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LANDS AND PEOPLES


HAWAII AND
THE PHILIPPINES
ALSO THE ISLANDS OF THE
SOUTH SEAS
BY
FRANK F. BUNKER, PH.D.
EDITOR CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON; FORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT
BERKELEY PUBLIC SCHOOLS; CHIEF CITY SCHOOL DIVISION FEDERAL
BUREAU OF EDUCATION; EXECUTIVE SECRETARY PANPACIFIC UNION (HONOLULU)


136 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 12 MAPS IN TEXT


PHILADELPHIA, LONDON & CHICAGO
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY




COPYRIGHT, 1928, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY


PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
AT THE WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS
PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A.




PREFACE
Because of the progress of invention, discovery, and trade
the world is rapidly growing smaller. Judged by the ease
and speed with which men travel about the earth and by the
promptness with which the news of happenings at a given
point is flashed everywhere, it has already become a relatively diminutive place.
The process of world-shrinkage is forcing peoples and
nations into closer and closer contact. The strains and stresses
being created thereby are quite as serious as are the
strains and stresses set up by the shrinking of the earth's
crust. If, in the process of settling down into adjustment,
terrifying and devastating upheavals among nations and
peoples are to be avoided, it will be because they hold one
another in respect and good will, treat one another justly, and
solve their mutual problems through friendly consultation.
Friendliness among nations as among individuals, to be
genuine and lasting, must be grounded in understanding. This
means that the conditions must be known under which a
people have developed and which have made them what they
are. When these are recognized many things which before
seemed strange and perhaps irritating are seen to be natural
and reasonable. It is just here, in providing youth with an
opportunity to form truthful pictures of other peoples, that
the institution of the school has it within its power to become
a mighty force in maintaining and promoting peaceful relations among nations.
To aid the school in cultivating "on earth peace, good
will toward men " through understanding, this text has been
prepared. In it the author presents that social, historical, and
geographical background of the peoples considered which he
believes must be possessed if even a beginning is to be made in
knowing and appreciating them.
The book is simple in treatment, having been designed
for pupils in the grades of our elementary and junior high
schools; yet the content, it is thought, is of such a nature that
iii




ivT


PREFACE


it can be read and discussed profitably by more advanced
students as well. Although space limitations make it impossible to give a complete picture of the peoples described,
nevertheless, within the scope attempted, the author has
exercised very great care to present only that which is
accepted by recognized authorities.
The book should be used with a good geography text and
with such reference helps as encyclopedias, yearbooks, and
government publications. The topics at the end of each of the
principal divisions, while relating to matters treated in the
text, cannot as a rule be satisfactorily discussed without
securing additional information. It is intended that these
topics shall be treated as "projects" to be worked up by
members of the class.
Doubtless many teachers will find it desirable to modify
the topics the better to suit the maturity of the pupils and the
material available. So, too, the resourceful teacher will think
of other topics which can be used in a simi'ar way. If thoroughness and orderliness in preparation and presentation be
insisted upon, the work on the topics will have great educational value through training pupils in scholarly methods of
study and investigation.
It is not possible to name all of the authorities to whom
the writer is indebted for material drawn upon. He is, however, under special obligation to scholars in each of the
countries treated in the text who have read the manuscript;
to the Librarian of the Library of Congress and members of his
staff for their help in making available the riches of that great
library; and to members of the staffs of the Department of
State and of the Bureau of Insular Affairs for illustrative
material to be found only in their custody.
FRANK F. BUNKER
WASHINGTON, D. C.




CONTENTS
HAWAII AND THE ISLANDS OF THE SOUTH SEAS
CHAPTER                                                   PAGE
I NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
I. The Islands and their Inhabitants.....................  I
2. Life on  Land and W ater..............................  17
3. Ancient Hawaiian Arts..............................  33
II THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN TO HAWAII
i. Captain Cook Makes Known the Hawaiian Islands....... 46
2. The Days of Sandalwood.............................  54
3. The New  England Missionaries........................  57
4. TheAnnexationof Hawaii............................ 63
III HAWAII TODAY
i. The Physical Features..............................  74
2. The Two Great Industries........................... 84
3. Scientists Solve New  Problems........................  95
4. Life at the " Crossroads of the Pacific"................... o101
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
IV LAND AND PEOPLE
I.  The Archipelago....................................  114
2. Products of the Wild Forest.......................... 122
3. Agriculture the Principal Occupation...................  131
4.  The  People.........................................  50
V DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
I. Magellan Brings the Islands to Light.................... 163
2. The Conquest by the Spaniards....................... 175
3. The Revolt against Spanish Rule...................... i8i
4. The Coming of the Americans......................... 189
MATTERS TO BE INVESTIGATED AND DISCUSSED
Hawaii and the Islands of the South Seas.................... no
The Philippine Islands...................................  201
Index and Pronunciations.................................  203




I




'U
k;




" Within the four seas all men are brothers"
-CONFUCIUS




I




LANDS AND PEOPLES
HAWAII AND THE ISLANDS OF THE
SOUTH SEAS
CHAPTER I
NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
I. THE ISLANDS AND THEIR INHABITANTS
That part of the Pacific which is bounded by the Tropics
of Cancer and Capricorn and the parallels of I30 degrees,
west and east, is literally studded with islands. Crests and
peaks they are, whose bases lie deep beneath the shimmering
surface of the tropical sea. They have never been counted,
but geographers say that there are about twenty-six hundred
of them. Mariners who sail the waters claim that there are
many more. In size these islands range from a mere patch of
sand and coral to areas embracing hundreds of square miles.
Many of them are rugged and mountainous with crater
cones standing high up, unmistakable signs of terrific strains
and stresses within the earth's interior in ages long gone by.
Others are low lying, scarcely able to keep their heads above
water at high tide. Nearly all are covered with garments of
richest green, fashioned by copious rains and warm sunshine
playing upon fertile soil.
It is in the rain-belt near the equator that the foliage is
densest. Here the trees are so huge and stand so close together
that their leafy tops form an unbroken canopy through which
the sun can hardly penetrate. Giant vines wind themselves
tightly around the great trunks and climb up to places in the
sun. Many-colored parasitic plants find a foothold in the
bark and on the limbs, often hanging almost to the ground
and looking for all the world like great snakes swinging by
their tails. Monkeys chatter about in this leafy roof and
I




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TROPICAL VEGETATION                     3
swing fri m  ihmb to li b, while parrots and para-keets with
harsh voices loudly call attention to their own gay plumage.
In the more tropica pats the somberness of the gat
forests is relieved by splashes of coor. The hibiscus; the
flame trees; the ble jacarandas; the many sees of the
acacia fily; the wonderful show  trees with great  sters
of bssoms, pin, pink and white, and yellow, hanging to the
Tht h e     M rgris d Tne
soft fluffy blossoms; and:many more suc h showy trees and
shrubs break the  monoonay of the, trpical fos t he
ehwate ponds and pl with w        h many of the islands
abound, And then,~ in the warmer andmoister localities down
by the equat, I ha   gatheird by the armful, in the open
pl, custees of wonderful oi
Around theeds of many of these ishinds and on the subItlyriads upon myrisi of these little w endi jaciie;aselessly
Out to se  There are gaps in these ref where streams of
fresh  ater iome down from the h lad  Itould seen th




4          NATJ IV   LIFE IN POLYNESIA
thes b         e made to permllit vess to pass thugh into
the Oeaeful aters of na   l harbors. The nooks ad crannies of these reefs teem with fish, many of them more richly
colored than the biossoms and birds ashore. A trip in a glassb   ettofmd boat over the corel shoals of a tropile island is a
revelation.
In the itter of fd-p       g plants, Nature is lavish
Bananas, papaya, and  66oonut   ow over a wide riange
furnishing food practically without work. The breadfruit
wel as far northas Hawaii A sinl tr Yields enuh   fruit
ture of a little eo  taro yams, and sweet potatoes can be
to be had for the  king. Indead, so plentiful are the foods
and fruits and so abundant the fish that life for the island
natives is an easy one. In fact it is too easy, for there is litl




oou.so iif C o-.i& v tiutin i oef MR  SmoA ei a




6          NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
in their  ironment to spur the  to serious nd whlesome
effort.
It as into these islan   of beaty and  ystery that there
came, ages ag  wave upon    e of pimtive folk, ancestors
of the ntre pepiles who n    iabi them.
In reect to their physic   featur   and appearance,
many tpes indicate geat differences in origin. In point of
et, their histo  in so f  as it relates to beginnings, has
never been written, for no one knows what it is. There has
befiefs; tradition; cu t"  and  oinii r of life and on the
cruinbde rvin& and mon   eatdisit in tOnehich are found in
some reg      Investgations Of these matters are undertaken
in the endeavor to trace the various races and tribesac to6
their sources. Some day the story may be witten wih confidunce hut noit yet_
It is;generally beeved h ever, that the and of the
southeastern corner of the great coninent of Asa It would




PEOPLING THE ISLANDS                      7
appea   for causes that arenot cl, that s   essie   igrns put out from the mainland and spread   ong the islans
off    r. As still others cm  on bend, the      t gus,
either tho      fear  beuse they had gained coure a    rnd
boldness, pushed on to other islanf   still further to the  ast.
ehad ge lba  oe so drove th   ah           tin many case
pe     iap  th   rflowed the whlek themslve   advning
beyod it     the sn    n    In t, these may hia     he
OVerran by yet others from the same general reg*ion
That the iads f the Pacifi     re peopled from We   to
east, strting from the southeastrn coast of Asia, is rendered
prbsby the hrae           f t  iaid themsev       A gne
at the map w         that there is a  un   gradati  f the
islands in ien an  nearness; Those closest to Asae are




C



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pPD..e'p                                       'p
PD PDPD
'p                                          pPDp




-lia* ba ~; ail *                                            xAdX
g w m z, i~~~~~~f* wzD g —'-,Xfvl~~~~~~~m  m$0                      X tH40f~~~~~~~~~~~~C




lo


NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


groups with a curve and you have Micronesia. All the islands
directly south of Micronesia and between Fiji and the coasts of
New Guinea and Australia constitute Melanesia. All the island
world to the east and north is Polynesia. (See Map, page 2.)
Micronesia is inhabited by a curious mixture of people of
Polynesian, Malayan, Mongolian, and Papuan blood. Strains
of Jewish and Moorish stock are also to be found among them.
Except for the Gilbert Islands, which belong to Great
Britain, and Guam, which was acquired by the United States
in the war with Spain, these islands belonged to Germany
until the World War. Now they have passed to Japan which
was given charge over all the islands in the Pacific north of
the equator that were under the control of Germany.
The little island of Yap in the Carolines has figured prominently in international discussions. Before the war it was a
German cable station and an important link in the cable connections of that part of the Pacific. Instead of permitting it
to pass to a single country, the United States urged that it be
internationalized. The League of Nations, however, to which
the matter was referred, declared that its control rightfully
belonged to Japan. The United States accepted this decision
on condition that the cables be kept open to all nations alike.
The principal island groups in Melanesia are the Solomon,
Loyalty, New Hebrides, Bismarck Archipelago, and Fiji
Islands, although some geographers place Fiji in the Polynesian division. These islands and New Guinea constitute the
home of the Papuan race of aborigines. The people are
black and have flat noses, thick lips, and stiff frizzly hair.
There is such a close resemblance between them and the African Negro that scientists believe their ancestors to have been
the same. In Fiji the blacks and Polynesians have intermarried. While the descendants have inherited many of the
splendid physical characteristics of the Polynesians, their
hair is kinky like that of the blacks.
The Papuans of New Guinea and Melanesia are perhaps
the fiercest and most war-like natives now living. Formerly
they were cannibals and head-hunters but they are such no
longer because of the influence of the European governments
which control them.
Except for the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia, which




GUAM


it


are French possessions, the islands of Melanesia are now
British. However, the title to the New Hebrides is in dispute
between France and Great Britain.
Polynesia, which includes those islands falling roughly
within a triangle connecting Hawaii, Easter Island, and New
Zealand, covers enormous distances. The principal island
groups are: Ellice (Br.), Phoenix (Br.), Manahiki (Br.),
Samoa (Br. and U. S.), Tonga (Br.), Cook (Br.), Society (Fr.),
Austral (Fr.), Marquesas (Fr.), Easter (Chili) and Hawaii
(Territory of United States).
These islands are peopled by a race singularly attractive
in qualities of body, mind, and heart. Perhaps the finest
expression of their racial traits was reached among the Maoris
of New Zealand and the natives of Hawaii.
The possessions of the United States among the lesser
islands of the Pacific are limited to Guam, certain islands in
the Samoan group, Wake and the Midway Islands.
GUAM
Guam is the largest and most populous of the Marianas
Islands. This group is still called the Ladrones, meaning
"Thieves," a name given it by Magellan. On his famous
voyage and when near death from starvation he came upon
these islands. (See page I 72.) He claimed that in trading with
the natives one of his boats was taken. When he sailed away
he named the islands " The Thieves " and this name, though
deeply resented by the natives, has clung to them ever since.
Little attention was paid to this island group until i565,
when Legaspi took possession of it in the name of Spain. The
Spaniards named the islands the Marianas in honor of Maria
Ana de Austria.
Guam itself is about 30 miles long and from 4 to 81 miles
wide. It is inhabited by several thousand natives who have a
much mixed ancestry in which the Malay strain predominates. The people have descended mainly from Spanish,
Mexican, and Philippine soldiery brought to Guam at various
times to subdue the natives. These soldiers intermarried with
the native women.
Guam remained Spanish until i898. In that year Captain




12


NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


Glass of the United States Navy, on his way to Manila with
troops, took possession of it in the name of the United States.
The Spanish governor at the time had not heard that war
existed between Spain and the United States. When Captain
Glass began firing on the fort the governor thought he was
being given a peaceful salute. Great was his surprise upon
learning that the surrender of the Island was demanded.
When settlement with Spain was made Guam was ceded
to the United States. The remaining islands of the group
were retained by Spain, who later sold them to Germany.
These are among the islands now administered by Japan
under the mandate agreement reached at the conclusion of
the World War.
The United States wished to retain Guam in order to
secure a good station for the trans-Pacific cable. Today four
cable lines land near Agana, the seat of government. In I9I 7
a high-power radio station was constructed by the Navy
Department and opened for communication.
Guam is governed by the officer of the United States Navy
who is commandant of the naval station. The official title of
the government is, "Naval Government of Guam. " Under
American rule public schools for the natives have been built
and good roads constructed. In Agana, the capital, a hospital
has been erected and electric lights, modern sanitation, and
pure water provided.
AMERICAN SAMOA
The United States first expressed interest in the Samoan
group in i839 when Commodore Wilkes of the Navy explored
the principal islands. Surveys made by him are still used as
the bases of charts of the islands. He appointed a consul to
represent the United States. He also made an agreement with
the principal chiefs in the interest of whalers and traders who
might later visit the islands. As early as i85o, England,
Germany, and the United States were represented by commercial agents.
In i872 the commanding officer of the U.S.S. Narragansett visited Pago Pago, island of Tutuila. One of the high
chiefs expressed a desire for the friendship and protection
of the United States. In return he offered to grant to the




,^~ ~~  -^~~~I~ C~:                   MANDATE AREAS OF
^-^^yP- ~~~~~2  -^ '~ tTHE PACIFIC
A  S  I  A,/  ~,'Ogasawara Is.(Japan).d   Is.
'/..,-    -u-                                 ) VolcanoT s.( (apan) -- - -_ - -  _- _- _- _ — _-  ___- __- __- _- _- O —  TROPIC OF CANCER
)i //^ ^^"^.,r____.,''1.. ~Hawaiian Islands
O    (us.)
nGuam (u.s) Is         P    A     C     I    F      I    C
~O  ) 4  W~hi;    Yap IP          M  an l Is.n
/ay  Pen.         PalauIs 
Palau s. Caroline Islands'                                     QA A
~        ra Bore   es o   ' -   MAN DA TE:.Gilbert Is..EQUATOR
"~  Jaa    '~                               ~...eo*. (British
^grawo~o^^^ ~-   ^aAUSTRALIAN MAN Naur i. r.u B} sh(
9PH  | XV~ DUTCH EANDI ESNew Britain BRITISH MAN;  Phoenix Is.
DUCH E  I Su                Ellice Is..                      Marquesas Is.
~olomon     (13tih)  -<..Uni on\> Group   (.Fr.................(French )
7                        *,5s^ A'      IS. (Britlsh)"           Bt
^Z          'V              C     \...                     a*. ~ ^Samoa IS.(us.&NZ)."". Tuamotu
NewHebrides' Fijis.  NZMAN.    ociety.ls.    A
(Br.&Fr.)  ~~SocietY'Is.,,:         ~:'.:.
New                    Cook. I, ". Brets' h
-_  _ Caledonia _'Loyalty Is.  -Tonga Is. (NZ.).   *French)  C 
Traiah EW;                       CAPRICORN
| -— A —U- S- T-R- (A —L — -A - _  French )  (French)- - --- (British)- -- - Austral Is..  AP
(French)
Ceorge F.ram"Co.            -  TasmaniaE          W   ZEALAND




14


NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


United States the exclusive privilege of establishing a naval
station in Pago Pago harbor. The Senate, however, did not
confirm the action.
In January, 1877, the Samoan people sent an ambassador
to the United States in another effort to obtain protection.
A treaty of friendship and commerce was concluded at Washington in i878, the first into which Samoa ever entered. This
treaty gave the United States the right of establishing a naval
station at Pago Pago, in return for the promise to help Samoa
with her affairs. The year following, permission to establish
coaling stations on other islands was granted to Great Britain
and Germany.
Meanwhile in i878 an agreement was reached with Great
Britain and Germany whereby the Samoan group was
declared neutral territory having an independent native government. It also confirmed the understanding between
Samoa and the United States as to Pago Pago harbor. This
arrangement lasted until i899 when the Three Powers agreed
to the joint administration of the islands. This plan not proving satisfactory, in i900 another was adopted. The United
States was granted control of that portion of the group lying
east of the 17ist degree of west longitude. Germany was
granted all of that portion to the west. England in turn withdrew from Samoa inasmuch as Germany gave her certain
compensations in Africa and elsewhere. By this arrangement
the islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, Tau, and Rose
Island came under the jurisdiction of the United States. These
islands along with Swain's Island, 210 miles north of Tutuila,
acquired in I925, constitute the region called American
Samoa.
Although the native chiefs concerned formally ceded their
lands to the United States, Congress has never taken action.
Consequently neither the Constitution of the United States
nor the laws have been extended to these islands. Hence,
resident Samoans do not rank as American citizens. By order
of the President of the United States the administration has
been placed under the control of the Navy Department.
American Samoa, for administrative purposes, has been
organized into three districts each having a native governor
who is responsible for the welfare and good order of the people




WAKE AND THE MIDWAY ISLANDS


is


of his district. These governors in turn are under the general
supervision of the naval commandant of the islands appointed
by the President.
Early in the World War forces from Australia and New
Zealand occupied German Samoa. The League of Nations
assigned this territory to New Zealand as a mandate. This
arrangement is still in effect.
Tutuila, the largest island of American Samoa has an area
of 44 square miles and a population of about 6500. The soil
is very fertile. Besides copra, the only article of export, the
natives grow taro, breadfruit, coconuts, yams, bananas, pineapples, oranges, limes, mangoes, and papaya. The natives are
of the highest type of the Polynesian race.
The Americans have organized i9 school centers in the
islands. These are attended by about i 8oo native children.
The Navy Department has erected a high-power radio station on Tutuila which places American Samoa in direct contact with New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, mainland United
States, and the Islands of the Pacific.
The harbor of Pago Pago has no equal for safety among all
the islands of the Pacific. It is completely landlocked and
affords protection to the largest vessels in all kinds of weather.
Moreover, this harbor lies directly on the principal route
between Australia and the United States. It is therefore a convenient port of call for vessels traversing that part of the
Pacific.
WAKE AND THE MIDWAY ISLANDS
Wake is an island of about one square mile on ihe direct
route between Honolulu and Hong Kong. It is 2000 miles
from the one and 3000 miles from the other. The Midway
Islands are a group in the northern Pacific having an area of
about 28 square miles. These islands are I 200 miles northwest
of Honolulu. A relay cable station of the Commercial Cable
Company is established there. Both Wake and the Midway
group are administered by the Navy Department of the
United States.
The value of these islands to the United States lies in the
fact that with Hawaii and Guam they form a line of communication with Manila. When the Philippines came into posses



16         NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
sion of the United States it ws  thought ntsary that a
direct mid-ocean line of commication between the main
land and the arielago be seud. As far back as s85o the
United States laimed these islandsy rght of discovery.
Active possession h3owever, was noot entered into until it
Iid of Baty
seemed that thy   mght be wanted as stations for a transPa ifie cle line.
rom the time of the great navigators of the sixteeh
and sevteth        is the eautiful eislads of the South
PM    have hbe   the sene of omce and a      enture, of
c mrrial     and eloitation and of eanest religious
eft. To these isln  m   the atit, the wter, the slaver,
the h feer, the tr  the    the   uri   Along




P:TH  WlE POLYNESIAN R1ACE s     17
many of the vices and diseses. Despite the fact that much
has ben done to prott the  atives, thos of pure blood are
pidly passing. On the other hand, the descendants of those
who intearmniecd with the Chinese, the Malays, the natives of
India, and representatives of the races of Euoe who drifted
in, are increasing. But
bca use of these on tacts
with foreigners the old
ways and enstoms, the 
maeri r of living, even
the beliefs and reli ou
practices of the native
peop les of most of the
South  Pacefie  Islands
have either been given
up entirely or 1e e havee
een greaty chang d.
Much has been wdtten i so highly cl6ored
that one who   travels          A Pre i Hawnaiianu Type
hout among the isl ands
marves at the amazing struture which the imaginative
person can erect on a gossamer thread of truth.
2. IrFE ON LaND AND WATER
The first white people to visit Polynesia, a little more than
a   ntury ago, found the islands inhaited by a rma ble
race. The people were tail, finely proportioned, and digfied.
They had we11-formed features, wavy black hir, and were
kind nd gtle when not arosed. They had no beasts of
dn; conseqntly lor was cied on entirely hy the
mrnd and womn i themselves, as is gery the practice in
cbountis of the Orient.
They possessed hachets of stoe or lava, diing toos of
hr  wod, and kli     of  rs' t  et. Bm  o aso  as used




18       NAIV LIFE IN POLYNESIA
rllL ii rlliXI 1  i~,s  I 2:.tf 1 ~ g  1T  lH   a
ting, for *en spt it lids a harp eu. They lackd
mea1s for eithe tols or weapons.
Indeebd of al the aricles the white man bro t, iron was
pr1zed mosl. Pigs, fres  t, utand vegetales d, which the Oeasy
gators ee       redily x hafiged by the ates fr
The Two Plant
nai's ai bits of h  oop Co.rpt  Cook's r  did r
ig b   ess i W       out da, k,  acd
ht     1 d af ndg th   * f o d,for  d th
9i Ctn Cok was 9rlle d was made by his w me7_
9     t of the pett  y a     1board h s. l
1h~hle to s0el with rbe* and ultiaht~ to th geat
t*O  asPtrroed l*th eag dsr of t natiost
-1110      W    _E i l_      r
7 9 9   9P-"8l  l  9r9799_ 9   _   _ ll 
~~|~ l _           | r  Ir_
9   9l~r  79.   r i11  D.9 r  6  1.
78 97 9A  * I779 7  9D7 rM-f  r  D,  DiDk.  hD-.D  D, D 7 D. 7, f i 7zl  x~; fi 7  7   D7D  D g  @   7DD7D'DDizD7 
0g} 7 DD D7 7 }7 7YD DD7 D D2 77 Dr  DDDD7i- | D DD 9~l20  D, 7 %:   DD
s; aB il:, *  "i" nr~ ~X'"",I:;  Ell i|Fr  L
- l 7.77.I g.Ilr'.DD0DD76  7 ~;;"l,,S~-.I:a!,~a~~i D1DID dh~  ~LII%~(.IiilS~ r~ DD. Zl__D l1Dal
ou tyeg  ams ~ i wi~.t 
('l1s ne.LYiDtDY
"-^' ~ DOl~r XYD74
aD~ ~ ~ ~~~~L:  Ij~ _, ~ rr  d~I ~g >7~  7Lt  X~  i.:;  tiB 1~~~~"
Dtu< I[1n D Dp8Ho _|Sr..............sexCv 
ti  Yii* J:   _S y.J iL  y i  1  * f  t   i y
YDWi*D D WbYfY~i<  7  Ww.f  K  t!DY  7Y SX LYV v>ILILIX~ f 3M I XfDf DEft MDW\t5[ 1l ~f I " a17, tSl Dt1 7 17DIp f t nr gf 1 r 1X x7  nn _. 
~i| 7n7_Dal,               O~"t +  ^EtD
(~~~~~-i          Ilxy    r DD




NATIVE FOOD                      19
possession of piebes of iron which they ms    cattered
about the decks.
Maize and other cereals were unknown to them  nd their
agriulturat activities were coined to the oultivation of tarn,
sweet potatoes, yams, sugar-cane and bananas. Coconuts,
"mountain apples," bread  t, ohel  berres, and pohas were
abudant, wlhil pigs, dogs and fowl were common amogng the
Ol1&tie  Me   thod f Mkiak  PoI1
Polynesians fr om the eaiest times. Although the Hawaiians
had considerabl var4iety in their food the chief ites were
fish and pod.
Po is made from the thikned rootstok of the tarn,
a pl      widely grown for food in troica   nties and
especill in the islands of the Pafic A vaiiety is also  o
as a garden    net in tempr e te regions where it is  o
as c        or ephat's-eer.
As poi   s originally prad or eating, the tar rts
were carefully washed and thoroghiky cooked in earth oven.




