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.,
and
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.




THE CITIES AT THE SOO.
AI-MERICAN AND CANADIAN.
1EW   PLACES on tie continent are attracting more attention nowadays from tourists and
J  travellers than the two Soos-American and Canadian. Sault Ste. Marie is the key to the
great lakes, occupying a place of importance in the \vinning of the west from the days when
first the hardy French voyageurs and explorers made it a post to command the fur trade coming
down from Lake Superior. Once an important strategic point in the wars of the early days, it now
occupies a commanding position in world commerce. Past its gates flow the waters of the world's
greatest waterway; the breezes that blow in its streets originate on the greatest body of fresh water
on the globe. Upon the great lakes, the world's greatest freight route, a gigantic commerce is
borne. Throughout the seven months' season of navigation a constant stream of great freighters
passes up and down the St. Mary's River and through the Soo locks, carrying iron ore, wheat and
lumber from Lake Superior to Lake Erie ports. In 1899 over 20,000 vessels passed up and down,
which means an average of a steamer every fifteen minutes day and night. But one needs to see
to fully appreciate what this means, this steady stream of great 500-foot freighters, those strange
looking whalebacks, those magnificent passenger steamers, with their thousands of travellers and
sightseers. Few places poitray better the spirit of this age of industrialism, of giant achievement
in production and distribution. One begins to appreciate the scope of the operations of the United




States Steel Corporation when he sees the mammoth whalebacks going through, carrying annually
20,000,000 tons of ore from the Lake Superior iron mines to the furnaces ol Pennsylvania and Ohio.
In 1899 over 25,000,000 tons net of freight passed through the Soo locks, valued at $281,000,000.
During the seven months' season of navigation three tons of freight go through the Soo Canals for
every one that goes through the Suez Canal in the whole year; and yet the opening of the Suez
Canal revolutionized the political history of the globe.
The canals and locks at the Soo are the great objects of interest to strangers and tourists
passing through. Hundreds of thousands of people pass through the canals annually, and the
process of locking through is always full of interest. There are two canals, the American and
Canadian. The American canal has two locks. The Poe lock, which was completed in 1896, is
the largest in the world, being Soo feet long by too feet wide, with 20 feet draft. It cost nearly
$4,000,000, and locks through four mammoth steamers at once. The Weitzel lock was completed
in 1881, is 515 feet long by 80 feet wide. with 17 feet draft, and cost over $2,00oo000. The Canadian
canal is 6,000 feet long, with a lock 900 by 6o feet, the longest in the world, and with 20 feet 3 inches
of water on the sills; it cost $4 ooo,oo. The approaches to this canal do not offer so good a
channel as those of the American locks, and so it is not used as much as the latter. The three locks
have therefore cost about $ro,ooo,ooo, and $2,600,000 have also been expended in improving the St.
Mary's River. Eight large steamers can be locked through the Soo locks at once.
Near the Canadian locks are the floor and foundations of the first lock on the continent, built
by the North West Fur Company about 1790, to lock down the fur laden canoes from the Lake
Superior region. This is one of the most interesting historical features of the Soo.
The Soos are also attracting great attention as growing centers of manufacture, and a group of
capitalists, led by the Napoleon of Industry, Francis H. Clergue, are investing millions upon
millions there. On the American side, the Michigan Lake Superior Power Company are developing 40,000 to 60,ooo horse-power from the St. Mary's Rapids, which have a fall of 18 feet. The




