,, m,li,,,1
i
i,  i,













mref
F 574.S3H3 1,

l I
cp c

MrHCHAN







SEMI-CENTENNIAL
REMINISCENCES OF SAULT CANAL
1852-5










N7.
rM~
IIP

0
0
0
0

~0
0~
0  cd
0
0d
0i.
0
-4




SEMI-CENTENNIAL
REMINISCENCES
OF THE
SAULT CANAL

(LAKE SUPERIOR)
1852-5
COMPILED BY
S. V. E. HARVEY
AND
A. E. H. VOORHIS
PRESS OF J. B. SAVAGE
CLEVELAND, OHIO
1905




, 1ý I




INTRODUCTORY.
The following sketches of "semi-centennial" incidents
came under the personal observation of an active participant, who, at this late date, can certify as to their correctness, and which owe their preservation in the present
form to the offer of the undersigned to edit the same,
with the exception of the first (and also, the third in the
series, bearing the title "The Widow of Michael Phelan.")
This was written at the urgent solicitation of the editor
of the Magazine of Western History, in 1889, when the
writer was spending his summer vacation in the Maritime
Provinces of Canada. More contributions of the kind
were wanted, but the author did not respond as desired.
The editor of the Marine Review was in correspondence
with Mr. H-Tarvey for nearly two years before the first
of this series was obtained. His friends have heard him
narrate incidents of a trip made by him along the south
coast of Lake Superior in a small boat in December, 1855,
which he has been urged to have recorded in print but
has never complied. In a recent published letter to the
governor of Michigan, when presenting a unique historical document to the State, he refers to, that journey
as one when on three several occasions his life "was not
worth a five minutes purchase." He has, however, promised that if this compilation reaches a second edition he
will furnish for it a more full account than the one
referred to. In some of the sketches he is styled the
agent, for brevity's sake, instead of his official title of
general agent, and also for a short time before his
appointment to, that office.




The recognition which the congress of the United
States and the legislature of Michigan have accorded to
the Sault canal in providing for a semi-centennial celebration olf its inauguration has afforded an argument for
the publication o~f local "reminiscences" which has proved
potent to the extent covered by these pages, and which the
compilers trust will add to the zest of that occasion, as
well as form a valuable addition to the history of the locality for reference in after years.
It will be noticed that this volume is published in the
city of Cleveland, Ohio, and in this connection it may
interest readers to know that the author of these reminiscences was born next door to, the colonial residence of
General Henry Champion, prominent in Revolutionary
days and reputed to be in his time the wealthiest citizen
of the State of Connecticut. At his house the expedition of his brother-in-law, Moses Cleveland, was fitted
out and expenses provided for to survey the mouth of
the Cuyahoga river on Lake Erie, whose monument now
stands in the central square of Cleveland and to, whom it
owes its name.
The author of these remembers the general as having taken him on a horseback ride when a boy about
seven years old. These two lives cover a period of over
150 years and reach backward to days when no AngloSaxon was living within the present limits of the "Forest
City" with its nearly half million of inhabitants!
Of similar interest is a quotation from the volume
'(University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1890) -entitled
"THE STORY OF A CLEVELAND SCHOOL, FROM 1848 TO
1881," by L. T. Guilford, the honored educator for whom
"Guilford Hall," among the buildings of the Western
Reserve University is named.
In it she includes an address read to her pupils, entitled "A TRIP TO THE UPPER LAKES IN 1852," in which
the following sentences occur:
"It was a sunset of a summer evening twilight, little clouds
were just vanishing and tiny stars were peeping out to see




where they had gone, when a steamer glided out of Cleveland harbor. Onl its deck were gathered little groups watching mostly in silence the receding shores.**   *  **
A third morning found us at the entrance of the St.
Mary's river, its surface as smooth as polished silver, only
wrinkled by the steamer waves sweeping away in graceful
curves to the shore. * * * * But now the boat is near
the shore (at Garden river, Indian "reserve") and on the banks
are a number of birch-bark wigwams, looking like so many
big bowls turned bottom upwards.
Each has a canoe in front fastened to a couple of forked
sticks. A woman and three children, their heads thatched
with tangled black hair, are sitting side by side on a log.
'That,' said a voice, must be the 'family seat.' The speaker
is a large framed blond haired Vermonter of twenty-three,
full of quips and cranks and boyish Yankee cuteness (within
a year he was superintending the construction. of the first
canal around the rapids). Onl and on, hour after hour, till in
the distance is seen the foam of the Falls: we have reached
Sault Ste. Marie.
Then there was a wandering about the old white-washed
fort and a trip on the horse railroad built to carry freight
around the tumbling slide of water, and at the end of it
our only sight of Lake Superior. How we longed to sail
over its mighty expanse! But the boat could go no farther.
It was most exciting to watch the little canoes with their
dtisky guides down that tossing dangerous declivity of the
Sault and curious to study the crowd of stolid aborigines
lounging about."
Thus the veil is lifted f rom receding years and scenes
of a half century ago are presented by a facile hand. But
what a contrast to, the present in scenery and personalities.
The m ain current of the former foaming rapids is now
turned aside into canals for marine and manufacturing
purposes. The aborigines have as a distinctive feature
disappeared forever. The blond haired Vermonter, "full
of quips and cranks and boyish Yankee cuteness," is now
the white haired engineer appointed by the State to, be the
marshal of the Semi-Centennial Celebration of the Canal
Completion and its unrivaled utilities.
S. V. E. HARVEY.
A. E. H. VOORHIS.







INDEX TO CONTENTS.
Introductory..................................5-7
CHAPTER I.
The Pioneer Sault Canal......................11-33
CHAPTER II.
Notable Minor Incidents......................34-38
CHAPTER III.
The Residential "Agency"o....................39-45
CHAPTER IV.
The Widow of Michael Phelan................. 46-60
CHAPTER V.
A Pioneer Indian Missionary.................. 61-72
CHAPTER VI.
Conflicts and Tragedies.......................73-78
CHAPTER VII.
Earnest Quest for a "Bible Church".0...........79-86
CHAPTER VIII.
Fragmentary Episodes.........................87-99
CHAPTER IX.
A "Nature's Nobleman" Unexpectedly Discovered.........................................100-107










CHARLES THOMPSON HARVEY.
1854.




CHAPTER I.

PIONEER SAULT CANAL.*
By CHARLES T. HARVEY, C. E.
The semi-centennial anniversary to occur next year of
the opening of the first canal transit to, and from Lake
Superior, and the proposal of the Marine Review to. make
its history a special topic adds peculiar force to the request
that the writer contribute such facts as came under his
personal observation at the time of its inception and
construction.
The record of the past half century places it not only
far in the lead as to its commercial utilization, but also
as without a rival in the economy and rapidity of its introduction into the world's economies, and is without a parallel instance' of public spirit and honorable intent on the
part of its original constructors who built it under contract with the State of Michigan. It seems well to, review
its history from three standpoints and concentrate attention upon the main features of its original promoting,
providing, and engineering departments.
The earliest promoting mieasure dates back to 1837/,
and the progress of the same for the next fifteen years
are briefly stated in a folder recently published by the
Citizens' Association of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., from
which the following extracts were made:."The. first official action on record with regard to the
canal on the American side of the outlet of Lake Superior
was that olf the Governor olf Michigan in his message to
the first legislature convened in 1837 (the State having
*Reprint by permission from Marine Review, August 4, 1904.




12

12      Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

been admitted into the union the previous year), wherein
he advocated the building of the canal by the State', with
the result that a law was passed at that session providing
fo~r a survey of the same.
"The engineer in charge reported to, th-e governor
recommending dimensions for the canal to be 75 feet wide
and 10 feet deep, and for two. locks of same depth., each
with 9-feet lift, 39v feet wide and 100 feet long, and estimating the total co-st at $112,544. In 1839 a law was
passed authorizing certain State commissioners to contract for the canal of the size mentioned, and work was
commenced during the spring of that year. But as the
canal traversed a United States military reservation, and
the federal authorities had not approved of the undertaking, the officer in command, acting under orders from
Washington, marched a detachment of soldiers on, to, the
ground, ejected the contractors and caused all further
canalw'ork to cease.
"The legislature of Michigan at its next session passed
a resolution protesting against the ej ectment, and
demanding reparation from congress, but without result.
In 1840 a bill was introduced into congress in accordance
with a memorial from, the Michigan legislature asking for
an appropriation of 100,000 acres of land, but Henry Clay,
the famous orator and leading statesman, made a speech
against it as., to quote his words, 'a work beyond the
remotest settlement in the United States, if not in the
moon,' and the measure was defeated.
"In 1843 the Michigan legislature by resolution
invoked the aid of the legislatures of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio., Illinois, and Wisconsin in jointly pro-moting favorable action by congress for the canal, but without avail. Similar proceedings followed in. 1844-8-9, but
proved futile. Finally as the result of the strenuous
efforts by prominent citizens in the Great Lakes region,
stimulated by the profitable development of mining enterprises on the south shore of Lake Superior, congress




Pioneer Sault Canal.

13

passed an act on August 21, 1852, granting 750,000 acres
of land to the State of Michigan to aid in building the
canal."
At the last date mentioned the writer was at the American Sault as an invalid seeking restoration to health. At
the age of twenty-one, in 1850, he entered the service of
Messrs. E. & T. Fairbanks & Co., the scale manufacturers
of St. Johnsbury, Vt., and in 1851-2 was made their general western agent in charge of establishing agencies for
the sale of their weighing machines in the large western
cities.
In the winter of 1851-2 he was the victim of a most
severe attack of typhoid fever but was fortunately able to
reach his parental home in Connecticut in its earlier
stages. When able to leave his room after months of
confinement his principals most considerately proposed to
him to try the recuperative powers of the Lake Superior
climate and incidentally examine and report upon the mining resources of that region in which they had some financial interests.
Gladly accepting the plan, he was convalescing as a
boarder at the Baptist mission at the Sault, when word
reached there of the passage of the canal grant by congress. This led him to examine the locality where it must
be built with special attention. As soon as his health permitted he proceeded to the iron and copper districts and
spent a couple of months in leisurely examining their
development, and   meanwhile regaining  health  and
strength most satisfactorily.
He saw the first, and then only opening of a Lake
Superior iron mine on the Jackson Co.'s location, in Marquette county; also saw the process of cutting up the 250 -ton mass of native copper at the Minnesota mine in
Ontonogon county, the largest yet found in the world.
Returning to the Sault in October he wrote to the
Messrs. Fairbanks of his observations in the mining district of the upper peninsula, and his views of the effect




14         Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

of the building -of the canal as bound to, render available
the immense latent wealth in minerals there and of the
probability that lands of great value could be selected as
a part of the national subsidy with remarks upon the
probable cost of building that waterway--the lack of public knowledge of and interest in the undertaking, and
concluded by asking their permission to devote himself to
promoting the enterprise at least so far as to obtain suitable action by the Michigan legislature, which would
meet the following January and on whom congress had
conferred full control in the premises. The reply came in
due course that the firm, approved his ideas, and with the
proviso that he should first establish an agency for them
in Cincinnati, they granted a furlough from further attention to their business the coming winter and authorized
him to draw on them for the expenses of the new venture.
In pursuance of this arrangement he immediately proceeded to. Ohio and completed matters as his principals desired, then went to Central New York and secured the
services of one of the most experienced engineers on the
Erie canal, L. L. Nichols o-f Utica-returned with him to
the Sault on the steamer Northerner, Capt. B. G. Sweet,
late in November, and organized a surveying party.
While Nichols. made a survey of the canal site he made a
trip down the St. Marys river to explore for a suitable
quarry to, furnish stone for the locks. From. information
thus in part -obtained the limestone quarry was located on
Drummond's island from which a large portion of the
masonry materials was subsequently procured. With the
survey data obtained, passage was taken on the last
steamer from the Sault that season.
When the legislature convened at Lansing the first
week in January, 1853, its duration was limited by the
State constitution then in force, to, forty sessional days,
which did not leave mulch time for lengthy deliberations.
It soon became apparent that the writer was the only person in attendance who was fully posted as to the survey




Pioneer Sau~lt Canal.            1

15

data and had personal knowledge of the general features
of the case. The latest survey made by State engineers
in 1839 for a canal 75 feet wide and 10 f~eet deep. with
locks 100 feet long and 32 feet wide had become obsolete.
The United States had made no survey, and hence the
private one: made within the preceding sixty days was the
only reliable information available. When the committee
appointed to take -charge of the subject, composed mostly
of farmers, were ready to proceed with the initiatory "bill"
and the writer had been invited to, explain the situation
to them, an executive session was held, at the conclusion
of which the chairman informed the writer that as he
seemed to be the -only person who fully understood the
subject the committee requested him to, draft a suitable
bill for their adoption. He had already establishedý co-nfidential relations with the late James. F. joy, then the
legal counsel of the Michigan Central Railway, and with
the late John W. Brooks, then its managing director, and
after consultations with them drafted a bill which the com.mittee reported and the legislature passed precisely as
thus originated..The size of the locks was generally expected to, be 250
feet long by 50 feet wide, and a law specifying those
dimensions would have been readily adopted, but the writer's conviction was that the comm~erce of Lake Superior
was destined to require as large steamers as were used
on the lower lakes, and accordingly specified in the bill
the minimum lockage area to be 350 by 70 feet. When
the bill was reported Capt. Eben B. Ward' of Detroit, then
the largest individual steamer owner on the lakes, caused
the following letter to be sent to the members of the legislature and published in the newspapers:
Detroit, Jan. 29, 1853.
"Hon. Win. A. Burt, member H. of R., Lansing, Mich.:
"Dear Sir:----The deep anxiety I feel in common with
the rest of the community for the ea~rly completion of the
Sault Ste. Marie canal induces me to write to, you on the
subject. I fear the defeat of our long cherished hopes.




16

16     ~Reminiscences of the Sau~lt Ccanal.

T he legislature, in their anxiety to prevent undue speculation by those who would be disposed to contract to do
the work are in great danger of going to. the opposite
extreme, and make such requirements as will deter competent men from taking the contract for the land. The
size proposed by the senate bill, 350 by 70 feet locks, is
entirely too, large for the locks. The crooked, narrow,
shallow and rocky channels in the St. Mary's river will
forever deter the largest class of steamers from navigating these waters. Aside from the impediments in the two
Lake Georges* there are s~ev~eral places where th-e channel
is very narrow, with but 11 feet of water clear -of rocks,
and the channels too crooked for the large class of steamers to, pass in safety. This I regard as a conclusive argulment against making the locks so, large as is contemplated.
"I do not believe there is the least necessity for making
the locks over 260 feet in the clear and 60 feet wide, as
no vessel of larger dimfensions that could pass ' such locks
can be used there with safety without an expenditure of
a very large sum of mon~ey in excavating rock at various
points along the river, a work that is not likely to be
undertaken during the present century.  The value of
wild lands may be estimated by ascertaining the amoutnt
actually realized by the State for the large grants that
have heretofore been made for purposes of improvement
when no taxes were collected until the lands. were sold to
settlers, I think it will be difficult to find a value o f
25 cents per acre for all such grants made to, this State.
A well organized company might make the lands worth
75 cents per acre, provided they were not taxed while
held by the company. I have n-o doubt that the small
sized canal required by the act making the grant of land
would cost $525,000, or 70 cents per acre. Add 8' cents
per acre for interest during the 'construction of the work
and 15 cents per acre for selection and location brings it
to 93 cents per acre, a price at which any quantity can
now be located without any risk o~f loss and with much
greater chances of making desirable selections. I f the
legislature will appoint a committee who shall act with
the governor to. make the best contract for the State they
can, holding them responsible for a faithful discharge ofl
their duties, I feel confident we shall succeed in securing
'These names refer to expansions of the St. Mary's river, shown on diagramns page 62.




Pioneer Sault Canal.

17

the great object of our wishes. But if the bill should
materially restrict the governor in his powers I think we
have good reason to fear that the most vital interests of
the State will be delayed for years to come.
"Hoping for a favorable issue to, this absorbing question, I remain,                  Truly yours,
"E. B. WARD."
A joint meeting of the special committees of both
houses was hastily called and the writer interrogated. He
gave his reasons for proposing the larger dimensions, and
assured the committee that his principals and their associates would make a bid based on the same. This saved a
reduction being made and the original bill was passed,
but the incident and the letter should certainly be preserved in the canal records as a way mark or milestone
from which to, estimate the development of after years, in
that connection.
One provision in the bill required the State to award
the contract for the full amount of the lands donated by
congress, but to the bidder presenting the best financial
ability, and as the State constitution forbade any special
charters to corporations, bids might be received from or
assigned to companies chartered by 'other States.
When advised o'f the passage of the law, the Messrs.
Fairbanks invited well-known capitalists in New York
and New England to join with them in making the necessary bid, which was formally tendered and accepted by
the State commissioners. The first name in the list of
bidders was that of Joseph P. Fairbanks, one of the firm
first mentioned, his associates being J. W. Brooks, Erastus Corning, August Belmont, H. Dwight, Jr., and
Thomas Dwyer.
Immediately upon this being done the writer, who will
now designate himself as the promoter, secured from the
governor an appointment as special agent for the State to
select the lands to be donated within its border by congress in aid of the canal, engaged a steamer to, take him
to the St. Mary's river, then closed by ice, and dispatched




18

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

a special messenger on snow-shoes to the United States
land office four the Upper Peninsula at the Sault and
authorized a deputy there to withdraw lands from sale in
certain localities which he designated; returning he went
to Washington and secured from the United States land
commissioner confirmation of his power so to do, which
was afterward litigated but sustained by the courts.
The knowledge upon which he had acted he had
gained during his touring among the mines during the
previous summer, and the 140,000 acres more or less
which he thus secured for his principals realized millions
upon millions of dollars to them in later years. It will be
enough to, state that among them was the location afterwards developed into, the Calumet and Hecla copper mine.
All this was done of his own motion and individual judgment, as not one of his principals had any knowledge of
the lands or their value, but his prompt action forestalled
the selection of many of the lands by speculators who
were waiting for navigation to open to apply for them at
the land office later in the season.
The promoter's next move was to proceed to Albany,
N. Y., and secure a charter for the St. Mary's Falls Ship
Canal Co,. from the legislature of the state of New York,
to which the individual bidders could assign their contracts. This accomplished in an unusually short time, his
principals came together in the building at the corner of
William and Wall street, then as now occupied by the
Bank of the State of New York, and organized under the
charter. At the meeting the promoter was appointed the
general agent of the company, with unlimited executive
powers, and a substantial stock interest assigned to him
for his promoting achievements up to that time.
Thus far as to promoting features; now as to the
general business management. The St. Mary's Falls Ship
Canal Co. was organized as before mentioned by the
election of directors and officers as follows:
President, Erastus Corning, Albany, N. Y.; vice presi



Pioneer Sault Canal.

19

dent, John W. Brooks, Detroit, Mich.; Erastus Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt.; John M. Forbes, Boston,
Mass.; John F. Seymour, Utica, N. Y.; Benjamin Tibbitts, Albany, N. Y., board of directors; Charles T. Harvey, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., general agent.
The sum of $50,000 was ordered placed forthwith to
the credit of the general agent in bank at Detroit. He
was authorized to, draw on the treasurer for further funds
as needed and requested to commence and take the oversight of the construction work until an engineer and a
superintendent of construction were appointed, as was
then expected would shortly be done. The general agent
then addressed the board and stated that in that remote
locality a commissary department was a prime necessity
to secure and retain reliable labor, was of double importance as a preventive or regulator of strikes, which were
specially to be guarded against under such isolated conditions as would exist at the work, and he proposed to
proceed on those lines from the start. To this policy the
directors' assent was given and the general agent proceeded to make Detroit his temporary headquarters.
There he engaged C. W. Chapel as foreman of excavation work, purchased horses, tools and supplies, and securing from the United States Indian agent the rental of the
"Agency" premises for his own residence at the Sault.
Loading the steamer Illinois with the supplies and about
400 men, he arrived at the Falls on June 1 and on the 4th
had the men housed and ready for work. He formally
broke ground on that day by wheeling out the first barrow,of earth from the "cut" and then regular operations comnmenced. A comimissary department in charge of Norman
Day as steward was organized. Shanties were built near
the work to house fifty men in each, with a man and wife
as caretaker and cook. The number of shanties gradually
increased to about fifty, and at one time some 500 employes of higher grade found board and lodgings about
the town. A hospital was placed on one of the islands




20

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

near the rapids, a salaried doctor for the force was
appointed, and the expenses provided for by a charge of
25 cents per month per capita.
The practical working of this system was illustrated
in the case of a carpenter from Illinois who was a victim
of malaria. He worked for a few days, paid his 25 cents,
soon after collapsed and was sent to the hospital. He
developed a slow fever, was invalided for the winter season of six months, had the attention of trained nurses
night and day, the best of food, and when sufficiently
recovered to travel received $25.00 to pay his fare to, his
home.
"Who would believe it?" he exclaimed on leaving,
"that there was a corporation on earth which would provide for a sick man like this."
All cases of injury by broken bones, etc., were also
thus provided for, but the crucial test came when the cholera became epidemic there in 1854. But three cases,ended
fatally of those sent to the hospital, while over 100 died
among those living about the town. Every public work
of like magnitude in the country was obliged to suspend
building operations because of the cholera scourge that
season, except the Sault canal, which was not interrupted
materially.
The savings effected by the commissary system largely
contributed to the ultimate result of the work being the
most economically prosecuted of any of like importance
on record. The carefully registered returns in the steward's office proved that the average cost of boarding and
lodging the men was 19 cents per diem.
Strikes were prevalent and laborers scarce throughout the country. Emissaries from railway contractors
swarmed about the village seeking to entice the workmen
to engage elsewhere. It was found necessary to send
foremen to New York to hire men aboard,emigrant ships
and bring them in gangs, also paying their fare. Wealthy
citizens and some farmers in the upper peninsula now liv



Pioneer Sault Canal.

21

ing can be named who thus found their way to that
district.
But one serious strike occurred and that was concluded
within twenty-four hours. While the strikers were marching about town, a long procession of a thousand or more
in line, the provisions were removed from the shanties,
and when dinner time came and the men returned with
good appetites, they were informed by the caretakers that
orders had come from the office that no regular meals
were to be served on "general training days."  Fasting
was the only alternative, and before bedtime a committee
of the strikers called on the agent to say for the men that
if he would provide rations for the next day the men
would unconditionally return to work the next morning.
The proposition was duly accepted and the work promptly
resumed.
To mention one interesting item out of many illustrating the practical working of the commissary system,
it can be stated that when the list of supplies to be provided for the winter season, where for six months none
could be imported, it was decided to order several thousand bushels of white beans as a reserve for emergencies.
The price was then unusually low and the order was filled.
When the work was completed a thousand or more bushels of the beans remained left as a surplus-they had not
deteriorated in quality but the market price had more than
doubled and they were re-shipped to the port from: which
they came at about $1 per bushel profit.
ENGINEERING-FEATURES OF THE CANAL.
When the canal work was undertaken it was stipulated
in the contract that the State should appoint a corps of
engineers to inspect and approve of the work as it progressed, and the chief of the corps appointed in due course
was Col. Augustus Canfield of the United States corps
of topographical engineers, a son-in-law of ex-Governor
Cass, afterward Secretary of State. He was a martinet in
military etiquette, did not possess an originating mind, but




22

22      Rem~iniscences of the Sauit Canal.

relied on precedents. He had charge of preparing the
plans, and as all small lock gates were then worked by
men pushing with their backs against long projecting gate
arms, his plans were upon that system. The prism of the
canal in rock sections was to be of stipulated width, but
if beyond that,the banks were left untrimmed, with jagged
edges, with liability of injury to vessels sliding against
them, that was deemed the vessel captain's risk, and the
contractors were not required in the written agreement to
trim up the sides. The colonel came early to the location,
and assuming to direct as well as inspect the work on the
arrival of the working force in charge of the company's
general agent, he treated the latter as though he was of
inferior rank and subj ect to his command. When the
assumption was personally applied the result was the
agent's demand for an apology on the spot or an undignified alternative. The apology was forthcoming on time
and the affront never repeated, but the relations between
the two- officials were not of the most cordial character
ever afterwards.
The colonel had designed pumping machinery and a
system of excavation by means of swinging derricks
which were introduced at the outset. The agent watched
their operation for a time and concluded that the system
was not sufficiently labor saving. He made a trial of
another method coincidentally, keeping accurate tab on
-the two. He then sent a report to the head office at Al'bany proving that every cubic yard of excavation co-st
-nearly double by the colonel's operation and asked for
'instructions. The reply came back advising him to adopt
-the cheaper method. He then took full control and the
workmen, knowing where their pay came from., changed
to the agent's plan. The -colonel was furious and announced that he had demanded -of the directors that their
young, inexperienced superintendent should not interfere
in engineering affairs in which he was a novice, but must,devote himself solely to the outside business affairs.




Pioneer Sault Canal.

