ENGLISH SYNONYMES, WITH C"OPIOUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, DRAWN FROM THE BEST WRITERS. BY GEORGE CRABB, M.A., IAUTHOR OF THE "UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY," AND THE'UNIVERSAL HISTORICAL DICTIONARY." FROM THE LAST QUARTO EDITION. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 329 & 331 PEARL STREET, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1853. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. IT may seem surprising that the English, who have employed their talents successfully in every branch of literature, and in none more than in that of philology, should yet have fallen below other nations in the study of their synonymes: it cannot however be denied that, while the French and Germans have had several considerable works on the subject, we have not a single writer who has treated it in a scientifick manner adequate to its importance: not that I wish by this remark to depreciate the labours of those who have preceded me; but simply to assign it as a reason why I have now been induced to some forward with an attempt to fill up what is considered a chasm in English literature. In the prosecution of my undertaking, I have profited by every thing which has been written in any language upon the subject; and although I always pursued my own train of thought, yet whenever I met with any thing deserving of notice, I adopted it, and referred it to the author in a note. I had not pro. ceeded far before I found it necessary to restrict myself in the choice of my materials; and accordingly laid it down as a rule not to compare any words together which were sufficiently distinguished from each other by striking features in their signification, such as abandon and quit, which require a comparison with others, though not necessarily with themselves; for the same reason I thought fit to limit myself, as a rule, to one authority for each word, unless where the case seemed to require farther exemplification. Although a work of this description does not afford much scope for system and arrangement, yet I laid down to myself the plan of arranging the words according to the extent or universality of their acceptation, placing those first which had the most general sense and application, and the rest in order. By this plan I found myself greatly aided in analyzing their differences, and I trust that the reader will thereby be equally benefited. In the choice of authorities I have been guided by various considerations; namely, the appropriateness of the examples; the classick purity of the author; the justness of the sentiment; and, last of all, the variety of the writers: but I am persuaded that the reader will not be dissatisfied to find that I have shown a decided preference to such authors as Addison, Johnson. Dryden, Pope, Milton, &c. At the same time it is but just to observe that this selection of authorities has been made by an actual perusal of the authors, without the assistance of Johnson's dictionary. For the sentiments scattered through this work I offer no apology, although I am aware that they will not fall in with the views of many who may be com vI PREFACE. petent to decide on its literary merits. I write not to please or displease any description of persons; but I trust that what I have written according to the dictates of my mind will meet the approbation of those whose good opinion I am most solicitous to obtain. Should any object to the introduction of morality in a work of science, I beg them to consider, that a writer, whose business it was to mark the nice shades of distinction between words closely allied, could not do justice to his subject without entering into all the relations of society, and showing, from the acknowledged sense of many moral and religious terms, what has been the general sense of mankind on many of the most important questions which have agitated the world. My first object certainly has been to assist the philological inquirer in ascertaining the force and comprehension of the English language; yet I should have thought my work but half completed had I made it a mere register of verbal distinctions. While others seize every opportunity unblushingly to avow and zealously to propagate opinions destructive of good order, it would ill become any individual of contrary sentiments to shrink from stating his convictions, when called upon as he seems to be by an occasion like that which has now offered itself. As to the rest, I throw myself on the indulgence of the publick, with the assurance that, having used every endeavour to deserve their approbation, I shall. not make an appeal v( their candour in vain. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE LONDON QUARTO EDITION. A FOURTH edition of the ENGLISH SYNONYMES having now become desirable, the Author has for some time past occcupied himself in making such additions and improvements, as he deems calculated materially to enhance its value as a work of criticism. The alphabetical arrangement of the words is exchanged for one of a more scientifick character, arising from their alliance in sense or from the general nature of the subjects: thus affording the advantage of a more connected explanation of terms, more or less allied to each other. At the same time the purpose of reference is more fully answered by an index so copious that the reader may immediately turn to the particular article sought for. The subject matter of several articles has been considerably enlarged, and such amplifications admitted as may serve to place the SYNONYiMUES in a clearer point of view, particularly by comparing them with the corresponding words in the original languages whence they are derived. The English quotations have likewise undergone several alterations both in their number and order, so as t, adapt them to the other changes which have been introduced throughout the work. Page TO ABANDON-to abandon, desert, forsake, re- TO ABSTRACT-to abstract, separate, distinlinquish..................2........... 43 guish.......................0....... TO ABANDON-to abandon, resign, renounce, ABSTRACTED-absent, abstracted, diverted, abdicate... 243 distracted.............................. 484 TO ABANDON-to give up, abandon, resign, ABSURD-irrational, foolish, absurd, preposteforego..2.............................. 42 rous............ 91 ABANDONED-profligate, abandoned, reprobate 249 ABUNDANT-plentiful, plenteous, abundant, coTO ABASE —to abase, humble, degrade, disgrace, pious, ample. 311 debase............................... 106 TO ABUSE-to abuse, misuse................. 399 TO ABASH —to abash, confound, confuse....... 107 ABUSE-abuse, invective...................... 109 TO ABATE-to aba'e, lessen, diminish, decrease 351 ABUSIVE —reproachful, abusive, scurrilous..... i09 TO ABATE-to subside, abate, intermit......... 271 ABYSS —gulf, abyss............................403 TO ABDICATE-to abandon, resign, renounce, ACADEMY-school, academy................. 197 abdicate................................... 243 TO ACCEDE-to accede, consent, comply, acquiTO ABDICATE-to abdicate, desert............ 253 esce, agree. 151 ABETTOR-abettor, accessary, accomplice..... 365 TO ACCELERATE-to hasten, accelerate, speed, TO ABHOR-to abhor, detest, abominate, loathe 138 expedite, despatch.......................... 61 TO ABIDE —to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, in- ACCENT-stress, strain, emphasis, accent. 221 habit................................ 63 TO ACCEPT —to take, receive, accept.......... 233 ABILITY-ability, capacity.................. 67 ACCEPTABLE-acceptable, grateful, welcome.. 23, ABILLTY-faculty, ability, talent.............. 68 ACCEPTANCE ABILITY-dexterity, address, ability........... 68 ACCEPTATION acceptance, acceptation. 234 ABJECT —low, mean, abject.................. 147 ACCESS —admittance, access, approach......... 23 TO ABJURE-to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, ACCESSION —increase, addition, accession, augrecall........................ 247 mentation. 34' TO ABOLISH-to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- ACCESSARY-abettor, accessary, accomplice... 365 voke, annul, cancel.... 247 ACCIDENT —accident, chance................ 171 ABOMINABLE —ibominable, detestable, execra- ACCIDENT-accident, contingency, casualty.. 179 ble........................................ 138 ACCIDENT-event, incident, accident, adverTO ABOMINATE —to abhor, detest, abominate, ture, occurrence... 172 loathe..................................... 138 ACCIDENTAL-accidental, incidental, casual, ABORTION-failure, miscarriage, abortion.... 125 contingent................................. 172 ABOVE —above, over, upon, beyond............ 279 ACCLAMATION-applause, acclamation, plauTO ABRIDGE-to abridge, curtail, contract..... 178 dit....................................... 130 TO ABRIDGE-to deprive, debar, abridge....... 506 TO ACCOMMODATE-to fit, suit, adapt, accomTO ABROGATE-to abolish, abrogate, repeal, modatc, adjust............................. 154 revoke, annul, cancel....................... 247 ACCOMPANIMENT-accompaniment, coanpaABRUPT —abrupt, rugged, rough............... 201 nion, concomitant........................ 493 TO ABSCOND-to abscond, steal away, secrete TO ACCOMPANY-to accompany, attend, esone's self........................... 520 cort, wait on.................493 ABSENT-absent, abstracted, diverted, distracted 484 ACCOMPLICE-abettor, accessary, accomplice.. 365 TO ABSOLVE-to absolve, acquit, clear....... 182 ACCOMPLICE-ally, confederate, accomplice.. 491 TO ABSOLVE-to forgive, pardon, absolve, re- TO ACCOMPLISH-to accomplisih, effect, exemit...................................... 87 cute, achieve......................... 288 ABSOLUTE —absolute, despotick, arbitrary. 188 TO ACCOMPLISH-to fulfil, accomplish, realize 289 ABSOLUTE-positive, absolute, peremnptory.... 188 ACCOMPLISHED-accomplished, perfect......2. 8 TO ABSORB-to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, en- ACCOMPLISHMENT —qualification,' acconmgross. 509 plishmnent.....89 TO ABSTAIN-to abstain, forbear, refrain...... 244 TO ACCORD-to agree, accord, suit........... 152 ABSTEMIOUS —abstinent, sober, abstemious, ACCORDANCE-melody, harmony, accordance 155 temperate......................... 244 ACCORDANT-consonant, accordant, consistent 153 ABSTINENCE-abstinence, fast............... 87 ACCORDINGLY-therefore, consequently, acABSTINENT-abstinent, sober, abstemious, cordingly.................................. 274 temperate.............................. 244 TO A CCOST —to accost, salute, address....... ~463 ,riii INDEX. Page Pag ACCOUNT-accornnt, reckoning, bill.......... 433 ADDRESS-direction, address, superscription.... 213 ACCOUNT-account, narrative, description..... 467 ADDRESS-dexterity, address, ability........... 68 ACCOUNT-sake, account, reason, purpose, end 535 TO ADDUCE-to adduce, allege, assign, advance 420 TO ACCOUNT-to calculate, compute, reckon, ADEQUATE-proportionate, commensurate, ade count or account, number.................. 432 quate................................... 434 ACCOUNTABLE-answerable, responsible, ac- TO ADHERE-to adhere, attach.. 420 countable, amenable....................... 183 TO ADHERE-to stick, cleave, adhere......... 419 TO ACCUMULATE-to heap, pile, accumulate, ADHERENCE —adhesion, adherence........ 420 amass............................. 340 ADHERENT-follower, adherent, partisan...... 419 ACCURATE-accurate, exact, precise.......... 203 ADHESION-adhesion, adherence.............. 412( ACCURATE-correct, accurate................ 202 ADJACENT-adjacent, adjoining, contiguous... 420 ACCUSATION-complaint, accusation......... 112 ADJECTIVE-epithet, adjective............... 420 TO ACCUSE-to accuse, charge, impeach, ar- ADJOINING-adjacent, adjoining, contiguous... 420 raign...................................... 111 TO ADJOURN-to prorogue, adjourn........... 26C TO ACCUSE-to accuse, censure............... 111 TO ADJUST —to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate, ACHIEVE-to accomplish, effect,execute, achieve 288 adjust................................... 154 ACHIEVEMENT-deed, exploit, achievement, TO ADMINISTER-to minister, administer, confeat....................................... 295 tribute 167 TO ACKNOWLEDGE'-to acknowledge, own, ADMINISTRATION-government, administraconfess, avow....................... 442 tion....................................... 207 TO ACKNOWLEDGE-to recognise, acknow- ADMIRATION-wonder, admiration, surprise, ledge...............-..................442 astonishment, amazement.403 TO ACQUAINT-to inform, make known, ac- ADMISSION —admittance, admission.......... 235 quaint, apprize......... 194 TO ADMIT —to admit, receive................. 235 ACQUAINTANCE —acquaintance, familiarity, TO ADMIT-to admit, allow, permit, suffer, toleintimacy..................... 195 rate....................................... 157 TO ACQUIESCE-to accede, consent, comply, TO ADMIT-to admit, allow, grant............ 157 acquiesce, agree............................ 151 ADMITTANCE-admittance, access, approach.. 235 TO ACQUIRE-to acquire, obtain, gain, win, ADMITTANCE-admittance, admission........ 235 earn.................................... 396 TO ADMONISH —to admonish, advise.......... 193 TO ACQUIRE-to acquire, attain.............. 396 ADMONITION —admonition, warning, caution. 493'> ACQUIREMENT t acquirement, acquisition.... 396 TO ADORE-to adore, worship................ 1 ACQUISITION TO ADORE-to adore, reverence, venerate, reTO ACQUIT-to absolve, acquit, clear......... 182 vere...................................... 31 ACRIMONY-acrimony, tartness, asperity, harsh- TO ADORN-to adorn, decorate, embellish...... 509 ness....................................... 383 ADROIT-clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 TO ACT-to make, do, act.................. 294 TO ADULATE -to adulate, flatter, compliment.. 526 ACT actionact,deed......294 TO ADVANCE —to advance, proceed........ 301 ACTION TO ADVANCE-to encourage, advance, promote, ACTION -action, gesture, gesticulation, posture, prefer, forward.312 attitude................................... 295 TO ADVANCE-to adduce, allege, assign, adACTION-action, agency, operation............ 296 vance...........................42C ACTIVE-active, diligent, industrious, assiduous, ADVANCE progress, progression, adlaborious........................... 296 ADVANCEMENT S vance, advancement..... 204 ACTIVE-active, brisk, agile, nimble........... 297 ADVANTAGE-good, benefit, advantage....... 397 ACTIVE-active, busy, officious.............. 297 ADVANTAGE-advantage, profit.............. 398 ACTOR-actor, agent......2.................. 298 ADVANTAGE-advantage, benefit, utility, serACTOR-actor, player, performer.............. 298 vice, avail, use................... 3 ACTUAL-actual, re', positive............... e298 ADVENTURE-event, incident, accident, advenTO ACTUATE-to a:tuate, impel, induce. 309 ture, occurrence............................ 172 ACUTE-acute, keen, shrewd................. 401 ADVENTUROUS-enterprising, adventurous... 173 ACUTE-sharp, acute, keen.................... 402 ADVENTUROUS-foolhardy, adventurous, rash 321 ACUTENESS-penetration, acuteness, sagacity.. 401 ADVERSARY-enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, ADAGE-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, antagonist...........................13 saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw....... 210 ADVERSE-adverse, contrary, opposite......135 TO ADAPT-to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate, ad- ADVERSE-adverse, inimical, hostile, repugnant 131 just.............................. 154 ADVERSE-adverse, averse................... 136 TO ADD-to add, join, unite, coalesce......... 418 ADVERSITY-adversity, distress.............. 401 TO ADDICT —to addict, devote, apply.......... 421 TO ADVERTISE-to announce, proclaim, pubADDITION-increase, addition, accession, aug- lish, advertise............................... 443 mentation........................ 347 ADVICE-advice, counsel, instruction...... 194 TO ADDRESS-to accost, salute, address....... 461 ADVICE-information, intelligence, notice, adTO ADDRESS-to address, apply............... 422 vice.......................................195 ADDRESS-address, speech, harangue, oration.. 461 TO ADVISE-to admonish, advise...193 INDEX. ix Page Page ADVOCATE-defender, advocate, pleader...... 180 AIR-appearance, air, aspect................ 478 AFFABLE-affable, courteous................. 200 ALACRITY-alertness, alacrity................ 297 AFFAIR-affair, business, concern............. 332 ALARM-alarm, terrour, fright, consternaton.... 305 TO AFFECT-to affect, concern............... 332 ALERTNESS-alertness, alacrity...... 297 TO AFFECT-to affect, assume............... 230 ALIEN TO AFFECTI'-to affect, pretend to........ 229 TO ALIENATE tranger foreigner, alien..... AFFECTING-moving, affecting, pathetick..... 