features of this development will be a water power canal over two miles long, 20o feet wide and 25
to 27 feet deep. It will deliver 30,000 cubic feet of water per second at the Power House. This
will be a magnificent structure of red sandstone 1,340 feet long, 87 feet wide, 107 feet high above
the foundations, and fitted with 320 turbine wheels. The canal will cost about three and a half
millions and the Power House another million. Among the industries that will use this power are
the Union Carbide Company and the American Alkali Company.
On the Canadian side the Lake Superior Power Company have developed 20,000 horse-power.
This is used by the Sault Ste. Marie Pulp and Paper Company and other manufactories, and the
water power will be d-oubled and trebled to meet the growing needs. The pulp mill here is the
largest ground wood pulp mill in the world, having a capacity of 150 tons of dry pulp and 75 tons
of bleached sulphite pulp a day. Among the other industries are a plant for the manufacture of
bleaching polwder and caustic soda from common salt, a ferro-nickel plant, and a bessemer steel
plant, with a capacity of 600 tons of steel rails daily. These industries are all housed in massive
buildings of red sandstone and they present a very imposing appearance.
The affiliated companies, representing a capitalization, it is said, of over one hundred million
dollars, have a complete cycle of enterprises. They are not only developing the water power and
manufactures at the So(,, but they propose to develop the vast wealth in lumber and minerals of the
district of Algoma, stretching from the north shore of Lake Superior to Hudson Bay. As the first
step the Algoma Central Railway is being built from Sault Ste. Marie through the pine forests, up
the river valleys and across the height of land to James Bay. A branch line is also being built from
Michipicoten, on the north shore of Lake Superior, to tap this. At Michipicoten is the Great Helen
Mine, a mountain of very rich iron ore, and the fleet of steamers of the Algoma Central are carrying
the ore to the Pennsylvania furnaces until the Clergue furnaces are completed at the Soo.
The cities at the Soo are rapidly growing communities. The Michigan Soo has a population
of 1,000o, and is rapidly forging ahead. The Ontario Soo has grown within a year from a popula



tion of 2,000 or 3,000 to one of 8,000 or 9,coo. It has all the aspects of a boom town, but it is to be
a permanent boom, for it has the advantage of position with relation to a vast market, cheap freights,
the vast wealth of Algnoma to draw upon and the indomitable energy of Mr. Clergue and his associates to exploit those resources. Within a few years there will be on each side of the St. Mary's
River a city of 30,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.
The Soo has many and excellent hotels, chief of which are the Iroquois, on the American side,
and the International, on the Canadian side, and many tourists find the Soos a delightful place for a
summer sojourn. There are the rapids to interest one, and the excitement and exhilaration of a
dash down them in one of the canoes of the Indian pilots, who gather in many half dollars from
tourists. Among other objects of interest are the Canal Park and Michigan State Fish Hatchery,
near the American locks; the International Bridge across the St. Mary's, mowned by the Canadian
Pacific Railway; Fort Brady, one of the most modern fur complany posts in tle United States, and
the old block-house of the Hudson Bay post, that once commanded the rapids from the Canadian
side.
Then there are the excursions up and down the beautiful St. Mary's River through narrow
channels in and out among beautiful islands. Dowvn river is the Shingwauk Indian Home, an object
of interest to tourists, and at the Desbarats Islands, at the mouth of the river, was given by the
Ojibway Indians of this neighborhood, in 1900, the play of Hiawatha or Nanibojo. For Sault SteMarie is in the heart of the Hiawatha country and its who\le atmosphere is full of romance and
legend. Here, in 1641, the martyr missionary priests. Fathers Jogues and Raymbault, first told the
story of the Cross to a concourse of 2,ooo braves, who were assemnbled at the populous Indian town
at the rapids. H-ere the explorers, coureurs de bois and ftr traders had many adventures. Here
red men and white men met in council and in war, and through the narrow channels, where now the
mammoth whaleback cleaves its cumbrous way, the war canoe stole stealthily amid profound and
savage stillness. All this is a matter of history. But before the days of history, Hiawatha and




the giant \.KwNasinc and the gentle MT'innehaha and the stealthy Pan-Puk-Keewvis lived beside the
Pauwating, wNvhich is the St. Mary's River, and the Great Sea Water-Gitche-Gurnee-was the
theatre ()f action o)f the OjibwNay hero's migchty deeds. All aloncr the north shore of Lake Superior
are places sacred to Nanibojo. -l Here are Nanibojo's ware-house, his slide, his leap, his garden, his
chair, his farm, his cl)ck and finally his tomib. This is the fam-ous Thunder Cape, which from  one
p~oint (f view, looks like a sleeping  giant reclining upon his side. The mystery of the TManitou fills
this who ole region, and he who visits the Soo) Or the north shore (of Lake Superior sho ould be familiar
\vith Longfellovw's great po)em  if he woculd appreciate the charm of the great lake region in its
vastness and solituce and pow-er.




BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE LOCKS AT SAULT STE. MARIE, MICH.
Showing entrance from Lake Superior. The Poe lock, the largest in the world, is on the right, the Weitzel on the left.




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A BUSY DAY.
Showing capacity of Poe lock-four mammoth steamers locking through together.




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POE LOCKS-GENERAL VIEW LOOKING WEST.
Poe lock is the largest lock in the world, being 800 feet long by loo feet wide, with 21 foot draft. The gates are opened and closed
by hydraulic power and it takes about ten minutes to lock through. The lock was completed in S196, at a cost of nearly $4,000,000.




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WHALEBACKS LOCKING DOWN IN WEITZEL LOCK.
This is the other American lock, and was built in 8SS8 at a cost of over $2,00ooo,ooo. It is 515 feet long, 8o feet wide, and has a
draft of 17 feet.




THE OLD AMERICAN LOCKS OF 1855-1SS.
This was operated on the site of the present day Poe Lock. This had two lifts and a It 1  foot draft. It was 700 feet long by 70o
feet wide, and cost over $1,000,000  The windlass is shown in the picture by which the gates were opened. A quarter of a century
ago the registered tonnage through the canal was only a twentieth of what it is to-day. The illustration is reproduced from an old
photograph.




THE CANADIAN LOCK.
Until the Poe lock was built this was the largest lock in the world, and is still the longest in the world, being 9oo feet long
by 6o feet wide, with 20 feet 3 inches of water on the sills. It cost the Canadian Government $4,ooo,ooo. The gates are
opened and closed by electric power and the lock is filled in six minutes.




THE OLD CANADIAN LOCK.
This was the first lock at the Soo, and the first on the American continent. It was built about i79o by the Northwest Fur Company, and was 38 feet long, S feet 9 inches wide, with a lift of 9 feet and a draft of  feet. It was destroyed by the Americans in
the war of tSs2, and the floor and foundations only remain; these are within a stone's throw of the present Canadian lock, and on
the grounds of the Lake Superior Power Company.




ANOTHIER VI7EW OF THE CANADIAN LOCK.




ONTARIO SOO.

ST.: MARY'S RIVER.

ENTRANCE TO
AMERICAN LOCKS

MICHIGAN SOO.

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OLD HUDSON BAY POST.

ALGOMA IRON WORKS.           GENERAL OFFICES.                     PULP MILL AND CHEMICAL WORKS.
PANORAMIC VIEW OF SAULT STE MARIE, ONTARIO. TAKEN FROM THE SULPHITE PULP MILL.

CANADIAN LOCKS AND
POWER HOUSE.







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GENERAL VIEW OF POE LOCK BEFORE BEING FILLED FOR NAVIGATION,




FILLING THE UNDER CHANNELS OF POE LOCK PREPARATORY TO OPENING FOR NAVIGATION.




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LOCKING A 500 FOOTER THROUGH THE POE LOCKS.




LOCKING UP THROUGH THE LOCKS.
The lower gates are closed; the valves in the upper gates are opened and the water is boiling up. The tow of whalebacks shown are
thus raised I8 feet, to the level of Lake Superior.




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WHALEBACKS BEING LOCKED DOWN.




TYPICAL PASSENGER AND FREIGHT BOATS OF THE LAKES.
One of the Canadian Pacific's upper lake fleet coming out of the Weitzel, and a 500 foot freighter from the Poe Lock.




LOOKING DOWN-ILLUSTRATES THE HEIGHT OF THE LOCKS.

BIRDSEYE VIEW OF AMERICAN LOCK AND POWER HOUSE, LOOKING EAST.
The Northern Steamship Co.'s palace steamer is seen in all its magnificent proportions.




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THREE TUGS PULLING AN OVERLOADED STEAMER OFF THE SILLS OF THE LOCKS.




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BIRD'S EYE VIEW     )F SAUJLT STE. NMARIE,   MICI.. FROM THE LOCKS.
In the foreground are seen the charming promenades and lawns and shadle trees of Canal Park, with. the Donie pillars of the Iroqluclis Hotel just behind. A ccmprehensi
there is a substantial progressive appearance to all. The baickground ascends  to a hikh hill, and to the right

\e iew is obtainedC of the handsome residences and tine business bl-ocks of the Cityv and
rises the Tower of Fort Bradly







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BLOCKADE OF STEAMERS WAITING FOR NAVIGATION TO OPEN.