23

The communication went forward, but the facts were
known in advance at headquarters, and the directors were
too shrewd business men to choose paying double cost for
actual work in order to humor notions of precedence and
etiquette. The reply came back that the vice president,
who was an engineer of national reputation, would visit
the work with authority to decide on plans of procedure,
but until he made report their agent must direct all the
operations for which they were financially responsible.
When the vice president paid the visit and endorsed
the agent's methods the colonel took a long vacation, but
by consent retained exclusive charge of preparing the lock
chamber floors. The fastenings for these proved a dismal
failure and a plan of the agent's for the same purpose was
substituted with entire success.
The colonel had planned to make his mark in building
the coffer dam at the west end of the canal to restrain
Lake Superior while full depth in the prism was being
excavated. Its site was prepared early in the year with
the understanding that he was to have sole charge of its
installation, and his corps of assistants were detailed to
assist in its progress. Before it was completed the colonel
died in Detroit, but his assistants continued the work.
Special material was hauled from a long distance to render it waterproof and no expense spared to perfect thb
plan. Work on the canal progressed until its use became
necessary. Then it was tested, but failed to. stand the
ultimate pressure and collapsed. It was repaired under
direction of Major Glenn, the colonel's first assistant, but
again on trial it was wrecked. For the third time the
same result occurred and a fearful disaster in having Lake
Superior pour through the unfinished canal and locks was
barely averted. The situation was becoming critical by
delay of the work late in the season. The directors became alarmed and the president called on them to, meet
him at the Sault. A conference with the government
engineers was held when the latter said that in pursuance




24

24      Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

of previous agreement they had been in exclusive charge
of the dam, but were ready to confess that it was beyond.
their ability to make it equal to the trial tests, the difficulty
being that the water under pressure forced channels under
the uneven base and lifted the frame.
They had heard that the agent had remarked that he
could solve the problem, but declined to, act while it was
in their control; they therefore requested the board to
induce him to assume charge of it, and they would hope
for his success. The board immediately acted on the
suggestion and -in a private session found him quite willing to undertake the case when duly assigned to, him.
An official order to that effect was passed and he was then
asked how long it would require to make it ready. He
replied about one week, and at an expense of but a few
hundred dollars. As the government engineers had been,
engaged upon it for many months, involving an expense
estimated at about $50,000, these predictions seemed quite
incredible., but the intensely interested directors decided to
remain for that time and watch the new methods. The
agent immediately caused the frame of the dam to, be
repaired and refilled as before-khen having bought the
spare mainsails of several large vessels then unloading
stone for the locks he had the same nailed on the top, of
the dam and their breadth carried up stream- and weighted
down in place by. a few scow lo'ads -of gravel. Within
three days full pressure was applied, but the dam: remained firm and tight as a bottle. Work was then.resumed with the agent in sole charge as chief -engineer,
with the government engineer corps most cordial approval. The directors departed, feeling w ell repaid for
thjeir time and attention at the scene of operations. The
colonel's official surveys were found to contain two serious
errors: one was that he had established the depth of the
canal to be 12 feet, as the law reqpiired, when the water of
Lake Superior was a foot higher than usual, and subsequent observations proved that it would when opened




Pioneer Sault Canal.

25

only afford 11 feet of vessel clearance. This discovery
was made during the season of 1854 and, although the
dontractors might legally claim that the official data must
be their acquittance, the directors decided to have the
intended depth actually realized, and accordingly the bottom from the locks to the lake was lowered 12 inches at
great extra cost, as two-thirds of the distance was rock
and the use of hand instead of power drills was required
in the tedious scraping off of the 12 inches in depth over
about 25,000 square yards of surface. At the same time
the rough rock sides of the canal were faced with smooth
walls, not called for by contract, on the slope required by
the specifications, but which experience proved should
have been made perpendicular, which has since been done.
The permission to use cheaply built lock gates was waived
and a much more expensive plan voluntarily adopted with
a hand windlass power which remained in successful use
for a third of a century, whereas the cheaper official plans
were vastly inferior, if not impracticable.
But the most serious error was, not ascertained until
navigation in 1854-5 had closed; then it was discovered
that a reef beyond the coffer dam at the pier entrance to
Lake Superior above the falls was solid rock in place,
instead of sand as indicated on the government chart. A
dredge had been provided to remove the supposed sand
but as to the rock it was utterly powerless. The ledge
tapered from 1 inch to 3 feet in thickness and covered an
area of 100 feet wide by 300 feet long, or over 30,000
square yards. Unless this was removed the State authorities could not accept the work, and if the canal was not
finished by May 19, the next spring, the time specified in
the contract, the latter could be attacked as invalidated
and the selection of lands then made, including over 600,000 acres of selected pine lands in the lower peninsula,
in addition to those reserved for mineral values in the
Lake Superior district, might be adjudged illegal and
thrown open to public entry. When, therefore, the agent



26

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

engineer reported the discovery of the rock ledge to the
president and directors at Albany by the slow overland
mails, which required several weeks in transit, a meeting
of the board was called, and the agent's letter asking for
instructions was anxiously discussed. The Michigan leg--
islature was about to convene and it was decided to. apply
to it for an extension of time, but the situation had become
widely known, the disappointed land speculators saw a
chance to recover lost ground, political influences were
brought to bear, until it became evident that such extension could not be obtained. Then the president called the
most eminent -engineers of the country to meet the directors in consultation at Albany, including the Hon. W. J.
McAlpine and Hon. John T. Clark, both having been the
State Engineers of New York and the former having had
the honor of selection by the Australian government to
advise as to the improving of the great River Danube sea
entrance.
The conclusion of the engineers was that a new coffer
dam would be necessary, requiring the next season for
construction operations and a heavy outlay of capital.
Later letters came from the agent asking what the directors had decided upon and closing with the remark that
in the absence of specific instructions he might proceed to
experiment as to ways and means for removing the ledge.
To this the vice president as one of the consulting engineers replied, stating the gist of the professional discussions and referring to the agent's suggestion of
experimenting himself, informed him that the board urged
his doing so and had appropriated $307000 to' cover his
expenses if required, and if he failed no, censure would
result. At this juncture all overland mail communications were suspended by the spring thaws and freshets.
The directors heard nothing more from the Sault and
decided to go there by the first steamer.  The season
being a late one that steamer did not pass through the
St. Mary's river until May 10. Besides the president and




Pioneer Sault Canal.

27

directors the two engineers first named were retained to
accompany them to advise as to the coffer dam, it was
expected must needs be built. A desperate legal contest
relating to the land entries was anticipated and the market
value of the Construction Co.'s stock had fallen to 50 per
cent. below par.
Leaving the directors and engineers on board the
steamer nearing the Sault a narrative of the agentengineer's proceedings for the previous few months will
be first presented. After weeks of study on the problem
he decided in January to build what he styled a "steam
punch." No machine shop existed within 400 miles an(d
only snow shoe trail led away from: the location. The
machine must be made there in an ordinary blacksmith's
and carpenter's shop. To make the desired forging a bar
of 4 inch square steel was tapered to a tempered point
1 inch square; then rings were made of increasing sizes
and welded around the bar and fused together until a
solid mass was shaped 2 feet or more long, swelling from
the inch square point to 16 inches in diameter at the upper
end. A large freight steamer happened to be at the river
dock for winter quarters which had wrought iron blades
to its propeller wheel. The stern of the steamer was
raised out of water and two of those blades removed. One
was welded to the butt end of the 16-inch diameter punch,
forming a "thimble" flange to it. The other blade was
used to make a "thimble" which fitted inside of the other
and into this the end of a stick of white oak timber about
30 feet long and 14 inches square was fitted. Then key
holes were cut and a heavy wedge key inserted which
passed through both thimbles and held the massive metal
punch firmly attached to the timber shaft. To give more
gravity to the same, tram car axles were bolted in grooves
cut on its four sides until the aggregate weight of the
punch equalled some three tons.
The shaft was then fitted with guides into the frame
of a tall spile driver on a scow and connected by rope and




28

28      ~Remini'iscences of the Sault Canal.

pulley with the drum of -a portable steam engine suitablyr
placed on the scow, the "drop" was about 15 feet, including the required water channel depth o~f 12 feet. A gauge
was marked on the timber shaft and to, sink the same to
the water level the "Punch" must go, a foot below the required bottom level.
Reels were placed in the scow working ropes whose
ends were attached to, the opposite piers-a turn, on the
reels moved the scow 18 inches side ways so, that in the
space the solid punch must sink to nearly its own diameter
in the rock to, bring the mark on the shaft tol the water
level.
But the time of trial of the machine did not arrive
without serious mishaps. The first was peculiar; the
agent was a strict sabbatarian and no unnecessary Sunday work was allowed, or pay authorized therefor. When
the agent's plans for the punch were made manifest the
skilled workmen employed, knowing its importance, took
great interest in its being perfected and expedited. They
decided that its great prospective utility warranted Sunday labor upon it,' and they concluded to club together
and work upon the punch forging the next Sunday without pay and surprise the agent by completing it earlier
than he expected. After working all day and late into
the night they adjourned to the regular morning hour,
but by some unknown means the shop caught 'fire in the
night and little more than the unfinished punch remained.
A more penitent set of men were seldom seen. The moist
serious loss was that all forge bellows on the works were
there destroyed. To get a suitable fire to manipulate the
forging all had been placed in a battery to produce a suf -
ficient blast and must be duplicated or the plan abandoned.
A team and driver were at once selected to take the cashier with funds to buy large bellows wherever the same
could be found, and as the nearest settlements likely to
have themý were at the saw mills scattered along the Canadian shores -of Georgian Bay, there the messengers went




Pioneer Sault Canal.

29

and after traversing hundreds of miles on the ice returned
in about ten days with six or more bellows of suitable
size; soon thereafter the punch was completed.
It was rigged into place, but on the first drop the side
of a boulder in the channel was struck a glancing blow
which broke the timber shaft short off at the socket and
the punch had to be fished out of the channel bottom!
Boulders were then grappled for and the few found removed. When the punch commenced regular work three
crews working 8 hours each kept it operating without
cessation night and day except Sundays, rain or shine,
for several weeks. It gradually advanced from the thin
edge at the lake entrance to the thicker portions nearer
the coffer dam. The canal prism meanwhile being finished
the agent opened the dam sluice gates and let Lake Superior flow in on the 19th of April, and the dredge, which
was a horse-power antiquated affair, the first of the
"Osgood pattern" used on the Great Lakes, was employed in removing the same. Then it was ordered to
get behind the punch and test its results.  The agentengineer sat on the pier opposite and waited developments. Several times the scoop came up empty, and his
heart almost stood still; he then directed the operator to
draw the scoop back to the utmost limit and put on extra
holding power. The old dredge creaked and twisted as
though it would go to pieces, but when the scoop came up
it was full to the brim with broken stone. Then the agent
sprang to his feet, swung his hat and gave three cheers.
The problem was solved. After the dredge had broken
a "face" across the channel the work was as easy as if
the ledge were sand. Not a piece of rock came up as large
as a man's hand. The punch had pulverized the ledge
quite below the required depth. By the 10th of May the
channel was complete except some trimming along its
edges.
Reverting to the directors then on the approaching
steamer, they formed a solemn looking group on the for



30

Rem4inscen1ces of the Sault Cacnl.

ward upper deck as the steamer neared the dock on which
they saw the agent waiting to receive them. Soon greetings were exchanged and eager inquiry made as to the
state of the canal work.
"Oh," replied the agent, "that is now completed, only
a few finishing touches are needed."
"Surely you do not include the rock ledge," said President Corning.
"Oh, yes, that is all out."
"You should not joke on so serious a subject," was
the response.
"Oh," said the agent, "yo-u are all evidently incredulous, come and see for yourselves."
Carriages were called and the directors and engineers
rode along the filled canal to, the Lake Superior entrance.
The dreaded ledge furnished the material for a stone hillock some thirty feet high next to, the west pier. The party
gathered near the punch and saw it strike blows of thirty
or more tons to the square inch on rock 12 feet below the
surface with the utmost precision. Vice President Brooks
turned and grasped the agent by both hands and exclaimed:
"My good fellow, there is not an engineer in the
world but would be proud to point to such an achievement as this."
"We join in that opinion," responded   Engineers
McAlpine and Clark, who stood in the froint rank of the
profession, and found their abilities not required, as
expected.
The party returning to the village and thence to the
"Agency" where they were to be quartered, acted like a
party of boys enjoying jokes and laughter. But the happiest person of all was Director Erastus Fairbanks, the
senior parner of the famous scale manufacturing firm,
who was later on governor of Vermon.t during the civil
war. He first sanctioned the promoter's plan, invited the
others to join in the undertaking, and when the directors




Pioneer Sault Canal.

31

met for the first time and held an executive session, in
which the appointment of the general agent was discussed.
"Who knows about his financial reliability" was the
inquiry generally made.
"My firm is willing to be his surety for $100,000,"
replied Director Fairbanks.
"That is sufficient," said they all.
The appointment was made and half that sum at once
placed at the official's disposal, and his drafts for over
$1,000,000, including land department expenses, were
paid during the construction period.
It was decided to send a special messenger at once to
the governor to invite him to meet the directors and accept
the work. He responded promptly and after inspection
signed the official certificate, which was filed at Lansing
on the 21st day of the month, and the canal control and
care then passed to the State and subsequently to the
Nation.
IN REVIEW.
The claim that this was the most honorably performed
contract for its magnitude ever entered into with a State
or National government is sustained by the following
facts: 1st. The contractors could have obtained the same
compensation by bidding for locks one-third smaller than
they deemed the public interest required and as proved to
be the case.
Second. They could legally have followed the government engineer's specifications and saved 1 foot in
depth along the canal.
Third. They could have built the lock gates upon the
contract plans and saved a large percentage of expense,
but delivered a very inferior work.
Fourth. They added a slope wall on both sides of the
canal where none was required. At a moderate estimate
they increased the cost to themselves over 25 per cent.,
and thereby doubled the practical value of the canal to the
State and the public for the next third of a century.




32

32     ~Remniniscences of the Scault Canatcl.

The following extracts from an address by Gen. 0. M.
Poe, the eminent engineer, who built the immense lock
100 by 800 feet now occupying the site of the original
double locks, as published in the Sault Association folder,
furnished rem~arkabl~e evidence in the case:
"On the whole, however, the canal was a remarkable
work for its time and purpose. The construction of the
locks especially bore evidence of a master's hand in their
design and execution, and it is no reflection upon the
ability of the engineer in charge that experience developed
the objectionable features enumerated above. These locks
are now being torn -out to make room for a new one, and
every step in their destruction reveals the excellence of
the workmanship, the honest character of the materials
emlployed, and the faithful compliance with the conditions
of the contract under which they were built, not merely
in its letter but in its spirit. All honor then to every man,
connected with their design and construction. They were
long in advance of their day, and if commerce had not
outgrown their dimensions they would have done good
service for a centuiry.
"I must confess to a feeling of great regret that it
has become necessary to destroy these first locks. Inanimate though they were, they seemed to appeal to every.
sentiment of respect. They had never failed to, respond to
any demand within their capacity; they had contributed,
in a higher degree than any other one factor, to the -devel-opment of the country to the westward of them, and hav-_
ing done such good work are now to, be obliterated in
the interest of that very commerce they did so much to
establish. The man who., knowing their history, can see
them go without compunction is made of other stuff than
1 am, and, if an engineer, has no genuine love for his
profession nor pride in the achievement of those who successfully apply its teachings to the best examples of his
art."
The claim that the work wa's the most economically
and rapidly built of any equally important on record, is
presumably proven by comparisoin with the Canadian
canal on the opposite side -of the river. That is of the
same length and size -of prism, but is. 9 feet deeper-or as
21 to 12. Its lock area 900 by 60 or 54,000 square feet,







lit t U  1t" 55. t o,
__csths, ':'..-:l:..,
',;  %::*,*  ^* * ^*. ^ ^^ ".  ':-.:...,

Stt, SRarto j aCI^           'p Canal companp
At a Meeting of the TDirectors
in Rllban2, unic 15tb, 1855,
Resolved, That inasmuch as the completion of the Canal has rendered the
office of General Agent of the Company, heretofore filled by Charles T. Harvey,
unnecessary; that the same be abolished from and after the thirteenth day of
June instant.
Resolved, That the manner in which Mr. Harvey has discharged the duties
of the office of General Agent, meets with the approval of this Board; and
that we have entire confidence in his integTity, fidelity and ability, and that
his energy and courage in the discharge of the duties of his position under
great difficulties, and at one period in the midst of disease, entitle him to
our thanks.
Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing resolution be communicated to
Mr. Harvey.
Attest:                                     Erastus Corning, President.
John V. L. Pruyn, Secretary.




Pioneer Sault Canal.

33

the State canal being 750 by 70 or 52,500 feet (double
lifts). Allowing for the increased depths of 9-20ths that
proportion should represent an increase in cost of $500,000, or a total of $1,500,000. It was commenced in 1888
and opened for traffic in 1895, eight years. The State
canal commenced in 1853, finished in 1855, two years;
actual time 22/2 months. The cost of the Canadian canal,
by official reports was $4,093,025.60, despite the radical
improvements in work, machinery and means of access
between 1853-85, or four times and more greater than
its American neighbor herein referred to.
On the opposite page is a photographic facsimile of the
framed Vote of Thanks of the Directors of the Canal Constructing Corporation to their General Agent and Acting
Chief Engineer engrossed on parchment with the original
signatures and likenesses in order as follows:
President Corning.
Director Brooks, V. P.              Director Fairbanks.
Director Forbes.       Director Pruyn (Sec'y and Treas.)
General Agent Harvey.      Director Seymour.




CHAPTER II.

NOTABLE MINOR INCIDENTS.
A PRELIMINARY "DUCKING.,
Scores of interesting incidents might be written as
occurring in the early canal annals, but space forbids.
As example, however, the following will be briefly stated:
When the promoter explored the banks of the St. Mary's
river in quest of lock building stone in November, 1852,
he hired a boat and crew of Philetus Church, the Indian
trader on Sugar island. He crossed Lake George to look
at the rock exposures at the Neebish rapids, and in stepping out of the boat on to the icy rocks, slipped and took
a plunge into the deep and swift current. The boatmen
were active in fishing him out and no loss of life occurred,
but the ride back across the 8 miles of lake to "Churches"
was a chilly one for him. Yet the warmth of his ardor
for the new project did not get cold!
A SLEIGH WALK.
The agent-engineer used a mouse-colored pony to
carry him about town and along the works, which had
remarkable intelligence. It would stand for hours wherever left without hitching, but having been hit a few times
by small stones when heavy blasts were fired, he would
judge of the danger by the sound; for a loud near-by
blast, it would give a spring, and start away at a rate that
threatened destruction to the buggy, but at about a safe
distance it would stop and remain stationary until its
master appeared.
Wishing to arrange for some dimension timber at
Pendill's saw mills, near the mouth of the Taquamenon
34




Notable Minor Incidents.

35

river on White Fish Bay, 20 miles distant, the bay being
covered with thick smooth ice, very glary at the time, the
agent took the pony with sleigh after supper and started
alo-ne for the mill, expecting a three hours' drive. When
about five miles out the pony cast off one of his fore shoes
and soon after the other; and then could not stand up,
much less travel. The agent found that by putting his
arm around the pony's neck it could stand and walk very
slowly, and was very careful not to tread on its master's
toes. In this position they covered the other 15 miles,
arriving at the mills towards morning, where shoes could
be obtained. A case where in union there was "go!"
LAKE LEVEL AFFECTED BY ST]ORM.
Referring to the coffier dam before mentioned. The
vice president, Mr. Brooks, remained at the Sault after
the other directors had departed, and was with the agent
when a furious storm swept down from Lake Superior,
and raised the waters above the falls some 4 feet. The
waves swept over the dredge and sunk it with eight
horses on board, some being drowned. When that excitement had subsided the two officials realized that the
dam was in danger and on going to it were amazed to
find that instead of its being 2 feet above water a volume
of 2 feet deep was pouring over it. Creaking and twisting, the vess~el mainsails still held it steady, but a few more
inches pressure would evidently prove too much, and then
a catastrophe would follow  of vast proportions. The
agent stuck his pocket knife blade to mark the height of
water on the side abutment and there they sat silent and
anxious beyond expression. The thrill of noticing by lantern light that the water within an hour had receded an
inch and soon after, the storm abating, it ceased flowing
over the dam, was like seeing the fuse light expire before
reaching a dynamite bomb. Both had a sound sleep afterward!




36

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

A CONSTRUCTION RELIC.
The metal portion of the steam punch, which wrought
salvation to the canal undertaking in 1854-5, is preserved
and will doubtless be on exhibition at the Semi-Centennial
celebration at the Sault in 1905. Its use saved the contractors probably  $250,000  outlay  in  meeting  the
emergency before mentioned.
A PRACTICAL TEST OF MENTAL CAPACITY.
Near the lower level or eastern dock, then in process
of construction and while its timber deck beams were
being placed in position by a gang of carpenters, a couple
of young shovel-men concluded that it would be safe to
shirk their, work one summer day and enjoy a quiet
"siesta" behind a pile of lumber where no one would be
likely to see them.
The chief engineer, while inspecting the work in that
vicinity, came upon them before they could grasp their
shovels and appear to be at work. "Boys," said he, "your
work don't seem to agree with you, perhaps you had
better be changed to some kind requiring more mental
rather than bodily capacity." Bringing them to the dock
he told them to take a rope and keep one of the timber
ends from falling into the water when cut off by the carpenters as not long enough to reach the next pier twenty
feet distant.
Left to their own methods, the men fastened one end
of the rope to the overhanging timber butt and standing
on the edge of the pier it did not quite reach, they leaned
backwards keeping the rope quite taut. When the carpenters' cross-cut saw severed the timber at the "lap'
on the opposite pier, its heavy fall into the water six feet
below with a sudden jerk caused the men at the other
end of the rope to make a parabolical or eccentric curve
in the air and dive head first into the river. On coming
to the surface of the twenty feet or more depth of water
they were towed to the shore by the carpenters with the
boat hooks. On gaining their breath in an upright posi



Notable Minor Incidents.

37

tion, the chief engineer told them that their wetting was
caused by a lack of mental capacity, and after such a
decisive test he would advise them to change their clothes
and resume shoveling work as best suited to. theiir developed abilities. They lost no, time in following his advice
and were never caught "napping" again!
If the carpenters had not imitated the -engineer in
maintaining serious faces when they foresaw what would
happen when their rapid cross-cutting saw had removed
all hindrances to the shovellers' special job the test as to
''mental capacity" might not have been as convincing to
the latter, as it proved!
ABORIGINAL REGARD FOR ANCESTRAL GRAVES.
In the near vicinity of the St. Mary's River Falls on
the American side there had been from time immemorial
an Indian burying ground where wooden crosses marked
the graves of most recent date.
The neighboring tribes of Indians had for the first
half of the century been under the direct care of the
United States government, which by a treaty negotiated
by the late Governor Cass had bound itself to pay them
certain annuities and also to, provide them with teachers
and mechanics, especially blacksmiths to repair their tools
and keep their fire arms in order for hunting purposes.
In the earlier years they came in large numbers to the
"Agency" at the Sault to receive their annual dues whichi
custom was in evidence when the canal was commenced.
Its surveyed line passed through the burying ground
and as excavations on the eastern section progressed numerous human skeletons and bones were exposed but no
effort was made to, collect or reinter them elsewhere.
During this period rumors reached the Sault that
upper lake tribes were much agitated by the word coming to them that the local graves of their forefathers
were being desecrated and an indignant demonstration
was to be made when the next "payment" brought them
together there.




38

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

About that time an Indian, evidently a chief, appeared,
who, on landing from his canoe on the Lake Superior
shore, arrayed himself in Indian garb from head to foot.
A head-dress of eagle feathers, buckskin moccasins and
leggings, a breech cloth and girdle with scalping knives
galore, while a Queen Anne style of long barrelled shot
gun was especially displayed, and his gestures towards it
were construed by nervous observers to convey threats of
using it with warlike effect.
As he moved along the line of the canal work and
motioned to those he met he was pointed to the agent
whom he found near the company's office. Many words
and gestures were made to the latter but of course not
understood.
A messenger was sent to the well-known Johnson
half-breed family to furnish an interpreter.
Before his arrival the higher grade workmen gathered
about and discussed the probabilities of a general Indian
rising of which the newcomer was deemed a forerunnerwith fighting and scalping to follow if he was not conciliated.
They formed a circle about the Indian and the agentengineer when the interpreter arrived. The latter told the
Indian to rehearse his speech, which he did, then amid
breathless silence the interpreter translated it thus:
"He says that he understands that you are the government blacksmith and he has brought his gun which he
wants to have put in good order."
The throng of onlookers seemed generally to recollect
business leading them elsewhere, and soon the Indian,
interpreter and agent were left alone in further conference, which resulted in the interpreter guiding the visitor
to the government gunsmith where his errand happily
terminated.
The agent in relating the story said, that it was the
nearest an expression of interest in ancestral mementoes
by the Indians that he had ever seen!




CHAPTER III.

THE RESIDENTIAL "AGENCY."
During the agent's stay at the Sault as an invalid
in the summer of 1852, he boarded at a large two story
wood house of a faded yellow color, known in the village
as the "Baptist Mission."
Originally provided as a mission station and school
of that denomination for the benefit of the native Indians,
its intended beneficiaries had dwindled in number until
but a few attended the Sabbath services in the school room
where one of the notable Johnson family of "half breeds"
officiated as interpreter of the discourses delivered in
English, and a scant half dozen Intdian girls received day
school instruction.  The aged missionary, known as
Father Bingham, with his wife and two attractive daughters formed the family to which a summer boarder or two
was occasionally added, and which afforded a home-like
congenial resting place for at least one health seeker at
that time.
About a mile eastward on the main street of the settlement, was a spacious two-story residence with two
large single-story annexes or wings of colonial mansion
style, shaded by a grove of magnificent elm trees, and
standing on a twenty acre lot extending from the road
to the banks of the St. Mary's river, the premises being
known as the "Agency." This name originated from the
circumstance that the United States government erected
and owned the mansion, to provide a residence for the
eminent historian, Henry R. Schoolcroft, who, was appointed as the Indian agent for that region early in the
"thirties," and whose researches relating to, the history,
manners and traditions of North American Indians were
39




40

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

published by order of congress as of national importance.
He lived there for a number of years in a style comporting with his important official position, but after his retirement his successors resided elsewhere and only occupied
the buildings during the time of the annual payment of
the Indian "annuities."
INDIAN AGENCY PAYMENTS.
When "payment" time arrived that year (1852), the
narrator was one of the spectators at the proceedings.
One of the wings of the mansion afforded ample office
room, where at the large table in the center sat the United
States Indian agent with his secretary and cashier, and
a box of gold coin beside them. The next chair was occupied by Peter B. Barbeau, the veteran Sault Indian trader,
who was one of Astor's employees in earlier days. An
Indian would be admitted, and advance to the table, the
secretary would find his name on the registry and the
amount due to him;, the pay roll would then be signed by
him, usually with a cross, the agent would initial it as
correct-the cashier then passed out the amount in coin
on to the table, but before the Indian could grasp it, Barbeau would.utter a few words in the Indian tongue and
with a sweep of his hand slide the gold into a bag at his
side, the Indian would then retire and another appear to
go through the same form but with occasional exceptions
of those living or educated at "missions," or otherwise
who did not have dealings with the trader. Whether the
coin going into his bag went to the credit of the Indian
for goods previously delivered, or to be obtained, did not
appear in evidence then, but it was a fact that some of the"
aboriginals had with their squaws and children paddled
their canoes for over 300 miles along the south coast of
Lake Superior for the meager satisfaction of seeing the
gleam of the pile of coin assigned to them by the government as it slid from the agent's table into the trader's bag!
The scene, which annually occurred there previously for
a score or two of years, was then seen for the last time.