301 ALIKE-equal, even, equable, like or alike, uniAFFECTION-affection, love.................. 378 form...................................... 435 AFFE( TION-attachment, affection, inclination 379 ALL-all, whole......................... 252 AFFECTIONATE-affectionate, kind, fond..... 379 ALL-all, every, each................... 252 AFFINITY-alliance, affinity.................. 492 TO ALLAY-to allay, sooth, appease, assuage, AFFINITY-kindred, relationship, affinity, con- mitigate.361 sanguinity.................. 497 TO ALLEGE-to adduce; allege, assign, advance 420 TO AFFIRM-to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, ALLEGORY-figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, aver, protest.................. 441 symbol, type................................ 531 TO AFFIRM-to affirm, assert............... 4. 441 ALLEGORY-parable, allegory... 532 TO AFFIX-to affix, subjoin, attach, annex..... 419 TO ALLEVIATE-to alleviate, relieve........ 361 TO AFFLICT-to afflict, distress, trouble....... 408 ALLIANCE-alliance, league, confederacy...... 492 AFFLICTION-affliction, grief, sorrow......... 408'ALLIANCE-alliance, affinity.................. 492 AFFLUENCE-riches, wealth, opulence, affiu- TO ALLOT-to allot, assign, apportion, distribute 168 ence............................ 340 TO ALLOT-to allot, appoint, destine........ 169 TO AFFORD-to afford, yield, produce......... 330 TO ALLOW-to give, grant, bestow, allow... 162 TO AFFORD-to give, afford, spare............ 163 TO ALLOW-to admit, allow, permit, suffer, toleAFFRAY-quarrel, bIroil, feud, affray or fray.... 133 rate............................... 157 AFFRONT-affront, insult, outrage............. 121'TO ALLOW-to admit, allow, grant........ 157 AFFRONT-offcence, trespass, transgression, mis- TO ALLOW-to consent, permit, allow.. 156 demeanour, misdeed, affront................ 120 ALLOWANCE-allowance, stipend, salary, AFRAID-afraid, fearful, timorous, timid....... 307 wages, hire, pay............................ 164 AFTER-after, behind......................... 279 TO ALLUDE-to allude, refer, hint, suggest..... 326 AGE-generation, age.......................... 270 TO ALLUDE TO-to glance at, alludeto....... 327 AGE-time, period, age, date, era, epocha....... 267 TO ALLURE-to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, AGED-elderly, aged, old...................... 269 decoy..................................... 319 AGENCY-action, agency, operation......... 296 TO ALLURE-to attract, allure, invite, engage.. 318 AGENT-actor, agent 298 ALLUREMENTS-attractions, allurements, AGENT-minister, agent...................... 215 charms 318 AGENT-factor, agent......................... 338 ALLY-ally, confederate, accomplice.......... 491 TO AGGRAVATE-to aggravate, irritate, pro- ALMANACKI-calendar, almanack, ephemeris.. 434 yoke, exasperate, tantalize................. 121 ALONE-alone, solitary, lonely.......... 2....5. 252 TO AGGRAVATE-to heighten, raise, aggravate 355 ALSO-also, likewise, too......... 253 AGGRESSOR-aggressor, assailant............ 116 TO ALTER-to change, alter, vary. 283 AGILE-active, brisk, agile, nimble............. 297 ALTERCATION-difference, dispute, altercation, TO AGITATE-to shake, agitate, toss.......... 304 quarrel.............................. 133 AGITATION-agitation, emotion, trepidation, ALTERNATE-successive, alternate........... 72 tremour............................ 308 ALWAYS-always, at all times, ever........... 258 AGONY-distress, anxiety, anguish, agony...... 407 AMASS-to heap, pile, accumulate, amass...... 340 AGONY-pain, pang, agony, anguish........... 407 AMAZEMENT-wonder, admiration, surprise, TO AGREE-to agree, accord, suit.............. 152 astonishment, amazement............... 403 TO AGREE-to accede, consent, comply, acqui- AMBASSADOR-ambassador, envoy, plenipotenesce, agree................................. 151 tiary, deputy. 214 TO AGREE-to agree, coincide, concur......... 151 AMBIGUOUS-ambiguous, equivocal........... 527 AGREEABLE-agreeable, pleasant, pleasing.... 152 AMENABLE-answerable, responsible, accountAGREEABLE-conformable, agreeable, suitable 153 able, amenable..................... 183 AGREEMENT-agreement, contract, covenant, TO AMEND-to amend, correct, reform, rectify, compact, bargain................... 152 emend, improve, mend, better............. 201 AGRICULTURIST-farmer, husbandman, agri- AMENDS-restoration, restitution, reparation, culturist............................... 336 amends............ 439 TO AID-to help, assist, aid, succour, relieve.... 364 AMENDS-compensation, satisfaction, amends, AIM-aim, object, end......................... 324 remuneration, recompense, requital, reward.. 438 AIM-tendency, drift, scope, aim................ 325 AMIABLE-amiable, lovely, beloved............ 37 TO AIM-to aim, point, level. 324 AMICABLE-amicable, friendly............... 378 TO AIM-to aim, aspire....................... 325 AMOROUS-amorous, loving, fond............. 378 TO AIM-to endeavour, aim, strive, struggle.... 321 AMPLE -atple, spacious, capacious........... 350 AIR-air, manner............................ 193 AMPLE-plentiful, plenteous, abundant, copious, AIR-air, mien look.193 ample................................... 341 x INDEX. Page' Page TO AMUSE-to amuse, divert, entertain........ 390 APERTURE —opening, aperture, cavity......... 402 TO AMUSE-to amuse, beguile............... 391 APHORISM —axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophAMUSEMENT-amusemnent, entertainment, di- thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210: version, sport, recreation, pastime........... 391 TO APOLOGIZE-to apologize, defend, justify, ANATHEMA-malediction, curse, imprecation, exculpate, excuse, plead................... 181 execration, anathema.............. 8APOPHTHEGMI —axiom, maxim, aphorism, ANCESTORS-forefathers, progenitors, ancestors 269 apophthegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, ANCIENT-old, ancient, antique, antiquated, saw 211 old-fashioned, obsolete.................... 268 TO APPAL-to dismay, daunt, appal........... 306 ANCIENT formerly, in times past, old APPAREL-apparel, attire, array............... 77 ANCIENTY TIMES times or days of yore, an- APPARENT-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obciently or in ancient times 260 vious, evident, manifest..................... 478 ANECDOTE-anecdote, story, tale............. 467 APPARITION-vision, apparition, phantom, ANECDOTES-anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, s spectre, ghost. 479 annals.................................... 466 TO APPEAR-to look, appear 481 ANGER-anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indigna- TO APPEAR-to seem, appear............. 483 tion.................................. 118 APPEARANCE-appearance, air, aspect. 478 ANGER-anger, choler, rage, fury.............. 119 APPEARANCE-show, outside, appearance, ANGER-displeasure, anger, disapprobation..... emblance11 43 ANGLE-corner, angle.................... 499 TO APPEASE-to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, ANGRY-angry, passionate, hasty, irascible..... 119 still. 361 ANTGUISH —distress, anxiety, anguish, agony.., 407 TO APPEASE-to allay, sooth, appease, assuage, ANGUISH-pain, pang, agony, anguish.........407 ti ANGUISH-pain, pang, agolly, anguish......... 407 mitigate................................... 361 ANI~MADVERSION-anilm adversion, criticism, APPELLATION-name, appellation, title, denominatio,. 471 stricture mnto...............;..112...... sTO ANIMtuADVE1T-2to censure, animnadv e~r TO APPLAUD-to praise, cbmmend, applaud, TO ANIMADVERT-to censure, animadvert, extol....................................... 130 criticise I.II 0 1111 ANIIAj-animal, brute, beast..................511 APPLAUSE —applause, acclamation, plaudit.... 130 TO ANIMATE-to animate, inspire, entiven, APPLICATION-attention, application, study... 423 TO ANIMATE-to animate, inspire, enlivens APPLY-to addict, devote, apply. 421 cheer, exhilarate.......................... 35 TO APPLY-to addictresse,devote, apply........... 4221 TO ANIMATE-to encourage, animate, incite, TO APPOINT-to allot, apply.................. 4 impel, urge, stimulate, instigate............. 311 impel, urge, stimulate, instigate311 TO APPOINT-to appoint, order, prescribe, ordain 184 ANIMATION-animation, life, vivacity, spirit.. 356 TO APPOINT-to constitute, appoint depute... 24 ANIMOSITY-enmity, animosity, hostility...... 135 TO APPORTION-to allot, assign, apportion, disANNALS-anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, annals 466 tribute.166 TO ANNEX-to affix, subjoin, attach, annex.... 419 TO APPRAISE to appraise or appreciate, ANNOTATION-remark, observation, comment, TO APPRECIATE note, annotation, commentay.............. 451 TO APPREHEND-to apprehend, fear, dread.., 307,TO ANNOUNCE-to announce, proclaim, pub- TO APPREHEND-to conceive, apprehend, suplish, advertise.............................. 44375 TO ANNOY-to inconvenience, annoy, molest.. 417 TO APPRIZE-to inform, make known, acquaint,.TO ANNUL-to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- apprize..........................194 voke, annul, cancel............ 247 APPRIZED-aware, on one's guard, apprized,:ANSWER-answer, reply, rejoinder, response... 460 conscious.426.ANSWERABLE-answerable, responsible, ac- APPROACH-admittance, access, approach..... 235 countable, amenable....................... 183 TO APPROACH-to approach, approximate..... 235 ANSWERABLE correspondent, answerable, APPROBATION-assent, consent, approbation, suitable............... 155 concurrence............................ 156 ANTAGONIST-enemy, foe, adversary, oppo- APPROPRIATE-peculiar, appropriate, partinent, antagonist.......... 134 cular............................. 231 ANTECEDENT Oantecedent, preceding forego- TO APPROPRIATE-to appropriate, usurp, arroANTERIOR ing, previous, anterior, prior, gate, assume, ascribe................3....... 30 former.................... 272 TO APPROPRIATE —to appropriate, impropriate 231 ANTICIPATE-to prevent, anticipate.......... 259 TO APPROXIMIATE —to approach, approximate 235 -ANTIPATHY-aversion, antipathy, dislike, ha- APT-ready, apt, prompt. 297 tred, repugnance...........136 APT-fit, apt, meet 1.5 ANTIQUATED old, ancient, antiquated, an- ARBITER-judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator.... 211 ANTIQUE tique, old-fashioned, obsolete 268 ARBITRARY-absolute, despotick, arbitrary.... 18 ANXIETY-care, solicitude, anxiety......... 425 ARBITRATOR-judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator 211 ANXIETY-distress, anxiety, anguish, agony.... 407 ARCHITECT-architect, builder............... 499 ANY-'some, any....................... 250 ARCHIVE —record, register, archive........... 469 APARTMENTS-lodgings, apartments.......... 499 ARDENT-hot, fiery, burning, ardent..... 475 APATHY-indifference, insensibility, apathy.... 375 ARDOUR-fervour, ardour 475 TO APE-to imitate, mimick, mock, ape. 529 ARDUOUS-hard, difficult, arduous........ 364 INDEX. x Page Page rO ARGUE-lo argue, dispute, debate.......... 114 TO ASSERT-to assert, maintain, vindicate.... 44] TO ARGUE —to argue, evince, prove.......... 77 TO ASSERT-to affirm, assert................. 44 ARGUMENT1-argument, reason, proof......... 77 ASSESSMENT-tax, rate, assessment.......... 168 TO ARISE-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, TO ASSEVERATE-to affirm, asseverate, assure, scale........................ 302 vouch, aver, protest.............. 441 TO ARISE-to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, ASSIDUOUS-active, diligent, industrious, assiemanate................................. 291 duous, laborious. 296 ARtMS-arms, weapons......................... 141 ASSIDUOUS-sedulous, diligent, assiduous...... 297 ARMY-army, host......................... 141 TO ASSIGN-to adduce, allege, assign, advance 420 TO ARRAIGN-to accuse,charge,impeach;,arraign 111 TO A.SIGN-to allot, assign, apportion; distribute 168 rO ARRANGE-to class, arrange, range......... 277 TO ASSIST-to help, assist, aid, succoIll, relieve 364 ~0. ARRANGE-to dispose, arrange, digest..... 277 ASSISTANT-colleague, partner, coadjutor, asARRAY-apparel, attire, array.............. 277 sistant..................................... 491 TOARRIVE-to come, arrive........... 301 ASSOCIATE-associate, companion............ 488 ARROGANCE-arrogance, presumption....2... 1 ASSOCIATION-association, society, company, ARROGANCE-haughtiness, disdain, arrogance 101 partnership................................. 488 TO ARROGATE-to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, ASSOCIATION-association, combination...... 488 assume, ascribe...................... 230 TO ASSUAGE-to allay, sooth, appease: asART-art, cunning, deceit................... 521 suage, mitigate...3................... 361 ART-business, trade, profession, art............331 TO ASSUME-to affect, assume.230 ARTFUL-artful, artificial, fictitious............1 TO ASSUME-to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, ARTICLE-article, condition, termn............ 335 assume, ascribe..................230 TO ARTICULATE-to utter, speak, articulate, ASSUANCE-assuace, confidece......... 15 pronounce............................... ASSURANCE-assurance, impudence. 415 ARTIFICE-artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem.... 521TO ASSURE —to affirm, asseverate, assure, ARTIFICIAL-artful, artificial, fictitious.......521 vouc, aver, protest5................. 441. A4~~~RTJSFICER ]ASTONISHMENT-wonder, admiration, suir4RTIFICER) ARTI[SAN artist, artisan, artificer, snechanick 336 prise, astonislent, amazement 403 ARTIST ASTROLOGY ato y a $ARTISST...RONL....OMYGU. I astronlomy, astrology............338 ASCENDANCY-influence, authority, ascend- ASTRONOMY ancy, sway..................186.......... ASYLUM-asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat..... 518 ancy, sway 18.................................6 51 TO ASCEND-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, AT ALA TIMES-always, at all times, ever..... 258 climb, scale.......302 AT LENGTH lastly, at last, at length........ 270 rP ASCRIBE-to appropriate, usurp, arrogate,NE FOR-to atone for, expLENGTH assume, ascribe............................ 230 TO ATONE FOR —to atone for, expiate......... 87 TO ASCRIBE-to ascribe, attribute, impute..... 230 ATROCIOUS-heinous, flagrant, flagitious, atroTO ASCRIBE-to ascribe, attribute, impute 231 cious...................................... 249 TO ASK —to ask, beg, request...1.......57........ 249 b, ~ ~ ~ ~ 15 TO ATTACII-to affix, subjoin, attach, annex... 419 TO ASKI-to ask or ask for, claim, demand...... 228 TO ATTACH-to adhere, attach... 420 TO ASK-to ask, inquire, question, interrogate..97 ATTACIIMENT-attachnent, affection, incliaASPECT-appearance, air, aspect.........8... n 379 tion...................................... ASPERITY-acrimony, tartness, asperity, harsh- T neS "....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~.......... 383 TO ATTACK —-to attack, assail, assault, en-.F~~~~~~~~~~~ ~countexr...116 TO ASPERSE-to asperse, detract, defame, slan- ATTACK-attac assault, encounter, onet der, calum niate.......................105..105 charge.16 TO ASPIRE-to aim, aspire................ 325 TO ATTACK-to impugn, attack................ 116 TO ASSAIL-to attack, assail, assault, encounter 116 TO ATTAIN-to acquire, attain..396 ASSAILANT-aggressor, assailantI.116 ATTEMPT-attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, TO ASSASSINATE-to kill, murder, assassinate, effort...32 slay or slaughter............... 510' ATTEMPT-attempt, undertaking, enterprise.... 320 TO) ASSAULT-to attack, assail, assault, en- TO ATTEND-to accompany, attend, escort, counter.................................... 116; wait 011 - ------------------ -493 counter.116 wait on.................... 493 ASSAULT-attack, assault, encounter, onset, TO ATTEND TO-to attend to, mind, regard, charge. 116 heed, notice.42 chalge...........,,,,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 116 heed, notice................................ 422 ASSEMBLAGE-assembly, assemblage, group, TO ATTEND-to atted, hearken,liste....... 422 collection.................................. 490 ATTENTION-attention, application, study.... 423 TO ASSEMBLE-to assemble, muster, collect.... 489 ATTENTION-heed, care, attention........426 TO ASSEMBLE-to assemble, convene, convoke 490 ATTENTIVE-attentive, careful.............. 424 ASSEMBLY-assembly, assemblage, group, col-E-aparel, attire, ar277 ATTIRE-apparel, attire, array................. 277 ection..................................... 490 ATTITUDE-action, gesture, gesticulation, posASSEMBLY-assembly, company, meeting, con- ture, attitude, position.......295 gregation, parliament, diet, congress, conven- TO ATTRACT-to attract, allure, invite, engage 318 tion, synod, convocation, council........... 