SAULT STE. MARIE PULP AND PAPER MILL-LARGEST GROUND WOOD PULP MILL IN THE WORLD

POWER HOUSE OF THE MICHIGAN LAKE SUPERIOR POWER COMPANY.




INTERNAl IONAL BRIDGE ACROSS THE ST. MARY'S RIVER AT SAULT STE. MARIE-OWNED BY THE CANADIAN
PACIFIC RAILWAY.

ORE DOCKS AT MICHIPICOTEN.




TWO OF THE LARGEST OF THE CLERGUE INDUSTRIES.
Algoma Iron Works to left and Sulphite Pulp Mill to right.




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THE CLERGUE INDUSTRIES BY MOONLIGHT.




OLD HUDSON BAY POST AT THE CANADIAN SOO.
Situated beside the Canadian Canal and the Clergue Industries, it joins the historic past to the progressive present. It is now used
as the bachelor quarters of Mr. Francis 1I Clergue, the Napoleon of the Soo.




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A STRING (--F FISH CAUGHT I\' THE ST. MARY'S RIVER.

INDIAN GUIDES SHOOTING THE SOO RAPIDS WITH TOURISTS.




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INDIANS CATCHING WHITE FISH, WITH DIP NETS, IN THE SOO RAPIDS.




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ONE C)F THE BEAUTY SPOTS BY THE WHITE WATERS.




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MICHIGAN STATE FISH       HATCHERY.
From which are Planted Annually, 30,ooo,ooo Whitefish, I,ooo,ooo Brook Trout, and 1,5oo00,000ooo Lake Trout.




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WRECK OF THE MARK HOPKINS IN THE ST. MARY'S RIVER.




A BIG CATCH.
A 1,900 pound haul of whitefish and lake trout caught in the St. Mary's River.




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SHINGWAUK HOME FOR INDIANS, NEAR CANADIAN SOO,
And Indian boys in costume, with tomahawks and war clubs.




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IROQUOIS HOTEL, SAULT STE. MARIE, MICH-.
Delightfully situated, facing the Canal Park and looking out upon the locks and rapids,




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A TYPICAL DOG TEAM.
Sleds drawn by dogs are quite the vogue at the Sault in winter, and a great many go spinning about behind big Newfoundlanders.




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AN   ICE-CLAD   WI- ALEBACK.
The Alexander McDougal, which came in after a rough experience in Lake Superior. She was coated with 20 inches of ice.




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A SNOW SHOEING PARTY AT THE SOO.




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AWERES LAKE, ON THE LINE OF THE ALGOMA CENTRAL RAILWAY.
Amid the highland scenery and pine forests of Algoma. Full of gamey fish.




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BELLEVIEW~ TRES FLE--ONE OF THE LA1SRGEST INT CANTADA,
A splendidJ piec~e of eno-incering w~ork on the line of the Ah-orna Central Railwvay.




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IN THE LAND OF HIAWATHA- NANIBOJO'S SLIDE.
A towering Cliff on the north shore of Lake Superior, near Michipicoten.




ONE OF THE MICHIPICOTEN LAKES.




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MAGPE FALSON MCHIPCOTN BRNCH F AGOMACENN-RA RAIWAY




SUNRISE IN THE LAND OF HIAWATHA-NANIBOJO'S GARDEN.




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A i-HUNTING PARTY ON TIE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR.




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TIHE RAP.IDS OF THE NTEPIGON, A NORTH SHORE RIVER.

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AMERICAN CANAL, 13Y MOONLIGHT.




PUBLISHED BY
A. E. YOUNG,
Marine and Portrait Photographer,
SAULT STE. MARIE, MICH.
YOUNG'S ART STUDIO,
SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO.
Exclusive Agent for Canada and United States.
Views of every Boat on the Lakes.
Highest awards for Marine Views, Photographers'
Association of America, 1895, '197, '98, '99.







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