The Residential "Agency."

41

RESIDENTIAL RE-OCCUPATION.
The recollection of the beautiful lawn, the elm-treesgrove and the comfortable residence on the agency
premises was in the narrator's mind, when, in the following spring, he became general agent of the Canal Construction Corporation. He lost no time then in coming to
terms with the official having possession, and obtained a
lease of the property, with approval of the Interior Department at Washington representing the government
ownership.
He then secured the services of a steward from New
England whose wife could act as hostess as well as housekeeper, in good form. It proved a most excellent arrangement, and contributed not a little to the success of the
main undertaking, with its safeguards of home life for
the agent's health and comfort during the strain of his
managing and engineering cares. It enabled him to, provide excellent quarters for the company inspecting directors or shareholders, and extend courteous hospitality to
distinguished visitors from time to, time. The features
of the beautiful location on the banks of the crystal watered St. Mary's river, with the foaming rapids in sight
where the Indians could be seen all through the summer
engaged in capturing the famous white fish in scoop nets,
which within an hour might be served on the agency
table. Under such conditions no marine food in the
world surpassed that noble fish in delicious flavor. Game
was also plenty, such as deer, partridges and wild pigeons.
These attractions soon brought distinguished and cultivated guests-Hon. Erastus Corning, first president of
the New York Central Railway, Hon. Erastus Fairbanks,
afterward governor of Vermont, with the other directors
of the constructing company, came expecting to "rough
it" as in most frontier towns of those days-but stayed
weeks instead of days, and later on, brought the ladies of
their families to enjoy life there also.
President Fillmore soon after leaving the White




42         Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

House was, with his daughter, a guest at the "Agency,"
and looked on while the agent and Miss Fillmore tried
"shooting the rapids" in a canoe.
The governor of Michigan, a victim of chronic dyspepsia, came with his wife as a transient tourist,, accepted
an invitation to the agency for a day or twlo, but on testing its cuisine extended his sojourn for several weeks.
Similar experience with the local chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company is related in another place.
During those seasons of 1853-5 the "Agency" had the
air of a very select fashionable watering place.
Many amusing rem-in,iscences could be given in that
connection, but only a specimen or two will be quotedas follows:
GLORY BASED ON "DOUGH-NUTS.
The governor of the state found that Mrs.. Porter, the
housekeeper, made a style of cake called "dough-nuts"
which he could eat with a special relish without subsequent digestive distress, and between that food and white
fish diet he was in a sort of stomachic heaven,! As, a
result, a pan. of "dough-nuts" did not last long and care
was taken to keep a supply on hand.
When the last evening of his stay arrived a brilliant
party of ladies and gentlemen were gathered in. the parlor
to bid him farewell.
He was informed that a presentation. was to be made
to him as the head of the State, and must be made in a
manner suited to. the dignity of the occasion. Accordingly he stood in the center of the room while one of the
gentlemen chosen as orator addressed him in rather
grandiloquent style. Referring to, the state of Michigan
as a keystone in the arch of the mundane sphere where
on the craggy heights of its great lake shores the eagle--
emblem- of liberty-might be seen at rest combing its
pinion feathers with its beak while occasionally gazing
into the face of the mid-day sun with unblinking eye, and
feeling at ease because the "ship of State" was sailing on




The Residential "Agency."

43

the vast seas in sight below, with a fresh breeze of prosperity, and with the statesman here present at the helm!
That as a token of esteem to him officially and personally
the accompanying jewel casket was presented, etc., etc.
The governor responded with appropriate pathos, not
for himself only, but for the people who were the sovereigns in the two fair peninsulas forming the State, etc., etc.
The ribbons about the pasteboard casket were then untied
and olut rolled a "dough-nut," with a note from the housekeeper stating that it was the last one in the "Agency,"
or the casket would have been larger!
AN ASSUREDLY SAFE "GLOBE TROTTER.'1
The European and American newspapers in those days
had frequent notices of Madame Phiefer, an Austrian
woman of noble birth and independent means, who, had
achieved notoriety by travelling in mysterious parts of
the earth unattended. She had, it was stated, visited the
country of the wild Arabs of the desert, had joined caravans under the guidance of Bedouin chiefs where European women had never been seen. Her book of travels
had been published and widely read-when the announcemrent was made that she had started for America to cross
the plains and "write up" the Indians and wilds of that
continent.
Gradually she drew nearer, until a Detroit paper heralded her arrival in that city and that she was to visit the
Sault en route.
When the steamer arrived, the agent with a view of
inviting her to the "Agency" stepped on board and
asked the purser to point her out. One look at her meager
figure, features, and leathery complexion explained to him
why she would be safe anywhere! While he hesitated,
she was engaged in negotiating with the hotel runners
and disputing as to prices, with accent, fluency, and gestures which confirmed the agent's first impression that she
would not be a fascinating guest. A Frenchman agreed




44        Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.
to her terms of less than usual rates and she wtent with
him to his "hotel." When her book of travels in America
appeared a year or two afterwards, she mentioned the
Sault as, one of the worst places she was ever in, that the
room assigned at the hotel there had no window in it.
She found the wigwams of the plains far more picturesque
and desirable!
A TRANSIENT BOARDER.
One day when there happened to be no. visitors at the
agency, the wife of a United States senator arrived on a
steamer to, look about the Sault for a day or two. She
enquired for the best boardi-ngo place to stop at. The purser, or a wag on the dock, told her to. go, to the "Agency"
and pointed out its carriage which happened to be there.
She accosted the driver, bid him take her trunk, and
arriving at the "Agency" looked over the rooms with the
housekeeper, chose the best one and was ensconced in it
when the agent returned home at night. He took in the
situation. and arranged to appear as a steady boarder only.
The senatoress required considerable waiting on, but on
the whole was satisfied with the accommodations, commended the table, pitied the hous-ekeeper for not having
more boarders, but might get some friends to come there
later on. Soon she wanted to, pay her bill. The stewardess made various excuses for not having it readyý-but
finally explained the situation, with the remark that while
the Canal Company which ran the establishment did not
allow pay to be taken, the amusement to the household
in hearing her criticisms,- and suggestions how things
ought to be done, was a full equivalent! The visitor saw
the joke, and with a hearty laugh at the "contretemps"
was transferred to the south bound steamer.
SENTIMENT VERSUS FACT.
Time has wrought a marvellous metamorphosis at the
agency grounds. Where the beautiful slope to the river
once was., is now the site of an immense water power







)k0
06
00
0d




The Residential "Agency.".          45
building with a great "fore bay" and canal leading to it.
The residence building, quite overshadowed, has: been in
use for offices, but will soon make way for other "improvements."
Little remains of the former conditions on those prem.isles to verify previous local tradition or reminiscences.
The accompanying view of the "Agency" premises
was taken from a boat in the river just prior to commencement of the building of the "power house" before
mentioned which now occupies the river front for over a
quarter of a mile. Bushes had -encroached upon the
original beautiful lawn and the elms in the grove seemed
to have been reduced in number. The building in the rear
was erected by the agent in 1853- for stabling purposes.




CHAPTER IV.

MICHAEL PHELAN'S WIDOW.*
A NARRATIVE OF FACTS.
The summer of 1853 witnessed the commencement of
the work of building the ship canal which was to open up
the waters of the greatest of lakes to the commercial
marine of its sister lakes in the basin drained by the river
St. Lawrence, and make possible the vast commerce which
has since been developed upon and through those mighty
waters.  Then the straggling village of "Sault Ste.
Marie," situated near the base of the falls of the St.
Mary's river (which, with about eighteen feet of descent
within one lineal mile, compelled land carriage of persons and property around them), was nearly as remote
from the outer world as a settlement upon the shores of
Hudson bay would be at the present time. A few spans of
horses hauling cars upon a tramway around the falls, then
sufficed to transfer all the commerce of the Lake Superior
region!
The Federal government having in 1852 made a grant
of land to the State o.f Michigan in trust, wherewith to
secure the means for building a canal around those falls,
that State sublet the work of constructing it, for the right
to the lands, to a corporation composed of Eastern State
capitalists, who appointed the writer of this narrative as
their executive under the title of general agent, to organize a force of workmen and enter upon the undertaking.
His headquarters were first temporarily located at
Detroit, as the nearest city in direct communication, where
*Reprinted from Magazine of Western History, February, 1889. Then published in Cleveland, Ohio.
46




Michael Phelan's Widow.

47

he enlisted and accompanied a force of some four hundred
men as the first detachment, and loaded one of the large
lake steamers with them and a due quota of supplies and
provisions, tools, machinery, horses, lumber, etc., for
transportation to the locality of the work, as the sparsely
settled region about the falls could not be relied upon for
such resources to any appreciable extent.
A commissariat was organized on the passage, and as
soon as the landing was made, horses were hitched up
into teams, the lumber hauled to the canal reservation,
and in forty-eight hours the men were housed in improvised buildings and regular meals provided for them.
The system adopted was to, assign fifty men to one
house, or "shanty," calculated to furnish eating and sleeping space in the main structure, while a wing furnished
room; for a kitchen and the private apartments of the family who acted as stewards for that separate building. Each
was numbered, and all were under the charge of a general
steward, who had the care of the general supplies and
kept accurate accounts with each "shanty," showing the
aggregate per di-em number of men boarded in comparison with the quantity o'f provisions consumed. Those
stewards who furnished the best return' as to economy
and efficiency were paid accordingly, while those who
were wasteful or slovenly were weeded out. To, this
was added later a hospital and infirmary annex, where
workmen meeting with accidents, or having serious sickness, were sent to receive attention from salaried physicians and trained nurses free of charge, as the result of
a small monthly per capita payment from those earning
wages. These sanitary regulations were so. efficient that
the cholera epidemic which swept *over the country in
1854 and stopped every other public work of magnitude,
while showing its presence also -at the "Sault," did not
cause a panic nor suspend the work for a single day.
On June 4, 1853, the third day after landing, the
workmen were organized into working gangs of thirty,




48           Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.
each under selected foremen, and formed in ranks, while
the general agent, "breaking ground" by loading the first
barrow with excavated material and wheeling it out to the
"dump," set an example which was received with a cheer
by the men, and generally followed, to continue for nearly
two years, up to the time when the men were again gathered in a group to see the same individual, on the 19th of
April, 1855, open the sluice-gate to the outer coffer dam
on the Lake Superior level and let its water flow into the
finished canal prism, doubtless never to be entirely
excluded so long as the world endures.
The building of what was at that time the greatest
canal in the world, so far as commercial importance or
lock dimensions were concerned,* in such a remarkably
short period olf time, was only possible by employing all
the men that could work to advantage, and as a matter of
fact the force was rapidly increased after the first five
hundred were fairly at work, until between two and three
thousand were busily employed and the line of the work
seemed to. swarm     like a bee-hive. The number of boarding buildings increased correspondingly, until between
forty and fifty were under the supervision of the corporate management.
Thus far by way of introduction to the tale indicated
by the caption, and to the subsequent use of the first
personal pronoun therein by the writer.
at     *     *-    *      -
It was in a sultry afternoon in the month of August,
1853, that I was engaged at writing in my private inner
*The statement that the traffic through the Sault Ste. Marie canal for
September exceeded that of the Suez canal by 30,000 tons would probably be
challenged by those not familiar with the immense development of the lake
shipping interests, but statistics furnished by General O. M. Poe prove this
to be a fact. In addition to this, the past month records a larger business
through the canal than heretofore known in history. To those interested in
the improvement of the great water-ways it must be a reminder that the lockage system now in use in the canal is rapidly becoming inadequate to
accommodate the marvelous trade of Lake Superior. The passages through
the canal in September were as follows: Steamboats, 574; sail vessels, 309;
rafts and unregistered craft, 29, The aggregate of registered tonnage was
531,689, and freight tonnage 553,811, all of which was passed through the new
locks, 505 out of the 720 hours of the month being occupied in passing it
through.-N. Y. Times, Oct. 7, 1885.




Michael Phelan's Widow.

49

room on the first floor of the construction company's general office'building, improvised near the banks of the ship
canal at the "Soo" (as that point was generally designated). The entrance was at my back, and as a clerk
was usually in the outer office to announce visitors before
hand, I supposed myself to be alone, and was absorbed
with my desk work. The sensation that someone was
breathing behind me led me to wheel in my revolving
chair, and no doubt to look as I felt, greatly surprised to
find four unannounced individuals near me who had apparently been standing for some time with bated breath,
awaiting my movements to secure my attention, which
their entrance had not before arrested.
The group was composed of a woman and three girls,
all neatly dressed, with faces endowed with a glow of
health, ruddy as roses, combined with respectful and quiet
demeanor rare to see at that time in that location.
The eldest girl was about twelve, the next about eight,
and the youngest probably four years of age. The mother,
evidently such from family resemblance, was apparently
some thirty years old, rather undersized, and not specially
noticeable except for her head-gear, which was a wonder
to behold. I had seen pictures of such as having adorned
high dames of the Queen Anne period, when an attempt
was made to compress most of the beauties of a vegetable
garden into the trimming of a high-crowned hat, but now
I saw a specimen upon a living model, making an appearance indescribably grotesque. My eyes were drawn especially to one ornament which seemed to be intended to
represent a blood beet of the brightest hue, the root lying
obliquely along the rim of the structure, while the stem,
branching into many upright leaves, towered above the
head, counterbalanced by a carrot or some other rank
growth of millinery on the other side.
I surmised at a glance that the "topnotty" affair had
been bestowed by some wealthy, lady (for it was evidently
a costly adjunct to female attire) upon one who was not




50

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

posted as to, the caprices of fickle "Dame Fashion," and
believed that what was good once, was; always good, if in
good preservation.
But before I had reduced my thoughts to speech suited
to the occasion, the woman dropped an old style low
"courtesy," her knees almost touching the floor, and broke
the silence with that cheerily accentuated voice which
marks a native of the Emerald Isle, and with the words,
"Perraps, sorr, you do not know who I am?"
"No," said I, "there is no doubt about that."
"Sure, I am the widow of Mister Michael Phelan;
but, perraps, sorr, you have not heard of him before?"
"No,, I would hardly be able to identify him with certainty," I replied.
"And it is a pity," said she, "because he was a most
worthy man, as good a husband as ever lived, and a good
father to these little girls, pace to his mimery." Just there
and then a genuine tear of affection glistened in the widow's eye and she proceeded, "And he started to come to
Ameriky with us on a vessel bound to Quebec. But we
had a stormy long passage, during which he sickened and
died, and despite all I could say or do, the captain had his
body dropped overboard in the wide ocean, and I had to
come along without him. We landed in Quebec and
thence came to Montreal, where I tried to make a living
by keeping boarders, but did not succeed as well as I
could wish, and when I heard that a great public work
was commencing here, and before it was done a great deal
of money would be paid out for boarding of the men, I
determined to come here, and by enquiry have found the
way, but, on arrival, find that the company employing
the men boards them itself, and that as you are the head
man, I must come to you or I will have come in vain
and won't know what to do for myself and these little
ones. What I want is a chance to keep one of your
boarding-houses."
"My good woman," I replied, "I control only those




Michael Phelan's Widow.

51

where fifty rough men are housed together and a family
is paid to cook for them, of which the husband is the
main element to keep order. You, surely, as an unprotected woman and the mother of these nice girls, would
not wish to go into such quarters as that?"
"Oh," said she, "if you will give me a chance with my
own countrymen, they will not harm me or mine, I am
sure; and you need not pay me wages till you see how
well I can merit them, and I will meanwhile be earning
the bread which we will honestly eat of your stores, and
that is what I need to do without delay."
"But," said I, "these children will require more or
less of your time and attention, and for you to care for
them and attend to providing food and clean berths for
fifty men, is simply impossible. Even if you were willing
to undertake it, I would not consent to, have you, out of
respect for your sex in general, and for your welfare and
that o'f these bright children in particular."
"Oh," said the widow, "these children can and will
work and help instead of hinder me, as you will see if
you only give us a chance."
But I shook my head more and moore decidedly, and
as the widow saw the tide turning against her with increasing force, a bright thought lit up her face, and she
made motions to bring forth something stowed away in
the bosom of her dress, exclaiming, "If you had only
known Mr. Phelan, and what a good character he had,
and how highly he was respected by the great men in his
own counthry, you would not deny the croy of his widow
for honest work wherewith to feed herself and his children! Did you ever hear of Lord John Russell, now in
the government in the ould counthry?"
My reply was: "Certainly, he is one of England's
foremost statesmen of this day; but did he know your
husband?"
"Ye may be sure of it," the widow continued, "as I
have a certificate from his lordship, recommending Mr.




52

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

Phelan on account of his good character, that I keep near
me all the while, that I may niver lose it. Would ye like
to see it?"
"Oh, yes," I replied, "the signature of such a noted
man as Lord Russell is well worth.examining as a matter
of curiosity."
In due time the widow drew forth her guarded treasure in the shape of a package having many wraps, from
which, when unfolded, dropped a sheet of letter-paper
with a printed heading, which she picked up and handed
me as reverently as one would pass a prayer-book to a
worshiper in church.
Glancing my eye over it, I found it to read substantially as follows:
Estates of Lord J. Russell,.......... County, Ireland,...............  1852.
To Michael Phelan:You are hereby notified to vacate the earth-walled
thatched tenement now occupied by yourself and family
near the................ road, within thirty days from
date of receipt hereof, as it is to be torn down and removed, by order of his lordship.
A ttest...................
Agent for said Estates.
Dumb with amazement, I glanced from the paper to
the widow, but her honest, serious look o'f satisfaction in
possessing this evidence of her husband's good character
was genuine; I had seen too much of the world not to
have detected any counterfeiting of such faith as that, and
I instantly divined that she could not read, and hence
some one had imposed upon her as to the nature and contents of the document. There, also, stood the ruddycheeked girls looking up into my face as to a superior
being whose lips could make or mar their happiness.
The situation being revealed as by a flash of light, my




Michael Fkelam.'s Widow.             5

53

heart refused to let my lips be the medium of undeceiving the widow as to the purport of her paper, and of
causing her faith in its talismanic powers to be dashed
like a fragile vase into a thousand pieces at my feet,, never
to be restored to its present symmetry and esteem; so,
apparently reading the document through again and
again, with mo~st intense and deliberate attention, my
thoughts were meanwhile busy in deciding how to, act.
They followed the track of this brave, confiding, little
woman, leaving her hovel in Ireland (it might be before
dispossessing measures had been taken,), which, however
humble, was to her a home warmed by affection, in local
and personal attachments; coming across the stormy
Atlantic -only to see it relentlessly requiring the sacrifice
of her husband for entombment in its dark caverns, with
only the dirge and requiem of its wild, deep-toned waves;
pressing o~n to Quebec and Montreal and thence a thousand miles or more to this remote place, and now only
asking for opportunities for honest and faithful -employment at my hands; how could I refuse at least a trial as
a reward for such faith and perseverance?
'Twas a moment described by the great dramatist,
when "one touch of nature makes the whole world kin."'
I beheld before me, not an ignorant irmm-igrant, to, be
laughed at and thrust aside, as coming on a fool's errand,
but a heroine, endowed with a priceless faith which could
remove mountains, whose guileless, earnest appearance
showed that as a daughter, wife and mother she had done
her best;-and who, could do more?
My heart had its own way, and then my lips were no
longer glued together.
"Mrs. Phelan," said I, as I handed back the document,
with the air of one most profoundly impressed, "that certificate settles the matter; as the widow of Michael Phelan, you shall have a chance to provide for yourself and
these children of his, i~f in my power to, arrange it with
promptness and decency."




54         Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.
Pen nor pencil can never depict the glowing of the
light in the eyes of that mother, as she dropped another
profound "courtesy," looked triumphantly in the faces of
her three little girls and carefully restored her talismanic
certificate to its wrappings and place near her heart.
The general steward was summoned, and, learning
from him that one of the steward families was just leaving and its successor not then installed, and that a very
trusty single man was so far convalescent at the hospital
that he could be detailed to keep order and render the
widow any needed assistance, I directed that carpenters
be summoned and a room in the main building be partitioned off for him forthwith, and the widow be at once
installed in the family apartments, as solely for her own
use.
Enquiring for her baggage, behold all her worldly
possessions were just outside my office door, in the shape
of a few bundles! These she and the children gathered
up, and, following the messenger, were directly installed
in their new abode. The new arrival created a stir in the
colony of adjacent buildings, with the query how a widow
who only landed from Montreal in the morning could get
the coveted steward position before night. Whether the
widow ascribed it to Lord John Russell's influence to
those who enquired of her, I knew not, but I was very
careful not to mention the facts about her precious document to anyone. Even the general steward treated her
more deferentially, from the evident endorsement which
she had received at the manager's office, not knowing how
it was obtained. Not a little of her success was due, however, to her own shrewdness in slipping by all intermediaries and stating her errand only where the final decision
was to be made.
Some days later, in passing near her domicile, a
glimpse of the widow brought her to mind, and led me
to enter her building and inspect her care of it. Its order
and neatness were most commendable. The daughter of




Michael Phelan's Widow.

55

twelve years was doing an adult's share of the kitchen
service; the girl of eight was, in the men's absence, at
work attending to cleaning their quarters, after having
made the table ready hours in advance, while the little
"tot" of four was seated on a barrel to bring her to the
right height by a table at which she was scouring the
knives and other table articles with bath-brick, until they
shown like silver, and with the steady action of a veteran
who thought of nothing but the business in hand.
It was the custom of the steward's department to let
the men choose their quarters and change about to suit
themselves, so long as the regular quota in each was not
exceeded, and they applied for a transfer order at his desk.
Soon he was flooded with applications for change to the
widow's boarding-house, and, upon inquiry, was informed
that it was the most quiet and orderly of any, while the
meals in variety and cooking were what Delmonico's was
to ordinary eating establishments.
The requisitions for supplies for that "number" contained some items not on the ordinary list, but were
honored after due consideration. Soon rumors of a new
style of hash served up once a week at the widow's floated
about the location, and even foremen called for transient
meal tickets to try it, and -envied were the men who held
vested rights as regular inmates there.
The end of the month, with its tabulated statements,
came round, when the figures indicated that the moist
economical and satisfactory results were from the widow's
house. The second month confirmed such conclusion,
when her rate of payment rose to the head of the list and
continued there to the end of the work, netting her a very
nice monthly income. She confidentially -explained to the
steward that the result was due largely to, that famous
hash, which, by being sweetened with maple sugar and
flavored with spices, enabled her to use the last scrap of
every kind of food material on her premises without cloying the men's appetites.




66

56      Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

She did not call for her monthly pay until the cashier
entered a complaint against her that he could not close
his monthly accounts according to rule. Word from me
to call at the *office brought her there in Sunday attire,
including her before described full dress hat. When the
rgiie was explained that she must regularly d~raw her
money, she complied, but only to bring it to. me, to request
me to personally care for it during her term of employment.
An amusing scene took place weekly. The widow was
a regular attendant Sundays at the ''mission"~ church
some distance away, when she might be seen wending her
way thitherward with her overshadowing perennial hat
only equaled in tinge of red by her own cheeks and tholse,of her three girls walking demurely by her side. At a
respectful distance behind her would follow a platoo~n of
a score, more or liess, of men, dressed in the height of
canal fashions and all animated by evident intentions not
to be far from her when inside the church, while the
crowds outside the -edifice formed in ranks to let her pass
through, with special marks of consideration. Not a
breath was heard against her, but maintaining respect
from all, woe would have betided the man who had been
reported to the fifty brawny Irish mien in her "number,"
as molesting her in any way.
Onle day after the widow's reputation had become
quite established, she, with her head-gear in position,
called on me in the same room as before, to confide to me
that she had been asked to. marry by not a few of the
men, and of them all she thought most favorably of Patrick Flynn, whoý had been selected as care-taker for her
in the first instance, but, after pondering well on the
subject when she had almost said yes, the memolry of her
dear departed husband, with his good character so well
certified to, came over her., and she had told Patrick, like
all her suitors, once and for always, that she would never
be known otherwise than as the widow of Michael Phelan.




Michael Phelan's Widow.

Again came the tears as a tribute to his memory, with
the remnark that in case I heard she was to be married I
would know to the contrary in advance.
The widow dropped in very quietly at my office at a
later date, and when energetic measures were taken which
nipped in the bud an impending strike, many were the
surmises where I had obtained the information upon
which to act. Its value to my principals, under circumstances too intricate to be detailed here, could hardly be
overestimated.
But the time arrived when the last gang of workmen
were finally paid off, and a settlement of the widow's
account showed over $600 to her credit. When handing
it to her, I said, "No doubt you will take this snug sum
and return to Montreal and open a nice boarding-house?"
"Oh, no," said she, "when this canal is opened, business must go to the other end of the lake, and I am going
with it to a place they call Superior City and have engaged my passage by the next boat!" All that I had to
say about the risks and hardships involved was wasted,
and before the canal was officially opened by the State, the
widow who could not read her passage ticket was pushing
on five hundred miles farther to anticipate its commercial
effect!
Two or more years passed, when I paid a tourist's
visit to the then "booming" settlement of Superior City,
and was walking with a friend along its wooden sidewalks, when I was startled by having my own name called
by someone behind me, and.on turning about, saw the
widow of Michael Phelan in a calico, wrapper on her
knees, with her hands raised above that wonderful bonnet, asking for "Heaven's blessings upon the best friend
she ever had in America!"
Begging her to rise and not compromise me in a
*strange place, because on-lookers would think that she
was pleading with me, rather than with Heaven, she
explained that she was the owner of the corner lot on the




68

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

opposite side of the street, upon which she had erected a
store building and was realizing a handsome rental from
a part of it, while occupying the remainer for keeping
boarders, and having seen me go by, was afraid that before she could don her best dress as she used to do at the
"Soo," I would have passed out of sight. Patrick Flynn
had followed her from the "Soo" and was installed as
care-taker of her property, but she had not, and would
not, prove forgetful of the memory of Michael Phelan, or
less proud of the good character which he bore in the
"ould counthry."
Declining the request of the widow to! look over her
title-deeds and give my opinion upon their legality, on
the score that the steamer on which I was making the
round trip was just leaving, I left the widow in the midst
of her comer lots.
Not long after this I read in a leading New York
paper, of an official decision as announced at Washington,
confirming the right of Mrs. Michael Phelan of Superior City, Wisconsin, to, preEmpt a quarter section of land,
her right to, do so without naturalization papers having
been stoutly contested, but on appeal, her title to valuable
property near the city had been sustained at the Interior
Department.
Time passed along a few more years, when I was a
passenger between two of the ports in Lake Superior upon
the then peerless steamer North Star, with the veteran
Captain B. G. Sweet in command. While passing along
the main deck, a comely, ruddy-faced young woman ac--
costed me and introduced herself as the eldest daughter
of the Widow Phelan. "Indeed," said I, "and where is
your mother?"   "Oh," said she, "mother is down here
on the main deck against my protest, who, wanted to have
her take a couple of state-rooms and let us travel in the
cabin like other people, for we can afford it, and I wish
you would get mother to do so."
"All right," said I, "we will see what can be done."