20         NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
(S   page 24.) Then they were plaed in shallow wooden
trays and beaten with stone pounders suitably shaped for the
prpose. As the beating and kneading proceeded, water was,addd untile the mass became of the clsisteneo of thick finely
grined paste. It was then set atside to ferment As oon as it
The Beadfr{itT{
Ehd soed seiiently to sit the t ate, usuilly a mtter of
twor three days, the p  wis ready to be eaten.
Pei is still a stle food aog the natives of    cifi
islands and among the older whe residents. In HawaiiL however, it is no loner made bhy hand but is ground in mills It
is acq*_e
~~~~~~~ __ *ti~l       - _t~  _~~~~g~Ya~;~~cf~~~




BREADFRUIT


21


Breadfruit is another valuable natural food, very widely
distributed among the islands of the Pacific. From the
earliest times this fruit has been known to Polynesians. The
tree upon which it grows is large and of a beautiful shape.
From its sap a glue was obtained which was used in calking boats and in capturing birds. In Guam and the Caroline
Islands the natives still use the sap with various pigments
for painting canoes.
The fruit which, though somewhat larger, is like a green
orange in appearance, grows in groups of two or three
near the ends of the branches. It is never eaten raw. Formerly
the natives cooked it in their earth ovens. White inhabitants
usually boil or bake it or cut it in slices and fry it as they do
potatoes. Seasoned with salt and butter it makes a very good
substitute for sweet potato, which it resembles a little in taste.
In Guam the natives make a kind of biscuit from it by slicing
the cooked fruit into thin sections and drying these in the sun.
Prepared in this manner, breadfruit can be kept from season
to season.
In Samoa and in other islands of the South Pacific the
custom is still practiced of preserving the fruit in pits dug in
the earth and lined with leaves. The fruit becomes a soft,
pasty mass which soon ferments. The fermented paste is
made into cakes as needed and baked, whereupon it becomes
palatable and wholesome.
This tropical fruit, once so widely used, is now badly neglected. Efforts are being made to popularize it, for its food
value is high. As it is easily grown, is not subject to insect
pests, and yields abundantly, it should become an item of
importance among the food products of tropical and semitropical regions.
From the leaves of the pandanus the natives wove mats
for floors and beds and they made their fishing nets and lines
from olona, a hemp-like plant growing bountifully in the
islands at the time. They wove baskets from the grasses and
made containers for liquids, called calabashes, from gourds
grown for the purpose, from coconut shells and from the wood
of the koa tree.




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CANDLE-NUT TREE                     23
light poles. Smaller poles were interlace, the whole being
coved with grass and leaves which were tied to the f  -
work in suc a wa that rain was readil shed fom roof and
sides. No windows were provided bt air holes" were   t.
The loors were of dirt or dirt overed with pebbles upon which
mats were spread for beds. The coyrg of the beds     as
made of tapa cloth, descbed on page 33. The ocpts
had no chairs but sat, on the floor. In rit, howver, the
Old Try Of Nive o Hf -SeNb Longe B idlt
ativities of the household were carred on outside in the
open air.
For lights at night the natives bned kOk     nuts or
andle-nut    The k    i t    is of mr     size. Its laves
The      of the     is blak ve   h,              a hig
polish.
The tree  as of great va   to th natives.  F  it they
se   ed a gum w h the used in varishing their brk   h
to prote  it ff  t he rain. Frm the inner bak of the tree
thie obtained a dakred dse wich thwe    used widel for
dcorative purpos es. The Hawaffigis; however, prized these
38p~tgy ~Jt~~  f~t ~i ~  t~a~~   'I~  kXe  g1~. Xb me a
t yo's w 8ad 0~Ltj  2 a n 




24         NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
trees especiat l for their nts. Baked or rasted, the kernels
Were salted and eaten. The ks rnes  ere also burned to charcoal ptlverized, and used in tattooing and in painting canoes
suhards, idols, aind dinms. B11t the nts werer mofst cornmealy e3oyed as a substitut for candles, because the
ke   s ela  satued. atd with oil.
In fparalon or such use the nuts were slightly blakd,
mmii'sy _f IRAN_. i 6,i
which mid-ribs of the coconut-leaf were passed A dozen or
strung togther in this way. When the end at was hte it
*burned uil the oil in it as ehastd, then the ame passed
to the net, and so on natil the whl taper was consumed.As each nut wd burn for but two or three minutes before
it had to be discarded these candles, which nature so bonti_The native did their cking out of    in eath ve
A h       d    in th6e g d This w    lined with stones pon




.THE EARTH OVEN. I25
hih fuel was burned. While th stones were being heated
the food to be cookd was prepared. In the case of pis and
fish thi s  s done by dlnning, sltig, and -rapping them in
the leaes of t thti plant. Taro roots, sweet potatoes, yams,
and breadfruit were also rarpped in the same way. When the
stones were red hot a layer of banan leaves or ti leaves was
spread over them, upon which the parcs of prepared food
were prlred. Then the whole was covered with more leaves,
and   th was heaped over the entire pile to the depth of six
l 
CoumeY of Biso  M;um
o                     _   _A  f. I. u Preparing Food for t he cah Oven
inches or more. UsuIly the oven remained  losed for the
night. When the earth was removed the food was found to
hae been thoroughly cooked. The fish and pork which I have
eaten prepar d in this way was vr delidous. This method of
ey, practied so wdely among priitive peoples, is
based upn the same prnciple as that of the firees cooker
so extenively used in OUr kitchens today.
Natue was so generous with the pi itive H  ains that
it left them tie for spoirts One of the most popular games
was played on a p  ectly ev          d rspared for the
inihes aart. The ontestas, taking posion some thirty or
forty yard  distan, Attempted to roll diss of  stoe




26


2NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


between the stakes without touching them. These stones were
very carefully shaped for the purpose. They were three or
four inches in diameter, about an inch through at the edges
but thicker at the center and rounded very exactly. Carefully
polished and oiled after they had been used, they were
wrapped in native cloth and laid away among the cherished
possessions until needed again.
So fond were the Hawaiians of this game that in the early
days the champions of one island would challenge those of
another island. Thousands of natives would assemble to witness the contest. It must be added that gambling was
indulged in on such occasions, many of the natives hazarding
everything they possessed on the throw of the uru, as the
stone disc was called.
Sledding on the grassy hillside slopes was another land
sport which was popular in Hawaii from the remotest times.
Two highly polished, hard-wood runners, twelve to eighteen
feet long, were fastened together much as are the runners of
the sleds of American boys except that they were placed
closer together. Two inches at the forward end and not more
than three or four inches at the rear were the customary
intervals. The sled was consequently much more difficult to
manage than ours. Yet so expert did the natives become in
its use that they often rode long distances without being overthrown. Holding the sled in one hand the rider would take
a run at the brow of a hill, throw himself full length face down
on the sled and coast as far as possible. The winner in the
contest was the one who went farthest without upsetting.
Successful as were the Polynesians in adapting themselves
to conditions on land they were even more at home in and on
the water.
Very soon after birth infant Hawaiians were taken into the
water by their mothers; so they learned to swim as soon as
they learned to walk. In his journal Captain Cook relates
that off one of the islands of the Hawaiian group he saw a
canoe occupied by a native woman and several small children
overturn. The youngest child, a boy of not more than four,
swam about playing while the mother and the other children
righted the canoe. Captain Cook's journals also point out




SURF-RIDING                     27
that it was a c  on pratic, when the surf was running so
high that caoes could not be laned, for women with infats
in their as to la overboad an(d swim ashoet "throgh a
sea that looked dreadful"
Early miLssio    s to              giv   ineresti
accots of the water sports particpated in by the  tives of
al ags and ra. Platform, for ex    le, were ercted  hi
abov deep places in the asea. Pos fasend at one iend hA
extndirng o    utoe+r   the Water cmpletei d the equinlnlt.
Stfi-bod Ridrs Awaikiki
Chl       had geat fun in chasin g one anth to the
and out on the                o where   we shaken off into the
two in vd t, thier at the d      than at the  idd, were
hen out of toe and     f     oiled and polishd. A native
wh his                   a     er of a     or so th
the s  to a pit w      he s      were h. Tn 
tr      shore  i  face d wn     at full e d  on the bdnt
he  od     it fo an approaing wve. Jost hef o  it readed
him he   old b      paddling with his hands as rapiy as
posse. This h ont inud ntil h   e wa ov ertake, whereupo,
if the maneuver were skillfull done, the wave would pc kup




28


NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


the board and its passenger and drive him all the way to shore
without further effort. So expert did the natives become in
balancing themselves on their insecure craft that they could
stand erect, or on their heads or leap from one board to
another while going swiftly forward. Often, however, the
delicate balance was disturbed and a spill occurred to the
great glee of everyone.
In recent times this sport has been revived in Honolulu.
And today, at the famous beach of Waikiki, riding on surfboards and in out-rigger canoes in the manner of the ancient
Hawaiians is an exciting but common pastime.
Many remarkable stories are told of the endurance of the
natives when in the sea. None, however, is more thrilling
than that related by one of the early missionaries. According
to the account, a schooner with thirty or more Hawaiians
aboard sunk in a storm when some twenty-five miles from the
nearest shore. It was Sunday afternoon when the passengers
were thrown into the water.
Five natives, three young men and an older man and his
wife, set out together, the husband and wife clinging to empty
buckets which they used as buoys. During the night the
younger natives disappeared. Monday morning the bucket
supporting the woman fell apart whereupon she swam without
support until afternoon when her husband became too weak
to proceed. They rested until he was able to continue. Again
his strength failed him. Then his wife took his bucket and
had him hold to her hair. In this manner she towed him for a
considerable distance. Again he weakened and his hold
relaxed. His wife put his arms about her neck holding him
with one hand and swimming with the other. When within a
half mile of shore, and after having been in the water some
thirty hours, she discovered that her husband was dead. She
then left him and reached the shore Monday night much
exhausted and at a point where there were no settlements.
Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday she searched unsuccessfully for inhabitants. Without food the while, she would
have perished but for rainwater which had collected in a pool.
Friday morning she was discovered by a fisherman and
brought to the village where she received care. Of the com



THE OUTRIGGER CANOE       29
pay aboardL the vessel, two men and two women reachle
land byh swmming.
The canoe whclh the Polynesians dievloped was spenididy
it its  strcti    From the trnk of the koe t ree thya
holloed noI t the body. Some of these canos were fifty fede
lon while a few are knownf to have had a length of svetiY
ft The    eldom  eeed two feet.|in wid  The rims or
''x2<3 t'.io i, aS 0 tih0.'ii.... li' 0q 29.2&.i EoC33v i3fit~33 033 
33 I l li  a 4 >:X 0 ix..... 3.. 96  2 i  4 40 S  3St 2.S3.  i3t eS  Xi33tW sig  C->e  1  B 31
g 2S & >' 4 i ~'~.:  ~ @' 2 X a i4/39'.n  S g3 2i *t 33jti  3333
* 3& *3  *  Gv XB 3 Sai  3< XX 5S  R W.  <.,  >  3   Az   i i   i N,  g.~~~~~~~~~~~~-' ~i.a3 >gE i 3,,.33 3 3ii 3. C;> - 6~: g3 3.  8>g3g3k.1  """"8<,~1~  r$r  WX  *S_3jjK
l<    ~~D~~C~3  > ag g. ffi 3~i& ~~~~~~~- i~~~~' i 3Yyi e   3> \ <a _Ifi 3 ~, r3 ~ 36 3 >~~, +; ~BE C   iut ~ i s 3r5.X <33 X3i3  g i3 s |>a 
3 11 3;a~~~-~"_:~B~ler @j. i~ 3~ 3~ ~ EiI S  3  3  ii332 0ii.... i   3. I.,       I~.:::r 3  3x  33.ff 33  Yi S  M u  >:I>~I]1 3111~:~1] 1 i:i33 3.. 3y gg g t23 2>3,,>1-:1~  3...........
R g  3a  9g n K  m W E im2.i9 y  g x3 >  ffiX Kyg 3  3>  g  z9  
X | @ i, ~ s gt  i'41'R<8z tE3333 1 
'_."slljl**~X~-                                 ~~~~~
_Krtc gZ                  g - ~ftf_  1   _,
-_2k7P i~ 3iati  _   W       M     3-1        _ ~)xz ~~~I~~ -~g?  i~ ~I~t~
f~tf~lt Lf~~'~e3~fd ~ ~i ttj i  s    ~~~~~~
_~~~~~t;3(~~a(      $8  ~b~~~" ~ ~B




30         NATIVE LIFE IN POLNESIA
wales of these canoe were made of  fter wood which was
extend  in cur ed pics at w   and stern to prevet the sea
ponuiog i     n
fr rol    over an "outrigger" was fastened to. This
conisted of a spar of light wood, of the se letrnth as the
cantoe which was laid paralfll to it, six or elt feet distant,
and held in place by arched cross pieces securely fastened to
the hod of the canoe.
Frequently two canoes were lashed together and  oards
which loads of cons..iderah. sie were ple..   These. doohle
canoes were large enough in instances to hold from fifty to a
hundred persons. There is rer of one hug waao of
their supplite
when the wind was favorahle, a salR of woven matting was
raised which increased the speed of these excelet craft.
Indeed, so durahle were they and so skillful the natives in
handling them that voyages were made hetween Hawaii adf




METHODS OF CATCHING FISH                  31
Tahti, oo miles apart. The      wledge w vhich the natives
had of nds and      ents and the movements of the principal
stars, by which they directed thei curse, most have ben
consid   le to  ave enabled them to trav  such       se
distances.
Being so proficient in the waer, the Polynesians were, as
mi      be epeected ecxpert fishermen.  When the lives of peple
depend pon their skill in catching their fod, one may be sure
that they beome ery clever at it. Through countless gna
tios, the natives of the Pacc pitteld tlheir wits aginst the
obtaining the Poison from then Plant
cunning of the menmbrs of the fi    tribes The re sut was
that many ingeni   methods n  for sppying their lards w
evolved.
The ook and line the spear, and the th       net were
conly eml        d. In the use of these devis the Pyv  etble po is  an;d catt  g them as they cae    to the
surfe.
The poison most fr   ently used in ancient H  i was
obtained from a pnt that for  ly grw  vry abunnty in
the Iands. Bundles of the weed wer thrown on to a lee
place in the  a     near a pool  st e     The   ds 
then po    d to apulpnd the b        d      dst      discard. The pl ws gthrd          qicky, beore its stn




32         NATIVE LI        IN POLYNESIA
was gone and placed in a sheaf f gra   This was twisted
tightly ad thrust snder the rock and into the hols in the
net. Even though caught in this manner, they were eaten
thout ill effect
In Samoa the same method is still practfced, but there the
poison is obtained fro  the gr seed ke s of a certain tree.
P    th A e P a thte P1 
into coarse meal. This meal is thrown into the pels left by
the receding tide whereupon the fish become stupefied.
At the present  e in Haii, Japanese do the fishing. In
highowerd motor boats carrying tons of ice, they range
the ses for a thousand mis. With their coming the pictresque water life of the Hawaiian passed. Oeasionally one
sees a lone naive on a r     ledge wth a fish-spear in his
hand. poised for the stroke. Occasionally, too, in some remote
and shadowy cove antiv can be         idig swiftly and
silen  by in an ancient ane. In the main h v, all that
is left of the helthful,    e, oldt    water acivities of
the Hawaiians is the suf-rithg at Waikiki.
Lfe on land and       for the Poynesians, consisted in




CLOTHING OF BARK                   33
the strggle to adapt to their needs the raw materials tt
nature provided. That the  succeeded so well is amazing.
The white ma, efficient in  many dietions, if set down
id such conditions  th no tools ext too oe wth e hicL he could
make    m shells, sharks teeth and stone and with no mens
of procing     except by rtLbbng a piece of hard wod in a
grve of soft wood, would mak a poor showing in c  aristo. That he could win a livelhood and at the same t
Oathoing the upefied Fish
secure the leisure to indue in othe varied games and sports of
the ancent Hawaiian seems i   bable.
3. ANCrNT HAWAIIAN ARTS
Althoughi Captain Cook  ports having s    the cotton
plant in Hawaii the natis knew n       othing about the use of its
fsber. Neither did they know ahbout wool or silk. Naturl
he  t       to the mtea that f       aor the  w  the mot 
ant nd the most easily obtained. Afid this proved to be the
iner bark of cetaain tres. Inn  ah  epimet cr
on throogh counl ess ages had taught the natives of the South
ifi     t Is lan  that te  aper  i y was bat  ited 
the prpt ose.
Only y     oung shoots of one or two yeasg grot wee u ed.
Thes g    e   M sraight el: ight or ten feet t,  d bt as
3
2aiir                          vmst~~r  emoSl 8at.~~~l9g  un13 ba~21~bf_
~~ aM   hes t ai o~lei  1ip  b1e
irlai OG)aitg of  ~ortar ts.~ o-uIe Qr~able exielb ~tv  dl,




34         NATIE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
thic  at the base as on's thumb. Wen the shrub     had
a   d a asfficient sze th     cut ad striped of leaves
and the tops were roved.   Each rod was split lengtwise;
side. These c    wr left in a   bro or o   seeral dy s.
scraped a    all of the
outer  substance  from
each piece, washing it in
running water until nothng remained but the fine
fiber of the inner ba.
These pieces were then
pread out on plantain
leave to dry, in strips a
foot wide and elen s o
twelve yards long. This
length ws seured by
laong the pieces end to
end and peemitting them
to overlap.
The next step in the
process of making the
cloth was that of beating
the br k. A strip, prepared in the mann    described, was laid across
COuathe.is3 s sS4 w-se so       a 1af  which had been flia
Gitthevbw tfi Wiifids for Hgrk-Cldth
tened on top. Batons er
lets of wood abouta  t long and havn four filat  sces
each three  four inches wide were epo       by the women
whose duty it Wg to p   are the doth. As thebeati    prom
grssd, the bark, under the rhythmic strokes, rapidy thinned
and   ined. If a very fine     were did the piece was
folded several ties and beaten ut again. twnasthen bleached
in the sun and air, wMc  in tropical &linates, soon produced
a  ucprized whitnss. In this manner a 01coth as fine and
as    as muslin was obta in.
Sts of ta, as the bakdoth ws cll,            e easily




PREPARING THE BV 3 AST  35
joined by overlaig th ee and beating the eams out to
unlifon thinness. Fequenstl;ry to m a the unei t eas perM   g the  I I ia  t
feot   as   as  sib   the orpp.ng parts w
pasted togetr with the starch of the tarn Ol pat r with gue
PC~~ LX~~i~ f~E~i}




36         NATIVE LIFE IN PO        NBSIA
of o            ot. In this    ner sts of tapa of any
dr          and h   readh could be obtaind.  A missonary
in   i states that he mered the tapa dss whil a native
re on feast da      and fund it to be i8  ads in  gth
As the blowfs of the beaters faling on the resonant logs
d be hed at cnsiderable distaes a system of signalling
came toA use, particularly in Hawaii, where the art of tapamakg mracbe    its -greatest pr cion. The betels c uild
send messages t  th  go     f wkrs scaLtteed iabout the
Dryoig the Freihly Mad Tal 1a
befre toapamaln   was abandoned states that by means of
these   nals his approach    made     wn long before he
ld be seem
a stri of tapa was finished one m         tore step had to be
taken-to print upon it the curious designs so dharacteristic
of     nesin peole    s Dyes of varos clrs, red, yello,
blue, brown, black, were prepared from the leaves, bark, roots,
and fruit of shrubs and trees, and then mied with earthy. By      es of bloc, stnls, and rulng-pns Bd 
of,boo th    colors were patiently woe upon the cloth
i pa     s of grat intricacy and beauty. After the dyeing
had ben fished the coors on the finest piees of taa were
nder  me peraent by brushing the   hole with a kind
of vais   made of vegt        gum.t This glaing not only
served to prevet the clors from fding but protected the
fora       a nst moist




USES OF TAPA


37


Polynesians now use the cheap cotton cloth of civilization,
but in the olden days before they had come into contact with
white traders their clothing and bedding were made entirely
of tapa. Their dress was simple. It consisted of a girdle of
bark-cloth, nine inches wide and nine feet long for the men,
and a similar strip but wider and longer, wrapped about the
waist and falling well to the knees like a skirt for the women.
Both sexes also wore a kind of cape which was thrown about
the shoulders when comfort required it.
Although these garments were simple, custom permitted
the use of many grades of bark-cloth, differing in fineness of
texture and in excellence of decoration. The vanity and fancy
of the women were gratified not only by the quality of the
tapa worn but by the length of the strip which constituted
their costumes.
The wife of a missionary pioneer of Hawaii, writing of a
feast given by Kamehameha II in i820, described the dress of
the queen who appeared in a tapa costume a yard wide and
long enough to encircle her body seventy times. She added:
To array herself in this unwieldy attire the long cloth was spread
out on the ground, when, beginning at one end, she laid her body across
it, and rolled herself over and over till she had rolled the whole around
her. Two attendants followed her, one bearing up the end of this cumbrous robe of state, and the other waving over her head an elegant flybrush of beautiful plumes, its long handle completely covered with little
tortoise shell rings of various colors.... After the presentation was
over, her majesty lay down again upon the ground and unrolled the
cloth by reversing the process.
Coverings for the beds were made by stitching together
sheets of tapa, five sheets usually forming each unit. So warm
was this bedding that a writer who at the time was on a high
mountain in Hawaii states that he was uncomfortably hot
with such a covering although water was freezing in the calabashes at his feet. Bed-making in Polynesia, during the tapa
days, consisted merely in folding up the bark-cloth blanket
and putting it away for the day.
Tapa sheets, dyed black, were also used by the Hawaiians
when burying their dead. Even now burial caves, hidden for
generations, are occasionally discovered and tapa shrouds of
the finest quality are found in them. To Hawaiians it was a
bad omen ever to speak directly of one's death so they some



38         NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
times said instead: "Wait till the black tapa covers me."
When the king of the island of Kauai desired to tell Kamrehameha the Great that
Kauai would pass under
the  latte's irle only
when he, the King, died,
he sent a message saying:
"When the black cloud
(tapa) covers me, the
island is yours." So, too,
when the bones of Captain Cook were returned
to his fi slghip, they
came wrapped in a quantity of fine new* tapa
which, in   turn, was
IIcovered  th a mottled
cloak of black and white
feathers.
The age of tapa-mak
ing has passed for the
traders briin   cotton
fabrics he found their
way into al l the islands
of Polynesia. Through
them the product of the
*loi has been brgt
into competiion with the
product of the mallet.
The result is that the
carlier art with its delicate and b hatifl flabicl
is a t disppe ring. By
s89o the manufactnre
Samoan Gird Desd it SWiapo  and use of tap  had
ceased  in Haii. A
coarse grad of bark-loth is still mae6 in Saoa, called *io.
Turists, p   hasing as they do qntities of it for wl detou,      k coverings and the like, are responsible for this
urviv  of a w11igh lost art.




HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK


39


The making of bark-cloth was not limited to Polynesia;
primitive people in the tropics everywhere have always
used the bark of trees and the fibers of plants for similar purposes. Indeed, bark-cloth appears to have been a universal
product of tropical peoples. The tribes of Malaya, the natives
of many of the islands of the East Indies, the Negritos of the
Philippines, the inhabitants of Madagascar and of central
and eastern Africa, still use the inner bark of certain trees in
the same manner as did the Polynesians. Their workmanship,
however, is inferior to that of the latter; and their tools are
much more primitive. Neither are the dyes used in coloring the
cloth of such variety nor so skilfully and artistically applied.
Only in museums and in private collections can specimens
of this beautiful art now be found. Indeed, exact knowledge
of some of the processes is already lost. Even the names of
some of the tools which were used are now in doubt. In
the passing of this art we have one more illustration of the fact
that primitive peoples, when they come into free contact with
Western races, quickly lose the customs and manner of life
which they had developed in adjusting themselves to the conditions under which they lived.
In still another activity the Hawaiians acquired a skill that
has never been surpassed by a native race and that was in the
making of the feather robes and helmets worn by their chiefs.
So magnificent were these creations that all of the early
voyagers and explorers who touched Hawaii mentioned them.
Captain Cook, writing in I 7 78, says of them:
Amongst the articles which they brought to barter this day (January
21, 1778) we could not help taking notice of a particular sort of cloak and
cap, which, even in countries where dress is more particularly attended
to, might be reckoned elegant... The ground of them is a net-work
upon which the most beautiful red and yellow feathers are so closely
fixed, that the surface might be compared to the thickest and richest
velvet, which they resemble, both as to feel and glossy appearance.
The cloaks are made of different lengths in proportion to the rank
of the wearer, some of them reaching no lower than the middle, others
trailing on the ground. The inferior chiefs have also a short cloak,
resembling the former, made of the long tail feathers of the cock, the
tropic, and man-of-war birds, with a border of small red and yellow
feathers and a collar of the same. Others again are made of feathers
entirely white with variegated borders. The helmet has a strong lining
of wickerwork, capable of breaking the blow of any war-like instrument
and seems evidently designed for that purpose.




40 NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA
Fourteen years later, Vanc  ver, another    glish explorer,
iied the Hawaiian Islan. He, too, was greatly impressed
wfith the be  y anld elegce of this unique apparl. He was
met by    ehamena I, the native genius who, after years of
hard fightig, hd united the islands under his rule. (See page
Vanco ver says:
The lgest oe ng     was
rowed by eighteen paddles on
h sde; in this was     his
Hawaiian majesty, dressed in
the moset elegsnt feather cloak
I   d yet seen, composed pri
cipally of bentiful bright yetlow feathers and ra  n from
his souIlds to the grond on
which itrailed. On his head
he wore a   ery handso me
hmet, and made a together a
vfo  handsome appe ansee...gaa OS~al~iesS ewe, Vseaa,,)  Kamehameha conceivi g
(Fmmi  R     eCk's filo4 gyag4  tffhis might e his las t vis it
Th FeatheHele ad C            pr    td me with hndsome
ltawsiisa N   _ative    dok formed of red and yellow fhers, with a small
collection of other naive enrisities; and at the same time delivered into
charge the   r    k thtn he hade wo  on Mh foa   vii on o
displaed its heatr and had shown m te holes made in different parts 
of it by the enem  s spears the firt day he or it, i  last hattie for
the sovereignty o  hisland, hevery earefully folded it up, and desired
that on my r      in England, I wo d peeent t in his name to H, M
MK   Ge oge. and as it had ev& been vein hy any person hut hhraself,
over their shlders, saying it Was the mo  val  i   the iland of
Hawaii and for that reason he had wot it to so greet a monarch, and so
tand hat  e  ing of it     td     ove r serl g     ios




WAR-CLOAK OF KAMEIMA HA     41
O     y      w     1 ME.SE 41
The Peathe Robe of H( waiia Chief
The mgnie wcoak of tfe gt Kame a h, in.
theBip M      (H oulu) for  le, is ma e
of th fth of the L  a bird aot eigh inhes




42


NATIVE LIFE IN POLYNESIA


long, now extinct. The general plumage of the bird was black
but the margin of the wings and certain of the feathers of the
tail were of rich orange. It was from these orange-colored
feathers that the cloak was made. As each bird produced only
about fifteen of these feathers, and as the robe is nearly five
feet long and more than twelve feet wide at the bottom, it must
have been an enormous task to capture the birds, pluck the
few feathers which each yielded, and patiently attach them
one by one to the fiber net which constitutes the framework of
the cloak. It is said that the first feathers used in the cloak
were obtained during the seventeenth century and that work
continued on it until well into the last quarter of the
eighteenth. Indeed, it has been estimated that the labor expended on this robe, if paid for at the wage-rate now prevailing,
would cost a million dollars.
So precious are these products of the feather workers that
a specially constructed, fire-proof cabinet was built by the
Bishop Museum in which to house its collection, the finest in
the world. This case is kept in a darkened room to prevent
the colors from fading. In other famous museums a few highly
prized specimens are also to be seen. The story of how these
relics of a lost art found their way to various corners of the
globe, ultimately to be preserved in museums, is an interesting one.
A few years ago, for example, in one of the government
warehouses of Russia, boxes were discovered which contained
a number of these robes. These were turned over to the
Russian Imperial Academy at Petrograd. Upon investigation it was found that they were a part of the collection made
by Captain Cook in I778. After his death in Hawaii, his
expedition proceeded northward, ultimately arriving off
Kamchatka, short of provisions and in distress, for the commander, Captain Clerke, was dying. Captain King, who succeeded him in command, took refuge in a desolate-looking
harbor on the Russian coast near which they chanced to be.
Here the distressed sailors were received with unexpected
hospitality, the Russians supplying the ships with all the provisions needed, yet refusing to accept compensation. They
declared that Empress Elizabeth, their ruler, would rejoice
to assist Englishmen on such an expedition. As a token of his




METHOD OF MAKING ROBES                    43
gratitd  Captain King presented the candtat of the
haror wh s     fpeimens of the colltion whi  the exeditio 
had made. These were carefully boxed and sent to the Russin
apital, whe  they were lost for a centry and a quarter.
Another of thes cloks was presented by K   amehameha
II to Captain Starb      of the ship L'Aige, in 824, who
conveyed the Hawaiian King and QuIln across the Atiantic
on the occasion of thei
visit to  England. The 
cloak, a beauil sapa
dress weorn by the Queen,
and several rare prints
and pr   ait       s              hef her, made
at the tlmee were kpt in
the  Starbuck famnily for
o;3 years, that is, unti 
1927.  Then they were
returned to Hawaii to be
preserved ermanently l 
the Bisho Muus. With
impressive cermony these
priceless  rclies  were
received by Governor
Wallace  R. Fa       ion,, 
acting for the people of     o..
Hawaii, in what foreny     Caived woode  Bw136 Anisent.i.m..i
had been the throne room
of the ro   palace   which is now the meeting place of the
Territorial legislature
The birds from which the feathers for the capes and obes
were obtained,   d, for the most part, in the mountainous
secionrs of the isla. Hnters placed siks  eared with
sti    ime in trs in order to apre   ie the more highly
prized birds. Birds so captured were relased to moult again
after the few* nsfl fethers  e pluk    K     am eha the
Great, after establishin pence in the islan  said to tlhe birdat    s: "        y  tak  a bird d  no t     ge it, b
having pcike the feathers for whieh it was sought, set it
free that others may  row in their plae"  N ets of li t,
thaik fibwerer also use      These Were skfty hrown




over the flig birds. Snares were likewise entriverd and were
usu in capturing   rtin spees. By clever devices of the
i, these hutrs, who knew well tLhe haunts and hfaits of
the birds,   ed the y, the rd, and the  een fters
fm whi    the royal garments were made.
Meanwhile, the fiber of the      formerly cultiat
extensively by the native of Hawaii for the purpose, was prepared forthe   ond-ork of the robes.
The bark was saked and then scape
on a long, na   board with a scraper:made of turtle bone or shell. The fi
was readily eparated fromi the pulp in
this way, after wih it was twisted
into cords of various grades of fineness.
Cord  and threads of el a, being
of the robe or          whh     s
obe made
women a       1 in the a,  nd, one by
one, fastened to the net by muh finer
hrd, often only singe rber. These
hberi fi d ent were boun around the
sa  Mseum    haft of the father so sec l Iy tht,
lthou,  the shft cod be broken off,
the fether could not be pulled out
And so cleverly did the deft fing       of th     en
tt    the feathers to the net that the uting threads nd
In    tion toth capes and      specimens of th ater
work of the Ha   angs have cme down toL us in other forms
Such are the  is or  ths of feathers worn in the hair or
bout the, and hletli h         sses intende for
adnuert Andf orrtection in battle  hene  e  t  he kahs
U or clindrs io plunnes ncircl  the   r ed of sears 
poles and erned in pocssions uh as ban       are  rd




LAST OF THE ROYAL LINE                 45
In I922, Prince Kuhio, the last of the royal line of
Hawaiian chiefs, passed away. His funeral was held in
accordance with the age-old practices of his ancestors. The
realization that probably never again would these ancient
rites and ceremonies be performed in Hawaii, added a special
note of sadness to the occasion.
From hidden places came a wonderful array of plumes,
feather robes, and helmets. Never shall I forget how impressive that great procession was as with slow and measured
tread it moved out to the royal mausoleum. The forest of
nodding feather cylinders towering high above the bearers, as
they attended the bier, produced an effect that approached
the sublime. The irresistible march of civilization, although
bettering conditions generally, nevertheless destroys many
primitive customs and activities that deserve to live.




CHAPTER II
THE COMING OF THE WHITE              N TO HAWAII
I. CAPTAIN COOK MAKES KNOWN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
Captain CookS name is itidlibly wrItten infto the history
of th Na cfi1  EI: of Hawall  While ye t a y oung man his
Wit"n  O i5iaI l lPretm  Coal  Via040~
CaOptain J1oIo C1ok
bald yet wi leadersip brnght him to the notice of men who
advaned him    idly to posiins of   psibility. At the
siege of    ec for ex   le, in the    between En   nd
and Franc, he rn   ed   h distinushd ere tht later
he was appoid to          the island f Newf    nd and
the  ast of Labra     He       d at this      il 767
en he    s g    comnd of a sientifi expedition sentby
46




EXP]DITIONS OF CAPTAIN COOK                47
fth British Government to the South Sas On this voyage,
whilc bein in 1768 and ended in I 7 i, he ecirled the gloe,
made seve      important disco eies and  xplord New
Zealand and other n -y islands.
So succes     wa he that, a little later, he s plaed at
the head of another   ditin to the Paciic and snt out t
the outh to searh for an     own c    it which 
thought to exist. This cuise also addd gory to his  e. At
about this time the question whether thes might not hbe a
water passage fr m Europe to A a  nor  of the continent of
Cou*tesy Of C. Be rt 
A   oone on the alnd of Kaua{
North Ameri began to be disussed       idey. To decide
the matter, Captain Cook offered to condut a third expedtion t the Pfic. It was on this voyage that he divered
the group now kowas the Hawan slas. It w        on this
t  also that he lost his life,  t not here he had proved that
no  fe rote to the north of the ctint existd.
It was in Jul, i776, at the  ti  that the Dedlation
of In   edence   as sed at Philsd     ha, that Cptin
Ck set out                on this last and   st
voyge. Haig rnded the Cape of Good Hope, he wrked
his way during  777 th           arted   ters f     one
island group to another. Ta na, Nw Ze    nd, the Tonga
and S   ety Isa    w  vsited in turn. Then he   d    e




48          THE WHITE MAN IN          AWAII
sharply to the north, lyg  his Mcurse fo the nt st ost
of Noahrth Ameri, whe  he was to bein his i searh for a wate
passage connecting the Pacifie and the Atlatic.
On Suda, the I8th of Ja, 778, he sighted Oahu,
the island on which Honolulu is 
atsed. A little latier, Kauais anothr
sland of the tup, ppeatrd diretly
~Itl |i  |g       ad Her6 heresolved toland, Natives
who vv   off the coast fisfng i cans.lp~ l, saw, as thy tsai, "a great hing comi
*ol                  p ri be l, ing o dhigh above the soi, with re
h"rn    apt e t  op.' ie a y wTere fgihtenId, for they had hev r bfo6r seen
gv the alarm.
E axl  l|-       On Tuesday Cptain Cook ented
Waimea Bay with htis to vessel and
as t anchor. A thrlon  of nativ  assem
led on the h  s o  rloo6king th cove.
They were g      tly excited by the
appearance of these  marVus monIR.   |      ost r' One saidse  to ahth  pe ng of
the rawstsafid the ard-a    What is
this thing that has hr nches? Another
30l'E l:  *said:'t i sa fo rt  of tres. r ti
ON atiives Who wer      ent out to the
ips in canoes saw some  inls    onthe
ii.          _ dek, of on of t         This iT  s the
frnit of th witch of the ocean who has
i   *           hjE.   _   been kllded" they thought. They saw
qB"60 MUM     the skin of a bullock hanWig f    the
Aricit RHoAin    rnigg~ing and repoited that it athki
wood  dl   of "anoith    of the mbishiefaking
sorcers " The priests said 1"This is the go L   h has
come, and thee (thi e ships) are his tmptles 
In   nmm     with all  olnans the Hwiing wr
