,no R I 0 A I $ co 0 IN 4 - AUX PINS?% fWESTFIELD O -A PRESQUE rSTONY PT BAY NPELEE POINT PELEE PASSAGE EAST SISTER IS. (PELEE IS. \ NO. BASS IS. PEL RATTLESNAKE IS., r S. BASS IS. BASS ISLANDS SOUTH PASSAGE \ CPTATAWBA IS. PORTMARBLEHEAD A,,. ORIENTATION CHART LAKE ERIE 0 10 20 30 40 50 STATUTE MILES Orientation chart. GREAT LAKES RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN EXPLORATION OF COLLATERAL DATA POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE TO GREAT LAKES HYDROGRAPHY AND FISHERIES Phase II Final Report U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract No. 14-19-008-9381 Charles F. Powers Research Associate David Lo Jones Research Associate Paul C. Mundinger Research Assistant John Co Ayers Project Director Ann Arbor, Michigan June 30, 1959 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF CONTENTS 1 SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS 2 Availability and Accuracy of Data 2 Surface Circulation of Lake Erie 3 Description of data 5 Description of the circulation 8 Representative Stations for the West BasEin: 13 The data 13 Effect of intake location upon variability of data 14 Determination of representativeness 19 Representative Stations for the Central Basin 26 Representative Stations for the East Basin 32 Lake Erie Representative Stations: A Summary 553 A Representative Station for Lake Michigan 34 A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF WIND PATTERN OVER A LAKE 55 RAINFALL IN THE LAKE ERIE BASIN SINCE 1810 41 PRE-1860 LAKE LEVELS OF LAKE ERIE 45 LAKE ERIE WATER CHEMISTRY SINCE 1854 46 The Metropolitan Population Index 49 INDICATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL CHANGE 50 SUMMARY OF MAJOR PAST EVENTS 52 CONCLUSION 52 LITERATURE CITED 55 APPENDIX I. VALUES BASED ON TOTAL ALKALINITY 61 Part 1. Station at Lorain, Ohio 61 Part 2. Station at Erie, Pennsylvania 111 APPENDIX II. LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 149 iii LIST OF FIGUJRS No. Page Orientation chart. Frontispiece 1. Composite surface circulation, Lake Erie, under prevailing winds. 6 2. Dynamic topography of lake surface referred to the 20-decibar level; summer, 1929. 9 5. Surface turbidity, ppm; summer, 1929. 10 4. Surface total alkalinity, ppm; summer, 1929. 11 5. Average yearly range of turbidityyvs.. dis;tace. from shore and depth of intake, at Cleveland, Erie, Lorain, Fairport, and Avon Lake. 16 6. Average yearly range of total alkalinity vs. distance from shore and depth of intake, at Cleveland, Erie, Lorain, Fairport, and Avon Lake. 17 7. Average yearly ranges of total alkalinity before and after change of intake location at Conneaut.. 18 8. Comparison of average total alkalinity ranges, Chandler (Bas-s Islands) and Lorain; 1938-40, 1943-45. 21 9. Temporal variation of turbidity at Rattlesnake Island and Lorain, with adjusted values for Lorain; 1941-45. 23 10. Adjustment curve, Lorain turbidity to Rattlesnake Island turbidity. 25 11. Isogon analysis. 37 12. Streamline analysis. 39 13. Isotach analysis. 40 14. Completed streamline-isotach analysis for 1300 EST, 23 October 42 1958. INTRODUCTION AND SIMMARY OF CONTENTS The present work constitutes the Final Report on Phase II of U. S. Department of Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Contract 14-19-008-9381. Contract 14-19-008-9381 was laid out in three phases* These were: Phase I. Phase II. Phase III. To locate sources and repositories of limnological and meteorological data pertaining to the Great Lakes; to determine the types of data being taken by water plants and other lake-side installations; and to determine the periods of records. This phase was finished in June 1958 and reported by Powers et al. 1958. To carry out a pilot study in which data from onshore and near shore sources were tried for compatibility with offshore cruise data; to determine which data sources were most nearly representative of open-lake conditions; to assess methodologies, instrumentations, and other aspects influencing the accuracy and/ or representativeness of the data. The present work is the Final Report on this phase, To collect and report those data found to be of maximum usefulness. The assigned objectives of Phase II have been attained, and in several areas exceeded. The pilot study was carried out on Lake Erie, and consisted of actual application of data from onshore sources to the problem of obtaining a better understanding of the hydrography and aquatic environment. From the pilot study have come determinations of representative data sources for each of the three basins of the lake. From it has come a new and better concept of the current pattern of Lake Erie. And from it has come, in some cases indirectly, a series of data and techniques by which it is possible to reconstruct several aspects of the environment from the present well back into the nineteenth century. Among the latter, data and/or techniques for the reconstruction of wind patterns over the lake, rainfall, lake levels, and water chemistry are at hand and ready for application. Partial data are at hand (undoubtedly more can be obtained) for the reconstruction of the regimens of water temperature, air temperature, and weather conditions in and over Lake Erie for periods as long or longer than the extent of fishery records. Except for the partially complete items listed in the sentence above, these data and/or techniques are presented in this report. A major portion of this report is given to the determination of "representative stations." These are water plants or other water-user installations where data are taken routinely and whose data are representative, in known degrees, of open-lake water. The concept of the representative station as a site or source of data where trends in the condition of the aquatic environment can be conveniently and economically "watched" is not a new one, but it is believed that here for the first time are presented a series of realistically-appraised representative stations for a Great Lake, Once "calibrated" to open-lake conditions as is done here,.these stations provide the means for continuous and continuing studies of environmental factors that bear upon fishery problems as well as upon the limnology and hydrography of the lake. The authors extend their sincere thanks to Prof. D. M. Scott of the Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, for permission to publish the station data of the Fisheries Research Laboratory of the University of Western Ontario. Located at Erieau on Point aux Pins, and receiving financial support from the Research Council of Ontario, this laboratory carried out valuable limnological investigations in west- and north-central Lake Erie in the years 1947-553. These data are given in Appendix II. They have been extremely valuable in our studies and we believe that others will welcome their publication as genuinely as we welcomed the chance to borrow them. SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS One of the primary objectives of Phase II was the selection of shore stations (water filtration plants or other users of Lake Erie water) whose raw water analyses were indicative of conditions obtaining in at least a portion of Lake Erie. The lake is divided naturally into three basins: the west basin, extending to the eastern side of the Bass Islands; the central basin, lying between the Bass Islands on the west and Long Point on the east; and the east basin, between Long Point and Buffalo. A logical beginning to the selection of representative stations seemed to be on the basis of these geographical areas, that is, representative stations might be found for each of the basins. AVAILABILITY AND ACCURACY OF DATA Two separate categories of water quality data were needed: data obtained on the raw lake water by the filtration plants, and, for comparison with plant data, observations obtained by some other agency or agencies from the open lake at the same time. The bulk of the information obtained by the plants consists of turbidity, total alkalinity, and bacterial counts, with water temperatures being observed at a few plants. No satisfactory method of utilizing bacteriological data being found, efforts were made to obtain open lake turbidity, alkalinity, and water temperature data, A search of the past history of the lake 2 revealed a paucity of open lake data, particularly of studies carried out at a particular location over a period of years. A limited body of data representative of open lake conditions, and usable in the selection of representative stations, was eventually assembled. These data are summarized in Table I. Filtration plants, and other sources of physical-chemical data on raw lake water which could be considered as containing possible representative stations have been tabulated in the Final Report, Phase I, of this project (Powers et al*, 1958), along with their periods of record and the data obtained there. Observations upon the raw intake water are made at the filtration plants several times a week. Methodology varies among different plants; total alkalinity is always by titration, usually with methyl orange as the indicator. Turbidity is most generally obtained with the Hellige Turbidimeter, but the Jackson Candle and bottle standards are also in use,. Visits were made by the investigators to most of the Lake Erie plants, In all cases the operators superintendents, and chemists were impressive in their general attitudes, methods, and awareness of responsibility. It is believed that consistency of results may safely be assumed within individual plants; studies to date indicate, at worst, small systematic differences among plants which might be expected when one considers the inherent differences among methodologies and individual observers. Records for the filtration plants are maintained in reduced form, indicating for each month the average (and usually the maximum and minimum) value for any measured parameter. In Michigan and Ohio, these records are on file with the state departments of health. Data for Erie, Pennsylvania, and Woodlawn, New York, were obtained from the plants. Daily records are usually available for only a few years back, their further accumulation being burdensome and storage impractical. A lack of raw water data from Canadian filtration plants utilizing Lake Erie water restricted the search for representative stations almost entirely to the south shore of the lake, The selection of representative stations was a two-fold operation depending, first, upon a determination of the average surface current pattern (which would indicate those stations where offshore water came to shore) and, second, upon simultaneous shore station and open lake physical-chemical data that could be compared to give definitive assessments of the representativeness of stations apparently sampling water from offshore, Initial efforts, then, were directed at the determination of the average surface current pattern existing under the prevailing southwesterly wind. This pattern would be the one expected to 6ccur the majority of the time. SURFACE CIRCULATION OF LAKE ERIE Although complete synoptic coverage of Lake Erie has never been attempted, sufficient data from a number of sources now exist to permit the synthesis of a 35 TABLE I SUMMARY OF OPEN-LAKE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL DATA USABLE IN THE SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE ONSHORE STATIONS Source Years and Region Applicable Data Buffalo Museum "Shearwater" 1928: east basin methyl orange, phenolphthalein, cruisesI 1929: east and central total alkalinity; turbidity; basins water temperature; wind speed and direction D. C. Chandler, University 1938-45: Bass Islands methyl orange, phenolphthalein, of Michigan2 total alkalinity; turbidity; water temperature D. M. Scott, University of 1947-53: central basin methyl orange, phenolphthalein, Western Ontario, London3 total alkalinity; water temperature Uo S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- 1958: west basin, plus total alkalinity, turbidity, vice, Ann Arbor, Michigan4 drift bottle returns from silica, magnesium, sodium, water central and east basins temperature, wind speed and direction 11928 -1929 2Data 3Data 4Data Data published (Parmenter, 1929). Unpublished data of Co J. Fish, Narragansett Marine Laboratory, University of Rhode Island. published in part: Chandler (1940, 1942, 1942-a, 1944); Chandler and Weeks (1945). published here (Appendix II). published in part: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cruise Reports (1958$}, composite pattern of surface circulation. The pattern as derived appears to be generally representative of the surface currents existent under the normal regimen of prevailing southwest winds. The data sources utilized in the present synthesis, together with the specific portions of the lake which they represent, are as follows: 1. West end: Ayers (unpublished), Harrington (1894), Millar (1952), Olson (1951), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1958), Verber (1955), Wright and Tidd (1955). 2. Bass Islands to Dunkirk: Buffalo Museum 1929 cruises (unpublished), Harrington (1894), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1958), 3. Dunkirk to Buffalo: Harrington (1894), Parmenter (1929), U. So Fish and Wildlife Service (1958),. Fall (1910), McLaughlin (1911). Of the Buffalo Museum 1929 cruises, Cruise 2, made in June 1929, is the only one applicable to the synthesis of a current pattern. Between the Bass Islands and Dunkirk most of the stations were occupied under winds from westerly quarters; exceptions were stations 43-46 (wind S-zero to calm) and stations 52 -57 (wind calm to SE-2). Between Dunkirk and Buffalo winds were from easterly, quarters, hence data of Cruise 2 from that area have not been utilized here. Data from the several remaining cruises made by the Buffalo Museum in the summer of 1929 were not suitable for incorporation into an analysis of the circulation, due to the variable winds encountered during each cruise. Observations of temperature from Cruise 2 have been used in the computation of dynamic heights over that portion of the lake between Cleveland and Dunkirk. Although temperatures at each station were obtained at only surface, ten meters, and bottom, the lack of thermal stratification in early June lends validity to interpretations of vertical temperature structure based upon these relatively few data. A reference level at only twenty meters was required by the shallowness of the lake, and the assumption of no motion at this depth is probably not altogether realistic. However, the completed dynamic topography appears reasonable and is consistent with other parameters. Plots of turbidity and total alkalinity, as observed durihg Cruise 2, have been used as supplementary evidences of circulation patterns Drift bottle returns from releases made by the U. S* Fish and Wildlife Service during 1958 and by Harrington in 1892 and 1895 have been used extensively in checking the computed current pattern between Cleveland and Dunkirk, and in deduction of the circulation pattern in the western and eastern ends of the lake where no dynamic calculations were possible, Other sources, to which reference has already been made, were consulted in the analysis of the west basin circulation. The final current pattern as synthesized from all data is given in Fig. 1. Description of Datsa.-The usual description of data is not feasible here, since the results of numerous workers have been used. For the most part, neces 5,l 83*00' i 1 8o00'! 81~00' I ' 80~00' I 7 9 00' i..... 42~ 00' STATUTE MILES 0 10 3i0 40 0 I0 20 30 40 50 I X., I i- I I I I I I Fig. 1. Composite surface circulation, Lake Erie, under prevailing winds. sary description is incorporated into the presentation of the deduced composite circulation. However, returns of the Fish and Wildlife Service (hereafter referred to as FWS) drift bottle releases of May and August, 1958, merit special consideration, for certain features of their distributions have particular significance. In May, bottles released at stations northwest and north of Pelee Island stranded in three regions: on the west side of Pelee Point; between Port Burwell and the tip of Long Point; and on the south shore between Irving, N. Y. and Buffalo. In addition, one bottle was recovered on Grand Island in the Niagara River. Bottles released in the same longitude, but south of the north end of Pelee Island, were recovered on the south shore between Catawba Island and Dunkirk, New York, with a few stranding in the Bass Islands. None of these bottles were recovered from the north shore. A further feature of the south shore recoveries was the concentration of returns between Catawba Islandand Fairport, and the virtual absence of returns from Fairport to the Pennsylvania-New York state line. Only one bottle was found (at Erie, Pa.) in this otherwise barren region, although returns were obtained from the New York shore farthest east. Special note should be taken of the fact that bottles released north and south of Pelee Island remained completely separated, except along the New York shoreline where bottles from both areas of release were recovered. In August, the pattern of returns was quite similar to that of May. The differential north shore-south shore pattern was still present, the primary difference being that the line of demarcation between north-shore-stranding stations and south-shore-stranding stations had shifted to the south. The line now lay slightly south of the southern end of Pelee Island. Bottles from north shore stations were again found at Pelee Point, between Port Burwell and the tip of Long Point, and on the south shore between the Pennsylvania-New York boundary and Buffalo. In addition, bottles were recovered from Point aux Pins, Grand Island, Port Colborne, and between Pelee Point and Point aux Pins. Bottles from all remaining stations in the Bass Islands longitude beached on the south shore, predominantly between Fairport and Conneaut. Absence of returns from a large' portion of the south shore, the region between Conneaut and the Pennsylvania-New York line, was again in evidence. Again, only a single bottle (recovered at Erie, Pa.8) appeared in this otherwise recoveryless stretch of shoreline. Bottles from two of the south shore stations progressed beyond Conneaut: those from one station off Marblehead beached at Erie and at Sturgeon Point, N. Y.; those from a station just west of Catawba Island beached at the PennsylvaniaNew York line, near Port Colborne, Ontario, and on Grand Island. Recoveries from drift bottle releases made by Harrington in 1892-95 coincide well with those of the 1958 FWS releases. With the exception of one bottle that stranded on the shore of Pigeon Bay (in the west basin), none of his bottles released in the Bass Islands region south of Pelee Island beached on the north shores Also1 the south shore hiatus observed in the FWS returns is evident: only one return was obtained from the shore between Conneaut and Westfield. 7 Description of the Circulation. -Investigations in the west basin of Lake Erie have indicated the circulation to be complex and| variable In general, under the normally prevailing southwesterly winds, the effluent of the Detroit River (the major source of inflow into Lake Erie) swings through the basin in a counterclockwise loop. This water, identifiable by its comparatively low turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness is commonly observed passing eastward through Pelee Passage. South of Pelee Island increased turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness indicate the presence of admixed quantities of water from the Maumee River and from smaller streams, principally the Huron, Raisin, and Portage rivers. This mixed water ordinarily passes east through the Bass Islands.^ The boundary separating the unmodified Detroit River water from the mixed water fluctuates in geographic location, being strongly and rapidly influenced by changes in direction of wind. As indicated by the dynamic heights computed from the Buffalo Museum Cruise 2 (Fig. 2), the outflow from Pelee Passage moves to the northeast toward Point aux Pins and along the lakeward side of a tentative counterclockwise eddy lying in the embayment between Pelee Point and Point aux Pins. This eddy is supported by two FWS bottles, released in August 1958 just southwest of Pelee Point, which stranded halfway between Pelee Point and Point aux Pins, and by the very existence of the two points themselves which could be both built and maintained by such an eddy circulation. Three bottles released near mid-lake by Harrington were recovered on the beach west of Point aux Pins; they likewise point to the existence of this eddy. The main line of current -flow continues northeast past Point aux Pins, toward Port Burwell, and passes along the outside of a counterclockwise eddy lying in the embayment between Point aux Pins and Port Burwell. This eddy, also considered tentative, is confirmed by two FWS bottles released in — August 1958 just southwest of North Bass Island and which stranded near Port Bruce; also by two of Harrington's bottles: one from just south of Pelee Point which stranded west of Port Stanley, and one released south-southwest of Port Stanley near mid-lake and recovered at Point aux Pins. Southeast of Port Burwell the main current impinges on shore in an area marked by concentrated bottle returns from FWS "north shore"' stations. This impingement is indicated by the tongue-like extension of the dynamic height contour of 20.011 (Fig. 2), by the area of < 5: ppm turbidity extending northeast to this point (Fig. 5), and by the 102 ppm contour of total alkalinity (Fig. 4). It is also the site of beaching of two of Harrington's bottles which were released north of mid-lake off Point aux Pins. After impinging on Long Point, the current is indicated by the dynamic computations as turning southwest away from shore, to mid-lake, thence northeast again to Long Point at an area several miles southeast of the initial impingement. The return of the current to this region is substantiated by another concentration of FWS bottles released near mid-lake southwest of Long Point; by the northeast extension of the 5 and 4 ppm contours of turbidity extending from midlake (Fig. 3); and by the extension shoreward of a> 102 ppm area of total alka linity located in mid-lake (Fig. 4). 83"00' I. 82Y00' 81~00' -I 80000' I 79'00' - 4300' \D STATUTE MILES 0 10 20 30 40 50 -. I, I I I I I Fig. 2. Dynamic topography of lake surface referred to the 20-decibar level; summer, 1929. 83500' I 82-00' I 8160' I 80 00' I 79400' I I - I I — 4 400' -- 42L00' H 0 —' 0 STATUTE MILES 0 10 20 30 40 50 I I I I I I I I I Fig. 3. Surface turbidity, ppm; summer, 1929. 83V00' 82"OO' 8100', 8000', 79OO0 ~43"OO' ~- 4200" H H STATUTE MtLES S i 20 & 40 5o I I I I I I I.I.1 I Fig. 4. Surfacettotal al~kal-inity, ppm.; summer, 1929. After its second impingement on Long Point, the current appears to flow southeast along the Point before once again swinging away from shore, southwestward, to cross the lake. In the region off Ashtabula it encounters an eastward flow along the south shore. The southwestward recurving of the 5 and 4 ppm contours of turbidity (Fig. 3) support the dynamics in indicating this southwest flow. The southern alongshore current appears to have originated partly as the outflow from the west basin through the Bass Islands, and partly as a southeast offshoot of the main current through Pelee Passage. The dynamic heights (Fig. 2) indicate a southeast current originating south of Point aux Pins, and such a flow is also suggested by the southeast curving of the contours of turbidity (Fig. 3) and total alkalinity (Fig. 4) in that region. Evidence for the alongshore current emanating from the island region is obtained from FWS drift bottle returns from releases at "south shore" stations, where beaching occurred all along shore from Catawba Island to Conneaut; from the lobate gradient of turbidity, with values increasing toward the west, situated off Lorain and Cleveland (Fig. 5), and by the 98 ppm contour of total alkalinity leading from the Bass Islands and beaching near Lorain (Fig. 4). Numerous bottles released by Harrington also were recovered along the south shore, particularly between Cleveland and Conneaut. The eastward current along the south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, appears to have the effect of holding offshore the current arriving from the north side of the lake. The dynamic height contours of 20.011, 20,090, and 20.070 dynamic meters extend southwest from Long Point, recurve to parallel the axis of the lake, and then come to shore east of Erie (Fig. 2). The suggestion that this current remains offshore between Conneaut and the vicinity of the Pennsylvania-New York line is substantiated by the lack of drift bottle returns from this section of shore in the results of both Harrington and the FWS. It is also suggested by the shape of the 98 ppm contour of total alkalinity (Fig.o 4), and by the 5 ppm contour of turbidity (Fig. 5) which remains offshore to the vicinity of Erie, where it encounters an east-west gradient with isopleths beaching east of Presque Isle. East of Long Point and Erie the circulation pattern is somewhat conjectural. Data obtained in this region by the Buffalo Museum during the summer of 1928 (Parmenter, 1929) indicate an eastward flow extending from the central axis of the lake to the south shore, continuous to the outlet at the Niagara River. Fall (1910) and McLaughlin (1911) also show the eastern parts of such a flow. Drift bottle returns of Harrington and FWS support the existence of the eastward flow to the outlet. The data also suggest that easterly winds can bring about a reversal of this flow, but the frequency of such a reversal and its effect on the circulation of the central basin cannot be assessed from the information available. In the embayment to the east of Long Point there is evidence of a counterclockwise eddy. This evidence is furnished by several Harrington's drift bottles which apparently followed courses indicative of a counter (westward) flow along the Canadian shore between Port Colborne and Long Point, Also, two FWS 12 bottles released in August were recovered at Port Colborne, The northward recurving of the eastward portion of the turbidity gradient located south and southeast of Long Point (Fig. 3), as well as the curvature of the 98 and 94 ppm contours of total alkalinity extending eastward from Long Point (Figs 4) are suggestive of eddy motion in this area. REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS FOR THE WEST BASIN -' It might be expected that a station representative of open lake conditions in the-west basin would be one of those located on the shores of this basin, that is, the filtration plants at Monroe, Toledo, or Pott Clinton, None of these plants were usable, however}, because each reflects the conditions of a localized water source and not the mixed product of the several sources contributing to the west basin. As has been pointed out, the circulation in this basin is complex and variable, Depending upon the wind, Monroe's intake off Stony Point may sample, predominantly, either Detroit River or Maumee River water and may at times be largely affected by the effluent of the River Raisin which enters the lake at Monroe south of the intake. The- Toledo intake, being located near the mouth of the Maumee River, samples proportionately large amounts of water from this source. The Port Clinton intake is located just off the mouth of the Portage River and largely reflects conditions of the river water rather than those of the lake. Knowledge of physical-chemical conditions existing in the Maumee and Portage rivers was obtained from data of the Lake Erie Pollution Survey Supplement (State of Ohio, 1953)* Since the generalized circulation pattern shows the presence of an eastward flow along the south shore of the lake and indicates that this flow might be the mixed effluent from the west basin, it appeared reasonable to continue the search for a station representative of the west basin by using data from filtration plants located on the south shore to the east of the Bass Islands. Such south shore plants are Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion, Elyria, Lorain, Avon Lake, Cleveland, Fairport, Painesville, Ashtabula, and Conneaut. The Data. -Data obtained by D. C. Chandler in the Bass Islands region were considered to be adequately representative of water conditions in the west basin. These data were obtained between September 1938 and December 1945. A number of parameters were observed, but for purposes of the present investigation turbidity and total alkalinity were the most applicable, they'being parameters consistently measured by the filtration plants. Periods and locations of these observations, as obtained by Chandler, are as follows: (l) Total alkalinity: September 1938 to October 1940, at a single station just off the west side of Rattlesnake Island; January 1943 to December 1945, at four stations located in a north-south direction: one just northeast of East Sister Island, one just west of North Bass Island, one at Rattlesnake Island (identical with the one used in the 1958-40 series), and one in South Passage between Catawba Island and South Bass Island. 