Michael Phelan's Widow.

59

Then the widow was interviewed by surprise and without
her ornamental head-dress on, but I presumed that it
was in one of the several sizeable trunks, which evidently
belonged to her. Her shrewdness was again evidenced by
the fact that while paying only deck passage and saving
probably three-fourths of the cost of cabin rates, she had
pre-empted a space behind the huge boiler sm-oke-pipes
and fenced it off with her trunks and other articles of the
cargoi, so that within the barrier herself and daughters
were quite retired and had warm quarters, while the cabin
passengers were shivering in smaller and colder places
upon the unheated upper deck on a chill autumnal day.
Entering into conversation as to her leaving the
west, she informed me that she saw signs of a decline in
the land speculation which had prevailed  (and which
shortly afterward entirely collapsed and continued thus
for a decade or more), and had, in anticipation of lower
prices, sold out with a view of leaving that region piermanently. "Well," said I, "how much money do you bring
away with you?"  But the widow was slow to divulge,
and at last her eldest daughter spoke up and said, "Mr.
Harvey, to prove that we ought to, have taken cab-in passage, I will tell you. Mother has thirty-six hundred dollars in gold in these trunks, beside eniough more in bankbills to provide for all our traveling expenses for a long
journey, and yet she will keep us on the main deck, where
poor immigrants ride, and no~w, as the kind friend she
has taught us to remember, will you not insist upon our
having state-rooms?" "Oh, yes," said I, "that is reasonable enough, but your mother has a mind of her own,
which she has certainly used to good advantage since I
have known her, and I have learned to deem it better than
my own, as to her own affairs."
"But now, Widow Phelan," I continued, "you will
certainly cons-ider that I ought to know where you are
proposing to go?"
"To a place they call Australia," she replied.




60         Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

"But do you know how far off it is and how to get
there?" was the next query.
"No," replied she, "but I am          tolld that at a city called
New    York, where I am        now   going, I can get passage."'
"Pray, what led you to think of that distant land?" I
queried.
"Well," said the widow, "I have been               informed    that
the governor of Australia is an          intimate friend      of Lord
John Russell and therefore a friend -of my husband's, and
one who will appreciate the certificate I have of the good
character of Michael Phelan           as you    did, and    who    will
treat his widow well on his account!" Then the scene in
my office came vividly to mind           and again     I was speechless about that document, which I doubted noit was then,
as before, near the widow's heart.
The steamer's whistle 'announced landing at the port
of my departure, and ended my personal knowledge of the
widow     of Michael Phelan.          But the     Phelan    history, if
continued, might reveal her, later on, as a Melbourne real
estate millionaire, and her daughters as among the aristocracy, driving in their, own or their husband's carriages.*    All these issues may have hinged, as did thosse
narrated, upon my keeping my face straight and my heart
warm when the power of that talismanic certificate was
tried upon myself on that August day away back in 1853.
CHARLES T. HARVEY.
*That this supposition is not unexampled may be proven by recalling to
mind that not long after the date of these occurrences, a widow located at
one of the mines in Colorado, who provided domestic conveniences for the
miners, married one of her customers, who developed into a "bonanza king"
and she into a leader of the fashionable world of Paris. The little girl of
the '60's, playing about her domicile, has, during the '80's, married the
Prince de -, the scion and heir of the oldest and most aristocratic noble
family of the Eternal city, and the movements of the "bonanza" family, or
any of its members, attract the attention of society and the press of both
continents at the present time.
EDITORIAL NOTES, February, 1889.
There is one resident of Cleveland, at least, who can vouch for the truth
of Widow  Phelan's expressive gratitude, as related on page 57 of this issue.
It will not be the betrayal of Mr. Harvey's confidence to relate that the
friend who accompanied him in that walk through Superior City was none
other than William J. Gordon, Esq., (for whom Gordon Park was so named)
then interested in the mining developments of the Lake Superior region. If
Mr. Gordon does not recall that circumstance of his trip, he probably will




CHAPTER V.

A PIONEER INDIAN MISSIONARY.
LOCAL SURROUNDINGS.
After a plunge into the chilly waters of the St. Mary's
river on the bleak November day of 1852, as mentioned
on   page   34, the writer was         rowed    by  his boat's crew
eight miles across Lake George (as the expansion of the
river was called) to the trading station of P. S. Church
on Sugar Island, 12 miles below            the Sault (see diagram
on next page).        "Church's Landing" was then             the only
point where steamboats stopped along the river, the north
channel being the one then solely in use until the southern
channel through Hay Lake was opened after many millions of expenditure by        the United      States government,
and the north passage is now         quite out of the main line of
navigation.
Philetus S. Church         was an    enterprising     trader who
had been a country merchant in Central New York, but
removed there with his wife and two sons, a few                   years
earlier, and had built up a "raspberry jam" export busithat of starting from Marquette on the steamer North Star, one Sunday morning, en route to the west end of Lake Superior, and that Mr. Harvey declined
to accompany him because of conscientious principles against setting forth
upon a jpurney on the Sabbath. With a laugh at Mr. Harvey's expense, Mr.
Gordon steamed away.    When fifty miles out a break in the machinery
caused the steamer to put back; and on Monday morning again made the
start, with Mr. Harvey also aboard. Mr. Gordon admitted that in this case
the laugh was on the other side.
Mr. Harvey, now of New York city, not only had an interesting experience
in connection with the St. Mary's ship canal, but has also passed through
some of a more recent nature. His labor in connection with the elevated
railway system of New York city is a matter of record; and he is now the
possessor of the full-sized model in wood of an elevated railway structure,
which he took to Albany in 1867 and set up in the loft of Erastus Corning's
hardware store on State street, Albany. At that time most of the legislators,
upon his invitation, went to see it before voting upon the first law ever enacted
authorizing the erection of such a structure.  The legislature of New York
is even now endeavoring to discover the full extent to which the people are
under obligations to him for his labors and achievements in that direction.
61




62

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

ness by employing as berry pickers the Indians on the
Canada side known as the Garden river tribe, and by also
dealing in timber, lumber, and vessel knees became

Reproduction of U. S. Top. Survey. Scale 1-40,000. Section of St Mary's River.
wealthy (one of his sons being in late years a leading
merchant at the Sault). He was a man of sterling principles and maintained strict temperance rules in dealing
with the natives. His residence near his warehouse and




A Pioneer Indian Missionary.

63

store was a most satisfactory refuge on that Saturday
night where wet clothes could be dried, appetizing meals
obtained and good beds enjoyed.
While sitting by his evening fireside the writer noticed
a window light gleaming on the Canadian side of the
river-which was there quite narrow-and on enquiry
was informed by the trader that it was at the house of
Rev. George MacDougall, a Methodist missionary to. the
Indians, who had erected a dwelling house and chapel
among their lodges and wigwams, and wais the source olf
a marvelous reformation among them. The trader and
his good wife grew eloquent in his praise. They said
that he was of Canadian birth at a Colonists' settlement
near Owen Sound, on Georgian Bay, followed the occupation of farming for a time, then became the owner of
a small vessel in the fishery industry, afterwards established a country store, became a man of family, and a
prosperous merchant. When thus situated he became
interested in religious concerns and impressed with a conviction that it was his duty to become a missionary to
Indians with whom he had been much in contact as a lad
and had learn-ed their language and customs. Acting
upon this conviction he had sold his store, removed with
his family to, Toronto, and maintained them and himself
while he entered a Methodist theological seminary there
and for two; or more years sought to qualify himself as a
preacher. This done he had been assigned to, the Garden
river tribe and came among them in 1850-1.
He found them pagans and utterly debauched frolm the
effects of liquor sold to them by the Sault traders. He
had already overthrown that demon as the dominant
influence, had instituted industrious habits, had estab--
lished a scholol, organized a church, and among the connverts was the old chief, who had been previously crippled
by falling into, a fire in his lodge when drunk and having
his hands permanently mutilated, who, was now a devout
believer and leading an exemplary life. The trader went




64

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

on to say, that, owing to the difficulties of communication,
as there was no post office on the Canada side within a
hundred miles, and letters had to come by round-about
routes through the States, the missionary had been in
severe straits for money and food. The trader had helped
him with provisions but yet he had not money enough to
pay the postage on his letters accumulating at the United
States Sault post office. The use of international postage
stamps was then unknown. Postage was charged according to distance, about 5 cents for each hundred miles
payable on delivery. The rate from Toronto would, consequently range from 25 to 50 cents on each letter according to weight and route.
The trader's statement led the writer to. go to the post
office on his reaching the Sault, apply for the MacDougall
miail on which a dollar or two postage was due, which he
paid and sent by the returning boat's crew to Mr. Church
to see delivered to the stranger missionary with the hope
that the delayed remittance might be found enclosed
therein.
A NEW ACQUAINTANCE.
The next season (1853) the writer returned to the
Sault in charge of the canal construction forces, and was
'ere long introduced to the missionary. The acquaintance
became quite intimate as the writer learned to esteem him
as a most worthy missionary, an expert business man,
and a pulpit orator of remarkable power.
The construction company's steam tug was often used
to pay a visit to the Garden river mission and to occasionally attend the church service and Sunday school. Often,
visitors at the agency were glad to join in those excursions, which included such eminent men as President
Corning (the first of the N. Y. C. Ry.), Director Fairbanks (subsequently governor of Vermont), and other
notables who left substantial gifts to, evidence their approval of what they saw under such primitive conditions.
Some of the prayer meetings were attended when the old




A Pioneer Indian Missionary.

65

chief mentioned on page 38 was heard in prayer in the
"Objibwa tongue," the tones of his voice were thrilling
in pathos and gave full proof of his sincerity in addressing
the Great Unseen Spirit as his adopted Saviour and life
long guide.
A BUSINESS TRANSACTION.
The canal work called for millions of feet of lumber
and timber, and in searching for that most accessible it
was found that a considerable portion could be obtained
near the Garden river. The missionary's business training then came into service.
He conducted the negotiation when the writer met the
chiefs and made them an offer for their standing timber
which they gladly accepted. The largest log house on the
location was owned by a junior Indian chief named
Ogista, who asked the missionary to let him make the
bargain for use of the same.  He proposed that the
40 wood choppers should occupy the house except one
comer reserved for himself and family to be partitioned
off with blankets, and with the privilege of their going to
the company's flour and pork barrels and other provisions with an agreement that when those ran low he would
supply deficiencies by fishing in the river and turning in
his "catch" to the common stores! The missionary and
agent kept grave faces while mutually amused. The agent
explained that in such a case he would have to obtain
consent from his principals at the east which would take
too long, but was prepared to hire the premises exclusively at once. To, this the chief finally assented. When
the timber was paid for to the tribe, much satisfaction was
expressed and a letter of thanks to, the writer was prepared in the native language and the hieroglyphic signature of the chiefs attached in figures of bears, wolves,
beavers, birds, etc., etc. This interesting document was
lost when the writer's residence was burned at Tarrytown, New York, years afterwards.




66

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

PULPIT ABILITIES DEVELOPED.
The erection of the first Protestant church at the Sault
took place in 1853-4 and the missionary was invited to
occupy the pulpit as often as he could.  When he addressed a white congregation in his own native language
it was easy to discover that he was a natural orator of
rare ability, and could have commanded a large salary if
willing to cater to that end. But his consecration to, his
chosen work was constant as it was sincere. When coming to the Sault, as he did frequently during the winter
season, he knew that he was always welcome at the
"Agency," especially when he brought his good wife and
flock of children to enjoy a few days of "outing." Later
on his eldest daughter was taken on a tour to some of
the Lake Superior villages that she might see life outside of Indian surroundings. In 1855 the writer's residence at the Sault came to, an end and his intercourse with
the missionary gradually faded out until an interval of
some 15 years occurred with no word from him.
REVIVED INTERCOURSE.
Along in the "seventies" the writer with his wife took
a trip to Saratoga Springs and on taking seats at the
hotel dinner table found themselves face to face with exJudge and Mrs. Gould, of Owosso, Michigan, who had
been guests at the "Agency" in its palmy days.
Reminiscences were exchanged and enquiries made as
to the missionary at Garden river whom they remembered
with much interest. When the writer replied to them
that he had lost all clues to that person and did not know
whether he was living oir not since he had removed from
his former location, a gentleman sitting next at the table
said, "I can supply information respecting him to date.
I am the secretary of the Canadian Methodist Missionary
Society, which considers him its greatest ornament. He
is stationed at Edmonton, in the North Westterritories,
and is superintendent of missions to the Indians over the










A Pioneer Indian Missionary.         67
vast plains between Manitoba and the Rocky Mountains.
If you will write him a letter in my care I will see it
forwarded to him." This was done and a few weeks later
came a reply covering many pages. It gave an account
of his leaving Garden river for the northwest, crossing
Wisconsin by rail to the Mississippi river, going north as
far as he could by steamer on that river, then "portaging"
across to the Red river of the North-navigating that on
a flat boat to Port Garry, now the city of Winnipegthen starting in ox carts with his family on a journey of
1200 miles to Edmonton his then location, and ending
with a warm invitation to visit him and see the surrounding country which he predicted would be reached by civilization in the future with a grand development in store
for it. From that time on, occasional letters were exchanged. And in one he sent his photograph with the
autograph signature attached shown at page 67. After a
few years, notices of him appeared in the religious newspapers as being on a tour of the British Islands in the
interest of the Canadian Missionary Society and stating
his eloquence to be such that the largest churches and
halls were crowded to hear him, and that he was considered one of the most attractive pulpit orators of the day.
THE LAST INTERVIEW.
On his return to America a letter came to the writer
stating when and where he could be met in New York
city, and there hands were grasped once more. Popularity had not changed him but he appeared the same
cheery, zealous, wholly consecrated laborer in his Master's
vineyard as when in obscurity at Garden river. An appointment was made for him to spend the next Sabbath
at the writer's home at Tarrytown on the Hudson, and
occupy the. pulpit of one of the churches. But on Saturday came a telegram stating that his missionary society
required him to address a missionary meeting at Montreal
the next day, and he must comply, much to his regret.
We never met again.




68

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

Not long afterward the newspapers announced that
he had lost his life on the great western plains in a "blizzard," that the Dominion government ordered a search
for his body by the mounted police, that after an interval
of a few days it was found and buried at his mission station, the people in the northwestern territories generally
joining ifi mourning for his loss as a public calamity.
VISITING THE GREAT WESTERN CANADIAN PLAINS.
Nearly twenty years later, in 1898, the writer visited
Edmonton, on his way to and from a trip, to the Mackenzie Basin via the Athabasca river. Then he found one
*of the missionary's daughters married to a prominent
resident 'of the town. When after a trip of over a hundred miles by buck board wagon to Athabasca river land -
ing he reached the Hudson Bay Co. post there, the wife
of the factor of that important station proved to, be another
daughter, both of whom on learning the writer's identity,
vied with each other in making his trip prosperous and
adding very materially to his comfort in properly outfitting therefor. The third and eldest daughter became the
wife of a brother of Lady Strathcona (when she was plain
Mrs. Donald Smith) who was called to the Dominion
Senate but had deceased, and his widow, although possessed of a handsome residence in Edmonton, was then
absent, but was met later at the east. The eldest son,
Rev. John MacDougall, was filling his father's place as
superintendent of Indian missions. Another son had become a wealthy rancher residing at Morley near Banff
on the Canadian Pacific Railway, with whom the mother
was tenderly cared for in her old age. The memory of
the pioneer missionary was revered at Edmonton as one
of the most eminent men in western Canada. A memorial
church was there named for him, and his portrait looks
down from the walls of.the missionary society rooms in
Toronto. He had the reputation of exercising unequalled
influence with the wild Indians of the plains with whom




A Pioneer Indian Missionary.

69

he came in contact, of which many thrilling incidents
were related, but only one will now be mentioned.
A NOTABLE INDIAN COUNCIL.
In the fifth decade of the 19th century the great plains
of Canada were traversed by vast herds of buffalo which
annually migrated between Texas and the Peace and
Liard river basin of the north and provided the staple
food of the Black Feet and other migratory tribes numbering in the aggregate thousands of warriors of cruel
and vindictive natures who lived as their ancestors had
done from prehistoric times, and as long as buffalo were
plenty, cared little for the future. In the following decade the first trans-continental railways crossed all the
bison ranges and brought white hunters within easy contact of the vast herds on the plains. Then the slaughter
of extermination commenced and the Indian's staple food
began to manifestly diminish. They saw white settlers
coming in increasing numbers from the east, and concluded that they were the cause of the food supply shrink--
age, and after many council deliberations agreed upon
demanding that the "pale faces" return from whence they
came and leave the Indians in sole possession of the
plains. This of course meant a bloody and costly war
which the Dominion government was anxious to avoid,
but did not see any way to maintain its dignity and
authority, other than to send an armed force to overawe
the savages. Becoming aware of Missionary MacDougall's,exceptional acquaintance with Indian affairs the
officials applied to him for advice and decided to, act as
he thought best. He advised against military measures
as sure to bring on massacres of settlers, as had been the
case in the States, but to conciliate them by means suited
to their natures. A carte blanche having been given to
him to direct matters, he caused an invitation to be sent
to the chiefs to hold a council with Dominion government
officials at a certain rendezvous and to bring their camp




70

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

followers and families with them to enjoy a feast suited
to the occasion to continue for a week or more. Under
his directions a large tent was provided and plenty of
provisions to be distributed among the wigwams of the
tribes. The attendance of the Indians was general and
satisfactory. The feasting commenced before the council meeting which was held in the large tent, the chiefs
were placed in front of a platform upon which the government officials and the missionary sat. The chiefs were
asked to state their grievances which they all did by turn
with many words and gestures, in the presence of their
own people, as the younger braves, the squaws and the
maidens, filled up the tent behind them.
A FEARFUL WAR AVERTED BY MISSIONARY TACT.
When they had all been heard with the deference and
dignity suited to the Indian ideas of council etiquette,
the missionary addressed them in their own language as
the spokesman of the government officials then present.
He said that before the whites could decide to comply
with the Indians' wishes about leaving the country, some
conditions must be distinctly understood and agreed upon.
One was that they could take back with them the property they had brought into the Indian country.  The
chiefs unanimously signified assent to this proposition.
Then said the missionary we shall want to have you!deliver us all the rifles, knives, guns and ammunition,
which, as you know, we brought into, the country, and
wish to take with us when we go. The young braves and
ordinary warriors heard this statement and thinking that
they were about to lose all their outfit of this description,
quietly withdrew to, hide their belongings of that kind
while there was time! After this condition was amplified
at great length with many gestures the speaker next made
claim to all the blankets and sewing materials to be found
upon the persons or in the tent of each Indiar family.
To this the squaws and maidens paid strict attention and




A Pioneer Indian Missionary.

71

one by one quietly withdrew to consult as to that contingency, the general feeling being that, while the chiefs
deliberated, they had better break up the camp and flee
to the mountains to save what to them were necessities
or luxuries which could not be dispensed with. When
the missionary finished his long speech and informed the
chiefs that they could take time to deliberate and meet
in council the next day, the latter rose and looked about
to find themselves comparatively alone!  When they
reached their wigwams, their troubles with the wrathful
inmates were still greater. The council reassembled but
the war spirit of the chiefs was gone, and instead they
offered an opportunity for giving them presents which
were accepted, and treaty arrangements made, which
averted a war then most imminent, but now no longer
possible.
The tact displayed by Missionary MacDougall on that
occasion, said my informant,-a leading business man at
Edmonton-was worth more to Canada than a brigade
of soldiers and millions of money. Considering the experiences in the Riel rebellion, and that the scene of the
impending conflict was 1000 miles further from railway
connections and base of supplies, this estimate was certainly not excessive.
THE CLOSE OF, AN ACTIVE LIFE.
The particulars of the death of this noble pioneer
were also learned in Edmonton. He had been with a
party hunting buffalo on the plains for his usual winter's
food supply, and started to return to his home on horseback alone, was caught in a "blizzard," lost his way, dismounted, laid down exhausted and died. His body was
found a week or more afterward, the countenance indicating a peaceful end. Wild animals had approached and
left the mark of their teeth upon his hunting knife sheath,
but his body was untouched, which was buried by loving
hands at the mission cemetery.




72

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

Thus closed the career of one of Canada's mo-st intrepid and useful pioneers: One who feared God and
loved his fellow men, especially the natives of the forests
and of the plains. His gospel light first seen glimmering
in the hamlet at Garden river, Ontario, increased until
it illuminated the vast basins of the North and South
Saskatchewan rivers in the heart of the northwest territories.
THE LAST LINK IN THE CHAIN.
Fifty years had nearly passed since Mrs. MacDougall
came from Garden River with her flock of little children
to the "Agency" at the Sault to spend some days of rest
which her good husband was anxious she should enjoy.
As a widow she came with her eldest daughter (the
widow of Senator Hardisty before mentioned), and visited the writer at his residence in Toronto in 1901. Such
incidents as she related of the hardships endured in reaching and making a home on the banks oif the North Sas--
katchewan river would alone prove the truth of the proverb that "Truth is stranger than fiction." She gave the
parting hand grasp at the door, and was no more seen
by the writer, who afterwards had a notice of her death
at Morley not long afterwards. Thus the last link of
that missionary connection was broken!




CHAPTER VI.

CONFLICTS AND TRAGEDIES.
Prior to and during the State canal construction work
at the Sault, liquor traffic was unrestrained.by any law
and proved the source of endless trouble there, as elsewhere under like conditions. Over fifty grog shops were
said to be located along or near the main village street,
which, part of the way, was nearly parallel to the canal
reserve.
The young agent found this evil influence one of the
most serious difficulties he had to contend with, but he
stood on the vantage ground of a knowledge of its deadly
nature, and of practicing strictly temperance habits himself.
When a lad he had been employed in a village store
in New England which was situated next to an old style
tavern with a bar as its main feature, the side entrance to
which was directly across from the alley delivery door of
the large grocery department of his employers.
Being much of the time at that point, he saw who
were the most frequent visitors to the opposite doorway,
and, knowing them, was shocked to notice how many ills
including deaths hovered about their daily lives, and how
they went from bad to worse, as time passed on. He
determined to rouse attention to the curse, organized a
temperance society and enlisted a "cold water army" of
a hundred or more of the village youths. This brought
down upon him the wrath of the dealers, who threatened
the merchants employing him with large loss of trade
unless he was discharged. But the latter were in sympathy with him and resisted such interference. Then
73




74

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

came trumped up charges and perjured evidence before
a magistrate, but he held his ground and license laws
were enforced as never before. Hence on coming to the
Sault he was no novice in that line of action, and the
liquor dealers found that it was wise not to be too much
in evidence in breaking over the few safeguards by which
he sought to shield the workmen from temptation. Finding one of the dealers one day on the canal premises
mounted on a barrel and haranguing a group of the laborers with advice to join in a strike, he walked up,
charged the interloper with the offense of being a receiver of stolen goods taken from  the company, and
threatened instant arrest. The man jumped down and
"took to the woods," a spectacle which most beneficially
impressed the crowd! But unwary victims were to be
found by scores, of which two or three examples will be
given.
A WIFE'S VAIN EFFORTS.
Dennis O'Brien is the name used to designate a middle-aged Irishman who came to the Sault with a rosy
cheeked wife but no children, to be a gang foreman of
excavation. All went well for a time, but one day the
wife came to the office for a private interview with the
agent, and told him that Dennis was getting unsteady
and she thought if he could be located where he would
not be so near liquor-dens it would be the saving of him,
and of unhappiness for her. As a result of her entreaties,
Dennis was sent to the company's quarry at Drumimonds
Island, near Lake Huron, and his wife employed there as
shanty house-keeper. The discharge of their duties was
very satisfactory, and their wages advanced to a figure
at which they could save $50 or more per month (having
no board to, pay).
During the following year they came occasionally to
the Sault an ideal looking couple. He strong, manly and
warm-hearted, she affectionate, healthy and happy-constantly by his side (to keep him from falling into tempta



Conflicts and Tragedies.             7

75

tion, as she could do during the few hours of their stay
while the stone barges were being unloaded)..
Then came the time when th~e quarry work ceased, and
the couple, having drawn a nice sum in accumulated
wages, were in tempoirary boarding quarters. A *few
weeks later, the agent saw Dennis in the street in charge
of a constable with a convict ball and chain attached to
his leg. On making enquiry he learned that the poor
fellow had fallen into his old habits, that his wife had
died, his money was gone, and befing a participant in a
drunken brawl where a comrade had been killed, he was
bound olver for trial to, the next session of court and in
default of bail was allowed "jail limits" on the security
of a ball and chain!
A PRODIGAL'S INTERRUPTED RETURN.
One day the foreman -of a gang of wheelbarrow pitmen reported at the office that a young man of unusually
refined appearance had applied for work of that kind,
who was evidently not used to, it, and asking for instructions, which were given to bring the applicant with him..The agent looked him over with surprise. A handsome young man of not over 255 years but with a facc
indicating dissipation. He stated his case as being that
of a son of wealthy (unnamed) parents in Buffalo., who
had left college and had led a wild roving life for a year
or more, to the great distress of his parents. He had seen
the folly of giving full license to drinking habits as lie
had been doing, and now wanted to, play the prodigal son
act -of returning to a rich father, confessing all, and with
a parental blessing turn over a new leaf in life quite different from the past one. But he was out of money and,
scorning to bieg, would like to -earn enough to pay his
passage to Buffalo, where he was sure of a home welcome. Permission being given and shanty lodgings
a~signed, he seized a wheelbarrow and went to a place
on the "run-way" planks.
It was soon noticed that he had symptoms -of delirium




76

76      ~Reminiiscen~ces of the Saulit Canal.

tremens but of a mild form, for which the best remedy
was bodily exercise. A man was detailed to steady him
at times, and in a dayv or two h-e was doing his full share
of daily labor with an air of determination that proved
the sincerity of his intentions. Thus a couple of weeks
or more passed, when a steamer was advertised to, go
direct to Buffalo early the next morning. That day he
requested that he might have the rules as to payment of
wages susp-ended so that he might draw his wages in
advance of the regular monthly pay day and take the
steamer direct to, his parental home. The agent personally supervised this being done, and with. money in hand
to pay the fare, the young man with tears in his eyes
thanked the agent, who., with moistened eyes also., bade
him good-bye.
Next morning the latter looking out of the window at
the "Agency" saw the steamer for Buff alo. sweepý by down
the river, and fancied that he could see the nameless
young man on board.
After breakfast, as the agent was bieing conveyed to
his office, his carriage driver noticed a human body lying
in a vacant lot near by. The up-turned face was recognized as that of the young man. The surmise was, that
with money in his pocket the latent thirst was aroused,
he f ought the drink demon once more, lost, wandered off
in the chilly night to die and fill an unknown paup~er's
grave!
No illumination for the "Father's house" in, that case!
THE LAST STRAW.
The old adage that "a drowning man will catch at a
straw" is suggestive of the title to this last example.
One day the agent received a letter from ex-Chancellor
Farnsworth, of Detroit, saying that he had a very faithful man as a coachman and house servant by the namle of
Patrick D- who. was acquiring the habit of "imbibing"
too freely, an-d it was thought well by himself and friends




Conflicts and Tragedies.