shipped four great deitie and man lesse ones. Thes were
conceived of as heing who lived in or abve the ciouds but
who als appeared on th earth in hma f    L    was one
of the f    princial go   thg ' not the       The were




COOK THOUGHT TO BE GOD LONO               49
temples in the Islands also in which to w*o   this gd and
a priethood to conduct the ceremonies.
It appears that there was a prophesy amng the Hawaiians
that a tie woild com  when Lone would appear among the
people in the gmise of a man, "earng coconut trees and swine
and dogs." So, when Captain Cook siled into Wimea Bay
it is not strange that many of the chids and priests, who had
never before beheld Europcans, thought that fulfent of
this ancient prophesy  was at hand. Accordinly they called
Captain Cook, "Lone, and his ships, "Lono's temles."
The native ruie  of Kaui promptly sent messegers to
(Prom  tzeu   Voyaeo  I the South Seas Gerlan Ei f  1821)
Temple Images of Ancient Haaii
the other itands of the group to announce th  arrival of
Lone and his strange looking   anions. Thy said that
the ships w   like temles with steps       ledingup
to the altars nd that thehad "on sticks in front, like th
sh ar noe of a w  dfih " Of the men they sid: "Th
and rflding. They have openings in the sides of thi bodies
into which they thrust their hands and take out iron, beads
and ais. And fire and sme     om ut of their      as
ou of a volcano"  hs the astonishig nw of the arrl
of "Lono"passed fr    isl   to isl d and soon 4OO0o
nativesfor that  s  estimated opulati, were 
and alkg of little.
4




50


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


Meanwhile Captain Cook began trading with the people
exchanging bits of iron, hatchets, knives, nails, and trinkets
for pigs, fowl, fish, breadfruit, coconuts, bananas, taro, and a
kind of sweet potato grown by the natives. "These people
merited our best commendations in their commercial intercourse," wrote Captain Cook, "never once attempting to
cheat us, either ashore or alongside the ships. " Nevertheless,
despite the friendliness of the natives, the officer in charge of
one of the landing parties fired upon and killed one of them.
Apparently this act was without justification, for Captain
Cook, in speaking of the incident, says: "It did not appear
that the natives had any design to kill, or even to hurt, any of
the party; but they seemed excited by mere curiosity to get
from them what they had, being, at the same time, ready to
give, in return, anything of their own. "
One could not expect that the standards of right and wrong
behavior of simple-minded natives would be the same as those
of white men whom they had never before seen. Yet exploring parties in those days often ignored this fact and treated the
natives with needless severity. It was easier to level the
musket and pull the trigger than to exercise patience and forbearance. Captain Cook's untimely death a few months
later was due chiefly to lack of restraint in handling a series
of circumstances that began when a certain native took an
iron tool of little value from the deck of one of the vessels.
After supplying his ships with water and provisions, Captain Cook set sail for America where he spent the summer in
exploring and charting the coast from San Francisco to
Alaska. In this examination he satisfied himself that there
was no waterway across the continent to the north. To avoid
the cold winter which set in early that year, he returned to the
Hawaiian Islands, arriving off the Island of Maui in November. He next sighted Hawaii, the largest island of the group.
He spent a time at Kohala, a landing place on the northern
point of Hawaii. Here he secured provisions from the natives
whom he found quite as friendly as were those on Kauai.
As on Kauai, he was treated as a god. The priests robed
him in bark-cloth of the finest texture and threw about his
shoulders the magnificent feather cloaks worn only by royalty.
(See page 39.) Believing him to be Lono they took him into




"NOT GODS BUT MEWN                     51
their teple and seated him on a platfmn aong the sacred
images. They prostratd themselves befoe himn prayed to
him, and offeed him sacrifices. Wh  ver he went he was
attended by a plest who walked ahed of him ordeng the
people to fall down before him when he passed. A priest also
ac    paed him o    the water, standing in the bow of the
boat with a wand  in his hand. Native        s in canoes as he
approached wold quit paddl ig and 1ie face down until he
had gone by. The people sent board the hips great quantiFr Ofd. k    Ja o.ok' sos 1)
Gaptof     Cook ati His Anhmionse on Hawa
they conld ill afford to give away  for which they ked
no pay.
After eightem days of friendly association with the natives
at Kohala, Captain Cook sailed away intending to visit
other islands of the gr. Two days  ter h enc ntefed a
LCheavy gae drink whih he discoared that one of his masts
as rotten and that he      st pt back for repai. The
de sion to ret ur to his old n tcfha g 1   rathe r thra  to seek
some other haor along the oast,   s a  fat     for three
days after lnding he lost his life at the hands of natives wo,
but a    days b       had treated him and his  as gods
The H      ans had be    o doubt   aying "These are
hotgo     ot m1 e" S   e said:"Tey       t whe thy are
hurt." At one of the nate      ils a   f maintaine that
aptan Cook  as not Lno and prpos       that he shld




52


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


test the power of the latter by threatening him with a club.
"If he is Lono he will kill me," he declared, "but if he is
scared and tries to run he is not a god. " One of the crew, who
had died, was buried ashore. Many who witnessed the funeral
became convinced that the strangers were mortal like themselves.
Then a chain of incidents, ending in the death of the great
navigator, followed in rapid succession. A native picked up a
pair of iron tongs and leaped overboard. He was followed by
officers in a boat and shot at but escaped. That night one of
the rowboats was stolen and broken up for the nails in it.
Captain Cook with members of his crew went ashore intending to persuade or compel the king to come aboard ship. The
king was to have been kept as a hostage until the boat was
returned or amends had been made. This plan might have
succeeded but for the fact that the crew of one of the ship's
boats, sent to a distant point in the bay to establish a blockade, fired upon a canoe, killing a chief of high rank. When
news of the death of this chief reached the natives on shore
they became very angry and attacked Captain Cook and his
party with stones. Blows were exchanged, guns were fired,
natives were shot and Captain Cook fell stunned. Then he
was struck with an iron dagger and killed.
According to a native account of the affair, when one of
the chiefs knocked Captain Cook down, the latter cried out
in pain. The chief thought: "This is not Lono, this is a man.
There is no wrong. " So he killed him.
The body was carried to a temple and placed on an altar.
After the funeral rites were over, the body was treated in the
same manner as were the bodies of their own kings and chiefs.
Some of the bones together with the personal effects of Captain Cook were later returned to the ship s. The remainder of
his bones were kept in a temple and worshipped by the people
until i 8 i9, when idolatry was abolished.
After burning the native village and killing a number of
the people as punishment, the two vessels departed, finally
reaching England in I780, where the details of the tragic
event were made known. Today, on the shores of the bay
marking the spot where this great English explorer lost his




OTHER DISOVBRORS         53
if, stands a shaft of stole ereted i8n 74 by  ritish s rs
in his me.
Captain Cook was not the first European to visit the
MKrn~e i6 Cwaot0 i C6;k lsined N'ig WhB Ho was Kii'e
1isldf this IupSAbout i    Juan *tn  an Ilan   in 
th   rvie of     on one of his        b      M
and the Philippines, muinist have touchedat thes isds, for
they6 arrecord dron his sailing cha which fel int the had
|;'~  | i i 
_               P             alblxi
_ g        g _
_;i t;a'wl'~i3~t.~ $;~~ B~l~-~~;~~~~B-~ 
olaumef~:  a~t~  apc~~- s  atn= oo bree~i q~~ ear erti C1$^ tfD~~ E  kBt NW 




THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


of the British navy. It is thought by some that Cook had a
copy of this chart with him on the voyage that brought him
to Hawaii.
Then, too, Hawaiian tradition tells of shipwrecked Europeans and Orientals who were cast upon Hawaiian shores
long before the coming of Cook. As nothing, however, came
of their discoveries, the credit of bringing these islands into
contact with the civilized world, rightly belongs to Captain
Cook. He did for them what Columbus did for America.
2. THE DAYS OF SANDALWOOD
Upon the return to England of Captain Cook's vessels in
I 78o, and the publication of an account of the voyage,
Hawaii was made known to the world. It was seven vears
before this island group was again visited. Then came
English and Yankee fur-traders. These adventurous pioneers,
in carrying furs from the northwest coast of America to
China, occasionally stopped in Hawaiian harbors in search of
water, of such food as the natives could supply, and of salt
with which to preserve their furs. So, also came Captain
George Vancouver, another famous English navigator, who
entered Pacific waters to chart the northern coasts.
Captain Vancouver had been a midshipman on one of
Captain Cook's vessels and had witnessed the tragic fate that
overtook the great voyager. Vancouver profited by this
earlier contact with the natives. Upon his visits in I792, 1793,
and finally in 1794, he treated them with such kindness,
bringing useful seeds, introducing cattle and sheep from California and giving friendly counsel, that his name is especially
honored among Hawaiians to this day.
In his journals Vancouver tells of meeting three white
men on the Island of Kauai who had been left there six months
before by an American brig to collect sandalwood, which
grew abundantly in the Islands.
Sandalwood has been an article of commerce from the
most remote days. It is mentioned in the ancient Vedas. The
Bible, too, in describing the splendor of King Solomon's
temple, says that the navy of Hiram, King of Tyre, brought
gold from Ophir and a "great plenty of almug trees, and
precious stones. " It also says that King Solomon "made of




THE DAYS OF SANDALWOOD


55


the almug trees pillars for the house of the Lord, and for the
king's house, harps also and psalteries for singers: there came
no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day." These
almug trees were sandalwood.
When dried, ground into powder and burned, sandalwood
gives off its peculiar fragrance. It is used in the manufacture
of incense, which is essential to temple ceremonies, especially
in Buddhist countries, where it commands high prices. Indeed
at the time of its discovery in the Hawaiian Islands, sandalwood had a ready sale in the ports of Macao and Canton at
$200 a ton.
Traders, in these early days, obtained the wood from the
Hawaiian kings and chiefs, usually in exchange for merchandise, upon which they made a big profit. The native rulers, in
turn, finding that in this commodity they had an unexpected
source of wealth, compelled their people, under threat of
severe penalties, to bring it down out of the mountains to the
seashore. This worked a great hardship upon them, for they
had to go far back into the high mountains. The loads were
carried long distances on their bare backs, for they had no
beasts of burden. The pressure of the wood on their shoulders
produced callouses which remained as long as they lived.
Indeed, so many of the natives wore this badge of subjection
that they came to be called, " kua-leho, " which means " callous
backs."
When it was learned that this sweet smelling wood could
be had in the Hawaiian Islands in quantity, a big trade in it
rapidly developed. This brought to the Islands, during the
remaining years of the i8th and the first quarter of the i9th
century, a steadily increasing stream of vessels outfitted in
Boston and other New England ports. Fabulous profits were
made for a time, but prosperity did not last long.
No one seems to have raised any question about exhausting the supply. The trees were cut in the most reckless manner. Even the young trees were taken. In many sections the
roots were dug up. Some say this was done because the natives
wanted to rid themselves of the galling task of collecting
the wood.
The tree is of slow growth requiring many years to reach
marketable size. Moreover, it is peculiar in its habits. It will




56


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


not grow on its own root system but draws its nourishment
from the roots of other plants through suction organs which
it has developed. As no measures were taken to protect the:
new growth, sandalwood quickly became difficult to obtain.
By the time the missionaries arrived in i820 the trade was
rapidly declining. Five years later the supply was practically
exhausted and little more is heard of trade in it.
Sandalwood is now almost extinct in the Hawaiian
Islands. A few years ago, on Kauai, one tree was pointed out
to me. It was barely alive. A few clumps are still to be found
in remote parts of the islands. But now that cattle and goats
range the slopes and foreign pests and blights have appeared,
conditions are so changed that it is not believed that sandalwood will ever regain its old place in the delicately balanced
forest life of the Islands.
While it lasted, sandalwood was a bonanza to the Hawaiian
kings. In the end it probably did them and their people more
harm than good. It cost the rulers nothing. The common
people collected it, usually retaining a third, and giving twothirds to the king. The collected supply was traded away in a
most extravagant manner and for the most foolish things.
Whatever the chiefs saw they wanted; and whatever they
wanted they bought.   Silks, satins, velvets, broadcloth,
jewels, guns, ammunition, liquor, without regard to price,
were bought with this precious product of the forest.
A native prince sent word to an agent to bring him a
diamond " about the size of a coconut. " One of the kings was
ambitious to own ships like the white people's, so he bought
four dilapidated schooners, giving $40,000, $50,000, $6o,ooo in
sandalwood, respectively, for three of them and $90,000 for
the fourth, which was called " Cleopatra's Barge. "
Perhaps, all told, this trade brought to the Islands three
or four million dollars worth of goods. But against this must
be counted the lives lost and the terrible cruelties endured in
collecting the wood. Habits of reckless extravagance developed on account of it, and fishing and agriculture were neglected. The traffic in sandalwood, however, did bring to the
Islands the traders of America, with their virtues and their
vices. It also led indirectly to the coming of that little band




CORNWALL SCHOOL FOR PAGAN BOYS              57
of Christian missionaries who, with the utmost sincerity and
earnestness, sought to prevent the demoralization of the
child-like natives.
3. THE NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIES
During the early years of the i9th century, a wave of
missionary zeal swept New England. A host of young people,
kindled with desire to carry the gospel to the heathen, were
sent to foreign lands. Others, with minds receptive to suggesttions for religious work abroad, pursued their studies in
theological schools, awaiting the call to service.
Captain Cook's tragic death a few years before had
centered attention upon Hawaii. New England merchantmen
engaged in the sandalwood trade with China told of Island
conditions. From these accounts it became clear to Christian
people that evil influences were destroying the native population. As early as I786 the London Missionary Society had
established a mission in the Society Islands. Knowledge of its
success among natives who were much like the Hawaiians in
language and customs had reached New England.
Then, from time to time, traders brought back native
Hawaiian youths. These boys came under the notice of
people interested in missionary work, who provided them with
homes and instruction. Contact with them showed that they
had good minds, fine feelings and instincts, and that they
were capable of making strong friendships. Circumstances
all pointed to the Hawaiian Islands as a field of labor where
success was reasonably certain.
Meanwhile a school for pagan boys had been established
(i8i6) at Cornwall, Connecticut, by the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions. It was the purpose of
the founders to train young men of primitive races to become
missionaries, physicians, school masters, and interpreters to
their own people. At the time there were enrolled in the school
eight Cherokee Indians, two Choctaws, and seven Indians of
other tribes, one Tahitian, one Marquesan, one Malayan, and
seven Hawaiians.
The time being favorable in the opinion of the American
Board of Missions, and a company of young people having
volunteered to go " to the rescue of the dying heathen, " the




58


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


pioneer missionary band was organized. It consisted of two
ordained ministers, a physician, two schoolmasters, a printer,
a farmer, the wives of the seven, four Hawaiians, and five
children belonging to one of the couples. Passage having
been secured on board the brig Thaddeus, the little company
made ready for what proved to be an epoch-making voyage
for them and for the Hawaiian Islands.
They left Boston on October 23, i8i9. The first month out
they ran into rough seas. In one instance they were driven
back and forth by the storms for fourteen days and nights,
making no headway. At another time they lay tossing and
rolling about for twenty-four days, gaining the while but a
few leagues. Frequently they heard the call: "All hands on
deck," as the violence of the winds and waves taxed the
strength of the crew to the uttermost. One of the party fell
overboard. He was tossed a bench, to which he clung until
the brig could be hove to and a boat lowered. Happy were
they when on the 3oth day of January they rounded Cape
Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean. The occasion was celebrated with songs of rejoicing of their own composing. One
of these began:
"With joyful hearts and grateful praise,
Our Helper God, Thy name we hail,
Our Ebenezer here we raise,
While round the stormy cape we sail."
On the morning of March 30, i820, the snow-crowned
summit of Mauna Kea, on the Island of Hawaii, finally
appeared in the distance, a gladsome sight to this little group.
Later that day, having approached the coast at Kohala, one
of the brig's officers put off with interpreters to learn the state
of affairs and where the king of the Islands could be found.
How their hearts must have thrilled when the report was
brought back: "Kamehameha is dead. His son Liholiho is
king. The tabus are abolished and the idols destroyed! "
This message, which meant so much to the company
aboard ship, requires explanation.
At the time of Captain Cook's visit, in I7 78, the Islands
consisted of six independent kingdoms, each under a native
ruler. These rulers were almost constantly fighting. Indeed,




YCMEHAMEHA IUNITES ISLANDS                59
at the time and util the close of the century, war was the
princip     pa6luption of the people. By the time of Vancouver's
arrivl in 792, the si kingd s ad merged into th. At
the head of the king   which embraced the Islandof Haai,
the largest of the gro, was    hme, the king, whose
later creer entitled him to be called the greatest of all
H   awadiifan and "the Napoleon of the Pacific."
Kamehamea was a man of courage and of gat p hysial
strength. While very
young he beca      welI
versed i  the methods
of warar    which the
natives practiced. He
sarrounded hi self with
wise advisers. H  was
quck to profit through
ers by secur ing fire 
from themn  These gave
him a great advatage n
dealing with his enemies.
He f ught his  fy irst
to contrlb of the single
Island of Hawaii. Thena Ei,      s vosS,
he entered uon a more       ae        hea
ambitious proga, no
less than the conquest of the other kingdoms and their union
into one dmain with hi. self as the rling head.
He organized a geat fleet of canoes and descned upon
Oah. So umrus, it is said, w     the canoes which eaifed
his warriors that they uied the beach for four  es. S  een
foreigners were in ins serv  and mkets and can    were
emloyed. On that eventful day of     ril, I7, K     -
ham    's men swarmed up the beautiful Nu an VWaley 
whichirun through the he rt of Honou lu. They met the
opposing fore  i   t are now the    s  of tie ity.
The fight as shar but the caon aid the muskot  fire,
culed with the actty of K        hamha him,ho
seemed etyher prsent, eidd the       uggle. Pnc overk the         of O     and the  rriors fled up h  It l.




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BPP' r^ (p cn r
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THE POLYNESIAN TABU


61


waters. Some, indeed, became his counsellors and assisted
him in directing the affairs of the island kingdom. But he
retained the ancient system of idolatry and of tabus, the
requirements of which he rigidly enforced.
The tabu among the Polynesian people was a very ancient
and a very fearful thing. When - tabu was declared by a
priest or chief it meant that the thing tabued was conse.crated to the gods until the tabu was removed. Violation of
the tabu, according to the system, aroused the wrath of the
gods and could be atoned for only by the death of the offender.
The persons of kings, chiefs, and priests were tabu.
Certain animals and fruits reserved for sacrifice were tabu.
On special occasions when a tabu was declared, every fire had
to be put out and all noises prevented, even the barking of
dogs. There were designated days when fishing was tabu and
periods when tabus were laid on the catching of certain kinds
of fish. A bay, a stream, a clump of trees, might be tabued at
the whim of a priest and death was the penalty for those who
ventured out in their canoes or visited the forbidden spot.
The tabus were most oppressive in the matter of food, and
upon the women. Women could not eat pig, turtle, bananas,
coconuts, and many other articles of food, though no such
restriction was placed upon the men. Neither could women
eat with men; nor could their food be cooked at the same
time. A tabu was frequently put upon sick persons, too,
whereupon no one was permitted to approach them and they
were left to perish.
The tabu had its good side, but in the hands of unscrupulous priests and chiefs it was a terrible weapon by means of
which they could easily rid themselves of persons who
offended them. Bands of spies and executioners were at their
command and no one knew when he might be put to death for
a violation of some one of the countless tabus. By means of
this device the common people were kept in a state of terror.
Strangely enough Kamehameha, while tolerant and generous
in many things, enforced the system with an iron hand.
In i8i9, the year that the missionaries left Boston,
Kamehameha died, though they did not know this. According
to his wish, rulership passed jointly to his eldest son, who was
a spendthrift and without force of character, and to Kame.




62          HE WHITE      MAN EIN HA     II
ha   h's fvrite wife, wh   was a woman of ability and
resolution. She and the mother of the young king persuaded
him to abolish the tabus, destroy the idols, burn the tples,
and disolve the piriesthod So it was that just upon the eve
of the  rval of the Thedds   Hawaii was a kingd  wthout
a rel  n. Little wnder was it that the axious  oup of
Christian mn  and women were thrilled throu   and through
when they heard what had J happeni, or that they believed
that the sttion   s a direct answer t their pryers.
The httle band s  sail at once for  ilua also on the
Oldest Bulding in a    b Iyreete  the Missionaie in 38;
islan of H    wii, to call upon the Kin, to te l him of their
pupose in c mg to the ttands, and to ask his pe r ssion
to land and begin their activiles The K ng receie th
with fr ndlinL   and e teased the  ish thaa mission be
est Ulished near h; h also grat  pemissin for a seond
mssgio  a Holulu. Hv ng gained the      ig's favor the
happy and hopif group   dviedd s     reining at Kailua
and others going to Hono.lulu.
Space   l not pr mit the telling of the st of the hai
shis a p    atios en dued by these devout pp ble; nor of
the   u      With whi h they set theseves agnst the
p    ful fes    f evil ithi ad t          e t     h 
earnestly anid intelligentlyto devl  the best and supress




INDUSTRIAL PERIODS


63


the worst in Hawaiian life and character. They established
schools, constructed a written language, taught the elements
of health and sanitation, and were good friends and wise
advisers in affairs of state, which became more and more
complicated and involved as the years went by.
To the descendants of these missionaries, the Islands owe
the remarkable development of their natural resources. To
them also is due the fact that the Islands are now a part of the
United States. Indeed, one wonders what the story of these
beautiful gems set in mid-Pacific waters would have been
except for these consecrated New England missionaries who,
a century ago, placed their all on the altar of Christian service
and went to far-off Hawaii. They and their capable and for
the most part high-minded descendants have provided a
rallying nucleus for a race which is fine and lovable in many
of its characteristics. But for the steadying influence of these
missionary folk and their descendants this race would have
disappeared from Hawaii long ago, victims of its very virtues.
4. THE ANNEXATION OF HAWAII
Captain Cook turned the attention of the civilized world
upon Hawaii. A direct connection between Hawaii and New
England was set up by the sandalwood traders. Just as the
sandalwood period was passing, came the first of the missionary people. At the same time came also the whalers. For
fifty years, until about i870, there were always many whalingvessels in the harbors of Hawaii. Then petroleum was discovered in Pennsylvania and whale-oil passed as a means for
producing light. But before the whalers completely vanished
from Hawaii the period of sugar set in. So this island kingdom, through a succession of industrial periods, on the one
hand, and through the activities of the missionaries, on the
other, has, from the first, been very much in the eyes of the
world.
In I1795 Kamehameha won the battle that made Hawaii a
united kingdom. For exactly a century native rule continued.
Then (i893) the kingdom was overthrown, Queen Liliuokalani was deposed, and a Republic was established (i894) with
a distinguished Hawaiian-born American, Judge Sanford B.
Dole, as its President. Just four years later (i898) Congress




64          THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII
proved the     pication of Hawaii for annexation and this
little Pacifi  eublc became a Territory of the United States
The period of threeuarters of a  enr    that passed
between the    al of the missionaes and the annexation of
t*he Iands was a stoy one, during which maW critcal
situations aose. By the mddle iof the centrqy it was plain
that the commerce of the Paii1c was destie  to reach enormon prportions. it was seen also that Haw    s central
hone Rom hin the oPale ot the Ha waiia n tiek-N6o sed by the Legislatue
situation would in ti  make it the place where lines of Paci
ship     would cross. The Isds, threfore, came to occupy
an unsually larg place in w   orld  i. The curse of events
in Haaii, as it nfldd, was watchd by all the r   ations
with nusual interest.
Durn   the century of Hawaiian rue native authorities
had fr  ent clashes wth the   ial    nt of Fr   e a
Gret Bitai. Ownpg to the isolation of the Island oup these
agnts were out of tch with their goverments forng
in lig with the native king   Whie the    tis of these




TROUBLE WITH THE FRENCH


65


agents were not always approved by the home governments
when all the details of the situation became known, these
quarrels, nevertheless, kept the Islands in a state of anxiety
and turmoil. They made it necessary for the little kingdom
to undergo the expense of sending commissioners abroad to
plead its case, an expense which it could not afford. They
were a constant annoyance to the native rulers and their
missionary advisers. They even endangered the very existence
of the kingdom itself. Two instances will show how serious
these clashes were.
The first of these arose with the French over the attempt
of native rulers to stamp out Catholic influence which very
early began to be felt in the Islands. The Catholic religion
was unpopular with the natives because of the use of images
in the churches. In this particular the rulers believed it to be
identical with their old religion of idolatry which had been
abolished. Hawaiian kings claimed the right to prevent
foreigners whom they considered undesirable from entering
the Islands. They refused permission to the priests of a
certain French order to land. In the controversy that arose
the natives were forbidden to attend Catholic services and
some, even, were thrown into jail and otherwise persecuted.
Then came Captain Laplace (i839) in command of a
French frigate. Under threat of immediate war, he forced the
King to sign an agreement not to interfere with Catholic
activities. He compelled him also to place in his hands
$20,000 as a guarantee of good faith. Seven years later this
money was returned.
For a few years all seems to have gone harmoniously so
far as the French were concerned. Then the French consul
began to report that the agreement regarding Catholics was
not being kept. His complaints brought a French admiral in
I 849 and two armed vessels. Ten. "demands" were drawn up
and the King told that he had three days in which to accept.
The King refused, denying the charges that there had been a
violation of the Laplace agreement. The Admiral promptly
landed an armed force, took possession of government buildings, and seized the King's yacht and several merchant vessels,
then in port, belonging to Hawaii. The occupation, however,
did not last long. The Admiral soon sailed for San Francisco,
5




66


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


taking with him the troublesome French consul and his
family. Later, upon protest of the British and American
consuls, the French government repudiated certain of the
Admiral's actions.
The second serious quarrel with foreigners arose with the
British. In i840 the British consul in Hawaii put forth the
claim that thirteen years before, a valuable tract of land had
been leased to the British Government for a period of 299
years. The King asserted that the claim was not valid and
refused to honor it. The controversy that developed brought
Lord George Paulet and a British war-vessel.
He, too, upon his arrival (i843) drew up a list of "demands" and sent it to the King along with a letter saying
that if they were not granted by four o'clock the next day he
would bombard Honolulu. To avoid this danger, the King
yielded, subject to an appeal to the British Government.
Then Lord Paulet increased his extravagant claims. This
led the King to cede the Islands to him pending the decision
of his government "after the receipt of full information from
both parties. " The Hawaiian flag was lowered and the
British colors hoisted in its place. The King was permitted to
carry on the government is so far as it affected the native
population. But all matters which concerned foreigners were
handled by a British com-mission of which Lord Paulet himself was the principal member.
Six months later, Commodore Kearney, commanding the
United States frigate Constellation, arrived from China. He
protested against the cession of the Islands and the actions
of the British Commission. At the same time he saluted the
Governor of Oahu under the Hawaiian flag, which act offended
Lord Paulet. A few days after, came the British flagship
bearing Rear-Admiral Thomas, commander-in-chief of all the
British forces in the Pacific.
The first official act of Admiral Thomas was to declare, in
the name of his sovereign that he did not accept the cession of
the Islands which was forced by Lord Paulet. Ten articles
were signed by the King and Admiral Thomas, which, while
carefully protecting British interests, fully recognized the
King's rights.
The square in Honolulu, where the joyful ceremonies




UNITED STATES BEFRIENDS HAWAII


67


attendant upon the restoration of the Hawaiian flag were held
(July 3 I, i843), has been called " Thomas Square " ever since.
The brilliant occasion was concluded with a thanksgiving
service at Kawaiahao Church, the famous structure built of
coral slabs. It was here that the king made the striking utterance which has become the motto of Hawaii: " Ua mau ke ea
o ka aina i ka pono. " (The life of the land is preserved by
righteousness).
To this day the Admiral's name is cherished in Hawaii for
his fairness and sense of justice. His action in restoring the
Islands was approved by his government "as calculated to
raise the character of the British authorities for justice,
moderation, and courtesy of demeanor, in the estimation of
the natives of those remote countries, and of the world. "
The activities of these foreign representatives aroused the
suspicions of Americans both in Hawaii and on the mainland.
There came to be a settled conviction that in a crisis the
Islands would pass under the permanent control of some
European country. Because of this fear, Daniel Webster,
then Secretary of State, declared in i842 that it was the sense
of our government that the independence of Hawaii should be
respected and that no nation should take possession of the
Islands or should seek to secure exclusive commercial privileges. This action was followed a year later by France and
England who agreed to respect the independence of the
Island Kingdom.
Thus the United States befriended Hawaii by inducing
other nations to recognize her independence. She next
rendered Hawaii a great service by entering into a treaty with
her (i875) whereby Hawaiian sugar, coffee, and certain other
products were to be admitted to the United States without
duty. In return the King agreed that he would not grant to
any other power any special privileges or rights in any port or
harbor of the Islands. In i883, when it came time to renew
the treaty, the United States was given the "exclusive right
to enter the harbor of Pearl River, in the Island of Oahu, and
to establish and maintain there a coaling and repair station
for the use of the vessels of the United States."
The treaty in this form remained in effect until annexation, although the United States made no use of her special




68


THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII


rights to Pearl Harbor. Since annexation, however, Pearl
Harbor, one of the finest harbors in the world, has been
splendidly equipped for naval uses. This treaty helped greatly
in the development of the sugar industry of the Islands.
Along with other things it led to the last act in the drama
of this Island Kingdom-its overthrow and annexation.
Annexation to the United States was not a sudden thing.
As far back as- i85 I, to escape further " demands " made by
the French Commissioner, the native King and his council
issued a proclamation placing the Islands temporarily under
the protection of the United States. In the event of failure
to settle the trouble with France, this arrangement was to
have become permanent.
In i852 Senator William H. Seward declared that " Hawaii
would constitute a most important American outpost in the
growing commerce of the Pacific. " In i854 a definite movement toward annexation was started, prompted by the turbulent conditions at the time and by the report that plundering
expeditions were coming from California. The King authorized his minister to enter into a treaty of annexation with the
United States. Protests by the British and French consuls,
however, blocked the attempt and nothing came of it.
Then, in I 872, Kamehameha V, the last of the great rulers,
died. The heirs to the throne failed to make the people feel
that the Islands would be happy or prosperous under their
rulership. Furthermore, the Hawaiian constitution at the
time, although providing for a legislature, made the king a
dictator. It gave him absolute power of veto and the right to
select and dismiss his ministers at will. The government was
therefore a personal government, a form disliked by both
American and British residents.
During the reign of King Kalakaua (I874-i89i) the
situation became intolerable. The King had an extravagant
coronation when he and the Queen were invested with gold
crowns set with jewels. It is a curious circumstance that these
crowns, bent and battered and lost for many years, with
their jewels missing, were discovered not long ago in the basement of one of the Government buildings in Honolulu.




KALA'KAAS ADMINISTRATION                   69
The King dande an extravagant       m    th    h to
cel brate his jubile  birhday.  x   tions to lepe J 
ught to hye ben isolated       sold. Furs t al of ntives
of ran, in    e instance costing as muh as $50o, wer
paid for out of the public treasury. Then an old s   was
bought for $2o,ooo and outfitted as a naval ves. A retired
Bl3rtish captain became cmmad. A native Hawaan was
made liatennfit, and boys of the refrm shool were  sped
as cadets  A ministe to the kings
of Samoa and Tonga and to the
potentates of other islands of
Pofynesa was appointed. In 887
the vessd set out fr the puripo
of making King Kalakat    Emperor of the Pacific The foolish
ventu   cost th  e litte ngdom
more than $ioo,ooo andamounted_
tto nothaing.
The a inistraton also pro 
posed to remve tbh   estfctions
blunder occurred  n conneto
owi th         e s o  i   linse to tWheni
monopoly was sold to a Chinese        King KaA
resid    for $8o, ooo cashi Instead
of divin     the lins to the tprcaXse    it was sold t
To carry thrug   these hi-hndd acts cabinets were
dismissed and men pia~ed in office  ho would do the King's
biddifg On one ccason the Kingpointed an Italian dvel -
turer wh had becn in the Isas but a         mfew  nt   as
Premie and Minister of Fo   in Afis A protet aginst
this action was m    by the  i   represatives of Great
Britafin, Fance, and the United Sttes The 
aroused sh a sto     of disapoa that     e Kg
blied to wtha     it afte   r fou b  t da*ys.




70         THE WHITE MAN IN HAWAII
Meanwhiln      88, n 88a  et leg,  lled the Hawaian
Leagn, was formed which included the leading British,
German, and American residents, and some of the Hawaiians.
This legue was pledged to cret the abus   that had arisen.
Many of the members favored forming a republic; others not
so radial prferred to limit the powers of the King by
chaging the constitution. Mat;ters ca   to a head in a  eat