13 (2) Turbidity: January..1941 to December 1945, at the Rattlesnake Island station. (Some previous data also exist, but are not as nearly complete as the 1941-45 data.) Measurements of total alkalinity and turbidity obtained by Lake Erie filtration plants were available for the same time intervals as those during which Chandler's investigations were conducted, Since the plant data were monthly averages) Chandler's data were likewise reduced: all observations for a given calendar month being averaged to obtain a single monthly mean0 Direct comparisons between the onshore and open lake observations could then be attempted. It should be pointed out that Chandler's observations of total alkalinity were obtained once a week, on the average, so that they probably do not present as realistic a mean value as do those from the plants which are based on 20-30 days' observations0 On the other hand, the turbidity observations of Chandler were made almost daily, except in mid-winter when fewer data were obtained. Effect of Intake Location Upon Variability of Data,-Initial examination of the alkalinity data of several of the plants and comparison of these data to those the Ohio Pollution Survey obtained in various bays, harbors, and rivers' made possible the immediate elimination of the following plants: Sandusky - water partially from Sandusky Bay Huron - water partially from Sahdusky Bay Fairport - local industrial pollution Painesville - local industrial pollution Ashtabula - raw water alkalinity not measured While these studies were going on it was noted that there was an apparent relationship between intake location and Variability of observed alkalinity and turbidity. The intake location studies substantiated the elimination of the above plants and also suggested the further elimination of Vermilions Elyria, Avon Lake, and. ConneautTo examine the effects of intake location, five plants were chosen whose intakes were located at different.distances from shore0 The plants and their intake locations are:.Intake Distance Intake Depth Filtration Plant Filtration Plat from Shore (ft) (ft) Cleveland (,Division Plant), Ohio 21,120 36 Erie, Pennsylvania 6,200 22 Lorain, Ohio 2,000 15 Avon Lake, Ohio 1 400 12 Fairport, Ohio 1,000 12 14 For these plants, data over the twelve year period 1940-1951 inclusive -were arbitrarily chosen as representing average conditions. For each year's data at each plant the lowest monthly average of both turbidity and alkalinity was subtracted from the highest monthly average to obtain the average range for the year. The twelve annual ranges for each plant were then combined to give a twelve years' overall average range for each parameter. These average values were then entered upon graphs in which ranges of turbidity and alkalinity were plotted against distance of intake from shore and against depth of intake. The turbidity results were quite clear-cut (Fig. 5). Variabilities were about the same at Cleveland and Erie, with Erie showing slightly less variability. This is apparently due to the geographic position of the Cleveland intakes. They are situated where they may be reached by waters of both the western and central basins. The Cleveland variability is most probably caused by alternate sampling of western and central basin wvaters as shifts in wind direction bring one or the other of these two water types over the intakes. Variability increased sharply at Lorain where the intake is 2,000 feet out, and was still more pronounced at Avon Lake and Fairport whose intakes are 1,400 and 1,000 feet from shore respectively'. Variation of total alkalinity with intake location (Fig. 6) is as clearly defined as was that of turbidity, and the curve is approximately like that for turbidity. Cleveland again has a greater range of variability than does Erie (and the same reason apparently applied). Lorain has a slightly higher variability than does Fairport but the difference, half a part per million, is probably not significant. The curves relating variability to intake depth approximated the distancefrom-shore curves and both showed lessened variability with greater depth and with greater distance from shore. This is to be expected since distance from shore and depth of intake are not mutually-independent variables. Further evidence of the effect of intake location has come from the data of the Conneaut plant, whose intake was moved further 6ut in 193355 The previous' location has not been ascertainable, but it was inshore of the present site. A Variability of total alkalinity before and after the change is depicted in Fig. 7. The bars are yearly ranges of alkalinity, based on monthly averages, for the years 1923 through 1942. The stabilizing effect of the intake change is evident'. The greatest range occurring after 1933 (26 ppm in 1940) is equal to the least range that occurred in the years prior to the change (26 ppm in 1928). It seems likely that, of the two variables, distance from shore is themore important-. Best correlation of alkalinity and turbidity data from Lorain with those of Chandler fr6m the Bass Islands (discussed later)- was obtained in years when rainfall and runoff were normal or below normal, with correlation becoming less good in wet years. If depth of intake were the more important, the reverse situation might have been expected, i.e., better correlation in wet years when lake level might be rising and depths to the intakes increasing. But during 1938-40, when the best correlation was obtained, the lake level was significantly 26. 36 24.34 22. 32 20..30 2Q X18 28 w IL z 16.26 w - * IL w I J 0 14 24 z. z a. ~I12.22J' I;L Z 0 - z s A10..20 CLEVELAND (DIVISION) CLEVELAND (DIVISION) R11 I ERIE RANGE VS. INTAKE DEPTH - - -- ---— RANGE VS. DISTANCE OF INTAKE FROM SHORE H 0\N 1. UL O 0 II 6. 1 x ERIE 4 14 LORAIN ' ------ AVON 11.1 ----—! --- _ FAIRPOR LAKE. 'LORAW" ------— ' -------— ' — iRRON 0O 10 FAIRPORT LAKE 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (o AVERAGE YEARLY RANGE OF TURBIDITY, PPM. Fig. 5. Average yearly range of turbidity vs. distance from shore and depth of intake, at Cleveland, Erie, Lorain, Fairport, and Avon Lake. 26. 24. 22-.36 34 -32 CLEVELAND (DIVISION) 20~.30 Ir 9I n x f16. lle0 w U. z - ~j4. w at 0 '-r Z IE Z 6. Q U) iI-i / / CLEV / / / / / I I lELAND (DIVISION).26 I — id U. 24 z.22 ' S h. 0 20 r.18.18 RANGE VS. INTAKE DEPTH ------— RANGE VS. DISTANCE OF INTAKE FROM SHORE s. LORAIN l- -- — LORAI 22^ AVON LAKE I I ERIE % \~ e16 44 14 2.I12 III........k... o I k4 E 6 2 L T AVERAGE YEARLY RANGE OF TOTAL ALKALINITY, I I., 6 PRM. 16 fl 1e 1C Fig. 6. Average yearly range of total alkalinity vs. distance from shore and depth of intake, at Cleveland, Erie, Lorain, Fairport, and Avon Lake. 17 60. ao CC) cc 22 Qiz 0 4 4 C, u.0 I -. 2100 4\ lI-.... I 1923 1924 925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 194 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Fig. 7. Average yearly ranges of total alkalinity before and after change of intake location at Conneaut. lower than in 1945-45 when correlation was less satisfactory. There appears to be a critical distance about 2,000-4,000 feet offshore, at which a marked change in variability of parameters occurs. At greater intake lengths, fluctuations are small. -At less than this critical range, decreasing distance from shore is accompanied by increasing fluctuation. It appears, also, that increased runoff from tributary streams during wet years serves to increase alongshore variation in the several parameters, and those plants with intakes farthest from shore are least affected. During dry years the plants with short intakes reflect in the decreased variability of their data the decreased alongshore fluctuations that accompany decreased runoffs. The above must not be taken to imply that depth of intake is unimportant. For drinking-water purposes, it is desirable that the intake be, if possible, below the normal depth of the thermocline. The scanty data presently available (not discussed in this report) indicate that water of materially better quality. is to be had from beneath the thermocline. The reason for this appears to be that the density stratification accompanying the thermocline confines to the epilimnion much of the pollution introduced along shore. Height of intake above bottom appears to be an independent secondary factor that is imposed upon the effect of distance from shore. The two intakes at Cleveland are located the same distance from shore, but that for the Baldwin plant is higher off the bottom than is that of the Division plait. The raw water of the Baldwin plant consistently runs 7 to 17 ppm lower in turbidity and 1 to 2 ppm lower in alkalinity than does that of the Division plant (see Table II). The reason for the differences appears to be that sediments resuspended from the lake bottom by winds or currents have freer access to the lower intake of the Division plant. Determination of Representativeness.-On the basis of both current pattern and intake location Lorain appeared to possess the greatest likelihood of being a representative station for the west basin, with Cleveland a less strong possibility. Time graphs were constructed on which monthly average total alkalinities and turbidities for the plants at Lorain, Vermilion, Avon Lake, Cleveland, Conneaut, and Erie were plotted against time. Chandler's Bass Islands data were also entered on this graph. In the case of total alkalinity, good visual agreement was obtained between Lorain and Chandler, Conneaut and Chandler, Vermilion and Chandler, and Cleveland and Chandler, both as to trends in alkalinity fluctuations and absolute values, Of these, best agreement existed between Lorain and Chandler and Conneaut and Chandler for the years 1958-40. Significant coefficients of correlation were obtained for these latter pairs0 For the wet years 1945-45 (Chandler's Bass Islands data for 1941-42 are not available) agreement between these location pairs 19 TABLE II Division Baldwin Average of Stations 47 and 48 Surface Bottom Surface and Bottom Alkalinity June 93 92 97 95 95 July 93 92 96.5 94 95 Aug. 95 93 95.5 95 95 Sept. 96 94 97.5 98.5 98 Turbidity June 25 8 12 16 14 July 13 6 4 8 6 Aug. 13 6 7 8 7.5 Sept.* 16 7 10 10 10 *Station 47 only. was less good, and significant coefficients of correlation were no longer attainable. Visual inspection for these latter years indicated that, of all plants, best agreement existed between Lorain and Chandler. A time graph was next constructed on which were plotted the monthly maximum and minimum values for Lorain and for Chandler. Connecting these points resulted in two "bands" expressing the ranges of total alkalinity observed at the two locations. Overlapping of the two bands occurred in 51 months. Discrepancies in this plot prompted one further comparison. The average ranges of total alkalinity variation for the whole period of observation were computed for both Lorain and Chandler. This gave a single average range for each of the locations. The average range for each location was entered upon a time graph by centering it upon the monthly mean of each month. The two bands thus produced overlapped in 55 of the total 62 months (Fig. 8). This is taken as indicating that average conditions observed at Lorain reflect average conditions in the Bass Islands. Before taking up turbidity, a discussion of the good agreement of onshore - offshore alkalinities during 1938-40 versus the poorer agreement during 1943-45 is in order. The various factors considered as possible agents in bringing about the observed disparity are: errors in sampling and determination of alkalinities; changes of intake location at filtration plants between 1938 and 1945; changes in personnel at filtration plants; prevailing winds; alkalinity of tributary streams; and runoff into the lake. These factors will be considered separately. (1) Errors in sampling and determination of alkalinities. There is no basis for suspecting operational error, either at the filtration plants or in Chandler ' s observations. 20 1938-1940: ' DRY' YEARS a-, O.~- 95 a 4 -J 4 1 — 0 1~-75 AR-$ I A I I I,W#Ap m I z m i a 2 m 5 I I z i m 4 0 SEPT '38 JAN.'39 JAN. '40 o&r "4o N3 m It a.a-. I — 0 -10 4% 4j95 -I 49 0 i- 85 75, 1943- 1945:!WETO YEARS. A a a a a au a a a a 3 f f............................................ FEB. '43 JAN.'44 J Al'4 5 DEC. '45 Fig. 8. Comparison of average total alkalinity ranges., Chandler (Bass Islands.) and Lorain; -1958-40, 1945 -45. (2) Changes of intake location. None of the plants under consideration changed the location of their intakes during 1938-45. (3) Changes of personnel at filtration plants. No changes occurred. (4) Prevailing winds. It was thought that significant changes in direction of prevailing winds during 1943-45, as compared to 1938-40, might have resulted in alterations of average current patterns which in turn would have altered the distribution of total alkalinity. As a check on this hypothesis, average monthly wind directions and speeds were obtained for Cleveland from the United States Weather Review. Vector plots were constructed in order to obtain the average wind direction and speed for the two periods under consideration. Although monthly deviations from the average were present, no long-time differences occurred, the average directions being essentially the same for the two periods. (5) Alkalinity of tributary streams. A number of Ohio streams tributary to Lake Erie were subjected to chemical analysis during 1950-52 as a part of the Lake Erie pollution survey conducted by the State of Ohio Water Resources Commission (State of Ohio, 1953). No direct or consistent relationship between actual alkalinity values of the streams and those observed at Lorain are apparent, other than the regular seasonal variations generally exhibited by total alkalinity in natural bodies of water, (6) Runoff. This was the only factor in which there was a significant difference between 1938-40 and 1943-45. Among the gauged streams entering this portion of Lake Erie the Maumee,. Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Ashtabula were selected as indicators of runoff conditions. Using volume-of-flow data from the U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Papers, the combined annual runoff of these four rivers was obtained by totaling their mean monthly discharges for each of the years 1938-45. Runoff during 1945-45 was about 50% higher than in 1938-40. The increase was general over the entire west-basin region; it included the Detroit River as well as the above rivers. It is thus established that the years of poorer agreement between onshore and offshore alkalinities were years of materially increased runoff. Turbidity observations obtained by Chandler at Rattlesnake Island between 1941 and 1945 were in generally good agreement with those recorded at Lorain in the same years (Fig. 9)- At both locations there are two "pulses'1 of turbidity per year, one in the spring and the other in the fall. The spring pulse contains higher turbidity values than does the fall. The pulses occurred at Lorain and Rattlesnake Island at about the same time, except in the falls of 1941 and 1942. Comparison of these twice-yearly pulses with the runoff of the Black River* at *The Black River was not gauged; monthly discharge figures for it were obtained from the averages of the Sandusky and Cuyahoga Rivers, the nearest gauged streams, 'The monthly discharge rates per square mile of watershed for these two rivers were averaged and the average per square mile multiplied by the watershed area of the Black. 22 TURBIDITY AT RATTLESNAKE IS. -.-.-TURBIDITY AT LORAIN -. --- —— ADJUSTED TURBIDITY AT LORAIN 0 4 Lu z 0 a Fig. 9. Temporal variation of turbidity Lorain, with adjusted values for Lorain; at Rattlesnake Island and 1941-45. 23 Lorain reveals that the spring pulse occurs at the time of the late-winter-earlyspring melt-off. The fall pulses occur during periods of greatly reduced river flows. The spring pulse is probably the result of suspended materials carried into the lake by runoff waters and also, to a less degree, of the spring plankton bloom which regularly occurs at this period. The fall pulse is probably due to bottom sediments suspended by winds and to the fall plankton bloom; the decreased runoff would contribute very little suspended material at this time. In view of the favorable agreement in trends, and of the relatively few ppm difference in actual values, between the turbidity observations at Lorain and Rattlesnake Island the possibility of applying corrections to bring the two in even better agreement was considered. A scatter diagram was made in which average monthly values at Lorain were plotted against the difference in monthly means of Chandler and Lorain, This gave a curvilinear arrangement of points to which a curve was fitted by eye (Fig. 10). The curvature and scatter of points increased with decreasing turbidity values. A series of adjustment factors were derived from the slope of the curve by breaking the curve into a series of segments, taking each segment to be a straight line, and determining the slope of the segment. Adjustment factors were actually computed only for that portion of the curve lying above Lorain turbidities of 20 ppm. Turbidities below this value exhibited such a large scatter as to give unrealistic adjustment factors; an arbitrary factor of 1.20 has been used for this range. It appears to perform satisfactorily. Adjustment factors and the turbidity ranges to which they apply are: Lorain Turbidity Adjustment ppm Factor 0-20, X 1.20 = Rattlesnake Island turbidity 21-25 1.10 26-30 0.90 31-35 0.85 36-40 O. 80 41-45- 0.75 46-50o o.65 51-80 o.6o 81-100 0.55 101- 0.50 The adjusted values of Lorain's turbidities are shown in Fig. 10. It appears reasonable to conclude, on the basis of total alkalinity and turbidity observations, that physical-chemical data as obtained at the Lorain filtration plant can be used in the interpretation of open lake conditions obtaining in the west basin* In utilizing these on-shore data it should be carefully borne in mind that under prevailing winds (1) Lorain appears to be sampling 24 ye 4. z (0o -I 4t C-. ro ~-f z 0.J <: ~ LORAIN TURBIDITY. RRM. Fig. 10. Adjustment curve, Lorain turbidity to Rattlesnake Island turbidity. the integrated water mass resulting from the mixing of the effluents of the Detroit River and the lesser streams entering the west end, principally the Huron, Raisin, Maumee, and Portage Rivers, and (2) data as obtained at Lorain are more representative of west basin conditions during seasons of normal or below-normal runoff than during periods of abnormally high runoff. It should also be remembered that during periods of winds from easterly quarters the lake circulation may be altered to the extent that Lorain may temporarily fail to sample west basin water. REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS FOR THE CENTRAL BASIN Since one of the chief parameters utilized in the selection of representative stations has been total alkalinity, it should at this time be pointed out that in the central basin there is a north-south horizontal gradient of total alkalinity in which values decrease toward the south. This situation is the reverse of that encountered in the west basin; in which lower alkalinity values are found in the north where the Detroit River enters the lake, and higher values in the south where relatively large amounts of admixed Maumee River water occur. The gradient existent in the central basin is apparently due to the bedrock formations underlying the lake, and to the very high alkalinity values found in the tributary streams of the Canadian shore. Both the central and east. basins are underlain by shale and limestone; in the central basin the limestone is confined to a narrow region roughly parallel to the north shore. The remainder of the basin is underlain by shale. The dissolution of limestone by carbon dioxide in the bottom waters and the upwelling of these waters along the north shore may account for the higher total alkalinity values found in the northern portion of the central basin. The north-south gradient in alkalinity appears in the Buffalo Museum "Shearwater" data of 1929 (Fig. 4) and the University of Western Ontario data of 1947 -53. Assessment of representative stations for the central basin was largely on the basis of the 1929 "Shearwater" data, as data obtained by the University of Western Ontario was practically all confined to the northern pQrtion of the basin. Although the data of "Shearwater" cruise 2 of June, 1929, were the only data suitable for the construction of a circulation pattern, total alkalinity and turbidity data from the remaining three cruises in July, August, and September 1929 were utilized in the analysis of the representativeness of central basin stations. Cleveland and Erie were considered as the possible south-shore representative stations for this basin, they being the only two which had not been eliminated from consideration on the basis:of intake location, pollution effects, or some other factor, From circulation evidences, as well as geographic location, it appeared that Erie possessed better qualifications than Cleveland for the position of representative station for the central basin. The Erie intakes (there are two 26 plants, with intakes close to each other) appeared to be in such a position as to sample an integrated product of the easterly south shore current and the cross lake current from Long Point. The surface current pattern indicates that water from both these sources might be brought past the Erie intakes. Cleveland, on the other hand, is so far west as to be sampling predominantly the water of the easterly south shore current only, and further, analysis of thecirculation suggests that the Cleveland- intakes may at times sample water which is predominantly an unmodified effluent of the west basin. From "Shearwater" cruise 2 were available total alkalinities, turbidities, and water temperatures which could be used in analyzing the representativeness of Cleveland and Erie. It is obvious that - as complete:an analysis could not be performed here as was the case with Chandler vs. Lorain, since in the latter case data for the west basin were available over a period of years. Total alkalinity and turbidity observations obtained at Cleveland's Division and Baldwin filtration plants in 1929 were compared with values of these parameters at "Shearwater" stations 47 and 48, These stations were located 2 and 14 miles, respectively, north-northwest of the two plant intakes, and the depths at the stations were fairly comparable to the intake depths. The depth of the Baldwin intake is 28 feet and that of the Division intake 56 feet; station 47 was located in 38 feet of water and station 48 in 44 feet. The comparisons of the two filtration plants with data from stations 47 and 48, for each of the four cruises, are summarized in Table II. In the case of total alkalinity, best agreement is between the Division plant and the average of the bottom values from stations 47 and 48. Both plants tended to run slightly below the surface values as observed at the stations, The best agreement of turbidity values lay between the Baldwin plant and the average bottom values of the two stations, In summary, the total alkalinity and turbidity data as obtained by the two Cleveland filtration plants are, to a fair degree, representative of these two parameters as they occur somewhat farther out in the lake. Evidence derived from the circulation pattern of the lake, however, indicates that at best Cleveland is sampling water from the extreme western portion of the central basin, and may frequently sample relatively unmodified -west-.basit water The strong turbidity gradient along the south shore in the vicinity of Lorain and Cleveland as observed by "Shearwater" cruise 2 (Figo 5) is indicative of the presence of west-basin water. At Erie, observations of total alkalinity, turbidity, and water temperature as obtained at the Chestnut Street filtration plant were compared with values of these parameters as obtained by"Shearwater" cruise 2 (Erie's West filtration plant did not become operative until 1952), Comparisons were made in two ways; first, all "Shearwater" stations in the central basin, including those to a dis 27 tance five miles east of Erie, were combined to obtain mean values of total alkalinity and turbidity for surface, bottom, and average of surface and- bottomo This was- done for each of the cruises, that is, June, July, August, and September0 Secondly, stations 37, 38, 47, and 48 were similarly combined to obtain average values for each of the cruise months. These stations lay, respectively,-three miles north of Ashtabula, 3 miles north of Fairport, and 2 and 14 miles NEW of Loraino These four stations were indicated by the circulation pattern as lying within the eastward south-shore current which passes the Erie intakes; they were compared, separately from all the central-basin stations, with the Erie data in an effort to determine whether Erie might be more representative of this water than of the central basin as a wholeo Stations 37, 38, 47, and 48 will hereafter be referred to as "selected stationso" Temperature data from the "Shearwater" cruises were treated similarly to alkalinity ard turbidity, with the following two exceptions: ((1) Temperature was obtained at each station at surface, 10 meters, and bottomo Only the surface and 10 meter observations were compared to the Erie values, since these were nearer the intake level of the plants and gave a more realistic test of Erie's representativenesso (2) In addition to data from the June, July, August, and September cruises, temperature data from a May, 1929, cruise were available, although alkalinity and turbidity data for this cruise were lackingo Comparisons of averaged "Shearwater" data and Erie's Chestnut Street plant's monthly average data are summarized in Tables III and IVN It may be seen from Table III that, compared to the average of all stations, alkalinities observed at Erie are consistently low, by 4 to 7o5 parts per million0 Erie's values agree best with the bottom values of the selected stations, which were located within the south shore current0 The Erie intakes appear, then, to sample predominantly water from the south shore current, rather than a well integrated product of water from the entire central basino Erie plus 3 ppm would appear to give a working estimate of selected-station alkalinities under most conditions o That Erie is not representative of the northern and western parts of the central basin is shown by a comparison of total alkalinity data at Erie with data obtained at University of Western Ontario stations 2, 3, 4, and 5 between 1947 and 1953 (Appendix II)o These stations were situated 6, 14, 20, and 26 miles south of Point aux Pinso Alkalinity values at Erie were as much as 28 ppm below those observed at UWO stations, and only at one time were the Erie values less than 11 ppm below the station valueso The existence of a decreasing north-south horizontal gradient of total alkalinity in the central basin has been discussed above and is reflected in these two sets of datao Turbidity values observed at Erie are consistently and irregularly higher than those of the open lake as indicated by the "Shearwater" data0 This is true for both "all stations" and "selected stationso" It is likely that turbidity at Erie is influenced locally by the sediment-suspending effects of wind or current action, and it is to be expected that the plant data should reflect these influences in higher turbiditieso 28 TABLE III Alkalinity June 99 9705 98 95 94 95 92 July 101 98 99.5 96 95 95 92 Aug. 97 96.5 97 97 95,5 96 93 Sept. 98 98 98 97,5 99 98 93 Turbidity June 4 6 5 9 11 10 12 July 3 6 5 5 6 5 10 Aug, 2 9 4 5 6 6 16 Sept. 4 5.5 5 7 7 7 20 TABLE IV Temperature ~C Monh All Stations Selected Stations. Month Erie — Surface 10 Meters Surface 10 Meters May 8.4 6.6 9.8 7.8 11.7 June 17.6 1352 18,0 14,5 17.4 July 20,2 17.7 21o6 19.1 21.6 Aug. 20,9 20,0 21.4 20.7 - 21,8 Sept~, 19.4 19.4 19o7 19,6 20.3 From Table IV, it may be seen that agreement of intake temperatures at Erie with those observed by the "Shearwater" is excellent. Erie's values coincided more closely with surface temperatures than with 10-meter temperatures; correlation of Erie with the selected stations is a little better than with the entire basin, but the difference is slight. It should be noted that agreement was least good in May, when the intake water was warmer than that of the open lake. This is to be expected, Since this correlates with the season of spring warming, when near-shore waters would have attained a higher temperature than those farther offshore. Comparisons of intake temperatures at Erie were also made with surface temperatures (both in centigrade) observed at University of Western Ontario stations 2, 3, 4, and 5. They are summarized in Table V. 29 TABLE V 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Erie UWO Erie UWO Erie UWO Erie UWO Erie UWO April 8.2 4.5 May 9,6 11.9 11,2 11.5 June 16.5 16.0 18.4 19,6* 16.8 16.9 15.7 18,6 July 18.8 22.1* 20,2 20,3 2001 24.4* 20.5 20.8 2136 22.9 Aug. 22 2 25.7 22 7 23.5* 24.3 24.2 22 5 21 o 9 228 25. 