77

to have him change his residence and begin life anew
elsewhere. Knowing that labor was in demand at the
Sault, Patrick had decided to go there with his family
and would present a letter of introduction which was
relied on to secure him employment.
The writer of the letter was then one of the legal
counsel of the company, and the agent of course would
treat the request with respect, although the conditions
were not to his mind. How Patrick would bear the terrible tests of the Sault surroundings was not a pleasant
query.
In due time Patrick appeared with a wife and family
of three little girls, found a dwelling place and was assigned to work mending tool handles in the carplenter
shop. All went well for a time and Patrick proved to be
a faithful workman. But one "pay day" night he became
helplessly drunk and took several days to sober up, while
loss to the company followed from other men having to
wait for their tool repairs.
Patrick was reprimanded, but on profuse promises
was reinstated-and kept straight for quite a while.
Again he went on a "spree" of longer duration, was
taken back, but warned that on a third offense his employment would end. When it came, his wife's pleadings
prevailed and a third trial was granted. That sober interval lasted longer than before but ended at last in a week's
debauch. Reinstatement was refused until one day Patrick rushed into the agent's office holding a paper in his
hand exclaiming, "Mr. Harvey, I have done it! I have
done it!"
"Done what?" was the surprised enquiry.
"Why," said Patrick, "I have put myself under an oath
never to drink again, and of course I never will! Look
at this." Sure enough there was a printed form of oath
filled in to read: "I, Patrick D-, do hereby solemnly
swear that I will never take another glass of intoxicating
drink of any kind, so help me God! Signed and acknowl



78

78      ~Rem'iniscen~ces of the Sau~lt Ccanal.

edged before me....... Dodge, a Justice of the Peace
for the County of Chippewa, State of Michigan." There
was Squire Dodge's well-known signature and the largest
kind of a seal attached. "Now," said Pat, "try me again
and there will be no, failing this time." "All right," said
the agent, "we will test this cure," and Patrick went to
work again.
Months passed by and it seemed as though Pat was a
final winner, but the holidays came round and Pat fell.
He seemed to have lost all heart and kept drinking harder
until death came, and with it, that of his wife. Word did
not come to the agent until both lives were ended. Thus
poor Patrick's "last straw" failed to save him. Three
little girls, aged about 6, 4 and 2 years respectively, were
left alone after winter had isolated the place for a long
six months. Of these the agent at once took charge,
headed a subscription paper and sent it to, the Irish workmen who responded liberally. A nurse was hired, rooms
rented, and the orphans made more comfortable than ever
before. Every Sunday they were taken by the nurse to
the church o~f their parent's faith, where most of the men
attended. The sight exerted a feeling of sympathy among
the men and -of good will to. the company officials,
although that was not counted upon at the time. A
wealthy resident of the town came forward and offered
to adopt the eldest girl and care for the others until relatives could be found. To! this the agent as their guardian
4"de facto" cordially ass~ented.
SOME SUNSHINE.
A dozen years -or miore passed when the agent, being
again at the Sault, was invited into the handsome parlor
of the adopting father. A youing lady was called into
the room., who, after executing some difficult music very
creditably on the piano, was introduced as the former
waif, and eldest child of Patrick D



CHAPTER VII.

EARNEST QUEST FOR "A BIBLE CHURCH."
In the afternoon of a long summer day in 1853,
the writer was engaged in engineering duties with his
assistant (the late L. L. Nichols) near the Lake Superior
end oif the Sault canal line., when their attenti-on was
attracted to a craft comning towards them, from the west,
the like of which with its occupants they had n~ever seen
before.
It was a large, high-sided, open boat, evidently built
by unskilled makers. It had no, sails but was propelled
by a series of long -oars on each side, passed through
openings in the sides, and with the motion of the oars
corresponded the rise and fall of a row of white objects
which bobbed up and down like jumping jacks.
On near approach, it was seen that six young men
were rowing who had on high conical shaped caps made
of white rabbit skins like those seen in pictures styled
"fool" o~r harlequin caps, which alone appeared above
the boat sides and in motion gave it a weird or ghostly
look not easily described. At the stern, an -old white man
was handling the rudder tiller, near him sat anl elderly
India woma, while on fo~rward or aft seats were young
"half breed" wom~en and children with camp utensils and
miscellaneous bundles, indicating a long voyage. The
writer commenced counting them aloud, and when he
reached 16, remarked to. his assistant, "If Jacob was now
going down into Egypt by boat, we might think he was
coming this way!"
Soon the b~oat, on nearing the ground, was brought
about so, as to land stern foremost. The old man stepped
ashore., approached the writer, rabbit skin cap in hand,
79




80

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

and surprised him with the question in rather broken
English, "Sir, can you tell me where I can find 'a Bible
church?' " There being at that time no organized church
or church edifice at Sault Ste. Marie village of the
description he evidently meant, the reply was made that
the nearest one was at the "Garden river mission"
12 miles down the river, which he would see if he kept
near to the left shore going eastward.
Glancing at the near-by rapids he enquired if his boat
could pass them safely. Upon being assured that with
the aid of a rope it could, if lightly loaded, be eased down
from a path near the edge of the water, he asked no other
questions, but seeming to, have the reaching of that
church goal solely on his mind re-entered the boat, spoke
a few words to the crew in Indian tongue and guiding
the boat to the rapids brink, the occupants disembarked,
produced a rope, and following directions soon had their
craft on the lower level, resumed their places, and rowed
rapidly out of sight as though on business requiring the
utmost dispatch!
Some days later, Missionary MacDougall, from Garden river, met the writer at the Sault and accepted an
invitation to spend a night at the "Agency." The incidents
of the enquiry for "a Bible church" was referred to after
supper, and the missionary was asked if he had seen the
strange boat and its occupants?
"Oh yes," said he, "the old man you saw landed near
my house the same day, and told me of the directions
you gave him. He then asked if there was a Bible church
in my charge-I pointed to the mission chapel as of the
kind he was seeking for. After questioning me closely,
and on being informed that a Bible was then in the pulpit
to be read and explained in public to all hearers, he became satisfied that his search was successful. He asked
permission to use a vacant lot for erecting his family
tent and additional lodges near the chapel, and to attend
religious services in it with his family.




Earnest Quest for a "Bible Church."       8

81

This request being most cordially granted. "Then,"
s-aid the missionary, "I was informed that a journey of
over two thousand miles' requiring over two years of
time, was j oyfully ended!"
"I have since learned his history from, his own lips,"
said Missionary MacDougall, "which is a most remarkable one and I can now repeat it to you, substantially as
follows:
"His name is John Sebastian, his age probably over
sixty years, but he does not know how mtuch more it may
be.- He was born on one of the Orkney Islands, north of
Scotland, and has but a faint recollection of his birth place
surroundings, as he~ was left an orphan at an early 4tge
and as a lad was, received into the service -of the Hudson
Bay Fur Company and sent on one of its vessels to the
west coast of Hudson Bay at Fort York, at the mouth of
the Nelson river. He says that the practice of that company for centuries has been to select indigent hardy
Scotch lads and send them to the vast wilds of northern
Canada to become expert trappers, and by encouraging
them to marry Indian wives and raise families to attach
them to certain localities or districts for life, where they
proved most valuable retainers or semi-official agents in
training the native Indians to rely upon catching furs and
dealing with the company for subsistence.
"To this, life he was introduced, was sent to a remote
district far in the interior, presumlably in the Mackenzie
or North Saskatchewan river basins, and in the' ordinary
course of events selected an Indian wife and became the
father of a numerous family.
"One of the rules of the fur company was that their
high grade trapp~ers, like himself, were to sign enlistment
papers for a term of five years at a head office of the
district before a chief factor. If during that term, they
left their districts without p~ermission they were liable
to be apprehended and forcibly sent back with heavy fines
i,mposed for neglect of their vocation. When the time of




82

82      Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

enlistment came -near the close of a suiccessful term they
were treated with special attention. by the post officers,
their families were invited to come with th~em and trade
freely, jollity, feasting and drinking were in order until
the renewal enlistment papers were signed and a new five
years life -of exposure and hardship entered upon.. In
dealing with the company no money was used. The unit
of value was a beaver skin -of average quality. A certain
number of various inferior skins, like musk-rats and rabbits, were worth a beaver skin. On the other hand, a silver grey fox pelt was worth so. many beavers, and so, on.
The representative emblem or check for a beaver skin was
a peculiar water marked goose quill made in London,
which could not be counterfeited in that country. Hence
when a trapper's furs were brought to. the post, inspected,
and tallied off, he received so many goose quills. These
he took to. the company's stores where he co~uld exchange
them for ammunition, clothing, food supplies or fancy
articles, of merchandise, as he chose. In case he did not
come annually he could send his furs which were credited
to him on account against articles bartered for. His recollection, is, that he made at least eight of these quinquennial or enlistment trips to Norway House or Fort York
before the one in which he found an itinerant Methodist
preacher or missionary holding religious services near by.
One of these he attended and at once the long slumbering memories of his native heath were revived. He recalled going to the rude rustic kirk on his native island a
few times, hearing hymns sung, the Bible read, and
prayers offered up to God. He had never learned to. read,
and hence had made no progress in supplementing memory by written records, or in keeping pace with a knowledge of the world's conditions or advancement. But thent
a new impulse was given him with the longings to, commence life over again. Instead of feasting- and drinking
during his short stay at the company's post, he plied the
preacher with questions, learned about the existence of




Earnest Quest for a "Bible Church."

83

the Bible as the word of God, about prayer as a means of
spiritual intercourse with Him, and of the appointment
of one day in seven as a day of physical rest and religious
worship. On parting, the preacher gave him a four paged
tract which he could not read. But on his return to his
hunting camp, he set to work to learn to read from its
letters, and by patient perseverance went -over it until he
mastered the words and then the sense, and could at the
end of five years read it understandingly. Meantime he
observed every seventh day as one of rest, and selected a
clump of trees where he-unbeknown to his family--
went regularly on those days to pray. There he believed
God met him and granted him such spiritual knowledge
that he was able to accept a free pardon for the past, and
was filled with joy and peace, or-in other words-became converted and regenerated. He looked forward to
the time when he could receive further instruction on his
return to the post, but there was no preacher there and
his heart sank within him. He learned, however, that
hundreds olf miles southward there was a land where
Bibles and churches were to be found, but how to get
there was apparently an impossibility. Again he enlisted
and re-entered on five years of isolated life. Gradually
he made up his mind to make a supreme effo~rt to reach
that Bible land. He discussed the matter with his wife
and his sons and their wives, to whom grandchildren
were born, and they all agreed to go with him except one
daughter who had married an Indian who would not go,
or let her, and they were left behind.
"Again the company's post was visited and supplies
exchanged for furs, but this time he declined to, re-enlist,
notwithstanding the most urgent solicitations of the company agents to do so.
"Returning as far as Lake Winnipeg he turned south,
and by hunting and fishing on the way did, not lack for
food. He followed the lake, it would seem, until he
reached the Winnipeg river, and ascended that to. 'the




84

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

Lake of the Woods,' when winter caused him to go into
winter quarters. The next spring he started, and following river courses ascended Rainy river to Rainy Lake,
crossed the short polrtage to the head waters of the Kaministikwia river, and followed that down to its mouth at
Lake Superior.
"He had then traversed nearly two thousand miles by
a circuitous route from his interior camp. and could make
his way with comparative safety in ordinary frail canoes,
but on the broad deep waters of the greatest of lakes
further progress with them became dangerous. He could
proceed by inside channels to the vicinity of the Nipigon
on Pic rivers but then the broad expanse of Lake Superior could not be avoided. There he spent the second winter near a Hudson Bay Co. post, where he could obtain
nails and tools to some extent. There he built the odd
appearing boat first mentioned, and clothed the family in
rabbit skin garments, including the conical caps which
looked like sea gulls fluttering in the sun in full possession of the boat on that midsummer afternoon!
"Thus he arrived at the Sault, and set his foot on the
soil of a country he did not even know the name of when
enquiring only for 'a Bible church!' "
Thus far the narrative reported by the good missionary.
It made at the time a deep impression on the hearer,
who was a witness to, the truth of a part of it.
Not long afterward, the writer had a business call to
"Church's Landing," near the McDougall mission, and
there met John Sebastian once more. Inviiting him to a seat
on a near-by log, the writer asked him about the incidents
mentioned in the missionary's report of his experiences,
especially referring to the tract and the statement that
he had learned to read by studying without a teacher.
"That is the fact," said Sebastian, "and if you wish I
will show you the tract." He went to his canoe, crossed
the river, and returning placed it in my hands. It was




Earnest Quest for a "Bible Church."

85

an ordinary four-page leaflet, printed in London, England, fo~r a missionary society. It has been a matter of
regret to me in after years that I did not make a written
memorandum of its contents at the time, or enquire if
the gift of a larger volume would be deemed by him a
sufficient inducement to part with it, that it might be
exhibited as proof of what a "mustard seed" like that
might grow to!
The writer's present recollection is that it was a simple
exposition upon a scripture text, with an impression that
the latter was Matt. 11:28-30: "Come unto, me," etc..
but of this he is not certain.
He told me of his two years journeyings to reach
religious instruction in a "Bible church," and that he
had at last found one just suited to his needs. He related some very interesting  incidents of his journey,
including some temptations to abandon it which came in
his way, but brevity forbids repeating them.
A digression will here be made to state that when
John Seblastian enquired at the Sault for "a Bible
church," there was none of the description he had in
mind. Steps were being then taken, however, to. build
a modest edifice in the Presbyterian connection which is
still standing on the spot where erected, although now
superseded after fifty years of use by a more modern
and capacious one of that religious denomination, while
others have added several attractive church edifices. But
as evidence of the marvelous national growth in the last
half of the 19th century, it can be stated that when that
pioneer church was built in 1853-4 it was the only simi-.
lar one in the northern zone west of Lake Michigan---
which was then termed the "northwest" section of the
United States (except possibly the first one built in the
new village of St. Paul, in the then Territory of Minnesota, which antedated 'it, if at all, by only a few weeks,
but is no longer in existence).




86         Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.
The frst baptisms that took place M' it was that of
John Sebastian, his wife, children, and grandchildren.
Missionary McDougall advised that they should be
received into, that church, and officiated at the service.
Employment was provided for the patriarch for a
time at the Sault, where he died not long afterward, when
the writer was residing in a distant part of the country.
Over forty years after that memorable baptismal
scene, which the writer witnessed, he visited the Sault
and attended a Sabbath service in the same church edifice and audience room.   When   enquiring  after the
Sebastian family, he was informed that the very credit-,able music then rendered by the choir was in part due
to the skill of the organist who was a granddaughter of
John Sebastian!




CHAPTER VIII.

FRAGMENTARY EPISODES.
HURRICANE PHENOMENA.
As -examples of the terrific force which atmospheric
pressure can develop, the following instances at the Sault
will be mentioned:
The writer was sleeping in one of the "wings" of the
"Agency" on or about April 1st, 1854, when he was
awakened at half past one o'clock in the morning by the
falling of the brick chimney upon the roof overhead. On
opening a window to ascertain the cause of the crash, he
found that a thunder storm was raging without, accom.panied by electrical flashes so intense and continuous th~at
his sight was blinded, and his eyes did not entirely recover
from the strain upon them: for- several weeks.
The next morning he went throuigohthe village to
witness marvelous effects, of which the following will be
mentioned:
The tornado camle from the west and was reported to
have torn a swath through the forests south of Lake
Superior for a hundred or more miles until it emerged
at the river above the rapids. There it encountered the
800-ton side-wheel steamer, Sam Ward, which lay in its
winter berth alongside a wharf, to the heavy oak timbers
of which it was fastened with two anchor chains. The
wind caused the timbers to, be broken and shoved the
steamer up the inclined banks, leaving it several hundred
feet beyond the water line! The owners had a large
force employed for weeks in hauling it back to the place
from which it started. A. singular feature in the case
was that while its heavy iron "smoke atack" was twisted
87




88

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

off, its light cabin, frame work and window lights were
not wrecked, a condition certainly quite inexplainable.
On the beach near by was a large "York boat" or
"batteaux" of perhaps thirty tons capacity, laid up for
the winter. The wind raised this and carried it over a
field on which small timber had been cut, leaving the
stumps to act like a nutmeg grater. Each one took a
piece from the boat until nothing remained but the gunwale frame which was dropped whole at the end o'f the
lot as a proof of former existence!
Midway, facing the village street, stood a large twostory tavern. This had its roof raised, carried a half
mile and dropped in the middle of the river below the
rapids without a shingle falling by the way. The writer
loaned the owner some vessel mainsails to. cover the
lower stories until a new roof could be provided. The
ground sections were not materially impaired. Several
dwellings were wrecked and occupants in some cases had
their limbs broken in bed by falling debris.
The little church, elsewhere mentioned, was raised,
moved a few inches on its foundations, and dropped with
such force as to give the shattered plastering the appearance of fish scales, but not otherwise injured.
On the lower level river docks bundles of iron rods
were lifted and carried a score of feet or more.
The storm was reported to have unroofed a settler's
house on St. Joseph Island, taken a bed up with children
sleeping on it and dropped them in a pasture uninjured.
At seven o'clock that morning a building on the shores
of Lake Ontario, between Hamilton and Toronto,, was
mentioned in the local newspapers as having been demolished by a storm which disappeared on the lake beyond.
This was presumably the one that made havoc at the Sault
and traversed the 350 miles of air line distance at a
speed averaging over 70 miles per hour.




Fragmentary Episodes.

89

AN IMPORTANT SAFE REFUGE.
One guarantee of order at the Sault, fifty years ago,
was the presence o-f a United States garrison at old Fort
Brady, as the following incident in the case of a civil
officer, needing a refuge, illustrated.
A young Irishman in the canal forces had indulged in
liquor drinking to excess and was discharged. This was
followed by more indulgence and in a frenzied condition
he met the agent on the canal reserve mounted on his
favorite mouse-colored pony, elsewhere mentioned.
The madman. seized the horse-bridle and began a
wordy abuse of the rider. The latter's first impulse was
to draw back his heavy riding boot and with a blow from
it lay the interloper low, but when he saw the blade of
a long knife projecting from the latter's side pocket and
his hand reaching for it, wisely slipped down from the
saddle, walked to the town justice's office and had a warrant issued for the offender with delivery toa constable.
Meanwhile, the former led the pony into a near-by liquor
shop and in bravado style proposed to, pawn it for drinks
for the crowd. While a general laugh was going round,
the constable appeared with a warrant, the young man
made a dash for the back yard with the officer after him,
pistol in hand, which was fired (by accident, as the latter
claimed), but the bullet killed the fugitive on the spot.
When news reached the canal work "run-ways," the
Irishmen, to whom the victim was well-known, dropped
their shovels and flocked to the fatal spot and began a
search for the constable. He dodged about until com--
pelled to leave cover, and make a run for the Fort. When
seen on the street a rush was made for him and for a half
mile or more he was running for life with hundreds in
pursuit. He gained the p-allisades gate, the sentry shut
it after him, and ordered the crowd to halt outside. As
the garrison appeared on the ground, the pursuers sullenly retired.
The excitement gradually subsided, no inquest was




90

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

held, the agent paid for the constable's rations at the garrison until he could leave quietly and take passage on a
steamer for "parts unknown."
A LAW ENFORCING JUDGE.
Such was a proper complimentary title for Judge
Daniel Goodwin, who, while a resident in the city of
Detroit, was the circuit judge of the State supreme
court for the entire upper peninsula-then one judicial
district with summer terms only-held in succession at
the several county court towns.
A small sized man of quiet personal carriage, he was
a terror to evil doers as his sentences were impartial and
usually maximum rather than minimum in penalties.
A PECULIAR EXAMPLE.
The State prosecuting attorney for Chippewa county,
including the "Sault," was about that time a "roystering"
young man highly impressed with his official importance,
a convivial expert and notoriously licentious.
A married night watchman, when absent on vocation
duties, found occasion to object to frequent visits at his
house, but the official, not at all abashed, assumed to
threaten the husband with legal penalties for creating
social disturbances! The scandal attracted the attention
of third parties by whose advice the husband had the
attorney brought into court. A change of venue to Ontonagon county was obtained and the trial took place
there. On the steamer passing from the Sault, the attorney, who had a seat next to the judge at the cabin table,
kept up a lively conversation, cracked jokes freely and
was very jaunty in style, evidently anticipating an acquittal or a mistrial. In due course the jury brought in a
verdict of guilty, the judge promptly sentenced him to
a long term in the State's prison, and on the steamer's
return voyage he was-not allowed in the main cabin, but
took his meals with the deck hands, and had shackles in
restraint of personal freedom to such extent as the sher



Fragmentary Episodes.

91

iff's deputy thought necessary to insure a delivery at
Jackson (prison).
Such examples were appreciated by the vicious ele--
ment in the communities and    law  and  order were
respected accordingly.
A NARROW ESCAPE.
Mr. F.     was a carpenter and dealer in lurmber in
a small way at the Sault from whom some boards were
taken for the company's use, before the price was fixed.
When his claim was presented the agent reduced the
price. The carpenter insisted upon his own valuation and
made threats which finally took the form of accusing the
agent of stealing the property, followed by a criminal
suit against him on that charge, with a sworn affidavit
on oath supporting the allegation.
The case came before Judge Goodwin, who, dismissed
the charge as groundless, but the carpenter rather gloried
in the annoyance the affair had caused the agent, by loss
of time and enforced attendance in court. The latter, to
even up that score, had the carpenter arrested on the
charge of perjury, and the judge ordered the trial to
proceed the next day.
On reflection the defendant soon realized that he was
in a serious predicament. If found guilty of a false oath
which he had petulantly made, the judge would have the
power to sentence him to a long term of imprisonment
and would be likely to exercise it, which would ruin his
prospects for life. He lost little time in finding whether
the agent was disposed to, be vindictive, was relieved from
terrible suspense to hear him say that he considered the
occurrence as the result of a hasty impulse, by a usually
well-intentioned man, and would be ready, on request, to
so state to the court, and ask that further proceedings be
dismissed without costs. This was ratified in court after
the judge had made some remarks on the danger of the
sanctity of oaths being lightly esteemed.




92

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

A number of years afterward, the agent was walking
in a street of an eastern city when a man on the opposite
side espied him, hurried across and grasped his hand.
"Don't you remember me?" said he, "I am the man who
made a fool of myself at the Sault in trying to spite you;
and you helped me out of a bad scrape. If I can ever
return a favor to you, don't fail to call on me!"
LOCAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS.
The Sault settlement, although the oldest on the continent west of Mlontreal, had not thriven industrially or
socially, as at the commencement of the second half of
the nineteenth century it had no outlying farms to support population or trade, no roads except the main village
street, the nearest settlements were on the island of Mackinac, sixty miles southwards, and at Marquette, one hundred and sixty miles west. It was completely isolated
each year by the close of navigation for nearly six
months, or from about the middle of November to middle
of May. Its fixed population (not counting the garrison) was less than 500, of whom a majority were Indians
and "half-breeds" with a sprinkling of white families
among them.
The most important residents were the doctor, the
editor and publisher of the weekly paper (the only one
north of Saginaw) and a recently arrived warehouseman and land speculator. These formed a sort of barroom-cabal which expected to have individually or collectively a potent voice in every matter of importance in
the settlement.
When the canal work commenced, and the young
agent took charge of it, they did not like his anti-bar
attitude, but might have condoned that if they found
financial results satisfactory.  Their individual experiences were however quite the reverse. Doctor Mcommenced professional life as a blacksmith, but adopted
the medical profession when scientific examinations were




Fragmentary Episodes.

93

not legally required. He had one specific for nearly all
diseases, which was "calomel and jalap" in varied proportions.    He was an expert checker player and, being
the -only medical man in the village, was accusto-med to
have patients wait for him. to. finish a game previously
commenced.       Therefore, when       a messenger came        from
the canal office asking him     to give attention to a workman
with a broken leg, and he had just commenced a game
of checkers, he sent a dose of calomel and jalap by the
messenger, with      directions to    the injured    man to take
that and wait his arrival after he had finished the game
he was then      engaged    in.   It was to him     a disquieting
episode that he was never sent for again, a non-resident
physician was soon induced to come there as the regular
medical attendant at a liberal monthly salary, and a
young surgeon from Canada was also patronized.*
Dr. IVI       became convinced that the canal work was
being mismanaged, and made his opinions loudly known
on the street and in the bar-rooms.
Editor B. was the local receiver of land sales revenues
for the United States.      The agent deposited moneys with
him, but when a considerable shortage remained unprovided for and a plot was disclosed to make fraudulent
claims upon     the construction     company, the      agent suspended relations with him and advised the directors of
the cause. His weekly newspaper then began printing
doleful accounts of the agent and of the canal progress.
*In connection with the local medical conditions the following incident
will be added:
A young man named Saxton, from lower Michigan, obtained the position
of a foreman on the work and brought his wife to the Sault. She became
ill and seemed to be fading out of life with a slow fever. She longed for
cold liquids but the doctor (recently appointed) did not allow their use. The
distressed husband informed the agent, and he went to see her. Her face was
as white as the pillow it rested on and her voice was reduced to a whisper.
When asked what could be done for her. she murrmured "ice cream."  The
agent returned to the office and summoned the doctor.  "Can the woman
live?" was asked  "Oh, no," was the reply, "opiates are being given to
reduce the pain until the end comes. What she wants will only increase her
distress."  "Well," said the agent, "if she is to die anyway she may as
well die happy by having what she wants."  Word was sent to the sick
woman that ice cream would arrive, and to the housekeeper at the "Agency"
to make it and take to her. When it arrived she clutched the pitcher and
would not let it co until she had finished the contents, then fell into a quiet
sleep. Her continued longings for ice cream were also satisfied and a speedy
and complete recovery of health was the final result!