mass-meeting which demanded the dismissal of the cabinet
and the rantg of a constitution depriving him of autocratic
power. The Kig, realizig that it
was useess to oppos the movement, sned the new constitution
luctantly, after it wasmade clar
that failur to do so meant the
loss of his thro e. So ended the
"Bloodless Revolution of s887."
iKalak1a   died in i89 and was
riace6eded by his sister, iliuokalani, nho tred to uo the reStormy scenes were again witessed, lives and property were
again endangered, and a force of
United States troops was landed
~esy o   d ua  aa eoo  to protect American residents.
difiet f      O th6  1 Once aR gBaiin a  up of ~local people
took the lead, this time proposing
thate mnary h        lished and a t        govermei t
be established to exist until terms of union with the United
States could e ar      A ma s-meting endorsed, the pla n
and the ger         wth udge Sanford B Dole as President,
was publicly prclaimeid. To avoid bloodshed the Queen gave
up her authoity but appled t the government of the
United States fo   r r.ei staemnXt
Comissioners left at ne for Washinto      to secure
annexnti. The plan met with fav  in Con  es da treaty
was signed by Prerident Harrison and submittd to the
Senate This body, however, did not act upon it beore
President Harrison's term enided Immediately upon his




ATTEMPT TO RESTORE THE QUEEN                 71
inaugration Pjresident Cleveland withdrew the measnre from
_ to Hi. to
the Senate and sent a seeial commissioner to H    iawa  to
istigate. On the strength of his repor that the Queen had
surrendered her authoity becuse of the landing of United
Sttes troops, which she inter)reted as being a threat, President Cleveland sent an agent to restore her  Arring on
Novernhr 4,       e 893, he demandd that the new gove
r    zie the Queen and return her to her former position.
This the leaders refused to do.
An anxius te now ensued for the supporter of the new
Arnneation Cerem~ies lolani Prae. Honollu ut.,  89
ent. In    ing to ohey, they faced the danger that
the IUnited Sates wold el     forc. It  s a gre as well
as a brave decision that as made. Participants in the discussion have said that they were prepared to resist what they
considered an unjust demand even to the point of death.
The executive building was fortified. Cannon were planted
to c   and the approaches. Volunteer f  s were organized
and   med. Meanwhile the marines on the United States
ats were madeready to land at a m            's notice
Shore leave was withdran. The wives of the n     fficers
in H     u   were itru    d to    repare for im     te
roeovaL  Britishss na d Japese m  - -war, thn  n in  he




72         THE WHIT      MAN IN H       AII
ha   r, with permission of the loca goven mest, sent fres
to          their legation
A notice was issued tha the A    cn minisf e  would
protect onl thse not e ngaged in the coliet. Upon publication of this announcement, the Japanese im iter, owing
that the entire Aerican population supported the local
governmenit, offered
them as a friendly
act, the Japanese
legation for refge in
case of atack. The
st ge was fouy set for
Fortunately the
American minister
sta  d his hand. He
efre    the  ypl of
th Islandgovercment
back to   President
Clev   d o  id 6in turn
refeied the  h matte  o
Congress and the
Csis passed.
Re alizin     that
there was no chance
for an   tioyn-6 aist long
was in office, the temporary government took steps to transfoni itself into a repuhic. This was accoplished on july 4,
s84. Neay a yc   later the royaists in the sla nd ae t empoted
to ov        the repuhblic and restore the Queen. In the sp-l
presrin of this uprising seve  people were killed and many of
the l aders asgd and i prisoned. Among the lat teri a the
Qun herself who was imlcatd in the plot. She w   finfed
$    looo and,conf; d to her frm er palace. Eitt d later she
formlly gave up   1 ial clim to the thrfone,  here6 on she
was released.




MISSIONARY MOULDERS OF HAWAII


When President McKinley took office in i897, the subject
of annexation was again raised, this time with success. On
the I2th of August, i898, amid great rejoicing among the
progressive elements of Hawaii, the Stars and Stripes were
unfurled from government buildings. Two distinguished
Island patriots, Judge Sanford B. Dole, President of the
Republic, and Judge Walter F. Frear, later Governor of
Hawaii, were appointed by the President to a commission
which was instructed to recommend further legislation. The
report of this commission was submitted to Congress in
December, i898, and formed the basis of the Organic Act
passed in April, i900, which made Hawaii a Territoryof the
United States.
The inevitable had happened. When the New England
missionaries landed in i820 the destiny of the Islands was
fixed, though no one knew it. The missionaries were the
moulders of Hawaii's future, though they did not seek the
responsibility. As crises in the affairs of the Islands arose,
they were forced out of their chosen field of religious teaching
into the broader one of statecraft. They met each difficulty
as it came, unflinchingly, intelligently, and for the best interests of the Hawaiians. They constituted the one steadfast,
helpful element around which surged the demoralizing forces
of three-quarters of a century. The descendants of these
missionaries and others threw over native rule only when it
had become so identified with evil influences that there was
no hope for it. Annexation was the only solution. It was not
man's design but the logic of events that made Hawaii a
Territory of the United States.




CHAPTER III
HAWAII TODAY
I. THE PHYSICAL FEATURES
It hIs been said that Hawaii is a pintpoint mid-ay of the
Pacificd  But it is a pretty big pirn-pot, for one of its diamete is s9o   1tmie  long, that being the distane hetween the
orthwestern and sutheaSten extremtites of the crescent55                  HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
C   '!~;<- ' Scaty le    -2
/r ~     K    A   lli A ULASSII
hAO}t  Th"1  4 i~ Xtht 6  tHA  LA      i liAtski  
1 ]  " y"*  *                     B;Jr'* 0  eaws
bb&t it     A            a. de P   i t.  A   ita s
smA19t 01tie unit Zof the g-te! te t
shapedoarchiptelag that constitutesH gHawai fnrlad su rfac
aaa  o       m      wi   pc    it amfongth
in the ocean bed Athe extreme north, thc volean heaval
barely reached the surface of the sea before the erutions
ceased. Toward the southerly limit of the grou  the iternal
forces were m h mr  tiv for it ws h   that in many
places the laud mass was pushed far up abov the sea-lvel
and in much greater volume than elehere in the group
74
W1 z 4~~~M           O C         jttljl ) tgbU1..r~  f
_     15sW5 I~it       S I,  aF1EXfS'A    fe
tL      f fa (d_ 13 s1_,Ttlf,,w.i, iss WLPI~ > kc~;~. k ~ ~  +
=        d   hb   6   l    d       h




ISLANDS OF VOLCNIC ORIGIN               75
Alth   h eight of these isiiands are inhabited, only four are
of first iportane, Kaui, Oahu, Maui, and Hawai. Of
these, the voieanic fires that mde them were extinguidshd
firt on Kauai, then in order, on Oahu and Maui. They are
still bhunn  on Hawaii. Frequnit earthquaks, a lake of
ewrteay of Wtt~{am~" SturtMf6
A Lofty Pak f Haawii
hiig fr, and ocasional rivers of re ot lava flwing dwn
the sides of M ann  Loa show that the taak of constructing
this island is not ye cpleted.
e Ha    a ar      ago, th, consists of the crests of
a vast dnge of mountains rfisng high ahove the ocean floo 
In te oder is iids tg h rains a   ins  ve  rn the lofty
peaks down to wthin fr or five thousanfd feet of the wt e
yy W-i9h~fjtLtL ~g ayn y E i 9 ~  Y9~-$ 5~ I&tf Clf cl Jl j~$;~~*t l l  rg95.j 5w.YY s;YW
r~ 91Ya,r.Yl~~ 9~          5 | l tl |||| _9959sy % k, <5fYi.  (j) S X~~~f  Y r X2 
raI~ X31i_~ $'-glC~ ik| flB |~ |F"~ bZWf kl~:  __l gx9 yi9Y Y.Jjr5.YV,..................9y




76                HAWAII TODAY
Crrrk~rrOtrre Dr ldrg.    in the oisand of H  i the     p       rocsses9  h    noet abee t   so ong. In conseence, the
in       of ithe    is a _    e   of 
peaks rising at  e hist point to an altitude of 13,823  et
Foa   i   ld          has an exceptioal i at e.
D    g iu iiof th ye     t ioitheast trdew id p  ails.
Ocean cunfits ia lso firo the n itheast, wash the shres with
th coling    aers. O    h   the tnadewid stops blow




CONTRASTS IN RAINFALL                    77
s in Ha   ii, for the te erture at           rarely
als b   w65 or rises above 85.
Neither is the  all easn        In     yp      of the
islands saredl a W   paesses wthot a shower, and in othe
seetions a d    our is of daily ocurren. Indeed in this
Ah Anvefa of RoyalPams sn Hooola
respect, Hawai is a land of ctstsfor the rai l in p
is Very heavy whd regions hut a few mies Way are almost
deserts.
On Kai..    for    le the rain       at a point ooo
feseet abov  vl registe    in the Iy918, 56i inc
perhaps the greatest annual rifall ever brecored anywhere.
>. _,~~~~~B~5~1~ 1 _   I -
*  g                        l_; l-~~~~~~~~~~IIE~L
|                   1-|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
I                        1_: I -~S~l~~




78                HAAII TODAY
On the other hand, a fw miles away, near sdevel, the
instrume ts showed that bt b  2  inches fell dring the same
period. There are many l          tocalities in the Islands  here the
a       raiinfall exceeds iSo inches. There are also loalities
here it rary ris and where cateus and other desert plats
ahound. In general, h eer, the windwad slopes of all the
islans are hevily watered while, in the lee of the hills and
mountains, it is much drier.
The ceination of a warm, even lmate a rich soil and
means that the ve6geto   in the fvrEd Iarts is    l
variety and heauty. First of all there is the grou of plants
ive to Haii     Thi in    ldes a  et many ferns some
species of whih are actual trees growing from twenty to
thirty feet high Then there are the ken trees, once so usefl
to thenates (see page 29), whh take a heautiful poblsh;
and the elsie whih is  eys            e mlin the tea
wood of the Orient These are hoth used commercially
The Hawaiians, in their voyage to and from the s uth
centuiries ago, hrog&t the plat of a second gru. These




PLANT AN:D TREE LIFE                 79
were chiefy food plants or those which provided a usel
product. Coconuts, bnanas, tar, sga   e, bread   it,
the paper muilbry, and the h efn 4  a    (see page 44)
elong to this group.
The members of the third gr  of plants, nw gr
wild, were introdueed 
more recently. To this group
belong the guava, which has
overrun hundred of     are
mils, the mango, and the, 
algarofi3. The last beongs
to the mesquite fily and 
vas impoted by on of the
Cathlic fathers in i827. This
t;re produes   ftiites of
pods coniinig beans valnahle as food for tock.
o these plants and trees 
sould be alddd the ornamental and fo      gf oths
which   white  pple have
obined in Mny part o    f the 
t oics Many of these are r
sand beautiful beyo d
adequate desrition. On the
fo   p rinei tpal islntds, one
a, w      ile riding over the
finest of automobile rakds,  rpi mwtcce soi
pass through lg avenues     The Siver Swordsraows Only in the
arced   with  trees who~se       cpau of I kI
pdent flow-clusters rch near   to the roun. W    d
f  are these trees whe  in bssom and betifd ar the
Nwh     the traeller ohitains at  very tiurn  But  cns ting
st aweinirig sights pOer   s to be seen anyie  i the
rd ai furnished h her volan   es.
sThere stnd     the iad of Mai, towerig hig 




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AN EXTINCT VOLCANO                   81
curr6ts of aid gentl7  phedil them about. We were a
them looking d nll. But s cImplete was the illusin that we
&6krack ini th6 oM f  aiie
Oitnssd aiE3d —&sh Rktldst C&-ta-s 5n firom the Creit 6t Tatife
seee.to h be lokinp. up at them from belw.; As the  w d*
ke, the clds belo     us began driftin  w  ard a denit
6




82                HAWAII TODAY
point whic, we disoverd, was a ash in the rim throsgh
hich theya escapd to the sea By the isen the sn was ahaove
the horzon the    t bowl ws dcr. Fascinated, we gazed
long and int       into the deths of th     t crater in
the world.
The ci             of thi gen    ban is more than
ty miles. At many points, the innerf           straight
down, 20  to     t f eet to the catr floor. At two place s the rm is
e         an by hug g   thumgt wh1ii ch the motn: lavt fi wd Iout
to sea in the  al grat conlsion. This accounts for the fact
that, unlie othe extint craters in the Islands, Halekala is
mpty. Frm the ed of the crater rise small cones alled
nder c, som  to a height of 700. I   untdthirtt   of these  ithout changing my position. Each is a
pef         at off at the top and h1owd oi.    Et 
is a mit       of the  t       hich    had cl   ed 
upo the edg of which we stod
Tu   ng our    ds  d        out      the        els
from  h we came, a  n    fit panorama unfoldd.
Pi      of sugar e, of pinepes, an of forest rotha y
t       ous,   kig k a h       hecker




TITANIC FORCES BENEATH                  83
Much more accessible to the tourist and hence much more
cdely known, is the active volcano, Kilauca, on the Isand
of H   ii. A fourteenhour run from Honolulu on a safe and
cmf tie ste     er and one is at Hilo, the pripal port of
the Island. A twohour ride by automobile up the gentle
slope of Manna Loa, first through fields of sugar-cane and
then through tlhe l riant growth of a tropicl forest, brings
one to a level pin about 400o feet above the sea. In the
middle of this plain there is a depression which s eight mils
Halcmainagua-*The tloiae ot Reiaefg FVir"
in Circumferece and some 5on feet in depth. This is Kilaua.
The floor of this cap-like crater was once a churning, froth
ing, seething volume of molten matter Except at one spot
not   far   the center it has cooled and slidified suficiently
so that one  y wlk about ver it in safety if he be  ef
not to step into the ocasion dirck  nd crevi es into which
the crust has been broken Jets of  e   frn some of the
rifts, a fi   flow in others, and frequent t rs of the lava
beneathhis feetreindthevisitoroftheTitanicf  ebeneath.
Cautiously following the teai for three iles or so, as it
thrds its W   among fantastic ava foation, one present
reachea ilalemuman, the "House of Evelasting  ir"




84


HAWAII TODAY


Halemaumau is a pit in the crater bed many acres in
extent which, depending upon the activity of the internal
forces, is filled to various levels with a boiling, roaring mass
of liquid fire. I have looked upon it when the pit was so
nearly full that the red-hot lava splashed over the brim. I
have gazed a thousand feet into its depths when nothing
could be seen but a faint, reddish color at the bottom. But
whether agitated or quiet, Halemaumau is magnificent. At
the height of its activity, when the fire pit is full to the brim
and dozens of geysers are spouting from its incandescent
surface, the scene is weird and awe-inspiring beyond description especially when viewed at night. The entire setting, however, is so grand that even when the tumult ceases and the
lava subsides, as it periodically does, the sight is one which
will never be forgotten.
An excellent automobile road skirts the crater's edge, zigzags down inside the bowl to the bottom, and brings the
traveller, who hesitates to take the trail, to the very brink of
the fire pit. No volcano anywhere can be reached so easily nor
in such comfort and none so amply repays the effort. Neither
is there one anywhere that is safer. Although thousands visit
it annually-no tourist has ever lost his life because of it.
Such, then, are the Hawaiian Islands-islands of beautiful
ferns and flowering trees, of balmy air, of filmy waterfalls
and of wonderful moonlight nights. They are also islands of
sharp contrasts-of copious and scanty rainfall, of tropical
jungles and desert wastes, of rugged mountains and level
plains, of active volcanoes and volcanoes that have long been
dead. No land of equal size can provide such a rich variety
of interest for the traveller.
2. THE TWO GREAT INDUSTRIES
There is no gas or petroleum in the volcanic rocks of
Hawaii nor are there minerals of commercial value. But in
the warm climate, the rich soil and the bountiful rainfall
characteristic of many sections, far-sighted men realized that
there were natural resources, which, if employed wisely
would yield riches. Looking back over three-quarters of a




ATTEMPTS AT DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES            85
ntury of en       r one finds many att pts to utilize the
elements that Nature has so generously supplied.
Rubber production was tried. The trees grew well  t the
yield was poor s the atept wt   abandoned. Large tracts
set out in sisl. Traes o these old plntations ar still
to be see. Att    ts to gro  tobacco ar being made and
while the plant do&es  the vtur has  verbn prfitable.
Coffee of a deliris flar is wn in the Kona region of the
Island of H   ii, but the  iiclt   of m    tg it at a
F oi  li $.
C   y Us U, I  s I 1 1
The Mouth Of at Lav Tutu
p fit have not y    ben copletebly overcome. Neariy a
ailion dolas worth however, was shipped  the Mainland
in  92. Rice culture, once of me impor ne   is passing.
The c     of labor and the high landrtals are responsible.
Purthermore, it could never have bece a  rg industry for
the area of tlad roitable fr the purpose is small.
Serious effors to produce silk have also failed of succes.
ofp        have al b    tried  t     e      that are not
hopeful. Ideied Hawi by     over two and a hldf milaion
dolars Worth of frit and v ales   nd a half   illi




86                 HAWAII TODAY
1dolls worth of eggs in Califorlia every year. Insects, blights,
diseases ad possibly, in some instances, lack of skilled pers
verace, account for th pail faile of these enterprises.
Wile most of the beeEf weh is cons ed fis produced in the
Islands, sevrl big ranches being devoted to cattle raising,
nearly three million dollars' worth of dairy prodcts and meats
other than beef are iorted annually. Hower, better
results have been obtained in efforts to grow bananas for the
mainland market More       e thn fifty vaties of this troical
Ot of the  any induti    hih have bn     fid, sore
f first inportfe haxfe ererown These n Hawaiin
vitd by C    tintivii  s at the stak bt kne
nothing aouht manykinu sur from the juiee  A Chinese wom
ame tol the   nd in    e on l sds    odf mr, is thwo
ne was lg in e         l           e
to h     b    e fitto     mke sugar fr  I-      n cane.
Bu the first sccessful effort to produce suar on a comer



PROGRESS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY                87
cial basis seems to have bee made in I835 by an  erian
firm which had secered a tract of cane lnd on Kaai,
About the middle of the centry   e the rash of goldseekers to California. The newmarket stimlated agricultural
activity in Hawal. Wheat, rice, i coe, sgar, and potatoes
were shipped to the coast in considerable qantities. The first
get development of the sugar industr, howver, cme as a
result of the Civil War idh ct off the sApply prduced in
the Southern states. By the close of the war more than twenty
cane pIlantations, yeding an aggregate  i production in
excess of fifteen million pounds had been established in the
Islands.
The next grat step in the growh of the idnstry came in
t875 when the United States agreed to adit iHawa iian prodnets free of duty (see page 67). Fifteen mnths after the
signig of this treaty the iumber of sugar plantations
inreiased to fortysix. Withi five years the, annal production of     e  above 63 illon   unds
st      by  hich    er in  bdant masure        b  gt
fr~om gret distances and distibuted in arid egins. These
mesuree grealy extended the zones of    ro   tin. In
onseibqnce by ioo~, when the        be: e  a Terr




88                HAWAII TODAY
of the United States, Hawaii as shipping out annually more
than 545 milion pounds of sgar having a vaue of 22 millin
dollars. Wih the settle political cnditions that followed
anneation, the industry epanded marvelously. More than
one and a half billion pounds, valued at 7 million dollars, are
now being pmdce annually.
While this output represents an enormous gain as compared with what it was whea the Islands were annexed, yet
it does not ulk vrly le in te wield, whic
ed f   i Io Oa I              ii 
is estimated to be 44 billion pounds Cuba is foremost in this
productio  wi le lritish India is senfid and Java third.
Java, her nearest compeitor.
Now eah of the fr         l islands f Hawr  is gird
by a belt of cane which exteads from the seashore up the sid'
of the mntin    slOp  in some distrit to the 2000 foot
bcables operated by sm engines stir the soil to  deth of




GROWING THE CANE                    89
two and a half fet After the freshly plw   earth is pulverid   furrows am laid in paralled  os, five or si feet
apar, and so made that water from the irrigation ditches can
easily be run th     them, Then cttings of the cane stalk
are dropped into the furros and covy d with a few indes
of soi  Soon the yog sprouts appr. These must be igatd, enriched, weeded and cultivated, operations which
have to be conducted by hand lr.
The cane plant is Nature's laboratot for transforning the
elements of the soil nto juice which conain the sugar Not
o      CGuttintg the Ctane Stalks
onl is a    t vole of water requid     large qantities
of carlly prepared frtier   st also be prided. It has
een     d      profitable to add ftilizer to soil ad keep
it w    g coti     y than t p    t the land to e falow
after several crps hav been harvested, as is done in many
farming sectionsi of the United States. Frequ:eiy fertilitzer
of"~ AI  t + Y he
to the vau of fifty or m    dollars per acre is added each
year to the  ne lands of H i. The iease of u   a   of
suar whch it co  ins sn rpays the cost f this chei
toed.
Eighteen    th after the       are planted the a reat
fields of  ng    en are oved    th tall feath  tassels of
deliente laender. Ths is the sign tha te  tting per  i




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AT THE GRINDING MILLS


cars but this method is passing for it is too slow for the energetic and progressive plantation managers of Hawaii.
At the great mills, which are marvels of mechanical skill,
the cane is quickly cut into pieces by revolving knives. Then
it passes through a series of rollers which squeeze out every
drop of the precious juice. The fiber is conveyed to the furnace rooms where it is fed to the boilers; while the yellowish
fluid starts on a complicated journey among vats, pans, and
containers that revolve at terrific speed. During this journey
the sugar content of the juice is crystallized and dried. Thence
it passes to bins and finally into bags.
So efficient is the machinery that from the time the cane
enters the mill until the bags of light-brown sugar are
ready for shipment the processes are almost automatic.
Indeed the thing that surprises one most when he visits these
mills is the fact that he sees only a few men standing about.
But the sugar is not yet ready for the table. Steamers
must first carry these bags of raw sugar to the refinery at
Crockett in California. Here it is reboiled and subjected to
chemical treatment and to various processes which purify it
and give it the snowy whiteness it has when it appears on our
tables.
An enterprise that brings to Hawaii seventy million
dollars every year, naturally occupies the center of the stage.
For fifty years it has been the leading industry. Directly or
indirectly it affects every person in Hawaii. When sugar
prices are high and there is a ready market prosperity reigns;
when prices are low and the country is overstocked with
sugar, "hard times" prevail. Sugar is the thermometer that
registers the material well-being of the Island people. However, sugar may not always be king, for another industry has
sprung up which is advancing with such astonishing speed
that it may overtake sugar and pass it.
The pineapple is the young but lusty rival. In I903, 6ooo
cases, each containing two dozen cans of Hawaiian '"pines, "
as this fruit is called, were packed. In I926 the season's pack
reached 8,940,I00 cases, valued at 33 million dollars. Today
pineapple plantations are being extended in many directions
in the belief that the future of the industry is assured.




92                 HAWAII TODAY
In I922 the   ire Island of Lanai, containing 39 sqre
miles, ws purhasd by one of the pin    ple     anies. A
harbor was t re d, wharves were construte d and a village
ld out Vessels Were built anw t fro  this island formerly
Lhfai in the Diitace  a Seen from the Iglfd of Maul
a cattle rne, hiploads of pineapples are sent to the anneores of Honoll to be prepared for the markets of the
In W     e      ars the pinsppl IiIstry has gwn
to one htaabrin      to the I l ds half as m h as
In a f              re ears itr   hO c      ded sar




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t;>:             I' fi: -: -  |_l| 
IF — A:t:.: _ _  |a  ll |l 




94


HAWAII TODAY


new industry, commenting on the difficulties presented by
the fact that the crop ripens within a period of a few days,
whimsically said: "Every young pineapple, irrespective of
when it began to grow, has an ambition to be ripe on the
thirty-first day of July. "
When the time has come, gangs of men, armed with knives
and carrying gunny bags, descend upon the fields. Quickly
the luscious fruit is put into boxes and loaded upon auto
trucks or trains which whisk it away to the canneries. On the
roads leading to Honolulu, where the principal canneries are
located, one frequently detects the approach of one of these
heavily laden trucks when yet a half mile away, by the delicate fragrance that fills the air.
At the cannery the fruit is first graded according to size.
Then machinery, almost human in its action, cuts off both
ends, takes out the core, and removes the rind. This leaves
the pineapple a perfect cylinder, slightly smaller in diameter than the can into which it is to be fitted. Then it
passes to a slicing-machine which, in a single operation, cuts
the fruit into cart-wheels of uniform thickness. A moving belt
carries the slices past a long line of gills and women who,
dressed in white with hands encased in rubber gloves, select
the perfect slices for the best grades. The imperfect slices
constitute a second grade while the broken pieces are sent in
another direction ultimately to be made into "grated pineapple " for use by bakers and at soda-fountains.
Machines pack the slices into tins. Other machines add a
syrup made of pineapple juice, artesian water and cane-sugar.
Thence the open tins are conveyed to heaters where still
other machines cap and seal them. The sealed cans are submerged in boiling water for half an hour and then sent to the
cooling-room. Finally they are lacquered, labelled, and placed
in cases ready to be shipped.
A pineapple that is permitted to ripen in the field before it
is picked develops fully its fruit-sugar and delicate flavor. One
who has eaten only those sold in far-away markets does not
know how delicious the fresh fruit is. The reason the canned
product of Hawaii is so popular lies in the fact that the system
has been so thoroughly organized that the fruit is permitted
to ripen fully before it is canned. So carefully has the method




SCIENTISTS SOLVE NEW PROBLEMS


95


been worked out that frequently a "pine" is in its tin, boxed
and ready for shipment within twelve hours after it leaves
the field.
Sugar-cane grows best on the lowlands where an abundance of water can be had. Pineapples, on the other hand,
thrive best at higher altitudes where the soil is porous and
good drainage exists. Moreover, as the pineapple requires no
irrigation it will grow in regions that are too dry for cane.
Then, too, the picking and canning season is over before the
grinding season for the cane sets in, so it chances that the development of this great new industry is not at the expense
of sugar but is in addition to it. Because of these two enterprises, and the shipping and other activities to which they
give rise, it would seem that the industrial future of Hawaii
is certain to be a prosperous one.
3. SCIENTISTS SOLVE NEW PROBLEMS
Success in the development of the sugar and pineapple
industries in Hawaii was achieved only after great difficulties
had been overcome. A multitude of new problems had to be
solved. The very existence of the enterprises themselves was
repeatedly threatened by unusual and unforeseen obstacles.
So serious were many of these problems that the assistance of
experts was obtained very early. Groups of scientists were
assembled and equipped with laboratories and apparatus for
carrying on permanent studies. Much of the credit for the
success of the sugar and pineapple industries is due to the
work of these men. Indeed, the results of their investigations
in some directions have been so remarkable that great honor
has been conferred upon them. Perhaps the most thrilling of
all the struggles which the scientists of Hawaii have waged has
been with the insect pests which attack the cane plant.
It was about i900 that small "leaf hoppers" were observed to be feeding upon the leaves and young shoots of the
cane. These insects multiplied very rapidly and soon the
cane-fields everywhere were swarming with them. Production
fell off and so destructive was the pest that the planters
became greatly alarmed.
It chanced that just at this time the orange and lemon
growers of California had won their fight against the cottony



96


HAWAII TODAY


cushion scale which came near ruining the citrous fruit industry of that state. The method employed in combating
the scale suggested to the scientists in Hawaii a way of fighting
-the leaf hopper. This was to find, if possible, its insect enemy
and to bring it to Hawaii.
After much search a tiny wasp which preys upon the eggs
of the leaf hopper was discovered in the sugar producing
section of Australia. As this wasp lives but four or five days
the problem of transporting it to Hawaii from such a distance
-was not easy. The first shipment of wasp eggs was sent in
cold storage but the eggs did not hatch. Then growing cane,
heavily covered with leaf hoppers, was placed in a closely
screened cage. A number of the wasps were also enclosed. As
is their habit, these deposited their eggs in the eggs of the leaf
hopper. When the cage was opened in Hawaii, four specimens of the wasp were found. From these four parent insects
forty-six young were secured. This little colony, in turn,
multiplied so rapidly that soon it was possible to liberate them
in the plantations. Through the activity of these enemies of
the leaf hopper, this pest of the sugar growers was soon under
control.
Meanwhile another pest had, for many years, been making
serious inroads upon the sugar industry. This was the cane
beetle borer, the larvae of which bore into the stalk, destroying the plant. Five per cent of the total crop of the Islands
was the loss brought about by the borer. On some of the
plantations it was estimated that this insect destroyed as much
as a quarter of the crop. As the loss ran into millions of dollars
every year the planters were much concerned. Many attempts
to stop its ravages were made but without success. The
results, however, of the efforts to combat the scale in California and of the leaf hopper in Hawaii led to a search for its
natural enemies.
For five years this search ranged over China, Malaya,
Java, New Guinea, Borneo, and other regions of the East
Indies, the ancient home of the sugar-cane. Finally, in i908,
in the Dutch East Indies, a fly was found that was believed
to be a genuine enemy of the cane-borer.
Then arose the difficulty of bringing it to Hawaii. After
many trials, Mr. Muir, the scientist who had charge of




THE CANE BEETLE BORER


97


the matter, succeeded in breeding the fly in cages which contained growing cane. This accomplished, he started for
Hawaii by way of Hong Kong but upon reaching this port he
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




I


-Rupture Hole




noe
i,\v


_


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—. raII
-Frass


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0       ", ',i",.' I,':
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Natural Size


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Stages in the Life Cycle of the Cane Beetle Borer
I. The Egg; 2. The Grub; 3. The Pupa; 4. The Cocoon Case; 5. The Adult Beetle
found that all of his specimens had died. He returned to the
East Indies for another supply. This time the attempt to
reach Hawaii was made by way of Australia but this, too, was
7




98


HAWAII TODAY


a failure. Then a third plan was tried, to understand which,
somewhat must be known, of the life habits of the cane-borer
and of the enemy fly.
The life-cycle of the borer, like that of all true insects, consists of four stages. In the first, the egg is laid in a puncture in
the cane stalk made by the beak of the female borer. In a
week a grub (second stage) hatches out and proceeds to eat
its way through the pith of the cane stalk, generally traveling
upward. As this grub pushes his tunnel upward inside the
stalk, it cuts tiny air-holes through the rind of the cane, not
much larger than pin-heads. In about ten weeks the grub
reaches its full size, whereupon it makes ready for the third
stage of its life-cycle.
It first cats a hole through the rind large enough to permit
it to leave the cane stalk when it becomes a full-grown beetle.
After making this door to the outer world, the grub spins a
cocoon around itself, inside of which it changes into the pupa.
This is the third stage and lasts about two weeks. Then the
fully matured beetle emerges from the cocoon (fourth stage).
In this stage the beetle borer is about half an inch long and
has the hard body and long curved beak of the weevil family
to which it belongs. When its tissues are fully hardened it
leaves the cane stalk through the door which it provided for
itself before it spun its cocoon. After coming out into the
open air it feeds and mates. Then the female begins laying
her eggs in other cane stalks. Thus the life-cycle of this pest
is again begun.
Meanwhile its enemy, the tachinid fly, is starting its lifecycle also. The mature female begins by depositing her eggs
at the edges of the tiny air-holes in the cane stalk made by the
grub of the borer. In a very few days these hatch. The little
worms crawl along the tunnel until they find the borer grub.
They penetrate his body and feed upon his tissues, finally
killing him. When they have attained their full growth, they,
in turn, spin cocoons, become pupae and change into adult
flies. These flies then emerge into the outside world through
the holes which the borers cut in the rind of the cane for their
own escape.
Mr. Muir's new plan was to advance toward Hawaii by
easy stages, breeding the enemy flies as he went. Taking




ISECG= ljl~URING ENEMY FLIE:S         99
growing cane, heaily infested with the brers, he put it into
a cage containing the flies. The latter, as is ther habit, lid
their eggs at the edges of the air-holes in the c   nd made
by the borers With unr       instinct the hunry wors,
when they hathied, craw    alon  the tuels until th
found teir living food. By the time Mr. Mui had arrid at
New Guinea, a new crop of enmy flies had been produed.
In New Guinea a fresh lot of infested cane was obtained.
Agai the cycle of egs, tiny wors feedig on ther liig
a ParaGe Br o ght ftom Mexi, o to Prey on the,Army Worm:. The adult pr'asite much eIn larged:.  a e eggs on a aterpillar 3. PSat-.
site worms eating the cterpllHr; 4. A paraste wori m ch e nlarg ed; 5. A dead
caterpilflr  fas. ned to E leaf By parasite cocoons.
prey, and adult flies, was b gn. Meanhile Mr. Muir was
spe ing town~ AustraFl. Here more cane containing the
brr gruh was procured. By the time of the aial of the
fo rth geneatin of adult flie, Fiji had been reache. Thi 
brught Mr Muir co enoug h so that with one more repetition of the procdu  he was in Hawii with many  e 
flies in his cages.
Sne were liherated at onee while others were kept for
hisreedinog p oses As the Ifly produes six gei erations yealt
it was not long efor it wasi well estalis   in allhli the plutA




100


HAWAII TODAY


tions. An improvement in conditions began to be noticed
immediately. Now the cane-borer is no longer feared in
Hawaii. Once again a great industry was saved from heavy
loss and possible failure through the ability of scientists to
solve new and unexpected problems.
Although this venture proved successful in Hawaii in
ridding the plantations of the cane-borer, the method has not
worked so well where conditions are different. In Fiji, for
example, colonies of the enemy fly, when introduced soon died
out. Upon investigation it was discovered that the fly itself
had an enemy. This was a brilliantly colored jumping spider
that is very numerous in the cane-fields of Fiji. These spiders
spin no webs with which to catch their prey. Instead, they
steal up on the fly, when it is resting on stalk or leaf. With
incredible swiftness and accuracy they leap upon it and kill it
before it can take wing. So destructive are these spiders in
Fiji, that it was found impossible for the tachinid fly to multiply fast enough to effect the cane-borer in any vital way.
Consequently, other methods of combating this cane pest are
there employed.
While pineapples are almost entirely free from insect foes
they provide the scientists with other problems quite as difficult to solve. A few years ago, for example, it was observed
that the plants over large areas were wilting and turning yellow. The fruit, too, of these plants was affected: it was small,
fibrous, and very sour. A series of very careful scientific
experiments was undertaken to determine the cause.
When the leaves of sick pineapples were burned and
the ashes analyzed, no iron was found, whereas in healthy
plants iron is present in considerable quantities. This was a
clue to the trouble for it was evident that iron was needed by
the plant. Although there was an abundance of it in the soil it
was clear that the plant was not getting it. To prove that iron
is needed, a solution of iron sulphate was injected into a number of the diseased plants which promptly revived, turned
green and began to grow.
The iron solution was applied to the soil around the roots
but the plants did not respond. This showed that the root
system did not function properly. Then the plan of spraying
the leaves with the solution was tried. This was successful,




CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC


101


for the plants were able to absorb enough iron through their
leaves to satisfy their needs. A spraying apparatus was
devised enabling the growers, at comparatively small expense,
to treat successfully the diseased sections of their plantations.
It is known now that this condition prevails in regions
where there is too much manganese in the soil. The presence
of this mineral in large amounts prevents the iron in the soil
from dissolving. It is therefore impossible for the roots to