490 ATTRACTIONS-attractions, allurements, ASSENT-assent, consent, approbation, concur- charms 318 rence..............1............. ]56 TO ATTRIBUTF-tto ascribe, attribute, impute.. 231 xii INDEX. Page ATTRIBUTE-quality, property, attribute...... 232 TO BALANCE-to poise, balance.............. 371a AVAIL-advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, BALL-globe, ball.500 use........................................ 398 BAND —band, company, crew, gang............. 492 AVAIL-signification, avail, importance, conse- BAND-chai.n, fetter, band, shackle......... 217 ouence, weight, moment.................... 456 BANE-bane, pest, ruin...................5.... 503 AVARICE-covetousness, cupidity, avarice.... 160 TO BANISH-to banish, exile, expel........... 205 AVARICIOUS-avaricious, miserly, parsimoni- BANKRUPTCY-insolvency, failure, bankruptcy 125 ous, niggardly........ 161 BANQUET-feast, banquet, carousal, entertainAUDACITY-audacity, effrontery, hardihood or ment, treat. 513 hardiness, boldness........................ 140 TO BANTER-to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, TO AVENGE-to avenge, revenge, vindicate.... 119 banter.................................. 103 TO AVER-to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, BARBAROUS-cruel, inhuman, barbarous, bruaver, protest............................... 441 tal, savage............................ 373 AVERSE-adverse, averse..................... 136 BARE-bare, naked, uncovered................. 249 AVERSE-averse, unwilling, backward, loath, BARE-bare, scanty, destitute.................. 250 reluctant... 136 BARE-bare, mere............................ 250 AVERSION-aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, BAREFACED-glaring, barefaced.476 repugnance...... 136 BARGAIN-agreement, contract, covenant, comAUGMENTATION-increase, addition, aces- pact, bargain...........................12 sion, augmentation............ 348 TO BARGAIN —to buy, purchase, bargain, TO AUGUR-to augur, presage, forebode,betoken, cheapen................................... 335 portend.... 94 TO BARTER-to change, exchange, barter, subAUGUST-magisterial, majestick, stately, pom- stitu'e.334 pous, august, dignified...................... 454 TO BARTER-to exchange, barter, truck, comAVIDITY-avidity, greediness, eagerness....... 162 mute................................... 335 -. VOCATION —business, occupation, employ- BASE-base, vile, mean........ 148 ment, engagement, avocation................ 331 BASiS-foundation, ground, basis............... 498 TO AVOID-to avoid, eschew, shun, elude...... 527 BASHFUL-modest, bashful, diffident........... 148 TO AVOW-to acknowledge, own, confess, avow 442 BATTLE-battle, combat, engagement.......... 141 AUSPICIOUS- favourable, propitious, auspicious 190 TO BE-to be, exist, subsist.................... 239 AUSTERE-austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern 382 TO BE-to be, become, grow................ 240 A UTIIOR-writer, author...................... 336 TO BE ACQUAINTED WITH-to know, be AUTHORITATIVE-commanding, imperative, acquainted with........................... 196 imperious, authoritative.................... 185 BEAM —gleam, glimmer, ray, beam............ 476 AUTHORITY-influence, authority, ascendancy, TO BEAR-to bear, yield................... 330 sway................................. 186 TO BEAR-to bear, carry, convey, transport. 330 AUTHORITY-power, strength, force, authority, TO BEAR-to suffer, bear, endure, support. 149 dominion................................. 186 TO BEAR DOWNT-to overbear, bear down, TO AUTHORIZE-to commission, authorize, em- overpower, overwhelm, subdue............. 144 power.................................... 186 BEAST-animal, brute, beast.................. 511 TO:AWAIT-to await, wait for, look for, expect 415 TO BEAT-to beat, strike, hit.................. 142 TO AWAKEN-to awaken, excite, provoke, TO BEAT-to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, over-. rouse stir up........................ 311 throw.........................143 4WARE-aware, on one's guard, apprized, con- BEATIFICATION-beatification, canonization.. 85 scious...-................................ 426 BEATITUDE-happiness, felicity, bliss, blessed4WE-awe, reverence, dread.................. 307 ness, beatitude. 394 AVWKWARD-awkward, clumsy.............. 315 BEAU-gallapt, beau, spark................... 381 AWKWARD-awkward, cross, untoward, BEAUTIFUL-beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 crooked, froward, perverse................. 315 TO BECOME-to be, become, grow............ 240 AWRY-bent, curved, croolked, awry........... 316 BECOMING-becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suit AXIOM-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, able...................246 saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw........ 210 BECOMING-becoming, comely, graceful........ 313 TO BE CONSCIOUS-to feel, be sensible, be conTO BABBLE —to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, scious.......................... 376 prate................................ 459 TO BE DEFICIENT-to fail, fall short, be defiBACK bcient..................................... 125 BACKWARD back, backward bhind........ TO BEDEW-to sprinkle, bedew............. 353 BACKWARD-averse, unwilling, backward, TO BEG-to beg, desire....................... 158 loath, reluctant................... 136 TO BEG-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, suppliBAD —bad, wicked, evil...................... 127 cate, implore, crave. 158 BADGE-mark, badge, stigma.................. 441 TO BEG-to ask, beg, request................... 57 BADLY-badly, ill............................ 127 TO BEGIN-to begin, commence, enter upon.... 292 TO BAFFLE-to baffle, defeat, disconcert, con- BEGINNING-origin, original, beginning. rise, found. 143 source.................................. INDEX. xiii Page PAP TO BEGUILE-to amuse, beguile............. 391 TO BID-to call, bid, summon, invite.......... 46F BEHAVIOUR-behaviour, conduct, carriage, de- TO BID-to offer, bid, tender, propose.........~ 167 portment, demeanour...................... 192 TO BID ADIEU to leave, take leave, bid BEHIIND-after, behind........................ 279 TO BID FAREWELL farewell or adieu.... 255 BEHIND-back, backward, behind.............. 2 7 BIG-great, large, big.349 TO BEHOLD-to look, see, behold, view, eye... 482 BILL-account, reckoning, bill........... 433 BEHOLDER-looker-on, spectator, beholder, oh- BILLOW-wave, billow, surge, breaker...... 353 server............................. 482 TO BIND-to bind, tie......................... 216 BELIEF-belief, credit, trust, faith.............. 78 TO BIND-to bind, oblige, engage.......... 216 TO BELIEVE-to think, suppose, imagine, be- BISHOPRICK-bishoprick, diocess.......... 85 lieve, deem............................. 75 TO BLAME-to blame, reprove, reproach, upBELOVED-amiable, lovely, beloved........... 378 braid, censure, condemn................... 11 BELOW-under, below, beneath............... 279 TO BLAME-to find fault with, blame, object to 112 TO BEMOAN-to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- BLAMELESS —blameless, irreproachable, unplore...................................... 410 blemished, unspotted or spotless. 129 BEND-bend, bent............................. 316 BLAST-breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, TO BEND-to lean, incline, bend............... 159 hurricane.............................. 353 TO BEND-to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, TO BLAZE-flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare.... 476 wrest, wrench......... 316 BLEMISH-blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw..... 127 BENEATH-under, below, beneath............ 279 BLEMISH-blemish, defect, fault................ 127 BENEFACTION-gift, present, donation, bene- TO BLEND-to mix, mingle, blend, confound... 284 faction.................................... 164 BLESSEDNESS-happiness, felicity, bliss, blessBENEFICE-living, benefice.................. 239 edness, beatitude.................. 394 BENEFICENCE-benevolence, beneficence..... 165 BLIND-cloak, mask, blind, veil............... 516 BENEFICENT-beneficent, bountiful or bounte- BIISS —happiness, felicity, bliss, blessedness, beaous, munificent, generous, liberal............ 165 titude............................394BENEFIT-benefit, favour, kindness, civility.... 166 BLOODY sanguinary, bloody, bloodBENEFIT-benefit, service, good office.......... 66BLOOD-THIRSTY thirsty.507 BENEFIT-advantage, benefit, utility, service, TO BLOT OUT-to blot out, expunge, rase or avail, use............................... 398 erase, efface, cancel, obliterate.............. 248 BENEFIT-good, benefit, advantage............ 397 BLOW —blow, stroke....................... 142 BENEVOLENCE-benevolence, beneficence.... 165 BLUNDER-errour, mistake, blunder....... 126 BENEVOLENCE-benevolence, benignity, hu- TO BOAST-to glory, boast, vaunt.. 526 minanity, kindness, tenderness................ 165 BOATMAN-waterman, boatman, ferryman.... 337 BENIGNITY-benevolence, benignity, humanity, BODILY-corporal, corporeal, bodily....... 510 kindness, tenderness........................ 165 BODY-body, corpse, carcass......... 510 BENT-bend, bent............................. 316 BOISTEROUS-violent, furious, boisterous, veiheBENT-bent, curved, crooked, awry............ 316 ment, impetuous......219 BENT-bent, bias, inclination, prepossession.... 159 BOLD-bold, fearless,- intrepid, undaunted...... 306BENT-turn, bent.......................... 316 BOLD-dari]ng, bold.................... 141 BENUMBED-numb, benumbed, torpid......... 372 BOLD-strenuous, bold -................... 141..... TO BEQUEATH-to devise, bequeath......... 164 BOLDNESS-audacity, effrontery, hardihood or TO BEREAVE-to bereave, deprive, strip..... 505 hardiness, boldness............... 1...~ ~it40 TO B1E RESPONSI BLE to guarantee, be sect- BOMBASTICK-turgid, tumid, bombastick..... 464 TO BE SECUIRITY a >rity, be responsible, BONDAGE-servitude, slavery, bondage. 328 warrant...... 183 BOOTY-booty, spoil, prey.................... 506 TO BE SENSIBLE-to feel, be sensible, con- BORDER-border, edge, rim or brim, brink, marscions.-................................. 376 gin, verge........................ 176 TO BESEECH-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, TO BORE-to penetrate, pierce, perforate, bore.. 402 supplicate, implore, crave................... 158 TO BOUND-to bound, limit, confine, circumBESIDES-besides, moreover................. 251 cribe, restrict........................... 176 BESIDES-besides, except.....................'251 BOUNDARY-bounds, boundary.......... 177 TO BESTOW-to give, grant, bestow, allow.... 162 BOUNDARY-term, limit, boundary.......... 177 TO BESTOW-to confer, bestow.............. 167 BOUNDLESS-boundless, unbounded, unlimited, BETIMES-soon, early, betimes................ 262 infinite............................ 177 TO BETOKEN-to augur, presage, forebode, be- BOUNDS-bounds, boundary................... 177 token, portend.......................... 94 BOUNTEOUS beneficent, bountiful or bountero BETTER-to amend, correct, reform, rec- BOUNT ous, munificent, generous, litify,' emnend, improve, mend, better..........01 ) beral........................ 165 TO BEWAIL-to bewail, bemoan, lament, de- BRACE-couple, brace, pair................; 434 plore..................................... 410 TO BRAVE-to brave, defy, dare, challenge.... 138 BEYOND- above, over upon, beyond.... 279 BRAVERY-bravery, courage, valour, gallantry,. "132 BIAS-bent, bias, inclination, prepossession...... 159 BREACH brea break chasm.. BIAS —bias, prepossession, prejudice............ 160 BREAK breach, break, gap, chasm........... xIv INDEX Page P p TO BREAK —to break, rack, rend, tear......... 501 CALENDAR-calendar, almanack, ephemeris... 434 TO'BREAK-to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, TO CALL-to call, bid, summon, invite.. 469 crush................................... 501 TO CALL-to cry, exclaim, call............... 470 TO BREAK-to break, burst, crack, split........ 502 TO CALL-to name, call...................... 47C BREAKER-wave, billow, surge, breaker....... 353 CALLOUS-hard, callous, hardened, obdurate.. 373 TiO BREED-to breed, engender............... 497 CALM-calm, composed, collected............ 362 BREED —race, generation, breedc............... 497 CALM-calm, placid, serene................... 362 BREEDING-education, instruction, breeding... 197 TO CALM —to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, BREEZE —breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tern- still................ 361 pest, hurricane....................... 353 CALM-peace, quiet, calm, tranquillity......... 361 BRIEF-short, brief, concise, succinct, summary 286 TO CALUMNIATE-to asperse, detract, defame, BRIGHT-clear, lucid, bright, vivid............. 476 slander, calumniate........................ 105 BRIGHTNESSI brightness, lustre, splendour, CAN-may, can...................324 BRILLIANCY I brilliancy.474 TO CANCEL-to abolish, abrogate, repeal. reBRILLIANCY-radiance, brilliancy............ 475 voke, annul, cancel...................2..... 47 BRIM-border, edge, rim or brimn, brink, margin, TO CANCEL-to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, verge...................176................. efface, cancel, obliterate.................... 248 TO BRING-to bring, fetch, carry.............. 330 CANDID-candid, open, sincere.430 BRINK-border, edge, rinm or brim, brink, margin, CANDID-frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, ~verge..................................... 176 plain.........~................... 431 BRISK-active, brisk, agile, nimble............. 297 CANONIZATION-beatification, canonization.. 85 BRITTLE-fragile, frail, brittle................ 502 CAPACIOUS-ample, spacious, capacious...... 350 BROAD-large, wide, broad.................... 349 CAPACIOUSNESS capacity, capaciousness... 174 BROIL-quarrel, broil, fe-d, affray ol fray...... 133 CAPACITY TO BRUISE —to break, bruise, squeeze, pounld, CAPACITY-ability, capacity.................. 67 crush.................................... 501 CAPRICE-humour, caprice 386 BRUTAL-cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, CAPRICIOUS-fanciful, fantastical, whimsical, savage.................................. 373 capricious................................. 385 BRUTE-animal, brute, beast................. 511 CAPTIOUS —captious, cross, peevish, petulant, TO BUD —to sprout, bud....................... 353 fretful........................... 315 BUFFOON-fool, idiot, buffoon................ 400 TO CAPTIVATE-to charm, enchant, fascinate, TO BUILD-to build, erect, construct........... 498 enrapture, captivate....................... 7 TO BUILD-to found, ground, rest, build........ 498 TO CAPTIVATE-to enslave, captivate....... 318 BULK-size, magnitude, greatness, bulk......... 348 CAPTIVITY-confinement, imprisonment, cajtiBULKY-bulky, massive or massy.............. 348 vity....................................... 178 BURDEN-weigh t, burden, load............... 370 CAPTURE —capture, seizure. prize............. 506 BURDEN-freight, cargo, lading, load, burden... 338 CARCASS- body, corpse, carcass............... 510 BURDENSOME —heavy, burdensome, weighty, CARE-care, solicitude, anxiety................ 425 ponderous............................. 370 CARE-care, concern, regard................... 425 BURIAL-buria!, interment, sepulture.......... 84 CARE —care, charge, management.............. 425 BURLESQUE-wit, humour, satire, irony, bur- CARE-heed, care, attention.426 lesque................................... 69 CAREFUL —careful, cautious, provident........ 425 BURNING-hot, fie-y, burning, ardent.......... 475 CAREFUL-attentive, careful................. 424 TO BURST-to break, burst, crack, split........ 502 CARELESS-itndolent, supine, listless, careless.. 300 BUSINESS-business, occupation, employment, CARELESS-negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtengagement, avocation..................... 331 less, heedless, inattentive................... 424 BUSINESS-business, trade, profession, art..... 331 TO CARESS-to caress, fondle................ 377 BUSINESS-business, office, duty.............. 331 CARGO-freight, cargo, lading, load, burden.... 338 BUSINESS-affair, business, concern........... 1332 CARNAGE-carnage, slaughter, butchery, masBUSTLE-bustle, tumult, uproar............... 20 sacre.510 BUSY-active, busy, officious................... 297 CAROUSAL-feast, banquet, carousal, entertainBUTCHERY-carnage, slaughter, butchery, mas- ment, treat...................5.......... 513 sacre................ 50 TO CARP-to censure, carp, cavil..... 11.2 BUTT-mark, butt. 449 CARRIAGE-carriage, gait, walk 192 TO BUY-to buy, purchase, bargain, cheapen... 