94

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

The third member of the cabal was Mr. W., who was
the recent purchaser of a warehouse on the river's front
which he wanted the company to hire at an exorbitant
rental, and when the agent declined to rent it, his indignation was most pronounced, and his predictions of a
woeful finale to the canal construction operations were
made known without reserve.   When navigation had
closed, these aggrieved parties met in conclave with the
result of at least keeping the village rumors circulating
at a lively rate.
Coal not being procurable in those days, a large
amount of cord wood for the fifty shanties and otherwise
was a necessity. A section of hard wood land was found
near by, a shanty erected thereon, roads cut out to and
through it, some forty men employed there as wood choppers; while with the advent of snow a large number of
teams and sleds commenced moving thousands of cords
of the wood to the canal premises.
The cabal before indicated discovered that the new
road crossed a tract of purchasable State swamp land
and it was forthwith applied for in W.'s name. Then
a written notice was sent to the agent forbidding the use
of the road across it, expecting that terms would be
humbly sought for, when a heavy bonus would be in
order. Of course the notice was announced and discussed about town and developments awaited. But no
reply came, and the wood teams jogged along over the
route as before. After prolonged consultations the cabal
decided upon extreme measures. A number of French
"habitants" or "half-breeds" were hired in Canada and
set at work by night to chop down trees and have them
fall so as to block all passing over the road. Word came
to the agent and orders were sent back to the wooldchopper-gang to clear out the obstruction, which was done
during the day, and the next morning business went on
as usual. The cabal at its next bar-room  conference
decided to increase the obstructing force and have it work




Fragmentary Episodes.

95

by daylight in vindication of legal rights to their landed
property.  But 'when the new operations,commenced,
ominous sounds were heard in the distance followed by
the appearance of the wood-choppers corps in military
rank and file, axes on shoulder with the cook in front
beating a large metal kettle slung from his neck, evidently
considering himself equal to the functions of a brass
band! When the Canadian forces were sighted, wild
yells, outdoing Camanche Indians, reverberated through
the woods, while the choppers brandishing their axes as
tomahawks made a rush for the Canadians, when the
latter turned and fled to, the ice covered river, nor stopped
until its northern shores were reached in safety. All
propositions to induce them to return were found to, be
fruitless!
The cabal discussed the situation and decided that
such "trampling on the rights of American citizens" must
not be longer tolerated, and as injunctions were at that
season obtainable only at Detroit and beyond reach, the
agent must be held personally responsible. Mr. W. procured a brace of old-fashioned horse pistols, loaded the
same in the crowded bar-room and announced that if
trespassing on his property continued for three days
longer by "the official instigator of the outrages," his
blood would be shed, and justice, if not law, vindicated!
Excitement in the village was, if possible, increased. The
agent had a call from the clergyman whose ministrations
he attended,, to urge his coming to an understanding with
the malcontents on the ground that his life was too valuable to be jeopardized in such a matter.
The last night of the three days of grace found the
cabal in session at the -  House. W. with his pistols
was there and also many -eager onlookers.
Suddenly the door opened with a slam and Foreman
Saxton entered dressed in the extreme of Texan cow-boy
style-pants tucked into. his boots--wearing a sombrero
hat, a red flannel shirt, a broad belt wherein were two




96

96      Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

pairs of p~istols and a couple of long "bowie knives."i
With waving arms Saxton shouted that word had been
passed around among the canal gangs that some of thle
villagers were talking about a fight with them, and a
man named W. was to be a leader of the fray. The
gangs were at first disposed to, come in a body and join
in a first-class "bout," but it was finally decided; that as
they would not know when, or where to stop, "a single
combat" was better, and he was chosen to represent them.
He did not know W. personally, but had heard him described as a white livered sneaking sort of a "cuss" and
hie would give any of those present five dollars to point
him out and guarantee that he would stand up like a
man and fight to the death with either pistols or bowie
knives!1 A hush fell over the crowd. No one had a word
to say, and after swaggering about in theatrical style
Saxton departed to visit the b ar-room of the other hotel,
ostensibly to seek W. there. On the bandit's departure,
W. hastily took his pistols to, his room and the same were
seen no more. The meetings were discontinued, the subject dropped, and the cord wood teams finished the season's work in good time.
But the newspaper's unfavorable reports were widely
quoted by the outside press and of course attracted the
attention of the Canal Construction Company directors
residing in the Eastern States. A meeting was held and
a committee of three appointed to, investigate matters at
the Sault, at the opening of navigation. They came and
were delighted to find the reports. utterly unfounded.
The work was proceeding with the utmost order and
energy, and marvelous progress had been made. Spontaneously they addressed a letter to the agent in the handwriting of Mr. J. W. Brooks, then general manager and
chi-ef -engineer of the Michigan Central Railroad, which
is before the compilers at this writing and a transcript is
inserted as a marginal note;* while a photo fac simile
of the original will be found on following page.







+t  F o 1 lir, ut  (~lr.4"./ X, 4',
-7 -'f-4
".0 cs
~c
IX  44;I 2 A
7          /     CCj;~
&   -~-~--- -~  4g~  "~--~~~(--41c.......41




Fragmentary Episodes.               97
The directors' letter referred to has been preserved, and
is of such an extraordinary character that a facsimile photo
has been made and printed on the opposite leaf, the two
pages in the original being made into one in the copy. The
special reference to the canal is emphasized in the copy but
not in the original.
S. M. F. S. Canal Company's Office,
Sault Ste. Marie, June 8, 1854.
Charles T. Harvey, Esq.,
Dear Sir-We have been here upon the work of the canal
now something over a week, having investigated the progress
which has been made in its construction as well as the
manner of keeping the accounts, etc. We think it is but just
to yourself and we assure you it is very gratifying to us to
place in your hands some written evidence of our views upon
the conduct of this enterprise.
We feel that the public and even not a member of our
Board have any just appreciation of the difficulties surrounding the execution of so great a work in a locality so remote
from everything requisite to its progress. We feel that in
consideration of the difficulties presented the progress has
been such as to show much energy and perseverance in its
execution.
It is gratifying to us to know that your integrity of purpose and action is far above the reach of those whose praise
we should deplore, and that it is appreciated by a large circle
of intelligent citizens here as well as among the stockholders
of our company who are also indebted to you for the success
secured by your promptness in the selection of their very
valuable mineral lands.
We will simply close by a cordial approval of your work
thus far and congratulate you upon the success under very
great difficulties with which the work has been so far conducted. We are        Very respectfully yours,
J. W. BROOKS,
ERASTUS FAIRBANKS,
JOHN F. SEYMOUR.




98

98Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

The reference to the cabal 'is especially noticeable. While
quartered at the "Agency" the occurrences herein recited
were rehearsed to) their great amusement, as also some
other more comical collateral incidents of which brevity
forbids suitable Mention.
A needed spring vacation was taken by the agent
during which he made a short call upon his aged parents
in New England. The pained expression on the face of
his mother on greeting him, and her request that he
would give her full particulars of the disasters he had
experienced during the winter, that she might sympathize
more fully with him, led to the discovery that B. had
obtained her address and was sending her gratis copies
of the Sault newspaper containing slurs upon her son,
and lies about the progress of the work!
AFTERMATH.
Time's subsequent kaleidoscopic changes in the personal relations and conditions of some of those hereinbefore mentioned deserves brief mention. The agent,
after the completion of the canal, took charge of the company's lands which he selected for it in the upper peninsula with an office at Marquette. A few years later he
resigned that position to act as engineer of the first mail
road to Lake Superior from the south, of which he was
the constructor under an arrangement with the United
States government; was also projector, promoter, and
engineer of the first railroad to reach Lake Superior from
any direction and which is now a division of the Chicago
& Northwestern Railway. Through his efforts at Washington, nearly four millions of acres of land was donated
by congress for that and other railways in Michigan. In
1864 he changed his residence to New York-State, with
an office in New York city, while engaged in various
engineering undertakings. In 1895 he made a tour in
Canada which led to his engaging in engineering matters
and removing a year or two later to Toronto, where he is




CHARLES T. HARVEY.
1884.







CHARLES T. HARVEY.
1904.




Fragmentary Episodes.

99

at present domiciled and in active exercise of his profession as a railway promoter and engineer. Of the cabal
trio, Doctor M. retired into obscurity, leaving no available
annals for present reference. Editor B. took a downward
course. His paper changed hands. He left the Sault
under a cloud, lived in very straightened circumstances
at Detour on the Sault river, near Lake Huron, for a
time, and later removed to Ohio. Speculator W. left
the Sault soon after the canal was completed, and led a
very checquered life. At one time reported as making
large profits in promoting bank charters in Canada, at
another as being a prominent negotiator of French capital for investment in the United  States, occasionally
attending levees of the Emperor in court dress, including
knee breeches and a side sword! One day in the "eighties" the ex-agent, when walking near his office, then on
Broadway, New York city, was surprised by being accosted by a man in the garb of a tramp with ragged
clothes and broken shoes whom he recognized as W.
formerly of the Sault. When told by the latter that he
had not had food for two days, he took him to a near-by
restaurant and gave him a turkey dinner while hearing of
his latest run of "bad luck" as he termed it.
Afterwards he was a frequent visitor at theex-agent's
office who aided him in resuming a "presentable" appearance, and also in starting a book agency business in a
small way-which however did not prove a success. He
found other friends, but failing eyesight required an attendant to lead him about for a time until his decease
occurred a few months later.




CHAPTER IX.

ONE   OF   "NATURE'S     NOBLEMEN"
UNEXPECTEDLY DISCOVERED.
When construction operations on the canal at the
Sault, in 1853, were under way and working smoothly,
I looked over to the Canadian side of the river with curiosity to discover what there might be of interest there.
Aside from an unoccupied substantial stone dwelling
house about opposite the "Agency" there was not a building in sight* until the.eye rested on the formidable Hudson Bay Fur Company's fort at the bend of th-e river,
where the immense pulp and paper mills now stand.
The fort occupied a couple of acres or more, enclosed
by a high pallisade barrier and with stone and timber
overhanging bastions or block houses at the corners (one
of which is still preserved, and a photo is inserted on opposite page), with loop. holes for muskets or other firearm defense on the same plan as the original Fort Brady
on the Michigan side then occupied by a garrison    of
United States regulars.
Inside the stockade was the chief factor's residence,
the retail store, the large store houses and clerks' or retainers' quarters.
On enquiring about the personnel of the fur company's
employees, I was told that the agent, styled the "chief
factor," was a Mr. James Hargreave, who, ruled the
"post" in an autocratic way, that he was very austere in
appearance, brusque in his manner, and did not take
kindly to. "Yankee" visitors, who had learned to avoid
him, and some called him a "bear."
*The river bank on the Canadian side was lined with a dense thicket of
alder bushes and small evergreen trees, which hid the few "half-breed's"
one-story houses, on what is now the main street, from sight on the other
side of the St. Mary's river.
~100




r

0
0
ý71
(D
CD O
rD
o Co
all 0
Co
c-1
(Do
eD0
P-n
C+
CD
0,0
'O
0)
CL
F0--
00
CD
0-o
1ý C-t0- 0
9 -0
80
aC
reD
cn 0
0c
So
SC+
o
(O
00
DOO

__







One of "Nature's Noblemen" Discovered.

101

This reputation increased my desire to see him and
judge for myself, so one day I had the canal company
tug land me at the Hudson Bay Company dock and wait
while I proceeded to inspect the fort and its residents.
On knocking at the door of what was evidently the main
residence, a maid appeared from whom I learned that the
"chief factor" was within, and I was ushered into, a spacious reception room. Soon the opposite door opened and
the chief appeared. He certainly has not been misrepresented, was my inner thought as I scanned his figure and
facial profile. A heavy broad shouldered man of medium
height, about fifty years old-a broad face, shaggy eyebrows, deep set eyes and a heavy head of hair, standing
straight up like a bear's, made him look the reverse of
jovial! Without offering me his hand or a chair when
I arose, I opened conversation by saying, "My name is
Harvey. I am the general agent of the construction company which has commenced the work of building the ship
canal on the other side of the Falls, and am also land
agent of the State of Michigan, to act for it with the
United States government. I have noticed your formidable fortification, and learning that you were the chief
factor of the great Hudson Bay Fur Company, which
seems to be almost the sole occupant on this side, it
seemed that as we are about equal in rank, we ought to
know each other, and finding that I am the youngest, it
seems proper that I should show due deference by being
the first to make a formal official call." I then extended
my hand, and in turn was asked to take a seat. Conversation followed, and I soon found that I was meeting a
very intelligent and well bred gentleman. After a time
he rang a bell, and on a servant's responding he said, as
near as recollection serves, "Take this key, go to the
inner wine closet and bring me the bottle in the padded
wicker basket, with small glasses." While the messenger
was absent, he said: "Mr. Harvey, I will frankly say
that I feel much gratified by the compliment you have




102

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

paid me in calling as you have, and I will show my appreciation by asking you to drink to the health of the
Queen in some Madeira wine that has nearly two centuries of age and cannot be matched in quality in your
country I presume, or anywhere else except in the vaults
of the chief offices of this ancient corporation. It was
purchased and stored soon after this company was chartered by King Charles the Second, about 1670-5. A bottle or two is sometimes sent from London to, the officers
of my rank, and I will now do what I have never done
before to any of your countrymen, as a mark of esteem
for yourself personally-ask you to join me in a glass
of what our company's officials call 'King Charles Madeira.' " Upon this he filled my glass and, raising his
own, waited my response. He little surmised the conflict going on in my brain, which culminated in my stammering out the words, "I will have to ask you to excuse
me!"
The look of amazement as he replaced his glass on
the table, and then of rising anger-which made his face
look like a thunder cloud-and with the swelling veins,
was suggestive of apoplexy! As he remained speechless he impressed me with the feeling that whatever was
to be said to allay a storm must be uttered instantly, and
I broke the silence by saying: "My dear sir, I beg that
you will allow me to explain my position briefly thus:
First, I am almost morbidly sensitive on the subject of
'temperance, I joined a total abstinence society in my
"teens' when moved by the matchless eloquence of that
temperance apostle, John B. Gough, and have re-signed
-the pledge whenever a new society or meeting came my
way, until I think in some nine or ten instances I have
passed my word of honor not to, use wine as a beverage.
Secondly, if I had not become thus bound, I should do
the same as a protest against the frauds going on in my
country in spurious wines and liquors of all kinds, which
you on this side do not have to look out for to the same




One of "Nature's Noblemen" Discovered.

103

extent, probably. But, beyond this, I have to set my
face as a flint in that regard because I am in control of
about 2,000 men who are in daily temptation from scores
of grog shops with their deadly liquor fumes almost
under their noses while at work. They all know that I
am a teetotaller-and hold all deviations from that line
to be the subject of strict discipline-and am thus able
to maintain a fair degree of order, which if I should set
an example of indulgence would open the gates of a local
hell. Hence it is a principle that impels me-not a lack
of appreciation of your courtesy."
During these remarks I could see that his features
gradually relaxed their tension. For a minute or two
after my words ceased he did not speak, then raising his
hand and bringing it down on the table with a force that
imperiled the glassware thereon, he exclaimed: "Young
man, you are right! You are right! Your adhesion to
your principles I admire, and heartily approve. Don't
change them!   But," he added, after a pause, "I hope
that we may not be prevented from drinking to the health
of the Queen after all-would you object to doing so over
a glass of raspberry 'shrub'?" "Oh, no," I replied, "I
am not pledged against that." The servant was recalled,
the bottle of wine removed, and one of raspberry juice
(called "shrub" thereabouts) was substituted. We then
touched glasses, and-the crisis was passed! His wife,
a Scottish lady, was called in and with a bevy of small
children introduced. A cordial leave-taking took place,
with an assurance that my call would be returned. When
the long winter days came round, Mr. Hargreave accepted my invitation to spend a week or two at the
"Agency," and brought wife and children with him. It
was hard to decide which of us enjoyed those social hours
the most. Neither of us played cards, but a game of
chess we both enjoyed.
In conversation he proved to be very entertaining. He
was well posted in history and kept abreast of the times




104

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

in literature, but there was one topic to which he had
given special attention, namely heredity. He considered
that certain races of men owed their pre-eminence to
qualities of blood transmitted from one generation to
another, and the purer the strain the higher the grade of
excellence would become. On his pinnacle stood the
Scotchmen! Next came Englishmen, and the hope for
the Yankees, like myself, was our ability to trace back our
lineage to one of those races. When he was informed
that my mother's name was Selden, the granddaughter
of the "Continental" colonel who, raised the first regiment
in New England that joined Washington's army, and who
commanded at the only battle fought within the original
limits of New York city, where, in the vicinity of Twentythird street and Third avenue, his regiment blocked the
advance of the British forces-over twenty times more
in number-until Washington, Putnam, and other generals had time to escape capture via the North river road
and Kings bridge-that Colonel Selden was captured, as
inevitable, but his captors admired his bravery so much
that when he died of his wounds they accorded him the
almost unprecedented honor to a "rebel" of giving him
a military funeral, with full honors, as if he had been in
their own ranks; also that some of the same blood was
in my veins as in the Dudleys and Spencers who were
then on the list of peerages in England, all doubts in his
mind of my ultimate salvation, so far as heredity was
concerned, were dispelled, and to him. I became more like
a blood relative than an adopted son! All reserve was
cast aside, while I regarded him as one of the most noble
minded and loveable men I ever met.
As corporation agents, we transacted considerable
business. The Hudson Bay Company posts on the north
shore of Lake Superior then carried on fishing operations,
and my commissary purchases of salted fish from that
source, through him, amounted to hundreds of barrels.
But woe to the stranger who was not dignified and punc






JAMES HARGREAVE.
Chief Factor Hudson Bay Company.




One of "Nature's Noblemen" Discovered.

105

tilious in his presence! One time, when calling to see
him, a governor of one of the States went with me; when
introduced, the governor said, "Ah, yes, glad to see youwhere were you raised?"  "Sir," said the chief factor,
straightening up, and with an air suited to the inside of a
refrigerator, "I was born in Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, and have performed my official duties in Canada."
The governor felt as though something had "hit" him,
but what he did not surmise!
The chief factor shortly after said to) me in an undertone, "In Scotland we raise cattle, but children and men
we educate."  The following year he received leave of
absence and took his family to Scotland. While there
his wife died. In writing to me of the sad event he
asked me to indite an obituary notice of her, for publication in her native place, which of course I did. Then
came a letter saying that he had found a book of the
famous John Selden (esteemed the most learned man of
his time) with his autograph on the title page, who he
presumed was of the same family as my mother's ancestors of that name, and would therefore be specially prized
by me, and to give an additional interest, he had sent the
book by the Hudson Bay Company vessel to, Fort York
with instructions to have it go overland to Fort Garry
(now the city of Winnipeg) and thence to my address.
The volume came safely, and was of course of great
intrinsic value, and highly prized by me, but was destroyed by fire in my later residence at Tarrytown, New
York. He learned of this, and after searching over England could not find another purchaseable similarly placed
autograph of Selden, but as it proved, bought another
book by the same author. He wrote to, me that he had
married again, had retired from active service in the fur
company with the usual pension, had bought a place on
the St. Lawrence river at Brockville, Ontario, to spend
his remaining years in, urging me to come and see him
there, also sending his likeness as reproduced herein.* In
*See likeness on opposite leaf.




106

Reminiscences of the Sault Canal.

the meantime I had become engrossed in matters absorbing my time and attention, and did not reply, and our
correspondence ceased altogether. Years flew by until
in 1876 I had for the first time occasion to go to, Ottawa,
the capital of Canada, via Montreal.
Returning I took a short route via Central New York,
crossing the St. Lawrence at Brockville. When on the
train I wondered what made that name seem so familiar.
After a time it flashed on my mind as the one mentioned
years before in Mr. Hargreave's letters as his home. I
at once determined to leave my train there and call upon
him. On arrival I called at the post office to make enquiries, and was informed that he had died there a few
months before, but that his second wife was living at
his former home a mile or two from town. As I had
never met her I went to the hotel to wait for the next
train. Soon after, I was surprised by a call from the
widow, whom the postmaster had informed of my enquiries, and she had come to find who the. stranger was. On
learning my name, she expressed great pleasure at meeting one about whom, as she said, her husband had told
her so much. She informed me that one of the little
girls I used to see at the Sault was married and lived
near by. It was arranged that I was to, be taken in a
carriage to the Hargreave house, and to dine at the
daughter's before train time. The widow called for me
and we rode to her residence-beautifully situated by the
river. After looking over the grounds and buildings we
went to the library.
"Now," said she, "my husband's will provided that
if you came here to see him, another copy of John Selden's works, which he had bought and kept hoping to
present to you himself, should be delivered to you as a
token of his regard and remembrance, and here it is!"
That copy is still near me and the title page is reproduced herewith as a memento of the giver.




TRA CTS
Written by
JOHN SELDEN
OF    THE
I N NLR -T     EMPLE, Efquire.
The FirftR ntituled,
JANI ANGLORVM FACIES ALTERA,
rendred into Engliflb, with large Notes thereupon, by
REDMAN         WESTCOT, Gent.
The Second,
ENGLAND's EP INOMIS.
The Third,
Of the Original of ECCLESIASTICAL
Jurifdidions of Teframents.
The Fourth,
Of the Difpofition or Adminifrantion of Inteflates
Goods.
-'Ze tlice latt ne  bose Wonxtant,
L 0 N D O N,
Printed for Thomas Batec at the George in Fleetfleei, and Richard
Chifwell at the Rofe and Crowu, in S. P4HPs Church-Yard.
M DC LXXXII.







One of "Nature's Noblemen" Discovered.

107

After a pleasant repast at the daughter's home I took
my departure.
In 1901-twenty-five years later-I was next in
Brockville. Again I waited over a train and made enquiries. None of the I-Iargreave family then lived there.
The widow had returned to Scotland, the daughter
removed elsewhere, and the place had been sold. When
I walked out to that locality, behold the buildings had
disappeared, and a magnificent mansion, said to be the
finest country residence in Canada, occupied the site. The
half century covered by this narration had witnessed such
changes and effacements, that the Selden book and the
likeness of a face, grown much more benignant in expression than when I first saw it-are the only aids left
to memory. My parting apostrophe to it in scriptural
phrase, is "Behold" a Nature's nobleman "indeed in whom
was no guile!"
CHARLES T. HARVEY.
Toronto, June, 1905.