absorb it and the plant sickens and dies.
These are but examples of the splendid work which the
trained scientists are doing to overcome the peculiar difficulties that the agriculturists in Hawaii have encountered.
Others are at work on many another problem quite as important. Some are experimenting with fertilizers in the attempt
to find the food that the cane and the pineapples most need.
Some are working to develop new kinds of cane that will contain more sugar and that will offer more resistance to diseases
and to insect pests. Others, again, are taking the seeds of
the pineapple, which are found in rare instances, and planting them in specially prepared nurseries in the effort to secure
improved varieties.
The scientists of Hawaii are busy folk, as they labor to
solve the difficult problems which are referred to them. It is a
fascinating experience to be shown through their laboratories and experimental grounds. The tales they tell of the
battles they are fighting to overcome the handicaps to industry which Nature has set up in tropical lands are thrilling.
4. LIFE AT THE "CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC"
The Pacific Ocean may be likened to a huge saucer.
Around its edge great nations and great civilizations have
arisen. At the center of the saucer lies Hawaii. Until modern
times Pacific nations lived pretty much to themselves for the
ocean was a barrier. It was so big and so dangerous that only
the boldest mariners dared cross it.
The desire for trade and for knowledge stimulated the
development of the art of navigation. Steam-driven vessels,
big and powerful enough to defy the fiercest storms, were
gradually developed. Like so many of Nature's other realms,
the ocean was gradually mastered by man and made to serve




102                HAWAII TODAY
his urpose6 No longer does it keep people aart. Instead, the
ocean has become an easy and pleasant pathway by which
they freely intermingle.
Now steamship lines running on definite time  schedules
ect pposite sides of the Pacific at ma  points. "Tramp
steaners" and freigLhtes ply in al directions. Floating
paiaes, carrying hundreds of ager tourists, leav  United
States' orts every few wees, in season, on wrld tours. An
entrprising American shipping corporation has established
a "rinad-theworld" srvi    which invlv  the despatlag
oA a         51 P                   _
of a vessde carying fresht and passengers every two weeks.
The vessels of alost all these lines, on their way to and fro
about the Pacifice touh at H  aii.
The central position of this island grou, its splendid
harbors where both ful and water can be obtained its balmy
climate, gorgeous flowers, beautiful sceery, and the magnitude of its lol enterpises, have made it the logical port of
Icall for both tourists and tders. It has the right to be
called the "Crossroads of the Pacic"
Where trade and travel routes of the word converge, repmsentatives of many races are always to be found. It is so in
Haw. In no     rican city will one find a more  id nor
a more picturesque population thn in Honolulu. The native
stok is Poly  ias   But f    the ime hen cotact with t h




EFFORTS TO OBTAIN LABORERS                103
whites was first established, formigners of many nationalittes,
lured by tiade or by love of adventure, have ben drifting in
and intermarrying with the natives. Then, too, after the
s       indtry w a s  1we  started, the planter saw that in
order to compete successfully  ith other sugar-producing
a    esy.. S AW 
reMgns, a plentful supply of cheap labor must be se red.
Thi need became usually greet when the indstry took on
new life after th United States abolished the duty on
Hawaiiat  g  (1 i 8 S.   pg 6 3.)
As eary ias g si 8  a shipmste wa emloyed to6 hring1 a
shipload of C hinese colies ino he Is ds. One hundied and
ei   of them were  orted on a fiyear contrt at thre




104


HAWAII TODAY


dollars per month, in addition to passage, housing, food,
clothing, and medical attention. Within a few months one
hundred more were brought in on the same terms. This was
the beginning of Chinese immigration which continued for a
time. Later importations of Chinese were restricted, however,
and finally prohibited altogether but not until 2 I,000 or more
had entered.
Kamehameha III wanted to bring the entire population
of Pitcairn Island to Hawaii. As the British Government
would not permit these people to change their nationality,
the project was abandoned. From time to time attempts were
made to secure Polynesians from the islands of the South Seas.
Altogether several thousands of these, including some cannibals from Melanesia, were imported but the experiment Nf as a
a costly failure. Norwegians, Germans, and Italians were also
tried but they were restless and discontented and emigrated
to the United States at the first opportunity. Negroes from
Tennessee and natives of Porto Rico were also given a trial.
For different reasons all these efforts were unsuccessful.
Better results came when the agents turned to the Portuguese in the Madeiras and the Azores. The pioneer band of one
hundred and eighty Portuguese arrived in I 87 8. During the
next twenty years, 15,000 or so followed. Although these
people began life in Hawaii as unskilled plantation laborers,
many rose to skilled positions. Among the first arrivals were
stone-cutters and builders. These gave the first impulse in the
Islands to the erection of substantial buildings made of hewn
lava and coral rock. Later still, many became storekeepers,
clerks, and salespeople, while others won positions of trust
in offices and banks. Some gained high place on the bench
and in the Territorial legislature. Today a number of the
influential citizens of Hawaii can trace their ancestry back
to the Portuguese laborers who were brought over from the
Madeiras and the Azores.
At the same time efforts were made to induce Japan to
permit her laborers to be drawn upon. In i868 the first band
of forty-eight Japanese arrived under a three-year contract
which provided that they should receive four dollars per
month besides food, clothing, housing, and medical attention.
They gave excellent satisfaction, but, reports of ill treatment




A PICTURESQUE POPULATION


105


having reached Japan, that Government took a number of
them home after an investigation. In spite of the earnest
efforts of the Hawaiian Government Japan would not permit
her people to go to Hawaii for fifteen years thereafter. Finally
after the visit of King Kalakaua to Japan in i 88 i, followed by
the untiring labor of his ministers, Japan acceded in i886 to
Hawaii's requests for help. From that time until annexation,
except for a single brief period, the flow of Japanese to the
Islands was steady. By i900, when the Islands became a
Territory of the United States, of the total population of
I54,000, the Japanese numbered 6i,000.
Originally brought in to work on the plantations, both the
Portuguese and the Japanese left the fields in great numbers
as soon as their contracts expired. Many of the Portuguese
went to California while the Japanese entered Island occupations that were less laborious than working on the plantations.
Moreover, under the provisions of the "Gentleman's Agreement," entered into between Japan and the United States in
i908, the importation of Japanese unskilled labor practically
ceased. China was also cut off as a source of supply, for the
laws of the United States forbidding the admission of Chinese
coolies naturally applied to Hawaii after annexation. Thus
the problem of securing workers for the cane-fields has always.
been one of the most urgent which the planters have had to
meet. Now they are turning to the Philippines and every
month hundreds of the natives of these Islands arrive to fill
the gaps in the ranks of plantation laborers.
As a result, then, of Hawaii's position at the crossing of
the great ocean highways and because of widespread efforts
to secure workmen, the streets of the cities and villages of
Hawaii swarm with a motley but picturesque assortment of
human beings. Individuals belonging to different races have
intermarried. In consequence numbers of Hawaiian-born
people have an ancestry of the most curious and unusual
combinations.
The young people who are born in the Islands are citizens,
for the constitution of the United States provides that every
child born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction
is a citizen. An excellent system of public schools has been
created by the Territory in which these young people are




106                 i[HA   II TODAY
given a  edu   in des   ed to fit them not only to earn a
coafible living but to enable them to assume the duties
d   sponsibilities of Aerican citizeship. 4     of these
youths, after completing hih school, enter the Umversity of
Hawaii, while some go to mainland univerities for a pat or
all of their avnceed work. The fact that in the univesity as
R.    ~                     h,,,.  i,.,. 
well as in all the schools, both public and pivate, scholarsbip
competitions are very often won by these Americans of alien
excellent minds which arecapaebl of the hihst    ine S tpeationl
Any uniprejudiced peiofni
_and high pincipedthey a aecquires grat rlepect ifo them,
far  b                   theyoand will neer &ubt that
repwis  teon,  hen sc ctme to voting age
they w ill perform loyally andy
for help ndedltsorefficetl ther civic duties
_of                        hBecause Hawaii inieds at
~in i W ~the pcrssradsr of the Pacific 
fbetase o f her history, peohis
a(dlitenuy tf rsde;ainodg ndbeaue*o6d  fnd inai 
G     f oH  ii, P.aideV  the problems Which life in the
ParsPdi a; in       Islands has brought to light
this little island conuiity has ehad an ifluene etending
far beyond its boders Wherever te study Of tropi cal agr
culture, of certain troical diseases, of the control of tropical
insect pests is carried on, thore n the scenftists turn to Hawaii
for hoel  Ind1ed so hnortafn have been the contributions
of the cientfists of Hawaii in these field that their work is
know in eivery part of the world where shilak problems 
A distigised afltihity has reided f    man     year at
Kilauc for the purpose of studying the volcano. Through his
researches and obseraions the sicincwhich relates to volcanic activity has been a4idvancd ina notable way.
Moreoe, students from countries around the Pacific are




INFLUENCE OF HAWAII


107


turning to Hawaii, particularly to the University, for their
education. Apart from convenience, the special opportunities
afforded by the University for the study of problems peculiar
to the tropics are attracting them in increasing numbers. It
is not impossible that the University of Hawaii is destined to
become the University of the Pacific.
Even the efforts of the missionaries a century ago to train
the Hawaiians in useful occupations had an unexpected and
far-reaching influence, for they set on foot a great educational
movement in the States. This was the movement begun by
General Armstrong when he founded Hampton Institute in
Virginia, the first institution to train Negroes to enter skilled
vocations. It was in Hampton Institute that Booker Washington received the inspiration that led him to begin his great
work at Tuskegee, Alabama, for the negro race.
General Armstrong was born in Hawaii. For a time his
father was Minister of Education in the Islands. The boy
frequently accompanied his father on visits to the schools.
Those in which occupational work was taught made a deep
impression upon his mind. During the Civil War General
Armstrong commanded negro troops. Through this contact
he became greatly interested in the welfare of the race. Upon
the conclusion of the war he established Hampton Institute.
He frequently declared that it was the work of certain of the
schools of Hawaii that led him to undertake his educational
activities among the Negroes. In recognition of this obligation, he had a lava rock from Hawaii built into the wall of
the assembly hall of the Institute, where it can be seen today.
Again, in recent years, young people of Oriental parentage, born and educated in Hawaii, have gone to the countries
of their parents. Thus they have carried with them the culture and ideals which they received in the Islands. Perhaps the
most notable of this group was Dr. Sun Yat Sen, former
leader of the Nationalist party in China, who spent his youth
and acquired much of his education in Hawaii.
So, too, firms engaged in business between the United
States and the Orient are beginning to turn to Hawaii to
obtain young people who speak both English and an Oriental
language. Thus opportunities are arising for these Island



108                HAWAII TODAY
trained p  le to e1;r upon sucssul a eersiae abfout 
now being caried on in the Paiefto leni the origin of the
Polesit an race and to trace its mitions. L  ng place
in these stues has come about because of the for~utnte
tion of Hawaii with respec to the othe islands of PHolyas a      rial to his  P        B     Pahi B     op a
funds at the co   d f the Mueum,      wih the      atia of varius sciific bdies, e   dios     v be    sent
to ma   of the  tle kwn islands  tPacifi ihe
to obtain ihnfomaion whic wl thr light upon the history
of the Po. If ete the Inb                       of the
Pynesan people be, it e  i be     of the 
S~~em. d Hawa~~l. t  te~sp  oteoh a        ey
s        Z   iS  X  *  na  t  E~~~~~I~d  I1; S   t- 
dCI     ~ tl~ l ~ S:*  *  H        i1FJ  lgX     I 




FRIENDLINESS AMONG PACIFIC PEOPLES 109


of the staff of scientists which the Bishop Museum has
assembled in Honolulu, the headquarters of its activities.
Again, many of the leaders in Pacific countries have been
brought under the friendly influence of Hawaii through the
activities of the Pan-Pacific Union, whose headquarters are
also in Honolulu. The active president of this organization is
the Governor of Hawaii. Its board of trustees consists of
representatives of various Pacific races. The organization
seeks to promote friendly understanding among the peoples of
the Pacific by calling into conference influential persons in the
several countries of that great region. Successful conferences
of scientists, of educators, of journalists, of financiers, and of
those interested in conservation problems, respectively, have
already been held. Branches of the Pan-Pacific Union have
also been established in a number of Pacific countries.
The Institute of Pacific Relations, organized in Honolulu
in 1924, is likewise seeking to foster friendliness and closer
cooperation among Pacific peoples. It encourages an exchange
of opinions on matters in which racial and national interest
may conflict. It aims to interpret the culture and history of
East to West and of West to East. It calls biennial conferences, gathers data, promotes research, and seeks to acquaint
the people of the countries concerned with its findings. Two
meetings have already been held. These were attended by
distinguished representatives from the principal countries of
the Pacific.
Neither the Pan-Pacific Union nor the Institute of Pacific
Relations officially represents any government; nevertheless
their influence through research investigation and discussion
should be very great. Furthermore it is not too much to
expect that the personal friendships formed at the conventions which these organizations hold will go far towards preserving the peace of the Pacific itself, if a crisis should ever
arise.
Finally, wherever thoughtful persons desire to learn how
the nations and peoples of the earth can live together in
mutual friendliness they are turning to Hawaii for inspiration. For here representatives of most of the races of mankind
are to be found. And here they are living together and work



MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION


ing together, for the most part, in a spirit of kindly consideration and good-will. In this matter of the harmonious and
helpful relations of the many facial groups, Hawaii has become
an object lesson for all the world.
MATTERS TO BE INVESTIGATED AND DISCUSSED
i. On an outline map of the Pacific Region shadein Micronesia,
Melanesia, and Polynesia. Locate the principal islands of each division.
Trace in Captain Cook's last voyage.
2. Make a cable map of the' Pacific showing the principal stations.
What countries own the lines? Why did the Island of Yap figure so much
in the discussions about the year 1920? Tell the story.
3. Appoint members of the class to investigate the subject of wireless communication in the Pacific region. On a chart locate the principal
wireless stations. Have other members report upon the arrangement
whereby our government permits the Navy wireless to be used for commercial purposes.
4. Have members of the class call upon newspaper men and learn
how the news of important happenings in Asia is gathered and transmitted to the newspapers of the United States. In turn, how news items
in our country are gathered and distributed throughout Asia.
5. Discuss the effect that a cheap and rapid means of communication would have in developing a better understanding among Pacific
peoples.
6. Have members of the class work up and present the story of how
Germany lost her Pacific Islands during the World War and what
became of them. Why were so many of them placed under the control
of Japan?
7. Make a class scrap-book of pictures showing the types of native
living in the islands of the South Pacific. Showing their occupations.
Showing their life.
8. Have some one read up about the stone images of Easter Island
and report.
9. Have the story of Robinson Crusoe reread and reviewed. Also
Swiss Family Robinson. Compare the life described in these books with
that lived by the natives of the tropical islands.
IO. Primitive natives long anticipated the radio in their methods of
signaling over great distances. Investigate and report.
i I. The natives of Polynesia lacked metals, beasts of burden, and
domestic animals except the dog, hog, and fowl. Cereals were also
unknown. How did they supply these deficiencies?
12. Why were the Hawaiian Islands long called the Sandwich
Islands?




MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION                     111
13. In i809 Henry Opukahaia, (generally called Obookiah), a
Hawaiian youth was taken to the United States on a trading vessel.
Later he became a member of the Cornwall School for Foreign Missions
but died before the missionary pioneers left for Hawaii. His life and
experiences had much to do with arousing missionary interest in the
Hawaiian Islands. Ask members of the class to find and relate the dramatic story of his experiences.
14. Among the four Hawaiian youths who accompanied the first
missionaries to Hawaii was George P. Kaumualii, son of the King of the
Island of Kauai. He was also a member of the Cornwall Mission School.
The story of his experiences is a remarkable one. Have members of the
class learn the details. Also have them find out in what way he was
helpful to the missionaries after their arrival in Hawaii.
i5. What did General Smuts, the famous South African general and
statesman, mean when he said: "The problems of the Pacific are the
world problems of the next fifty years "?
i6. During the period, i85o-60, whalers paid 4420 visits to the
Hawaiian Islands and trans-shipped 14 million pounds of whalebone, 17 2
million gallons of whale oil, and I12 million gallons of sperm-oil. How
did this business affect Hawaii? What caused the sudden decline in the
whaling industry? Have a report prepared on: "The whaling industry
in the United States today. "
17. What are: "sperm-oil, " "spermaceti, " "whale-oil, " "whalefoots, " and "whalebone. " For what are they now used?
i8. It is said that whale-meat is much like beef. In what country is
it commonly used for food? Why is it not found in the markets of the
United States?
i9. Whaling in the Pacific practically ended with the wrecking of
35 whale-ships in the Arctic in i871. Learn the details of the disaster and
of the saving of the people who were aboard.
20. What tabus declared by Hawaiian chiefs and priests served a
good purpose? Compare their tabus on the catching of fish with efforts
made in our country to protect the fish of our waters.
21. Have a report made on the coral polyp, its life, and the results
of its activities.
22. Make a collection of colored pictures of tropical fish.
23. Make a list of the native activities and practices that have
ceased because of the influence of civilization.
24. Find out what plants and shrubs growing in your community
can be made to yield vegetable colors. Have members of the class try
making and using the colors.
25. In 1784, the Empress of China, outfitted by Robert Morris, set
sail from New York for Canton with a cargo of ginseng. This was the
beginning of our trade with China. The vessel was away i5 months and




112        MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION
returned with a profit of $30,000. Investigate ginseng and the use to
which the Chinese put it. Investigate the cultivation of ginseng in the
United States today.
26. Early in the century New England traders developed a profitable
business in sailing around Cape Horn to the northwest coast of the continent, thence to China and then home. What did they carry that the
Chinese wanted? What did they bring from China that the Americans
wanted?
27. In the homes and antique shops of New England villages are
still to be found bits of beautiful brocade, rare vases, lacquered boxes,
and other Oriental articles brought in from China by the early traders.
See if there are any such evidences of this century-old contact with the
Orient to be found in your community.
28. Sum up the character of the native Hawaiians. How have their
racial traits been helpful to them in their dealings with the whites? How
have they been harmful?
29. Most primitive races begin to decrease in numbers when they
come into contact with the whites. It is said that the Maoris are increasing. Find out how the government of New Zealand treats them. Do
you think this accounts for their growth? Compare with the treatment
we have accorded the American Indian.
30. Debate the question: "Resolved that contact between primitive
races and the white race has been bad for the former. "
31. Debate the question: "Resolved that the greatest good requires
that primitive races give their lands up to those who can and will
develop and use them. "
32. In 1787 William Bligh, an Englishman, was commissioned to
take a cargo of young breadfruit trees from Tahiti to the West Indies. In
the effort he had a remarkable adventure. See if you can learn the
details of the story and the result of the attempt to transplant the trees
to the West Indies.
33. Trade in sandalwood is made much of in "The Crater" by James
Fenimore Cooper. Have the story read and reported upon.
34. Padraic Colum, the famous Irish poet, went to Hawaii a few
years ago to study the folk-lore of the natives. Find his poem, " Sandalwood." Read it in class and discuss it in the light of what the text says
about sandalwood.
35. Work up the story of the cottony-cushion scale in California and
how it was controlled. Have members of the class report on the methods
-now being used in various sections of the United States in controlling
insect pests.
36. Read about Luther Burbank's work in California in improving
growing things. What is the method that he employed? Report to the
class.




MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION


113


37. Cuban cane-land yields 2 tons per acre while the Hawaiian yield
ranges from 4 to 8 tons. It costs more to produce sugar in Hawaii than in
Cuba. Why does Hawaii produce more? Why does it cost more to produce it in Hawaii?
38. Hawaii is frequently called, "The Crossroads of the Pacific."
Make a trade-route map of the Pacific. Does this show that Hawaii has
a right to the title?
39. Work up the beginning of the petroleum industry in the United
States. What useful products are now made from petroleum?
40. Find out what the important differences are between a territory
and a state under the laws of the United States.
41. Find out where the principal lines of weakness in the earth's
crust are according to the scientists and locate them on a map of the
world.
42. Interview members of the staff of the Weather Bureau in your
neighborhood and find out how they make their daily records of weather
conditions. Report to the class.
43. Make a list of illustrations to show the truth of the last statement in Chapter I,


8




THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
CHAPTER IV
LAND AND PEOPLE
I. THE ARCHIPELAGO
Situated in the Pacific Ocean, somewhat southwest of
Hawaii but close to the Asiatic coast and wholly within the
tropics, lies the Philippine Archipelago. There are said to be
more than seven thousand islands in this group. They stretch
north and south for eleven hundred miles and east and west
for nearly seven hundred miles. No other single group contains so many islands, neither is there another group where
the islands are set so close together. At many places it is
easy to pass in small boats from one to another across the
narrow channels that separate them. Indeed, so near are
many in some parts of the Archipelago that at low tide they
are connected by sandy beaches.
According to some of the primitive Filipino tribes, an
enormous giant once bore the earth about on his shoulders.
But becoming tired and irritable, in a fit of anger, he threw
down the load. It broke into thousands of pieces. These
broken bits, lying about just as they fell, are the islands of
the group.
Scientists say that the Philippines, Borneo, Celebes,
Sumatra, and Java, were once a part of the continent of Asia
and that very long ago they split off from the coast. They also
say that the Moluccas, New Guinea, and the other islands
farther to the east were once a part of Australia. They reach
these conclusions partly because the plant and animal life
of the first group is very similar to that of the near-by coast of
Asia; while the life of the second group is closely akin to that
of Australia.
The largest of the Philippine Islands are Luzon and Mindanao. The one is at the extreme north of the archipelago, the
other at the extreme south. Luzon has an area nearly that of
"14




THE ARCHIPELAGO               115
PHILIPPINES.     T -lo 1
SCALE     BATANES IS.                alo 
0  50  100 t156M0 les  |  ~ 
20~           Bolintang Channel  Bala  BA  ag
BABU!ANES.cSOUTH"', a.to.
BABU ANES LS!     CORREGIDOR iRCALLI




~~13~ ~I;F5
a tU~tS;S 0 
eer                      w          O  ^  jec f| 
go$  W   nI~ I I _  11
n 2RX3 g 10 B  l l _ 5~~~~~~~~~~~~t f~I
i90 A nt
0 Fo00,~~.  '00000~~~~
00  0 ~ -
0t                            00  0!I- 
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~~~~~~~~- 0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
i   e              P~~~~~~~i   ~ ~~~~~00 
00
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VOLCANOES OF LUZON              117
Moit Mayon, on the Iland of on, is perps the
most notabl. It; monts, a perect cone, nrly 9o   feet
above a le   lain It has erupted many times since the
comi  of the Spaniiards often causing gre  d tructin.
The soil of one of the richest hempproducing regions of the
Islands has b   formed by the ashes and dt whi it has
thron out.
Crzon of L} Bltru 1~ o~lXrc lrl1ul~  lefrta lgm
Tid Volcano nd TMdii   Lke
whieh rise f  the midst of a i  f fresh  ater about
is. For several days frqnt  thqaes gave notice of
grt inera agitation. Suddenly one night fies that were
seen a hun ed miles awy shot  fim it ik a gigantic
ballo. Then folloed an Ia  sping eeal *  di
hich cold be seen for  il  Lt f all ame a ight
sand-blat e ich the nim   s an pople  the island aid
the 1wsr side a of the ole c  d nt ithLsta bO
Te highest of the Philipie  cans is sitated in the
the          of t         not
irl,~6t111 Bf~ ~~fjik~  "an1~~; a m _; ei  nea1  $pf~l  x y~_
y@      be ~nr2So.           ~ aR Cnt  g~i~~iP vlie3y~~ ~ei~dd~- ~j~l



118             LAND AND PEOPLE
IsIad of Mindanao Apo is its name and it to   up a little
oe than io,oon feet above sea      dl. Centuies ago its
ater cked up bt later the mountain blew open at three
points. Lava polred oat of these vents and gradiully built up
three cones which rst upon the old volcano. Now Apo is surCnted by tree distict peaks. These serve as safty valves
lieving the eno rmus pressure below.
D   ng erutions quantiaies of sultpr are thrown out
wich, settling on the peak,   them to a rich golden color.
Crrtes oE 13-ra6 61 Irula Affairs
A P   oay f Gcosks oa Mount Apo
reietl iy, too, i'iin inte thel cLest are covered with snow,So wh    r th season be  nter or, Apo is one oo f the 
U     g featres of thandse     of Midn
As is to be e  cd in a land of active volaoes earthqakes are of freqent  rre   Whi from some part of
the   ila, shght shocks are   o  d    ry fw days,
i 4  i  v1no very
disastrous erptios and destructive shocks Are not very
common. Even When thse com    ther is usualy no great
los  f life or tpr t for the nativs, as in Jpan, contruct
their dwf eings of light and flxt i  b  mat l w    yied
*ready te the  tremrs of the earth




CLIMATIC CONDITIONS


119


As in many volcanic regions mineral springs abound
which range from cold to boiling temperatures. The region
around Manila is particularly rich in such evidences of internal heat. Perhaps the most famous of these springs are those
at Los Banos, about thirty-five miles from the capital city.
So popular are they that the town has become a resort visited
by thousands of people every year.
Although the Philippines lie within the tropics, localities
in these islands differ widely in climatic conditions. These
differences, as in Hawaii, turn upon altitude, direction of prevailing winds, nearness to mountain spurs, position with
respect to the sea. Certain regions bordering the China Sea
have two distinct seasons, dry in winter and spring, and wet in
summer and fall. In certain regions fronting the Pacific
Ocean the rainfall is exceedingly heavy and so distributed that
scarcely a single month passes without rain. Again in regions
which neither face the China Sea or the Pacific Ocean still
other conditions prevail. In general, however, the climate at
the seacoast is delightful from November to February. During April, May, and June it gets uncomfortably warm.
As occupations depend very directly upon climatic conditions and especially upon rainfall, the agricultural practices
in various sections differ widely. In regions having wet and
dry seasons, but one crop of rice can be produced, while in
regions where rain may be expected at any time, rice is grown
throughout the year. These conditions affect the production
of sugar and hemp as well. The traveler in this picturesque
island group will find great differences in the occupations of
the inhabitants within comparatively short distances.
From 6o toI 25 inches a year is the range in rainfall. This
rain, falling upon mountain crests and slopes, is carried swiftly
to the sea by streams which flow in all directions. Indeed,
there are so many of these that one can scarcely travel more
than a few miles in the interior of many of the islands without
crossing one of them. As the islands for the most part are
narrow, the streams are usually short and navigable only by
the native in his canoe. In Luzon and Mindanao, however,
rivers of 220 miles and 300 miles in length are to be found.
These are deep enough to float boats of considerable size.
Naturally in a country of such heavy rainfall, great quan



120             LAND AND PEOPL
tties of earth  d dcyed vegetation are washd don to the
levels. Broad valleys of great fertilitky have thus been
bt.up One uh    inorthern Luson, extends two hundd
miles bhak frm the coast. However, except along the rivers
and stre ms, which are the oily hig ays ~for the natives who
hivein the iot rithese ferte rons are almost uninhabited.
lthgh the Islnds sfer comparatively little from volcanic disturbancs, the ame cannot be said of the wind
st      The i sland group is iin the path of the draded
C oXaa g  Buta of jii  A  aiffir
A  Riy  Sc e in aa i' i:  '
typhoon sthat sweps in  i  the China Sea. The typhoon is
a Wstoi, covei'g a wide are, in   hh the wind rotates
ahout a cntr e  al po   in a direction conty to that of the
movem    ts of the hands of a  clk. The whole mas of the
typhoon moves y forward slowy, often not traveling faster
than tweve iles an   r, but within this  hiing body the
vwind freq  ty hl      from eig hty t a hunifdrel d mniles an
hor, ad gsometimes reaches the te rrific v c'ty of one huno
idred and twey milea It is the wid whii fig at thig frightflsped, that ase the d tructin, hiig houses in t
the air,  d    ivess    on to the roks.




TYPHOON WARNINGS


121


At the center or "eye" of the storm the air is usually
comparatively quiet. Mariners who have passed through
such a storm-center say that when they enter the eye, the
gale suddenly ceases. Then for a little time the vessel is in a
dead calm. Often the clouds clear and the sun or stars appear.
Frequently, too, birds drop to the decks, exhausted by their
struggle with the hurricane. After a brief period the vessel
enters a second zone of whirling wind. This time the gale
blows from the opposite quarter, as one would expect it to do
when he remembers that in a typhoon the wind is in rotation.
As the air pressure at the center of the storm is less than at
the circumference the waters have a tendency to heap up in
the eye. Hence a high wave not infrequently accompanies
the typhoon, sweeps against the coast line, and adds to the
confusion and destruction. Instances are known where such
waves have borne ships far in over the land leaving them
stranded when the water receded. Often, too, rain falls in
torrents during such a storm. Indeed, a precipitation of from
ten to twelve inches in a day, is not unusual at such a time.
In i86 5 Jesuit priests established a weather bureau in
Manila and began to study the typhoon. To the learned
scientists who have been connected with this bureau is due
much of the knowledge which the world now has of the habits
of this tropical storm. Upon the approach of one of these hurricanes the bureau telegraphs warnings to every port of the
Islands, enabling the sailors to seek shelter at the nearest
harbor. Wireless carries the warnings to ships far out at sea
and even to the coasts of China and Japan.
The tall mast at the bureau in Manila is closely watched
for the signals which are displayed when the weather threatens.
Various combinations of black blocks and cones convey
the message during the day. At night red and white lanterns
are substituted. When "Signal No. i " is raised it gives the
information: "Distant storm, direction not known. " Signals
't2 " and " 3" tell the path which the storm is taking. " No.
4'" indicates that the storm may be dangerous. When this
signal flutters from the mast-head there is great anxiety in
Manila as the people wait to see which of the next three signals will be displayed. "No. 5" signifies: "Center of the
typhoon will pass close to the north." "No. 6" means the




122             LAND AND PEOPLE
sam  exept t      it indicates that the center  wil pass close
to the south,. "No. 7" is the one that strikes teror even to
the bravest heart for it says: "Center of the tyhion will
pass ovr this place." So famliar nw are the scentists Mth
the characteristci s of the typhoon that its probable course can
be charted twenty-four hors ahead Great losses are often
prevnted lby the warnings Which the bureau issues as the
typhoon apiproahes
2. PROUCTS OP TH:E WILD FORIST
Stretching around the globe near the equator there is a
blt;    e ain and warsth are so eay   o iorn th oghoaut?4        -                      A2  8 I A
copious raifllt do not prevail But in the basins of the
Amazon and Congo, in pas of Central A   ca, in Malaya,
in Idia at the base of the Himalas, in northe  Australia,
and in the East  dies cndition are suitable for luxrint
tree growths The Philippine slands also lie in this equatol forest    t. In all tse regions great areas are covered
Although not m  b more than haf of the land surface of
the Philpines is n     so cov i.e  thr was a tCie wen
amost    e entiregion      sea      to m  nt    peak was
an unbroken forest Vas stands of rnahogay,   oIny, teak
irnod and other hrwos_ hoever, still         ain. In




to~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2..0
Mg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
uj ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.
ta




124              LAND AND PEOPLE
Many of the woods are so      that ev      n dry they
sink like lead upon being thrown into the water. Others are
so dense and cose graind that it is iffrlt to work in them
wtthe ordinary tools of the    arer and cainetmker
Irnod, for e        will tun the sharp edge of an ae, so
hrd is it. Man  have a betiful grain and color and take
On a high polis when properly seaoned and treated. In
addition there are also
w a r 1.t fumerous  ose of the le
f. a~~~~~ ~~The hardws yof t he in
l c butt     a h -thel  ed esPhii theses    e been is
Irrc~s g. poum w~ t knowIn  in China for cen-of
trie. Many ofo the bSte.
_te                              crvings in the old
ogothat  came  from  these
fel th                                         arozr-,f uite to the h-ardio Cds u
many pats of the world
ja   a so arti t  too, ho
fashion the exqusite dcr
in the shops of their cities,
N4itoif Mo h o iS  P~1, A g T  hiave  long  known  and
NAM' Udhod 6 F611ifg Tg    fiprized thesk woods  Only
a few varieties of this valuable product of the Philippine forest
have as yet found their wa to the United States in any quantity hut trade w  ith the United States in these finer Woods is
Muc~h of the lumbering is carried oni by emUal opierators
wVh use methods that are crude waseI and costly. Tb y
f   the trees with hnairrow-hded axe  Aft   they are cut
into logs of the reqtured lengh watr-buffaloes, from two or
three to fifteen or more, are hitched tandem-fashion to eah




NATIVE LUMBERING METHODS                 125
Slowly and with great efft, fo each b 1ffo reaqui  a man
to  ide t, the log ar drawn down to tidewater.
The labris      hod of Awing the lgs into boards by
hand, so generi in China, is still extensively practiced in the
Philippiness  epeally by Chinese lum  men. The ineficiency of these  thods and the onsequnt small outpt
raises the cost of production to a point wihih makes it im'po sibe for the  erators to compe succcLsf lyL in forcign
Naotiv Method of Saoing Lumbeo o
maets with thoe of the United States      Ind, lare
quantities of lumber for bnildingpurloses are ctally  ipped
into the Philippines from Oron mills.
The Amri       type of ste  -driV.en s gwill, h oever, is
gradually beco ng known. Modern Methods of loggg, so
suessful in the forests of the United States and Cna   are
bein introd ue.
Companies wth s eufficiet it tooperate ona large scale
are b     establishe. Doubtless the time will ome  en, as
a resIlt of the lorng o f the cost of pdtion, Philippine
r will c pte with th  pro  ed in the St    The