335 CARRIAGE-behaviour, conduct, carriage, deBY-WORD-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apoph- portment, demeanour....................... 192 thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210 TO CARRY-to bear, carry, convey, transport... 330 TO CARRY-to bring, fetch, carry............. 330 CABAL-coumbination, cabal, plot, conspiracy... 489 CASE-case, cause.......280 TO CAJOLE-to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn... 525 CASE-situation, condition, state, predicament, CALAMITY-calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- plight, case...................... 279 chance mishap......... 406 CASH-money, cash. 340 r0 CALCULATE-tocalcllate,compute, reckon, i TO CAST-to cast, throw, hurl................ 304 count or account, number............... 4 CAST-cast, turn, description, character 4. INDEX. xv Page Page CASUAL — accidental, incidental, casual, contin- CHARMS-attractions, allurements, charms.... 318 gent...................................... 172 CHASE-forest, chase, park.................... 271 CASUAL-occasional, casual.................. 418 CHASE-hunt, chase.......................... 271 CASUALTY-accident, contingency, casualty... 172 CHASM-breach, break, gap, chasm............ 501 (CATALOGUE-list, roll, catalogue, register...... 468 TO CHASTEN —to chasten, chastise........... 9204 TO CATCH-to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, CHASTITY-chastity, continence, modesty.... 245 snatch, grasp, gripe....................... 237 TO CHASTISE-to chasten, chastise.......... 204 TO CAVIL-to censure, carp, cavil........ 112 1TO CHAT-to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, prate 459 CAVITY-opening, aperture, cavity............ 402 CHATTELS-goods, furniture, chattels, moveaCAUSE-case, cause..............2......... 280 bles, effects.. 339 CAUSE-cause, reason, motive............ 77 TO CHATTER-to babble, chatter, chat, prattle, TO CAUSE-to cause, occasion, create......... prate.....4............................ 459 CAUTION-admonition, warning, caution... 193 TO CHEAPEN-to buy purchase, bargain, CAUTIOUS-careful, cautious, provident....... 425 cheapen. 335 CAUTIOUS-cautious, wary, circumspect...... 425 TO CHEAT-to cheat, defraud, trick......... 525 TO CEASE-to cease, leave off, discontinue, desist 257 TO CHECK-to check, curb, control. 222 TO CEDE-to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, TO CHECK-to check, chide, reprimand, recede, concede..............................242 prove, rebuke. 110 CELEBRATED-famous, celebrated, renowned, TO CHECK-to check, stop28 illustrious...... 473 TO CHEER-to animate, inspire, enliven, cheer, CELERITY-quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ce- exhilarate................................ 55 lerity, rapidity, velocity................ 262 TO CHEER-to cheer, encourage, comfort..... 3;i6 CELESTIAL-celestial, heavenly............. 81 CHEERFUL-cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay... 389 TO CENSURE-to censure,lanimadvert, criticise 111 CCIIEERFUL-glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful... 393 TO CENSURE-to accuse, censure t.........c e 11I TO CHERISH-to nourish, nurture, cherish..... 377 TO CENSURE-to censure, carp, cavil....... 112 TO-CHERISH-to foster, cherish, harbour, inTO CENSURE-to blame, reprove, reproach, up- i dulge 377 braid, censure, condemn.................... TO CHIDE-to check, chide, reprimand, reprove, CEREMONIOUS-formal, ceremonious......... 294 rebuke..... 110 CEREMONY-form, ceremony, rite, observance 83 CHIEF-chief, principal, main -. 206 CERTAIN-certain, sure, secure....... 366 CIEF-chief leader, ciefain, ead........ 06 CESSATION-cessation, stop, rest, intermission 257 CHIEFLY-especially, particularly, principally, TO CHAFE-to rub, chafe, fret, gall............ 309 chiefly.206 CHAGRIN-vexation, mortification, chagrin.....122 CHIEFTAIN-chief, leader, chieftain, head 206 CHILDISH-chileish, ilefantine - 401 CHAIN-chain, fetter, band, shackle..... 217.......I 401 TO CHALLENGE-to brave, defy, dare, chal- CHILL-chill,acold 514 lenge..........................3............ TO CHOKE-to suffocate, stifle, smother, choke 22 CHAMPION-combatant, champion.134............ c34 CHOLER-anger, choler, rage, fury............. 119 CHANCE-chance, probability.e............ 170 TO CHOOSE-to choose, prefer............. 233 CHANCE-chance, probability. 170. 234 CHANCE-chance, hazard.................... 170 TO CHOOSE-to choose, pick, select........... 234 TO CHOOSE —to choose, elect................ 234 CHANCE —accident, chaaced................... 171 CHRONICLES-anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, TO CH'ANCE-to happen, chance.............. 171 annals466 annal.........ls................................ 466 TO CHANGE-to change, alter, vary.......... 253 CHU RCH-temple, church CHURCH-temple, church.......... 82 tO CHANGE-to change, exchange, barter Clsubstit CHANE-to change, exchange, barter, sub- CIRCLE-circle, sphere, orb, globe.............75 alibis.tute ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 3 CIRCUIT-circuit, tour, round.................. 175 CHANGRACTER- chngeariationer, vicissitude................283 TO CIRCULATE-to spread, circulate, propaClHARtACTER-character, disseminater...........ate......... 345 CHARACTER-cast, turn, description, character 467 TO CIRCUMSCRIBE —to circumscribe, enclose 175 CHARACTER-character, reputation........... 472 TO CIRCUMSCRIBE-to bound, limit, confine, TO CHARACTERIZE-to name, denominate, circumscribe, restrict... 176 style, entitle, designate, characterize....... 471 CIRCUMSPECT-cautious, wary, circumspect.. 425 CHARGE —care, charge, management.......... 425 CIRCUMSTANCE-circumstance, situation..... 173 CHARGE-attack, assault, encounter, onset, CIRCUMSTANCE-incident, fact.172 charge................................ 116 CIRCUMSTANTIAL-circumstantial, particuCHARGE-cost, expense, price, charge..........436 ar, minute............................... 173 CHARGE-oflice, place, charge, function........ 333 TO CITE-to cite, quote............... 69 TO CHARGE-to accuse, charge, impeach, ar- TO CITE-to cite, summon.................... 469 raigu......................... 111 bIVIL-civil, polite........... 198 CIHARM —grace, charm................... 314 CIVIL —ivil, obliging, complaisant.199 CHARM-pleasure, joy, delight, charm.......... 393 CIVILITY-benefit, favour, kindness, civility. 166 TO CHARM —to charm, enchant, fascinate, en- CIVILIZATION-cultivation, culture, civilizaraptl!re, captivate.......................... 317 tion, refinement 198 CHARMING-delightful, charming.3...... 3 13 CLAIM-right, claim, privilege............. 2..28 x-vi INDEX. Page Pa CLAIM-pretension, claim................... 229 COMBAT-conflict, combat, contest........ 142 TO CLAIM —to ask, or ask for, claim, demand.. 228 TO COMBAT-to combat, oppose............134 CLAMOROUS-loud, noisy, high-sounding, cla- COMBATANT-combatant, champion. 134 morous.................................... 471 COMBINATION-association, combination. 488 CLAMOUR-noise, cry, outcry, clamour....... 470 COMBINATION-combination, cabal, plot, conCLANDESTINE-clandestine, secret........... 520 spiracy.489 TO CLASP-to clasp, hug, embrace............ 377 TO COMBINE —to connect, combine, unite. 419 CLASS-class, order, rank, degree.............. 276 TO COME-to come, arrive 301 TO CLASS-to class, arrange, range............ 277 COMELY-becoming, comely, graceful 313 CLEAR-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, COMELY-graceful, comely, elegant..-.. 315 evident, manifest........................... 478 COMFORT-comfort, pleasure.......... 57 CLEAR-clear, lucid, bright, vivid.............. 476 TO COMFORT-to cheer, encourage, comfort....356 CLEAR-fair, clear............................ 477 TO COMFORT-to console, solace, comfort. 356 TO CLEAR-to absolve, acquit, clear.......... 182 COMICK I laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, coCLEARLY-clearly, distinctly................. 477 COMICAL mical or comick, droll..........103 CLEARNESS-clearness, perspicuity........... 477 COMMAND-command, order, injunction, preTO CLEAVE-to stick, cleave, adhere......... 419 cept, mandate......................185 CLEMENCY-clemency, lenity, mnercy......... 358 COMMANDING-commanding, imperative, imCLERGYMAN-clergyman, parson, priest, minis perious, authoritative...................... 185 ter.. 85 TO COMMENCE-tobegin,commence,enterupon 292 CLEVER-clever,, skilful, expert, dexterous, TO COMMEND-to praise, commend, applaud, adroit...................................69 extol.................................... 130 TO CLIMB-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, COMMENDABLE-laudable, praiseworthy, comscale- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~,. - t~~~~~~~~i... 302 mendable....................... 131 CLOAK-cloak, mask, blind, veil............... 316 COMMENSURATE-proportionate, adequate, TO CLOG —to clog, load, encumber. 3700 commensurate 434 CLOISTER-cloister, convent, monastery....... 86 CLOSE-sequel, close.284 COMMENT remark, observation, cor CLOSE-closequ, compact..................... 85 COMMENTARY ment, note, commentary, CLOSE-close, compact.... 285 C annotation 45 annotation......-...... 45'1 CLOSE-close, near, nigh...................... 285 COMMERCE-intercourse, communication, con-,TO CLOSE-to close, shut................... 286 nexion, commerce.......................... 333 TO CLOSE-to close, finish, conclude....... 2.. 286 COMMERCE-trade, commerce, traffick, dealing 333 TO CLOSE-to end, close, terminate............ 285 COMMERCIAL-mercantile, commercial 339 CLOWN-countryman: peasant, swain, hind, rus- COMMISERATION-sympathy, commiseration, tick, clown.......................... 336 compassion, condolence. 357'TO CLOY-satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy............ 383 TO COMMISSION-to commission, authorize, CLUMSY-awkward, clumsy.................. 315 empower. 166 COADJUTOR-colleague, partner, coadjutor, as- TO COMMIT-to consign, commit, intrust. 415 skstant.................. 491 TO COMMIT-to perpetrate, commit........... 296 TO COALESCE-to add, join, unite, coalesce... 418 COMMODIOUS-commodious, convenient, suitaCOARSE-coare-',-rough, rude............ 2.... 201 ble.417 COARSE-gross, coarse........................ 201 COMMODITY-commodity, goods, merchandise, TO COAX-to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn...... 525 ware...................339 TO COERCE-to coerce, restrain............... 220 COMMON —common, vulgar, ordinary, mean 323 COEVAL-coeval, contemporary............... 267 COMMONLY-commonly, generally, frequently, COGENT-cogent, forcible, strong.... 22.......... 220 usually.323 TO COINCIDE-to agree, coincide, concur...... 151 COMMONWEALTH-state, realm, commonCOLD-chill, cold................. 514 wealth............................... 1.. 89 COLD-cool, cold, frigid................. 514 COMMOTION-commotion, disturbance....... 417 COLLEAGUE-colleague, partner, coadjutor, as- TO COMMUNICATE-to communicate, impart 486 sistant..................................... 491 COMMUNICATION —intercourse, communicaTO COLLECT-to assemble, muster, collect.... 489 tion, connexion, commerce.................. 333 TO- COLLECT-to gather, collect.............. 234 COMMUNICATIVE-communicative, free..... 487 COLLECTED-calm, composed, collected...... 362 COMMUNION-communion, converse.......... 487 COLLECTION-assembly, assemblage, group, COMMUNION-Lord's supper, eucharist, commucollection.............................. 490. nion, sacrament. 83 COLLOQUY-conversation, dialogue, colloquy, COMMUNITY-community, society.. 487 conference................................. 400 TO COMMUTE-to exchange, barter, commute, TO COLOUR-to colour, dye, tinge, stain....... 516 truck...................................... 335 COLOUR-colour, hue, tint................... 516 COMPACT-agreement, contract, covenant, comCOLOURABLE-colourable, specious, ostensible, pact, bargain.........................., 152 plausible, feasible......................... 516 COMPACT-close, compact...................2 COLUMN-pillar, column..................... 499 COMPANION-accompaniment, companion, conCOMBAT-battle combat, engagement.......... 141 comitant....... ~ ~ 49.3 INDEX. xvii Page Page COMPANION-associate, companion............ 488 TO COMPUTE-to estimate, compute, rate.... 432 COMPANY-assembly, company, meeting, con- TO CONCEAL-to conceal, dissemble, disguise.. 519 gregation, parliament, diet, congress, conven- TO CONCEAL —to conceal, h ide, secrete....... 519 tion, synod, convocation, council............ 490 CONCEALMENT-concealment, secrecy.'. 519 COMPANY-association, society, company, part- TO CONCEDE-to give up, deliver, surrender, nership.................................. 488 yield, cede, concede........................ 242 COMPANY-band, company, crew, gang........ 492 CONCEIT-conceit, fancy..................... 99 COMPANY-society, company................. 487 CONCEIT-pride, vanity,:conceit.100 COMPANY-troop, company................... 492 CONCEITED-opiniated, opiniative, conceited, COMPARISON-comparison, contrast.......... 135 egoistical.............................. 100 COMPARISON-simile, similitude, comparison.. 532 TO CONCEIVE-to conceive, apprehend, supCOMPASSION-pity, compassion.............. 358 pose, imagine. 74 COMPASSION-sympathy, commiseration, cornm- TO CONCEIVE-to conceive, understand, coinpassion, condolence......................... 357 prehend...................74 COMPATIBLE-compatible, consistent......... 153 CONCEPTION-conception, notion............. 75 TO COMPEL-to compel, force, oblige, necessi- CONCEPTION-perception, idea, conception, notate...........219 tion..................... 75 COMPENSATION-compensation, satisfaction, CONCERN-affair, business, concern......... 332 amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, CONCERN-care, concern, regard.................. 425 reward................................... 438 CONCERN-interest, concern............. 332 COMPETENT-competent, fitted, qualified..... 154 TO CONCERN-to affect, concern.............. 332 COMPETITION —competition, rivalry, emula- TO CONCERT —to concert, contrive, manage... 533 tion........................................ 131 TO CONCILIATE-to conciliate, reconcile....153 TO COMPLAIN-to complain, lament, regret... 409 CONCISE-short, brief, concise, summary, sueTO COMPLAIN-to complain, murmur, repine.. 409.cinct..............I....................... 286 COMPLAINT-complaint, accusation.......... 112. TO CONCLUDE-to close, finish, conclude 286 COMPLAISANCE-complaisance, condescenl- TO CONCLUDE UPON-to decide, determine, sion, deference............................ 200 conclude upon.223 COMPLAISANT-civil, obliging, complaisant... 199 CONCLUSION-conclusion, inference, deduction 78 COMPLAISANT-courteous, courtly, complai- CONCLUSIVE-conclusive, decisive, convincing 225. sant..........199 CONCLUSIVE-final, conclusive.................. 22.4 COMPLETE -complete, perfect, finished....... 287 CONCOMITANT-accempaniment, companion, COMPLETE-whole, entire, complete, total, in- concomitant............................... 493 tegral.................................. 288 CONCORD-concord, harmony................ 155 TO COMPLETE-to complete, finish, terminate 287 TO CONCUR-to agree, coincide, concur....... 151 OOMPLETION-consummation, completion.... 287 CONCURRENCE-assent, consent, approbation, COMPLEX-compound, complex............... 218 concurrence..............................56 COMPLEXITY ~ complexity, complication, in- CONCUSSION-shock, concussion 305 COMPLICATION. tricacy.................. 218 TO CONDEMN-to blame, reprove, reproach, COMPLIANT-compliant, yielding, submissive.. 151 upbraid, censure, condemn... 110 TO COMPLIMENT-to adulate, flatter, compli- TO CONDEMN-to reprobate, condemn........ 109 ment.............................. 526 TO CONDEMN-to sentence, condemn, doom... 169TO COMPLY-to comply,conform, yield, submit 150 CONDESCENSION-complaisance, condescenTO COMPLY-to accede, consent, comply, acqui- sion, deference......................... 20C esce, agree...................... 151 CONDITION —article, condition, term.......... 335 TO COMPOSE-to compose, settle............. 227 CONDITION-condition, station............... 280 TO COMPOSE-to compound, compose......... 219 CONDITION-situation, condition, state, predicaTO COMPOSE-to form, compose, constitute.... 294 menit, plight, case.......................... 270 COMPOSED-composed, sedate................. 227 CONDOLENCE-sympathy, compassion, comCOMPOSED-calm, composed, collected......... 362 miseration, condolence....... 357 COMPOUND-compound, complex............. 218 TO CONDUCE-to conduce, contribute... 168 TO COMPOUND-to compound, compose...... 219 CONDUCT —behaviour, conduct, carriage, deportTO COMPREHEND-to comprise, comprehend, ment, demeanour....................... 192 embrace, contain, include.................. 