IE

LGOGER
66/90 Vq













..
Y.Sia --- a. -- -- - -=r g2.1W"-AWJ.J%-?ir3,&,,1rJr,,,cý  - 'F ee-- 'ý  -R,.'j"P",Ht"H,ý 111- 1kK1dUH"1UHq`  %,ý,, adz;a W: I!:.;:. Im  - -, '-, q,!ý 1  '71.",."'.,, '.,. - ". " I  ý 1, I I 7,..,__,;,_ýý '11, I" -.11
-_,ý.. 0,T       *A "          -.,ýý, -?                                                                                       7
I.-                                              _t 7!                                J,;JJx;6Q.,J
r.!ýZw,_     a    MUM.4    wz        - 11f,ý.,ý ýý;:,,-ý,,
i,ý     - -.4-,                                                                    1w, 41, Y, r,C..
R -,                                                                                ý.                                          I 00A      1,
*U511MIQU                                        j       &- A a OW.   _ýrl 4 6.ý,, or 1 1 "  1ANK 1011 lp"111.1 WWI          n;        0.!.14Z;_.~42 A14 t;ZT, 2= IFRE                       HUH1, I, ý,%                                                                                 ý, 1 n - 14::' *.
"N.-I, r.                                            1j"Mye""IT,!                ý, 11 ý..           -01,5,,--,ý. I  I -- t.741m,ý.,,                                                                                       1.! ';, -4"Z,.ý,::.ý ý-, -,
I'll, *t.A*- Aý                                                      ii;        e                K;CwKm4,R a                               ". ye:nly        in.4ý_ ý __ -;ýý-;ý     'i!ý, " i            50  TMUDIC1111100"! AN"b"J."M,,     I 1 1 1-1 cost R 1-1
' --                        - 1 0.., r 0, A A I V - -                                                                "...:.,, ý...
-- W"--2',,7ý-11-ý-4ow'ýý.0-'4ý-"ý,ýl,-'-Zý"ý'ýeý- - ýLz`frIý;'ýý;  MUF H              1. ý~-         -;,;-.ZVn 1-10floid" 'KAT:,                    1:.;,f.,,,A-.- n,-              u   a ugzmw;I hHum                      =   Q-    -._-,,-,,,,-,,.,,
IS' =_Wýýý, -A' -ý%r'!94;'W`:4-           VACTORROU MR000"Aw.
-;1Z _ 'ý--_-_. I,-,,ýC,ý.Zrz;-,ýý,ý       ý.yq-KJ&-AJr1. _30., 'T                          of '" -,._ý..ý.!,-. ýý - ':; -l' lkK_ý  --","-;  pinvy"wx..'.0 Q4,"'I':  "M;41",,,.00021"; I ý J 1 q ry.,.  t ý', 11 L sý
C; M  ý=                                                            I "    -,.r..                         001.1 "I.;,,",
_'.  -ýifý'-ý!;Flý'ý.,-,-,t-,,,,-,.---.."ý;,ý!,ý4ýý-"-.-ý.,ýz,ýý,ý;ýýýýtomin.whoýz,.,-,O- Wary.117  71  falf "U"N"N".  1.If                                                     it; I NU.., " wcm. mny_ FýAlx.. ", -  701;,_ý__    M   unmý,XNrý              =&RýYý1: M -0 -:1...          "..'1Q.
ýý,_,  1-1  -ýýgg',,ýJ       '-R.lý,ýrf.3,1ý',ýý'ý,-.;i,ý.ýýL-ýýl-;":,;ý'ý'.ý;ýý4ý,ýý,il,ýý,,, "  Z -010101 q w, 1: ". -;:  1 M  I:.:11,            ".      1,
-1ý4 I _..    1111    H   Wk - "N"    -                  w.;,----'->"C1_ W1115"PINg"Sq.                                                                                      _                 -,        -         WA                                                                                                             A::ý
".;4. ý                            ý  ý.           W                                                                                     ill; 110 1 1; ý: 50, 00: ý
ý                             IngZA   pryogyn,Jj-_,-,e,--  -1101  mile  5 WAS,.... A...000     1; i; 101; it- 1
IT                  ýr-7Z:,V.C'A':ý"-.rl$ 1ý           uy"Y"N"TWARM.. %W so Of!"A Up- -g               atifyInGhmna -5i-vlý-- I, LA 101  MA-Mal- Al AROF  Q wy-,". V. $,kast! dMIX  lot, IV-0    I   jpý f,11:11:11tyv      AN.I..                                   Till My,
*                                                                                  U;.0.!                                            vnx ":,;I ý- 1 1 ý;;.;.           I,A
10.,                           -,    En;yrxPqR% fe                     hi,=-Zy                         OU     T,?, _WAV11TK.Vuy_.1*rJ,0yr it -IJ  "  `-SIVA14= 0       1.
IN%       R  B         i cc, M  -M                         gq"q;V2!QJW      -              - ",!,ý 0 W  0 04" ".
Riilgl       1% in m   up....... war-MWAV -4.-  - -      TOPff"Ns" tz"t.;,IilýIllyiýivýliolivii:iit:??, V00,0::ýA:, -,                 WSIM,
it  HIM"-       -, " A plA g1j, k vvloý             qvynxý                                                                  1 1 1 i ý A, j: 1, I., ý, I -U
Rij;'g'Jý7E'ý,  'ýý.Z;,ý.-.-ýr-kF-,.."R-"ýr'-';ý'.ýý""q"";i'ýý,,ý,ýý.S'!;ý,týýý,;ýT".-,ýPý4";",.,rý;.,!ýfý., "mi  ".6tyr, j".4 1q,05.., =.WyQ-A -., 'T  `0 -.,,A;V. -.0ý P..war I,  I to!,'
p    PAýWNG;                  2 ougnt Wh QR     14 RAW             M   UM'Slat will 0"I&ONA *141forplo 4 1, rin:? - 1/e;          - 1.,nl,:, 2...       ýIjdojtt,
mr m     ý.. 0 r., ý T.Vwl  ý      -                                                        -, Ksc:"T.ff"gIMIJASTIMAND0 0                                  -                   X W.,,",:1.10-,7",         11-Wx.
S*WMx._-_.;               541f4r". th"tafeg -ý"4__QV.QMST1k v: ISQ0101-1,01-.
ý Z ji 11, ry ", 0, I TOP: y,,                     -,,   I!,,, T." 'r;;1401002                      V2 lase-ox! 1 1. 4 tn Sh to! 10.
llgtoý rý, _,,., -                                   HIQIKNTýXle,! i
I..iý.            L,  I,- * ":,ý-;TýVhx;  WWWASAW                         cc,.    7ý1_1111j
~,  If  1-  V144.;I,.-.  f.,-,  -  -, -.. ý  - - -  -  'ýý:  ','-'-,".,!"',i.'...".".  '. -,ý  -  1%.11..ý  1,;.1  G2__R-.;,e                       ý.P.7ý. _ý'ý.'.                                  -, ý -ý --.T
ý, "7ý%'-,_- 1.11 -, _--.-ý,.44:,                                                     0   -            S. -.-:Vol -                                        -  1 -`
_Q-M_ý_AUR                    r. =   071107,                1,_.Lx,:;rUnwav                                                          -."Aln'r.
- ",..ý:.C,                       101:11=011"        - --    C1-=xV1-T'K       Won;.; --                                            f 0, PA j,
NOM   11 49 OUR -2. E 1-tz-,tlý"!,ýellgýli.11,ýýýt-lýn;,:ý,ý,ý""",;,o r- -,,w1f c1squy,                                                         i TV& "N. IV,.: 1A,:zl,ýtýý:--,:.L",,-!ý;.,t-',-ýý  RA onsollott!ZAVI: mi na"--       -ý-ýt-loolovall""Il,.xo,.;tixtoi:t,.,, I WE904=1                __, ý,,,,, sit go " ý."y""TH List:;?
ST's ow  --            - WWI IMLY"                              -                    WO 'Wil, -11 I ý                        A,::It;,
ý.                    _1, -     --x-h*bx4VhfTrAW    ---     -Q                                   0Q. ý ýVyvjq
"x'A'Oý:ýiý','ýýý,-,!:!ý,--'.ýýý7,-,Iýýý'..., -  ",  I  %. Cý;,,ý;Tý'ýilijý.;Lr,';l 1,e..,.- _ -, ý.,,,. ý'ýý   - tow  I.;
_--=.       pyy.                t7x-.=Ayrew.rxV"-_-, ry-c- I J,,ýý 1   a 100,                         - WWI 1, - j;, T; 1 N 1, ". ".. 1 v;: ý "I 1 1 ý ý o 1 " 1 o!:, 1.: 1! K * 1,  'I. ý its,
ý;-=-?5-S11-'VK0&G                                                       -<ý;,ýr      0-4    WAXI,11".2,04,"":%ýý., 1A, -.11 I, - -  ""-*=9UvM,_JýJ,-. 1 1, 1 ý N -1.:, 1  ýwku,
1, MI.  "--:-,7WAio`;ý:`,_1,a4F-ý.-.-;,,- 'IM-L. Mkh7=wn=rqa1;y:1 =7WISIP 194 ON  kit I  xK;VA;=;";,x*      -T   --                M   A,.. b 0.         ".- n   px
-;  -:, tQ "_  -,7             -         =yly, -q_.""yxyT!7Z          yfint"Ww"",                                      41, 11 of eltl):, K t el.,. -Q, -
-,   -ý                                                                         14 -1 1110 11:00 1 SI-0:175.1; 1:0121;1;01       " "t..,,,,
1, C! _ý ý -, ý ji = ".;Vg. 5; 2-,Z,,;?Vr, Z l7, ý;ý.. J A CA a il:ýI`t                                                                                                          wif 00"
ý-_!-;;ýZý _g  1,ý_-,          -. -. __ K      "WC I          UPS=
ý. 4N=LWTy%11QV_-_--_h --,,u       -1                              T=AT41-".WW4;",ýtT-"!" " 1 -.,.,A'.,,-',-,,- ý    ý,1                                                          11711%
ýý,.ý,ý   -,-ý-m  -             _A..", I,;". 'ý  4, ý':              0,-; q "Afly". I        -                       KAkm. lot: Wyt Tn.wk "TQ0 o                  I   I ý.         MAI..,ý            M.-   ". gg_--4'Lý!:,,ýL,4f  huyn"15 f1sq'i'Q: "'Cozzi!
f;ý, ýý-!,W!,!-,ý,ý.,',...'-                           "e-  1.41y."'.!11%;e,  -  Aý,..p nq  to,. A....
e-ý--;.-C-9ým'ý4-'-%ý2ý"ýý"or6p'ýA">ýN'7t,7ri,!',ýl'ýý.ý,ýý,-;ý.,ý;4, "K-ý%W0_T7_VTTM1WT WANZ0112,1111gs!JQ,;ý _-h4x-_4.  e" f I,. -, " 11 IT..                A_ ý,,.           JAM
ýLU-;7-_'  '- 'tq I R  pany's                         A   0JjQ,?qAAA"                    0 is FAVY'N.1,4 qky'                       11,11 TAS    K,:0100    0   1 - H              4 ný
-.;                                             -y-b", go.,....". VQ N11111110c; 1: V.-J, LIT111 my     1300: I;K PA, -, - ",, I.                                             ý   F.; -ý - I, ýýl:ýý;,;ý                A~  ---,, T=, " P.    V           w: UIV&WK Q       -.;1;k;.j,;%;,V              1", --,,,3 1,, i":;",! -.., toothb,."r 4AW041;; lif"yqu TAXAMM"'"T"                                              1                                                0   On.n;
--, -- -,.,ý..Z"A'NKALJA- Qpý-_- fý.
25P  mog,  - - -  - 2 M                         "MI.-M                         1110012060         i.snyww". T, 0-250. I. ý,,ý-ý,ý,--,,,;'"-tw,,V*,tetoop,"  0""" -inyvavz*tzot; 01111 7; K 1 -,W`L,,&,,, A                 0,m    A ý, Y.; 7 1, trAW "'Y Q  7   -01110    Q 1.
I-,!-"ýe;._ýl.*-Ii!ý,ýý,,ýý'Týý,,r!",.. -y__"_gS15K=:1 A                            -;-!I;.... I..,, - "ý; a.",:,
OL.kn.`CýI.i:!-::ý  "., -,. -_  ___  "  ý,
-1..111...111--,                      ý    1                       1              1,  -1-M-1ýr-.ýe3lit5tiviti:ol,.,  ", ",.,., ý  ý ý  I  I. qq__,"____""_-.__-jy                 stoliTiqov: 2LAUK"Incyck AN~",!, -, " ". 7 '.,,, i%."'.:.,,,ý nxj;yxq1q,,.,,,
QnayTb-K%"ý~Q.4..,..,, 'i.: lt'. - ". I
I Q-1-0510-                         ""   UNT11.111 in.. 1ý 1,
ZNgtim)                                                                                                1.4... V. A Kit;, 1:1.:..!, lslsrý
_ol, o4",1-.',V,;,t                                        - -W-MIJK: 0101L * Z::500....... '11.01,. ý %;. 'J       1.,...n;,4,,ýý;";1ý;ýý_;'62, r,ý_ ad. = 0-Owntotalve x  ''I 110601110  NO~ - 'T 0--ovow"W"A V. " R,
x""",. '.,q. 'XITY.;11 "N" J 'I I " ". 1; Ott........  -,-' 1,11141W  ",                                  0 IT  0; 1.,,ý--I;ZýM7.-ýV-fý,I_  _rr,,. nýrr.                                                                           -,
--            t 0ýt,....      -                                        0 ". ".,  ý.1, ", l-J, -, X.::!'";,,:'',     -;.:Z,,C.n                      - _0 NPAR ITZ"WX A:11jostrzon:;       t      'I                 o- Z I Y0,6 1-1.1"__ý_i-54ý11:A, =  1501 6  in I ý"  _ ý:-,",." L'" 144,00'  1.
0059MIAM  DAMIZIMIZZ 4_-.,"_-"_,                        ctww.. TT"_;-_A."w         r ý- 1 _. """.
rý!ýE.MA_--Iý;ý.4ý;h        -41""Alcomps &A            A ý '.                     1,,_': 1.                                                                              too       -, -; 1 Q  ý, a':1 J, y, yl Y!"I",. q: N ý A" SQ,,!IIIp
-1.-  -  lný ý.,,,  " -  "...  _ý.-ý'47ý"-.C.:ý,Ir%-                    "!,lizill                                     Ahoisl,
1ýs - -    -       - to 90710 0",   5     'r.             -                   111:1-01. 1.::,
ý., __"_ t - Q,,,,, J                              - in, W,.=  &ý.,. W                              ý.,...       ',,ý U r......
IXIAIK_%ý.                 "     -A.-,     z   Anasys"w0:124           J,.,,Z-r
ýtý,;ý-A-Z;"ý7:,-:ýýýl.,ýýý,2-ý'7,-ý=ýý-1-ý,ýl,-,,.,..  -  _01" ý -1  ý                                                                             W  ITS!,
_g               - Or    "No rdvttzt!OF,                    -7,
7_-tlý_ý..ý-ý--ItT.Rg WOUNW, 1                         mr!,.ý..,n,ý,'-'eAt,,Z-,-C-ýp _ý, -,ý-ý". I I N  AN;~, ".-              ý ý  -. I          "ITAT01 I I, _'.ý..'.,_'A,;X."W".jny7:-  AA 0jeffs"'N"Al I -1 1          1,,
- A..'ý";m,;. ý,ýý  _1 A- ' -. -,!,,ý  __-, -  I,Ifjv-:, T! I j- - - -PQ IQ 1:1 rn".. Z,;! V,,, Q., _  -1  ro:, "y.I
1),-  ýxy, " A *M  _,W,..ý,;A.1'=`-ý',      1, fill
-..>,>.ý, 11 -1-1110-1...": A 1(-1 ", I.,. - ý,;.... MIT?
ýG1RMZK9x9=,';ý,T_, my"hy vashn"VATA-1, 1 a X-  A MQUAR 00 "' 0                                                                                 ""'"' AN' 0,, ý, 1
yfai-> 0_11ý!*               "',..,,,,,               TAK it! last!, 0,      - -70,       ", '111"un    ';,. its      1           1,1K..1,
14lý:.':ý',,','_;ýý. t;,ý-cý-:,.:;,-.ý;ý,ýý,:ý7ýýýý,.,,  =__.*A0I_-  "M4=1111=0  -  -   M           ý.. -lost,; G(jk:..K.1;'-=ACT,-..-.,. "ý,,.
ý.;*_-,A'.ý,.,.ý;ý`,,Aýý11 --,LaainEstit4lýý-  Af-h.", Z0,40--ax xattiti*--,             '",                                                                            -, I W1
ýý,ý,,t.ý; ý1--_.".,;-.,ý:ý-f"iv.  -; xN,,qx-x-ý.y-"-qW#JG=_ý.             MY J.,00 'y"QlANT""..";                 "W   KAM'., My - ',. 0- I, "I
-                        P-"y-nV-%Jx_7-    mt*_% is.       -:11: will
ýýr,.";I'-:ý,_""yof-yo,?1T - [W,.011                              0 ''.
Z'_-,.,, ý,* ý- ý..".1"S_                                   ""Ef"..                1; 1 104 11 VI It: 1 r,  ", "I 2 1 to N 1 n 1, W0 -                          Q 11,51 5
'!ý;,.rPý;ZA-lýr"vwLnLo;' iý4:..-'r-ýýý,,,,,ýg-Lý;ýi,-,.;ý.,ý";ýý-"ýý,t',ýý't-,?Z.-,.ý,"ý,.  = *0;AJl4 10 9141w ill,11  I I.  -  -,.. ý TH              I-I    I,,  ý.,,1.von-,,--412z_-ý-,n..        _ ý![QCy                           WIT~ "                                                                  N   A   1"AA, 1..1         I.11- liý-.11ý-.,----ý-,,ýýý-ý,-,-,ý,,.r:lý:,-  1._yg"..;--KKýj y!" n., to, I "T":, X, "I _r, t i-f., worn! i R.S. 1::
11,..  ý,,.: __..,., to;:,. 1   "                                             I..,ý:,ý'--'.1,10A                                         A!..&
-,              ',     oat antztet,6ý""     i.,, ". I "'V-1.1.0                       _0:    - is, Wl 1 it it, "Air:;=,..-.Iýr _,=,.:._.7.Vk,1ý-61 ý,Aý --n-  --,,  "". - '"k. - -,",,-. " "_V"Z!;0-...                                                                                             1 l 717:1
q. I  'I  "  -  - "I tv:4;I..
ý   _".,*-ýZý,ýt%ý;.:_;.ýýl'l,;  - Vgt-_ý t..."?  -.iý ý, ý ý C --.: 0 to to 1 A ~  - - ý ".  ý  '';7,_ý,;ý'ý4;A',ýý-.ý_ ";i,;1  ýi i. ý,-.I;tý -ý.. - -  11                                            a,                         W;A0        11: ý:10'4- 1 '11>7n:
_._ ý, j_.,',ý,ýý`ý.ý.',I             of iota: SAO 0ýý;.,                    VINTIT-5011":MICA..... '__ -mmm V  _., -, -;,-,- " _ ``-,. TOWTV! W.,- it.                 Q.07 Aý r_ý: l:-, -.ý,  _..             7                                            -
_-Xý 00;---"W","yyF4.1--
ý--"ý-',-f!ý,_'_,   KA",                       -     ý                                                              -000110: 00              1; 'J.:1;11.,7..11.     AN,
_-_.-X.A-W"XMTAf1Qq Ask. ill                             Z   1   - t, ý I %1-4L. 1, " 1 y7l; 1: 1, I. 1:.,. L -,,,:,.*ý,.%.)..,,.00"l?!A-.--t,..ý,,ý,              A-0101.,000,0-           ý,   I     -- U               i.                AV, tiotittvl%',;ý-, -    -  --.               -  I.. =Z% 1="1x1=xW--_WtTy_-"V-?;ýQ,,,11500  -11  k 0  " i
ýFZ`2:-ýýA,'Z,7jL';ý'.;,                                                       'Fl,, '",, Z 1",7,! 1 to A. I -: % V.,, - Y=`.                                140"r         ", a K"
ýLT.I ls,ý.,.Iý: ','ý, _4ý7ý..  -.,.ý -...
i__=   -0 I -,I, to         *,.!nxnx Ww!q
ý?,-,--ýw-eve-ottot.a"--...,ýý,,ýýý..ýý _111111K0111             ý, "11-1-01;,       -J71AV; ý                           -    %ý, 1;,,,_         ý__
V',1 tr2:7:.:,!ý"ýi:,ýý70ýý_ý, -   I eN - -., 94          =-                          I,    initivit5tlz:,;     i0n:                                                                j) 1%. ý
ý,,-  - A"   ý,     toll JQVIE     - 11 I 1.... "'7"`,W-.-,;ý..-,:,ý ';ý., 1 As'", n.                   -      -C,                                                            1 5.;i
v-,j-_- -la'ao.- _t,,ýý 11  ',  ==.  t.rttltovto ---,--      10                in         11:14 0-00-         -, 1 YKA041011111.. 0; it!    A:T.,,;,    11,,J,'0"~-QKKT.ý  M11400.111sy. no,.00             I -.-,,,,,. yy..-,. ý.14: 1 11 1piny   1:,: ý & 1:,ýS"Pr'mt-ýJA!ý.ýt,,_;ý-tCý  ''  ý Il  -                  ý...                "n"'! -40-!. ltt..,.                                                            Tv
-'- _,ý_-...         n-,, 1. N A=- to h F-                                     1 1 " 1 i In 0 1! of; ", I 1, 1 To 7. V! 1 i;!..,: C 1. 1;::, I  A4:
"., Týý'-,NQJIVQK                    _01111177.01,;251.101614,_ q:% on? -nip, p":17t;.0 0.; 1:! ýý, 4,
z,-,-, to:ý,-L",,4;z-iýb'ý';ý -,,_-,-,  - _,"f,
4,:l.-,ýýiý-..,ýZ,ý,-',,*-;ýlI,,-ýKýý,,"al"Jyjaic VZ-11n., _- - -, ". igq& Q-To"Ir " V I A " a on, 02; 1 1            qvqrvý;100. x1"Q,0".nAy";" T ----T:yq;qy*qCVZ4Kj" ". T,  7,.11,ýTtll,          01 ATURAVI.M.    1_ý ft_",,11 - 1.m. on!'ý:001101",,  f,,; q It it i!i 1 1      *40    ': "I! ý?;
ýS-i;ý -,,,        -1 -ý-ý11.7-"ýý,ý.ý-ýý"'--o.,,ý,xr  0; >=U 5?[0-"_Z`lJ                      1      11                                             7100.,.,  "  ýlýýýý"".,;,ý,:,;,**.':ý'ýý.',ý'ý",ý'ý.',,.;-", ý  -.,IVA chý,Q -Y-  i-yog,               u vný
7.,ý,ý,4-,Zrt;ý!:;.t,:ý*;ý-ý^Nýkr.ý:-  -,,I,:ýh - 10 -`""", """WAT&SCAT7:15syticý SO 161 i T", 1, 11 a 1 14 A A 1 r 'I ", ý, ",I,,_,..1  7: 4.,!f rZZýL'ý,-Z-S-:ý';!;,,,...... nk  1,: i::; '" - 1 UP. -  --
ý.,-ý4uýý;ýn-,,_,f,:ý 7;; ':';Ci `--_.;.I' --.-.,, T., -AT01, V 7 1, p:J; '"n0y, 01         K::::;.-,oý-      -,_1         MA"T" list costs: toll in?. 'Llys'"Te citlyt too W 1000 01-3 L 4,..
Any"stIM1-0 """' -         uzz: ZT9111"ANK zatiLlittyp -qt-_r -".          wyvý,A-"x,1nA -,   ".  I:jz;g!101,..,ti,-ý,,*;',,'ý'ý-ýý'ýn-ý,;?ý'.Lý,.',.ý-ý:,-,.,ý,,ýý;"Tiýt.-7ýý.-ý:-ý:-.,ý,,-;.-ýý-".7,-ý  I  ý  -,  0  -  -,-.ýY.%, - lW A,.-,,,..  4.!
'ý'                   -:;,Bý          -     ý4-- '.,,,;.-.,, -..,ýýý,-ý,,ý',,'ýýý!,ý.-,,ý.ý.ý;"ý.ý,";ýý,:,.,.,.,I%; '. ".. 1, 'S K,  ",     -  OA          I  1, -..
to W   h2;fwEx~",.1bR2 lonvy""'"ZO. -,                                             '' ". Z ".       -4: 1 ILI; R; wt; Z! On:, S....1 1:1.            "I    1 T  Q - 1 -.ý', ýý    -.,, -, - ý. "..W"ý _I =,Q, - K 1, I 44,  ýý,ýb'tatiol:tvycvi t = 0101, Irt"              1           1; 11 1;. 2;:,           7M. rý.Lwý-A,ý..  -,.,ý:ýo-s,.gLe,,ý ",, VIJVI.. 1,.                     ''I "  v0aý._T.:. 'I I
A,,. ý -,JWAY, ". - 1 #,ýQýJ,%' zt7, ýýL:ý`.ý-,.,ý I ':,ý"Ithillobi 10  YAWANTA f ý..,_,.1-,.1_:.-" 1.I1:.'11_._.. -...
_lA5__.,'ý,ýý17,f:ý_,!ý,  -    Výo-,,.-..7ottQ!tllrttot2,Ax.,W,ý..,.17v;.Otov,ý-;',ý!ý    AUT --, ""I,           -       m&&. 4l"R: 1 M.,.                       is:.-.:
-    * " -4ý!ý: -, ý      ".., 1,.,.
'..., ý "ý,;ý.ý'..ý.ý-.:ý.,ý.-ý";",.,;.ý'ý.-,"  -,ýL:, Z -N,ý  '. ý ý,                  I '. I I..74. 1 ýs t!0;: slot  f,
Lý',P.ý.Lilýý;--IL-z          ý,"y"y Inv,__"."._-1K     14-ýL`ýý711, ýnN,,Ank-yxý All,.              i I NK   Z: - 1:
j,,,,,,,,,,,f"ý    "_-TM__1T7S,:gQfTZ,Q! 1,fyf,,t, _ rQY71:11;_"CL,": j  -,-                 -   '' ',: ý;.i;,
_ý -,.:,ýiýýýý",?Fýý-:*ý,.ýcý.-7ý,,.ý--,,IoI -  0                                             - ", _",  -.1.  1 00  A  1: % I.:: J.
yaQyMJsqWyy- yway""j",             I       WTCA.21: jot UnIfflfly,,00,-A' - L,,,V,,, A,_ j& L,,:;, -no -5111,0"''";,:A C!".;:C,- *!.7 '', 1,.3 ý  7;:ý ",