126             LAND AND PEOPLE
Forestry Breau of the Philipines estiates that in this
island group there are forty million as of commercial
tr   rworth mre than two billion dollars. As yet, only here
and there, has this great natual storehose of forest products
been tapped. It aaits the  nmitng of more capital and of
md      logging and milling methods.
Besides ti er the Philippine forest contains  y other
valahe produc ts, chief fmong which are rubber, tanark,
dyewoo, sgum       rnishes, camphor, vetable oils, and
rattan. Rb  er and rattan are perbps the most interesting
of these tho hr only the ltter as produce d in the Philippines
figures in the mkets of the world
AFOPIRICA
Ruhher is ohtaind from    the milky juices of many
which does not seem essenti to the life of th tre  it looks
much like cow's mi  and is full of gloules of hher which,
to be  ie      s be   letd in a ms m    h as the go ls
of fat in milk are  nd t    h   it ht r.
In the A   n     rgn of South A      na natv       p
ik i      the latex adry it over a s  k fir  S   es
layr are hult b up un  the maes             ed has in
size and color. Natives in parts of the Philippines  in
other islands of the Pcific mix the lat  'with sea Water,
iLy~~~  lk~ cfji9;bf  ililkii aL1~ ts flit~;~~ d ~;a7,~ tes s~  8e b l whN




TAPPING RUBBER TREES                 127
causing it to coagulate. In still other regions, as n Malaya
and Smatra a measurd quaitity of acetic acid is added and
the latex is poured into pans and allowed to stand, wher
upon it thike  like jelly.
Every moning on a rubber planttion the bearing trees
are vsited byen m   illed in the use of a specially shaped knife
so gaed that a thin shavng of the inner bark cn be cut
aw a    thout injury to the tr ee. rom these frc  cuts,
hih extend about a quarter of the     ar  d th tree
exude glohules of the milkywhite latex. Tese collect, a tiny
stream trickles do  ad, following th  V-   ed cut to
its lowest point, nd is caght in a  ll ve   fastened to th
tree. Later in the     o             o go from tree to
tree mptg the                   s      e in turn are
cied to a     ta    int  d there poured i    g    n
tainrs hiare     en t the pa           ory."




128.8LAND AND PEOPLE


These "factories" on a well-ordered plantation are kept
spotlessly clean. The day's collection of latex amounts to
many barrels on a big plantation. It is first carefully strained
into porcelain-lined vats. Presently a cream-like foam appears
which is skimmed off from time to time. Then measured
portions of the latex are poured into shallow porcelain pans
of rectangular shape, and ascetic acid is added. The latex
soon coagulates, forming blocks of soft white rubber the size
of the pans. These are run between corrugated rollers which
operate much like clothes-wringers. The cheese-like loaves
are thus transformed into thin sheets a foot or so wide and
ten or twelve feet long, from which all moisture has been
pressed. These sheets are hung on bamboo poles in specially
constructed buildings where they are smoked and dried.
Upon completion of this curing process they are packed
tightly into cases and sent by way of the nearest port to the
markets of the world, where they are sold as " crude " rubber.
The most valuable commercial rubber comes from certain
trees. In the Philippines, however, there is a vine which
also yields a valuable rubber content. This vine springs up in
freshly cleared spaces in the forest and grows very rapidly,
often attaining a length of 200 feet in a few months. The
natives puncture it and collect the latex which drips from the
wounds. It is believed that this plant can be handled successfully on a large scale by running the vines through a
crushing machine to free the juice, much as sugar cane is run
between rollers.
A few plantations of the best varieties of rubber-producing
trees are now being developed in Mindanao. Tests show that
the product compares favorably in yield and quality with that
of the great plantations of Sumatra and Malaya. The
Philippine yield for I927 was about 250 tons, valued at
$I75,000. In comparison with the world's yearly consumption of about 58o,ooo tons this is insignificant. The United
States alone purchases every year about 450,000 tons at a cost
of a half billion dollars. Most of this enormous quantity
comes from the Straits Settlements and from the Dutch
East Indies. But experts who have investigated the matter
say that there are a million and a half acres of potential
rubber land in Mindanao and the Sulu Islands alone. If




JTHE RATTAN PALM!      129
developed on the basis of the East Indian yield of 40o pounds
per acr the output wiold be 3,00o00 tos a yer. This is
about three4fourhs of the yearly conm tion of the United
States. ft w d se    that the Philippines should be loo
to by the United States as an iortant sorce of her rubber
supply. However, as the prie of labor in the Philippines is
CouteO 61 Bur e    rau of Insau'mr Af r  
You RubberI Paati i Mindaa
about double that in Ja and Malaya, the Philirppines fwill
be at some disadvantage in co etition
Rattan is the product of the  imbing, vinel ike palm
h grows a       datly in the     torial  rest    The
stem is had, very smooth and of unifo   size thrg  t,
rngi in the Philippine va.r.ietis from a qu arter of an inch
to  n a half ices in dieter   d se species grng
to a l      of e    hdrd       In    er to lift its foliage
bl    s     the        it libs up the t     of the
foe, clingi    to the  by  ans of hos at he   s of t
9




130


LAND AND PEOPLE


mid-ribs of its leaves. Upon reaching the tops of the supporting trees, some rattans descend and climb neighboring trees.
With others the lower and older leaves fall off, whereupon the
stems, too heavy to be supported by the hooks on the leaves
at the top, slip down and form immense coils on the tree
trunks or on the ground below.
The natives use rattan in making the suspension bridges
which span many of the streams and rivers of the Islands.
It takes the place of cord and twine in tying bales of hemp,
sugar, and tobacco. From the better grades, furniture is
made, while one variety is used in the manufacture of hats.
It is made into cables and ropes which are employed in heavy
hauling and as rigging for ships. The rude carts of the country are fastened together with it and it plays an important
part in boat construction.
The willow-like skin of the vine, split into strands, takes
the place of iron in native buildings. In the vast majority of
the houses of the Archipelago not a nail or screw is used;
rattan holds the timbers together. The same material ties
on the roof of thatch and holds in place the strips of bamboo
that serve as flooring.
With the Chinese also, rattan is a favorite material for
cordage of all kinds, for umbrella handles and ribs, and as a
substitute for whalebone. Indeed, in the countries of the
East rattan has almost as many uses as bamboo.
The stem of the rattan is composed of a smooth, hard
layer surrounding a somewhat softer round core. Machines
peel off this outside layer and split it into long narrow strips.
This is the so-called "cane" of the trade. The round core
left after the outside layer is removed, is called "reed."
Every year large quantities of both "cane" and "reed" are
sent to the United States from the tropics. The makers of
furniture and of baskets use most of it. Indeed, "reed furniture, " so common in the States, is made from the core of this
rattan palm.
In I926 the United States imported about $555,000 worth
of so-called " chair cane or reed" and nearly a million dollars
worth of "unmanufactured rattan." Although Philippine
products are admitted to the United States free of duty, this
island group supplied only about one-eighth of the "cane"




AGRICULTURE, PRINzCIPAL OCCUPATION           131
and none of the "rattazn." Most of the "rattan" came fom
the Straits Settlements and from the Dutch East Indies,
while China and Gertanyr s plied most of the "cae" and
"reeds."t Inaility to make prom t delvery of rattan in the
quantity required is the chief reason why a better shownmg in
foreign markets in this important forest product has not been
madby     e y Philippines.
3. AGRICULTURE THE PRINCIPAL OCUPATION
Althomgh there are great resources in the forests of the
Philippines agriculture is, and probably als wil be, 
ate loI  1uet of In61l Aii iMA
A Typi Nave6 Cleain h u Fared1
chief industry. So  pidly, however, does vegetation growin
a country havin  a war  climate and heavy raifill that
systematic agrculture is carried on  h dffilty. Constant
effrt is reired to k    the wild growths fo  errunng
and choking out the things plated The momplnent the trees
are fled and the soil is stirre, arse gr ases  ringup a
liug the methods of f  in  u   in t  pate Climates the




132             LAND AND PEOPLE
natives have practiced and to some extent still practice what
is knrwn as the" shfting system" of agriculture.
A clering is made in the forest by cutting and bring
th tim er. This space is planted with rice, swet potatoes
corn, and other food rop. Cultivation then pmtically
ceases, whei uonl jungle grasses and weeds take possession. In one, two, or at most, three seasons, the jungle has
won in the strule and th nate    finds it easir to make a
new learin in the forest and start afresh.
Coaesy Ol Bureu uf nslar AIai m
Ans a   l of this reth     carried on fore  ctes great
areas once usev& 6 writh forestsh been chayhe onverted into grass
lands and lands covered with _ ofinrowthII tAre. it is a
very wastefult method of farmingfo not only arc valuahl
1IY2greatly legss egn
of  -   _   ~                         in.X D.7 _ 
1~~~~~~~~~o _   VA/Y u>4 SisI_ 
thlURes/MYY 




GROWING RICE                     133
are not generally to be found. A quater of all the "farms"
are less than an acr in extent and although in cetain sections
e    are   ch larger, the average ar  is les than two and a
half acres. The methods  ployed in faring are still, as a
rule, exceedily primitive.
Rce is the bread of the Filipino people as it is of most
Orientals; consequently its production is their chief occupation. The floodd rice paddy of the lowlands is first thoroigly
stired by a kind of muck rake drawn by a waterbuflo. It
is then set with rice plants whi  have been sprouted in
pecially pr  ar le d-be,. The tra spalting is g  aly
done by   me and child       o   k bac     s in the soft
ooze and push the plants deep into the mud with their fingers.
It is a common thing for groups of these people to be acompanied by a musician who plays hvely tunes on his guitar
ay,ith a sall knife, tied into bundles and dried in the s.F i
kind of si l. The threshing is stI do ine in most places by
methds that are cet    s. Drii    hoes or b     oes
n   nd   nd over the sheaves of grain, spread 6  on
hard earthe flors is a conon praice. Striking the rie




134            LAND AND PEOPLE
heads  ains;t a sto,  the blow shatterig out the grain, is
anoth   A third is to beat the grain stalks with ails. The
rma ing proesses of  nrowing, hulling, ard Pohshlir the
55 i ptg the w Pad115y
Gru 1teit f       ITi6  I Iai 11 Ant
Threaisas _fid Mis wi Badea




RICE TERRACES OF WILD PEOPLE               135
grain are caed on much as they are in China and other
countries of the Orient.
Althogh there are a hundred or more viet   s of lice
grown in the Archipldago they fall into two groupswa
nre, which rqires much waer and can be grown only in
malrhes or in land that  n be   gted; and ulnd ie,
vwhich rceiv  enough ismre from the rains.
In the mountain egion of northernL  zn, the wild people,
particularly the Ifga  ha ve built a     ible system of
Ca    ~     itesk of 0064  a! Wi Aors
Ndiv Thieehieg RICO *eh t  Fdx eet
teaes in the attpt to sply theimsee with swam p
rice. Many of these they irriate The teres    builp
the sides of ste mo uain canons in place, to a height of
0 fet. Those intended to be irga ted ae ce         d
ith    at care. The earth is first cleared and the  il  oved
on it    er      ad often a one or both  ds by a wall of
stones and bhulder piled together without cemn t or eartl.
In many Olaes ese     a ls te      e nt are   thirty fe
hig and sfrom a   tto eighteen inhes wide ath tp The




136             LAND AND PEOPLE
upper sface of the wl is flt and forns the path by Wich
th natives pass fro  oe plot of     to aother.
The teaes follow the outline of the mountains for long
distans without arying more than two inches from    the
dd level. Into these terraces, at interals, the  abitants
rna st       of wate that has firt pased through a mass of
vegetable loam, ashes, and soil. Thus they irrigate and fertilize th  land at one and the sam      e t a   thod now
1o1 | 1. i. ICyurt o gIl fII l u IA Lr a AIf
oetail of lfiaabo Rics TOMaes
ucefull  use  by the sualantes of Ha       ii. Under
this tre  t   he 1 yield of rice is so gret that naive v llages
in a sta  of siege     ae   to provision their p le for an
indefinite tImeI
So e         re th    t      that accord  to estimates
the    ll   porting the           s, if pl     d to nd
peo ple wor16  king w.ith the most primit   ools coud eve
hav bilt a   hig so stendo.t




IMPROVED METHOIDS                 137
Although rie is the chief food crop of the Philippines, and
lthough there is     nd eloped rice land, partiX1larly in
the uplands, about six sIllion dollars worth of the rn is
imported every year. Th rogh the ativities, however, of the
Bura of Agculture ad of the pt lic scool system, the
hods of cutiating the plant,  rvsting the   i, am  d
preparing it for ue are t roving.
Co  y e tr Bureau of Insula Affalm
meals alway inaed the r        ity 6of a vill. Now, in 
rmay ualy the ri    is   arby anlllti  moerSon also
mis inaly Tien    e    e pr oimit     o ia f   or ing
p;arti cu   fin t  p. In. a., cs e u, it  teld; rce,
rice the Philippines wI be shi    it.to othe coutries.
ce how evr,     n oit th  y fod       grown hb th




138             LND AND PEOP
Filipino natives se t pota tos, corn, millt, nd beans are
also raised and cons  ed in yvaing orunt     s Then there are
ma ny p    s and trees which yield fruit and other edible
products. The msgo, coconst, and banaa are the most
orftant. Of these the cot            co plles copra, copra meal,
and oil which bring to the Islands more than thirty-seven
milbton cdoallars ann lly.
Although the coconut has been used s a food by the Pnativ  of the tropics for untold centuries, it is only within recent
years that it has found favor in Euope and Ame. The
A $am Rice Thehi
great increase in he cost f  ter and lard set the heists at
k to  nd vegetable substitutes. They turned to the meat
of the coconut and suceeed in discoeing a way of extracting and treating the oil which changes it into a hard, white
substance not   lasant to the taste.
Mixed with smIfall qustities of egg-yolk and butter it can
scarcel be detected fr  r     butter and its food va   is
said to be nearly as high.As it cn be sd at half the cost of
btter, it is little wider that it is being consmd in increas
ing quantities by peole outsid  the tropic  In iqs6, the
United States alone, imported 56 million cocon ts in the
ll, 245    illion pounds of 0coconut-oil, o million p ounds of
diccated coconut, 458 milli  Pous of cp ad 39 illion




LARD AND BUTTER SUBSTITUTES J            w w X; a   v13 9
pounds of copra c   the wole valud at 50 million dollars.
While some of this imortation is used in the manufactlre of
soap and of articles for the toilet, most of it goes into the
preparation of sustitutes for lard;and btter.
A  rt raet for the     manuactured food pr   cts is.
likewise opening in the tropics thesdves. Butter is not
eaten by the natives beause it is too expensive, Moreover,
on account of reiious beliefs, many pople of the tropics
will not eat anial products of any kind. They have no uch
A cmd    n S treama1 5atr
prp ared in the mills of Europe and Amer1ica.
As a result of the dead for these ne  foods a gre
deal of capital is beig investd in the devopment of cocout
plantations. The forest in suitahle regions is cleared, and
coconut plats are set out among the tups. Until the young
trees are Well startd the  red  r kept dbo   ut aftew ards
the tres are g  r l left to shift for th I
I    aho t   years the trees hegin to er In twelve6 year 
t., iles -oX~l Xgxeau vs ~,>uaa   ig l:c:~i\ic~-~~7nbt  ~  IChll
~,J-t~ll~&~nl~t~t ~I2C ~EocriSt n1 a-~t-l~ ge;>~~~ptlsf earn ls~l~ll~
^~ iCb  a -gt11at~ H~;thr~~ or~jB  i;%e n)~  kw ~'\a~ 2




140             LAND AND PEOPLE
they are  lly  atred, and yield from sixty to seventy nuts
ei  year. xeeption  trees have bee known to ear three
hundred nuts a year. The trees are Iong ive and yield fruit
for a hundred years or moe.
Prearing copra for market is a     ile proc ess. The
mature nuts are cut from the trees and gathered into iles, and
the outer husks are removed.
An iron to, shaped 1much
li e a plw point, rests in a
heavy block of wood with
the  point projectin g  apwads. A nut is imaled on
the  oint, and with a f e
dterous twists, the husk
i s peeled off  Then with a
sha   blow of a heavy knife
the native craks the not
on a mat in he sun or over a
wood fire. When thoroughly
dried this is the copra of
ta de  As the prc esses ars e
ey   anpiep and can be perfo  ed by the natives who
live o  the, plantations, the
cost of production is very
A Ccodiut-Tree B= ering   mhoe  in bearing h, ile the prices
aii             w hiceh the products bring in
the markets are highC. Consequently a co nut plantation
today is a profi tabe investment.
Th Philippines rank as one of the pnial copra and
oco uit-il produci_ count Is of the d.           abot
thityie varieti, of the onut g       w ng in these islnds.
ISome have special uss One for e*xmle, produces a urt iner
*whih the milk is filled with detached p aticles of cocfont
va  ties in  hih the milk itself is ric in sugr; nts  ese




PRODUCING COPRA                    141
trees are eaten fresh. Still anoher tree tears a v   small nat
from which cops and various household utensils are made.
Few trees are ass      to the native of the trpics as the
couitt~ii of am 5Ofli Ag ~ taaro    aa~
Soitiifik th6 C666ft-atsi 066h *Uh th B'I6




142             LAND AND PEOPL
Ceocutpain    Not only does it upply food, but the roots
S ish a dye; the trk is split ito pices afnd ised inu the constmruct n of d  lings; the leavs provide mateal for thatch



COCONUT PALM PRODUCTS                   143
ing; baskets, brushes, and brooms are made from the mid
ribs; aod the coarse fiber of the husk is usd in the manu
factue of pes, fish nets, and mats.
The lage leaf-bud, from which comre the flowers and fruit,
is cooked and eate. It tastes tuch like cbbage. In may
reions the atives slice the leaf-ud off at the tip and collect
the sap which flows fom it. From  hi    is made a wine
call  "tuba." Allowg    the "tuba" to sour in the sun pr
es vinegar. This same, he boiled down, yieds 
sugar which resbiles our mapIe-sugar in flavor.
Aside fro  the exort of co      and oconut-il, whih 
and le trobcco, o million doll r.
" M  ila hem   "  s for man   yars th e mst iprant
The acd.     t,  hich prod   s the fiber, belngs to the
oas        l frut smewat ik the c1          ba     but of
|                       R I I R _ | ~~~~~~t
It          I       *    of           or s
a *h bt Iof:__u           __




144             LAND AND PEOPLE
no    e   c   i portance. On the other hand, the comon
banana plant produces a fiber like that of the aba ca, hut too
wek for enercial viaue. "Manila hemp" is the longest
a     strongest splnt fiber of any in the world and is in great
deand for use in the manuface of haers, ships' caes,
hoisting ropes ani other codge where reat strenth and
flexibilty are required. The waste fiber enters into the manfacture of certain specially strong and tou  grades of paper.
The ictur of the ebd is arned on in a simle w
cOl B  u.au' OIfsult Affain
SA  p in the repai aion of emp
irst the     h in well- ined sections is clared of trees,
tundbruash, and  eds. Then the young plants are set out
at regular intervals. Soetims beans, weet potatoes, ad
other vegetables are planted in alt mate rows, chcking the
rowth of  eds and theselves proding a crop of vue.
The plant itself consists of a  ster of r m  to t
stalks, o      from a sie  ot, in a stages of d p    t
are      to              At intervs of f      four to six
ths the pltation is cut over. It isaid that after the




MANIA HEMP           145l
culn is bgu eah clp of  d is vald at out fifty
dolls and has a life of from tea to twenty years.
lEach stalk consists of E a  ll central core  sur-      ifeef _u >6l _ l>' us 1 IIr Aff   ilirs
1crain  Awa th6e PlepO
5>gAythP e
1iiO.  A
I0
_,_~~~~~~~~~~~.dii~p:bft ~1
_ 0r. X.V




146             LAND AND PEOPLE
t   ded by a number of thick overlapping sheaths or lea
stes to a height of from  six to twelve feet. The  aluable
fibers ae in the outer lyer of these laf stems.
When the stalk bloissoms, it is cut off close to the ground
and the l-sheaths sriped off. These are then separated
into layes a qnarter of an inh or so in thickness. These
aers in tu, are split into stips an inch or two in width.
While   yet  fesh  and
lngeen thiese narrr  stri
ai kn  r held by a  sri-ng
a aint a b lock of ved.T
aganst the       knife-edge
s ait l               leavingt the fiber alarea
d wthite. Aft 11  nof
* in ol  s un  tb    d   e 1to,  it the isn it s tied in
a orter           tsen tt o   the  nearests
ntow. Agents ship it to
Manila o   Cehu where
1r  11a           1j  ~governtmenrt inspecti;ors
s~ ~ ~ei~ E~          graid6e it accordin g  to
olor, gstrength a ind cleiinlinessi it is then baled
The   United  States
Great Britnin takes most of the cheper grades. The -very
fitest and wuhitest fibersare sent to Japan, where they are
made nto hat braid and shipped to the milliners of the
Other fiberproducing plant have been introduced such
ats henequen, maguey, and risal While these plants will grw
in sections unsuitable to bed, the fiber is not so valuable,
beingfshote and not as stron. 'Fibers from these plants,
however, 6ar bdrin shppd to the United States ad usded iu
making binder twinefi and grin-ags.




KAPOK FLOSS                    147
Fibers of importance are also obtained fro  the bi  and
fri the kepok tree. In the case of the buri palm the top st
leaves are gathered and thoroughly beaten with the flat side
of a bole blade. This loosens the fibers, which are then pulled
out and soaked in vinegar and water for several days. This
presees their white color. It is this fier that is used in
making the fo  us Philippine hats, 5oo,ooo dollars' wortll of
which are sent to the United States every year.
pok 1is the   oss or fiber n the pods of a tree that is
The M4ge PMast            Po of the Kapok Tre
wdely distrsiuted sin trop cal lands It is s tims kn n as
ilk cotton" and again as "    cott    This fiber is short
and very elastc While it is not suitabe for spinning, it is
partlarly valuable as a filer for pillows mattresses, and
an uEture of life-saying app  us, for which u I se it is
aking the lae of. It is  eastic that it does not mat
pressure is re  ed. The tree grows to a height of a dred
fee  Yellow flow ers appeax r just before thl la I  st followed sb
great pods whose valves burst op  when mauo tre, ausing




148             LAND AND PEOPLE
the tree to appear as though it were smothered in a cloud of
hite thistle-dwn. The trees are gen             al ong
the       of fis and at the road sids.
The United States       snery 8ooo tons of     p ok
annually, alued at about five million dollar. Most of this
is obtied in Java, bt a ttle comes fron the Philippine.
At the present  the  e lands of the trolics are the nudevelopd lands of th earh. The world is only just beginning
to rei how rich they ae in food and in the raw materials
c:r c5    o[ Thre Anr
Primitive Method o Gndri~Mg Sugar-Cae
eeded in indust    More and more   tropics will be alled
upon to cnt    te n fr x    storehne of riches the protduts wich the   ord nees    Alrady the Uflted Sttes
alo   s     g ever y     two billion dollars' worth of  mmodities from tropical and semitropical lands, and this is
oy a b i      g.  this   oam    t the Phil    cont   e od a     t a tw   ieth part.
By   irte of the close  lations existin  been the
Philippines and the United Sts and b      e of nat
ad    ages, this Isln d group, of all tropical lads is best
situated for  pyi   the    k of this te   Experts ay




KEY-POSITION FO THE PHILIPPINES  149
that the climatee nd   such that practically every
product now  orted by the United States from the trpics
can be grown in the Philippine at a profit.
Moreover, fr the sta doinft of trade possibilitie, the
geographicl position of the Arhelago is most fortunate.
The Philaipni Id;d adst the Cent of the 0ientCbaCm ia Area
A cSMe h4   ga siu of 2000 Ies6 ih M ailat the
nw126                  A
a r~~~~a  of 3 ~oo l~   lWxond coninathe
ti bof t0ghe, Offlhe 
bi  he l  aini nd theo vt o aion f Cni  The
s ild of the o     is onl 65 mils f  ForS~il:-1I~ ~~~:~~"~'~:'1)E... P,,,,




150


LAND AND PEOPLE


mosa, the southernmost of the Japanese Islands. Only a
narrow channel separates the southernmost islands of the
Archipelago from the British and Dutch East Indies with
their great populations. In respect, therefore, to the teeming
millions of the Orient, the Philippines are in a key position.
For this reason the group has been aptly called the " Trade
Gibraltar of the Far East." With capital and enterprise
these treasure islands of the Pacific should become one of the
greatest and most prosperous regions of the world.
4. THE PEOPLE
Eleven or twelve million people live in the Philippines.
This is a small population in comparison with that of many
regions of the Far East. Japan proper, with an area only a
third larger, has a population of fifty-six million. Java, only
a little larger than the Island of Luzon, maintains a population of thirty-five million. In the thickly settled provinces
of China the population is five times as dense. Putting the
matter another way, there are 392 persons to the square mile
in Japan, 454 in the coastal provinces of China, 720 in Java,
while in the Philippines theie are only about 95.
In the remote ages of antiquity, long before the Malayans
began swarming out to sea from their home on the continent
(see page I55) the Philippines were occupied by a race of
pygmies. Once widely distributed among the islands of this
group, they are now living only in the mountains of some
seven localities. Their number has dwindled until there are
left probably no more than fifty thousand.
These pygmies are the descendants of ancient types of
men that have been passed by in the onward march of progress. Doubtless the time is approaching when they will
take place among the extinct races.
Until recently they were all classed as "Negritos" or
"little Negroes" for it was thought that all possessed characteristics of the African Negro. Now, however, it is believed that at least three distinct aboriginal races of dwarf
men are represented. The Negritos proper have thick, short,
kinky hair and round heads, thick lips and broad noses. This
group is undoubtedly Negro in its kinship. Another group




LIFE OF THE DWARF-EOPLE                151
has straight hair and many of the physical feaitres of Mongols, and a third group seems to be intermediate between the
aborignes of Australia and the hairy Aios of northern
Japan. Allt1 th   oups have one charaterstic in co on
the men are almost all under     feet in height and the
These little people are very fai down toward the bottom
iegrlto Wom6en nd Childh ren
of the    lof    i            live i             in the
mountainsb  In scattered bands, cad in little or no clothing,
th ey- wande ahoot seing  ild fod.  As   y ive a dalt time finding enough, theywill eat aist anything in the
animal or  etable kin   m. In addition to the fi, eds,
and crayfish of the stre   and the wild pigs   chi  s of
the fsts, they devo    iuanas and birds of every kind.
Pythons are considered a geat delicay, blut these are scarece
and sldm otained     Wild    ers of a  kifnds, eve those
fare. Th       a g  ta  ye u         c   rd    th  tiff
stles which is very poisonous.   e Negrit    el ff the
svn rq6t  (sj ~Ii L rl~ % fal vt kwB  Fli;tlS ~ ouS-~~ S




152            LAND AD PEOPLE
skin dL slice it into thin sctions. These are soa ed for two
or te dys, after which they are boiled in s     waters
until all te yellow color disapears. Bits are th   fed to
dg    If they ar not mde ill the food is hannless an can
A e     ktid in Tre
be slowed with     y   It is said tha tis prepartion
tastes muckh like coked re.
Instead of dishes  d utensils whi  they do not 
iy  ae, th d       poe   ck their food in j1int of
br bmo aid     ls and fhot aes. Wethe food is
to be sed, these joints are slit open and the contents poured upon banana_ leves. Fo    ry these little




NEGRITO CUSTOMS                   153.
peple tmad their fires by rubbing pieces of wood together.
Now most of the  cry flint  d steel in grass baskets slung
about their necks.
enerally their houses are but rde shelters erected to
turn the wind and rain. Often they consist of nothing more
than horizontal poles supported by foed sticks driven into
the ground. Banana leaves or mats of gss are laid against
the pole, aording a littl protection  Sometimes a mo
ia hate roof, pattid after Filipino housesI is construte&  S      uild o usherers hi  up a    g the t
tops.
Many of th      * us b     s  and i     d dats in
the chase, while, others doeped upon bows and arrows
Sar and traps of vario  kinds are also epoyed for catcg birds and small nimals. Th       are assisted in hnting
dogs, their only d estc aias. The w men s    et ims.
aid the dgs in ro   the quarry. We a    ou1 of hunte




154              LAND AND PEOPLE
kaill a, division of the crcass is made in  ct accordancen
with cetain uesl  The one who firt woudled the annial is
Mgi    the hi  andi breast. The bacokboe goes to the one
who discharged the fatal shaft or struck the filnl b1how. One
hind        is t  shar of the o  wer of the dogs that rousd
the deer, while the remainder is
Iivid.d amni5'g the other           s.ntera.
epls  Tei fe    of thei nigh
hors is well founded, for from the
iest tes te py          ies W
lpes 3       aIregarded by other Pilpe in tfbes
as notmh h tter the an animl
|; |t |||| _ _    t     in th        d   freq  nt
5r aid  p  th  settlem nts of the
py   i    In the  aidsthemen
wKer ied and the chl    n captured and sold Ato life-long slav|Nc                         IndedS  much trole ot  gisew
out of the effort of the Ameiricl n s
to atop the praicitic   In conselittlM ~qence of the protction now
no, 5 _  hgiven th            they ar e.homig
they wRille ven Lture frtbEmi their re5|r                                            ' '  r    Ettrets to exchange forest proCo6 BM of!istitAfr  ducts for rice, knives ornaments,
A                        bA _itaworio  and its of c oth.
Besides ocenpying parts of the
Philippines. pygmy people live in the fitiiior of the Mala
Peinuai and 6on a gr     of  al islands hi the Indian Ocean
th of Sumtra     Ti      of these peple have rcently  een
ound i the forests of       Africa     in the    ri  of
New Gufinea. Scienitists have not ye disenvered where the
lit people of the equatorial forests oriinl  cameu fremf
_or          I how it hapn that they are so wdely scatted  They




SAVAGEBtAT ANTD WARLIKE TRIBES            155
are agreed, however, that the pyhe first people
to occopy the Philppine
Then in remot times up fom the sth cae waves of
primitive Malsys. They drove the pymies entirly out of
many of the iland    and forced them back into the wilder
regns of thers. T      Mayns who cme     during the fi
igrations were on a low 1l    of civilization. Probably they
were not mach more advanced than the dwarf n thEemselves.
Today in the Philppine, in Malaya, and in the East Indies,f l E su o iloahr Afnat
gorot ay Re aflrnxig frt a mrUt
there are tribes whieh are sav   and warlike, resisting every
eftort to civilize thei. Except or fer of the law they wonld
raice head-     ting, a  stom whih       ot of rigious
h i. These      d   people are thou   to be descendats of
the M   ys h first                these regons.
Theare a  now prhaps a mliion of the  in the Philippines.
They fom two large masses, one in the mountains of no thern
on; the ther in the       st in the into "or otf Mi ndano.f
B    ies these there are  atd grzups in at least to othfer
islands. Am  g these wild pep le them are may ties dffing    seech,    toms, and   ss. Yet al of these pagan
gr s are m ke o  another than they are lke the Chris




156             LAND AND PEOPLE
tin     es who are theirD traditional enemes and against
whom   the  hvealways warred. The most famous of the
mountain tribes are the Igorots, Bontoks and Ifugaos of
Luon, numbering approxitnat     4o, ooo persons.
Classed with the wild people in the official census, are the
Mohamen Moros. Such fiere fighters were they that
Spain was never able to force thnem to recognize her authority.
The Americans too, found it dffilt to sbdue them  They
were caled "Moros" (Moors) by the Spaniards beuse they
B64tvsy tef ptime teSpisau  Ari ag n   et         m Villageoav e
wtert6Mr h M afi c    (i 6pae: %177~.)le too 6v rIeM an
n est  is    (See pg toe isla)  atd   thy  uim tie abouta
400,0 p    l "and liealmost who     in sothern Miada
nd the Sa    iai of islad
The Mors are an u    atanding peol    psig sel
respect and self-conffidenfe Many are exert wenvers and
Ao          X r~ o      r#~ ~tl ~n r1n   M    miJ~
an 1 f!9 1  inm rf L nr,, x>J swl~ e w *W 




CHRISTIAN TRIBES                  157
ilve iths. Like a1 Mh       ds        do not seem to 
far delth. Rather than submit to,what they thiok is wrong
they will allow themselves to be killed.
The remainder of the Filipinos are    isti, having
cm   under the lulaence of the Catholic Ch h during the
Spanish role. They constitute about ninety per cent of the
population. Their ancetors like the ancestor of the pagan
tribe, were Malayans. These people enter the Philippines
before the Mobam m6dn
Malays    t muchii later
than the early Malayans.
Having a higher cvilihzation, a better orga-t
zation, and superior
weapns, they were able
to force the first conqur -
os back into the   intenor. Thus theyc came
into possession  of the
coasts and plains, whic
are the favored regions
of the islani  And here
their descendants livi to-l
day.
Perhaps the best
known of the Christian Co urs ltea ofI, slllar fait
groups are the T  iologs,   A riop ftt  M4o6 in, daao
wh   oeapy the greater
part of ctt Luzon    Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is iuaed in their torriry. As Manila, from ancient
times, has been one of the great commercial cities of the Far
East, the Tagalogs have naturally had  re contact with
frign peole than have other grops. In consequence of
their fortate lo   ion the Taglogs are more advanced
than      of the Ftiii trihes. Their lanage is consid
to be the most hily d    ed language of the Philippnmes
having a  niderale native literature
The Tagalogs howevr ar outnurherd hy the Visyo,
who ocupy a large area coring the centra islands hetween




158            LAND AND PEOPLE
Luzon and JMindanas This grou nubers abut five million
people; while the Taga  ro  is not tmuh more than half
as large. These were the people among whom Magellan
A Mbpo Chd W  in cd Mik Retinue
C&A~i 6t b'" of twlw Anus




MESTIZOS                     159
landed in 152 and at whose hands he met his death  (S
page 173S) The Spanias illed them     'aint   people"
because their bodis were tattooed in colors.
The third gr     in poin of    er are the Ilocnos,
coprising about a milion people. They occlpy a narrow
strip along the north  sten coast of Luzol  They are a
restless peple and are more given to moving aboult than other
Filipinos who, for the most part, are loath to lave the region
of t    hirth.
Although the foregoing groups are the largest of those cn
posing the Chrstian population, the most powerful,
politically  and co ercally, is a gup which is
not divded along tribal
lines. This is th   e group of
hlf-castes kno   by the
Spanish  n  se, mest ko.
As in all other parts of tihe
Far East, foreigners in the
Philippines have freely inte-arried with the native
women. Their descendants
constitute a very  ortant element in the present
population of the Islands
for they ttk a very active
part in pnblic affairs. 
Inded, most of the S     '   9W64 1a lboplMiei
men w   have been p   -
entlyeonned with the history of the Islands  ing thelast
two c    i were of mixed bloo. Dr. Jos Riala faousk
Filipino patriot (see page i86), was the son of a Chinese man
while his mother was of Ilocano-Tagalog-Chinese-Spanish
descent, in which runs a strain of Jadpanese l od. Emili
Aguinaldo, i o took such a leing part against the Amercans when they o   pied the Islans. (sege  a  88s8),is a
mestio   Man   poiet failie       elong to this grp.
Amo   the Filipino pep1e the, mestios are in s general thc




'160             LAND AD PEOPLE
Just ho  man   there are who belog to this         is
ipossiblhe to say, htt the nuher has been pot at nearly a
million. From the days when contact with the Spaniards was
established to the present day this groop has been growing.
Evea before the coming
o f the S paiard,  as far
back as the thirteenth
cent, the    ilippine
were vi ited by Chinese
and   Siamese  trsdingajurk  The popl who
came over rn these  n sk
left descendants among
the people. Sailors and
soldiers of many nations
most every po ible racial
c66bination  is to be
found a m oo n  as  e the ms
f**j. of U444ofWW, S5ooooo and the Spanish
Mik-Peddlteii ai l       mesti, to whaich gru
about 2 0o,ooo belong,
It is vident then that the population of the Philipp
is u   illy varie. Indeedn in no  on of eual area in the
wo    are there so many separate groups havin  distinctie
cust. sag.4 e, and religions. Authoritie  say that
at least    en main la     agt e divisions are re  tsented
which are as diferent from oe ather as are the inguages
of Western Euro e. R       t stu    has shwn that amo
it is said that in the Visayan gr       n   three diect
are spken which difer as  idly as do      i, I taian, and
11_2~L     @   Ws~~L~a~ L~iL      &i dma gl~1d




DIVERSE POPULATION GROUPS                 161
Portuese They say also that the gulf between the language of the Ilocano  of northern Luzon and tt of the
Visayans iis as grea as is tht beeen German an FreP h.
acially as we have seen, al exept the dwarfeople
belong to heMaly an    ily of peoples. As the gps, however, entered the Islands at widey separated pe ods of tIme
and sttled in rmote reions, ty seem almost like diert
races. Instead of being lessened, their iginal  likeness
C6fO- ii  AA B uffalCac
were increased through the isolation of the trib  and their
lack of friendy contact.
Although the total area of the Philippine Iands is only
about t t of Nw England, Nw York, and Nw Jersey
tbiA d he Archirago is cut p in suc a way that quic
inter-c    nication ris jiosible Even now it te    eeks
to get fro  Ma     to crain of themr remote regions,too, th       m  ntains, t he torrential streams, the