174 TO CONDUCT-to conduct, guide, lead........ 191 TO COMPREHEND-to conceive, understand, TO CONDUCT-to conduct, manage, direct.... 191 comprehend......................... 74 CONFEDERACY-alliance, league, confederacy 492 COMPREHENSIVE-comprehensive, extensive. 174 CONFEDERATE-ally, confederate, accomplice 491 TO COMPRISE-to comprise, comprehend, em- TO CONFER-to confer, bestow............... 167 brace, contain, include................... 1.. 174 CONFERENCE-conversation, dialogue, confeCtOMPULSION-constraint, compulsion........ 220 rence, colloquy.......................... 460 COMPUNCTION-repentance, penitence, contri- TO CONFESS-to acknowledge, own, confess, tion, compunction, remorse.......... 88 avow........................ 442 ro COMPUTE-to calculate, compute, reckon, TO CONFIDE-to confide, trust............. 414 count or account, number................. 432 CONFIDENCE-assurance, confidence.......415 2 xviii INDEX. Pag Par CONFIDENCE —hope, expectation, trust, confi- CONSEQUENT-subsequent, consequent, postedence.................................. 414 rior................ 270 CONFIDENT-confident, dogmatical, positive.... 414 CONSEQUENTLY-naturally, consequently, in TO CONFINE-to bound, limit, confine, circum- course, of course. 272 scribe, restrict................. 176 CONSEQUENTLY-therefore, consequently, acCONFINED-contracted, confined, narrow...... 177 cordingly............................... 274 CONFINEMENT-confinement, imnprisonment, TO CONSIDER-to consider, reflect. 70 captivity.......................... 178 TO CONSIDER-to consider, regard...... 77 TO CONFIRM-to confirm, corroborate......... 225 CONSIDERATE-thoughtful, considerate, deliTO CONFIRM-to confirm, establish........... 225 berate..................................... 424 CONFLICT-conflict, combat, contest........... 142 CONSIDERATION-consideration, reason...... 77 TO CONFORM-to comply, conform, yield, sub- TO CONSIGN-to consign, commit, intrust,.... 415 mit. 150 CONSISTENT-compatible, consistent.......... 153 CONFORMABLE-conformable, agreeable, suita- CONSISTENT-consonant, accordant, consistent 153 ble........................................ 153 TO CONSOLE-to console, solace, comfort..... 356 CONFORMATION-form, figure, conformation.. 293 CONSONANT-consonant, accordant, consistent 153 TO CONFOUND-to abash, confound, confuse.. 107 CONSPICUOUS-distinguished, noted, conspicuTO CONFOUND-to baffle, defeat, disconcert, ous, eminent, illustrious................... 473 confound................................. 143 CONSPICUOUS-prominent, conspicuous....... 474 TO CONFOUND-to confound, confuse........ 281 CONSPIRACY-combination, cabal, plot, conspiTO CONFOUND-to mix, mingle, blend, con- racy..................................... 489 found..................................... 284 CONSTANCY-constancy, stability, steadiness,' TO CONFRONT-to confront, face............ 142 firmness. 2iP TO CONFUSE-to confound, confuse.......... 281 CONSTANT-continual, perpetual, constant.... 266 TO CONFUSE-to abash, confound, confuse.... 107 CONSTANT-durable, constant..... 26P ~ CONFUSED-indistinct, confused........... 283 CONSTERNATION-alarm, terrour, fright, conCONFUSION-confusion, disorder........ 2.... 282 sternation. 31'TO CONFUTE-to confute, refute, oppugn, dip- TO CONSTITUTE-to constitute, appoint, deprove.................I.................. 115 pute......................... 21 TO CONGRATULATE-to felicitate, congratu- TO CONSTITUTE-to form, compose, constilate.................... 395 tute. 29i -OWNGREGATIO ing, congregation, par- constitution................................ 38t GRE liament, diet, congress, CONSTITUTION-government, constitution....!207 CONGRESS CONGRESS convention, synod, con- CONSTRAINT-constraint, compulsion......... 220 vocation, council...... 490 CONSTRAINT-constraint, restraint, restriction 220 CONJECTURE-conjecture, supposition, sur- CONSTRUCT-to build, erect, construct........ - 498 mise............................. 94 TO CONSULT-to consult, deliberate, debate.. 114 TO CONJECTURE-to guess, conjecture, divine 95 TO CONSUME-to consume, destroy, waste.... 505 CONJUNCTURE-conjuncture, crisis.......... 173 CONSUMMATION-consummation, completion 287 TO CONNECT-to connect, combine, unite..... 419 CONSUMPTION-decay, decline, consumption.. 368 CONNECTED-connected, related............. 419 CONTACT-contact, touch 129 UONNEXION-intercourse, communication, con- CONTAGION-contagion, infection 129 nexion, commerce........... 333 CONTAGIOUS-contagious, epidemical, pestilenTO CONQUER-to conquer, vanquish, subdue, tial...................129 overcome, surmount.............. 144 TO CONTAJN-to contain, hold.............174.. CONSANGUINITY-kindred, relationship, affi- TO CONTAIN-to comprise, comprehend, em-'nity, consanguinity......................... 497 brace, contain, include..................... 174 CONSCIENTIOUS-conscientious, scrupulous.. 88 TO CONTAMINATE-to contaminate, defile, CONSCIOUS-aware, on one's guard, apprized, pollute, taint, corrupt.............. 129 conscious.................................426 TO CONTEMN-to contemn, despise, scorn, disTO BE CONSCIOUS-to feel, be sensible, con- dain 101 scious.. 376 TO CONTEMPLATE-to contemplate, meditate,'O CONSECRATE-to dedicate, devote, conse- muse ~...... 76 crate, hallow............................... 82 CONTEMPORARY-coeval, contemporary..... 2W7 TO CONSENT-to consent, permit, allow. 16 CONTEMPTIBLE *? contemptible, contemptuous 102.TO CONSENT-to accede, consent, comply, ac- CONTEMPTUOUS quiesce, agree...................... 151 CONTEMPTUOUS-contemptuous, scornful, disCONSENT-assent, consent, approbation, concur- dainful................... 102 ~rence..................................... 156 CONTEMPTIBLE-contemptible, despicable, piCONSEQUENCE-effect, consequence, result, is- tifu...................................... 102 sue, event............................. —.. 290 TO CONTEND-to contend, strive, vie......... 131 CONSEQUENCE-signification, avail, import- TO CONTEND-to contend, contest, dispute.... 131 ance, consequence, weight, moment.......... 456 CONTENTION-contention, strife............. 132 INDEX. XIx Page Parg UONTENTION-dissension, contention, discord, CONVINCING-conclusive, decisive, convincing 225 strife.................................. 133 CONVIVIAL-convivial, social, sociable........ 487 CONTENTMENT-contentment, satisfaction... 384 CONVOCATION-assembly, company, meeting, CONTEST-conflict, combat, contest........... 142 congregation, parliament, diet, congress, conTO CONTEST-to contend, contest, dispute.... 131 vention, synod, convocation, council........ 490 CONTIGUOUS-adjacent, adjoining, contiguous 420 TO CONVOKE-to assemble, convene, convoke 490 CONTINENCE-chastity, continence, modesty.. 245 COOL-cool, cold, -frigid...........~...... 514 CONTINGENCY —accident, casualty, contin- COOL-dispassionate, cool..................... 119 gency...................................... 172 COPIOUS-plentiful, plenteous, abundant, copiCONTINGENT-accidental, incidental, casual, ous, ample............................ 341 contingent................................. 172 COPIOUSLY-largely, copiously, fully......3... 42 CONTINUAL-continual, perpetual, constant... 265 COPY-copy, model, pattern, specimen.......... 530 CONTINUAL-continual, continued......... 26... 5 TO COPY-to copy, transcribe................. 530 CONTINUANCE continuance, duration, con- TO COPY —to imitate, copy, counterfeit 529 CONTINUATION i tinuation................ 265 COQUET-coquet, jilt......................... 525 CONTINUATION-continuation, continuity.... 266 CORDIAL-hearty, warm, sincere, cordial.... 431 TO CONTINUE-to continue, remain, stay..... 263 CORNER-corner, angle.................... 499 TO CONTINUE-to continue, persevere, persist, CORPORAL corporeal pursue, prosecute.......................... 264 CORPOREAL CONTINUED-continual, continued............ 65 CORPOREAL-corporeal, material............. 510 CONTINUITY-continuation, continuity....... 266 CORPSE-body, corpse, carcass'................ 510 CONTRACT-agreement, contract, covenant, CORPULENT-corpulent, stout, lusty.......... 511] compact, bargain........................... 152 TO CORRECT-to amend, correct, reform, recTO CONTRACT-to abridge, curtail, contract.. 178 tify, emend, improve, mend, better........ 201 CONTRACTED-contracted, confined, narrow.. 177 CORRECT-correct, accurate................ 202 TO CONTRADICT-to contradict, oppose, deny 113 CORRECTION-correction, discipline, punishCONTRARY-adverse, contrary, opposite...... 135 ment.................................. 204 CONTRAST-comparison, contrast............. 135 CORRECTNESS-justness, correctness......... 202 ro CONTRIBUTE-to conduce, contribute.... 168 CORRESPONDENT —correspondent, suitable,.ro CONTRIBUTE-to minister, administer, con- answerable................... 155 tribute.................. 167 TO CORROBORATE —t confirm, corroborate.., 225 CONTRIBUTION-tax, duty, custom, toll, im- TO CORRUPT-to contaminate, defile, pollute, post, tribute, contribution.................. 168 taint, corrupt............................... 129 CONTRITION-repentance, penitence, contrition, TO CORRUPT-to rot, putrefy, corrupt. 504 compunction, remorse...................... 88 CORRUPTION-depravity, depravation, corrupCONTRIVANCE-device, contrivance.......... 533 tion...........-.... 128 TO CONTRIVE-to contrive, devise, invent.... 532 COST-cost, expense, price, charge............. 436 TO CONTRIVE-to concert, contrive, manage.. 533 COSTLY-valuable, precious, costly............ 437 TO CONTROL-to check, curb, control........ 222 COVENANT —agreement, contract, covenant, TO CONTROVERT-to controvert, dispute.... 114 compact, bargain................. 152 CONTUMACIOUS-obstinate, stubborn, contu- TO COVER-to cover, hide................... 517 macious, headstrong, heady................. 2 509 COVER-cover, shelter, screen................. 517:ONTUMACY-contumacy, rebellion.......... 210 COVERING-tegument, covering............... 518 CONTUMELY-reproach, contumely, obloquy.. 108 TO COVET-to desire, long for, hanker after, TO CONVENE-to assemble, convene, convoke 490 covet. 1-59 CONVENIENT-commodious, convenient, suita- COVETOUSNESS-covetousness, supidity, avable - 417 rice...................16.......0 CONVENT-cloister, convent, monastery....... 86 COUNCIL-assembly, company, meeting, congreCONVENTION-assembly, company, meeting, gation, parliament, diet, congress, convention, congregation, parliament, diet, congress, con- synod, convocation, council................. 490 vention, synod, convocation, council......... 490 COUNSEL-advice, counsel, instruction........ 194 CONVERSATION-conversation,' dialogue, con- TO COUNT-to calculate, compute, reckon, count ference, colloquy......................... 460 or account, number.......... 432 CONVERSE-communion, converse........... 487 TO COUNTENANCE-to encourage, sanction, TO CONVERSE-to speak, talk, converse, dis- countenance, support....................... 310 course............................. 459 COUNTENANCE-face, countenance, visage... 479 DONVERSIBLE-facetious, conversible, jocular, COUNTLERFEIT-sputious, suppositious, counpleasant, jocose............................ 461 terfeit..................................... 529 9ONVERT-convert, proselyte................. 86 TO COUNTERFEIT-to imitate, copy, counterro CONVEY-to bear, carry, convey, transport 330. feit.................................. 29...... 29 ro CONVICT-to convict, detect, discover..... 445 COUNTRY-land, country.................... 497 UONVICT-criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, COUNTRYMAN-countryman, peasant, swain, convict................................ 123 hind, rustick, clown.336 CQINVICTION-conviction, persuasion......... 79 COUPLE-couple, brace, pair................434 2* xx INDEX. Page I Page COURAGE-courage, fortitude, resolution...... 140 CURSE-malediction, curse, imprecation, execraCOURAGE-bravery, courage, valour.......... 139 tion, anathema............................. 82 COURSE-course, race, passage................ 275 CURSORY-cursory, hasty, slight, desultory.... 262 COURSE-way, road, route or rout, course...... 275 TO CURTAIL-to abridge, curtail, contract..... 178 COURSE-series, course....................... 275 CUIRVED-bent, curved, crooked, awry. 316 COURSE-way, manner, method, mode, course, CUSTODY-keeping, custody.................. 179 means..................................... 275 CUSTOM-custom, habit. 322 COURTEOUS-affable, courteous.............. 200 CUSTOM-custom, fashion, manner, practice.... 322 COURTEOUS CUSTOM-tax, duty, custom, toll, impost, tribute, COURTLY courteous, complaisant, courtly................................163 TO CRACK-to break, burst, crack, split........ 502 CUSTOM-usage, custom, prescription. 324 CRAFTY-cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily..... 522 TO CRAVE-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, sup- DAILY-daily, diurnal. 268 plicate, implore, crave...................... 158 DAINTY-dainty, delicacy.314 TO CREATE-to cause, occasion, create....... 294 DAMAGE-loss, damage, detriment........4... 04 TO CREATE-to make, forml, produce, create.. 292 DAMAGE-injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief 404 CREDIT-credit, favour, influence............. 190 DAMPNESS-moisture, humidity, dampness.... 515 CREDIT —belief, credit, trust, faith.......... 78 DANGER-danger, peril, hazard.171 CREDIT-name, reputation, repute,-credit...... 472 TO DARE-to brave, dare, defy, challenge. 138 CREED-faith, creed.......................... 79 DARING-daring, bold......................... 141 CREW —band, company, crew, gang............ 492 DARK-dark, obscure, dim, mysterious. 480 CRIME-crime, vice, sin....................... 122 DARKI-opique, dark,......................... 481 CRIME-crime, misdemeanour................. 122 TO DART-to shoot, dart... 305 CRIMINAL-criminal, guilty................... 123 DATE-time, period, age, date, era, epocha. 267 CRIMINAL-criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, TO DAUB-to smear, daub.515 convict.................................... 123 TO DAUNT-to dismay, daunt, appal.......... 306 CRISIS-conjuncture, crisis.................... 173 DAYS OF YORE-formerly, in times past, or CRITERION-criterion, standard............... 225 old times, days of yore, anciently or ancient CRITICISM-animadversion, criticism, stricture. 112 times...................................... 269 TO CRITICISE-to censure, animadvert, criti- DEAD-lifeless, dead, inanimate. 356 cise. 111 DEADLY-deadly, piortal, fatal................ 371 CROOKED-awkward, cross, untoward,crooked, DEAL-deal, quantity, portion................. 486 froward, perverse................ 315 DEALING-trade, commerce, traffick, dealing... 333 CROOKED-bent, curved, crooked, awry....... 316 DEARTH-scarcity, dearth...................250 CROSS-awkward, cross, untoward, crooked, fro- DEATH-death, departure, decease, demise. 371 ward, perverse............................. 315 TO DEBAR-to deprive, debar, abridge.. 506 CROSS-captious, cross, peevish, petulant, fretful 315 TO DEBASE-to abase, humble, degrade, debase, CROWVD-multitude, crowd, throng, svwarm..... 494 disgrace................................... 106 CRUEL-cruel, inhuman, barbarotls, brutal, sa- TO DEBATE-to argue, dispute, debate. 114 vage. 373 TO DEBATE-consult, deliberate, debate....... 115 CRUEL —hardhearted, cruel, unmerciful, merci- TO DEBILITATE-to weaken, enfeeble, debililess................... 373 tate, enervate, invalidate.............. 368 TO CRUSH-to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, DEBILITY-debility, infirmity, imbecility....... 367 crush.......................... 501 DEBT-debt, due.............................. 2 TQ CRUSH-to overwhelm, crush.............. 504 DECAY-decay, decline, consumption......... 368 CRUTCH-staff, stick, crutch................... 239 TO DECAY-to perish, die, decay.............. 371 CRY —noise, cry, outcry, clamour.............. 470 DECEASE-death, departure, decease, demise.. 371 TO CRY-to cry, weep.470 DECEIT-art, cunning, deceit................. 521 TO CRY-to cry, scream, shriek................ 470 DECEIT-deceit, deception 523 TO CRY-to cry, exclaim, call................. 470 DECEIT —deceit, duplicity, double-dealing.. 523 CULPABLE-culpable, faulty.................. 123 DECEIT-deceit, fraud, guile............523 CULPRIT-criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, DECEITFUL-fallacious, deceitful, fraudulent. 523 convict.............................. 123 TO DECEIVE-to deceive, delude, impose upen 522 OULTIVATION-cultivation, tillage, husbandry 337 DECEIVER-deceiver, impostor............. 522 CULTIVATION cultivation, culture, civiliza- DECENCY-decency, decorum........ 246 CULTURE. tion, refinement;......'... 198 DECENT-becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suitable 246 CUNNING-art, cunning, deceit............... 521 DECEPTION-deceit, deception............. 