2 Sept. 22.53 186 18.6 19,9 17.9 22.4* Oct. 16.2 19.4* *Based on single observation from station 2. Agreement of Erie intake temperatures with those as observed at UWO stations is, for the most part, quite good. Once again, the effects of alongshore warming in the spring are indicated in the one set of April temperatures, where the water at Erie was nearly twice as warm as that in the Open lake. More rapid autumnal cooling of the shallow onshore water is shown in the September and October data of 1949 and 1950, It must be remembered, as has already been pointed out, that strict comparability between observations obtained at Erie and those from the open lake cannot be implied, since it has been necessary to compare monthly averages based on a relatively large volume of data at Erie with either single daysl observations, or averages based on no more than four observations, from the open lakeo Considering the paucity of open lake data available, the comparability that has been obtained must be considered very good. On the basis of total alkalinity, Erie must be considered a good representative station for only the southern half of the central basin. In regard to water surface temperatures, however, those observed at Erie do not differ materially from those of the entire basin, This apparent discrepancy is resolved when one considers that surface temperatures throughout the basin are controlled by very nearly the same climatic regimen and should not exhibit too much variability, except in regions of upwelling. One appears to be justified, then, in accepting the intake temperatures at Erie as being representative, within a few degrees, of the average surface temperatures existing anywhere within the central basin. The strongest exception to this representativeness would be in comparing Erie's temperatures with those along the north shore, where the existence of the counterclockwise eddies appears to result in upwell ing of cooler subsurface water, the temperatures of which would not be typical of surface temperatures over most of the basint Since Erie can be considered chemically representative of only the southern half of the central basin, conditions obtaining in the basin as a whole could be more accurately depicted if there were two representative stations, one on the south shore (satisfied by Erie), and one on the north. Although a number of municipalities in the province of Ontario possess filtration plants which obtain water from Lake Erie, none of these make routine physical-chemical analyses of raw water as far as this investigation has been able to determine. Analyses of intake water at Port Stanley, made by the Industrial Minerals Division, Mines Branch, Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (Thomas, 1954) indicate a degree of comparability between this water and that sampled by UWO stations 2, 3, 4, and 5. Intake water at Port Stanley was subjected to complete analysis once monthly from February 1948 to February 1949. During this period the UWO stations were visited during June, July, August, and September. The average total alkalinity for the four samples obtained during these months at Port Stanley was 100 ppm; the average from all depths at the UWO stations was 106 ppm. Considering once again the scanty data available for comparison, this is good agreement. Centigrade temperature data from the two sources were compared on a month-to-month basis. April May June July August September University of 4.2 --- 12,.7 16.3 20.53 21.6 Western Ontario Port Stanley o.6 3-3 4.4 15.6 18.3 15,6 The notable tendency of the Port Stanley temperatures to remain consistently below those as observed at the open-lake stations is probably due to upwelling occurring near the north shore in the Port Stanley vicinity, caused by the previously mentioned eddy occurring here. The proximity of Port Stanley to this upwelling makes its value as a representative station questionable, since it would, at different times, be effectively sampling different depths. Hence, variability in observations would have to be assessed partially on an unknown basis of effective sampling depth. The deduced pattern of surface circulation indicates the possibility of Port Burwell as a better location for a north shore representative station, since it lies at the extreme eastern end of the eddy, and near the area of strong onshore current shown by the FWS drift bottle returns. It is not known at present whether this municipality has an intake in Lake Erie; if water is being drawn from the lake, the initiation of a program of obtaining observations such as total alkalinity, turbidity, and temperature, might well result in the accumulation of a valuable body of limnological data. 35L REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS FOR THE EAST BASIN The only possible representative station for the east basin is the Erie County (New York) Water Authority filtration plant located at Woodlawn, N. Y. The Niagara.-Mohawk power station at Dunkirk, N. Y. obtains physical-chemical data, but its records are available for only a few years back and assessment of its representativeness is impossible. Because Woodlawn has obvious weaknesses (discussed below) Dunkirk should be evaluated as soon as simultaneous data are available. Data of 1929 from the Woodlawn plant were compared with open-lake data obtained by the "Shearwater" in the east basin in 1929 (1928 data are also available from previous "Shearwater" cruises, but data from Woodlawn do not include that year.) Comparisons were made of total alkalinity, turbidity, and temperature. The procedure was similar to that used for Erie, in that data from Woodlawn were compared with monthly averages of observations from the entire eastt.. basin, and also with certain "selected: stations which, according to the deduced circulation pattern, lay up-current from the plant's intake. The latter stations were all near the south shore, extending from just off Woodlawn to about the Pennsylvania-New York state line. Results are summarized in Tables VI and VII. TABLE VI All Stations Selected Stations Surface Surface Surface Bottom and Surface Bottom and Woodlawn Bottom Bottom Alkalinity June 100 98 99.5 96 95 96 93 July 99 98 99 98 97 97.5 90 Aug. 98 97 97.5 98 97 97 91 Sept. 98.5 9805 98 98 97 98 99 Turbidity June 13 16 14 14.5 15 15 13 July 6 20 13 8 9 8 7 Aug. 4.5 13 9 6 7 6.5 8 Sept. 0.5 8 4~5 0,6 1 1 153 32 TABLE VII I i Month |All Stations | Surface 10 Meters Temperature, ~C - Selected Stations. Woodlawn Bottom Surface 10 Meters Bottom June 13 11 8 12 -- 12 17 July 19 17 12 20 -- 18 20 Aug. 20 1 14 21 --- 20 18 Sept. 21 20 16 21 --- 20 15 Total alkalinity as observed at Woodlawn is consistently lower than openlake observations for the east basin, as obtained by the "Shearwater." The tabulations of Table VI indicate that this is true for both "all stations" and "selected stations," except for September, when the average value at Woodlawn for that month closely approximated open-lake values. Order-of-magnitude agreement is quite good, however, and lower alkalinities at Woodlawn may be due largely to the effects of acid waste effluents from steel mills which located in that vicinity. Probable variations in quantity of acid waste make a correction factor futileo Average monthly values of turbidity at Woodlawn agree well with those from the "selected stations," and, for the most part, fairly well with those from all stations in the east basin. The only notable discrepancy is in September, when local disturbances (probably winds) apparently resulted in higher turbidities in the vicinity of the intake. Temperature observations from Woodlawn do not agree as well with open-lake data as do the plant data at Erieo This may be largely due to the plant's being located on the extreme east end of the lake, where the intake is exposed to the full effect of the internal seiche, the magnitude of which can be quite largeo This might explain the lower temperature at Woodlawn for September, when the average of 15~C corresponded closely to the average of bottom temperatures for all stationswhereas in June, July, and August intake temperatures corresponded more closely to average surface temperatures for both "all stations" and "selected stations." LAKE ERIE REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS: A SUMMARY It has been shown that for each of the three basins of Lake Erie, a filtration plant exists whose raw-water data correlate sufficiently well with openlake data to justify their establishment as the most representative stations for 33 their particular basins. Lorain, Ohio, and Erie, Pennsylvania, chosen aS representative stations for the west and central basins, respectively, appear to be more reliable than Woodlawn, New York, the one evaluatable station for the east basin. Waste effluents from steel mills and seiche activity appear tO affect the representativeness of alkalinity and temperature data at Woodlawn. The intakes at Lorain and at Erie appear to be relatively free from the effects of local pollution and seiches, and it is believed that data obtained at these two plants are sufficiently indicative of open-lake conditions to permit their application to practical limnological problems,;particularly in regard to the assessment of long-term physical-chemical conditions in the lake. When and if Erie and Woodlawn are seriously used in "watching" the trends within the lake, their actual degree of representativeness should be more definitively determined by more offshore cruises: Scarcity of offshore data has been a serious limiting factor in their assessment, Dunkirk, New York,. may be a much better representative station for the eagst'. basin and should be evaluated as soon as possible. A REPRESENTATIVE STATION FOR LAKE MICHIGAN Through the kindness of Mr. Russell Lo Johnson, Engineer in Charge, Northern Peninsula Office, Michigan Department of Health, w e-are able to indicate a representative water plant on Lake Michigan. In collating local wind and circulation near Muskegon, Michigan (as indicated by Ayers et al., 1958) with raw water temperatures from the recording thermometer at the Muskegon water plant, Mr. Johnson has very clearly shown that under different winds Muskegon samples' both surface water from about 20 miles out in the lake and subthermocline water from the region outside Muskegon. His studies.(personal communications) show that under south, southwest, or west winds surface waters from the open lake approach Muskegon. On the second. day of winds from these directions notable rises in raw water temperature occur, and by the fourth day of such winds isotherms originally about 20 miles offshore are being Sampled by the intake. Referring to Fig. 4 of the Lake Michigan paper (Ayers et alj op. cite), Mr. Johnson says, Figure 4 shows that, on June 28, the 17~ isotherm for the surface water was located several miles offshore at Muskegon. On June 29, accordingt FiguSl5, this isotherm had reached shore in this part of the lake. At intake level off Muskegon, the water temperature started rising at about 0100 hours on June 29, the day of Synoptic Cruise Vo;It reached 17~C (62.60F) late in the day on June 30 or early on July ls" Winds'fat Muskegon were from the south for six days beginning on June 27. His studies also show that the atypical east-shore south current observed in Lake Michigan on 9 and 10 August 1955 in Synoptic Cruises VI and VII probably began on 7 August, for on that day the raw-water temperature at Muskegon began a sharp decline which lasted through 9 August, and were only beginning to rise on the 10tho During the sharp decline, temperature fell from 80.0~F (2606~C) to 45O0~F (7.2~C) between 0650 of the 7th and 0450 of the 9th. Figures 5, 16, 28, and 41 of the Lake Michigan paper all show 7,2~ water to be subthermocline watero This temperature break accompanied north winds and east winds (offshore winds) that began on August 7th and continued for at least five days. Mr. Johnson's studies also indicate that northwest winds cause strong upwelling at Muskegon, It appears reasonable to believe that Muskegon on the fourth day of winds from the south, southwest or west is sampling surface water from about 20 miles (estimated) offshore. It also is reasonable to believe that Muskegon on the third day of winds from the northwest, north, northeast, or east is pumping subthermocline water representative of the hypolimnion of the deep basin outside Muskegono Mr. Johnson has authorized our use of the above review of his studies. A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF WIND PATTERN OVER A LAKE Basic to the study of properties of a large body of water is knowledge of its currents. The distribution of water properties such as alkalinity and turbidity is influenced by the movement of lake currents. Current variations are brought about by two principal factors; l) temperature distribution of the water, and 2) wind at the lake-atmosphere interface. The techniques of dynamic height determination derived from considerations of the density distribution of water in order to compute water currents are well known in oceanography and have been used with success in previous studies of some of the Great Lakes (Ayers, et al. 1958; Ruschmeyer and Olson, 1958). The dynamic height method yields an integrated depiction of temperature effect and the wind-distributed field of density. In this depiction the temperature factor is semi-conservative and varies at a relatively slow rate, while the wind factor varies on a day-to-day basis. The wind pattern over a lake, then, is the dominant factor in the pattern of water currents in the lake. For large bodies of water that are relatively shallow, such as Lake Erie, currents are much more rapidly changed than in deeper lakes of comparable area. This is because shallow water does not represent as great a momentum sink as does deep water, It has been found that current patterns in western Lake Erie, for example, are variable, and frequently vary on an intra-diurnal time scale (FWS Cruise Report III, Ayers, 1958). There is also evidence elsewhere (Saginaw Bay, Johnson, 1958) to indicate the wind-produced changes in shallow water movement may take place with as little as two hours subjection to a new wind regime. It is important, therefore, that the wind field be determined as ac curately and frequently as possible. 35 A technique of kinematic analysis of the atmosphere, known as the streamline wind analysis method, makes possible an accurate computation of the windproduced currents which affect the distribution and transport of variables that make up the water quality (e.g., alkalinity, turbidity, chemistry)o It is also a valuable means for reconstructing the wind regime and current patterns in the Great Lakes at any time during the past 60 years. It is, therefore, both a climatological and synoptic aid in water current analysis. The technique utilizes reports of the wind vector from many observers taken simultaneously; hence analyses made from these data are truly synoptic* The frequency of reports (and hence possible analyses) is a function of their history. Before the onset of World War II, the frequency of reporting was once per day. After the close of the war, reports became available on an hourly basis. Data density has increased in like manner. For example, in 1899, there were four stations surrounding Lake Erie that reported wind data once per day. At present, the number of stations which surround western Lake Erie'alone number 21, all of which make hourly reports of imost meteorological variables including the wind vector. Some wind records of this group are autographico In addition to the hourly stations, Powers et al. (1958) have shown that there are ten Coast Guard stations around the western basin of Lake Erie reporting the wind vector at either 4- or 6-hourly intervals. On a once-per-day basis there are an additional five water plants that surround the same area of Lake Erie that report the wind vector. Finally, there is a variable number of lake vessels that are equipped with anemovanes which report periodically when operating more than 4 miles from shore. Not counting the vessels, there are three dozen sources for wind data over the western basin of Lake Erie alone-a ten-fold increase in data density since the turn of the century. The hourly wind reporting stations in the vicinity of all the Great Lakes which are available at present are represented by the station circles shown in Fig. llo Each station reports all meteorological variables including the wind vectors The basic difficulty in making a wind analysis is not just a function of the data density, but primarily is dependent on the fact that the wind is a vector quantity. It is possible to draw charts and graphs of vector quantities, but it is difficult for the analyst to account graphically for the variation of the vector by one system of lines or isopleths. It is simpler and more accurate to analyze the vector in terms of its two scalar components, speed and direction, by preparing a graph of each scalar separately. Figure 11 shows the-first step necessary in preparing an-accurate analysis of the wind direction field. The two digits above the station circle are the reported wind direction in tens of degrees reckoned clockwise from north (36), calm being code 00. The wind data shown are those actually recorded at 1500 EST 23 October 19580 With a field of numerical values at hand to express the wind directions, equal-valued lines called isogons may be constructed. The purpose of the isogons is two-fold, First they give continuous representation of the wind direction 36 80~ 750 - ISOGONS (DEGREES) EQUI-DIRECTIONAL LINE SEGMENTS 12 0 24 O SE 16 \ C) SK 09 (4 -011 7i I X 20d Fig. 11. Isogon analysis., Data above station circle wind direction in tens of degrees. Solid lines isogons. Broken lines equi-directional line segments. fieldO That is, everywhere along any one isogon the wind direction is the same. The isogons. also provide interpolated information of the wind direction between stationso In Figo 11, the isogons are labeled by letter abbreviations, NE, SW, etco It is difficult to draw, directly, the streamlines which depict the wind direction field because of the lack of information between stationso Only a crude first approximation to direction field is possible by the direct approacho First, direction arrows must be constructed at each station to show the wind direction graphicallyo Then streamlines may be drawn, but with confidence only if the data density is higho In only a few locations of the United States (viZo. around the major metropolitan centers) is the station coverage dense enough to approximate the detail possible from an isogon analysis. In the interests of accuracy, therefore, the isogon procedure is recommended because it multiplies the density of the data field. The second step in preparing the streamline analysis is to construct short line segments across each isogon. Each line segment is oriented according to the wind direction of its isogon. That is to say, all line segments on the "north" and "south" isogons, for example, are drawn parallel to the local meridians no matter how the isogon itself varies across the chart; all segments on NW and SE isogons point in these directions; etco The number of segments drawn is completely arbitraryo What has been accomplished by the procedure so far described, and illustrated in Fig. 11l is to give the analyst a chart composed of as many "wind observations' as he desires. Instead of being restricted to wind data reported by the stations alone, he now has a limitless number of wind directions by which to construct streamlines to show the air-flow at a given moment0 In actual practice, isogon intervals of 30 to 45 degrees (those of Figo 11 have an interval of 45~) with line segments one or two latitude degrees apart is a sufficiently detailed field of data from which to draw streamlineso The third step in the procedure is illustrated in Fig, 12, For simplicity, only the line segments from Fig. 11 are reproduced. The pattern of air flow is shown by the solid streamlines which are constructed so as to be everywhere parallel to the line segments. This is the only requisite on the construction of streamlines;j the speed of the wind is not involved in this analysis. Streamlines can fork and join, but only asymptoticallyo Exceptions are at singular points where the wind is calm and the wind is considered omni-directional, The number of streamlines constructed is arbitraryo Figure 12 is a completed analysis of the wind direction field over the Great Lakes and vicinityo The complete wind field, however, is not specified until its speed is analyzed. This is shown in Fig. 13 where the two-digit figure appearing beneath the station circles is the wind speed in knotso The dashed lines are equal-speed isopleths (isotachs) drawn to the numerical data in intervals of 5 knotso The patterns in the figure show the variation in speeds of the air motiono 38 90O I - STREAMLINES,\\\\ EQUI DIRECTIONAL LINE SEGMENTS //I,45~ -- I ( - - -----— =4 -40~ Fig. 12. Streamline analysis. Solid lines streamlines. Broken lines equi-directional line segments. P4 0 ~rd U) 4-) rd 4-I) a) 0 43 X) Cd 4 -C.) 4-) p co Ca3) "3CO CO- CIT 40 When isotachs are superimposed on streamlines the resulting chart gives a complete representation of the horizontal wind field. This is shown in Fig, 14. The speed and direction of the wind at any point over land or lake is given either directly when the streamlines or isotachs pass over the point, or by linear interpolation between isopleths when the desired location falls between them. The effect of the wind stress on surface water movement can be computed at this point by any suitable technique such as those described by Ayers et ale (1958) and Hunt (1958).. ' - The streamline technique of representing the wind field at the water-air interface will give more definitive surface current patterns than from conventional techniques. This means, increased knowledge of trajectories of water sampled for such parameters as alkalinity, chemistry, turbidity, and temperature. The wind field portrayed will be no more accurate than is commensurate with the accuracy and density of individual data sources, but from a given set of data the technique provides the most accurate analysis of the wind velocity field. Historical as well as present wind data may be analyzed by the streamline technique, RAINFALL IN- THE LAKE ERIE BASIN SINCE 1810 As a part of the accumulation of the historic background of the Lake Erie aquatic environment, searches of the literature for old meteorological data have been carried out. During these searches we have uncovered sufficient rainfall data to allow the reconstruction of a practically continuous rainfall graph extending back to 1810. As is also the case with lake levels, it is greatly to be desired that rainfall records be extended back into the period when the Great Lakes watersheds were in essentially full-forest condition. The oldest rainfall records pertaining to the Ohio region are from a gauge maintained by a Dr. Hildreth of Marietta, Ohio, during the years 1819-1823 and' 1828-1832. These records, however, overlap with records from a gauge at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia during the years 1810-1815, 1815-1819, and 1827-1837. The overlap of the Marietta and Philadelphia records covered the 5 -year period 1828-1832. The data for the overlap period are in terms of total rainfall and mean annual rainfall during the periods. Figures for the individual years are not available. The mean annual rainfall at Marietta was slightly greater than that at Philadelphia and all the data from Philadelphia have been increased by an amount sufficient to make Philadelphia equal to Marietta during the period of overlap. The corrected Philadelphia data undoubtedly are in error, but to date they are all tiat are available for the 1810-1827 period. They have been used, as corrected, in the computation of the mean annual rainfall of the 1810-1958 period (discussed below). No attempt has been made to correct the Marietta records:to stations within the Lake Erie basin, This may be attempted later if circumstances indicate it to be desirable. As the data now stand they show a good degree of agreement with the old lake levels (discussed later): 41 I — co z C)6 00 CM P4 I HO / r~. ~. R (.1 high lake levels following at the end of periods of above-average rainfall and low lake levels coming at the ends of periods of below-average rainfall. Rainfall records, pertaining to the Lake Erie region directly, for the period 1858 through 1850 are from a gauge at Western Reserve University-at Hudson, Ohioo Rainfall data for the year 1859 is available, to date, only for Lake Huron. This has been corrected into an estimate for Lake Erie by using the rainfall ratio of the two lakes for the ten-year period 1871-1880 inclusive. The Lake Huron figure for 1859 and figures for Lake Erie in 1860-1867 inclusive are from an early report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S; Army Engineers. The reference to this source and to the others used are indicated with the data in Table VIII and given in full in "Literature Citedo" Precipitation data for the land area of Lakes Erie-St. Clair are given in Horton and Grunsky (1927). These data cover the years 1871 through 1922. Data of the U. S. Lake Survey, for the years 1900-1958, were very kindly provided by Mr. W, To Laidly of the Surveyo The overlap years (1900-1922) between Horton and Grunsky and the U. S; Lake Survey allow an assessment of the degree to which the inclusion of the Lake St. Clair basin by Horton and Grunsky may have interfered with the strict applicability of their data to the Lake Erie basin alone. Maximum variation between the two sets of data in the overlap years was 2.27 inches; minimum variation was 0.04 inches, with Horton and Grunsky being higher in both cases. The mean variation during the 23 years of overlap was 0.19 inch with Horton and Grunsky being the lower. The overlap years and the comparison of Hortonrand Grunsky to the Lake Survey are shown in Table VIII. Total rainfall in the years for which there are figures has been summed and divided by the number of years for which there are figures. These figures, including the corrections,, indicated above, yield a mean annual rainfall value of 355655 inches for the period 1810-19580 Years of above-average and below-average rainfall are given in the following table. All hyphenated figures are inclusiveo Above Average Below Average 1810-1814 1815-1819 1819-1837 1838-184i 1842 1845 1848-1850 - - 7860 1862 1865-1865 1866 1867 1875 1871-1872 1876 1874-1875 1878 1884 -1880-1883 1886-1889 45 TABLE VIII RAINFALL SINCE 1810 Philadelphia (Foster and Whitney, Pt. II, p. 337) given: 1810-15* (5 years) 185.68 inches. 