almost impenetable jungle growths make it difficult fereven
the pele    fton the       isand to itrin     e. It wa
thkerasy     f or the f      es I     together in sec 9led
'ii          L1SmOlD           I 1    1 




162             LND AND PEOPLE
settleentst to keep to themselves. In such a situation cont        for cturies grat dieres    aturally developed.
Und s     cSilrumste s ei t was esy for suspicion and actal
An Ifugo Hotse in Northern Lilzon
hostility to arise. Thus, down to reccnt times, communities
ained aloof, each preying and warng pon its neibor.
This was the situation which the Spanard tound when,
in the latte part of the siteenth etury, they set out to conqer the Philippinsi  Dring the three centuries of Spanish
rule but little as aco Hlished in beaking down the b arrier
ich separated the rups. Not until the coming      the
Americas in s898 wer   crnefull onsidered planrs   put into
ect for uniting the variou population grous into a unified




CHAPTER V
DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
I. MAGELLAN BRINGS THE ISLANDS TO LIGHT
Like that of America, the discovery of the Philippines is
due more to the craving for spices than to any other single
thing. During the Middle Ages, Europeans did not know
how to keep their meat and vegetables from spoiling; their
meals moreover were monotonous and tasteless. So those who
could afford the expense smothered their food in spices to
disguise the tainted flavor and to make it savory. Spices were,
therefore, in great demand and brought fabulous prices in
the markets of Europe.
These precious spices, worth their weight in gold, grew in
the Molucca or Spice Islands which are off the west coast of
New Guinea. At the time of which we write, traders carried
the nutmegs, cloves, pepper, ginger, and cinnamon obtained in
these islands to Malacca, the gateway of the Indian Ocean.
Thence they were taken in Arabian and Egyptian ships along
the west coast of India, the southern coast of Arabia and up
the Red Sea to Egypt. In Egypt the Sultan collected a duty
on the merchandise and turned it over at Alexandria to the
merchant princes of Venice. These rich traders, by treaty
with the Sultan, had a monopoly on all the goods sent over
this route. They maintained powerful fleets in the Mediterranean and although a great rivalry for the possession of this
trade developed among the cities of Italy, Venetian merchants
retained control.
These merchants established trade routes in Central
Europe which extended to the Rhine and down it to the cities
and towns of Western Europe and thence to England. Other
routes connected Venice with the countries of the Baltic.
Venice was thus the distributing point in Europe for the products of the Indies. Having control of the trade, her merchants
charged what they pleased; consequently Venice became a
city of great wealth. Many of the marble palaces and magnificent public structures, for which Venice was famous during
I63




.-       Trade Routes of the Middle Ages  I       I             I              I.   I   ' st
_ O_.~"      45~            fuj          i3,~           180 Longltude West 13  fom  Greenwich  90  eorgeF.CraCo.
Map showing Early Trade Routes between Europe and Indies, also Routes Taken by the Early Spanish and Portuguese Navigators




PORTUGUESE MARITIME ACTIVITY


165


the Middle Ages, came from the profits of this trade. The
prosperity of this Italian city aroused the envy of Spain and
Portugal. The rulers of these countries resolved to break the
Venetian monopoly by discovering another way of reaching
the source of the spices.
Prince Henry the Navigator made a beginning for Portugal by exploring the west coast of Africa. Bartholomew
Diaz helped by rounding the Cape of Good Hope (I487) and
proving that the Indian Ocean could be entered from the sea.
Ten years later, Vasco da Gama came close to winning the
prize by taking four vessels to India. The first of his sailors
to go ashore at Calicut said: " We came to seek Christians and
spices. " When news of his success reached Venice the people
were thrown into a panic, for they thought that their prosperity was doomed. A writer of the time said: " It was a terrible day when the word reached Venice. Bells were rung, men
wept in the streets, and even the bravest were silent." But
though the Portuguese continued the search it was many
years before they found the Spice Islands.
Following the return of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese
king appointed a viceroy and sent him to India with orders to
lay the foundations of a great Portuguese Empire in that
region. By dint of hard fighting the viceroy and his successor,
the mighty Albuquerque, succeeded in extending Portuguese
authority over a great domain, reaching from Arabia to
Malaya. But the goal was even then not reached, for the
Spice Islands lay many miles to the east and the Portuguese
did not know their exact location. The search, however, was
continued with grim determination. Finally, in I512, the
the Spice Islands (the Moluccas), were located and claimed in
the name of the King of Portugal.
Meanwhile Spain was not idle. While Portugal was
attempting to reach India by sailing east, Spain proposed to
attain the same object by sailing west. Columbus tried it, and
although he never saw India he found a new continent.
Spain's efforts to get to India by a westward route, though
delayed by the discovery of America, were not abandoned.
Curiously enough it was the suggestion of a Portuguese
navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, that led Spain to make the
successful attempt.




166        DISCOVEY AND CONQUEST
Fediand Magella  was the son of a nobleman who
owned a vast estate of wild, mountainous land in northeastern Potugal. The father and his family passed a part of
ach year in Oporto, a famus seafort of Portugal. It was
here, sitting abut the wharves lLstening to the tales of the
sailor, that      edin      acqured a love for the sea.
He grew to m    hd at a t       ig tie. He ws
t   v years of age when
Columbus sailed upon
fiftee  he was mad   a
page t the     t   of the
_tng. He was at the Porta   ese ort when VasCo
da Gia unde rook to
reach India by ronding
the Cape of Gd Hope
the Indian Ocean. He
was still there when the
r a    nt  t navigator returned. Young   Ferdi-.nand became acquainted with the great man
nd is said to have visied
Wenfinm Magelan        stOrIy of his great achievement.
So, also, while yet at citi, he witnessed the saiing of
exfpeition after expediti ont Labrador, to Brazil, to Afi,
to indiaor Portua was taking a billiat lead in the seafari  activites of the time. It is littl wonder that his heart
was fired with  tn and that e      sod to set   t on a
jouiirney of advetur
His Ooportunity camke whe, in i69 the King of Portual,
st his viceroy to the Indies to fi  d a Portuaguese qWme
Magllan, thea wenty-fv    years of ae, applied for and




SERRAO AND MALAY PIRATES


167


secured permission to join the expedition. For seven years he
was among these distant islands, cruising and fighting. Amid
all the perils and dangers that were encountered he acted with
courage and resolution.
On one occasion he detected plans for a treacherous
attack upon his commander. His warning saved the latter's
life and prevented the destruction of ship and crew. At a later
time he rescued the captain and crew of another Portuguese
vessel which had been boarded by a horde of Malay pirates.
This rescue had an important bearing upon Magellan's future
career, for the grateful Captain, Serrao by name, never forgot
his courageous rescuer. Opportunity to repay Magellan came
in I 5 12 after the latter's return to Portugal.
It chanced that this Captain definitely located the Spice
Islands, which the Portuguese had long been seeking, shortly
thereafter. In leaving these islands to return to Portuguese
headquarters, however, Serrao's vessel was wrecked. The
morning after the disaster Serrao and his crew, who had
escaped to an island when the vessel broke up, saw a native
craft approaching filled with Malay pirates. He and his men
hid in a cave. The pirates landed but left their boat unguarded while they searched for the white men. Great was
the surprise of the Malays when they returned, to find that
Serrao and his sailors had swum out to the pirate vessel and
were preparing to sail away. Fearing that they would be left
on the island without food or water the thieving band begged
Serrao to take them along. This he did, and they piloted him
to one of the inhabited islands of the Moluccas, where he and
his men were well received.
Serrao remained many years, rising to high favor with the
native rulers. It was the letters he wrote to his friend Magellan,
then in Portugal, telling of the riches of the Spice Islands, that
aroused in Magellan a desire to conduct an expedition to them.
From these letters Magellan learned that the Moluccas were
far to the east of India. It occurred to him that as the southernmost point of Africa had been rounded, so might there be
a water route to the south of the new world that Columbus
had found. Once around the southern extremity he believed
it would be a simple matter to reach the Spice Islands, which




168


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


he thought from information sent him by Serrao lay not
very far beyond.
He laid his project before his own king, the King of
Portugal. With considerable gruffness the King declined to
help. Then, disappointed because of refusal and bitter
because he had never been rewarded for his years of faithful
service in the Indies, Magellan turned from Portugal, like
Columbus before him, and appealed to Spain.
In presenting his plan to the Spanish authorities he
insisted that spices could be brought by the route he proposed more cheaply than by the route around Africa taken
'OS  k   TROPIC OF CANCER!Canton  /7FORMOSA
Macao
Bombay
Bengaa    SIAM            PHILIPPINE
Calicut  Bengal         'QE~~~~~O~SLANDS
CRUM CEYLON                   /    U,
EQUATOR              ON        MOB Y CCAS
SUMATRA                  #R
I N DIA N           AO      CE    PICE I&
O C E A N                               0 0
REGION OF THE INDIES                      R eo F.Cram o.
by the Portuguese. But the argument that had the greatest
weight with the Spanish King was Magellan's assertion that
the Spice Islands, although discovered by the Portuguese,
were in all probability in that part of the world which the
Pope had declared should belong to Spain.
To understand this declaration, we must go back to the
time when Columbus' success in finding a new land had
become known. At that time a dispute arose between Spain
and Portugal as to how the lands which should be discovered
were to be divided between them. The disagreement was
referred to the Pope, who claimed to have the authority to
dispose of all countries inhabited by heathen people. He
decided that all lands which had been or might be discovered
by Spain west of a certain north and south line in the Atlantic




POPE'S " LINE OF DEMARCATION "


169)


should belong to her; while to Portugal was allotted all east
of the line. Later it was agreed that this north and south line
dividing the new lands between Spain and Portugal should
run through a point 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde
Islands.
According to this division, India, Malaya, the Philippines,
and the Spice Islands (Moluccas) belonged to Portug4l;,while


all the new world except Brazil belonged to Spain. But irr
these early days correct geographical knowledge was acquired
slowly, so both countries claimed the Moluccas and laterboth claimed the Philippines. Instead, then, of putting an
end to the quarrel between Spain and Portugal, the Pope's
decision really started a fresh one in the Far East which
lasted nearly a century.
Nevertheless, Magellan's suggestion that the Spice Islands.
were Spanish territory under the Pope's decision probably



170


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


won his case for him with the King of Spain. At any rate the
King approved his plan and agreed to provide him with five
vessels, at least two hundred and fifty men for the crews, and
provisions for two years.
For nearly a year and a half Magellan was occupied in outfitting his ships. Having been so long in the Indies, he knew
well what supplies and equipment were needed. When he left
Seville, in August, I5i9, his vessels were as completely prepared for the long voyage as the times would permit. There
are papers still in Seville which give an itemized list of all the
things which entered into the equipping of his fleet. The whole
represented an outlay of about $25,000.
Magellan laid his course to the southwest. It took him
two months to reach the coast of South America, which he
touched not far from Rio de Janeiro. Then be began slowly
working his way south, ever on the alert to find the passage
that would take him around the continent into the western
ocean. The farther he went the greater were the difficulties.
The captains and crews of three of his vessels, frightened at
the prospect of spending a winter on the bleak coast of Patagonia without sufficient food, attempted to return to Spain.
Only the captain and crew of one vessel, and that the smallest
remained faithful.
But Magellan, with unconquerable will and resolved to win
his way to India or die in the attempt, was not dismayed at
the odds against him. With great cunning and boldness he
took the commander of the Victoria by surprise, killed him
and put his crew in irons. Then, by a clever trick, he got one
of his loyal men aboard the largest of the vessels. When night
came this man cut the cables whereupon the vessel drifted
helplessly under the guns of the three vessels submissive to
Magellan. It took but a few minutes to force the surrender of
the crew. The fifth vessel, learning what had happened, came
to terms without the firing of a gun. So, through display of
courage coupled with great resourcefulness, Magellan had
escaped from his desperate plight within a few hours after the
mutiny developed and was master of the situation. He was
merciless in punishing the ringleaders but was lenient with
the crews.




MAGELLAN ENTERS PACIFIC OCEAN                171
It was more than a year after leavng Spain that Magelan
found the opening he a      Even after finding this opening,
it took    a month to bhe sure of it and to work his way
t     hrugh to the new ocean, so cofus   were the channds.
During the passage of the strait that anow a brs his name one
of his vessel  s w wrecked  The crew of another mtinied
ghat of Strait Of Magellan Drcw t  b'iy P'iafKA: h
orowered the loa captain and, under the leader     of the
shi's naviator rr   ned to        Oy three vessels re
mained. With these th e MagIllan eatered the ocean tha
Balhoa had viewd seen yea rs heoe but aeross which no
vessel had eve ventured.
For a  nd   days the litfIe fleet  led or a seso
smooth tha Magdlla named it O   a P      o Bt teuts
of   ther st        b    the     e        for pomsos




172


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


ran low and many men were lost because of disease. Before
the hundred days had passed the crews were forced to strip
the hides from the ships' yards, soak them in sea water and
broil them for food. Magellan was undaunted throughout.
His food was no better than that of his men and it is said of
him that he surpassed them all in the number of hours he
stood watch.
One morning early in March, I52I, the starving men
caught sight of the first land they had seen in all that great
expanse. It was the island of Guam, now belonging to the
United States. (See page i I.) As they drew close, scores of
canoes filled with natives came out from shore to meet
them, bringing bananas and clusters of coconuts, which
were greedily devoured by the starving sailors. After resting
for a little time, Magellan pushed on to the west. A week later
one of the outlying islands of the Philippine group was sighted.
Soon he sailed farther into the archipelago and came to
anchor at a little island off the southern end of what is now
called Leyte.
Hearing of a larger and richer island where he might,obtain gold and spices in exchange for his merchandise, he
took aboard natives who guided him to the island of Cebu.
Magellan made friends at once with the native ruler who
repeated after him the words of a pledge that he would be
faithful to the King of Spain. Magellan thereupon baptized
him and his family and some eight hundred natives. To the
King, Magellan gave the baptismal name, "Don Carlos,"
after the name of the Spanish emperor; while to the native
queen he gave the name, " Juana, " the name of the mother of
'the Spanish king. Then he erected a wooden cross in a conspicuous place in the name of the Church and of the Spanish,Crown. This was the Spaniard's way of taking possession of
*a new land.
So easily did Magellan obtain recognition of Spanish rule
in Cebu that he became overconfident. Consequently when
he heard that the chief of a near-by island would not recognize the authority of the Cebu ruler and would have nothing
to do with Christianity or with the King of Spain, Magellan
-promptly took steps to compel him to submit.
Against the unanimous advice of his officers, Magellan




MAGELLAN KILLE)D BY NATIVES          173
set out with abt sixty of his crew and a thousand natives
IMagtlands  ittl foCce was  e prwheled. The panias ne  tried
to rpe   thir bots, and Magillant wa sr ast  C  idon and
e ld in tha attept. So he   ast;in sght of the  ie
"Th VtoriThe        o          the de  a ia th
lbit~g *Wdh he ffi v  n at es ti              to
Ciinb, l was the grlatt na vig r loff all tinSe M y,
in efed cnsid tha. he e  oradnk.  C;  inig   a sgth, fta
essy fracas.
hSoii afteri theetrn of erb   defeated Sp aniars the  their
vessels, a party  of twenty-nine went ashore among the
hitherto friendlyf natives to attd a ft to   had 
been itf   Now thl s Magellan was nog I   lfin; thef
King tirof Ceb tu d   his fr   fridand i i    d a.




174        DISCOVRY AND CONQUEST
fitful massacre, only two of the shore party escaping. T
ig then tore down the cross which Magellan had erected,
and he and his po ple ret  d to their idols.
After this tragdy the three Spanish vessels hufried away.
S6on, how eve, one of the ships began leig badly. Her
equipment ard cargo were divided betweenf the other two and
he was burned, By this time, only two vessels and but half
the original number of men remained.
The survivors craised aimlessly about among the islands
for many months. Finally a native
*j * ~ *' N  ".I 9whm they had captured offered
to pilot them to the Spice Islands.
' **'.',,       13Arriving there, they were well re
* ^  / U'... 'Kceived by the:rler and his subjects, who loaded their ships with
utmegs and cloves in return for
merchandise which they had
bought from Europe.
Then came the strnggle to
ch their homeland by sailing
through the Indian Ocean. In
Fer t     1ry, I2, the Vicoria left
the Spice Islands on her return
voyage, with forty-seven Erolpeans and thirtee natives ahad.
~C.Om rtBuaia oitnk lh  A The vessel was old, unseaworthy,
Mbs3    t....i K:, t gni 3U  and heavily laden. Slowly and
painfu5lly  she worked her wy 
through the Indian Ocean and up the coast of Afriea. Finally,
when the provisions Were aost.. gone, the vessel crept up to
the dock at Seville ith  nl eighteen suvivors of the conpanc tht had sailed out of the harbor three yar h re. Of
the five vssels that set out  Seville in, only the
little Vicoi, smler than most of the boats that ply alon
our coasts to-day, finished the advefture, Thus ended this
tragic expedition.t
passage around the n     continent hd been found. T
Maiftc Ocean had been crossad A new oup of liad      the
Philtines, had been discovered, The Spice Islans Md een




SPAIN AND PORTUGAL QUARREL


175


reached from the east. The Victoria had circumnavigated the
globe, and Magellan, though not living to complete the
voyage, had won a place among the greatest of seafarers. The
lure of spices had led to discoveries beyond the wildest
dreams of even the great navigators themselves.
2. THE CONQUEST BY THE SPANIARDS
The return of the spice-laden Victoria and her commander's account of the riches of the Moluccas greatly
excited the people of Spain. Plans were made at once to send
a fleet of vessels each year by the new route. But Portugal
protested, claiming that under the decision of the Pope the
Spice Islands belonged to her. (See page i68.) A great
gathering of learned men was held in 1524 to settle the dispute.
Spain was represented at the Congress by Fernando
Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, and other famous men. Portugal
sent equally famous experts to defend her claims. The Pope
had decreed that the line to be drawn between Spain and
Portugal should lie a certain distance west of the Cape Verde
Islands. The Spaniards insisted upon measuring the distance
from the most western point of the island group. (See page
i69.) Portugal insisted that the measuring should begin at the
eastern point. After two months of wrangling the assembly
broke up without reaching a decision. Spain announced her
intention of occupying the Spice Islands; Portugal declared
that any Spaniard caught on the islands would be put to
death.
Spain promptly sent a fleet of seven vessels and 450 men
to the Moluccas over the route taken by Magellan. After
suffering great hardships and losses, one vessel and I50 men
arrived at the Island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Finally
Tidore, one of the Moluccas, was reached. Here the Spaniards
were attacked by the Portuguese and forced to surrender.
Soon, however, Spain relinquished all claim to the Spice
Islands. The Emperor needed money, the royal families of
Spain and Portugal had inter-married, and Portugal offered to
buy up the Spanish claims for 350,000 gold ducats. The offer
was accepted, and Spain agreed that her subjects should be
kept out of the Moluccas. This transaction took place in
I529.




-176


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


For thirteen years no further attempt was made by Spain
to obtain a foothold in the region of the Indies. Then in I 542,,a Spanish expedition sailed from Mexico under the command
of Lopez de Villalobos. He was instructed not to touch at the
Moluccas or at any settlement belonging to the Portuguese.
Although this expedition also ended in disaster, it fixed the
name-" Las Philipinas, " after Prince Philip-to the group of
islands that now bears it. It drew the attention of the Spaniards, particularly those in Mexico, to the value of these
islands. Up to this time they had been considered of little
worth. It also paved the way for Legaspi's expedition, with
which the real history of the Philippine Islands begins.
When Philip II, after whom the Philippines were named,
succeeded his father on the throne of Spain, the project of
obtaining a footing in the East Indies was revived. In 1559
the King wrote to his viceroy in Mexico:
"I order.. that you shall dispatch two ships... for the discovery of the western islands toward the Malucos... You shall
stipulate that they try to bring some spices." These ships must not
enter any islands belonging to the King of Portugal, but they shall go
"to other nearby islands, such as the Philipinas and others, which lie
outside the above agreement and within our demarcation, and are said
likewise to contain spice. "
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, brother-in-law of the viceroy,,and a wise and able man, was placed in command of the
expedition. At the King's request Friar Urdaneta, then in
Mexico, joined the expedition. Urdaneta had been in command of the soldiers on the Villalobos expedition. He was
known as a brave soldier and an excellent navigator. Upon
his return he had become a monk. He was asked to accompany the expedition because of his experience and his knowledge of the region to be visited.
The little fleet of four vessels ana 450 men put to sea in
November, I564. After touching at various islands in and
near the Philippine group, all of which were formally taken in
the name of King Philip, Legaspi arrived at the old anchorage
at Cebu which Magellan had occupied forty-four years
before. Here he sent out exploring parties in search of food
and to find the best place for founding a settlement. Finally
Legaspi decided to establish himself permanently in Cebu.




LEGASPI DEFEATS MOROS                  177
1     i was a patient man and treated the natives krindly.
Grs   ally he     their friend. He seue     a traty of
peace wit   them  wherein t hey frl  ly r recolgnized the
so  leigty of Span. The missinaries of his party egan th
study of the native dia et. Soon they were preahing to the
people in the latter's own language. This was the beginning
of th   e move nt to introduce  Christianity among the
Filipinos.
Serious difficulty was experirne  in     g   ident
fo.   In the effrt to obtain provisions ships were
sent in many diretionas
Other islands of the  
wetore ts di covered and
to some extet, xpld.
1aspi 4radully f und
out how   ext   ive and
aVa  abe the arch t ago
was. He also found out
much abin th people of 
the van    isands and
the wide variety of th
's    t -  M       d     I    I t tit  IIIil ax - I teo
characteristics.
He,   earind moreov,
that cLtAin islands w  ei
peopled by   Mobh     edans (Moms) many fo           i     t I
whm    were pirates and     Potr of Migl Lop* dI Lo gopi
rhers. He lmeared aiso
that there was a Mo amedan settlement named Maynila,"
on the shores of a rat bay to the north. Legaspi deterined
to sa due these tribes, stop their piracy, and pr nt the
spread of Moham   d   power. Accordgly he attacked the
pirates in their settl nts and sent an  epdition ag it
Manila.
The Sniards fnd Manil protected          a fort and
red by mall anon. After a spirited fi     with Sliman,
the Mohammedan chieftain, they captured the settlement
owing to the     a    h f the miny seaso, deided not to
y it f    a time In tM   r   of i 71 a  onger force of
12




178        DISCOVRY AND CONQUEST
seing how d     ble the lation was, removed his hea
qrters    om Cebu and    ade Manil the capital of the
iago.
Onthe t of the native settlement, "Manfia," Leg s
i   t a city's streets which to this do ay ve remained
almost unichag.    He
rebuilt the fo  at the
mouth of the Pasig iver.
He erdect a e rch and
convent for the Autts
tinian imonks and,So
of1 11  '|Khon s for the        Spt nish
resid ena. He appointed
two governors. twelve
coun i men a and  other
oftficials to govern  the
city. He sent expeditions
to subd or ther pas a of
Luzon. The natives wer
told that they must
recognize Philip  II as
their King and pay t ibute  Many of the tribe
e ded wthu t blob
shed, thug   oe never
n *itted to Spanish ruleb
~       ~~~ ~i~l~hi_ 1 }  r! 72thLe P goiv
St. Agti-      Odest Cathli Chur  c        the  cat gov
I Mania          ern    died after seven
years of hadship and
in the Phil    s   In that brief piod, thio    a
py     mbination of tact and firn ess he had won mucnh
of the archilago for Spain Durin.g th    e thre cent is of
NSpanh ish le that f  ed, but littl further territory was
addd to the eown,
The sory of Snish act        in th Phi ine dwn to
the  ming of the Aeric      is the sto  of endless  be in
m aig Sin's auit     ity. Uatil Phip II conq*red




DUTCH AND ENGLISH SWEEP SEAS               179
Portugl in 1580 and tok over a the latterts olonis in the
I       the Spaniards were onstan   harassed by the Portugees   i  the fr a th Molca  D ng the last years of the sixteenth centuy the Dtch and Englih began displtng the
Gateway of Isa1 I is City W1 o Mie   Cod I
DOawbriOe Ops=rat by Chisis
laim that   w discoveris should be dividei between SpMn
and Portugal. Bold and advnturesome sea-captains flying
Detch ad English flags,     t the higwys of the sas,
ptri     the galleons of Sain and Port   alike. Nor did
hesitate o       tinvade he Phil ppis n      of
richly laden prizes
I_- 11__' 0~~~~~~~~~~~
w~~~~~~rr                       v1~~~~~~~8~,
9:.,  U.. yS. /,..V2,,,'..,.y uY y5 Isy % L 
tifxe~y d1Xt S. SstgrealrEW
*i:S~ ~EUcL prxzes#~~Q2~        ~~"7~~ELt~JI~ ~if




18O    r   DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
The destroction of Spain's great fleet, called the A ada, in
its attack on England in 188, marked the turng point in her
ffrs This was   a disater from which she never re1overed.
Prom that time onward the
Dutch and English rapidly
gained control. In 1662 the
Spice islands, which had cost
the Spainr ds and Portuguese
such 6ffrt, wee abandoned
to the Dutch. In 1762 an
Englsh siquadon anchored in
Manila Bay and forced the
surrender of the capital city
of the Philippines.
Added to the toubles
which the Spaniards had with
thes new European powers
that were taking such a vigor
onu hand in the aff if of the
Indies, were the annoyanes
of pirates from within and
wthout. On one occasion a
Chinese   ndit, at the head
/ if ~of a fleet of ixtyt vo warj     cas ing four thous and
iers and      ailors, swet
into the Bay1 and attaeked
Manila. Only the foitate
arrival of reinforcements
aed the city. Ofnce again,
this time in i62, Manila was
threatened by the Chinese
and thrown into a paic. A
$yt           i            poweri  Chlin..fese leadr from 
A Yabg Mom from Milknao  the coast pmovinces had 
tured Porosa, driving out
ie Dut. He began preparing an enormous force with
wch to attack the Philippines But he died efore his reparaions were cmpleted and the hlow was never strck
T      the Sania    never knew when the fie   d un



MOROS HARRASS SPANIARDS


181


tamed Moros would sally forth on a looting expedition from
their settlements on the Islands of Mindanao and Jolo.
There was no security. Burning, killing, and robbing, they
terrorized the more peaceful Filipinos. These pirates stole
up on settlements in their swift boats and set fire to the houses.
In the confusion the possessions of value were taken. If the
natives resisted they were killed; if they submitted, they were
put aboard the pirate boats and carried into slavery. For two
centuries these Moro pirates intimidated the Filipinos. The
Spaniards tried fighting them and then bribing them. But
neither method was permanently successful. Not until I9I2,
when the Americans took drastic measures against them, was
their power broken. To this day the Filipino hates and fears
the Moro, the result of age-long hostility.
During these centuries of turbulence the Filipino people,
except the Moros and the pagan mountain tribes, generally
accepted Spanish iule. (See page i83.) TIhe Spaniards permitted abuses to arise which resulted in frequent revolts, but
not until the last years of Spanish rule was Spain's power in
real danger from revolution. Then an uprising took place that
was serious. In the attempt to secure certain reforms from
the Spaniards the names of two Filipinos came prominently
before the world. These were Dr. Jose Rizal and Emilio
Aguinaldo.
3. THE REVOLT AGAINST SPANISH RULE
Early in the thirteenth century a movement to return to
the simple religious life of Jesus and the Apostles arose
within the Catholic Church. Vows of poverty were taken,
members of certain brotherhoods declared that they would
own no land, acquire no property of value, and rely upon no
fixed income for support. They sought the poorest sections of
the towns and lived among the outcast and the destitute,
bringing them the consolations of religion. Many walked about
the country barefooted, clad in humble garb. They depended
upon alms for their living.
The movement grew with astonishing rapidity. In
Europe, four great orders arose-the Franciscans, the Domiicans, the Augustinians, and the Carmelites. They were
called mendicant or begging orders because the friars, their




182


1 DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


members, gave up property and wealth and lived on the
offerings of the faithful. Not only were the friais zealous in
working among the poor, but they were eager to go as missionaries to new lands. The rulers of Spain were especially active
in the effort to bring native peoples under the influence of the
Church. So, from the first, they urged the friars and other
Catholic agents to go to the new lands. No voyage of discovery, of exploration, or of settlement was ever undertaken
without including one or more representatives of the Church.
Philip II was particularly energetic in his efforts to extend
the Catholic faith. When he ordered the Mexican viceroy
to send an expedition to the Philippines (the Legaspi expedition, see page i76), he asked that there be sent, "holy guides
to unfurl and wave the banner of Christ in the remotest parts
of these islands, and drive the devil from the tyrannical
possession which he has held so many ages.. "    Six
Augustinian friars, therefore, accompanied the expedition.
So anxious was Philip to induce missionaries to go to the
Philippines that he offered to pay the expenses of friars from
Spain to Mexico and thence to Manila. They were also to
be furnished with clothing, altar decorations, and a salary of
ioo pesos per year.
With this encouragement the friars began a rapid migration. Representatives of the principal orders and of the
Jesuits were soon on the ground. Before the close of the sixteenth century there were four hundred of them, established
in forty places, and claiming a native following of 250,000,
about half the population at the time. From these islands,
missionary activity quickly spread to China and Japan.
The Philippines lay within the area which the Pope had
granted to Poitugal. (See page r68.) They did not, therefore,
according to his decision, rightfully belong to Spain. It has
been said that one reason why Philip II of Spain was so active
in promoting missionary work in this island group lay in his
desire to win the favor of the Pope and to show him that
Spanish rule was better than Portuguese. At any rate, with
the assistance of the government, the Catholics in the Islands
were so successful that although at first they condemned
Spain for occupying the Philippines, later they appealed to
the Spanish crown not to withdraw.




EARLY INFIUJENCE OF FRIRS                 183
The friarswh first went to the Islands were br, sf
saiiing      ideeply in earnest and ve    devout. They
inglod   with the natives, lerned their hlanguge, and l:ved
as     dd. They visitd the wildest and most remote prts,
carryig the Christian rigon. Besides instructing the people
in the Catholic faith the tah th      many of the siple
arts of dvilzio     They showed the  how to m      hik,
to burn lime, to build hoses 
of stone, and to  ak roads.
They introdued many ga 
den seds which they brought
from Mxico and taught th
natives how to        th r   M
They establishe d schools in
wih the (boys wer instructed in readig, writing s        in 
ing, and the     laying of
musil instruents used in
and orphanagesf or the a er of 
nfrrtunate children. Theb n,
too, they took the part of
the natives in the effort to
lessen te burdens of tdaxa
tion that the eay   panish
conquerosrlacd uon themn.
Bease o f their     wr            Bumu o od  sur A a i
these mis-onaries were mu   Stt, Legaspi anod Urdneta in Mani5
loved by the pepkle.
The Chch and Stat worked hand in hand. Of the two,
h   eer, the Cuh was the        e active and i.
The rieationship between the Church a  Ste, at the tie
is well illustrated in a striki g monu t in br nze that
sgnds on a beiul b      lerd in Mani    oveo         the
Tw   fiues are m    ed on a brd p    st. One is tht
of Le    i, the founder of Mia and the   q    rr of the
Phippes (See pa      i76.) The other is tt of Urd ata,
tih Akgusni     far who ace    nie  him and  ho w   t




184


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


first to establish a Catholic mission in the Islands. Legaspi,
on the right, holds aloft in his left hand the flag of Spain.
Urdaneta, at the left, carries in his right hand the cross. But
the figure of Urdaneta is slightly in advance of that of Legaspi
and the cross comes in front of the flag. The sculptor has
caught and correctly expressed the dominant position which
the Church occupied in the Philippines during Spanish rule.
So completely indeed did the friars and Jesuits win the
confidence of the natives that the government depended
largely upon these religious men to enforce the laws. Through
their influence, Spain found it possible to control the Islands
without sending out many of her own people. In i6oo the
military force in the Islands contained only 470 Spaniards.
Even in the last turbulent years, except at the very end, there
were no more than 3000 Spanish officers and men stationed
in the Philippines.
Spanish governors came and went but the friars remained.
They were the only people who spoke both Spanish and the
native dialects. Naturally they were the connecting links
between the people and the government in every transaction
involving the two. Their influence with the people came to
be very great-so great, indeed, that at times they defied the
governors and in certain instances caused their removal.
We now pass over three centuries of Spanish control and
come to the closing years. A great change had taken place
among the people. Instead of loving the friars and looking
upon them as their friends and protectors the Filipinos hated
them bitterly. Indeed, so great was the enmity that in a
revolt just before the coming of the Americans, forty friars
were killed and 400 imprisoned. In their mad fury the
natives treated some of these friars with unthinkable cruelty.
How did this change in the feeling of the people come about?
There were several causes.
(I) In the early period native Filipinos were trained to
become priests. They were given the opportunity of occupying places of honor in the Church organization. Later the
policy was changed and they were refused such honors. This
gave the natives the feeling that they were being treated
unfairly.




CAUSES OF HATRED FOR FRIARS


185


(2) In I767 the Jesuits were expelled from Spain and from
all the Spanish possessions, including the Philippines. This
religious order had become very powerful politically and very
rich. The thirty-two parishes in the Philippines which the
Jesuits administered were given over to native Filipino priests.
Eighty-five years later this religious order was permitted to
return. In the settlement that was made the parishes were
taken away from the native clergy. This action increased the
resentment of the Filipinos.
(3) The religious orders had become great landowners.
Two hundred and seventy-five thousand acres of the best land
around Manila and a tenth of the cultivated land of the
Philippines belonged to them. This was leased to the natives
on terms which the latter considered unfair. Friction developed between the friars and their tenants over matters relating to these lands.
(4) Under Spanish rule in the Philippines the friars came
to be invested with important civil authority and power. In
each parish the friars and priests were looked to to enforce the
laws. Under the system their political power far outgrew the