523 CUNNING-cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily.... 522 TO DECIDE-to decide, determine, conclude CUPIDITY-covetousness, cupidity, avarice.... 160 upon..................................... 223 TO CURB-to check, curb, control.......... 222 DECIDED-decided, determined, resolute....... 224 ro CURE-to cure, heal, remedy.......... 365 DECIDED-decided, decisive................... 224 CURE-cure, remedy.......................... 365 DECISION-decision, judgement, sentence...... 224 CURIOUS-curious, inquisitive, plying.......... 99 DECISIVE-decided, decisive.................. 224 CURRENT —stream, current, tide............... 352 DECISIVE-conclusive, decisive,-convincing.... 225 INDEX. xxl Page Page TO DECLAIM —to declaim, inveigh............ 109 TO DEGRADE-to disparage, derogate, degrade. 105 TO DECLARE-to declare, publish, proclaim... 442 TO DEGRADE-to humble, humiliate, degrade. 146 TO DECLARE-to express, declare, signify, tes- DEGREE-class, order, rank, degree............ 276 tify, utter.... 455 DEITY-deity, divinity........................ 81 TO DECLARE-to discover, manifest, declare.. 444 DEJECTION-dejection, depression, melancholy 413 TO DECLARE-to profess, declare............. 442 TO DELAY-to delay, defer, postpone, procrastiDECLINE-decay, decline, consumption....... 368 nate, prolong, protract, retard................ 260 TO DECLINE-to refuse, decline, reject, repel, DELEGATE-delegate, deputy.............. 214 rebuff................... 232 TO DELIBERATE-to consult, deliberate, debate 115 TO DECORATE-to adorn, decorate, embellish. 500 DELIBERATE-thoughtful, considerate, delibeDECORUM-decency, decorum................. 246 rate................... 424 TO DECOY-to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, de- DELICACY —dainty, delicacy.................. 314 coy. 319 DELICATE-fine, delicate, nice............. 314 TO DECREASE-to abate, lessen, diminish, de- DELIGHT-pleasure, joy, delight, charm........ 394 crease................................ 351 DELIGHTFUL-delightful, charming. 313 DECREE —decree, edict, proclamation.......... 443 TO DELINEATE -to paint, depict, delineate, TO DECRY-to disparage, detract, traduce, de- sketch..................................... 338 preciate, degrade, decry.................... 105 DELINQUENT-offender, delinquent.......... 120 TO DEDICATE-to dedicate, devote, consecrate, TO DELIVER-to deliver, rescue, save......... 240 hallow............................ 82 TO DELIVER-to give up, deliver, surrender, TO DEDUCE-to derive, trace, deduce.......... 449 yield, cede, concede.242 TO DEDUCT-to deduct, subtract.............. 421 DELIVERANCE delierance delery. DEDUCTION-conclusion, inference, deduction. 78 DELIVERY DEED-deed, exploit, achievement, feat......... 295 TO DELUDE-to deceive, delude, impose upon. 522 DEED-action, act, deed................. 294 TO DELUGE-to overflow, inundate, deluge.. 352 TO DEEM-to think, suppose, imagine, believe, DELUSION-fallacy, delusion, illusion......... 523 deem...................................... 75 TO DEMAND-to ask, or ask for, claim, demand 228 TO DEFACE-to deface, disfigure, deform...... 503 TO DEMAND-to demand, require............ 228 TO DEFAME-to asperse, detract, slander, de- DEMEANOUR-behavicur, conduct, carriage, defame, calunmniate.......................... 105 portment, demeanour...................... 192 TO DEFEAT-to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, DEMISE-death, departure, decease, demise.'.. 371 overthrow............................... 143 TO bEMOLISH-to demolish, raze, dismantle, TO DEFEAT-to baffle, defeat, disconcert, con- destroy..................................... 505 found. 143 DEMON-devil, demon................2........ 02 TO DEFEAT-to defeat, foil, disappoint, fr-' TO DEMONSTRATE-to prove, demonstrate, trate........ ***....*-* *&. i evince, manifest.444 DEFECT-imperfection, defect, fault vice..... 124 -:'O DEMUR-to demur, hesitate, pause......... 96 DEFECT-blemish, defect, fault................ 127 DLztUK-demur, doubt, he:'tation, objection 96 DEFECTIVE-defective, deficient.............. 127 TO DENOMINATE-to name, denominate, style, TO DEFEND —to apologize, defend,justify, excul- entitle, designate, characterize.............. 471 pate, excuse, plead.......8..... 181 DENOMINATION-name, appellulion,::';e, deTO DEFEND-to defend, protect, vindicate..... 179 nomination................................ 71 TO DEFEND-to guard, defend, watch........ 180 TO DENOTE-to denote, signify, imply........ 456 DEFENDANT tdef DENSE-thick, dense......................... 351 D$EFENDER TO DENY-to contradict, oppose, deny. 113 DEFENDER-defender, advocate, pleader...... 180 TO DENY-to deny, refuse.... 232 DEFENSIBLE defensible, defensive.... 180 TO DENY-to deny, disown, disclaim, disavow. 113 DEFENSIVE DEPARTURE-death, departure, decease, demise 371 TO DEFER-to delay, defer, postpone, procrasti- DEPARTURE-exit, departure................. 372 nate, prolong, protract, retard........... 26.... 0 DEPENDENCE-dependence, reliance.......... 416 DEFERENCE-complaisance, condescension, de- TO DEPICT-to paint, depict, delineate, sketch.. 338 ference... 200 TO -DEPLORE-to bewail, bemoan, lament, deDEFILE-to contaminate, defile, pollute, corrupt, plore...................................... 410 taint............................ 129 DEPONENT-deponent, evidence, witness...... 445 DEFICIENT-defective, deficient............... 127 DEPORTMENT-behaviour, conduct, carriage DEFINITE-definite, positive.................. 458 deportment, demeanour..................... 192 DEFINITION-definition, explanation.......... 458 DEPOSITE-deposite, pledge, security.......... 183 TO DEFORM-to deface, disfigure, deform...... 503 DEPRAVITY depravity, depravation, corTO DEFRAUD-to cheat, defraud, trick........ 525 DEPRAVATION ruption. 128 TO DEFY-to brave, defy, dare, challenge...... 138 TO DEPRECIATE-to disparage, detract, traTO DEGRADE-to disparage, detract, traduce, duce, depree'ate, degrade, decry............. 105 depreciate, degrade, decry................ 105 DEPREDATION -dePredation, robbery......... 505 TO DEGRADE-to abase, humble, degrade, dis- DEPRESSION- -aejection, depression, melangrace, debase......... 106 choly.................................... 413 xrii IN DEX. Page ap TO DEPRIVE-to bereave, deprive, strip........ 505 TO DETECT-to convict, detect, discover...... 445 TO DEPRIVE-to deprive, debar, abridge...... 506 TO DETER-to deter, discourage, dishearten... 312 DEPTH-depth, profundity. 350 TO DETERMINE —to decide, determine, conTO DEPUTE-to constitute, appoint, depute.... 214 elude upon............................ 223 DEPUTY-ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, TO DETERMINE-to determine, resolve....... 223 deputy..................................... 214 TO DETERMINE-to fix, determine, settle, limit 227 DEPUTY-delegate, deputy.................... 214 DETERMINED-decided, determined, resolute.. 224 TO DERANGE-to disorder, derange, disconcert, TO DETEST-to abhor, detest, abominate, loath 138 discompose.........2....... 80 TO DETEST-to hate, detest.................. 137 DERANGEMENT-derangement, insanity, luna- DETESTABLE-abominable, detestable, execracy, madness, mania................ 281 ble..................................... 38 TO DERIDE-to deride, mock, ridicule, banter, TO DETRACT-to asperse, detract, slander, derally...................................... 103 fame, calumniate........................... 105 TO DERIVE-to derive, trace, deduce.......... 449 TO DETRACT-to disparage, detract, traduce, TO DEROGATE-to disparage, derogate, degrade 105 depreciate, degrade, decry................... 105 TO DESCRIBE-to relate, recount, describe.... 466 DETRIMENT-disadvantage, injury, hurt, detriDESCRIPTION-account, narrative, description. 467 ment, prejudice.404 DESCRIPTION-cast, turn, description, charac- DETRIMENT-loss, damage, detriment. 404 ter................................. 467 DEVASTATION-ravage, desolation, devastaTO DESCRY-to find, find out, discover, descry, tion....................................... 507 espy..................................... 445 TO DEVELOPE-to unfold, unravel, develope.. 218 TO DESERT-to abandon, desert, forsake, relin- TO DEVIATE-to deviate, wander, swerve, stray 126 quish...................................... 243 TO DEVIATE-to digress, deviate............. 126 TO DESERT-to abdicate, desert.............. 253 DEVICE-device, contrivance.................. 533 DESERT-desert, merit, worth................ 438 DEVIL- devil, demon.......................... 92 DESERT-solitary, desert, desolate............. 253 TO DEVISE-to contrive, devise, invent........ 532 TO DESIGN —to design, purpose, intend, mean.. 533 TO DEVISE-to devise, bequeath.............. 164 DESIGN-design, plan, scheme, project......... 534 DEVOID-empty, vacant, void, devoid.......... 343 TO DESIGNATE-to name, denominate, style, TO DEVOTE-to addict, devote, apply......... 421 entitle, designate, characterize.............. 471 TO DEVOTE —to dedicate, devote, consecrate, TO DESIRE-to beg, desire.................. 158 hallow.................................... 82 TO DESIRE-to desire, wish, long for, hanker DEVOUT-holy, pious, devout, religious........ 89 after, covet............................... 159 DEXTERITY-ability, dexterity, address....... 68 TO DESIST-to cease, leave off, desist, discon- DEXTEROUS-clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, tinue..........9............. 257 nlto;t..................................... 62 DESOLATE-solitary, desert, desolate.......... 253 V'IALECT-language, tongue, speech, idiom, diaDESOLATION-ravage, desolation, devastation 506 lect..............,...................... 461 DESPAIR-despair, desperation, despolideny.. -4i3 DIALOGUE-conversation, dialogue, conference, DESPATCH-to hastel,, accelerate, speed, expe-colloquy............ 4c dite, despatch............................. 261 TO DICTATE-to dictate, prescribe.......... 184 DESPERATE-desperate, hopeless............. 413 DICTATE-dictate, suggestion............... 184 DESIERA'ION-despair, despondency, despe- DICTION-diction, style, phrase, phraseology. 463 ration......................... 413 DICTIONARY-dictionary, encyclopedia....... 463 DESPICABLE-contemptible, despicable, pitiful 102 DICTIONARY-dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, TO DESPISE-to contemn, despise, scorn, dis- glossary, nomenclature................... 464 dain.................... 101 TO DIE-todie, expire.................... 371 DESPONDENCY-despair, despondency, despe- TO DIE-to perish, die, decay................ 371 ration......... 413 DIET-food, diet, regimen..................... 514 DESPOTICK-absolute, arbitrary, despotick..... 188 DIET-assembly, company, meeting, congregaDESTINATION-destiny, destination.......... 169 tion, parliament, diet. congress, convention, TO DESTINE-to allot, appoint, destine........ 169 synod, convocation, council................. 4{ 1DESTINY-destiny, fate, lot, doom............. 169 TO DIFFER-to differ, vary, disagree, dissent... 132 DESTINY-destiny, destination................. 169 DIFFERENCE —difference, variety, diversity, DESTITUTE-bare, scanty, destitute.......... 250 medley........................2.... 8.... 2.8 tiESTITUTE-forsaken, forlorn, destitute....... 248 DIFFERENCE-difference, distinction.-......... 28f TO DESTROY-to consume, destroy, waste.... 505 DIFFERENCE-difference, dispute, altercation, TO DESTROY-to demolish, raze, dismantle, de- quarrel 133 stroy................................. 505 DIFFERENT-different, distinct, separate. 282 DESTRUCTION-destruction, ruin.....D....... 4 DIFFERENT-different, several, divers, sundry, DESTRUCTIVE-destructive rulnous, perni vaious.....................283 cious......................... 504 DIFFERENT-different, unlike............... 283 DESULTORY -cursory, hasty, slight, destltory. 262 DIFFICULT-hard, difficult, arduous........... 364 ro DETACH-to separate, sever, disjoin, detach 421 DIFFICULTIES —difficulties, embarrassments, TO DETAIN-to hold, ke.ps, eetain, retain..... 236 t o........ *.................. 413 INDEX. XXas Page Pagt DIFFICULTY-difficulty, obstacle, impediment. 259 TO DISCONTINUE-to cease, leave off, disconDIFFICULTY-objection, difficulty, exception.. 112 tinue, desist.............................. 257 DIFFIDENT-distrustful, suspicious, diffident... 416 DISCORD-dissension, contention, discord, strife 133 DIFFIDENT-modest, bashful, diffident........ 148 TO DISCOVER-to convict, detect, discover.... 445 DIFFUSE-diffuse, prolix...................... 464 TO DISCOVER-to discover, manifest, declare.. 444 TO DIFFUSE-to spread, expand, diffuse....... 345 TO DISCOVER-to find, find out, discover, espy, TO DIGEST —to dispose, arrange, digest........ 277 descry................... 445 DIGNIFIED-magisterial, inajestick, stately, TO DISCOVER-to find, find out, discover, inpompous, august, dignified.................. 454 vent................................... 446 DIGNITY-honour, dignity.................... 429 TO DISCOVER-to uncover, discover, disclose.. 444 DIGNITY-pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dignity. 100 TO DISCOURAGE-to deter, discourage, disTO DIGRESS-to digress, deviate.............. 126 hearten.............................. 312 TO DILATE-to dilate, expand................ 345 TO DISCOURSE-to speak, talk, converse, disDILATORY-slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious..... 260 course.459 DILIGENT-active, diligent, industrious, assidu- DISCREDIT-discredit, reproach, scandal, disous, laborious............................ 296 grace..107 DILIGENT-diligent, expeditious, prompt....... 262 DISCRETION-judgement, discretion, prudence 400 DILIGENT-sedulous, diligent, assiduous....... 297 TO DISCRIMINATE-to distinguish, discrimiDIM-dark, obscure, dim, mysterious.......... 480 nate. 484 TO DIMINISH-to abate, lessen, diminish, de- DISCRIMINATION-discernment, penetration, crease......................... 351 discrimination, judgement.71 DIMINUTIVE-little, small, diminutive...... 350 TO DISCUSS-to discuss, examine,........ 98 DIOCESS-bishoprick, diocess.................. 86 DISDAIN-haughtiness, disdain, arrogance. 101 TO DIRECT-to direct, dispose, regulate........ 191 TO DISDAIN-to contemn, despise, scorn, disdain 101 TO DIRECT-to conduct, manage, direct....... 191 DISDAINFUL-contemptuous, scornful, disdainDIRECT —straight, right, direct................. 430 ful.................................... 02 DIRECTION-direction, address, superscription. 213 DISEASE-disorder, disease, distemper, malady. 367 DIRECTION-direction, order................. 213 DISEASED-sick, sickly, diseased, morbid...... 367 DIRECTLY-directly, immediately, instantly, in- TO DISENGAGE I to disengage, disentangle, stantaneously.262 TO DISENTANGLE extricate..2............ 18 DISABILITY-inability, disability..... TO DISFIGURE-to deface, disfigure, deform... 503 DISADVANTAGE-disadvantage, injury, hurt, DISGRACE-dishonour, disgrace, shame... 107 detriment, prejudfice.............. 404 DISGRACE-discredit, reproach scandal, disDISAFFECTION-disaffection, disloyalty....... 210 grace................................ 107 TO DISAGREE-to differ, vary, disagree, dissent 132 TO DISGRACE-to abase, humble, degrade, disTO DISAPPEAR-to disappear, vanish........ 481 grace, debase............................ 106 TO DISAPPOINT-to defeat, foil, disappoint, TO DISGUISE-to conceal, dissemble, disguise.. 519 frustrate D.....143 DI............. 143 DISGUST-disgust, loathing, nausea. 120 DISAPPROBATION —'isp. -sure, anger, disap- DISGUST —dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction,, probation........................... 118 distaste, disgust.. 117 TO DISAPPROVE-to disapprove, dislike... 120 TO DISHEARTEN-to deter, discourage, disDISASTER-calamity, disaster, misfortune, mis- hearten.................................... 312 chance, mishap........................ 406 DISHONEST-ulones, -navish......... 430 TO DISAVOW-to deny, disown, disclaim, dis- DISHONOUR-dishonour, disgrace, shame...1.7. 1t0 avow............................. 113 DISINCLINATION-d islike, disinclination. 118 DISBELIEF-disbelief, unbelief............... 79 TO DISJOIN-to separate, sever, disjoin, detach 421 TO DISCARD-to dismiss, discharge, discard... 254 TO DISJOINT-to disjoint, dismember...... 421 TO DISCERN-to perceive, discern, distinguish. 483 DISLIKE-aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, DISCERNMENT-discernment, penetration, dis- repugnance................................ 136 crimination, judgement..................... 71 TO DISLIKE-to disapprove, dislike.......... 120 TO DISCHARGE-to dismiss, discharge, discard 254 DISLIKE-dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, DISCIPLINE-correction, discipline, punishment 204 distaste, disgust.117 DISCIPLE-scholar, disciple, pupil............. 197 DISLIKE-dislike, disinclination............... 118 TO DISCLAIM-deny, disown, disclaim, dis- DISLOYALTY-disaffection, disloyalty. 