1815-19 (5 years) 151.14 inches. 1827-37 (11 years) 451.05 inches. Annual mean 41.00 inches. *Taken as 1810-14, inclusive. corrected: 1810-14, incl. 206.64 inches. Annual mean = 41.33 inches. 1815-19, incl. 168.20 inches. Annual mean = 33.64 inches. 1827-37, incl. 501.93 inches. Annual mean = 45.63 inches. Marietta, Ohio (Foster and Whitney, Pt. II, p. 337) 1819-23 (5 years) 202.83 inches. Annual mean = 40.57 inches. 1828-32** (5 years) 228.17** inches. Annual mean = 45.63 inches. **Omitted in computing mean of 1810-1958 period. Hudson, Ohio (Foster and Whitney, Pt. II, p. 338) mean of 1838, 1839, i840 34.12 inches 1841 28.43 inches 1842 36.11 inches 1843 26.74 inches 1844 35.73 inches mean of 1848, 1849, 1850 39.365 inches Lake Huron (Rept. Chief of Engin. for 1868, Pt. II, p. 991) given: 1859 27.90 inches corrected: 1859 29.02 inches for Lake Erie Lake Erie (Rept. Chief of Engin. for 1868, Pt. II, p. 991) 1860 31.29 inches 1861 35.58 inches 1862 36.58 inches 1863 31.69 inches 1864 34.00 inches 1865 32.67 inches 1866 38.15 inches 1867 28.61 inches Lake Erie-St. Clair (Horton and Grunsky, 1927, Table 46, p. 112) 1871 30.9 inches 1872.29.9 inches i873 38.8 inches 1874 29.2 inches 1875 33.6,inches 1876 39.5 inches 1877 35.3 inches 1878 45.3 inches 1879 35.3 inches 1880 40.5 inches 1881 41.2 inches 1882 37.1 inches 1883 38.4 inches 1884 32.3 inches 1885 - 37.4 inches 1886 32.9 inches 1887 31.6 inches 1888 29.9 inches 1889 29.5 inches 1890 41.9 inches 1891 32.3 inches 1892 38.4 inches 1893 36.0 inches 1894 30.5 inches 1895 28.5 inches 1896 34.7-inches 1897 31.9 inches 1898 35.3 inches U. S. Lake Survey-Lake Erie 1899 29.2 inches 1900 32.6 inches 32.53 inches diff. 0.07 1901 30.5 inches 30.46 inches 0.04 1902 36.7 inches 36.49 inches 0.21 1903 36.4 inches 36.09 inches 0.31 1904 32.6 inches 34.16 inches -1.56 1905 31.9 inches 33.58 inches -1.68 1906 32.6 inches 33.62 inches -1.02 1907 34.7 inches 36.21 inches -1.51 1908 30.3 inches 30.91 inches -0.61 1909 36.7 inches 38.00 inches -1.30 1910 33.6 inches 33.38 inches 0.22 1911 36.0 inches 35.52 inches 0.48 1912 34.3 inches 34.66 inches 0.36 1913 38.1 inches 38.05 inches 0.05 1914 33.6 inches 33.23 inches 0.37 1915 34.7 inches 35.61 inches -0.91 1916 34.0 inches 33.83 inches 0.17 1917 37.4 inches 35.13 inches 2.27 1918 31.9 inches 31.39 inches 0.51 1919 32.3 inches 32.67 inches -0.37 1920 33.6 inches 31.94 inches 1.66 1921 34.3 inches 35.07 inches -0.77 1922 30.9 inches 31.62 inches -0.72 Total -.45 Mean diff. -0.19 average 32.57 (used in 30.48 computing 36.60 mean of 36.25 1810-1958) 33.38 32.74 33.11 55.46 30.61 37.35 33.49 35.76 34.48 38.08 33.42 35.16 33.92 36.27 31.65 32.49 32.77 34.69 31.26 U. S. Lake Survey 1923 32.26 inches 1924 32.98 inches 1925 30.62 inches 1926 39.01 inches 1927 35.47 inches 1928 31.20 inches 1929 38.81 inches 1930 26.77 inches 1931 31.59 inches 1932 34.58 inches 1933 28.53 inches 1934 24.88 inches 1935 29.96 inches 1936 28.70 inches 1937 40.24 inches 1938 33.56 inches 1939 31.19 inches 1940 36.44 inches 1941 26.53 inches 1942 38.58 inches 1943 35.57 inches 1944 30.18 inches 1945 40.25 inches 1946 30.07 inches 1947 38.91 inches 1948 36.26 inches 1949 34.54 inches 1950 42.63 inches 1951 37.41 inches 1952 31.00 inches 1953 28.85 inches 1954 38.13 inches 1955 33.29 inches 1956 36.25 inches 1957 38.24 inches 1958 31.12 inches 44 Above Average 1885 1890 1892-1893 1902-1903 1909 1915 1917 1926 1929 1957 1940 1942 1945 1947-1948 1950-1951 1954 1956-1957 Below Average 1891 1894-1901 1904-1908 1910 1912 1914-1916 1918-1925 1928 1930-1936 1938-1939 1941 1944 1946 1949 1952-1953 1955 1958 Years not specifically listed in this table fell practically on the average. PRE-1860 LAKE LEVELS OF LAKE ERIE In our search for indices of past conditions of the aquatic environment we have come across a fairly substantial amount of data on lake levels of the years prior to 1860o While these old lake levels are at present of chiefly academic interest, they do have at least potential value in the search for indices inasmuch as they express the integrated effects of hydrology and progressive deforestation. The present hydrograph of lake levels put out by the U. S. Lake Survey, in extending back only through 1860, does not reach to the period when the Great Lakes watersheds were in essentially full-forest conditions& The present study allows the delineation of periods of high and low lake levels back to 1796. Accuracy of the lake height figures falls off as one goes into the period earlier than the high-water of 1838, but appears to be substantial back to the low-water of 1819-20. Earlier than the latter period, the records become predominantly the recollections of early settlers and are decreasingly accurate, but at least approximate figures can be deduced back to 1800-02o Prior to that time the data are merely qualitative. Dominant high-waters are indicated in 1858-59, 1838, 1815-16, and 1800-02. Pronounced low-waters are indicated for the years 1819-20, 1809-10, and 1796. Also indicated quite clearly is a progressive downward trend in lake level from 1860-1796o The meaning of the.latter is unknown, but it might be a reflection of the presence of the forest with its concomitant increased water loss in transpiration, interception, and retention. 45 The complete lake level data are given in Table IX; they haye been obtained from the following sources (see Literature Cited for complete references); Houghton et al. (1848); U. S. Army Engineers (1870); Foster and Whitney (1851); Gilbert (1898); Houghton et al. (1859); Houghton et al; (1940); U. S. Army Engineers (1904)& LAKE ERIE WATER CHEMISTRY SINCE 1854 AS a part of the program of assembling as complete as possible a background of information on the condition of the Lake Erie aquatic environment, search was made for chemical analyses of Lake Erie water. Suitable data of this type are not abundant but enough analyses were found to allow us to reconstruct the trend lines of chemical composition for the period 1854 to 1956. The data, together with indications of the source papers, are given in Table X. The results clearly show a change in the chemical constituents of the lake water since 1854& They are summarized in about fifty-year intervals by the three major sets of analyses: 1854 1906-07 1956 Alkalinity 98.* 90. Silica 5.0 5.9 15 Iron 3 9 0,07 0.1 Calcium 20. 31. 36. Magnesium 7.6 8,9 Sodium plus potassium 3.7 6.5 8a7 Carbonate 5 31 Bicarbonate 114. 152.* Sulphate 6.6 135 23. Nitrate 0 5 3 0.4 Chloride: 8a7 20. Total Solids 98.1 133. 171. All analyses in parts per million *~Calculated by method of Palmer (1911). It should be remarked in passing that none of these analyses appear to be suspect, except that for silica in the two sets of earlier determinations. Older silica values in these and other analyses are materially higher than are obtained by modern methods. Other analyses in 1882, 1897, 1901, 1902, 1925, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1937 through 1948, 1948-49, and in 1950-52, while not complete analyses, do introduce 46 TABLE IX MONTHLY MEAN LAKE LEVELS, LAKE ERIE, ABOVE MEAN TIDE AT NEW YORK, FEET. CLEVELAND GAUGE BACK THROUGH 1855. Underlining indicates change of one digit. Month 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1855 1852 1851 1850 1849 1848 1847 1846 1845 1844 1843 1842 Jan 574.08 573.85 571.74 573.25 572.39 571.03 571.06 572.76 Feb 573.86 573.45 571.77 572.85 572.08 571.51 570.72 Mar 574.27 573.48 572.52 572.14 572.12 572.05 570.64 Apr 574.84 573.59 573.01 572.43 572.15 571.01 572.61 May 574.72 573.85 573.50 572.-97 572.95 572.56 572.78 572.25 572.57 571.98 575.07 572.98 572.75 57-5.27 June 574.69 575.21 573.88 573.55 573.23 575. 09 572.11 572.27 July 574.75 575.16 5735.97 575.58 573.73 573.16 572.73 572.22 Aug 574.45 575.07 573.93 575.23 575.95 5735.17 5735.17 572.05 572.48 Sept 573.85 574. 51 573.68 572.98 575.30 572.84 572.86 572.16 Oct 574.06 574.41 573.22 572.52 573.54 572.70 572.65 572,71 572.27, 571.95 NBv 5735.88 573.99 573.76 572.20 573.61 575.00 571.59 571.64 Dec 575.68 574.09 573.76 572.49 573.89 572.42 571.49 571.31 Month 1841 1840 1839 1838 1857 1836 1835 1834 18553 1832 1831 1830 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 Jan 572.39 570.37 571.51 572.02 Feb 572.39 Mar- 572.36 569.86 Apr 572.75 571.79 May 575.27 571.86 573.27 574.536 June 573.01 571.94 575.60 575.03 572.55 572.47 572.54 572.59 571.94 572.28 571.86 571.86 571.86 572.28 571.11 July 572.57 572.15 575.85 575.11 Aug 572.07 573.90 574.55 575.22 572.72 571.72 571.72 Sept 571.52 571.60 573.10 574.14 571.61 571.84 Oct 570.64 571.49 574. 07 573-.75 Nov 570.56 571.50 572.29 572.29 Dec 571.68 571.07 575115 Month 1825 1822 1821 1820 1819 1818 1817 i816 1815 1814 1813 1812 1811 1810., 1809 1808 1807 1806 Jan lake Feb 568.44 low Mar 568.25 Apr 566.50 May June 570.11 569.02 569.78 571.86 570.11 570.75 568.25 567.25 566.55 566.00 566.00 July 569.36 571.86 Aug 570.07 575.11 Sept Oct Nov Dec 570.36 Month 1800-1802 1798 1796 1702 Jan lake Lake very low, Detroit Feb rising possibly lowest settled Mar of all; beach by Apr never been so French May broad and conJune 571.11 tinuous since. July Settlers enterAug ing Ohio drove Sept teams on beach Oct most of way Nov from Buffalo to Dec Cleveland. 47 TABLE X CHEMICAL ANALYSES, LAKE ERIE WATER, PPM Analyses of 1854 and 1882 have been reduced from hypothetical combinations. Off Ashtabula Off Conneaut 011 Palrport Cleveland Detroit River Ashtabula 1854a 1882a 1897a 1901b Off Erie 1901-03c -- -. --- - Alkalinity Silica Iron Calcium Magnesium Sodium plus potassium Carbonate Bicarbonate Sulphate Nitrate Chloride Total solids 98.8 5.0 3.9 20. 3.7 7.2 26.4 23. 7.4 Buffalo 1906-07d 98.* 5.9 0.07 31. 7.6 Off Ashtabula 31 Jan. 1925e 105 Off Conneaut 31 Jan. 1925e 75 (?) __ Off Fairport Cleveland 4 Feb. 1925e 1928r 19291 1930f 1937 105. 0.61 0.64 0.79 0.37 9.3 9.5 6.6 4.6 110. 0.1 5.1 159. 6.5 3.1 114. 13. 0.3 8.7 135. 7.5 98.1 117.1 108. 0.09 6.4 144. 0.06 15. 160. 0.21 7. 140. 0.04 42. 235. Cleveland Port Stanley, Ont. Lorain Erie 1938f 1939f 1940f 1941f 1942f 1943f 1944f 1946f 1947f 1948f 1948-49g 1950-52h 1956 Alkalinity 91.* 90. Silica 1.3 1.9 1.5 Iron b.44 0.42 0.34 0.29 0.42 0.02 0.04 0.1 Calcium 58. 36. 56. Magnesium 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.7 9.1 8.9 8.5 8.6 7.7 8.5 8.9 Sodium plus potassium 9.2 9.5 8.7 Carbonate 0.4 8.0 Bicarbonate 107. 113. 152.** Sulphate 42.4 25. 23. Nitrate 1.14 1.2 0.4 Chloride 17.8 18. 20. Total solids 174. 165. 171. *Calculated or back-calculated (**) by method of Palmer (1911). aFrom U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper No. 31. bAshtabula, low pressure data, pp. 164-5 in Foulk (1925). CFrom U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 161. dFrom U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 236, also in U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 155. ePersonal communicatimbn, U. S. Engineer Office, Buffalo, N. Y., to U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor. Ammonia fractions, nitrite, BOD also given. Single samples only. fData of the Division and Baldwin water plants at Cleveland, collected oy the present contract. Yearly averages derived from monthly averages at the plants. gAverage of 12 monthly samples throughout the year, from Thomas (1954), pp. 26-29. hAverage of numerous samples throughout the year at the Lorain water plants from Lake Erie Pollution Survey. Supplement (1953). iFrom Ninetieth Annual Report of the City of Erie. 48 into the chemical history sufficient detail to indicate that nearly all the chemical parameters exhibited a notable depression in the period centered about 1897-1902. Since 1902 steady gains have been shown by total solids, calcium, sulphate, chloride, sodium plus potassiumn, and carbonate; in the same period decreases are shown by bicarbonate and silica; while magnesium, iron, and nitrate have shown little change. Detailed analyses of numerous samples spread well throughout the year are available from Buffalo, No Y. in 1906-07, Port Stanley, Ontario in 1948-49, Lorain, Ohio, in 1950-52 and from Erie, Pennsylvania in 1956; that from Port Stanley, Ontario is not quite comparable with the others as it involves the water of the northern part of the central basin. From Lorain 1950-52 was obtained the ratio of alkalinity to each of the other chemical constituents. These ratios were applied to the monthly alkalinity values obtained at the Lorain and Erie water plants to obtain approximate chemical compositions of the western and central basin waters during the period of record of these two plantso These monthly chemical estimates and annual means derived from them are given in Appendix I. THE METROPOLITAN POPULATION INDEX It is almost axiomatic that the quantities of foreign material entering a body of water are in proportion to the level of human population around that water body. The materials that enter Lake Erie as direct and indirect effects of man's presence can be represented in a rough and qualitative way by the human population in the metropolitan belt that surrounds the west and south sides of the lake. ' To this end the sum of populations of Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Erie, and Buffalo have been taken as an index of the probable magnitude of man 's total effects on Lake Erie, For comparative purposes the population of metropolitan Chicago is also included. Census ' Erie Index' Chicago, 1950 3,778,927 3,620,962 1940 3,476,99 35,396,808 1930 3,448,852 35,376,438 1920 2,63355,8530 2,701,705 1910 1,685,166 2,185,283 1900 1,204,414 1,698,575 1890 844,961 1,099,850 188o 509,494 503,185 1870 337,:550 298,977 i860 1935.552 112,172 1850 90,001 299963 1840 38,020 4,470 1830 13,431 1820 4, 758 49 From these figures it is apparent that Lake Erie between 1820 and 1890 had a heavier population-pressure than the city of Chicago could have provided. From 1890 through 1920 Chicago contained somewhat more people than were located in the metropolitan belt of Lake Erie, but since 1950 Lake Erie has been subject to a larger metropolitan population than that of Chicago. When it is remembered that Lake Erie contains about 99 cubic miles of water while Lake Michigan contains 1120 cubic miles, it becomes reasonable to expect that the smaller lake may be reflecting in its chemistry the effects of human population-pressure. Except for the plant-nutrient chemicals (silica, nitrate, and possibly iron) and alkalinity, the chemical constituents of the lake have increased very significantly in the past centuryo INDICATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL CHANGE Several indications of biological change in Lake Erie can be found in the literature. The earliest found was reported by Mills (1882) and Smith (1882)o Both of these authors mention a decrease in the numbers of the diatom Stephanodiscus niagarae in 1878; previously this form had been the most prevalent diatom in Lake Erieo The decline of this form, plus the discovery of Actinocyclus niagarae (Smith, 1878) and Rhizosolenia gracilis (Smith, 1882), fresh-water members of two predominantly marine genera of diatoms, represent changes in the phytoplankton of Lake Erie during the period 1877-1882. Actinocyclus niagarae later disappeared; it was last recorded in the winter of 1881-82 (Vorce, 1881)o Snow (1905) stated that from 1889 to 1900 Kirchneriella obesa (Chlorophyceae) declined from one of the most common plankters to a form that was only occasionally recorded. During this same period, in 1899, Oocystis borgei (Chlorophyceae) first appeared and became a relatively abundant forma A year later, in 1900, this plankter had decreased and was found only in small numbers Hintz (1955) reported that Cyclotella melosiroides (alga), which was not present in Lake Erie prior to 1950, had increased by 1955 until it was a major form. He also recorded that Stephanodiscus spo decreased during the period 1950-553 In 1955, thermal stratification and resultant oxygen depletion in the Bass Islands region apparently resulted in heavy destruction of the may-fly Hexagenia (Britt, 1955a). In 1954 it appeared that the Hexagenia population would become reestablished (Britt, 1955b), but according to more recent studies it has apparently been unsuccessful (A. M. Beeton, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, personal communication). At present larvae of the midge, Chironomous, compose the bulk of the benthos in the Bass Islands region and the once prevalent Hexagenia are relatively scarce. In 1955 a new diatom Stephanodiscus hantzscii appeared for the first time in the raw water of the South District Filtration Plant in Chicago, Illinois, 50 which obtains its water directly from Lake Michigan (J. R. Baylis, personal communication). This plankter had, by 1957, established itself as a major component of the phytoplankton, reaching population densities of 5,000 to 10,000 cells per 100 ml. Further indications of biological change in Lake Erie can be found in the fluctuations of certain commercially valuable fish populations. Probably the most striking example of such fluctuations was the sudden decline of the cisco, Coregonus artedi, in 1925 (International Board of Inquiry for Great Lakes Fisheries, 1945). In 1924 the total production of this fishery, in both United States and Canadian waters, was 32,200,65533 pounds; in 1925 it was 5,756,600 pounds, and by 1929 had declined to 488,874 pounds. It has never since approximated its former abundance. Intermittent records from 1879 to 1913, and yearly records from 1913 to the present indicate that prior to 1925 the catch had never fallen below 10,500,000 pounds, and in most years was in excess of 20,000,000 pounds. Such a sudden drop in numbers suggests the occurrence of a catastrophic event or a series of near-catastrophic events which would have acted to cause the death of possibly entire year classes. Analyses of the history of Lake Erie water chemistry indicate no such change or changes in the lake water; a perusal of the meteorology from 1880 to the present brings to light one particularly interesting point, namely, that March 1921 was the warmest March on record up to that time; in fact, only twice since that time has an equally high average temperature for that month been recorded., in 1946 and 1947 John and Hasler (1956) have shown 1 during the last month of incubation of I seven. days, and that ciscos hatched in i eleven degrees will be able to survive - eighteen days. Since larval ciscos are that an early hatch in 1921 could have I ton pulse, resulting in the starvation the reproductive potential of this year to the decline of the fishery in 1925. that a water temperature increase of 1~C the cisco will advance the time of hatching water of temperatures between four and in the absence of food no longer than zooplankton feeders, it is conceivable preceded the time of the spring zooplankof most of that year classo The loss of class could have, in turn, contributed Further work on this problem is necessary, and the ideas outlined here represent only preliminary considerations. In summary, the literature indicates several periods of biological change: 1877-1882. 1889-1900. 1925. 1950-1953. 1953-1957, 1955-1957. Change in, phytoplankton in Lake Erie Change in phytoplankton in Lake Erie Decline in cisco in Lake Erie Change in phytoplankton~ in Lake Erie Change in composition of bottom fauna in Bass Islands Change in phytoplankton in southern Lake Michigan. 51 SUMMARY OF MAJOR PAST EVENTS The preceding sections have presented summaries of history of rainfall, lake levels, water chemistry, and biological changes in Lake Erieo These materials are given as they stand in our present state of knowledge. That they will be changed as additional information comes to light must be understood. As a summary, Table XI has been prepared to point out the major events on record in the present status of the several categories. No attempt has been made to correlate simultaneous events on a cause and effect basis, and such is not implied in this summationo Meaningful correlations may well exist; they remain as priority topics for continued investigation. CONCLUSION The results and techniques presented in this report have come from the Lake Erie pilot study on the usefulness of the data being accumulated by municipal and industrial users of lake water0 They show that these data have a very material potential in both understanding past events in the lake and in "watching" the lake for the development of trends in the future. The pilot study, and the studies of past aquatic conditions that have accompanied it, have made available a substantial amount of new information and techniques that have promise of aiding in the understanding of past fluctuations in the commercial fisheries as well contributing to our understanding of the more academic problem of the eutrophication of lakes. There are still a number of facets of the past conditions of the aquatic environment that have yet to be studiedo Among.these may be mentioned the assembly of a record of past unusually severe or unusually mild meteorological conditions and their probable effects on the lake, further search for biological indications of changing or changed conditions in the water, and the development of a set of criteria by which the data from representative water-user installations can be watched for the development of trends favorable or unfavorable for commercially important fish speciesO Because the studies now completed and those outlined, in part, above are certain to provide.a materially increased body of information pertinent to the understanding and management of the commercial fisheries, and because these studies may result in important break-throughs in the understanding of past fishery fluctuations, the investigators propose that Phase III of the contract outline (the collection of the useful data from collateral data sources) be abandoned in favor of a continuation of the types of study developed by the pilot program just completed. 52 TABLE X: TENTATIVE MAJOR-EVENTS SIMMARY, 1800-1958 Year 1t81-02 1809-10 1810-14 1815-16 1815-19 1819-20 1819-37 1838 1838-41 1840 1842 1843 1846 148-50 1854 1858-59 1860 1860-62 1862 1863-65 1866 1867 1871-72 1872 1873 1874-75 1876 1878 1880 1882 1882-87 1883 1884 1885 1886-89 1889-1900 1890 1890-93 1891 1894-1901 1895-96 1897 1899 1900 1901 1902-03 1904-08 1909 1910 1911 1912 1915 1914-16 1915 1917 1918 1918-25 1921 1923 1925 1925-26 1926 1928 1929 1929-30 1930-36 1931-36 1937 1938-39 1940 1941 1942 1943-47 1944 1945 1946 1947 1947-48 1949 1950-51 1.952 1952-53 1.953 1:954 1.955 1956 1.956-57 1.958 Lake Rainfall Lakel Water Chemistry Biology Air Temperature Level high low high low high low high low high low high low low high low high high high high low high low high low low high low high low low high low high low high low high low high low high low high high high low high low high low high low high low low low high low high low low Detroit River: Calcium low Total solids low high high low high high high low low low high low low Detroit River: Calcium up Total solids up Actinocyclus niagarae discovered Stephanodiscus niagarae decreased Rhizosolenia gracilis discovered Actinocyclus disappeared Kirchneriella obesa declined Detroit River: Calcium low Total solids low Oocystis borgei appeared Oocystis borgei declined Warmest March on record low low cisco decline Ashtabula: Chlorides up high low high Warm March equals record Warm March equals record high Cyclotella melosiroides appeared 1950 Stephanodiscus sp. declined 1950-53 Cyclotella melosiroides a major form 1953 Hexagenia decline Stephanodiscus hantzscii appeared in southern L. Michigan Erie, Pa.: Nitrate up Alkalinity down Chlorides up Total solids up - -~ 53 A further factor in making this recommendation is the demonstration, in the present report, that not all onshore data sources are representative stations. Before the useful data could be collected from all sources around the several lakes, it would be necessary to eliminate all the unrepresentative stations. 54 LITERATURE CITED Ayers, J. C. (unpublished), 1958. Studies of the wind and current regimes in the Point Mouillee —Story Point region of western Lake Erie. Ayers, J. C., D. C. Chandler, G. H. Lauff, C. F. Powers and E. B. Henson, 1958. Currents and water masses of Lake Michigan. Great Lakes Research Institute, Publication No. 35. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., iii and 169 pp., 52 figs., 16 tables. Boughner, C. C. and M. K. Thomas, 1948. Climatic summaries for selected meteorological stations in Canada. Meteorological Division, Canadian Department of Transport. Britt, N. W., 1955. Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population recovery in western Lake Erie following the 1953 catastrophe. Ecology, 36: (3) 520-522. Britt, N. W., 1955. Stratification in western Lake Erie in summer of 19535: effects on the Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population. Ecology, 36 (2) 239 -244. Chandler, D. C., 1940. Limnological studies of western Lake Erie. I. Plankton and certain physical-chemical data of the Bass Islands region, from September, 1938, to November, 1939. Ohio Jour. Science, 40 (6) 291-336. Chandler, D. C., 1942. Limnological studies of western Lake Erie. II. Light penetration and its relation to turbidity. Ecology, 23 (1) 41-52. Chandler, D. C., 1942. Limnological studies of western Lake Erie. III. Phytoplankton and physical-chemical data from November, 1939, to November, 1940. Ohio Jour. Science, 42 (1) 24-44. Chandler, D..C., 1944. Limnological studies of western Lake Erie. IV. Relation of limnological and climatic factors to the phytoplankton of 1941. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 63 (3) 203-236. Chandler, D. C. and 0. B. Weeks, 1945. Limnological studies of western Lake Erie. V. Relation of limnological and meteorological conditions to the production of phytoplankton in 1942. Ecol. Monogr., 15 (4) 436-457. Clarke, F. W., 1924. The composition of the river and lake waters of the U. S. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 135, 99 pp. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 55 Cooperman, A., G. Cry and H. Sumner, 1959. Climatology and weather services of the St. Lawrence seaway and Great Lakes. technical Paper No. 35, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 75 pp, 33 figs., 38 tables. Dole, R. B., 1909. The quality of surface waters in the United States. Part 1. Analyses of waters east of the one hundredth meridian. U. S. Geol. Surv., Water-supply Paper 236. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C.; City of Erie, Pa., 1957? Ninetieth Annual Report of the City of Erie -- Bureau of Water, Department of Public Affairs, Erie, Pa. for the year ending December 31, 1956. McCarty Printing Corp., Erie, Pa. 61 pp, many unnumbered tables. Fell, G. E., 1910. The currents of the easterly end of Lake Erie and head of the Niagara River. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 55: p 828. Fish, C. J. (unpublished). Results of the cooperative surveys of Lake Erie in 1929. Foster, J. W. and J. D. Whitney, 1851. Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District. Part II. The iron region together with the general geology. Exec. Doc. No. 4, U. S. Senate, Special Session, March 1851. Washington. 1851. xvi and 4o6 pp, 38 figs., 35 plates. Foulk, C. W., 1925. Industrial water supplies of Ohio. Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Series, Bull. 29. Columbus, Ohio. 406 pp, 20 tables. Gilbert, G. K., 1898. Recent earth movement in the Great Lakes region. 18th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. II. pp 601-647. Harrington, M. W., 1894. Currents of the Great Lakes, as deduced from the movements of bottle papers during the seasons Sf 1892 and 1893. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletin B. U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 6 pp, 5 charts. Hintz, W. J., 1955. Variations in populations and cell dimensions of phytoplankton in the island region of Lake Erie. Ohio Jour. Science, 55 (5) 271 -278. Horton, Robert E. and C. E. Grunsky, 1927. Report of the Engineering Board of Review of the Sanitary District of Chicago on the lake lowering controversy and a program of remedial measures. Part III - Appendix II. Hydrology of the Great Lakes. The Sanitary District of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. xviii and 432 pp, 142 tables, 73 figs. Houghton, D. and others, 1839. Second Annual Report of the State Geologist of the State of Michigan. J. S. Bagg, Detroit, Printer to the State. 1839. 39 and 120 pp, a few unnumbered tables. In Michigan State Geologist Annual Report 1-7, 1837-44. Also Mich. Senate Doc. No. 23. 56 Houghton,. D. and. others,, 184o. Third, Annual1 Report of the-State Geologist.. State of Michigan., House of Representatives, Document.No. 8. 184o0. in Michigan State Geologist Annual Report 1-7, 1857-44. 124 PD, I map,, a few unnumbered tables.. Houghton., D. and. others,, 1841. Fourth Annual Report of the State Geologist. State of Michigan, Senate-Document No. 16. In Michigan State Geologist Annuail Report:1-7, 1837-44. 184 pD., a-tew unnumbered tables. Hunt, I. A., 1958. Winds, wind. set-ups, and. seiches on Lake Erie. Paper given at Second. National Conference on Applied. Meteorology,, Ann Arbor., Michigan., International Board. of Inquiry for Great Lakes Fisheries', R eport and. Supplement. Gov't. Printing-Office., Washington., D. C. 1945. 213 Pp. John., K. R. and. A. D. Hasler,, 1956. Observations on some factors affecting the hatching of eggs and. the survival of young shallow-water cisco., Leucichthys arted~i Le Sueur, in-Lake Mqnd~ota., Wisconsin. Limnol. and. Oceanogr.,, 1 (3)176-194. Jhson,, J. H,:1958. Surface-current studies of Saginaw Bay and. Lake Huron., 195)6. U. S. Dept. qf Interior, Fish and. Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No. 267. Washington, D. C. 84 PD, 72 figs.~, 7 tables. Lane., A. C_., 1899. Lower Michigan-mineral waters. U. S. Geol. Surv.,, Watersupply Paper No. 51. Gov't. Printing Office., Washington., D. C. Lewis,, S., J., 1906. Quality of water in the upper Ohio River basin and. at Erie, Pa.... U. S. Geol. Surv., Water-supply and. Irrigation Paper No. 161. Gov't.. Printing Office., Washington., D., C. 114 pD., many unnumbered. tables. McLaughlin., A. J.,~ 1911. Sewage po1llution of interstate and international wa*ters with special reference to the spread. of typhoid. fever. 1. Lake Erie and the Niagara. River., U. S. Hygenic Lab. Bull. No. 77,- 169 pp. Millar, F. G-., 1952. Surface temperatures of the Great Lakes. Jour. Fish. Res. Board. Canada 9(7).529-376. Mills, H., 82 Microscopic organisms-in the Buffalo water-supply and in Niagara River. Proc. Amer. Soc. Micros.., 5th Annual Meeting., pp 165-175. State of Ohio,, 19553. Lake Erie Pollution Survey., Supplement. State of Ohio, Department of Natu-ral.Resources., Division of Water. Columbus., Ohio. ii and 125 P,5tables. Olsonj, F. C. W., 1951. The currents of western Lake Erie. Doctoral Thesis, OhioState University., Columbus, Ohio. 57 Palmer, C., 1911. The geochemical interpretation of water analyses. U.S.G.S. Bull. 479, Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 31 pp., 5 tables. Parmenter, R., 1929. Hydrography of Lake Erie. In Preliminary report on the cooperative survey of Lake Erie -- season of 1928. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., 14(3): 25-50. Powers, C. F., D. L. Jones, and J. C. Ayers, 1958. Exploration of collateral data potentially applicable to Great Lakes hydrography and fisheries. Phase I. Final Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract 14-19-008-9381. Great Lakes Re-search Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 159 pp, 9 figs., 5 tables. Ruschmeyer, 0. R., T. A. Olson and H. M. Boscht, 1958. Water movements and temperatures of western Lake Superior. School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 65 and 21 pp., 46 figs., 11 tables. Smith, H. M., 1878. Description of a new species of diatoms. Amer. Quart. Micros. Jour., 1: 12-18, 1 plate. Smith, H. M., 1882, Rhizosolenia gracilis, n. sp. Proc. Amer. Soc. Micr., 5: 177-178. Snow, J. W., 1905. The plankton algae of Lake Erie, with special reference to the Chlorophyceae. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. (1902) 22: 369-594, 190o4 Doc. (529) issued August 4, 1903. Thomas, J. F. J., 1954. Industrial water resources of Canada. Upper St. Lawrence River -Central Great Lakes Drainage Basin in Canada. Water Survey Report No. 3. Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Mines Branch, Industrial Minerals Division. Ottawa, Canada. 212 pp. 9 figs., 6 tables. U. S. Army Engineers, 1869. Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the year 1868. Report of the Secretary of War. Part II. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D. C.. 1869. 1200 pp., many unnumbered tables. U. S. Army Engineers, 1870. Annual report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the year 1870. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1870. 631 pp., a few drawings, many unnumbered tables. U. S. Army Engineers, 1904. Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1904. Vol. VIII. Report of the Chief of Engineers, Pt. 4. pp 4093-4105. House of Representatives Doc. No. 2, 58th Congress, 3rd Session. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. U. S. Dept. of Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Great Lakes Fishery Investigations. 1958. Cruise Reports, M/ V CISCO. Cruises III, VII, XI. 58 U. S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey Water Supply Papers. Surface water supply of the United States, St. Lawrence River Basin. (For the years indicated) Vorce, C. M., 1881. Forms observed in water of Lake Erie. Proc. Amer. Soc. Micr., 4: 50-60. Verber, J. L., 1955. Rotational water movements in western Lake Erie. Proc. Intern. Assoc. Theoret. Appl. Limnol., 12: 97-104. Wright, S., L. H. Tiffanyand W. M. Tidd., 1955. Limnological survey of western Lake Erie. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Sci. Report - Fisheries No. 139, v and 341 pp, 23 figs., U. S. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 59 APPENDIX I VALUES BASED ON TOTAL ALKALINITY Part 1. Station at Lorain, Ohio Year 1910 Yearly Av. Ratio* Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium 121.88.07 13.3 18.4 83 7.0 129.94.08 14.1 19.5 88 7.4 123.90.07 13.5 18.7 84 7.1 6.3 26.9.03 1.4 68 147 1.07.09 16.0 22.3 100 8.4 7.5 32.0.03 1.7 81 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.6.03 1.8 85 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 179 1.31.11 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2;1 99 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.7 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 148 1.08.09 16.2 22.5 102 -8.5 7.6 32.4.03 1.7 82 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.5.03 1.8 84.9 1.81.0132.0011.198.275 1.24.104.093 ~395.0004.021 1.0 Magne s ium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 6.2 6.6 26.5 28.0.03.03 1.4 1.5 67 71 *The "ratio" values indicated are the ratio of the parameter in question to alkalinity, parameter/alkalinity. These values apply to years 1910-1957, pages 62-109. i.e., "ratio" = Year 1911 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids 138 150 163 159 167 168 170 168 150 145 147 143 156 Nitrate 1.00 1.10 1.19 1.16 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.10 1.06 1.07 1 04 1.13 Fluoride.08.09.10.10.10.10.10.10.09.09.09.09.09 Chloride 15.0 16.4 17.8 17.4 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.4 16.4 15.8 16.0 15.6 17.0 Sulphate 20.9 22.8 24.7 24.2 25.3 25.6 25.9 25.6 22.8 22.0 22.3 21.7 23.6 ON Bicarbonate 94 103 112 109 114 115 117 115 103 99 100 98 107 Sodium plus 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.2 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.7 8.6 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.9 potassium Magnesium 7.1 7.7 8.4 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.3 8.0 Calcium 30.0 32.8 35.5 34.8 36.3 36.7 37.1 36.7 32.8 31.6 32.0 31.2 34.0 Iron.03.03.04.04.04.04.04.04.03.03.03.03.03 Silica 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 Alkalinity 76 83 90 88 92 93 94 93 83 80 81 79 86.0 Year 1912 pYearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp (Lrain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 145 130 110 138 152 168 1.06.95.81 1.o0 1.11 1.23.09.08.07 08.09.10 15.8 14.3 12.1 15.0 16.6 18.4 22.0 19.8 16.8 20.9 23.1 25.6 99 89 76 94 104 115 8.3 7.5 6.3 7.9 8.7 9.7 7.4 6.7 5.7 7.1 7.8 8.6 31.6 28.4 24.1 30.0 33.2 36.7.03.03.02.03.03.04 1.7 1.5 1*3 1.6 1.8 2.0 80 72 61 76 84 93 170 172 170 172 172 172 156 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.13.10.10.10.10.10.09 18.6 18.8 18.6 18.8 18.8 18.8 17.0 25.9 26.1 25.9 26.1 26.1 26.1 23.7 117 118 117 118 118 118 107 9.8 9.9 9.8 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.0 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.0 37.1 37.5 37.1 37.5 37.5 37.5 34.0.04.o4.04 04.04.04.03 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 94 95 94 95 95 95 86.2 Year 1913 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids 154 172 148 156 163 167 170 177 177 174 170 168 166 Nitrate 1.12 1.25 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.29 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.23 1.21 Fluoride.09.10.09.09.10.10.10.11.11.11.10.10.10 Chloride 16.8 18.8 16.2 17.0 17.8 18.2 18.6 19.4 19.4 19.0 18.6 18.4 18.2 Sulphate 23.4 26.1 22.5 23.7 24.7 25.3 25.9 26.9 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.6 25.3 Bicarbonate 105 118 102 107 112 114 117 122 122 119 117 115 114 Sodium plus 8.8 9*9 8.5 8.9 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.2 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.6 potassium Magnesium 7.9 8.8 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.1 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.5 Caleium 33.6 37.5 32.4 34.0 35.5 36.3 37.1 38.7 38'7 37.9 37.1 36.7 36.3 Iron.03.04.03.03.04.0 4.0o4.04.04.04. o04 Silica 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 A kalinity 85 95 82 86 90 92 94 98 98 96 94 93 91.9 Year 1914 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids 170 168 165 167 157 172 177 179 177 176 176 174 172 Nitrate 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.21 1.15 1.25 1.29 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.25 Fluoride.10.10.10.10.10.10.11.11.11.11.11.11.1 0 Chloride 18.6 18.4 18.0 18.2 17.2 18.8 19.4 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.2 19.0 18.8 Sulphate 25.9 25.6 25.0 25.3 23.9 26.1 26.9 27.2 26.9 26.7 26.7 26.4 26.0 ON Bicarbonate 117 115 113 114 108 118 122 123 122 120 120 119 118 Sodium plus 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.6 9.0 9.9 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.0 9.9 potassium Magnesium 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.1 8.8 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 Calcium 37.*1 36.7 35.9 36.3 34.4 37.5 38.7 39.1 38.7 38.3 38.3 37.9 37.4 Iron.04.04..04.04.03.04.04.04 o 04.04.04.04.04 Silica 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Alkalinity 94 93 91 92 87 95 98 99 98 97 97 96 94.8.y Year 1915 Temp. (Avon) TeMp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate ON Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 172 163 170 172 170 176 172 174 176 176 176 176 173 1. 1.19 1.225 19 5 1.24 1.28 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26.10.10.10.10.10.11.10.11.11 11.11.11.10 18.8 17.8 18.6 18.8 18.6 19.2 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 18.9 26.1 24.7 25.9 26.1 25.9 26.7 26.1 26.4 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.2 118 112 117 118 117 120 118 119 120 120 120 120 118 9.9 9.4 9.8 9.9 9.8 10.1 9.9 10.0 10.1 1 10.1.1 10.1 9.9 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 37.5 35.5 37.1 37.5 37.1 38.3 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 37.6.04.o0.04 04.o04.04.04.04.04.04.04.4 04 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 95 90 94 95 94 97 95 96 97 97 97 97 95.3 Year 1916 Yearl] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Tep. (Lorain) Total solids 161 172 176 174 174 179 181 181 179 176 174 172 175 Nitrate 1.17 1.25 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.28 Fluoride.10.10.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.10.11 Chloride 17.6 18.8 19.2 19.0 19.0 19.6 19.8 19.8 19.6 19.2 19.0 18.8 19.1 Sulphate 24.5 26.1 26.7 26.4 26.4 27.2 27.5 27.5 27.2 26.7 26.4 26.1 26.6 Bicarbonate 110 118 120 119 119 123 124 124 123 120 119 118 120 Sodium plus 9.3 9.9 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.0 9.9 10.1 potassium Magnesium 8.3 8.8 99.0 8.9 8.9 9 9.0 8.9 8.8 9 Calcium 35.2 37.5 38.3 37.9 37.9 39.5 39.5 39.1 385 37.9 37.5 38.1 Iron.04.04.04.04.0 4.04..04.04.04.04.04.04.04 Silica 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Alkalinity 89 95 97 96 96 99 100 100 99 97 96 95 96.6 y Year 1917 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. t. Nov. Dec. Av. TPep. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) 22 23 20 12 7 Total solids 174 177 170 167 170 177 183 185 186 177 172 170 176 Nitrate 1.27 1.29 1.24 1.21 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.29 1.25 1.24 1.28 Fluoride.11.11.10.10.10.11.11.11.11.10.10.11 Chloride 19.0 19.4 18.6 18.2 18.6 19.4 20.0 20.2 20.4 19.4 18.8 18.6 19.2 Sulphate 26.4 26.9 25.9 25.3 25.9 26.9 27.8 28.0 28.3 269 261 25.9 26.7 Bicarbonate 119 122 117 114 117 122 125 126 128 122 118 117 12 Sodium plus 10.0 10.2 9.8 9.6 9.8 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.2 9.9 9.8 10.1 potassium Magnesium 8.9 9.1 8.7 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.1 8.8 8.7 9.0 Calcium 37.9 38.7 37.1 36.3 37.1 38.7 39.9 40.3 40.7 38.7 37.5 37.1 38.3 Iron.04.04.04.04.04.04.. 4 04.04.04..04..04 Silica 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2. 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 *Y Alkalinity 96 98 94 92 94 98 101 102 103 98 95 94 97.1 Year 1918 Yearl: Jan. Feb. mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Av. Tenmp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 2 4 7 16 21 21 23 19 13 6 4 12.4 Total solids 176 138 159 165 167 163 165 174 174 176 176 172 167 Nitrate 1.28 1.00 1.16 1.20 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.22 Fluoride.11.08.10.10.10.10.10.11.11.11.11.10.10 Chloride 19.2 15.0 17.4 18,0 182 17 18.2 0 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.2 18.8 18.2 Sulphate 26.7 20.9 24.2 25.0 25.3 24.7 25.0 26.4 26.4 26.7 26.7 26.1 25.3 ~ Bicarbonate 120 94 109 113 114 112 113 119 119 120 120 118 114 Sodiun plus 10.1 7*9 9-.2 9.5 9.6 9.4 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.1 101 9.9 9.6 potassium Magnesium 9.0 7.1 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.6 Calcium 38.3 30.0 34.8 35.9 36.3 35.5 35.9 37.9 37.9 38.3 38.3 37.5 36.4 Iron.04.03.04.04.04. o4.04 4.04 04.04 Silica 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 Alkalinity 97 76 88 91 92 90 91 96 96 97 97 95 92.2 y Year 1919 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 3 2 3.6 5.5 12 18 23 23 21 16 10 2.5 11.6 Total solids 174 176 170 176 177 181 188 177 192 179 172 170 178 Nitrate 1.27 1.28 1.24 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.37 1.29 1.40 1.31 1.25 1.24 1.29 Fluoride.11.11.10.11.11.11.11.12.11.10.10.11 Chloride 19.0 19.2 18.6 19.2 19.4 19.8 20.6 19.4 21.0 19.6 18.8 18.6 19.4 Sulphate 26. 7 25.9 26.7 26.9 27.5 28.6 26.9 29.2 27.2 26.1 25.9 27.0 Bicarbonate 119 120 117 120 122 124 129 122 131 123 118 117 122 Sodium plus 10.0 10.1 9.8 10.1 10.2 10 10.2 103 99 9.8 102 1.0 potassium agnesia 8.9 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.7 9.1 9.9 9.2 8.8 8.7 9.1 CalciTu 37.9 38.3 37.1 38.3 38.7 39.5 41.1 38.7 41.9 39.1 37.5 37.1 38.8 Iron.04.04.04.04.04.04..04.0 0 4.0 4.0 4.4 04 Silica 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2,1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 y Alkalinity 96 97 94 97 98 100 104 98 106 99 95 94 98.2 Year 1920 Yearl' Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 1 1 2 6 11 17 21 21 21 16 8 4 10.8 Total solids 174 174 152 148 156 1756 14 176 174 174 170 177 167 Nitrate 1.27 1. 27 1.11 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.27 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.29 1.22 Fluoride.11.11.09.09.09.09.11.11.11.11.10.11.10 Chloride 19.0 19.0 16.6 16.2 16.8 17.0 19.0 19.2 19.0 19.0 18.6 19.4 18.2 Sulphate 26.4 26.4 23.1 22.5 23.4 23.7 26,.4 26.7 26.4 26.4 25.9 26.9 25.4 -. Bicarbonate 119 119 104 102 105 107 119 120 119 119 117 122 u14 Sodium plus 10.0 10.0 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.9 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.2 9.6 potassium Magnesium 8.9 8.9 7.8 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.7 9.1 8.6 Calcium 37.9 37.9 33.2 32.4 33.6 34.0 37.9 38.3 37.9 37.9 37.1 38.7 36.4 Iron.04.04.03.03.03.03.04.04.04.04.04.04.04 Silica 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 Alkalinity 96 96 84 82 85 86 96 97 96 96 94 98 92 y Year 19F21 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. --- ^J~ Temp.(Avon) Temp (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 1 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 1 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 6 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 9 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 12 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 20 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 25 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38,7.04 23 188 1.37.11 20.6 28.6 129 10.8 9.7 41.1.04 21L 185 1.35.11 20.2 28.0 126 10.6 9.5 40.3.04 16 183 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 4 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 12.3 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.5 119 10.0 8.9 38.0.04 2.0 96.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 98 104 102 101 92 Year 1922 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 'Tep. (Avon) Tep.(Lorain) 1 3 7 12 19 24 23 21 15 10 4 12.6 Total solids 176 170 167 157 170 176 174 176 179 177 179 179 173 Nitrate 1.28 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.24 1.28 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.26 Fluoride.11.10.10.10.10.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11 Chloride 19.2 18.6 18.2 17.2 18.6 19.2 19.0 19.2 19.6 19.4 19.6 19.6 19.0 Sulphate 26.7 25.9 25.3 23.9 25.9 26.7 26.4 26.7 2 26.9 27.2 27.2 26.3 -<| Bicarbonate 120 117 114 108 117 120 119 120 123 122 123 123 119 Sodium plus 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.0 9.8 9.0 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.3 9.9 potassium Magnesium 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.1 8.7 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 8.9 Calcium 38.3 37.1 36.3 34.4 37.1 38.3 37.9 38.3 39.1 38.7 39.1 39.1 37.8 Iron.04.04 04.03.04.4 04.4.04.04.04.04.04 Silica 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2. 21 2.1 2. 1 2.0.r Alkalinity 97 94 92 87 94 97 96 97 99 98 99 99 95.8 DYea 1923 Yearl; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 4 2 2 7 10 17 24 22 20 15 9 5 11.4 Total solids 168 176 170 176 172 179 183 188 190 188 183 170 179 Nitrate 1.23 1.28 1.24 1.28 1.25 1.31 1.33 1.37 1.39 1.37 1.33 1.24 1.30 Fluoride.10.11.10.11.10.11.11.11.12.11.11.10.11 Chloride 18.4 19.2 18.6 19.2 18.8 19.6 20.0 20.6 20.8 20.6 20.0 18.6 19.5 Sulphate 25.6 26.7 25.9 26.7 26.1 27.2 27.8 28.6 28.9 28.6 27.8 25.9 27.2 k~ Bicarbonate 115 120 117 120 118 123 125 129 130 129 125 117 122 Sodium plus 9.7 10.1 9.8 10.1 9.9 10.3 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.8 10.5 9.8 10.3 potassium Magnesium 8.6 9.0 8.7 9.0 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.4 8.7 9.2 Calcium 36.7 38.3 37.1 38.3 37.5 39.1 39.9 41.1 41.5 41.1 39.9 37.1 39.0 Iron. o4.04.o o4 ok.0k.04 o4. ok.4 04... Silica 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 Alkalinity 93 97 94 97 95 99 101 14 105 14 101 94 98. Alkalinity 93 97 94 97 95 99 101 104 105 104 101 94 98.7 3 Year 1924 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Ar. Temp. (Avon) Tep (rLorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate -1 Co Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.3.04 2.0 97 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 98 2 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38rV7.04 2.1 98 6 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 12 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 17 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 22 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.3.04 22 183 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 19 188 1.37.11 20.6 28.6 129 10.9 9.7 41..04 15 186 1.36.11 20.4 28.3 128 10.7 9.6 40.7.04 2.2 103 9 185 1.35.11 20.2 28.0 126 10.6 9.5 40.3.04 2.1 102 3 183 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 2.1 101 11.7 179 1.31.11 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 99.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 95 98 97 101 104 Year 1925 Yearl; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 1 1 4 9 13 19 23 24 22 8 3 11.5 Total solids 192 181 179 181 183 188 188 185 185 183 179 185 184 Nitrate 1.40 1.32 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.37 1.37 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.35 1.34 Fluoride.12.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11 Chloride 21.0 19.8 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.6 20.6 20.2 20.2 20.0 19.6 20.2 20.1 Sulphate 29.2 27.5 27.2 27.5 27.8 28.6 28.6 28.0 28.0 27.8 27.2 28.0 28.0 - Bicarbonate 131 124 123 124 125 129 129 126 126 125 123 126 126 Sodium pllus 11.0 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.8 10.8 10. 6 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.6 10.6 potassium Magnesium 9.9 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.5 9.5 Caleium 41.9 39.5 39.1 39.5 39.9 41.1 41.1 40.3 403 39.9 39.1 4.3 40.2 Iron.04.04.04.04.04.04.0 4.04.04.04.04 4 04 04 Silica 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 y Alkalinity 106 100 99 100 101 104 104 102 102 101 99 102 101.7 Year 1926 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) 1 1 3 6 13 20 25 25 22 15 9 2 11.8 Total solids 190 190 186 179 186 185 185 188 181 174 177 181 184 Nitrate 1.39 1.39 1.36 1.31 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.29 1.32 1.34 Fluoride.1212 12.1 l1 1 11.1.l 11.11.11.11.11.11.11 Chloride 20.8 20.8 20.4 19.6 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.6 19.8 19.0 19.4 19.8 20.1 Sulphate 28.9 28.9 28.3 27.2 28.9 28.0 28.0 28.6 27.5 26.4 26.9 27.5 27.9 o Bicarbonate 130 130 128 123 128 126 126 129 124 119 122 124 126 Sodium plus 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.3 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.8 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.5 potassium Magnesium 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.2 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.7 9.3 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.4 Calcium 41.5 41.5 40.7 39.1.7 40.3 40.3 41.1 39.5 37.9 38.7 39.5 40. Iron.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04 Silica 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 Alkalinity 105 105 103 99 103 102 102 104 100 96 98 100 101.4 r Year 1927 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp.(Avon) 1.1 1.4 3.3 8.6 13.5 17.5 22.6 21.9 20.3 15.3 8.8 2.5 11.4 Temp.(Lorain) 1 2 4 9 12 19 23 22 20 15 10 3 11.7 Total solids 167 170 172 179 179 183 181 181 177 179 179 168 176 Nitrate 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.23 1.29 Fluoride.10.10.10.11.11.11.11.11.11. 11. 11. 10.10 11 Chloride 18.2 18.6 18.8 19.6 19.6 20.0 19.8 19.8 19.4 19.6 19.6 18.4 19.3 Sulphate 25.3 25.9 26.1 27.2 27.2 27.8 27.5 27.5 26.9 27.2 27.2 25.6 26.8 -q Bicarbonate 114 117 118 123 123 125 124 124 122 123 123 115 121 Sodiumplus 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.3 9.7 10.1 potassium Magnesium 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.2 9.2 8.6 9.1 Calcium 36.3 37.1 37.5 39.1 39.1 39.9 39.5 39.5 38.7 39.1 39.1 36.7 38.5 Iron.4 04 4..04.04. 04. 4.04.04.04.04.04.04 Silica 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 y Alkalinity 92 94 95 99 99 101 100 100 98 99 99 93 97.4 Year 1928 Yearly Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Temp (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate 0o BEicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 1.4 1.0 1 177 176 1.29 1.28.11.11 19.4 19.2 26.9 26.7 122 120 10.2 10.1 1.9 3 179 1.31.11 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 99 6.7 5 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 12.7 9 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 98 17.3 16 179 1.31.11 'li 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 99 23.6 23 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10*4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 24.3 24 179 1.31.11 19.6 27,2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 99 18.6 22 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 14.6 14 185 1.35.11 20.2 28.0 126 10.6 9.5 40.3.04 2.1 102 7.8 9 183 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 2.1 101 2.8 3 177.