power exercised by them as priests. Every man who was
punished, especially if he were punished for political offenses,
charged it to the friars. The executions and deportations
which went on under Spanish rule were all laid at the doors
of the religious orders. While, therefore, the people generally
were good Catholics and enjoyed and wished for the sacraments of their Church, a bitter, wide-spread political and
racial hatred developed for the Spanish membership of the
religious orders.
(5) The opening of the Suez Canal and the laying of a
cable to the Philippines threw this island group into the
current of new ideas. The seeds of freedom, equality, and
democracy were sown. For the first time in their history
Filipinos dared to express their grievances openly. It must
bf understood that they did not criticize the Catholic Church,
to which they have remained loyal to this day, but they began
to criticize the government and the clergy, and began to think
and talk about securing liberty.
In the effort to sweep back this rising tide, persecutions
and executions were employed. These only inflamed the




186        DISCOVE        AND CONQUEST
natives, and caused them to unite in deteined opposition
to the government and the foreign clergy. Reots occu rne.
As, hwevew these were poorly planned and weakly execuWted,
they were easily mpressed. Set sodeties were formd.
S      of these esed to th kllinkg of  i  nnocent pele in the
mistaken belief of the leaders that they were a ncing the
cause of fri  e  Sunh activities were put d   with an iron
hand. Gradually, howere  a n   and supri    o lass of Fillpning  is ofs a  n the, struggi.
He                  At this jctuae ar a a t   a n
who unwittingytt   on hi pat,
_ws the mans of hfring
matters to a head. This was
nit   t             I~in. o   R W a, on ot  f ta he
strl ~a orhekos of hthe      iio pis p  le.
e _~~in hgEuoe He            w ase  a  Eilliant
student, wfinnig high honors
at the, univt sities awhih he
attended. Besides learning to
Eiak fl en tlylseven  o n ern
Igesn addition                                   hisof
eu,    a pcre        of     nivn  e ton    he rHe cied
Di. j6M saa       secial mention at Madrid in
le hecame famousl as a culistland fo a tinie was the leadin  assistant of a, wod-renowned eye secaist at Vienna.
He was also an artst, a sculptor, and a poet, gaining recoat
nitio  i a  ths   ies_, hut it was as a noveist that h
starteda train of ents that made him the iWdl of his peoplel
lad TeSocil Cancer, and El Filibes          an Enidish
vesion appearing unde the title, The Reign Of Gred
In these political novels Rial drew, with the pen of
genius, a vid pictue of life in the Philippines. He expoed
cunditions under Spanish rule. The books were bitterly eon



EXECUTION OF RIZAL


187


demned by the friars and their circulation in the Philippines
was forbidden. But of course they were brought into the
Islands in numbers and secretly read. They stirred the hearts
of the Filipino people as nothing else ever had. But they
brought upon the author the hatred of the friars and inspired
the persecution which ended in his death.
In i889 Rizal returned to the Philippines from Europe for
a visit to his family. He soon left, however, for he found that
he was in danger. In i892, after having toured the United
States and again visited Europe, Rizal set foot in Manila
once more, having been assured of safety by the Spanish
consul at Hong Kong. A few days after his arrival he was
arrested, charged with having leaflets in his baggage which
incited the people to rebellion. Later inquiries showed that
these leaflets had been placed in his luggage by unfriendly
persons. Against his assertions of innocence and without
trial, Rizal was condemned to banishment and was sent to a
small settlement on the northern coast of the Island of Mindanao. Here he gave himself up to his studies, to medical
practice, and to the organizing of a school for native boys.
After about four years of exile Rizal saw that he would
never be permitted to live in his native island of Luzon. At
the time, i896, yellow fever was raging in Cuba and he, being
a physician, volunteered his services. General Blanco accepted
the offer and had him brought to Manila. He was placed on a
vessel and sent to Spain on his way to Cuba.
But his enemies were persistent. He was charged with
being at the head of the revolution which had just broken out,
although as Governor Blanco testified, he had nothing directly
to do with it. An order for his arrest, however, was cabled to
Port Said. When the vessel on which he was a passenger
reached that harbor he was placed in solitary confinement for
the remainder of the voyage. Upon arriving at Barcelona, he
was sent back to the Philippines on a Spanish transport and
imprisoned at Manila. A special military tribunal, convened
to try him on charges of treason, sentenced him to death.
Early on the morning of December 30, i896, in the presence
of a great multitude of people held in check by the presence
of ten regiments of soldiers, he was shot.
This act, and the executions that followed it marked the




188        DISCOERY AND CONQUEST
d for Spain. Filipilos bg n s liping out of the iy 
thousands Soon there  a ragged, barfo, pry fed,
but inriated ar     of n      t   began clo    on the
pamish   os
Meanwhile there had risen to the head of the lsly
o    zgaied intrent band, EmiiH   Agninaldo. Althuglf
c    and and was so succesful ia ou t t ting  the
Spansh   officers  that  he
qi1ckly be  e tlhe leader o
all t  native   forces  After
o thi  of depeate ightio
the Spaniars became convianed tit they could not
ut th  rebel lon   d  by
force. Spain could not spare
More troops. She had sent
200,000 to Cuba in the  rt
to subdue the natives of that
island who like the Filipinos
had risen against the harsh
and esuel rute of the Spanish
gov ror. A mmore friendly
Cea. s. w~ eaj           polic   was adopted.  The
Goeneral Ewhlo hadAguao  V
exertd Ril    was replaced
yone io soght to nd the strife b    mprmise
A conferce with igialdo was held. The     pan iards
agreed to eel the friars ad to permit the Philippines to have
aresentationt in tes paiiet of Spain. There was to be
free s;ech and a frees  Radicalesfors inthe olrts were
promised, and a large sum of mone was to be distributed
ong the fa    ie of the   olutionists who had been killed
in the      natives in trn    to      der i      es
an s       ti   and plttig aginst Sain. Agn      d 
bis          e p ics pms   l    to  he Phiippines.
Acrding      Aginald&   and thr  or other leaders




DEWEY DESTROYS SPANISH FLEET


189


sailed for Hong Kong in December, I 897. The insurgents laid
down their arms, and attacks on the Spanish forces ceased.
On January 23, i898, amid great rejoicing, peace was proclaimed in Manila. The Filipinos believed that they had
achieved all that they desired.
Soon, however, it became clear that the Spanish governor
was not going to keep his promises. He failed to pay all the
money he had pledged. He imprisoned and executed many
of the insurgents, although they had been promised pardon.
Spanish soldiers shot without trial a number of Filipino
sailors who were accused of conspiracy. Nine days later the
revolution was resumed with redoubled fury. Once more the
Spanish regulars had to fight for their lives. And again they
were forced back behind the walls of Manila.
The mad rage of the people fell with particular violence
upon the friars. Many, warned of the avenging fate that was
about to overtake them, fled at once to the cities for protection. Others who did not act so promptly, or were in remote
regions, were captured and treated with great cruelty. Even
a year after Manila was under the protection of American
troops no friar dared venture outside the walled section of the
city. Many fled from the Islands and never returned.
A month after this revolution flamed forth, the American
fleet under the command of Admiral Dewey slipped silently
by night into Manila Bay. The next morning fire was opened
on the Spanish fleet, which was destroyed without loss of a
man on the American side. That Sunday morning, the first
day of May, i898, there began to be written a new chapter in
the history of the Philippines.
4. THE COMING OF THE AMERICANS
During the days of strife in the Philippines, the Cubans,
driven to desperation by their governors, were also fighting
desperately to abolish Spanish rule. The great newspapers of
the United States had reporters in Cuba. Consequently the
American people were kept fully informed of the course of
events in that unhappy island.
The severity with which the Cubans were treated aroused
the indignation of the American public. The act of compelling
the country people to leave their homes and live crowded




190


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


together in foul camps where thousands died of hunger and
disease, stirred the Americans very deeply. Then, the
Spaniards, in the effort to put down the rebellion, captured
and executed great numbers of revolutionists. This shocked
the people of the United States. In consequence, the tide of
sympathy for the Cubans ran very high. Many people
insisted that the United States government should intervene
and end the bitter struggle.
Such was the situation in the early days of i898. Then, on
February I5, the United States battleship Maine was blown
up while riding peacefully at anchor in Havana harbor. Two
officers and 264 men were killed. Responsibility for the
explosion was never definitely fixed. It is generally believed
to have been caused by a submarine mine set off by men who
wore the Spanish uniform but who acted without the authority of the Spanish government.
The wave of feeling which swept the United States forced
the President and Congress to act. A demand was made on
Spain that she set the Cubans free. Spain refused. The
United States, determined that Cuba should have her independence, declared war.
It chanced, at the time, that both Spain and the United
States had fleets of war vessels in Asiatic waters. The Spanish
fleet was in Manila Bay; the American, under Commodore
Dewey, at Hong Kong. Fearing that the Spanish fleet might
attack American shipping and raid the Pacific coast, the
President promptly cabled Dewey to find it and " capture or
destroy" it. Dewey left at once on his mission which, as we
have seen, he successfully accomplished.
As there were about I3,000 Spanish troops in Manila at
the time, Dewey did not attempt to occupy the city. Instead,
after destroying the enemy fleet, he anchored before Manila
and awaited the coming of American troops. These began
arriving in June. On August I3 the number reached about
i0,000 and the attack was made. Early in the afternoon, the
Spanish flag was lowered from the flag-staff and the Stars
and Stripes run up in its place. Thus ended the empire which
Magellan had founded.
Possession of the city was rendered easy because for three
months or more an insurgent army of I5,ooo Filipinos, under




PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S DECISION


191


the command of the returned Aguinaldo, had besieged it from
the rear. The Spanish forces, bottled up by the American
fleet and the Filipino army, were glad to surrender to the
Americans. But such was their fear of Filipino wrath that
they stipulated in their surrender that Filipino troops be kept
out of the city.
Meanwhile President McKinley had been having difficulty
in deciding what should be done with the Philippines. The
United States had never owned any colonies. In fact to take
over the Philippines meant the breaking of a policy that had
prevailed for more than a century. It was a serious problem
which the President faced. After a period of delay and
uncertainty he made his decision. In an interview which he
gave a group of ministers who called upon him about a year
later he related the story of how he reached his conclusion,
saying:
When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our
lap, I confess I did not know what to do with them. I sought council from
all sides-Democrats as well as Republicans-but got little help. I
thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands,
perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night
until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went
down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance
more than one night.
And one night late it came to me this way-I don't know how it
was, but it came:
(i) That we could not give them back to Spain-that would be
cowardly and dishonorable;
(2) That we could not turn them over to France or Germany-our
commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable;
(3) That we could not leave them to themselves-they were unfit for
self-government-and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over
there worse than Spain's was; and
(4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and
to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them,
and, by God's grace, do the very best we could by them, as our fellow
men for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to
sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department (our map-maker), and told him to put the
Philippines on the map for the United States (pointing to a large map on
the wall of his office); and there they are, and there they will stay while
I am President.
In line with this decision, the Americans on the commission which met in Paris, October i, i898, to arrange the
terms of peace, were instructed to demand possession of the




192        DISCO           AND CONQUEST
t     Ar     ago. As fnally signed, the t ty pro ed that
pain should give up all I cas to Cuba and cede to the
United States Porto Rico, G,    the  hlippine Islad
In tu, the United States       to pay Sp     $2ooooooo,
to hor the titles to lands in the Phiines, and to adit
Spaish ships and mert adimse for a period of ten years on the
sa     t s as ships and     andie of the Uited States
Sie time after the conclusion of te treaty, it  discovered that two    I islands in the southern part of ftle
Arh       o hd     t bee  in  ded wthin the designated
islands near Formosa hadl ~ bieen left outside the  he
Philipine b    d     as desied i the treaty It is sd that
desif ito have the islands controlled by t  United Staes
By a nelw treay with Spain   l these outlyin  ilds were
acqure by ithe United States inspon for the sum of $ooo
Meanwhile trouble if M9ania arose between othe iargeat
Filipios under Aguiado and the Amerisa1i a*rm        The,
atter w  ld not p  it the    ie solers to et    Mani




FILIPId fNOU. LS DEFY AMERICANS  i193
hen the city sndred.l This eusal erd the leader
of the Filipo forces. They felt tati they hadassisted
in t    the city they should sha its con. But th chief
cause of the fe       t against e th e Amerins was the ruof
the latter to withdra fro the Isla  after d featin the
mattg ir d ad hied Jrs had pla tanepn soe
eioty mi the Philippine s  st be aoted. Tis posid
dandad anoned the In h oti if b  n gheo rme
matters hutd  ee Jainu  th     e o
egtytib~   stt into the  ftes s ead A is pte
lren hoth s The   ilp  s     d o  n t
for a lg time, they succesfully defid the Aican64 troops
The hands, however, were persistently run down, one hy one,
13




194        DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
and sid   or d spesed. Fialy in        10March Io1, Auinhaldo
was cap rd. He t k the oath of alle ance   tthe Uited
States and i ss  A   mmticafon to his peope in w*ehi he
advised them to ackn  edge American sovereignty and lay
n their as. Such was his infence that his adAce was
accepted and pee spread   idly throughout the Isla ds.
Diing this uihppy perid, the Philippines were nud
lta  rule, that is, the commanding general of the American a   y acted as mGior, In I9oi, h        e  a
goermeifnt was estahlished William H. Taft was appinifted
To-da the Philippine government consiss of a GoernorGenerl, appointed by the Prsidnt of the United Sttes, and
a leglature mad up of ntie Fiiinos This legislature is
comosed of a snate of twactyfo   memhers ana hose of
repesentatives of inty-on members All the members are
elctd by poplar vote with the excepion of two senators
and nine representatives, appointed by the GovernorGnal
to represent certain nonistian provine    The laws are
adeby the legislature, but the Goernor-Genal holds the




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196     DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
AmtrieaL Governmt in MW Tat'ss opini  wd ave
been foreed to copel them to dQ the one thing or tlhe oth.
There seemed to -him ho one way to sr e tt the difficulty
wvithout trbe anfd thwas to buy the lands. Accdnlg gly
he wetto Rom  d s  d in winmnig the Poe over to
i.  A 96%ii in R
_M  n l FI  _r _e br l igb
K&XntK.M BKMyBSfYi YByY yBi Yg  945i~i   2..<U*  MM  jVa i~:c,g  B
Y.g |Pk ~Yi.9MyX..4 5BYi Kx  s. t 9a. Xnur  r/.S.t,..sA9E2 am,  aRy9R>&' kB}X,,Xyj f




INDiEP]ENDENT CH:URCH PROCLAIMED             197
the plan- After 1lo  and protracted discussions, 3o86120
acres were purchas  from the Orders for $7,543    The
purcbase ws financed thibng thie isso of Philippine bonds.
A plan wt   worked out hereh y these la s cold be bogt
on eas teLs hby the natives, the old tenants being give
prefered rits.
Even this, howevr, did noLt completey satisfy the Filipino peopler;istd on thhey npsiost    of the frrs fro
the Islands The Pope p   ied M. Taft to substitute clergy
a      M      ho*uin a Me Shool j 'rde in M aita
foi cn tris other than Spn but even this did not allay
popular hostility.
It aabut ths tie tht a Pipio piest poe        d the
Ilad  cadent Catholic Chnrch of the Pippedc rig it
to b   e of Rome altogeh     The m      Oct   rd Ike
id-ire. H    dreds of t  s      in' the       d t  ed
t  i churci bidings ver to the new o  irgaa tion. Soon the
Meanw of the m            f   ed a   e i p of f o c  ch
Ma e         ~the ei p   of the       of the
hilg hd be~ carried to the co     a It  s *   decided that
be       to      and that th 
<r                  r                    )i i   On




198        DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
them up As the membcrs of te ndependelnt Churh were
poor people, for the most part, they could not affor to build
new buiildings of Substat hial character; consequently they
drifted back into the Rman Chrah in great nutbers
At present, under American rule, there is as much freedom
in religious matters in the Philippineas s there is in the States.
oman Catholis, Independen t Cath1olics and Protestants
are it liberty to conduct their religious aictivities as they
please o0 long as they keep the peiace. The peaceful solutios
coatensy of I I Beau th.   Ed-lnati
Hoii i mne  Garden oifiaiManila City Schoo l G i irl
of this agecold controversy was one of the taltaphs of the
wise sta tesmanship of Mr. Taft.
Another notable action, taken almost immediately Was
the organizatn of a sstem of public schools. The first bill
that Congress passled wich related to the Phisippines (Act of
1901), provided for the establishment of seChols in the Islands
and appropriated $ l56a, oo for the purpose It made school
attendalnce in Manila compulsory for all children between six
and twelve years of age, declared English to bethe language
of instrcton  and provided for the seding of xoo0 teachers
o    America.
Soon these teachers were statined in all he important
centers in the Islands. As the oiginal nher was increased,
they penetrated to the mmore remote regions. Rearkable




AMERICANS     ESTABLISH SCHOOLS           199
stories are told of the hardships endured by  hese early
aarrivs and of} ti  bficulties which they surounted in the
ort to hin the benefits f edcati  n to the cfhildni The
heroi s  displayed by the mn and women who had volunteered to establish the public-school Sster was not suassed
by the soldiers in battle. In many ases these teachers vere
sparatd a day's journey fro     one another Oftenr aceeks
passed during which they never saw persons of their ow  race.
The Ftilipino people were very grateful for these unselfish
cat.tesy Of IP                                    4 re of  Education
A Modern Primary School Building ii Rizal Province
e 0rts. They Wer eger t0o )lac thir hildren in t; e scho0ols.
By   9o09, 1700 new school buildings had been erected and
50oo,o0o children enrolled. Then schools were established
to trin Filipinos for teaching and native teachers began to be
substituted for th pioneers from America TIo-day there are
65o0 chool buildings in he Philippines, although not all of
permanent type; 2 e'oo t echers  ad on million pupils.
More and moe emphas      is being placed on tainig
Children for the occupations. The boys are bing taught to
garden and to fa rm  the girls are being trained in the industries of the 0mel such as the are of th household and the
making of saa-ble products like lace, 'broidery hbaskets,
and hats. The articles made by the children and young peple
in the Philippine school reach evey ear a   ercia value
of thrteequarters 0f a miltion dotlars 
There is yet muac to be done before all the children of the




200


DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST


Islands are in school, and much improvement is doubtless
possible in the type of schooling provided, but remarkable
progress has been made. Without doubt, the organization of
this system of public schools has been one of the greatest
blessings brought to the Island people by the Americans. A
recent report of educational experts sent out from the states
to study the system says of this accomplishment: "The
student will scan the pages of history long before he will read
of an adventure in human enlightenment more bold than
that which has been undertaken in this Oriental setting. "
During the three decades of American control tribal warfare has ceased. The troubles growing out of alien ownership
of land have been settled. A system of schools, in which a
common language and common ideals are being taught, has
been created. Highways, railroads, mountain trails, and telegraph lines have been constructed, bringing the people
together in friendly communication to some degree. A democratic government has been established largely operated by
native Filipinos. All of these beneficial measures, and many
others that might be mentioned, are details of a far-reaching
plan which is welding together the diverse inhabitants of the
Philippine Islands into a peaceful, prosperous, and happy
people.




MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION


201


MATTERS TO BE INVESTIGATED AND DISCUSSED
i. On an outline map of the world shade in all the possessions and
dependencies of the United States. Find out how each is related to the
United States and what is the form of government in each.
2. On the same map show the steamship lines connecting each with
the United States.
3. Why do tropical forests, rich in the products needed by the world,
supply so little?
4. Send members of the class to dealers in cordage to investigate the
industry. Have them learn what the materials are from which the
products are now made and also where these materials are obtained.
Compare sisal and abacd as a source of the fiber.
5. Interview furniture dealers about the uses of " reed," "rattan,"
and "cane." Report results.
6. What is the United States doing to improve conditions in the
Philippines?
7. Show how the Philippines are advantageously situated for trade
with Asiatic countries. Investigate the volume of this trade. Why is it
not larger?
8. Pineapple growers in Hawaii recently sent their experts to the
Philippines to investigate the possibilities of developing the industry in
the Islands. The report was encouraging in respect to soil, climate, and
natural conditions but the decision was reached not to invest capital in
the Philippines. What do you think were some of the reasons for the
decision?
9. How are mariners along the coasts of the United States warned
of the approach of storms? Investigate and report.
io. What are the following: typhoons, hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, monsoons? Distinguish each from the others.
i i. Explain why it is that certain woods in the tropics will not float?
How do the natives transport the logs of such woods by water?
12. Experiments are being made in preserving tropical fruit for
shipment by coating it with rubber latex. Investigate the results.
13. Assign to members of the class the following topics to be worked
up and presented in the form of talks illustrated where possible with
pictures: Life and ways of the Igorots, of the Negritos, of the Moros.
14. What are the differences in the methods employed in Oriental
countries in growing rice in the lowlands and in the uplands?
I5. Make a list of the things you can find in your community that
are made in whole or in part from the coconut. Learn about the uses
of each.
i6. Why are the tropical lands the undeveloped lands of the earth?
17. Are Filipinos entitled to citizenship in the United States? Are
native Hawaiians? Are the children of Chinese or Japanese parents born
on American soil? Investigate.
i8. What is it that the Filipinos most need to make them a united
people?




202        MATTERS FOR INVESTIGATION!9. Why did the Spaniards have so much trouble in Cuba and in the
Philippines in maintaining their authority?
20. Trace Magellan's voyage on an outline map of the world.
2i. Review the circumstances relating to the death of Magellan and
Captain Cook. How could these tragic events have been avoided?
22. Why do spices no longer bring the fabulous prices they once did?
23. Which of the two motives, increasing profitable trade or spreading the Christian religion, has been the more powerful in developing contacts between Western countries and the countries of the Pacific?
Discuss.
24. Why was the opening of the Suez Canal a factor in the Filipino
revolt against Spanish rule? Discuss.
25. Can you give any illustrations drawn from our own country of
how the publication of novels has stirred our people to action?
26. See if you can learn the details of how Aguinaldo was captured
by the Americans during the war in the Philippines.
27. Debate the question: "Resolved that the Filipino people should
be granted their independence now."




INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS
(PRONUNCIATIONS ARE BASED ON
WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY)


Abaca (a ba ka'), "Manila hemp,"
143-146
Agriculture,  Philippine,  131;
' shifting"  system, 131-133;
rice culture, 133, 134; rice terraces, 135, 136; rice crop, 137;
coconut, 138-143; abaca, 143 -I46; kapok, 147, 148; trade
possibilities, 148-150
Aguinaldo (a g nal' d6), Emilio,
a mestizo, 159; leader of insurgents, 188, 189; cooperates with
Americans, I90-I9I; hostile to
Americans, 193, I94.
Albuquerque (al'boo k6r'k6), 165
Algaroba (Al ga ro'ba), 79
Almug (al'mtig) trees (sandalwood), 54, 55
Annexation of Hawaii, first efforts
towards, 68; conditions under
King Kalakaua, 68-70; monarchy abolished, 70; Queen
deposed, 70-72; republic created, 72; accomplished, 73
Apo (a'p6), I8
Armada (ar ma'da), 180
Armstrong, General, I07
Arts, ancient Hawaiian, 33-45;
making bark cloth, 33-36; use of
tapa, 37-39; feather work, 39 -45; Captain Cook's collection,
42, 43; the Starbuck robe, 43;
leis, 44
Augustinians, I8I, I95
Bananas, 4, 9, 79, 86
Bark cloth, see Tapa
Bishop Museum, 41, 42, 43;
founding of, Io8, Io9
Bohol (b6 h6l'), I 6
Breadfruit, 4; the tree, 20; as
eaten, 21; stored in pits, 22;
brought to Islands, 79
Calabash (kal'a bash), 21
Caladium (ka la'dl tm), 19


Cane-beetle borer, 96-100
Canoe, outrigger, 29-31
Canton (kan' ton), 55
Carmelites, 181
Catholics, 65, 176, 177, I8I-I86,
197, I98
Cebu (sa boo), 116; Magellan arrives, 172; visited by Legaspi,
176
Celebes (sel'e bez), 114
Cereus (se're tis), night-blooming, 4
Chinese, immigration to Hawaii,
103, 104; attack Manila, I80
Cleopatra's Barge, 56
Cleveland, President, 71, 72
Coconuts, in Hawaii, 4, 19, 79; in
Philippines, 138-143
Coffee, production in Hawaii, 85;
berries, 86
Columbus, 54,165, I66, I67, I68,173
Cook, Captain James, 18, 26, 33,
38; describes feather robes, 39;
collection made by, 42; early
life, 46, 47; last voyage begun,
47; lands on Kauai, 48; treated
as a god, 48-51; death, 52;
monument, 53; results, 63.
Copra (k6p'ra), 138-143
Coral polyps, 3; reef in Samoa, 5;
Samoan coral, 6, 7; east of New
Guinea and Philippines, 8
Cornwall School, 57
"Crossroads of Pacific," 0I2, Io6
Cuba, sugar production, 88; rises
against Spain, 189, I90
Demarcation, line of, 168, 169,
175, I82
Dewey, Admiral, destroys Spanish
fleet, 189, 190
Diamond Head, 81
Diaz (de'is), Bartholomew, 165
Dole, Judge Sanford B., 63, 70-73
Dominican (d6 mTn' I kan), 181,
195
203




204


INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS


Durian (doo'ri an), 4
Dwarfman, see " Pygmies"
Easter Island, 8
Farrington, Governor Wallace R.,
43, Io6
Feather work, 39-45; Captain
Cook's account, 39; Vancouver's
account, 40; war-cloak of Kamehameha, 41, 42; rare specimens
found in Russia, 42, 43; the
birds, 43, 44; leis, 44; kahilis, 44
Filipino immigration to Hawaii,
105
Fishing, spearing and netting, 30;
use of vegetable poison, 31-33;
by Japanese, 32
Forests, of Philippines, equatorial
belt, 122; value of woods, 124;
lumbering methods, 124; products of, 126; rubber, 126-129;
rattan, 129-131; wastage of,
131-133
Franciscans (fran sYs' kAns), 181
Frear, Judge Walter F., 72, 73
Friars, growth of orders, 181;
early activities in the Philippines, I82-I84; Filipinos' hate
for, 184-186; victims of rage,
189; land problem settled, 195 -197; independent church proclaimed, 197, 198
Fur-traders, 54
Gaetano, Juan (ga ta no', whan),
53
Games, of primitive Hawaiians,
25-28
Guam (gwam), II, 12; breadfruit
in, 21; Magellan arrives at, 172;
ceded to United States, 192
Guava (gwa'va), 79
Haleakala (ha' 1/ a' ka la'), 79-82
Halemaumau (ha'l1 mow mow'),
82-84
Hampton Institute, 107
Harrison, President, 70
Hawaii (ha wai't), Island of, 50,
58, 59, 83
Hawaiian Islands, map of, 74;
volcanic formation, 74-76; climate of, 76-78; plant life
of, 78, 79; Haleakala, 79-82;


Hawaiian Islands (continued)
Kilauea, 82-84; contrasts, 84;
sugar industry, 86-91; pineapple
industry, 91-95; at "Crossroads
of Pacific," IoI, 102; mixed
populations, 102-IO5; influence
of, IO6-I I
Hawaiian League, 70
Hawaiian motto, 67
Hawaiian people, native, 17-45;
tools, 17, 18; food, 19-21;
houses, 22, 23; candle-nut tree,
23, 24; earth ovens, 24, 25;.
sports on land, 25, 26; sports on
water, 26-28; endurance   in
water, 28, 29; outrigger canoes,
29-31; expert fishermen, 31-33;
bark clothing, 33-39; feather
work, 39-45
Hilo (he'16), 83
Honolulu (h6'n 6loo'loo), 28, 41
59, 62, 66, 71, 92, 102
Idolatry, abolished in Hawaii, 52
Ifugao (ef gow), rice terraces,
135, 136, 156
Igorot (e go r6t'), 154, I55, 156
Ilocanos (e'lo ka'n6), I59, i6I
Institute of Pacific Relations, Io9
Iolani (e'6 la'nl) Palace, 71
Islands, of Hawaii, I, 2; coral, 3;
reef in Samoa, 5; isolation of, 8;
classified as to ownership, Io,
II; map of mandate areas, 13;
Guam,    I; American Samoa,
12-15; Wake and Midway
Islands, I5, I6; scenes of romance and adventure, 16, 17
Japanese immigration to Hawaii,
104, I05
Java, sugar production, 88
Jesuits, 184, I85
Kahili (ka he'll), 44
Kailua (kai loo' a), 62
Kalakaua (ka Ia kau'a), King, 68,
69; forced to grant new constitution, 70; visit of, to Japan, o05
Kamehameha I (ka ma'ha ma' ha),
feather robe of, 40, 41, 42; conquest of Hawaiian Islands, 59 -61; enforcement of the tabus,
61; his death, 58, 61
Kamehameha V, 68




INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS


205


Kapok (ka'pok), 147, 148
Kauai (kow ai'e), 47, 48, 54, 56,
75; rainfall, 77
Kawaiahao (ka wai'a hou) Church,
67
Kilauea (ke'lou a'/), 81-84, io6
Koa (ko6'), 21, 27, 29, 78
Kohala (k6 ha'la), 50, 51, 58
Kona (ko'na) region, 85
Kuhio (koo he'o) Prince, funeral
of, 45
Kua-leho (kua la'h6), 55
Kukui (koo koo'i) tree, 23, 24
Ladrones (la dr6ns'), see Marianas
Islands
Lanai (la na' e), 92
Land troubles in Philippines, 185,
195-197
Laplace (la plas') Captain, 65
Lava, formations, 82; tube, 85
Leaf-hoppers, in Hawaii, 95, 96
Legaspi, expedition, 176-178; statue of, 183, 184
Lei (la), of feathers, 44; of flowers,
Io8
Leyte (la'ta), 116; Magellan lands,
172
Liholiho (le'h6 le'h6), becomes
king, 58
Liliuokalani (le'le oo 6 ka la'ne),
Queen, 63, 70-72
London Missionary Society, 57
Lono (16'n6), 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
Los Banos (los bah'nyoss), I 19
Lumbering, in Philippines, 124-126
Luzon (lo6- zon'), 114, 117, 119,
120, 155, 158
Macao (mi ka' 6), 55
Magellan (ma jel'an), Ferdinand,
early life, I66; in India, I67; his
proposal to King of Portugal,
167, I68; outfitted by Spanish
King, 168-170; the voyage, I70 -172; at Guam, 172; takes
possession of Cebu, 172; death
of, 173; Victoria returns to
Spain, I74-I75
Maguey (mag'wa) plant, 146, 147
Maine, U. S. battleship, 190
Mamo (ma'mo), 4I
Mandate areas, 12, 13; map of, 131
Mango (man'go), 4, 79
Mangosteen (man'g6 sten), 4


Manila (ma nil'a) weather bureau,
121, 122; hemp industry, 146;
ancient trade center, 157; settled by Moros, 177; Legaspi
makes it capital, 178; Chinese
attack, 180; execution of Rizal,
I87; refuge of friars, 189; surrendered, I90
Manila hemp, see "Abaca"
Maori (ma o'rl), 1
Marianas (ma re a'nas) Islands, I I
Masbate (mas ba'ta), I I6
Maui (mi'oo e), 50, 75; volcano
on, 79-82
Mauna Kea (mou'na ka'a), 58
Mauna Loa (mou'na lo'a), 75, 83
Mayon (ma yon'), Mount, 116,117
McKinley, President, 73, 191
Melanesia (mil' a ne' sh a), map of,
2; name defined, 9; described,
IO, II
Mestizo (mis te'zo), 159, I6o
Micronesia (mi'kr6 ne'sha),map of,
2; name defined, 9; described9, o
Midway Islands, I, 15
Mindanao (mln' da n'), 114, 117,
119, 123, 128, 142, I55, 158;
visited by Spanish fleet, 175
Mindoro (men do'ro), II6
Missionaries, New England, 57 -63; results of work, 62, 63, 73
Moluccas (mo ltik' az), (Spice
Islands), 114; source of spices,
163; discovered by the Portuguese, 167; claimed by both
Spain and Portugal, 169, 175;
abandoned to Dutch, 180
Moro (mo'ro), derivation of name,
156; characteristics, 156, 157;
early settlement at Manila, 177;
harrass the Spaniards, 181; suppressed by Americans, 181
Motto of Hawaii, 67
Muir, Mr., 96-1Io
Mulberry, paper, 33, 79
Native rule, Hawaiian, 64; trouble
with the French, 65; trouble
with the British, 66; under King
Kalakaua, 68-70; Queen Liliuokalani deposed, 70-72
Negrito (ne gre' to), see "Pygmies"
Negros (na'gros), II6
Nuuanu (noo a'noo) Valley, 59




206


INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS


Oahu (6 a'hoo), 48, 59, 67, 75
Ohelo (6 h6l'6) berries, 19
Ohia (6 he'a), 78
Olinda (6 lln'da), 80
Olona (6'16 na), 21; use in feather
work, 44, 79
Organic Act, Hawaiian, 73
Ovens, earth, 24, 25
Pago Pago (pang'o pang'o), 12, 14,
15
Palawan (pa -a'wan), 116
Pali (pa'l1), the battle at the, 59, 60
Panay (p an'), II6
Pandanus (pan dan'tis), 22
Pan-Pacific Union, 109
Papaya (pa pi'ya), 4, 8
Paulet (pau'lt), Lord,' demands,"
66
Pearl Harbor, 68
Pearl River, 67
People, of Philippines, pygmies
I50-155; primitive Malayans,
155, 156; Mohammedan Moros,
156, 157; Tagalogs, 157; Visayans, I57, 158; Ilocanos, I59;
Mestizos, 159, 160; diversity
of, 160-162
Philippine Archipelago, number of
islands, 114; map of, I 5; volcanoesof, 116-119; climate, 19;
typhoons, 120-122; forest products, 122-131; agricultural activities, 131-148; undeveloped
possibilities, I48-I 50;the people
of, 150-162; discovered by
Magellan, 163-175; conquered
by  the Spaniards, 175-181;
revolt against Spanish rule, 8 I189; coming of the Americans,
189-200; present government,
194; land problems settled, 195 -197; school system organized,
198-200
Pineapple industry, beginning of,
91; on Lanai, 92; plantations,
93; packing, 93-95; "pineapple wilt," o00, 101
Plants, food-producing, 4
Poha (p6'haw), 19
Poi (p6'e ), the plant, 18; as formerly made, 19, 20
Polynesia (p61' I ne'sh), map of, 2;
last peopled, 9; name defined, 9;
described, I 


Portuguese immigratior to Hawaii,
104
Prince Henry the Navigator, 165
Pygmies, distinct races of, 150;
food of, 151, 152; houses, 153;
hunting customs, 153-155
Rainfall, in Hawaii, 77, 78; in the
Philippines, 119
Rattan, production of, 129-131
Reciprocity Treaty with Hawaii,
67, 68, 0o3
Recoletos (ra c6 la tos), 195
Religious orders, see Friars
Republic of Hawaii, 64, 72
Rice culture, in Hawaii, 85; in
Philippines, 133; methods of
harvesting, 133-135; varieties
of, 135; terraces for, 135, I36
Rizal, Dr. Jose (re zal', h6 sa), a
mestizo, 159; early life and
work, 186; execution, 187
Rubber production in Hawaii, 85;
in the Philippines, 126-129
Samar (sa' mar), I 16
Samoa (sa m6'a), American, 12 -I5; breadfruit, 21; stupefying
fish, 32; tapa-making in, 38, 69
Sandalwood, in ancient commerce,
54, 55; use of, 55; how obtained,
55; habits of growth, 55, 56;
traffic led to extravagance, 56;
period of, 63
School system, in the Philippines,
198-200
Scientists, of Hawaii, insect pests,
95-IOo; treat pineapple wilt,
IOO, IOI; study volcanoes, 106;
investigating race origins, 108;
international conferences, 109,
1IO
Serrao (sar ra' 6), Captain, 167
Seward, William H., 68
Siapo (se ap' 6), 38
Silk culture, in Hawaii, 85
Silver Sword, 79
Sisal (sf' sl), 146
Society Islands, 47, 57
Spain, war with the United States,
190; treaty of peace, 191, 192
Spice Islands, see Molucca Islands
Spices, trade in during Middle
Ages, I63




INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS


207


Sports, of Hawaiians, 25-29
Sugar industry, in Hawaii, beginnings, 86; Reciprocity treaty
with U. S., 87; preparing soil,
88, 89; cutting and loading, 89 -91; grinding mills, 9I; battle
with insect pests, 95-Ioo; in the
Philippines, 148
Sun Yat Sen (soon yat sen), Dr.,
107
Surf riding, 27, 28, 32
Taal (ta al'), I 17
Tabu (tt'boo), abolished, 58; described, 6I
Tachinid (tak'T nid) fly, brought
to Hawaii, 96-oo00
Taft, William Howard, Governor
of Philippines, I94; settles land
troubles, I95-I98
Tagalog (tta ga'log), 157
Tapa (ta'pa) cloth, 23; from paper
mulberry, 33; how made, 34 -36; as bed coverings, 37; for
burial shrouds, 37, 38; age has
passed, 38; not limited to
Polynesia, 39
Taro (ta r6), 4; the plant, 18, 25,
79
Thaddeus, voyage of, 58, 62
Thomas, Rear-Admiral, 66, 67
Ti (te) plant, 25
Tidore (te dor'), 175


Tobacco production in Hawaii, 85
Tonga (ton' ga), 47, 69
Trade routes, with Indies, 164
Treaty, with Spain, I9i, 192
Tutuila (too' too e'la), 12, 15
Typhoon (tI foon), 120-122
University of Hawaii, io6, 107
Urdaneta (5or'da ne' ta), Friar,
accompanies Legaspi, 176; sta
tue of, 183, 184
Uru (oor'oo), 26
Vancouver, describes feather robes
40; treatment of natives, 54, 59
Vasco da Gama, I65, I66
Venice, monopoly of spice trade,
163
Villalobos (ve lya l1'b6s), 176
Visayan (ve sa'yan), 157, I60, I6I
Waikiki (wai'ke ke), 27, 28, 32
Wake (wak) Island, II, 15
Waimea (wai ma'a) Bay, 48, 49
Water buffalo, 123, 124
Washington, Booker, I07
Weather Bureau, Manila, 121, 122
Webster, Daniel, declaration concerning Hawaii, 67
Whalers, 63
Wild tribes, of Philippines, 155,
I56


Yap (yap), Io












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