Z-;ý'-,ýýý,'ý4*ý.;;;;ýIL'*"ýý-.ýýnd 01=2 pollovin", 001% W-aw"Kh"s-vow".,  tx-4T1."_-:,..........1111             -    JQQqGJ:!,,jq,1J 47;:7 11          V 1 I..1                  11. 01 --,.C6 ý:.ý,.,4(_..j__n,__            00-0--01101014-w         -,,,-              I q! '. X.. 1 it,I,-,I;. -; i., L. V ýG_, ý, -  I,                                              ".1
-p"quy"n. 0 "A"""WAS;                       Cv.Ct;,Ittotnitt7r,... '. '. 1. "Z - ý " -A..
-7,t-ý -1ý.,-ý,-,,-,eý:,. ý-.       -  AVAUZ.A.. -4.1:.%!:;;,I:v              -           i Is q,,                          %"' 7,:: TIN  - f
"'tL-`."--', 'L'-"---IK-"._J_:                     M   0,0141"     funw    aWn.! ";";,"T-v7;,4            t.. I    -  -  t,.                I       W, On -ý
-A ARAWK-4, Mn; AQTU,C,        7 11) 11 Q  ý, 1 j:011 A to:.,                            r
nit 0611"6-7-ýýifiýý?iiiijiFlint, -    _1K"I"-    z1.>b.;"_"_                    -  I;,WV",. -,  -Wy.,", nly!.  ___Tý.1A;Ax1AWA%1-I1- ý  1L.::, 'K,-,,, "'    -." ý,:                                        -----I '''                                 I:J 1071: Y o:: P & T   'ON,-.Zý                        T,ýý;= A I I, A4                              - K   ý 1 it "M  1; it 1; Q, J: it! f                        f: ý,_>_,l;Zil*;, r`zi-ý *;'ý   Also".nyý
ýIjr-_ý-,ý.- -- " n *So'" -4,,g,=xtwA4,T>L I*X::I,,, Z ' -' ý, L.,4 1, P,, j,0,0, 1, I Q1 1: k; j 1 &, f,.::
_-,,1_1.,.ý...ý Aý "'_;ý"' "14ý'  `ýLio:.!",..".-  r.  -  --,,  -.'.,                   Its - l t.   -           f 1:, N":, f:..,:. 1.,.,.,..,ý  -  "  n  1 V;=  1  it..  I  -  1, 4  7; 1;-,
" ". AK Y A." V 6,,a 0 ý y Ty. - 5 I to -% 1: 1 1 ", ý_Z., y V. =011"IN, ý -  - I A 4, - -00- I "                          -_
713?                                         _               All TW   A                              0 is 50  1 Tic,,;:, 1.-   1-1-2' "N',-M       -=,!ý",ý&W,;,,,Jux-Qjy!%,,,,,,, L,      - '. "O" '"T -  -       W  ok '12! *71, T   %;>:;; " - - --
wwww""MIT"M          1_-A;KKý"4"1Tnq-x oll Z. ý Y, 1ýhi K 'A.         r. Z ý K u 0; I to,..:; 1. 0. " I.                   I                    I -.,   " ý,ý ýý.  '.  ",,(...  L:,-..  _ýý,,,,,,,.,  1. ý;l ý, --TWOU."19010,  _, - ':,':r.,ýL,,.  '  III. KC4 1 We,". ý Z"'o _-r7,' iLý, ý _,ý,-nr---,ý;-,iL ý,,..,.                NFU- * t* """                                    00 1 t 4 A i i ýj I I 1 )'"
-2ý1ý',ý, " r ýZ,.;L,;....., " __I. _ ý, _, ý ýCý n.%  _  _. % W: Q uosM. I. n  I  1.11,111, -11, I  1... 1.                                       I  I  Z  r.,:, f&T I LTZ T' jT* ". "; ' -0;-,,,-- " jt>;jjy:tn"-Q&"0y#' ý"- - 7 Z L "..: -; -.,., %-&It!:MZ01; uAnx;                 y,,,,,,,,,,   L,=- w-011; 0-1- --        -ý-      TIS   TO,...-.C...,           ý:!I 0;. Z,.. -. ý.., L,-l,-',ýv7,-1V- C-1111,~1101111ý01' t "-"I"", "  -0 K. I. To oil&!:                            AT.......  oll  -,,_, 1,;:K:4, "  11, Z; 1!. ' -. -, -,, - 1". ýý.,&;,,,,,  " -__, ý, "Z'  ---trz---I,.,A.,!;.IT.y-_T  Wir-l" -7-              - I. 1. of, va I;; T 1 i, i 1 - 41 J17: W: ý: i 1,," - i ",...,. A ý
'_T=0;P:1V-U-,lJ.-             I V,,,L,,.,,,jQf,";;jj,Ij 110, ""Iou!;:               I               -,!A!'hfTWrq1Ký, n _                       fill                                               A":.;.,I;; 1                    K  - 1 v - P, -. ý.4;., 1,.C..:_.... ý.  'L!l,.;i. _ sýrý_,  '7ý1---:,ý:. `..ý;--ý,`_,.;. ý';,ý " ý-ý 7. ",. I "  ý.,  -, -=;-All to: ý 1:;.  0  0 4 0 0,10 L....,r.,.,,..'.. 'n;  T  7 n  N!I 1:.7 1.
ý,                  L      -    wýý ý                    ý  1, a _  '"     ý   11 ý.: A 1 ý.......                                                                                   1. 1,
ýý,e'- - -,-',-,! ýn-f. ý -'ý i.ý ý'_-__.  "ý--'.L N_'ý"'_I'r-:"'L-,'-' -.;  "  1,1013
"'.L. i?- "...ý,  - `.  I.,   -C.                     -                      4 0 ri 7 1: 11 1 1 1 j n  1 I yq, 7,
1:1 T, 1. On A.
1;, ý.;,., L -,.:,., ": 7. 4. tý.                     Ott ""W"  ý
_- --.ý--,ý`, -- -       -ý!,       - -        I 1 1 1 2WANY;         RA - - -. I I -t - I                                           -,,'"j r ":; '; I:1 - ' ' '  -:,..
--_"..,-ý%ýl;"
ý, Z K* nounly,li, I  _r, I -.ý-".-T.', A I= __J1_y-VK."A.11"VZ_,, ý r  __.-L,4-ý, '. r,,T,  -, F ý
ý';'ý_ý,:,ýZ".', ýý ý',ý;, i!'_'.;! ý r,  -ý:ý,ý L L  w.""'111:1r; i, of x un. -I. I 1.1,ý%tiýolitillitfl; 7 1:",.:, " 1140:1:0,
-  -  L _,,., w  " - ý'-;  _..  tivilovii:Fe5r  1                 I.1,  _.,,,  "'.: I' -: ý -. to:: -
ý-.'n,_I-;Lýý'-:;-ý ý ". ýý. - -ý. " ý ý.  I. 1ý. -. I, _  r..,                                  Vol 0:0:1                                                           I,
'.. _.;'I", ý.                                                                                     -: Qppnyp.A!. 7; iosk
im 11 nj ill 1 ý wpq to qll             11 " Q. ","-ý
ill ý n                 -                                   iziolitýtti, 0 it A J -. "Y", JJ J-, - it a: J  11 N 1 4 y 'A J j 1, J,,                                 I I. 1 V.
7=    4 AT=    f"'ns' [Q--, " -_004'"IT", VIA,                                                                                                                 K.Y. 1 hk-.,:",. "." m                                                           1,ý 40: WK A. K 0  00 AT, Q, to!, Q:. Ut, N ý 1,. -  7-;:; W L! I -.  %: ý:,: In.,,ý,'ý-r,','ý,::ý",-ý:ýl-.,.',.-ý,."::;  _  0  _ -ZA  1  014  net v is -TV:,,,,o-',,., ý,,L-,ý...`,ýi.,,,,-.ý  -  '-.                         N."
LjýAA-- --ý-?.ý.L  "l-..-,: *.,;"_:"ý - -.... ý'A'..; I  _,,.,__r,,, _,oft I,",to,_  _.ý__;., _  -..  ".",                                                                ý  -.,r;ý, _  L; ý    _TV            -:,          1-0.                         1. cm  UP K nottst A A 1 a 1 lit V 1! K i: 1 ý 1:,,,. 7 0.,'
-, - '',  ý, -  ýT"..              _,,. r.,. '*,,_'.',, _:'o ý:'A.'  '                              0 (7&4:ýý
rý:01COVA   wrtjji                     r-iistooki ON To'
_.      _,I_.;,  V.. - j- ", 1- ", 1,             Trv._=q>t;;._. I                                  I -:; 044110, 1 in Y 1i,VA0WK>VWT" Sill'o-Z-oý-----,,.-O Aalloy-  ý"-I--V.,"T ý,-_;_X.. -0:1;0;z: VAN I 1111100". -.
ý,::;:.;ýý.'_ý;ý*o:ro ý ý.1    K                                                            ".   ''I'T. &. -_ 1 1 I -  UP 7daw       1. 004        %.,- "I jaý,  A-,  '00Z11000"'.!::1,."t  "'""n"-   WQZI1714  AV. -A-,,ý- - _ý;,'',_r.,.,',_ *':,., r"j: V  III~  - V. - -  L  L  r..,, 1.1,:. 177:
ý;.             '., ý _ ý ý.   IT  10 T I V:os,.-."!. 0,,,1-.-.,;_,,,r,  -_f'Z:=!:r;; I, ___., "  ý _. -  -, i ý 01, - I 1: 0,: in!.K51.:,, -_  I.. ý, ý-LKZ v 10  1
".'.'.';.*..,'..ý  -.ý n Z];r ',  A  &"W  ý ý y Z.                                           I " I.  U  -..
',ý,,ý, -,  '.,LX..5,.                       TKKKA;                                        P ý 1 -...,ýtl&R              - I ""." L ' -,,,, ý, - - ",,,Q", to.:,,.-.ý t" -" -..-,ý,7.*ý-.'.,,ý,.,"r;":*.".r*  7"..-.' '_ ': Iý' -  '..-;.,..,,L.-'. 'L.
-1. 1. I,"          to!......., V:  ",, ý,  1  1:,; -, '?ý,.:.!.::;.!.  I..,  I  "t  '.
ý W?A= WAy" -              _,,  I..1. - I.-.... - 7:.ý  L,  _.,11, __ - L ". - Y-,' 1 1 VT. ý!,.% I Of I So J 01" OWN                                   "..r   '.. TO i 11 1 too? 1 ý - 1; ý;". 1. I
- A~ -" J A A ý. J Q -, I,  I. ý f.. '" " n,,.,                    '     -      %,," ý i....ý-,ý-- _,_ - -.,,lr.-r ",; wM: X - it;: 111, to. toll! 0:110 00 "e.; J;d I,..,:: ý,ý.;:. KNO  0 1:::.":,,.
-L,, -, --,:!I....:;L ýý  ý, 1010Jr; '010V  oat.01,11%  t*j M: R  = 0  1 1 n  "4 11101 I w:  I'. - "' - ir ' ' r ý ":' ý_ _  ýý; ý ý,.,,  -. I I. n,: % 1., I,.  ý I..  ý 1 1,
- ý-_- -,.-.rrr 'ý!: 'VQj, ý,,,      0: W.."A"V 1, it non,1111:11U....,.
At 1010,       A-SAW". a. " 111XV&    400110 A 1 X-_.ý_,. 1.. 'P, - To, 'W"I I " it 1, %, I       itillill'iffill 1; TO 7,171'K. "',  _.; """.. "I.,:. n: 1.: f ý, t 1: 1 1:.: 1; -  0 1 ý 0  -
A Allot #  P 04 ý 1: 131M  " ý; - ". Y. ý, ý A VQ "   -. ";, J lA, A,. 0, -  "d 7 01 AnIQU NO         Q,,ýl_ ý  *ý.::ý'ýý%ý;,ýý#ýý, ýý. "ý,_I,,*,,, QN, L -,  -_ *,,  'm. 0; ".,  _                           -,   I,,...
""  __L,    _..                              _Nelyý-".                                  I.:. to 7 An, "
ý-IL'ý'_.,.'-. " -  '%'. L r ý-  Lr"...!w. vitro... Fro: a: *:! 1:: n 1, - 1,. 1? 1 1.. 1:;: t 5:, I,,  1:,.. Z -,:: *  1  Q  1,
_. I Cy              - " 1;10-17 451 r   &                     *;.-  M  V! 1 2 I L 1 1 Q Q a I *,     ý.. I Tý 1 ill:  11;
7Lý',ý-),Aq_',ý.  -,. -  ý,110. unn sw  -                                                                    _.  ' 1ý; ' 1; L I -  ' -: -
ý'e ý.:;._,,,,,,,ý,,,,ý'- r '..-,,--  I -  1,  _1.'-,'-ý.          1                               4,01.  0 ý 0 ý,  A I ý I.:;. 1,.:. 1  1  ý...,1_r-__11__1. K;, f;_.! Z 11, 1;: 01 fir!kvtýj, ý;  11 a! 1, L,
ý'j'ý.; ' - ".' ýý.ý-'-'-," ý '..r'  Tl,                       -      - I Y. '!,       000     A: ANTALK 4:; -: J 1 J;, py, 11 J; A. W!,,:. 4:, % I.! 1:. 1,: 1 ý,..0  I  Týj&qný!:` if.; 1.,. - ".."ns'': RA T          lit v 1 114.,,.. v.. i........ýfunwx wý:                             ý, ",.0, ". q4.         fy" J - -I 'ý -T - 1;!=  1 no N_            it::. I ý, I,l;:,.....: *:.: I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 *  I  I  ý P  1  I w -.-AZU1.1v WULK:01001,1071:11                       -, ""EVIZATIOT,   11
slot:en:,: V -: ": I 1 -. -1 "I k,.        -AT ý: 'Ali!, 1 i A,. I 5. It..
-1001 bon 1 - 0 -:1 10.0", wl;!w;W; 1  1 1 L.,,.'-. -..,'-, costs u un W?, 1:; _!." ý ' ' 'if,j      41:; A 1 1 A: V i 1.,;ý; R -.-.; -. 1 i 1;;,::  - - -,, L...;;ý-.;,;.,Tn_`ý;                "I AW _  _.. ý.. --tIv! In",;! q:;yz.:, r'
- 'Lý'.    V:  -  1 1.  - 1  1, 1.,       1:, ý_. -,  A L                        ',. r' ',-."  "  -  ý..              I e, ` -LL, "! 11., _1, " '! Uh foothill; ý,nLý-:.' n" ' ý _1_...ý  '  1,.0V -010100 00  7 h,11 1 R -.: ý Z  - 0.  to I:11,,..?                      I
it IV  t I:, 0 71'':;:_,,;Lln.',  L - -  -.,,V  "'.,, _._,.,  *,,ý L'., * 1,, I -  * Z,: 7;  L. ý  I.1
1 rlvw%ý:,,,,, ý  -  _  r  -  -'  -....1,",..:... "L nl A,", -, I ". -,,,.r  '-.  - ý -  I  I:   I:  ý 1      1  1: in? 1, i: T i,., * * ": 1 -
' ý ý.:'l,  ýO'_ý`,` "';ý` -I.."". ý L,..,..,  ý _,...  Jr,.,  _:: ý 4  is I?:, " ý;: ýJ, t, 1;  - 4 ý1 1; 1
1..Vvý,,.,,,.,,;..ý.  ý I ý1,11:..  -L
L. Lý.            r _.  e* ":,.1ý1; V  lot! TV  10  1..... I.... 2.; -: I    I
_t.:A, 1, i, ZU it: viýilitiol" I 1,
w wn-  T           I          ý ý'; - ý:, ".  1- y  A. ",  -  I.  '.,. I
". you in;:, ---,,,-;, t.0 "07            K  J:             ý.,: A.,:.: 1.1
". t-  j                  ý,.,,  -.., -ý -,-,;  CWox,,- 1             - W":YN? 11 J!! 17; f 1, 1 f: i   1 1 t * I, it to: 4  1 i L;, >:: 1 1.,. I. I:  -,
l ýIll-ý- " I:-, ýý. wo:          I      ý "                    I               -,,.
I;ý p.; " " 11YLI, ku I. 1 1 ý. A;.=,,, _  I ", Avon                                                 1 1 w  qw,.,,,,,,,,,, 1-WAOT too, 4.00:  % r:;n 1.: -. -. 4-:,.
TA-141TV PTAS.- 1 -;J"ý-,,:Non- 1ý1. -Ili  q 11,,,V,4..  ph fr; tillý!F"t"l ttvi!Z:Ifi! 1!?0UN  ~,",. V:..                          7 I..,.
r.. -,ýý,.,,C.n ' ý. -.' - - '  A  ".., *V: ý I.,!;j ' t:ý;t yr,  1-  0nJj5nqjJ;QJ _  -. ý, ý 1.  A 1; I: A  1 A t.!  1 1...: 1 7 7 I, ý,.,.. - -!, -: 1.l. ".,,,  ý  "",.,     'ý"'ý,:  ý:, " ý'ý'  "  ',l:I. '  *  *ý,,,,,  L,,_,,,,,,, _Jrn.  _., t "  ý.....,;,1 ý,
too! A& I "V -'- 4W', LV   _.1, -... I  ý; 1 1: C;,        Lnz I '!., L.  "   ` "'  ý - -  ý.. ý: 1         ý                      I                            - 1 1 1, 1 1:: 1: 1.       -  "             I...1i r,:ý, _ -,, _..,ýLýýj.  -1. 11  Tell;-.         ý. ý.                - i i I  'I
07 wave H-Tho & son!,,. A. My _   _ý_,. Z_.. j?; 1        i on NSA "I I ", q!:11"aniq 1,, I. 1  1.  I I
".0- " " -to'"",,,,        C' ' - - "  I A,. K vitivilkilli... "ic. ".0,111,              Q 1,,: i F 1 1 1,..1 ý 1:I(..., 1ý Qin, " " "" -.1. ý".,ý... ý,, ' L  no::: 7;% ",:,.. W,.';.,.0. I,  1  1;: 0  I Ic..  Z.,  -  _. -  ",.,,i,, ý,ý- ".. - -  ýp,..,,,.: ' ',..,.  ".  -_-,ý,,ILAý-.:;ý..... ý a,  - ý'., ý. -.., ý".  _' - - -  ' ý  -  - -  ' ý  - - r.' -  - 'ýý *  -,,, 1. ';. ',, X:.ý "  -.- ý. ý'- ".:'.:  ýkll  rý'.,._-ý.ý."  ý'-  K  V iN;V,  I.74 1, c  "i *7  _*  1  1  - A'., "Ir,,_.-I ", " w 71LECT:,.0 y t; ll!lll5L&oo;!,--"" -,.,--,! I '-,'L;I.I-i.... NT=;:.:.ý.;V;,__.",..,,   L I. - _-, s: =01"I.M."A 7-,,                                                                                      ''ni, T!::ppj.', VP     0:           1.. I," 1    ' ' 1 1: L )
'VI*.                 -,ý, -,-         -                                                                                                                                               ' '..K 105010;111!Qu. A: -: w       11 ONOT V. ý       11.1...;,.                  1-   0  - K,,,                  I
rho-otvtiio4!t4             0.1
7,4 11 1-  TU V01 A,, Z. 1 "m  I::0 -ý,  ", 1 - W, - A: to. 1;; 0, 0: 1. r 10;; I it:; 7 0:1 1 N I 1 it, i N  1 A I; 1 1 i Y::: Z U: 1,,,.7::: ", 0...Q  '-;I:!,..  -,.. 417A -0                                                        11:_7,' 17.               -n.  1:.0...,?I K. ý!i.l;.wo"K  00.....0- Afar,",.,_, J; 7:,.-,; f,-.1ý.                           -  I:, 001                               -,;,0,'.
I I, n,, ý ý,`r-,-.;-.. A.,..,!L'. ". Zý-,,L, `,I=0,00: vw  I I A r  011~1NORKA, 0:0 -... A 10"'.:2 IDKTRIKKVANý71,., - K           "17,,,,... A   - %..
ý,_'N __ 17 - vp,    ol KA M     -    -.11 I
-,--..,      -,             V-_.     V.                       ý                                                                                                 -,
1 ý  ý,-  ý _,ý.  s 1%              ý_,,ý.'ll."0 10;M S  W,41;....,.,.ý -,ýr',.:,   > I
-., %V&7&":Cdj: A... wN, 1;::: f 1: A 1 4:0107010:1; 00 775 0? '::0144               &.7  i,, - -1: f -:-i,;., 1 j..ý*ý7_...: L,:'  ' -_:'  r'.            I:  7",n-10 i. 1.:  I  " Ln' - 0, "  0 "I'A  A '--ý
"", -.1 I  L-'; -  sý'ý'j,,r:ý:,ý,^  -  - ltlý..'. ý                                                     I
jn  Z,!,  -N,,,..,.                             ý. I  A  In:,..,:...
1             1,, - C,ý,  ý,: =10mv; PATT 1ý101 =.. 140=,".ro",             I "MIT11141110021 0:00,11", ý117, 4,.,  -,  r':,",'.,                 ý:., ýl,.. r;,,:, *"%,          1 W N",,                        -...,. 1: y: - - -:!, i O n:h; Fý,:Ili  J 1:.
-; - ` -.--..:,., &L!j 1*.,:n::L?'_1 ý, ý..,,  _,n., -.:-.. L":0  -:,::  -,,;,  11:.. -    ý! -L,..' - ";' ý'L '. ILL~, ý -.:L: 7,,  ý _,,,"'., 'L ý ý ý- Q Gy"WAS AT A  0. n, -to _. "I?"To. r; 1!,nv:.1; I!:0 ": R, 00 1 0 1 1,, r 1 it, *:1 N i 1:.. A i Vn_  0 1.... A I P, 7,;:,: -N PV ý"L, - ' ' '- ' - 'I. ý,. _.ý-,L,,,,,, Q  -. I a: on.: ITO: uoy;:.:.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Q  -,". "., - - - ý ' ' L ''7' WN!"A  I "." - I I A -.. I    L.! 7r, _  *. ý.,.L....r, r  ý. 1, 0.,;!!ý! A" ON.M. -- - I  -  W:,  1 -. 'a
",sr. ' -L - -L lon,...             T-Tv? I" '111,                                   '141 010  It it!..,,- ý,,,,,,,.w,,  1,.," - ý, -  1,,, _,. '. I ", P:" 1 1:..  r  - A I; ý i K, 1 "I....
_       ý!L. _ ý - A~ or, I, -  -it N01.1; w"! into V,:'I          1 1 4 V       I,,,,,, ":. I..,..:0: QVIS!:1
cv, 1 yntran L...:0 1 I N-.p ozy'", no,                  1::! izz ý: y! 21 1100V, 1, Q 1 1! I 1.. I.  1      ý I t Z 1: I                          1, ý, -, -, 1 1,,  I
- A. Zq:.      ky: 4.1, OWN. '.,                          ý r ': - n 1 - "  11,L.,-, ý'.-;; -:t   __  I,-.,.,.-n. " '',  1. A ". 0- to
-C'ýý 'ýý  -,.r..,.                                                                                                T' A; 1 1 11 11  I.....-..  I  i.:I.;ý'-"-;LI,.., 0 UK, bytt: va" NOT K 7-'- '", - ý.                                                                                                                   %;,
wn=    -   - W. I " "007011 0 1,:,,.41,                                               InFi Q~    Q  01  V:, L -             1:. 4 J 1 - W 1 -: 1.,,,,:,,: " ',,,,, 7,!, -, L'
AL ýZZQ:1-L 1 '.7 ý 1! ý -.,. ', "ý,:0,,,f,-. ý,.;.,ý. 'C W                Eli.. J? TIE, Sh - J - - I 11 "Vittziliviil Th  * J               I                                                     I,                ý n,
'Ljý.,..  I 1.  '  L                                                                                                                                         I..  7 1,ý"......  -ý.ý,-  *  -.ý., I ý-.,  ":  - W: 1: 1, 1 too, T  ". ly 1 1.  -.....-I.......  ý L ý-!,- ", L"..  7."',, " ý...Y,'-ý-,,  _ a,,.. I.. -.,.. 1,  -.;  ":,.' r.  -,.;,_,,  -.. __  -,ý,., 0 4.  I I  -.ý?ý;ýý.*,'ý_,.,:,.-,.,:-,-,-.; w o 0"'lK  an X  114 Z, ".     ý 11 lit A; I.1  V  N  1                                                 '.
-,"r-L"..,  *,, 1 1 f", A:. 71!  0 41:                       "  4 -':..-.".,:,          w  *; 7? -:1,  1...7'" ý 1.:; n,. iv.1.1  E  - 1:: "':  1 -
KIM,  1  "'.                                      i:::.,,., I r,       --,,,,,,, r'. -.,  I ---  -  W I I.  n.,.,L-..ý.',:. ý_  -I: 'I,,;; A    M  lu n:.T.,
%ý 4*_'Vý,.ý%-n;,ý", o.,..-, _ ý., -, -., 1..,.,....,  7L"ý,             KHR     A 1 Q                          1;yj,           -  0-.,0 0I -. 01 A.:'r' - - - -  ' ' I., "'
'L.,                ý.         ý"
'-ý,-V                           I "MIN   I.,        I;onv, om         1,,, Lozol-tyr    - - ---. I ltolls!-! -,;.:;, 1:0104,411I.V11,0110:4:! 7: WAT                            ST,, 1"]?T    - I; 7,, 'K -.,*.:,:,1:0..        1..
1 001:1. R.... Ju 711 ".T"W1T!!TT"Kxnr! ý Ln"; I.01- 1, 7". A -.4- a "! "..", ý ". -,.!:M"                -1,4 I at..,.  IT A, A  %,,-  I,:_, I.         I I,.
t! MOW       - -0-1 "-ýQ-V-1.00"ý-,>ýV,,-!D                                              1, - 11% A 0: 1..":l::   - ý,,, QL,,,,,,,,,,,j:!;TQ;          -  1. - ".. ý. _ W T ALL R!. YET ".            NAYIP.-T 4,21''''PI. 1,,ý.V   1..          1 1.1
I.". -,; _1 ý, r,:  '*. " L.,  HATT10  "*  X..011401          I..1.1"!.  'I " ý,  ý.. "..;ýý,*`Lý I-:: r..1                                                        SIN 01"A Y      ý W'W:%  t 1; - " - - -, ý " - 4 WA I.; 14
ýTý,.`.:^,,t' ý',:  yu n a  V71;  1  V - ý A -, --- -, I, 1,  I  - - "..:;::.,? a.:.12,;  %.. *..' I.;.,;,....  11
lWy"....;'.!_",ý)-ý'ý-ý-'L"ý, 1-1.1,1;7  " -    ý.. I -Mb -  OWNS A lit: PIQ     -           I - i TAN  1 i. 1 W. 1: ý ý 1411;::.                                         I
J-.:;-. -  'ý " 'L-  I '.'l'L' "n ', -': ý Lo ý11121. ':  1 q  - 1 -  "lly; 0"; 17 %Q I, I j.-.i-;t;oo:tjj;;Ile!, [ýQ, r:!I., 1 Q  j.!,:0,0ý:  I; -:7-, 1 ý!!. 1.: ',:%I  *:,.,,  A!:,',:1 Z  1:  7 ý11,ý..,--,--... -', I ",,;,,,  IT  -W. a... ý.1, 1 7:..,:.,,.;., ý.'.. L. ý--  I,,,,,,,,,,,:0 11:11110,,:::,,.,,,:.,...,   I
ý,ý,,, -            -                   ON low 1 0. 3 Q, In.,:!: "I 1 1: 0 1 i. 1 1010, -..
_        I' r" -  '47",. "I.-,.:,.      ý:
- ',   - ý-,-_TAQY    " 4,1515. ý -",I I. 1, ý..,,, A.. A;,,,, A So QVIC 711-1 U It. ý., ", 1 -ý 1..4.. - - - W A
`nn'.",7   ý -,,                                   I 11- 1- 1  I  1-:45           "?:,l   '"Ll.,                         i.  -..  ý I  I...  -...  I. I  I.  I.  I I..  I "
n. I L'  r I -..,tp. - n-. Vý_  _. l-,..,ý, '""!..11111;1. I     1 ý       I A, VT:: 0,: 1. KNO
- -, 2 =?"S "L ý T                    11100 J 115 1 0  1:110 1; I; 1 1 1 71 02 t KJA.71 is.4;, Q: - V_         I,t*:17:0: ", 1 1 V - > 1, 1, ~.: j ', T,, 1; - 1 -- - "., 1. j  I  I:.
",-_.,_, ý- ';- r ý1175- 011-HKA710-0-                  4 ýw 0 tn:: x it: 1             1,410";. 0. I.         I
';L' o, ý  ', r,;:ý - _ý V,,--.,  -  111,,            K   '10: Y. f: 0% 1:7:141. 1-1:;. in' ý!T
rr, " ý.r  -,I_...,  "I  W. _ L  ý:ý AL.--A L-.-,- -`for %, on: X_ - V_
-,    --.. ",                                 _.. 1.,-!.
=*1100,011