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 98 11.1 11.7 179 1.30.11 19.6 27.2 123 103' 9.2 39.0.04 2.1 98.8 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 98 9.0 38.3 o04 2.0 97 Year 1929 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate oo H Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Yearly Jan. Feb. iMar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avi. 1.1 1 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 1.1 1 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 4.5 4 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 9.3 9 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 12.7 11 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 19.6 19 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 22.9 23 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 22.3 19.8 21 185 186 1.35 1.36.11.11 20.2 20.4 28.0 28.3 126 128 10.6 10.7 13.3 15 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 7.4 8 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 * 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 1.6 1 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 11.3 9.4 173 1.26.10 18.9 26.2 118 9.9 8.9 37.7.04 2.0 9.5 40.3.04 2.1 9.6 40.7.04 2.2 Alkalinity A91 92 89 87 94 96 100 102 103 100 96 95 95.4 Year 1930 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.8 2.6 2.9 7-3 13.8 19.5 23.2 23.6 20,9 13.8 7.2 2.2 11.6 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate co 0 Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.4.04 1.8 88 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 l 38.7.04 2.1 98 182 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 2.1 101 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 18L 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 1,24 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 100 183 1.33.11 20.0 27.8 125 10.5 9.4 39.9.04 2.1 101 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 98 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.3.04 2.0 97 175 1.28.11 19.2 26.6 120 10.1 9.0 38.2.04 2.0 96.8 xear -.193-, Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av..9 1.6 2.4 8.1 12.7 19.2 25.8 23.6 22.3 16.1 10.5 5.6 12.4 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 170.6 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.2.04 2.0 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.0 8.9 37.5 37.5 37.9 37.5 38.3 37.9.04.04.04.04.o4.04 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 95 91 90 90 94 95 95 96 95 97 96 96 94.2 Year 1932 Yearly Jan. 3Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate 0co 4- Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magaesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 5.0 2.8 2.1 7.1 13.9 20.0 23.7 23.6 21.0 13.8 7.2 2.5 11.9 163 1.l19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6.8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.3.04 2.0 97 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37- 5.04 2.0 95 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.3.04 2.0 97 179 1.31.11 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 99 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 171.6 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.3.04 2.0 94.8 Year -933 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jue July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.9 1.8 2.6 8.1 13.8 21.8 22.9 24.1 21.5 14.3 5.6 3.3 11.9 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 39.5.04 2.1 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 177 1.29.11 19.4 26.9 122 10.2 9.1 38.7.04 2.1 179 1.31.11 19.6 27.2 123 10.3 9.2 39.1.04 2.1 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.7.o4 2.0 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 38.7.04 2.0 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 90 95 93 91 92 100 98 98 99 97 97 89 94.9 Year 1934 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.8 1.6 1.9 6.4 14.2 21.1 24.9 24.1 20.8 14.8 8.1 2.7 11.9 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate co Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 152 1.11.09 16.6 23.1 104 8.7 7.8 33.2.03 1.8 84 156 1*14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 86 148 1.08.09 16.2 22.5 102 8.5 7.6 32.4.03 1.7 82 141 1.03.09 15.4 21.4 97 8.1 7.3 30.8.03 1.6 78 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.6.03 1.8 85 152 1.11.09 16.6 23.1 104 8.-7 7.8 33.2.03 1.8 84 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 87 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 159 1.16.10 17.3 24.1 109 9.1 8.2 34.6.03 2.0 87.7 Year 1935 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.9 1.6 4.9 8.2 13.0 18.8 24.8 25.2 20.4 13.7 9.3 2.6 12.0 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 86 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 163 1,19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 U7 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 166 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.5 36.3.04 1.9 91.9 Year 1936 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. t Nov. Dec. Av. Temp.(Avon) 1.7 1.3 3.3 6.4 14.8 20.1 23.9 24.3 21.9 14.9 6.6 2.6 11.8 Temp.(Lorain) 17 177 172 161 168 170 170 172 172 170 168 170 170 Nitrate 1.28 1.29 1.25 1.17 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.24 Fluoride.11..0 10 10.1.11.10..10.10.10 Chloride 19.2 19.4 18.8 17.6 18.4 18.6 18.6 18.8 8.8 18.6 18.4 18.6 18.7 Sulphate 26.7 26.9 26.1 24.5 25.6 25.9 25.9 26.1 26.1 25.9 25.6 25.9 25.9 Bicarbonate 120 122 118 110 115 117 117 118 118 117 115 117 117 0o 0C Sodium plus 10.1 10.2 9.9 9.3 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.8 potassium Magnesium 9.0 9.1 8.8 8.3 8.6 8,7 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.7 Calcium 38.3 38.7 37.5 35.2 36.7 37.1 37.1 37.5 37.5 37.1 36.7 37.1 37.2 Iron 04.04.04 04.40.. 0 4 o4 04 04.04.04 Silica 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Alkalinity 97 98 95 89 93 94 94 95 95 94 93 94 94.3 y Year 1937 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.9 1.8 1.7 7.2 13.6 20.2 23.8 23.9 20.3 12.9 6.2 1.8 11.4 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate '3 Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica 150 1.10.09 16.4 22.8 103 8.6 7.7 32.8.03 1.7 150 1.10.09 16.4 22.8 103 8.6 7.7 32.8.03 1.7 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.o.03 1.8 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 164 1.20.10 17.9 24.9 113 9.4 8.4 35.8.04 1.9 Alkalinity 83 83 86 87 90 94 92 94 95 96 95 93 90.7 Year 1938 Yearly Jan o Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Novr. Dec. Av. 1.3 3.3 4.4 9.1 14.2 19.9 23.9 24.9 20.5 15.6 9.0 3.7 12.5 0 Temp (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 163 1*19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 168 1.23.lO.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 166 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 91.8 Year 1939 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.2 1.7 3.1 6.9 14.2 20.9 24.0 24.7 21.9 15/5 7.4 4.0 12.2 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassinm Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.6.03 1.8 85 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 86 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.? 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165.10 18.0 25ko0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.1.04 1.85 88.9 Year 194 1 'l1111|I l |1 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.8 1.5 16 4.4 12.2 19.8 22.8 23.1 20.4 15.4 7.9 3.6 11.2 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate \O r\ Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassi Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 167. 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 157 1.15.o 10 17.2 23.9 108 8o.1 34.4.03 1.8 87 136.99 14.8 20.6 93 7.8 7.0 29.6.03 1.6 75 150 1.10.09 16.4 22.8 103 8.6 7.7 32.8.03 1.7 83 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7;9 33.6.03 1.8 85 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.o.03 1.8 86 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 log 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.. 34.4.03 1.8 87 156 1.14 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0 o03 1.8 86 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 87 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 86 156 1.14 1.ol.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.1.03 1.8 86.2 Year 19l Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.7 1.8 2.1 7.7 16.2 20.4 24.5 24.5 21.6 16.1 8.0 4.8 12.5 Temp. (Avon) Tepmp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate \'1 Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 152 1.11.09 16.6 23.1 104 8.7 7.8 33.2.03 1.7 84 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9,5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 164 1.19.10 17.9 24.8 112 9.4 8.4 35.7.04 1.9 90.3 Year 1942 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June- July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. (Avon) Tep. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassiaM Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 2.2 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 9.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 1.7 3.9 9.2 14.1 19 7 23.8 24.1 20.8 8 1.8 11.1 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.6.03 1.8 85 150 1.10.09 16.4 22.8 103 8.6 7,7 32.8.03 1.7 83.09 16.0 22.3 100 8,4 7.5 32.0.03 1.7 81 - 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 87 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 37.9.04 2.0 96 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 162 1.18.10 17.7 24.6 11 9.3 8.4 35.3.04 1.9 89.4 Year 1943 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.0 1.6 3.4 7.2 12.6 20.8 24.5 24.6 19.7 14.1 6.8 2.6 11.7 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate MO -n Bicarb onate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37.5.04 2.0 95 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.o04 1.9 92 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.22.10 18.3 25.5 115 9.6 8.6 36.5.04 1.9 92.5 Year 1944 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1,9 2.4 2.6 6.4 14.1 21.3 23.9 23.6 20.2 15.3 8.8 2.1 11.9 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate 0\ Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.~9 33.4.03 1.8 85 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.04 1.8 87 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8,5 35.9.04 1.9 91 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 94 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 37o5.04 2.0 95 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 Year lI45 Yearly Jan. Febo Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Octo Nove Dec. Av. 1.7 1.1 6.0 10.3 12.6 18.3 23.1 24.2 20.8 13.7 9.2 2.3 11.9 Tep. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 152 1.11 1 oll.09 16.6 23.1 104 8.7 7.8 33.2.03 1.8 152 1.11 1623.1 104 8.7 7.8 33.2.03 1.8 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 o108 9.0 8.1 24.4.03 1,8 48g 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 26.3.04 1.9 165 1.20 olO.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 111 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 Alkalinity 93 92 84 84 87 92 91 91 93 91 90 90 89.8 Year 1946 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.8 1.3 5.9 9.7 13.7 19.4 22.9 22.9 20.5 16.2 10.4 3.7 12.4 Temp. (Avon) Temp.(Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate ~c Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 152 1.11.09 16.6 23.1 104 8.7 7.8 33.2.03 1.8 84 159 1.16.0l 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35,.9.04 1.9 91 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.4.03 1.8 87 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35~5.04 1.9 90 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.0o4 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89 162 1.18.10 17.7 24.6 111 9.3 8.3 35o4.04 1.9 89.6 xear 1947...:::.... Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Bov. Dec. Av. 1.9 1.4 1.6 7.3 11.7 17.5 22.6 25.2 22.6 17.3 9.0 2.7 11.7 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesirum Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 156 1.14.09 17.0 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 143 1.04 21.7 98 8.2 7.3 31.2.03 1.7 141 1.03.09 15.4 21.4 97 8.1 7.3 30.8.03 1.6 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 33.6.03 1.8 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36,3.04 1.9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 163 1.90.10 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 158.115.10 17.3 24.0 108 9.1 8.1 34.5.03 1.8 86 86 88 79 78 85 90 92 92 92 91 90 87.4 Year 1948 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 1.7 1.4 4.4 9*9 14.8 19.9 23.7 23.8 21.9 13.8 9-7 5.8 12.6 0 O Tezp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnes ium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 5.9* 34.4.03 1.8 87 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 5.5* 33.6.03 1.8 85 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 6.2* 34.0.03 1.8 86 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 6.6* 35~.5.04 1.9 90 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 6.2* 35.5.04 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 6.7* 35.2.04 1.9 89 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 6.4* 34.8.04 1.8 88 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 6.4* 34.8.04 1.8 88 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 6.5* 35.9.04 1.9 91 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 6.3* 35.2.04 1.9 89 160 1.17.10 17.5 24.3 110 9.2 8.2 35.0.04 1.9 88.5 8.4 8.3 10* 6.4* 35.5 35.2.04.04 1.9 1.9 90 89 **Obserred magesium Year 949y ---- -. Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 4.1 3.9 5.2 9.5 15.6 21.4 25.2 25.4 19.7 16.6 8.7 4.3 13,3 H 1 -H Tempo (Avon) Temp. (Lrain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 6.5* 34.8.04 1.8 88 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 6.4* 34.8.04 1.8 88 0(3r 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 7.4* 34.8.04 1.8 88 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 6.7* 33.6.03 1.8 85 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 5.9* 34.0.03 1.8 86 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 5.7* 34.0.03 1.8 86 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 5.7* 34.8.04 1.8 88 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 5.5* 35.5.04 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 5.4* 35.2.04 1.9 89 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 5.5* 35.5.04 1.9 90 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 5.2* 35.9.04 1.9 91 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 5.1* 34.4.03 1.8 87 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 *Observed magnesium Year 1950 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 4.8 3.2 2.2 6.8 11.9 19.4 21.9 23.4 20.3 16.0 9.2 2.7 11.8 0 DO Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 145 1.06.09 15.8 22.0 99 8.3 7.4 6.2* 31.6.03 1.7 80 147 1.07.09 16.0 22.3 100 8.4 7.5 5.7* 32.0.03 1.7 81 148 1.08.09 16.2 22.5 102 8.5 7.6 6.3* 32.4.03 1.7 82 154 1.12.09 16.,8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 7.6* 33.6.03 1.8 85 154 1.12.09 16.5 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 8.3* 33.6.03 1.8 85 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 9.2* 35.5.04 1.9 90 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 9.1* 35.9.04 1.9 91 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.9* 35.9.04 1.9 91 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 8.5* 36.3.04 1.9 92 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.5* 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.5* 35.5.04 1.9 90 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 8.8* 33.6.03 1.8 85 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 34.3.03 1.8 86.9 *Observed magnesium Yesr 19o51 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.2 2.0 5.4 8.0 13.8 20.5 23.3 23.9 20.7 16.0 7.4 3.6 12.2 H 0 ^i Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicabonate. Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 9.0 8.1 8.6* 34.4.03 1.8 87 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 9.0 8.1 8.6* 34.4.03 1.8 87 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 3112 9,4 8.4 9.1* 35.5.04 1.9 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 9.0* 35.2.04 1.9 167 1. '21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 9.3* 36.3.04 1.9 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 9.3* 38.3.04 2.0 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 8.8* 38.3.04 2.0 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 8.7* 39.5.04 2.1 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 8.8* 39.5.04 2.1 181 1.32.11 19.8 27.5 124 10.4 9.3 8.7* 39.5.04 2.1 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 8.6* 37.5.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.3* 35.9.04 1.9 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.8 116 9.7 8.7 37.0.04 2.0 90 89 92 97 97 100 100 100 95 91. 93.7 *Observed magnesium Year 1952 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 3.2 2.4 2.8 8.0 13.1 20.8 24.5 24-1 21.7 14.8 8.7 5.1 12.4 O I-p7 Temp.(Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.3* 35.2.04 1.9 89 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 8.5* 34.4.03 1.8 87 150 1.10.09 16.4 22.8 103 8.6 7.7 8.2* 32.8.03 1.7 83 154 1.12.10 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 8.3* 33.6.03 1.8 85 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 9.9* 35.2.04 1.9 89 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9,7 8.6 8.1* 36.7.04 2.0 93 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 8.2* 36.3.04 1.9 92 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 8.3* 37.5.04 2.0 95 172 1.25.10 18.8 26.1 118 9.9 8.8 8.4* 37.5.04 2.0 95 174 1.27.11 19.0 26.4 119 10.0 8.9 8.1* 37.9.04 2.0 96 176 1.28.11 19.2 26.7 120 10.1 9.0 8.5* 38.3.04 2.0 97 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 8.35* 36.7.04 2.0 93 165 1.20.10 18.1 25.1 113 9.5 8.5 36.0.04 1.9 91.2 *Observed magnesium Year 1953 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ar. 3.6 3.6 4.6 8.2 12.6 19.1 23.5 24.5 21.8 16.7 10.4 4.6 12.8 Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.8* 35.5.04 1.9 90 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 9.1* 34.4.03 1.8 87 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 8.8* 34.4.03 1.8 87 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 9.8* 34.8.04 1.8 88 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 9.1* 34.4.03 1.8 87 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.8* 35.2.04 1.9 89 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.8* 35.5.04 1.9 90 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 9.5* 35.9.04 1.9 91 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 8.5* 36.3.04 1.9 92 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 8.5* 36.3.04 1.9 92 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.4* 35.2.04 1.9 89 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.5* 35.9.04 1.9 91 162 1.18.10 17.7 24.6 111 lu l 9.3 8.3 35.3.04 1.9 89.4 *Observed magnesium Year 1954 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. p 0 O^ Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 1.6 2.8 3.5 9.0 13.2 19.7 23.7 23.6 21.3 16.6 9.1 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.1* 35.9.04 1.9 91 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 7.6* 34.8.04 1.8 88 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 7.7* 33.6.03 1.8 85 148 1.08.09 16.2 22.5 102 8.5 7.6 8.8* 32.4.03 1.7 82 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.9* 35.2.04 1.9 89 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.1* 35.2.04 1.9 89 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 8.3* 34.4.03 1.8 87 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.4* 35.9.04 1.9 91 167 1.21.10 18-.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 8.6* 36.3.04 1.9 92 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 7.5* 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.2* 35.5.04 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8,0* 35.2.04 1.9 89 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.4 110 9.2 8.2 35.0.04 1.9 88.7 3.8 12.3 *Observed magnesium Year 1955 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar* Apr. BMay June july Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. - o Temp. (Avon) Temp (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 1.7 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 159 1.16.10 17.4 24.2 109 9.2 8.2 34.8.04 1.8 88 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 109 9.0 8.1 9.7* 34.4.03 1.8 87 157 * 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 109 9.0 8.1 7.2* 34.4.03 1.8 87 16i 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 7.5* 35.2.04 1.9 89 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.0* 35.5.04 1.9 90 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.3* 35.5.04 1.9 90 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.7* 35.5.04 1.9 90 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 9.3* 35.9.04 1.9 91 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 161.lO 1.18.10 17.7 24.5 111 9.3 8.3 35.2.04 1.9 89.2.9 3.8 8.9 15.7 19.4 24.9 25.7 21.7 16.2 8.1 1.9 12.4 *Observed magnesium Year 1956 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 0 co Temp.(Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 90 154 1.12.09 16.8 23.4 105 8.8 7.9 7.6* 33.6.03 1.8 85 157 1.15.10 17.2 23.9 108 9.0 8.1 9.2* 34.4.03 1.8 87 163 1'.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 8.3* 35.5.04 1.9 90 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 7.7* 35.2.04 1.9 89 161 1.17.10 17.6 24;5 110 9.3 8.3 7.1* 35.2.04 1.9 89 161 1.17.10 17.6 24.5 110 9.3 8.3 8.4* 35.2.04 1.9 89.8.4 3.2 7.9 12.4 18.9 22.7 23.6 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 8.3* 35.9.04 1.9 91 15.7 9.9 4.5 10.0 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.8 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 9.2* 37.1.04 2.0 94 167 1.21.lO 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 92 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 93 163 1.19.10 17.9 24.8 112 9.4 8.4 35.6.04 1.9 90.2 *Observed magnesium Year 1957 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 0 \O Temp. (Avon) Temp. (Lorain) Total solids Nitrate Fluoride Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica.6.8 3.3 6.8 14.3 18.9 23.3 24.1 21.3 14.7 8.7 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 163 1.19.10 17.8 24.7 112 9.4 8.4 35.5.04 1.9 156 1.14.09 17.0 23.7 107 8.9 8.0 34.0.03 1.8 165 1.20.10.lO 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 148 1.08.09 16.2 22.5 102 8.5 7.6 32.4.03 1.7 170 1.24.10 18.6 25.9 117 9.8 8.7 37.1.04 2.0 165 1.20.10 18.0 25.0 113 9.5 8.5 35.9.04 1.9 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.04 2.0 168 1.23.10 18.4 25.6 115 9.7 8.6 36.7.o04 2.0 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9,6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 167 1.21.10 18.2 25.3 114 9.6 8.6 36.3.04 1.9 164 1.20.10 18.0 24.9 112 9.4 8.4 35.8.04 1.9 3.9 11.7 Alkalinity 93 91 90 86 91 82 94 91 93 93 92 92 90.7 Part 2. Station at Erie, Pennsylvania Year 1918 Temp Year 1919 Temp 0* Jan. 1.1 Feb. 1.4 Mar. 1.7 Apr. 3.2 May 10.6 June 16.4 July 20.9 Aug. 22.9 Sept. 18.7 Oct. 14.3 Nov. 10.2 Dec. 5.2 Yearly Av. 10.6 Yearly Av. 10.3 r) kp Jan. 1.4 Feb. 1.0 Mar. 2.6 Apr. 5.7 May 9.7 June 13.6 July 17.2 Aug. 21.9 Sept. 20.8 Oct. 16.6 Nov. 9.8 Dec. 2.8 Year 1920 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Ratio* Temp Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity 1.0 175.41 20.4 23.6 155 8.9 9.1 36.8.009 1.6 92 1.0 177.42 20.6 23.8 157 9.0 9.2 37.2.009 1.6 93 1.3 173.41 20.2 23.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 9t 4.2 165.39 19.3 22.3 147 8.4 8.6 34.8.009 1.5 87 9.7 173.41 20.2 25.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91 13.8 177.42 20.6 23.8 157 9.0 9.2 37.2.009 1.6 93 20.7 173.41 20.2 23.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91 21.6 171.40 20.0 23.0 152 8.7 8.9 36.0.009 1.5 90 19.9 173.41 20.2 25.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91 16.9 173.41 20.2 23.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91 9.0 175.41 20.4 23.6 155 8.9 9.1 36.8.009 1.6 92 4.7 173.41 20.2 23.3 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91 10.3 173.41 20.2 23.5 154 8.8 9.0 36.4.009 1.5 91.1 1.9.0045.222.256 1.689.097.099.400.0001.017 H-j F-*L *The "ratio'" values indicated are the ratio of the parameter in question to alkalinity, parameter/alkalinity. These values apply to years 1920-1956, pages 113-148. i.e., "ratio" = Year 1921 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 1.8 1.0 3.3 8.4 12.3 16.8 23.9 22.8 22.1 14.9 9.3 4.3 11.7 Total solids 175 177 171 163 169 173 177 175 179 177 177 177 174 Nitrate.41..42.40.39.40.41.42.41.42.42.42.42.41 Chloride 20.4 20.6 20.0 19.1 19.8 20.2 20.6 20.4 20.9 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.3 Sulphate 23.6 23.8 23.0 22.0 22.8 23.3 23.8 23.6 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.4 Bicarbonate 155 157 152 145 150 154 157 155 159 157 157 157 155 I~' Sodium plus 8.9 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.6 8.8 9.0 8.9 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.9 potassium Magnesium 9.1 9.2 8.9 8.5 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 Calcium 36.8 37.2 36.0 34.4 35.6 36.4 37.2 36.8 37.6 37.2 37.2 37.2 36.6 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 92 93 90 86 89 91 93 92 94 93 93 93 91.6 y Year 1922 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 0.9 0.6 1.2 6.4 10.2 16.6 21.7 22.1 21.1 16.0 9.6 2.8 l0.e Year 1923 Temp. 0.9 0.4 0.7 2.9 7.6 16.8 19.4 19.7 18.9 15.1 8.3 5.6 9.7 Total solids 181 179 179 181 179 177 177 177 179 175 173 175 177 Nitrate.43.42.42.43.42.42.42.42.42..441.41.42 Chloride 21.1 20.9 20.9 21.1 20.9 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.9 20.4 20.2 20.4 20.7 Sulphate 24.3 24.1 24.1 24.3 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.1 23.6 23.3 23.6 23.9 Bicarbonate 160 159 159 160 159 157 157 157 159 155 154 155 158 Sodium plus 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.1 potassium Magnesium 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.2 Calcium 38.0 37.6 37.6 38.0 37.6 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.6 36.8 36.4 36.8 37.3 Iron.010.009.009.010.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 6 1.6 6 1. 6 16 1.6 1.1.6.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 95 94 94 95 94 93 93 93 94 92 91 92 93.3.y 3 Year 1924 Year] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.1 7.1 13.4 21.3 22.2 18.4 14.9 9.6 3.4 9.4 Total solids 175 175 175 177 179 177 173 177 179 179 177 173 176 Nitrate.41.41.41.42.42.42.41.42.42.42.42.41.42 Chloride 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.6 20.9 20.6 20.2 20.6 20.9 20.9 20.6 20.2 20.6 Sulphate 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.8 24.1 23.8 23.3 23.8 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.3 23.7 Bicarbonate 155 155 155 157 159 157 154 157 159 159 157 154 157 Sodium plus 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.8 9.0 potassium Magnesium 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.0 9.2 Calcium 36.8 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.6 37.2 36.4 37.2 37.6 37.6 37.2 36.4 37.1 Iron.9.009.009.009. 009..009.009.009. 009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 Alkalinity 92 92 92 93 94 93 91 93 94 94 93 91 92.7 y Year 1925 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 0.3 0.4 0.9 4.2 10.0 17.9 20.9 22.2 21.1 13.8 6.4 2.4 10o. Total solids 173 175 173 173 175 173 171 171 171 173 171 171 173 Nitrate.41.41.41 41,41.41.40.40.40.41.40.40.41 Chloride 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.2 20.0 20.0 20.2 Sulphate 233 236 23 23.3 23.6 2233 23.0 23.0 230 23.3 23.0 23.0 23.2 Bicarbonate 154 155 154 154 155 154 152 152 152 154 152 152 153 Sodium plus 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8 8 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.8 potassium Magnesium 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.9 9.0 Calcium 36.4 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.4 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.4 36.0 36.0 36.3 Iron..0.009..0..9 009.009.9 009.009 09...9.. Silica 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 91 92 91 91 92 91 90 90 90 91 90 90 90.8 Ly ) II I Year 1926 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 8.7 15.8 19.1 22.8 21.1 16.9 10.3 4.1 10.1 Total solids 171 171 175 177 175 177 177 177 179 175 175 177 175 Nitrate.40.40.41.42.41.42.42.42.42.41.41.42.42 Chloride 20.0 20.0 20.4 20.6 20.4 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.9 20.4 20.4 20.6 20.5 Sulphate 23.0 23.0 23.6 23.8 2,3.6 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.1 23.6 23.6 23.8 23.E Bicarbonate 152 152 155 157 155 157 157 157 159 155 155 157 156 CD Sodium plus 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.0 potassium Magaesium 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 Calcium 36.0 36.0 36.8 37.2 36.8 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.6 36.8 36.8 37.2 36.9 Iron.009.009.oo9.009.oo9.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 90 90 92 93 92 93 93 93 94 92 92 93 92.3.y il Year 1927 H I-j % 0,-. Temp. Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Jan. 2.1 177.42 20.6 23.8 157 9.0 9.2 37.2.009 1.6 93 Feb. 2.0 177.42 20.6 23.8 157 9.0 9.2 37.2.009 1.6 93 Mar. 2.6 179.42 20.9 24.1 179 9.1 9.3 37.6.009 1.6 94 Apr. May June July Aug. ep t. Oct Nov. Dec. 5.4 11.4 16.7 21.8 22.4 21.2 16.7 11.4 5.8 179 179 181 179 181 182 184 184 184.42.42.43.42.43.43.44.44.44 20.9 20.9 21.1 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.5 21.5 24.1 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.8 179 179 160 159 160 162 164 164 164 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 37.6 37.6 38.0 37.6 38.0 38.4 38.8 38.8 38.8.009.009.010.009.010.010.010.010.010 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 94 94 95 94 95 96 97 97 97 Yearly Av. 11.6 181.43 21.1 24.53 160 9.2 9.5 38.0.009 1.6 94.9 Year 1928 Temp. Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 2.4 1.4 2.0 4.7 10.2 15.3 21.8 22.3 20.2 15.7 10.5 6.0 11.0 184 184 184 184 184 184 182 182 184 186 184 184 184.144.44.44.44.44.44.43.43.44.44.44.44.44 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.3 21.3 21.5 21.8 21.5 21.5 21.5 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.6 24.8 25.1 24.8 24.8 24.8 164 164 164 164 164 164 162 162 164 166 164 164 164 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.6 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.4 38.4 38.8 39.2 38.8 38.8 38.8.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 97 98 97 97 96.9 t 0 Year 1929 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.1 2.6 2.8 7.8 11.7 17.4 21.6 21.8 20.3 14.4 9.2 3.8 11.3 Total solids 184 184 182 182 179 175 175 177 177 181 181 181 180 Nitrate.44.44.43.43.42.41.41.42.42.43.43.43.43 Chloride 21.5 21.5 21.3 21.3 20.9 20.4 20.4 20.6 6 20.6 1. 21.1 21.1 21.0 Sulphate 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.6 24.1 23.6 23.6 23.8 23.8 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.2 Bicarbonate 164 164 162 162 159 155 155 157 157 160 160 160 160 Sodium plus 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 potassium Magnesium 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 Calcium 38.8 38.8 38.4 38.4 37.6 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.2 38.0 38.0 38.0 37.8 Iron.010.010.010.010.9 009.009.009.009.010.010.010.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.1.6. 6 1 16.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 97 97 96 96 94 92 92 93 93 95 95 95 94.6.y )I Year 1930 Yearl] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.7 2.1 3.1 5.6 12.1 17.5 22.9 22.9 20.9 15.7 9.8 4.9 11.7 Total splids 179 179 175 173 175 175 175 173 173 173 173 175 175 Nitrate.42.42.4 41.41 1.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41 Chloride 20.9 20.9 20.4 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.4 Sulphate 24.1 24.1 23.6 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 Bicarbonate 159 159 155 154 155 155 155 154 154 154 154 155 155 Sodium plus 9.1 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 potassium Magnesium 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 Calci'um 37.6 37.6 36.8 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009..009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 94 94 92 91 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 92 91.9 y Year 1931 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 1.7 1.7 2.1 5.6 10.9 17.2 22.3 23.3 21,9 17.4 12.2 7.3 12. Total solids 175 175 173 175 175 173 173 173 173 175 175 175 174 Nitrate.41.41.41.41 41.41. 41.41.41.41.41.41.41 Chloride 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.4 20. Sulphate 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.6 23. Bicarbonate 155 155 154 155 155 154 154 154 154 155 155 155 155 vSi plusO 8 00 9 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 potassium Magnesium 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 Calcium 36.8 36.8 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.~ Iron.009.009.009.009.09.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.00O Silica 1.6 1,6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 92 92 91 92 92 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 91.t ly 0 3 4 6 <* Year 1932 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 5.7 3.7 3.1 4.6 10.2 16.6 22.1 22.8 21.2 15.6 10.0 5.2 11.7 Total solids 175 173 175 175 173 173 177 179 184 184 182 181 177 Nitrate.41.41.4 1.41.41.42.42.44.44.43.43.42 Chloride 20.4 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.6 20.9 21.5 21.5 21.3 21.1 20.7 Sulphate 23.6 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.8 24.1 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.3 23.9 Bicarbonate 155 154 155 155 154 154 157 159 164 164 162 160 158 Sodium plus 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.8 9.0 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.1 potassium Magnesium 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9*0 9.0 9.2 9 9.9. 6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.2 Calcium 36.8 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.4 36.4 37.2 37.6 38.8 38.8 38.4 38.0 37.4 Iron.009.009.009.009.009. 009.009.009.010.010.010.010.009 Silica 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 92 91 92 92 91 91 93 94 97 97 96 95 93.4 y Year 1933 H DO ny Temp Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Jan. 2.9 181.43 21.1 24.3 160 9.2 9.4 38.0.010 1.6 95 Feb. 2.7 179.42 20.9 24.1 159 9.1 9.3 37.6.009 1.6 94 Mar. Apr. May June Jul y Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 2.7 5.9 12.0 20.4 21.1 22.1 20.7 15.8 7.8 4.7 179 177 179 177 181 182 184 184 184 184.42.42.42.42.43.43.44.44.44.44 20.9 20.6 20.9 20.6 21.1 21.3 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 24.1 23.8 24.1 23.8 24.3 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 159 157 159 157 160 162 164 164 164 164 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 37.6 36.2 37.6 37.2 38.0 38.4 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8.009.009.009.009.010..010.010 010.010.010 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 94 93 94 93 95 96 97 97 97 97 Yearly Av. 11.6 181.43 21.1 24.4 161 9.2 9.4 38.1.010 1.6 95.2 Year 1934 H cr\) P0, Temp. Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Jan. 2.0 182.43 21.3 24.6 162 9.3 9.5 38.4.009 1.6 96 Feb. Mar. 1.8 2.9 182 181.43.43 21.3 21.1 24.6 24.3 162 160 9.3 9.2 9.5 9.4 38.4 38.0.009.010 1.6 1.6 96 95 Apr. 5.1 179.42 20.9 24.1 159 9.1 9.3 37.6.009 1.6 94 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 11.8 16.6 21.4 22.7 20.5 16.1 9.8 179 177 177 179 179 179 181.42.42.42.42.42.42.43 20.9 20.6 20.6 20.9 20.9 20.9 21.1 24.1 23.8 23.8 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.3 159 157 157 159 159 159 160 9.1 9.0 9.o 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 37.6 37.2 37.2 37.6 37.6 37.6 38.0.009.009.009.009.009.009.010 1.6 1.6 1. 6 1.6 1.6 16 1.6 94 93 93 94 94 94 95 Yearly Dec. Av. 5.6 11.4 18L 179.43.42 21.1 21.0 24.3 24.2 160 159 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.3 38.0 37.8.010.009 1.6 1.6 95 94.4 Year 1935 Year] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jlme July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.3 1.7 3.6 6.7 10.4 17.8 23.6 24.4 20.3 15.1 11.5 5.1 11. Total solids 181 181 181 181 179 175 175 177 179 179 179 177 178 Nitrate.43.43.43.43.42.41.41.42.42.42.42.42.42 Chloride 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.1 20.9 20.4 20.4 20.6 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.6 20.4 Sulphate 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.1 23.6 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.8 24.( Bicarbonate 160 160 160 160 159 155 155 157 159 159 159 157 158 odium plus 92 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.1 potassium Magnesium 9.4 9.4 9.4 4 9.3 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 Calcium 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 37.6 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.6 37.6 37.6 37.2 37.! Iron.010.010.010.010.009.009.009.009.009.09.009 009.O9.9.00 Silica 1.6 1.6 6 1.6 1.6!.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 95 95 95 95 94 92 92 93 94 94 94 93 93. Ly 3 *) 5 3 Year 1936 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp., 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.7 12.1 17.7 22.4 22.7 21.0 16.1 9.8 3-6 11.9 Total solids 175 175 177 179 177 177 177 179 179 182 182 182 178 Nitrate.41.41.42.42,42.42.42.43.43.43.42 Chloride 20.4 20.4 20.6 20.9 20.6 -20.6 20.6 20.9 20.9 21.3 21.3 21.3 20.8 Sulphate 23.6 23.6 23.8 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.1 24.1 24.6 24. 6 24.6 24.0 Bicarbonate 155 155 157 159 157 157 157 159 159 162 622 162 158 P Sodium plus 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 1 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.1 potassium Magnesium 9.1 9. 9.1 92 9 92 9. 9.2 9.2 9 9.3 9 9-5 9-5 9.5 9.3 Calcium 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.6 37:.2 37.2 37.2 37.6 37.6 38.4 38.4 38.4 37.5 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.010.010.009 Silica 1.6 1.6.6 1.6 6 1.6.6 16 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 92 92 93 94 93 93 93 94 94 9 6 96 936.8 y Year 1937 Temp. Total solids Nitrate Chloride Sulphate Bicarbonate Sodium plus potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Silica Alkalinity Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. 4.1 2.6 2.3 6.5 11.7 17.3 22.3 23.9 20.3 14.4 9.2 3.5 11.5 177 173 175 179 175 179 181 182 182 184 184 182 179.42.41.41.42.41.42.43.43.43.44.44.43.43 20.6 20.2 20.4 20.9 20.4 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.3 21.5 21.5 21.3 21.0 23.8 23.3 23.6 24.1 23.6 24.1 24.3 24.6 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.2 157 154 155 159 155 159 160 162 162 164 164 162 159 9.0 8.8 8.9 9.1 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.3 37.2 36.4 36.8 37.6 36.8 37.6 38.0 38.4 38.4 38.8 38.8 38.4 37.8.009.009.009.009.009.009.010.010.010.010.010.010.009 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 93 91 92 94 92 94 95 96 96 97 97 96 94.4 N) 53 %1" Year 1938 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.. ov. Deco Arv Temp. 2.7 3.3 308 8.4 13.3 18.1 22.1 25.2 20.5 16.6 11.3 5.1 12. Total solids 179 177 175 167 171 173 177 175 179 181 181 182 176 Nitrate.42.42.41.4.4.41.42.41.42 43.43.43.42 Chloride 20.9 206 20.4 19.5 20.0 20.6 20.4 20.9 21.1 21.1 21.3 20.E Sulate 24.1 23.8 236 22 230 233 23.8 236 241 24,3 3 243 246 23. H Biarbonate 159 157 155 149 152 154 157 155 159 160 160 162 157 O Sodiau plus 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.5 8.7 8.8 9.0 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.0 potassium Magesium 9 9.2 9.1 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.4 9*5 9.2 Calciue 37.6 37.2 36.8 3572 36.8 37.6 380 30 38.4 37. Iron.009.009.009.009.009 0.009.010.010.010.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 94 93 92 88 90 91 93 92 94 95 95 96 92*E -Y Year 1939 Year: Jan. Feb. mMar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee Av. Temp. 2.8 2.3 2.6 5,3 11.7 18.2 20.9 23.6 21.0 16.3 9.8 6.3 11 Total solids 181 177 165 167 169 175 175 175 173 173 173 175 173 Nitrate.43.42.39.40.40.41.41.41 o 41. 41.41.41.41 Chloride 21.1 20.6 19.3 19.5 19.8 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.4 20. Sulphate 24.3 23.8 22.3 22,5 22.8 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.6 23. H Bicarbonate 160 157 147 149 150 155 155 155 154 154 154 155 154 Sodium plus 9.2 9.0 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.8 potassium Magnesium 9.4 9.2 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.0 Calcium 38.0 37.2 34,8 35.2 35.6 36.8 36.8 36,8 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.8 36. Iron.010.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.00 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 Alkalinity 95 93 87 88 89 92 92 92 91 91 91 92 91.: ly 7 2 3 4 9 1 V! o Year 1940 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av~ Temp. 2.1 2.2 2.0 3.1 9.2 15-7 21.4 21.5 20.0 15.8 10.2 4.9 10.7 Total solids 173 171 171 171 169 171 173 173 175 173 173 171 172 Nitrate.41.40.40.40.40. 40.41.41 41.41. 41.40.o 41 Chloride 20.2 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.0 20o3 Sulphate 23.3 23.0 23.0 23.0 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.0 23.2 Bicarbonate 154 152 152 152 150 152 154 154 155 15454 415 152 153 R Sodium plus 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.8 potassium Magnesium 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.0 9,0 9.1 9.0 9.0 8.9 9.0 Calcium 36.4 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.0 36.2 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 91 90 90 90 89 90 91 91 92 91 91 90 90.5 y Year 1941 Yea; Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deco Av. Temp. 2.9 2.1 2.4 5.0 12.0 16.7 20.7 7 2.7 20.8 16.5 9.9 6.1 l. Total solids 171 173 171 173 169 171 173 173 171 173 173 173 172 Nitrate.40.41.40.441.40.40.4 1.41.40.41.4.41 41 Chloride 20.0 20.2 20.0 20.2 19.8 20.0 20.2 20. 2200 20.'2 20.2 20.2 20. Sulphate 23.0 23.3 23.0 23.3 22,8 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.3 23~ Bicarbonate 152 154 152 154 150 152 154 154 152 154 154 154 153 Sodium plus 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.8 8,8 8.7 8.8 808 8.8 8.8 potassium Magesium 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 8.8 8.9 9,0 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Calcium 36.0 36.4 36.0 36.4 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.4 36.0 36.4 36.4 36.4 36. Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 009.009 009 00 9. 009.00O Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 90 91 90 91 89 90 91 91 90 91 91 91 90. Ly 5 L 2 2 9 5 Year 1942 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Avo Temp. 2.1 1.8 2.6 7.4 12.6 14.6 21.9 22.8 20.9 15.4 9.9 3.6 11.3 Total solids 171 173 171 169 173 173 173 173 173 173 175 175 173 Nitrate.40.41.40 o 40.41 41.41.41.41.41.41 41 41 41 Chloride 20.0 20.2 20.0 19.8 20.2 20. 2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.2 Sulphate 23.0 23.3 23.0 22.8 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.2 Bicarbonate 152 154 152 150 154 154 154 154 154 154 155 155 153 Sodium plus 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.8 potassium esium 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.0 Calcium 36.0 36.4 36.0 35.6 36.4 36.4 36.4 36,4 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.3 Iron.009.009.009.009.09.09.009 009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 Alkalinity 90 91 90 89 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 90.8 y Year 1943 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug4 Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 1.8 1.7 1.8 4.9 9.8 16.4 21.3 23.6 20.l 14.9 9.2 4.3 lo0. Total solids 173 173 173 175 175 175 177 177 177 177 181 181 176 Nitrate.41.41.41. 41 141.41.42.42.42 42 3.43.42 Chloride 20..2 202 2 204 2.4 20.4 22046 20.6 20.26 21.1 21.1 206 Sulphate 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 23 238 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.3 24.3 23.1 Bicarbonate 154 154 154 155 155 155 157 157 157 157 160 160 156 \jn Sodim plus 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 89 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.2 9.0 potassium Magnesium 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.4 9,2 Calcium 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 38.0 38.0 37.0 Iron.009 009.009 009 o009.009.009.o 009.009.009.o10.10 o OO Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 95 95 92. Ly L r ) 5 Year 1944 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.1 1.9 2.2 4*3 10.0 16.7 21.6 21.4 20.0 16.0 11.1 4.9 11.C Total solids 182 182 177 169 182; 184 184 184 186 184 186 182 182 Nitrate43.43.2.40.4. 44. 4. 4.4443..44 4 43 Chloride 21.3 21.3 20.6 19.8 21.3 21.5 21.5 21.5 8 21.5 21.8 21.3 21.2 Sulphate 24.6 24.6 23.8 22.8 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.8 25.1 24.8 25.1 24.6 24.5 Bicarbonate 162 162 157 150 162 164 164 164 166 164 166 162 162 Sodium plus 9.3 9.3 9.0 8.6 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.3 9.3 potassium Magnesium 9.5 9.5 9.2 8.8 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.5 9.5 Calcium 38.4 38.4 37.2 35.6 38.4 38.8 38.8 38.8 39.2 38.8 39.2 38.4 38.2 Iron.010.010.009.009.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01C Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 96 96 93 89 96 97 97 97 98 97 98 96 95. "SJ Year 1945 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 1 1.9 9 2.8 9.6 11.4 14.9 20.3 22.3 20.7 15.3 11.2 4.8 1l. Total solids 184 184 171 169 171 169 175 181 182 182 184 184 178 Nitrate.44.44.40.40.40.40.41.43.43.43.44.44.42 Chloride 21.5 21.5 20.0 19.8 20.0 19.8 20.4 21.1 21.3 21.3 21.5 21.5 20.4 Sulphate 24.8 24.8 23.0 22.8 23.0 22.8 23.6 24.3 24.6 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.( Bicarbonate 164 164 152 150 152 150 155 160 162 162 164 164 158 \15 sodium plus 9.4 9.4 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.1 potassium Magnesium 9.6 9.6 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.3 Calcium 38.8 38.8 36.0 35.6 36.0 35.6 36.8 38.0 38.4 38.4 38.8 38.8 37.' Iron.010.010.009.009. 0 09. 009.010 010.010.0.010.010.00 Silica 1.6 1.6 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 Alkalinity 97 97 90 89 90 89 92 95 96 96 97 97 93. ly 4 B 3 Year 1946 Yearl] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.2 1.9 3.6 8.53 12.0 16.3 19.7 21.3 19.6 16.8 12.8 6.1 11.7 Total Solids 184 182 177 167 167 169 171 173 171 173 177 171 173 Nitrate.44.43.42.40.40.40.40.41.40.41.42.40.41 Chloride 21.5 21.3 20.6 19.5 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.6 20.0 20.3 Sulphate 24.8 24.6 23.8 22.5 22.5 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.0 23.3 23.8 23.0 23.4 Bicarbonate 164 162 157 149 149 150 152 154 152 154 157 152 154 Sodium plus 9.4 9. 3 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.9 co potassium Magnesium 9.6 9.5 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.2 8.9 9.0 Calcium 38.8 38.4 37.2 35.2 35.2 35.6 36.0 36.4 36.0 36.4 37.2 36.0 36.5 Iron.010.010.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 Alkalinity 97 96 93 88 88 89 90 91 90 91 93 90 91.53 y Year 1947 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.8 2.2 2.4 4.2 10.7 15.8 18.8 22.2 22.3 17.7 12.3 4.8 11. Total solids 169 165 171 165 163 171 171 165 165 165 165 167 167 Nitrate.40.39.40.3. 39 39.39.39.40. 4 Chloride 19.8 19.3 20.0 19.3 19.1 20.0 20.0 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.5 19. Sulphate 22.8 22.3 23.0 22.3 22.0 23.0 23.0 22.3 22.3 22.3 22.3 22.5 22. Bicarbonate 150 147 152 147 145 152 152 147 147 147 147 149 148 Sodium pus 8.6 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 potassium Magnesium 8.8 8.6 8.9 8.6 8.5 8.9 8.9 8.6 86 8.6 8.6 8. 7 8.7 Calcium 35.6 34.8 36.0 34.8 34.4 36.0 36.0 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.8 35.2 35. Iron.009 00 0.. 00.009.009.009.009 009.0099.00 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 15 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 89 87 90 86 87 87 86 7 87 88 87. Ly 4 a 5 2 Year 1948 Year]; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.1 2.0 3.3 8.2 11.8 16.5 20.2 22.7 22.7 15.6 11.3 6.4 11.9 Total solids 175 171 167 167 163 169 169 171 171 173 173 -173 170 Nitrate.41.40..40..39. 4.4.40. 40.40 40.40.4 Chloride 20.4 20.0 19.5 19.5 19.1 19.8 19.8 20.0 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.2 19.9 Sulphate 23.6 23.0 22.5 22.5 22.0 22.8 22.8 23.0 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.3 22.9 Bicarbonate 155 152 149 149 145 150 150 152 152 154 154 154 151 0 Sodium plus 8.9 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 potassium Magnesium 9.1 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 Calcium 36.8 36.0 35 35 35.2 34.4 35.6.6 6 36.0 36 6.4 36. 4 36.4 35.8 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 92 90 88 88 86 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 89.5 y Year 1949 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 3.2 2.3 3.0 6.8 11.9 18.4 20.1 24.3 18.6 17.2 11.7 4.4 11.8 Total solids 171 169 167 167 173 175 173 173 175 175 175 175 172 Nitrate.40.40.40.40.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41 Chloride 20.0 19.8 19.5 19.5 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.2 20. 4 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.1 Sulphate 23.0 22.8 22.5 22.5 23.3 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.2 Bicarbonate 152 150 149 149 154 155 154 154 155 155 155 155 153 H Sodum plus 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 potassium Magnesium 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.7 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 Calcium 36.0 35.6 35*2 35.2 36.4 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.3 Iron.009.009.009.009..009.009.009.009.009. 009.009.009 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 Alkalinity 90 89 88 88 91 92 91 91 92 92 92 92 90.7 -y Year 1950 Yearl Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 5.3 3.1 2.6 4.9 9.6 16.8 20.3 22.5 17.9 16.2 10.9 3.9 11.2 Total solids 171 171 171 169 167 169 169 169 169 175 173 171 170 Nitrate40.40 40.40.40..40.4.....4.4.4.40.40 Chloride 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.8 19.5 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 20.4 20.2 20.0 19.9 Sulphate 23.0 23.0 23.0 22.8 22.5 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 23.6 23.3 23.0 23.0 Bicarbonate 152 152 152 150 149 150 150 150 150 155 154 152 152 Sodium plus 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.7 potassium Magnesium 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 8*7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.9 Calcium 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.6 35.2 35.6 35.6 35.6 35.6 36.8 36.4 36.0 35.9 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5.5 1.5 1.5.51.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 90 90 90 89 88 89 89 89 89 92 91 90 89.7.y i. Year 1951 Yearly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.4 1.8 2.2 6.5 11.2 15.7 21.6 22.8 20.3 15.2 9.6 4.5 11.1 Total solids 169 167 169 173 169 173 167 171 171 171 171 171 170 Nitrate.40.40.40.41.40.41.. 40.40.40.4040.40.40 Chloride 19.8 19.5 19.8 20.2 19.8 20.2 19.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.9 Sulphate 22.8 22.5 22.8 23.3 22.8 23.3 22.5 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 22.9 Bicarbonate 150 149 150 154 150 154 149 152 152 152 152 152 151 Sodium plus 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 potassium Magnesium 8.8 8.7 8.8 9.0 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 Calcium 35.6 35.2 35.6 36.4 35.6 36.4 36.2 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.8 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.00 9.00 9. 0 09 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 89 88 89 91 89 91 88 90 90 90 90 90 89.6 Year 1952 Yearl; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 2.6 2.6 3.1 6.2 5.6 17.1 22.2 22.8 20.6 14.6 10.6 5.3 11.1 Total solids 169 169 171 167 165 165 169 169 169 167 165 165 168 Nitrate.40.40..40.40 39.40 39. 39 O40 Chloride 19.8 19.8 20.0 22.5 22.3 22.3 22.8 22.8 228 22.5 22.3 22.3 22.6 Bicarbonate 150 150 152 149 147 147 150 150 150 149 147 147 149 Sodium pus 8.6 8.6 87 8.5 8.4 4 8. 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.6 4= potassium Magnesium 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7 Calcium 35.6 35.6 36.0 35.2 34.8 34.8 35.6 35.6 35.6 35.2 34.8 34.8 35.3 Iron. 009.009.009.009.009. 09.009,9 09.009.009. 009 Silica 1.5 1.5 15 11 1.5.5 1.5 1.5 1. 5 1.5 5 1 1.5 Alkalinity 89 89 90 88 87 87 89 89 89 88 87 87 88.3 y Year 1953 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temn. 2.9 2.1 3.8 7.3 10.7 16.2 21.6 22.6 20.7 16.2 11.8 6.8 11l Total solids 165 163 165 163 173 175 173 181 181 181 181 175 173 Nitrate.39.39.39.39.41.41.41.43.43.43.43.41.41 Chloride 19.3 19.1 19.3 19.1 20.2 20.4 20.2 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.1 20.4 20.: Sulphate 22.3 22.0 22.3 22.0 23.3 23.6 23.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 23.6 23.: Bicarbonate 147 145 147 145 154 155 154 160 160 160 160 155 154 Sodium plus 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.8 potassium Magnesium 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.1 9.0 Calcium 34.8 34.4 34.8 34.4 36.4 36.8 36.4 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 36.8 36.1 Iron.009.009.009.009.009.009.009.010.010.010.010.009.00< Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 15 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 Alkalinity 87 86 87 86 91 92 91 95 95 95 95 92 91.( ly 9 2 3 4 Year 1954 Yearl Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 33 2.8 3.9 6.9 12.4 18.0 22.1 23.5 20.4 17.0 11.4 6.4 12.3 Total solids 171 169 165 169 162 167 165 167 165 165 165 165 166 Nitrate.40.40..38.40 39.40 39 39.39 39 399 Chloride 20.0 19.8 19.3 19.8 18.9 19.5 19.3 19.5 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 Sulphate 23.0 22.8 22.3 22.8 21.8 22.5 22.3 22.5 22.3 22.3 22.3 22.3 22.4 Bicarbonate 152 150 147 150 144 149 147 149 147 147 147 147 148 Sodiu plus 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 potassium Magnesium 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.7 Calcium 36.0 35.6 34.8 35.6 34.0 35.2 34.8 35.2 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.8 35.C Iron.009.009.9.9 009.009.009.009 009.009.009.00..00 Silica 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.1.5.5 1. 1.5.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalinity 90 89 87 89 85 88 87 88 87 87 87 87 87.E 7 -Y Year 1955 Year' Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 3.3 2.1 3.0 8.2 13.6 17.8 21.6 22.1 20.7 16.5 9.1 2.8.' Total solids 160 165 163 163 163 165 63 165 167 163 62 62 164 Nitrate.38.39 39 39 39 39.39.39.40. 39.38.38.39 Chloride 18.6 19.3 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.3 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.1 18.9 18.9 19.: Sulphate 21.5 22.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.3 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.0 21.8 21.8 22.( Bicarbonate 142 147 145 145 145 147 145 147 149 145 14 144 145 ~-t Sodium plus 8.1 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.43 8.2 84 potassium Magnesium 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.5 Calcium 33.6 34.8 34.4 34.4 34.4 34.8 34.4 34.8 35.2 34.4 34.0 34.0 34.] Iron.008.009.009.009.009. 009. 009. 009.009.009. 009.009. o00 Silica 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 Alkalinity 84 87 86 86 86 87 86 87 8 8 86.] 87 8586. Ly 7 L Year 1956 Yearl; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr, May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Av. Temp. 1.8 1.1 1.5 4.6 10.5 15. 198 9 19.821.9 9.8 5.1 10.9 4.9 10.7 Total solids 169 171 1 167 167 16 3 1 63 63 69 171 169 169 168 Nitrate.40.40.40.34. 3 9.9 39.40.40.40.40.4 Chloride 19.8 2 0.0.0 19.5 19.3 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.8 20. 19.8 19.8 9 19.6 Sulphate 22.8 23.0 23.0 22.5 22.3 22. 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.8 23.0 22.8 22.8 22.6 Bicarbonate 150 152 152 149 147 145 145 145 150 152 150 150 149 o Sodium plus 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 potassium Magnesium 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 Calcium 55.6 36.0 36.0 35.2 34.8 34.4 34.4 34.4 35.6 36.0 35.6 35.6 35.3 Iron.009..009.009.009.009. 009.009.0 09..009.009.9.09 Silica 1.5 5 1 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5.5 5 1 1. 15 1.5 1.5 1.5 Alkalin ty 89 90 90 88 87 86 86 86 89 90 89 89 88.3 y APPENDIX II LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Data of the Fisheries Research Laboratory of the University of Western Ontario. Published with express permission. 1947 and 1948 STATION I (42~12.0', 81~54.o') Depth 1947 1948 in Feet 8/8 8/13 8/21 8/28 9/14 9/27 10/17 12/3 4/15 4/23 5/6 7/8' 7/20 7/28 8/6 9/9 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 23.8 25.0 26.8 25.9 23.7 16.4 18.3 6.0 3.0 4.7 10.0 19.3 235.5 20.7 18.3 22.0 15 23.2 24.2 25.7 25.6 23.7 16.3 17.3 19.7 18.1 30 14.5 18.6 22.9 25.2 22.9 16.3 17.1 6.2 153.6 18.9 11.3 17.9 Bottom 12.7 13.6 15.1 14.3 13.6 16.2 15.7 6.4 3.6 4.0 8.0 12.2 11.0.17.6 22.0 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 6.1 7.2 6.3 6.7 7.2 8.0 8.8 14.6 11.6 10.6 8.2 7.7 8.o 8.6 30 7.2 7.5 8.5 8.3 4.2 7.9 8.1 Bottom 7.1 6.1 6.0 6.7 6.3 7.7 14.6 11.5 11.6 4.2 4.1 5.6 7.3 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 30 2.2 1.8 17.6 8.8 0.0 Bottom 3.5 1.5 2.