210 avow.................................... 113 DISMAL-dull, gloomy, sad, dismal............. 410 0O DISCLOSE-to publish, promulgate, divulge, TO DISMANTLE-to demolish, raze, dismantle, reveal, disclose............................ 443 destroy.505 TO DISCLOSE-to uncover, discover, disclose.. 444 TO DISMAY-to dismay, daunt, appal......... 306 TO DISCOMPOSE-to disorder, derange, discon- TO DISMEMBER-to disjoint, dismemnber......421 cert, discompose.......... 280 TO DISMISS-to dismiss, discharge, discard.... 254 TO DISCONCERT-to baffle, defeat, disconcert, DISORDER-confusion disorder.............2 confound.................................. 143 TO DISORDER-to disorder, derange, disconcert, rO DISCONCERT-to disorder, derange, discon- discompose..........2................ 9.80 cert, discompose..............,p*. 9*n DISORDER-disorder, disease, distemper, malady vnv INDEX. Page Page DISORDERLY-irregular, disorderly, inordinate, TO DISTINGUISH-to distinguish, discriminate 484 intemperate...... 284 TO DISTINGUISH-to perceive, discern, distinTO DISOWN-to deny, disown, disclaim, disa- guish...................................... 483 vow.................................... 113 TO DISTINGUISH-to signalize, distinguish.... 474 TO DISPARAGE-to disparage, detract, traduce, TO DISTINGUISH-to abstract, separate, distindepreciate, degrade, decry.................. 105 guish......................... 420 TO DISPARAGE-to disparage, derogate, de- DISTINGUISHED-distinguished, conspicuous, grade...................................... 105 noted, eminent, illustrious 473 DISPARITY-disparity, inequality............. 435 TO DISTORT-to turn, bend, twist, wring, wrest, DISPASSIONATE-dispassionate, cool......... 119 distort, wrench............................. 316 TO DISPEL-to dispel, disperse, dissipate...... 345 DISTRACTED-absent, abstracted, diverted, disTO DISPENSE-to dispense, distribute......... 485 tracted................................ 484 TO DISPERSE-to dispel, disperse, dissipate.... 345 DISTRESS-adversity, distress.407 TO DISPERSE-to spread, scatter, disperse..... 344 DISTRESS-distress, anxiety, anguish, agony... 407 TO DISPLAY-to show, exhibit, display........ 452 TO DISTRESS-to afflict, distress, trouble...... 408 TO DISPLEASE-to displease, offend, vex...... 117 TO DISTRESS-to distress, harass, perplex.... 407 DISPLEASURE-dislike, displeasure, dissatisfac- TO DISTRIBUTE-to allot, assign, apportion, tion, distaste, disgust..................... 118 distribute.168 DISPLEASURE-displeasure, anger, disapproba- TO DISTRIBUTE-to dispense, distribute...... 485 tion................................ 118 TO DISTRIBUTE-to divide, distribute, share.. 485 DISPOSAL-disposal, disposition............... 277 DISTRICT-district, region, tract, quarter...... 498 TO DISPOSE-to dispose, arrange, digest....... 277 DISTRUSTFUL-distrustful, suspicious, diffident 416 TO DISPOSE-to place, dispose, order.......... 278 TO DISTURB-to disturb, interrupt........... 417 TO DISPOSE-to direct, dispose, regulate...... 191 TO DISTURB-to trouble, disturb, molest...... 412 DISPOSITION-disposition, temper............ 387 DISTURBANCE-commotion, disturbance...... 417 DISPOSITION-disposition, inclination......... 388 TO DIVE-to plunge, dive........ 353 DISPOSITION-disposal, disposition............ 277 TO DIVE INTO-to pry, scrutinize, dive into.. 99 TO DISPROVE-to confute, refute, disprove, DIVERS-different, several, divers, sundry, varioppugn................... 115 ous........................................ 283 TO DISPUTE —to argue, dispute, debate........ 114 DIVERSION-amusement, entertainment, diverTO DISPUTE-to contend, contest, dispute..... 131 sion, sport, recreation, pastime.. 391 TO DISPUTE-to controvert, dispute........... 114 DIVERSITY-difference, variety, medley, diverTO DISPUTE —to doubt, question, dispute..... 95 sity...................................... 282 TO DISPUTE-difference, dispute, altercation, TO DIVERT-to amuse, divert, entertain.....390 quarrel................................... 133 DIVERTED-absent, abstracted, diverted, disTO DISREGARD-to disregard, -eglect, slight.. 423 tracted............................. 484 DISSATISFACTION-dislike, displeasure, dissa- TO DIVIDE-to divide, separate, part.......... 484 tisfaction, distaste, disgust.................. 117 TO DIVIDE-to divide, distribute, share 485 TO DISSEMBLE-to conceal, dissemble, disguise 519 DIVINE-godlike, divine heiavenly............. 90 DISSEMD4ILER-hypocrite, dissembler.... 520 DIVINE-holy, sacred, divine.89 DISSEMINATE-to spread, circulate, propagate, DIVINE-e-ere'>iastick, divine, theologian....... 86 disseminate................................ 3-45 TO DIVINE-to guess, conjecture, divine......95 _DISSENSION- f_: nsion- e"i;J'1lon, discor.. DIVINITY-deity, divinity.. 81 TO DISSENT-to differ, vary, disagree, dissent. 132 DIVISION-part, portion, division, share........ 485 DISSENTER-heretick, schismatick, sectarian, DIURNAL-daily, diurnal..................... 268 dissenter, nonconformist...................- 92 TO DIVULGE-to publish, promulgate, divulge, DISSERTATION-essay, treatise, tract, disserta- reveal, disclose............................. 443 tion...................................... 329 TO DO-to make, do, act 294 lion.329 TO DO-to make, do, act.294 DISSIMULATION-simulation, dissimulation.. 520 DOCILE-docile, tractable, ductile.... 360 TO DISSIPATE-to dispel, disperse, dissipate.. 345 DOCTRINE-doctrine, precept, principle........ 80 TO DISSIPATE-to spend or expend, waste, dis- DOCTRINE, dogma tenet. sipate, squander..........3 M.A...doctrine, 344 DOGMA tenet. DISSOLUTE-loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licen- DOGMATICAL-confident, dogmatical, positive. 414 tious..................................... 9256 DOLEFUL-piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. 411 DISTANT-distant, far, remote................ 286 DOMESTICK-servant, domestick, drudge, meDISTASTE-dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, nial....................................... 328 distaste, disgust......... 117 DOMINEERING-imperious, lordly, domineerDISTEMPER-disorder, disease, malady, distem- in g, overbearing........................... 185 per......................... 367 DOMINION-empire, reign, dominion 187 DISTINCT-different, distinct, separate........ 282 DOMINION-power, strength, force, authority, DISTINCTION-difference, distinction......... 282 dominion. 186 DISTINCTION-of fashion, of quality, of dis- DOMINIONS-territory, dominions........... ]89 tinction.................................. 474 DONATION-gift, present, donation, benefaction 164 DISTINCTLY-clearly, distinctly.........'.... 477 DOOM-destiny, fate, lot, doom................. 169 INDEX. xxV Pages PA. TO DOOM-to sentence, doom, condemn........ 169 EAGERNESS-avidity, greediness, eagerness... 162 DOUBLE-DEALING-deceit, duplicity, double- EARLY-soon, early, betimes................... 262 dealing.................................. 523 TO EARN-to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn.. 396 DOUBT-demur, doubt, hesitation, objection... 96 EARNEST-eager, earnest, serious............. 392 TO DOUBT-to doubt, question, dispute....... 95 EARNEST-earnest, pledge 184 DOUBT-doubt, suspense.................... 95 EASE-ease, quiet, rest, repose................362 DOUBTFUL-doubtful, dubious, uncertain, pre- EASE carions.................................... 96 EASINESS ease, easiness, facility, lightness... 363 carious......... 96 EASINESS TO DOZE-to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap. 300 EASY —easy, ready.................. 363 TO DRAG-to draw, drag, haul or hale, pull, tug, EBULLITION-ebullition, effervescence, ferpluck......................... 303 mentation.............................. 309 TO DRAIN-to spend, exhaust, drain.....344 ECCENTRICK-particular, singular, odd, eccenTO DRAW-to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, trick, strange...................... 385 pull, tug............................ 303 ECCLESIASTICK-ecclesiastick, divine, theoloTO DREAD-to apprehend, fear, dread......... 307 gian.................. 86 DREAD-awe, reverence, dread 307 ECONOMICAL —economical, saving, sparing, DREADFUL-fearful, dreadful, frightful, tremen- thrifty, penurious, niggardly................. 161 dous, terrible, terrifick, horrible, horrid..... 306 ECONOMY-economy, frugality, parsimony.... 161 DREADFUL-formidable, dreadful, shocking, ter- ECONOMY-economy, management...... 161 rible.................... 308 ECSTASY-ecstasy, rapture, transport...... 318 DREAM-dream, reverie..................... 91 EDGE-border, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, DREGS-dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse.. 515 verge..................................... 176 TO DRENCH-to soak, drench, steep....... 512 EDICT-decree, edict, proclamation........'443 DRIFT-tendency, drift, scope, aim............. 325 EDIFICE-edifice, structure, fabrick......... 499 DROLL-laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, comi- EDUCATION-education, instruction, breeding. 197 cal or comick, droll....................... 103 TO EFFACE-to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, TO DROOP-to flag, droop, languish, pine...... 368 efface, cancel, obliterate.. 248 TO DROOP to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble.. 303 EFFECT-effect, consequence, result, event, isTO DROP sue......................................... 90 DROSS-dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse.... 515 TO EFFECT-to effect, produce, perform....... 289 TO DROWSE-to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, TO EFFECT-to accomplish, execute, achieve, efnap...................................... 300 feet.........................288 DROWSY-heavy, dull, drowsy...............300 EFFECTIVE-effective, efficient, effectual, efficaDROWSY-sleepy, drowsy, lethargick.........300 cious 290 DRUDGE-servant, domestick, menial, drudge.. 328 EFFECTS-goods, furniture, chattels, moveables, DRUDGERY-work, labour, toil, drudgery, task. 328 effects..................................... 339 DRUNKENNESS-intoxication, drunkenness, in- EFFECTUAL-effective, efficient, effectual, effifatuation................................. 310 cacious.......................290 DUBIOUS-doubtful, dubious, uncertain, preca- EFFEMINATE-female, feminine, effeminate... 514 rious...................................... 96 EFFERVESCENCE-ebullition, effervescence, DUCTILE-docile, tractable, ductile........... 360 fermentation........................... 309 DUE-debt, due..;......,....... 217 EFFICACIOUS effective, efficient, efficacious, DULL —heavy, dull, drowsy............ 300 EFFICIENT effectual................... 290 DULL-insipid, dull, flat............. 513 EFFIGY-likeness, picture, image, effigy........ 532 DULL-dull, gloomy, sad, dismal.............. 410 EFFORT-endeavour, effort, exertion........... 321 DULL-stupid, dull......................... 401 EFFORT-attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort 320 DUMB-silent, dumb, mute, speechless... 464.. E 44 EPP:2ONTERY-audacity, effrontery, hardihood DUPLICITY-deceit, duplicity, double-dealing.. 523 or hardiness, boldness...................... 140 DURABLE-durable; lasting, permanent........ 266 EFFUSION-effusion, ejaculation.............. 462 DURABLE-durable, constant...............266 EGOISTICAL-opiniated or opiniative, conceited, DURATION-continuance, continuation, dura- egoistical........................... 100 tion...................2.................. 65 EJACULATION-effusion; ejac.':on..... 462 DURATION-duration, 2time.0.......266 ELDER-senior, elder, older 269 DUTIFUL-dutiful, obedient, respectful......... 150 ELDERLY-elderly, aged, old.................. 269 DUTY-duty, obligation...................... 150 ELECT-to choose, elect..................... 234 DUTY-business, office, duty.................. 331 ELEGANT-graceful, comely, elegant......... 315 DUTY-tax, duty, custom, toll, impost, tribute, TO ELEVATE-to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt 354 contribution.......................... 168 ELIGIBLE-eligible, preferable................ 234 TO DWELL-to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, in- ELOCUTION elocution, eloquence, rhetorick, habit. 263 ELOGQUENCE oratory..................... 42 TO DYE-to colour, dye, tinge, stain... 516 TO ELUCIDATE-to explain, illustrate, elucidate..............458 EACH —all, every, each. 252 TO ELUDE-to escape, elude, evade........ 527 EAGER-eager, earnest, serious................ 392 TO ELUDE-to avoid, eschew, shun, elude..... 5 XXv; INDEX. Page I ag TO EMANATE-to arise, proceed, issue, sprirng, END-sake, account, reason, purpose, end....... 535 flow, emanate............................ 291 TO ENDEAVOUR —to attempt, trial, endeavour, TO EMBARRASS-to embarrass, entangle, per- essay, effort............................... 320 plex....................................... 412 TO ENDEAVOUR-to endeavour, aim, strive, EMBA RRASSMENTS —difficulties, embarrass- struggle................................... 321 merits, troubles............................ 413 ENDEAVOUR-endeavour, effort, exertion. 321 TO EMBELLISH —to adorn, decorate, embellish 500 ENDLESS-eternal, endless, everlasting......... 270 EMBLEM-figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, TO ENDOW-invest, endow or endue.......... 167 symbol, type.............................. 531 ENDOWMENT-gift, endowment, talent....... 67 TO EMBOLDEN-to encourage, embolden..... 312 ENDURANCE-patience, endurance, resignation 149 TO EMBRACE-to clasp, hug, embrace........ 377 TO ENDURE-to suffer, bear, endure, support.. 149 TO EMBRACE —to comprise, comprehend, em- ENEMY-enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, antabrace, contain, include...................... 174 gonist..................................... 134 EMBRYO-embryo, fwetus..................... 510 LENERGY-energy, force, vigour.............. 372 TO EMEND-to amen'd, correct, reform, rectify, TO ENERVATE to weaken, enfeeble, debiliemend, improve, mend, better.............. 201 TO ENFEEBLE tae, enervate, invalidate.. 368 TO EMERGE-to rise, issue, emerge........... 291 TO ENGAGE —to attract, allure, invite, engage.. 318 EMERGENCY-exigency, emergency.......... 173 TO ENGAGE-to bind, engage, oblige 216 EMINENT-distinguished, conspicuous, noted, ENGAGEMENT-battle, combat, engagement.. 141 eminent, illustrious......................... 473 ENGAGEMEINT-business, occupation, employEMISSARY-emissary, spy.................... 446 ment, engagement, avocation................ 331 TO EMIT-to emit, exhale, evaporate.......... 501 ENGAGEMENT-promnise, engagement, word 217 EMOLUMENT-gain, profit, emolument, lucre.. 397 TO ENGENDER-to breed, engender. 497 EMOTION-agitation, emotion, tremour, trepida- TO ENGRAVE —to imprint, impress, engrave... 450 tion....................................... 308 ENGRAVING-picture, print, engraving.. 450 EMPHASIS-stress, strain, emphasis, accent..... 221 TO ENGROSS-to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, EMPIRE-empire, kingdom.................... 189 engross................................... 509 EMPIRE-empire, reign, dominion.............. i87 ENJOYMENT-enjoyment, fruition, gratification 383 TO EMPLOY-to employ, use................. 398 rO ENLARGE-to enlarge, increase, extend.... 348 EMPLOYMENT-business, occupation, employ- TO ENLIGHTEN-to illuminate, illumine, enment, engagement, avocation................ 331 lighten.197 TO EMPOWER-to commission, authorize, em- TO ENLIST-to enrol, enlist or list, register, repower...................1. 86 cord.468 EMPTY-empty, vacant, void, devoid........... 343 TO ENLIVEN-to animate, inspire, cheer, enEMPTY —hollow, empty.................. 344 liven, exhilarate................... 355 EMULATION-competition, emulation, rivalry. 131 ENMITY-enmity, animosity, hostility......... 135 TO ENCHANT-to charm, enchant, fascinate, ENMITY-hatred, enmity, ill-will, repugnance.. 137 enrapture, captivate........................ 317 ENORMOUS-enormous, huge, immense, vast.. 349 TO ENCIRCLE-to surround, encompass, envi- ENORMOUS-enormous, prodigious, monstrous. 350 ron, encircle............................... 175 ENOUGHI —enough, sufficient.343 TO ENCLOSE-to circumscribe, enclose........ ]75 ENRAPTURE-to charm, enchant, fascinate, enTO ENCLOSE-to enclose, include........... 174 rapture, captivate......................... 317 ENCOMIUM-encomium, eulogy, panegyriclk.... 130 TO ENROL-to enrol, enlist or list, register, reTO ENCOMPASS-to sturround, encompass, en- cord.. 468 viron, encircle. 175 ENSAMPLE-exrmple, pattern, ensample...... 531 ENCOUNTER-attack, assault, encounter, onset, TO ENSLAVE-to enslave, captivate. 318 charge......................................116 TO NNSUE-to follow, succeed, ensue. 271 TO ENCOUNTER-to attack, assail, assault, en- TO ENTANGLE-to embarrass, entangle, percounter................ 