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.3 17.6 17.6 0.0 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 58 95 94 100 100 56 104 100 102 100 109 84 103 30 104 100 100 107 111 115 105 Bottom 58 110 96 100 57 104 100 112, 115 114 124 - Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaC03 Surface 3.0 1.6 4.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 6.0 30 0.0 0.0. 0.0 5.0 Bottom 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 pH Surface 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.7 7.8 8.2 7.7 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.5 30 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.0 8.5 Bottom 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.4 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.1 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.5 Secchi Disc, feet 23 25 13 I i I i i 150 1949, 1950, and 1951 STATION 1 (4212.0', 81*54.0') Depth Depth 1949 1950 1951 Feet 6/19 7/12 7/20 8/4 8/23 5/29 6/7 8/26 9/1 11/5 5/30 6/28 7/13 7/18 8/2 8/28 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 20.1 24.0 27.8 24.7 23.3 15.2 16.3 20.2 23.3 11.5 13.0 19.7 20.1 21.4 23.5' 21.7 15 18.8 23.8 24.2 24.6 23.2 11.9 12.2 19.0 21.3 30 17.1 23.8 23.9 22.9 10.0 8.1 20.0 21.9 11.3 17.0 18.7 17.5 23.3 21.3 Bottom 16.1 23.4 14.6 22.5 22.7 9.0 8.0 10.8 11.2 11.5 9.7 15.2 10.8 11.9 10.8 11.3 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 9.6 8.1 7.6 8.3 11.7 11.0 8.4 9.7 11.2 9.6 9.2 9.3 30 9.5 8.4 8.0 8.0 11.6 11.o 8.4 10.8 10.7 9.3 8.9 Bottom 8.0 7.9 6.4 7.9 10.9 10.8 7.6 9.6 10.8 9.3 8.3 4.5 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 5.3 1.8 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 3.5 2.6 0.0 Bottom 0.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 0.0 0.9 1.3 2.6 2.6 0.0 7.1 7.0 4.0 2.7 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 108 90 116 114 116 111 98 106 103 105 108 107 108 105 30 104 110 114 110 116 122 110 106 104 109 108 102 Bottom 100 106 114 114 116 116 112 114 107 100 120 108 109 110 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 30 4.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Bottom 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.5 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.4 30 7.9 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.3 Bottom 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.5 8.1 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.9 Secchi Disc, feet 11 15 18 151 1952 STATION 1 (42~12.0', 81'54.0') Depth 1952 in Feet 6/4 6/12 6/17 6/27 7/5 7/7 7/14 7/16 7/22 7/24 7/29 8/7 8/19 8/30 9/5 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 14.7 11.7 19.3 18.3 21.9 21.9 23.4 22.9 24.3 20.3 24.1 23.4 23.3 23.6 21.5 15 13.9 10.8 16.4 17.9 21.1 21.2 23.2 21.8 22.5 20.1 23.2 23.0 23.1 23.3 20.6 30 13.0 10.5 13.0 15.5 19.9 20.2 21.3 19.6 11.9 11.4 22.2 22.5 22.6 22.9 19.7 Bottom 9.9 10.5 10.5 12.7 12.7 13.0 10.8 11.0 10.2 10.2 10.8 11.4 16.1 12.5 12.6 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 9.2 10.1 6.2 8.9 8.5 7.4 7.9 7.8 8.0 8.7 8,7 9.6 9.7 30 9.7 8.6 10.4 9.0 8.7 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.8 8.6 8.5 9.4 9.2.Bottom 7.8 9.9 9.7 8.8 7.5 7.0 6.9 7.7 6.9 7.0 8.4 8.4 6.7 8.6 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 3.2 3.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.3 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 30 2.0 3.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 2.0 3.3 2.0 2.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 Bottom 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.3 3.0 2.6 5.0 4.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.6 6.9 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 114 114 118 117 105 103 103 108 96 98 105 102 105 99 30 110 118 114 111 106 109 97 109 101:98 99 109 108 91 Bottom 112 116 110 109 115 123 69 108 102 109 99 101 113 94 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 7.5 4.5 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 5.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.1 7.8 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.4 7.8 30 7.9 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.8 8.2 8.0 8.2 7.8 Bottom 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.0 7.7 7.4 7.5 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 8.0.8 152 1953 STATION 1 (42~12.0', 81~54.0') Depth 1955 in Feet 6/2 6/10 6/15 6/29 7/3 7/9 7/15 7/50 8/6 8/13 8/24 8/25 8/51 9/1 9/8 9/14 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 13.5 15.4 16.0 21.0 18.4 20.7 23.6 22.8 22.4 25.1 23.3 23.9 25.3 26.5 21.5 17.1 15 12.5 14.7 15.4 19.8 17.4 19.1 23.4 22.8 22.4 22.5 25.0 23.3 25.4 21.5 16.9 30 12.0 14.0 14.8 18.8 16.2 14.2 20.3 16.2 22.2 22.5 22.8 25.0 22.9 235.5 21.5 16.7 Bottom L1.8 10.6 11.4 11.8 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.1 20.4 14.5 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.5 13.2 15.3 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 10.5 9.4 9.6 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.3 8.7 8.6 8.6 7.9 8.3 7.5 6.5 30 10.2 9.7 9.1 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.4 7.1 10.3 8.4 8.4 8.0 7.5 6.1 Bottom 9.2 9.8 9.1 8.8 8.4 8.4 7.5 7.2 10.8 5.2 5.5 3.2 2.2 2.0 2.4 5.1 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 3.0 0.7 5.5 0.5,, 6.0 7.0 4.0 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surfaee 8.0 5.0 5.0 2.8 2.7 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.8 4.5 5.0 5.5 4.0 4.2 0.8 0.0 50 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 3.2 5.5 2.7 3.5 0.0 0.0 Bottom 8.0 2.5 2.5 0.7 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.5 30 8.2 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.6 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.5 Bottom 8.1 7.8 7.8 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.4 Secchi Disc, feet 2 12 26 27 27 16 21 14 10 26 34 31 15 13 7 153 1947 and 1948 STATION 2 (42" 07.2', 81? 53.9') Depth 1947 1948 in Feet 17/28 8/8 8/13 8/21 9/13 9/27 4/23 6/4 6/19 7/8 7/31 8/13 8/26 8/30 9/9 Surface 30 45 Bottom Mean Mean of Epilimnion 22.1 24.1 20.9 17.2 20.9 11.5 10.5 11.0 18.6 16.9 21.2 23.4 8.5 7.0 7.9 7.0 Water Temperature, ~C 25.0 26.8 23.8 17.3 4.6 14.7 15.5 18.6 22.7 20.9 25.1 24.4 22.7 23.4 18.8 23.7 16.9 4.4 10.7 14.2 18.2 22.7 23.2 23.8 23.1 12.2 12.6 23.4 16.6 17.0 22.5 20.7 22.0 22.4 23.0 10.8 11.9 12.7 14.5 4.4 10.2 12.6 11.0 11.3 11.1 11.4 15.2 17.0 18.3 19.0 21.2 16.4 4.5 11.7 14.8 17.2 22.1 21.0 23.1 21.6 24.4 25.4 23.7 18.1 22.6 23.7 23.7 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom 7.4 7.3 6.3 6.5 6.9 9.8 11.0 9.4 8.2 8.2 7.5 7.9 8.0 9.8 11.2 8.1 8.2 8.0 3.1 8.0 7.7 10.2 9.5 8.0 6.2 3.1 8.1 6.6 7.8 5.0 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 o.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.3 22.1 46.2 1.8 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm Ca CO3 115 96 100 97 100 150 0oo 150 100 100 106 105 98 104 102 110 104 103 105 98 104 107 104 102 96 98 102 106 109 106 105 107 117 106 98 108 117 106 93 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 o.0 pH 5.0 4.0 2.4 4.0 4.0 9.0 7.0 4.0 14.0 3.0 2.0 11.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 3.6 3.6 0.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.0 7.3 8.0 8.3 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.7 8.0 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.5 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.4 7.5 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4 Secchi Disc, feet 25 19 25 25 11 154 1949 STATION 2 (42' 07.2', 81~ 53.9') Depth 1949 in Feet 6/10 6/19 6/27 7/6 7/12 7/20 7/28 8/4 8/10 8/23 9/7 9/15 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 15.2 20.4 23.2 26.2 22.0 24.0 25.5 25.0 26.0 23.2 20.7 19.2 30 14.6 16.4 16.3 20.1 21.8 22.8 24.5 24.2 24.7 23.0 20.8 19.4 45 14.4 12.7 12.4 12.4 21.5 22.3 22.5 23.6 24.1 22.4 20.6 19.2 Bottom 11.3 11.1 10.0 11.2 12.2 12.4 11.4 12.5 12.0 12.5 19.4 18.4 Mean 14.3 15.9 16.5 19.4 20.4 21.1 21.6 22.3 22.9 21.3 20.0 19.2 Meamnion 22.6 25.6 21.7 22.9 24.4 24.3 25.7 23.0 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 9.5 10.2 9.6 8.3 8.8 8.6 9.2 8.7 8.3 8..6 8.1 8.1 30 9.5 9.3 8.5 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.8 9.1 7.5 8.2 7.4 45 9.0 9.9 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.7 8.2 8.2 8.0 Bottom 10.0 9.0 9.1 7.6 7.0 6.0 6.o 4.5 5.1 2.4 8.1 6.4 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 1.9 0.9 2.6 2.2 4.0 5.0 4.4 5.3 1.8 0.0 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CC03 Surface 124 124 112 112 120 112 116 112 116 104 100 30 124 116 128 116 116 116 114 114 118 105 100 45 124 114 128 116 118 112 114 1l4 118 105 100 Bottom 120 111 96 114 112 116 110 10 8 114 104 100 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaC03 Surface 5.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 30 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 2.0 45 4.0 4.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Bottom 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 pH Surface 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.4 30 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.1 45 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 Bottom 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 7-3 8.1 8.o Secchi Disc, feet 27 43 47 22 35 27 25 155 1950 STATION 2 (42~ 07.2', 81~ 53.9') Depth 1950 in Feet 5/26 6/7 6/15 6/25 7/5 7/14 7/18 7/26 8/8 8/24 9/1 10/1 Water Temperature, "C Surface 30 45 Bottom Mean Mean of Epilimnion 11.9 16.3 17.2 21.2 20.1 21.4 21.6 20.8 21.9 21.9 22.4 19.4 8.6 12.2 12.6 17.2 19.7 20.7 21.0 20.5 21.5 21.6 22.4 18.0 5.6 6.6 8.5 15.0 14.7 20.6 20.7 20.4 21.3 21.5 22.4 17.8 5.4 6.5 6.6 10.3 10.4 11.3 10.2 10.3 10.0 12.4 12.7 17.5 8.1 10.9 12.5 16.6 17.4 19.6 19.2 19.2 19.1 21.1 21.6 18.2 13.9 15.4 18.3 19.8 20.8 21.2 20.5 21.6 21.6 22.4 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom Surface 350 45 Bottom Surface 30 45 Bottom 12.7 11.2 10.2 10.0 8.2 8.4 11.2 10.6 10.0 7.4 8.6 11.8 10.1 6.1 9.1 12.0 11.8 10.1 9.4 6.9 7.6 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.3 1.8 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.9 4.4 4.4 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 7.6 8.5 8.1 8.6 8.0 7.4 8.0 7.7 8.7 7.8 7.1 7.3 6.1 3.8 3.8 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.9 o.o o.o 0.9 1.8 3.5 6.6 6.2 0.9 112 110 102 117 110 104 105 97 112 108 103 120 100 118 110 109 115 107 100 116 98 107 111 101 105 103 101 110 102 103 102 100 108 102 103 104 102 110 103 105 106 102 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaC03 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.1 7.6 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.7 Secchi Disc, feet 27 19 17 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.4 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.8 23 156 1951 STATION 2 (42~ 07.2', 81 53.9') Depth 1951 in Feet 5/23 5/30 6/12 6/21 6/28 7/2 7/12 7/18 7/23 8/2 8/8 8/24 8/28 9/2 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 9.1 15.0 15.8 18.5 19.1 19.3 39.9 21.9 21.6 22.3 21.3 21.3 21.8 21.3 30 9.0 11.3 17.1 17.7 18.8 38.9 20.0 21.2 22.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.3 45 8.6 8.0 12.4 17.1 8.7 l4.7 14.9 16.0 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.3 Bottom 6.6 7.9 9.2 10.2 8.5 10.4 9.5 11.0 12,7 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.3 Mean 8.6 10.4 14.7 15.9 15.5 16.9 18.1 18.7 20.6 19.8 18.8 20.6 20.6 Epilimnion piimnion 17.1 18.0 19.0 19.3 20.8 21.4 22.1 21.3 21.3 21.6 21.3 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 10.2 11.9 10.9 10.7 10.8 9.8 9.1 9.2 9.0 8.1 8.6 8.9 30 11.4 11.6 11.2 10.6 10.2 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.1 8.9 8.8 9.2 45 12.3 12.4 10.5 10.9 9.2 9.3 9.7 9.0 8.8 8.7 7.8 9.1 Bottom 11.1 11.3 10.6 10.5 9.2 9.2 9-0 8.7 8.3 7.4 5.6 4.7 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 7.1 6.2 5.4 2.2 3.2 6.2 3.5 0.9 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 5.3 5.4 1.8 1.8 5.3 3.5 2.2 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45 5.4 2.6 3.1 5.3 6.1 3.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bottom 5.4 4.4 3.6 7.1 5.3 4.4 4.4 3.1 4.8 1.8 3.1 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaC03 Surface 100 120 126 107 108 101 104 104 106 104 104 104 102 30 120 120 107 107 103 104 104 102 103 103 105 105 45 122 109lO 1 10 5 105 106 108 102 105 105 Bottom 108 109 109 104 105 108 109 105 104 107 108 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 3.5 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 45 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.9 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 30 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.0 7.9 8.4 45 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7 8.0 7.9 8.0 8.4 Bottom 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.9 Secchi Disc, feet 13 11 40 25 29 22 26 157 1952 STATION 2 (42~ 07.2', 81~ 53.9') Depth 1952 in Feet 6/4 6/12 6/17 6/27 7/5 7/14 7/29 8/8 8/19 8/30 9/5 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 15.7 14.9 18.5 18.7 21.9 23.1 25.2 23.7 24.3 23.1 22.0 30 12.4 13.4 14.2 18.4 20.0 22.1 24.4 23.2 23.5 22.5 21.8 45 8.8 11.4 9.4 14.5 19.7 21.3 24.1 23.0 23.4 21.9 21.6 Bottom 8.7 9.7 9.1 9.8 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.9 11.4 11.5 11.2 Mean 11.3 13.0 13.4 16.4 18.6 21.2 21.2 21.7 21.3 19.4 19.3 Mean of Meamnion 16.5 19.6 20.3 22.4 24.3 23.3 23.6 22.6 21.8 Epilimnion Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 10.5 9.8 8.8 8.3 9.1 8.6 6.6 8.8 9.0 9.7 30 10.7 10.0 6.4 9.1 9.1 8.5 6.7 8.0 9.2 8.9 9.8 45 10.6 10.0 5.7 8.9 8.7 8.7 7.3 8.3 8.9 8.9 9.6 Bottom 11.0 10.4 5.8 8.6 8.1 8.3 6.9 5.9 8.3 4.7 9.5 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 1.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 30 2.0 1.3 0.7 3.3 0.0 2.3 8.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 45 2.5 1.7 1.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 Bottom 1.5 2.3 1.7 1.7 4.0 2.0 1.7 3.3 2.3 0.0 4.0 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 114 106 105 108 97 107 101 97 102 105 81 30 109 112 112 109 102 109 100 97 104 104 95 45 115 114 115 111 104 107 100 104 84 103 94 Bottom 113 112 108 114 110 107 96 107 113 107 89 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 2.0 3.5 6.5 6.0 0.0 30 0.0.o o.o 0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 11.5 0.0 45 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 6.5 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.0 8.0 7.4 8.4 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.4 7.9 30 8.2 7.9 7.8 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.5 8.4 8.4 8.2 45 7.8 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.4 8.0 8.2 8.4 Bottom 8.0 7.9 7.4 7.9 7.6 7.9 8.0 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.3 Secchi Disc, feet 15 28 48 28 42 28 28 28 25 19 158 1947 and 1948 STATION 3 (42~ 01.2, 81~ 52.8' ) STATION 4 (41~56.4', 81&52.8') STATION 5 (41~51.6', 81~52.8') Station Depth 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 | 5 4 5 5 Fee 1947 1948 8/13 8/13 8/13 | 9/27 9/27 9/27 4/23 4/2 4/23 | 6/4 6/4 6/4 | 7/8 7/8 7/8 8/13 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 25.0 25.9 26.7 16.8 18.4. 18.6 4.2 4.5 4.6 16.0 16.6 16.4 20.6 20.2 20.0 21.5 30 23.4 23.2 23.7 16.4 18.4 18.4 4.2 4.3 4.3 12.3 19.0 19.3 45 21.8 20.7 21.5 16.2 17.7 18.0 10.6 12.1 16.9 21.1 60 11.0 10.5 11.3 16.0 11.7 11.0 10.5 10.2 16.4 17.4 11.2 Bottom 10.7 10.5 10.7 14.7 11.0 11.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.5 10.7 10.2 9.6 11.3 11. 6 10.9 Mean 20.0 20.1 20.8 16.4 17.0 16.8 4.2 4.3 4.3 11.7 12.4 12.1 16.4 17.4 17.8 18.6 Epimnon 23.7 23.5 24.0 18.1 18.4 19.5 18.6 19.1 21.3 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 1. 6 8.3 8.9 9.2 8.5 30 9.0 11.6 9.0 45 8.1 60 6.7 Bottom 7.6 11.6 3.4 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45 0o.o0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 1.8 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 100 105 102 30 104 99 100 104 45 103 104 100 99 104 60 100 105 108 108 106 108 Bottom 104 104 104 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaC03 Surface 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 350 1.6 4.4 7.2 5.0 45 3.0 3.0 6.8 6.0 4.0 60 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bottom 3.0 pHSurface 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.4 8.4 8.4 30 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.4 8.4 8.4 45 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.4 60 8.0 8 8. 8.1 7.9 7.4 7.6 7.2 Bottom 7.4 7. 159 1949 and 1950 STATION 3 (42~01.2', 81~52.8') STATION 4 (41~56.4', 81~52.8') STATION 5 (41~51.6', 81~52.8') Station Depth 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 1 4 in eptn 1949 1950 Feet 84 8/4 8/4 | 8/23 8/23 8/23 6/8 6/8 6/8 17/26 7/26 7/26 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 24.8 24.3 24.0 23.6 23.8 23.7 17.1 16.3 16.0 20.7 20.7 21.0 30 23.8 23.8 23.8 22.9 23.4 23.1 12.5 12.2 12.7 45 23.5 23.5 22.4 22.6 23.1 23.0 9.2 9.1 6.4 20.2 20.3 20.3 60 11.5 11.0 11.1 13.2 12.5 12.1 6.4 6.2 6.3 8.8 14.5 9.1 Bottom 11.2 11.0 10.8 12.3 11.8 11.6 6.3 6.2 6.3 8.7 8.6 9.0 Mean 20.1 21.0 19.6 21.3 21.3 20.1 10.9 10.6 10.7 18.0 18.1 17.1 Mean of Memnion 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.1 23.4 23.1 13.8 20.4 13.4 20.5 13.6 20.6 Epilimnion Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 8.7 8.8 8.7 11.5 9.4 10.5 8.4 9.4 9.7 30 8.8 8.9 8.8 11.6 11.1 11.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 45 8.8 8.7 8.9 11.7 11.3 10.4 9.6 9.6 9.4 60 6.4 6.2 6.9 10.8 11.1 10.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 Bottom 6.2 6.4 6.7 11.4 11.6 10.1 7.9 8.3 7.9 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45 0.0 0.0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0.9. 0.9 00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60 5.0 2.0 3.0 1.8 2.6 2.2 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.6 Bottom 5.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.2 1.8 3.5 3.5 2.6 2.6 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 116 116 114 116 116 120 100 105 109 109 110 110 30 114 114 114 118 116 116 97 110 109 110 108 45 114 116 114 116 116 118 97 105 108 109 110 108 60 110 112 l U 114 114 114 96 107 97 110 108 108 Bottom 108 110 110 116 116 112 102 100 104 110 108 106 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 30 2.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 45 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 60 0.0 0.0 0.0 0;0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0.0 0 0. 0. 0.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.5 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 30 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.2 45 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.2 7.9 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.2 60 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.5 Bottom 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.4 Secchi Disc, feet 26 27 25 26 22 26 23 16o 1951 STATION 3 (42~01.2', 81~52.8') STATION 4 (41~56.4', 81~52.8') STATION 5 (41'51.6', 81~52.8') - I Depth Station 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 1 4 5 nFeet 1951- - - 5/30 5/30 5/30 1 6/12 6/12 6/12 | 6/28 6/28 6/28 | 7/18 7/18 7/18 | 8/28 8/28 8/28 - - -- ~ Surface 30 45 6o Bottom Mean Surface 30 45, 60 Bottom Surface 30 45 60 Bottom Surface 30 45 60 Bottom Surface 350 45 60 Bottom Surface 350 45 60 Bottom 11.6 11.7 11.8 9.7 9.9 10.9 9.3 9.8 10.8 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.3 6.4 6.9 9.3 9.1 9.7 11.4 11.6 10.7 11.3 12.2 10.6 12.3 12.6 10.6 10.9 12.1 9.6 10.9 11.6 8.0 10.6 10.6 6.2 7.0 118 116 120 -110 0.0 0.0 0.0 Water Temperature, 'C 15.5 15.8 20.5 20.7 20.2 23.0 23.6 24.2 22.3 24.6 24.1 13.7 14.3 17.0 17.5 18.0 21.3 19.4 18.6 21.5 22.1 21.6 10.1 10.4 16.5 12.1 12.6 18.5 16.6 16.3 21.4 21.6 21.4 6.8 6.8 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.9 8.1 8.0 10.2 20.8 9.6 6.8 6.7 7.7 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.0 7.8 10.2 10.2 9.4 11.2 11.5 14.8 13.7 12.4 16.7 16.0 16.2 19.7 20.4 19.2 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm 11.7 11.5 11.0 10.0 9.8 10.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 9.0 9.2 9.1 12.2 10.3 10.8 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.7 9.3 9.0 9.3 8.9 12.5 12.3 11.9 10.0 10.5 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.3 9.0 9.0 11.4 11.4 11.9 10.2 10.4 9.5 8.9 8.9 5.2 10.9 11.0 10.1 10.0 10.3 10.0 8.5 8.2 9.6 2.1 4.9 5.0 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm 6.2 4.4 5.3 5.3 3.5 3.5 0.9 3.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 4.4 4.4 553 3.5 4.4 2.2 1.3 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 '4.4 5.3 3.5 5.3 3.0 3.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 4.4 35.5 5.3 5.3 4.4 5.7 2.6 2.6 5.5 7.1 3.5 7.0 5.3 4.4 5.3 4.4 4.4 6.6 0.9 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO5 108 110 108 106 110 110 104 104 102 104 104 104 106 120 106 107 106 104 106 108 104 106 108 106 108 110 106 104 103 105 102 112 112 109 110 106 104 105 105 110 112 112 109 109 108 108 105 105 104 106 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 0.0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.9 6.8 7.9 8.2 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.4 8.0 7.5 7.9 7.7 8.0 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.7 8.3 8.2 8.4 7.7 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.3 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.53 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.5 Secchi Disc, feet 17 18 18 26 30 30 50 45 37 26 31 32 -- 1950 and 1951 STATION 6 (410 43.8', 81' 55.8') STATION 7 (41' 34.8', 82' 04.2') STATION 8 (41' 27.6', 82' 22.8') STATION 9 (41~ 30.0', 82' 40.8') STATION 14 (41' 53.4', 82' 24.6') STATION 15 (41' 58.2', 82' 15.0') STATION 16 (42' 01.8', 82' 04.2') Depth Station in 14 15 16 14 15 16 6 7 8 9 1 15 16 Feet 1950 1951 16/25 6/25 6/25! 7/30 7/0 3 7/26 7/26 7/26 7/26 7 7 /23 7/2 7/23 Maximum 45 58 65 38 63 69 66 52 42 28 50~ 65 65 Water Temperature, 'C Surface 22.4 21.8 21.8 22.4 22.4 22.4 -21.2 20.5 24.7 26.3 24.1 22.4 22.2 30 8.7 18.2 18.5 17.7 20.8 20.9 20.5 19.5 21.3 9.6 20.8 21.2 45 8.5 8.5 16.9 19.7 20.2 19.4 19.1 9.4 18.4 15.2 60 8.8 12.5 8.2 9.1. 9.3 9.2 Bottom 8.5 8.2 8.7 14.0 8.4 8.1 9.1 12.2 18.6 20.9 9.3' 9.2 9.1 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 9.7 9.3 8.3 8.3 8.4 9.5 9.2 8.2 11.3 9.0 9.2 9.1 30 6.7 9.7 9.8 7.5 8.6 8.7 9.4 8.1 7.9 7.9 9.3 9.1 45 6.3 9.0 9.5 8.1 8.6 9.2 7.8 8.4 8.4 60 8.5 6.1 8.6 8.2 7.8 8.0 Bottom 6.3 9.1 7.5 6.9 4.7 7.6 7.7 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.7 1.8 30 7.9 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.6 1'.4 2.7 45 13.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 4.5 3.2 3.6 60 16.7 4.4 1.8 1.8 5.4 4.5 Bottom 13.0 16.7 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.8 0.9 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 113 116 112 105 106 104 108 108 108 106 102 104 106 30 115 115 119 107 106 106 109 108 105 104 108 45 125 113 116 105 105 110 111 108 106 106 60 118 107 104 114 106 112 Bottom 125 132 107 100 111 108 108 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.0 8.2 8.2 '8.3 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.1 8.3 30 7.9 8.2 8.2 7.5 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.2 45 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 8.2 7.6 60 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.6 Bottom 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.8 Secchi Disc, feet 30 7 10 27 30 162 1950 and 1951 STATION 1.8 (42~ 12.6', 81~ 32.4') STATION 20 (42~ 16.8', 81 10.8') STATION 22 (42' 27.6', 80' 49.2') STATION 23 (42' 28.8', 80o 31.8') Station Depth 18 20 22 23 18 20 22- 235 18 20 22 23 | 18 20 22 23 Fein 1950 1951 Feet 7/5 7/5 5 7 7/6 8/8 8/8 8 8 811 7/2 7/2 72 7 8/8 8/8 8/8 8/9 Maximum 73 65 58 48 71 67 6o 52 73 70 "65 55' 73 73 61 50 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 19.7 20.2 18.6 18.0 22.1 22.5 22.4 21.1 18.8 19.0 19.6 20.8 21.9 21.8 21.2 21.9 30 16.4 16.7 15.4 13.6 20.9 21.2 20.8 18.0 18.5 18.5 19.2 19.5 21.5 21.5' 20.5 20.3 45 7.8 16.0 7.3 8.5 20.5 21.0 20.4 15.2 7.7 8.3 8.6 5.9 21.4 21.4 15.8 16.1 60 7.6 8.1 10.7 20.8 13.6 7.6 8.3 8.5 10.9 10.9 11.2 Bottom 7.4 8.0 7.2 8.3 10.3 14.2 13.6 14.7 7.6 8.3 8.5 5.8 10.8 10.8 11.2 14.7 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 8.2 9.1 8.2 10.0 8.7 9.7 8.4 9.8 9.6 9.5 9-3 8.3 8.8 9.0 9.0 30 8.4 8.6 8.4 9.5 8.3 7.2 9.9 9.0 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 45 8.7 9.0 8.0 8.2 6.5 9.7 8.8 10.7 9.8 9.5 12.1 8.9 8.8 8.o 60 8.1 9.0 7.3 4.8 8.3 9.5 9.6 9.5 6.2 6.6 7.9 Bottom 7.5 8.8 8.0 9.8 7.3 4.4 8.3 8.5 9.1 9.0 12.3 6.3 6.3 7.9 8.5 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3-.5 8.0 0.9 2.6 0.0 30 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (.0 5.3 4.4 4.4 5.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 45 0.0 2.6 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.3 4.4 4.4 7.0 13.2 0.0 3.5 60 2.6 0.0 1.8 5.3 6.2 5.-3 6.2 3.1 4.0 Bottom 2.6 1.8 3.5 1.8 1.8 1.3 5.3 7.0 5.3 3.5 4.0 1.3 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 100 106 104 105 98 99 104 104 101 104 104 102 104 104 102 106 30 100 110 110 108 98 100 103 105 101 101 104 103 105 103 105 45 105 100 107 105 101 101 101 1 0310 100 102 105 104 105 105 60 130 100 108 99 100. 100 102 103 108 106 106 Bottom 120 78 103 106 104 105 100 104 102 106 107 106 106 108 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 30 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 45 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 60 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ph Surface 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.2 30 8.0 8.1 8.o 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.9 8.o 8.2 7.8 8.2 45 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.7 8.2 8.2 8.3 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.5 60 7.5 7.6 7.53 8.2 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.4 Bottom 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.4 8.1 Secchi Disc, feet 23 23 21 19 163 1950 and 1951 STATION 24 (42~27.6', 79~54.0') STATION 25 (42~31.8', 80~02.4') Depth Station 24 Depth Station 25 in ia Feet 7/6/50 8/10/50 7//51 8/9/51 Feet 7/7/50 8/10/50 Maximum 197 180 197 190 112 127 Water Temperature, ~C Surface 17.9 20.1 20.2 21.1 30 13.8 20.1 17.4 20.9 60 7.8 14.5 5.2 10.2 90 5.7 6.1 4.2 6.9 120 4.3 4.0 4.0 5.5 150 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 Bottom 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.4 Dissolved Oxygen, ppm Surface 8.8 9.2 8.9 30 9.4 9.5 9.0 60 9.2 12.3 9.0 90 8.2 12.6 9.9 120 9.1 12.8 11.4 150 9.1 8.2 12.0 11.3 Bottom 8.2 11.2 10.0 Free Carbon Dioxide, ppm Surface 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 30 0.0 7.0 0.0 60 1.8 7.0 2.6 90 1.3 5.3 1.7 120 2.6 6.1 1.3 150 2.6 1.8 5.3 0.9 Bottom 2.2 5.3 1.3 Surface 17.8 20.8 30 13,0 18,4, 45 10.6 15.5 60 9.7 11.3 75 8.2 6.5 90 4.2 4.4 Bottom 4.0 4.1 Surface 8.1 9.0 30 8.7 9.2 45 8.7 9.0 60 8.3 9.6 75 8.0 9.3 90 9.0 9.5 Bottom 8.0 8.7 Surface 0.0 0.0 30 1.3 0.0 45 1.3 0.4 60 1.3 1.8 75 2.2 1.8 90 3.1 1.8 Bottom 2.6 2.6 Methyl Orange Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 110 104 104 106 30 108 104 106 60 106 104 106 90 104 103 106 120 110 - 103 106 150 111 105 106 105 Bottom 106 109 106 Surface 112 102 30 110 100 45 119 102 60 110 101 75 113 105 90 112 105 Bottom 114 110 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, ppm CaCO3 Surface 2.0.1.5 0.0 4.0 30 1.0 0.0 3.0 60 0.0 0.0 0.0 90 0.0 0.0 0.0 120 0.0 0.0 0.0 150 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH Surface 8.2 8.2- 8.0 8.2 30 8.1 7.8 8.2 60 7.7 7.6 7.9 90 7.6 7.7 8.1 120 7.8 7.6 8.0 150 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.9 Bottom 7.6 7.5 7.9 Surface 3.0 2.5 30 0.0 2.0 45 0.0 0.0 60 0.0 0.0 75 0.0 0.0 90 0.0 0.0 Bottom 0.0 0.0 Surface 8.2 8.4 30 7.9 8.3 45 7.9 7.9 60 7.8 7.6 75 7.8 7.5 90 7.7 7.5 Bottom 7.7 7.4..