116 plex........................... 412 TO ENCOURAGE-to cheer, encourage, comfort 356 TO ENTANGLE-to insnare, entrap, entangle, TO ENCOURAGE-to encourage, animate, in- inveigle.................................... 525 cite, impel.,,,rge, stimulAte, instigate......... 311 ENTERPRISE-attempt, undertaking, enterprise -320 TO ENCOURAGE-to encourage, advance, pro- ENTERPRISING-enterprising, adventurous... 173 mote, prefer, forward....................... 312 TO ENTER UPON-to begin, conlmence, enter TO ENCOURAGE-to encourage, embolden.... 312 upon.........-...... *292 TO ENCOURAGE-to encourage, countenance, TO ENTERTAIN-to amuse, divert, entertain.. 390 sanction, support...................... 310 ENTERTAINMENT-amnusement, diversion, enTO ENCROACH-to encroach, intrench, invade, tertainsment, sport, recreation pastime....... 391 intrude, infringe........................... 507 ENTERTAINMENT-feast, banquet, carousal, TO ENCUMBER-to clog, load, encumber...... 370 entertainment, treat..................... 513 E4NCYCLOPAEDIA-dictionary, encyclopaedia.. 463 ENTHUSIAST-enthusiast, fanatick, visionary.. 91 END-aimn, object, end..................:...... 324 TO ENTICE-to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, TO END —to end, close, terminate. 25 decoy. 319 TO END-end,extremito y TO ENTICE-to...persuade, enti..........ce...................ce..........prevail uon. 319 END —end, extremity..................- 285 TO ENTICE-to persuade, entice, prevail upon. 313 INDEX. xxviI Page Page ENTIRE-whole, entire, complete, total, integral 288 ETERNAL-eternal, endless, everlasting........ 270 TO ENTITLE-to name, denominate, style, en- EUCHARIST-Lord's supper, eucharist, commutitle, designate, characterize................ 471 nion, sacrament............................ 83 TO ENTRAP-to insnare, entrap, entangle, in- EULOGY-encomium, eulogy, panegyrick...... 130 veigle.................. 525 TO EVADE-to evade, equivocate, prevaricate. 526 TO ENTREAT-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, TO EVADE-to escape; elude, evade........... 527 supplicate, implore............ 158 TO EVAPORATE-to emit, exhale, evaporate.. 501 ENTREATY-prayer, petition, request, entreaty, EVASION-evasion, shift, subterfuge........... 526 suit, crave................................ 87 EVEN-equal, even, equable, uniform, like or ENVIOUS-invidious, envious.................. 389 alike................... 435 TO ENVIRON-to surround, encompass,environ, EVEN-even, smooth, level, plain............. 435 encircle.................. 75 EVENT-event, incident, accident, adventure, ocENVOY-ambassador, envoy, plenipotentiary, currence............................... 172 deputy.................................. 214 EVENT-event, issue, consequence. 290 ENVY-jealousy, envy, suspicion............... 389 EVER —always, at all times, ever 258 EPHEMERIS-calendar, almanack, ephemeris.. 434 EVERLASTING-eternal, endless, everlasting.. 270 EPICURE-sensualist, voluptuary, epicure...... 375 EVERY-all, every, each... 252 EPIDEMICAL-contagious, epidemical, pestilen- EVIDENCE-deponent, evidence, witness...... 445 tinal................ 129 EVIDENCE-proof, testimony, evidence. 444 EPISTLE-letter, epistle..................... 196 EVIDENT-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obviEPITHET-epithet, adjective.... 420 ous, evident, manifest.478 EPOCHA-time,'period, age, date, era, epocha.. 267 EVIL-evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief.... 405 EQUABLE ) equal, even, equable, like or alike, EVIL-bad, evil, wicked..................... 127 EQUAL $ uniform....................... 435 TO EVINCE-to argue, evince, prove.......... 77 TO EQUIP-to fit, equip, prepare, qualify...... 154 TO EVINCE-to prove, demonstrate, evince, maEQUITABLE-fair, honest, equitable, reasonable 428 nifest...................4................... 444 EQUITY-justice, equity.................. 212 EXACT-accurate, exact, precise............... 203. EQUIVOCAL-ambiguous, equivocal........ 527 EXACT-exact, nice, particular, punctual....... 203 TO EQUIVOCATE-to evade, equivocate, pre- TO EXACT-to exact, extort.................. 317 varicate.................................. 526 TO EXALT-to lift, praise, erect, elevate, exalt; 354 ERA-time, period, age, date, era, epocha....... 267 EXAMINATION-examination, search, inquiry, TO ERADICATE-to eradicate, extirpate, extor- research, investigation, scrutiny............. 98 minate.................................... 503 TO-EXAMINE-to discuss, examine............ 98 TO ERASE-to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, TO EXAMINME-to examine, search, explore.... 98 efface, cancel, obliterate..................... 248 EXAMPLE-example, pattern, ensample...... 531 TO ERECT-to build, erect, construct.......... 498 EXAMPLE-example, precedent........... 531 TO ERECT-to institute, establish, found, erect. 213 EXAMPLE-example, instance................. 531 TO ERECT-to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt... 354 TO EXASPERATE-to aggravate, irritate, proERRAND-mission, message, errand........... 215 voke, exasperate, tantalize.......1.......... 121 ERROUR-errour, mistake, blunder............ 126 TO EXCEED I to exceed, surpass, transcend, exERROUR-errour, fault................ 125 TO EXCEL eel, outdo................... 273 ERUDITION-knowledge, science, learning, eru- EXCELLENCE-excellence, superiority........ 274 dition..................................... 196 EXCEPT-besides, except................... 251 ERUPTION-eruption, explosion............... 501 EXCEPT —unless, except...................... 251 ro ESCAPE-to escape, elude, evade........ 527 EXCEPTION- -objection, difficulty, exception... 112 TO ESCHEW-to avoid, eschew, shun, elude... 527 EXCESS-excess, superfluity, redundancy....... 34t TO ESCORT —to accompany, escort, wait on, at- EXCESSIVE-excessive, immoderate, intempetend............................... 493 rate.34' ESPECIALLY-especially, particularly, princi- TO EXCHANGE-to change, exchange, barter, pally, chiefly......................2......... 06 substitute.334 TO ESPY —to find, find out, discover, espy, descry 446 TO EXCHANGE-to exchange, barter, truck, ESSAY-attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort.. 320 commute.335 ESSAY-essay, treatise, tract, dissertation...... 329 EXCHANGE-interchange, exchange, reciprocity 334 RESSENTIAL-necessary, expedient, essential, TO EXCITE-to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, requisite..... 417 stir up..................................... 310 rO ESTABLISH-to confirm, establish........ 225 TO EXCITE-to excite, incite, provoke........ 309 TO ESTABLISH-to fix, settle, establish....... 227 TO EXCLAIM-to cry, exclaim, call.......... 470 TO ESTABLISH-to institute, establish, found, TO EXCULPATE-to apologize, defend, justify, erect...................................... 213 exculpate, excuse, plead..................... 181 ESTEEM-esteem, respect, regard.............. 427 TO EXCULPATE-to exonerate, exculpate.... 182 TO ESTEEM-to value, prize, esteem.......... 436 EXCURSION —excursion, ramble, tour jainnt, TO ESTEEMI to apprize, appreciate, esti- trip........................................ 302 TO ESTIMATE mate, esteem............. 432 TO EXCUSE-to apologize, defend, justify, exTO ESTIMATE-to estimate, compute, rate.... 432 culpate, excuse, plead................. 181 -xviii INDEX. Page Pap TO EXCUSE-to excuse, pardon............ 182 TO EXPRESS-to express, declare, signify tesEXCUSE-pretence, pretension, pretext, excuse.. 229 tify, utter.455 EXECRABLE-abominable, detestable, execrable 138 EXPRESSION-word, expression, term.......462 EXECRATION-malediction, curse, imprecation, EXPRESSIVE-significant, expressive.......... 456 execration, anathema...............8.... 2 TO EXPUNGE-to blot out, expunge, rase or TO EXECUTE-to accomplish, effect, execute, erase, efface, cancel, obliterate.............. 48,achieve................................. 288 TO EXTEND-to enlarge, increase, extend.....348 TO EXECUTE-to execute, fulfil, perform...... 289 TO EXTEND-to reach, stretch, extend.....348 EXEMPT-free, exempt........................ 242 EXTENSIVE-comprehensive, extensive.......174 EXEMPTION-privilege, prerogative, exemption, EXTENT-limit, extent...................... 177 immunity............................ 228 TO EXTENUATE-to extenuate, palliate...182 TO EXERCISE-to exercise, practise........... 322 EXTERIOUR-outward, external, exteriour..... 351 TO EXERCISE to exert, exercise............. 32 TO EXTERMINATE —to eradicate, extirpate, TO EXERT exterminate........... 503 EXERTION-endeavour, effort, exertion........ 321 EXTERNAL-outward, external, exteriour. 351 TO EXHALE-to emit, exhale, evaporate....... 501 TO EXTIRPATE-to eradicate, extirpate, exterTO EXHAUST-to spend, exhaust, drain....... 344 minate................................... 503 TO EXHIBIT-to give, present, offer, exhibit... 163 TO EXTOL-to praise, commend, applaud, extol 130 TO EXHIBIT-to show, exhibit, display........ 452 TO EXTORT-to exact, extort.......... 317 EXHIBITION-show, exhibition, representation, EXTRANEOUS-extraneous, extrinsick, foreign 437 sight, spectacle.......... 452 EXTRAORDINARY-extraordinary, remarkable 451 TO EXHILARATE —to animate, inspire, cheer, EXTRAVAGANT-extravagant, prodigal, lavish, enliven, exhilarate............ 355 profuse............342 TO EXHORT-to exhort, persuade............ 312 EXTREME EXIGENCY-exigency, emergency............. 173 EXTREMITY extremity, extreme. 285 TO EXILE-to banish, exile, expel. 205 EXTREMITY-end, extremity.285 TO EXIST-to be, exist, subsist............. 2... 39 TO EXTRICATE-to disengage, disentangle, exTO EXIST-to exist, live...................... 240 tricate......2.......................... 218 EXITI'-exit, departure.......................... 372 EXTRINSICK —extraneous, extrinsick, foreign.. 437 TO EXONERATE-to exonerate, exculpate.... 182 EXUBERANT-exuberant, luxuriant........... 343 TO EXPAND-to dilate, expand............... 345 TO EYE-to look, see, behold, view, eye.....482 TO EXPAND-to spread, expand, diffuse....... 345 TO EXPECT-to await, wait for, look for, expect 415 FABLE-fable, tale, novel, romance........ 467 EXPECTATION-hope, expectation, confidence, FABRICK-edifice, structure, fabrick......... 499 trust..................................... 4 TO FABRICATE-to invent, feign, frame, fabriEXPEDIENT-expedient, resource............. 535 cate, forge............... 528 EXPEDIENT-expedient, fit................... 418 FABRICATION-fiction, fabrication, falsehood.. 528 EXPEDIENT-necessary, expedient;ssential, TO FACE-to confront, face.............142 requisite............................. 417 FACE-face, front.478 TO EXPEDITE-to hasten, accelerate, speed, ex- FACE-face, countenance, visage.........479 pedite, despatch............................ 261 FACETIOUS-facetious, conversible, pleasant, EXPEDITIOUS-diligent, expeditious, prompt.. 262 jocular, jocose...461 TO EXPEL-to banish, exile, expel............. 205 FACILITY-ease, easiness, lightness, facility.... 363 TO EXPEND-to spend or expend, waste, dissi- FACT-circumstance, incident, fact....... 172 pate, squander............................. 344 FACTION-faction, party.209 EXPENSE-cost, expense, price, charge........ 436 FACTIOUS-factious, seditious................ 209 EXPERIENCE I experience, experiment, trial, FACTOR-factor, agent.................... 338 EXPERIMENT S proof, test.................. 319 FACULTY-ability, faculty, talent.68!EXPERT-clever, skilful, expert, dexterous, adroit 69 TO FAIL-to fail, fall short, be deficient..... 125 TO EXPIATE-to atone for, expiate............ 87 FAILING-imperfection, weakness, frailty, failTO EXPIRE-to die, expire.................... 371 ing, foible......... 124 TO EXPLAIN-to explain, expound, interpret.. 457 FAILING failure, failing.................... 125 TO EXPLAIN-to explain, illustrate, elucidate.. 458 FAILUREng. EXPLANATION-definition, explanation...... 458 FAILURE-failure, miscarriage, abortion....... 125 EXPLANATORYxplicit, express 459 FAILURE-insolvency, failure, bankruptcy..... 125 EXPLICIT explanatory, explicit, express 459 FAINT-faint, languid................... 369 EXPLOIT-deed, exploit, achievement, feat..... 295 FAIR-fair, clear.............................. 477 TO EXPLORE-to examine, search, explore.... 98 FAIR-fair, honest, equitable, reasonable........ 428 EXPLOSION-eruption, explosion............ 501 FAITH-belief, trust, credit, faith.. 78 EXPOSED-subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious.. 146 FAITH-faith, creed.79 TO EXPOSTULATE-to expostulate, remon- FAITH-faith, fidelity.416 strate..................................... 459 FAITHFUL-faitlhfill, trusty................... 416 TO EXPOUND-to explain, expound, interpret. 457 FAITHLESS-faithless, unfaithful............. 524 EXPRESS-explanatory, explicit, express....... 459 1 FAITHLESS-faithless, perfidious, treacherous.. 524 INDEX. xxtL Page Page TO FALL-to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble.... 303 TO FEIGN-to feign, pretend.................. 528 TO FALL SHORT-to fail, fall short, be deficient 125 TO FEIGN-to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, FALLACIOUS-fallacious, deceitful, fraudulent 523 forge...................................... 528 FALLACY-fallacy, delusion, illusion......... 523 TO FELICITATE-to felicitate, congratulate,... 395 FALSEHOOD-fiction, fabrication, falsehood.... 528 FELICITY-happiness, felicity, bliss, blessedness, FALSEHOOD) beatitude.......................... 394 FALSITY EHOOD untruth, falsehood, falsity, lie... 528 FELLOWSHIP-fe llo wship, society.... FELLOWSHIP-fellowship, society......... 489 TO PALTER-to hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter 97 FELON-criminal, culprit, malefactor, felon, conFAME-fame, reputation, renown. 472 vict....................................... 123 FAME-fame, report, rumour, hearsay......... 472 FEMALE FAMILIAR-free, famiiar................... 241 FEMININE femle femnne effemnate. 14 FAMILIARITY-acquaintance, familiarity, inti- FENCE —fence, guard, security.. 183 macy.............................. 195 FERMENTATION-ebullition, effervescence, ferFAMILY-family, house, lineage, race.......... 495 mentation................................. 309 FAMOUS-famous, celebrated, renowned, illus- FEROCIOUS-ferocious, fierce, savage.. 374 ^ ^trious..................................... 473 FERRYMAN-waterman, boatman, ferryman... 337 FANATICK-enthusiast, fanatick, visionary.... X31i FERTILE-fertile, fruitful, prolifick.. 34i FANCIFUL-fanciful, fantastical, whimsical, ca- FERVOUR-fervour, ardour.............. 475 pricious................. 385 FESTIVAL-feast, festixal, holyday............ 85 FANCY-conceit, fancy........................ 99 FESTIVITY —festivity, mirth................. 392 FANCY-fancy, imagination.................. 73 TO FETCH-to bring, fetch, carry............. 330 FANTASTICAL-fanciful, fantastical, whims FETTER-chain, fetter, band, shackle.... 217 cal, capricious............................. FEUD —quarrel, broil, feud, affray-or fray....... 133 PAR-distant, far, remote...................... 286 FICTION-fiction, fabrication, falsehood......-. 528 FARE-fare, provision....................... 513 FICTITIOUS —artful, artificial, fictitious....... r21 PARMER-farmer, husbandman, agriculturist... 336 FIDELITY-faith, fidelity..................... 416 ro FASCINATE-to charm, enchant, fascinate, FIERCE-ferocious, fierce, savage.. 374. enrapture, captivate........................ 317 FIERY —hot, fiery, burning, ardent.............. 475 FASHION-custom, fashion, mariner, practice.. 322 FIGURE-figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, DF FASHION-of fashion, of quality, of distinc- symbol, type.................... 531 tion................... 474!FIGURE-form, figure, conformation............ 293 ro FASHION-to form, fashion, mould, shape 293 FIIfItiY —nasty, filthy, foul............. 515 FAST-abstinence, fast........................ 87 FINAL —final, conclusive...................... 224 TO FASTEN-to fix, fasten, stick............. 226 FINAL-last, latest, final, ultimate.............. 270 FASTIDIOUS-fastidious, squeamish.......... 385 TO FIND? to find, find out, discover, invent 446 FATAL-deadly, mortal, fatal.................. 371 TO FIND OUT I FATE —chance, fortune, fate................... 170 TO FIND to find, find out, discover, espy, FATE-destiny, fate, lot, do o m...om.... 169 TO FIND OUT 5 descry................... 445 FAT'IUE-fatigue, weariness, lassitude....... 369 TO FIND FAULT WITII —to find fault with, FAVOUR-benefit, favour, kindness, civility.... 166 blame, object to............................ 112 FAVOUR-credit, favour, influence............. 190 FINE-beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty......... 313 FAVOUR —grace, favour....................... 190 FINE-fine, delicate, nice...................... 314 FAVOURABLE-favourable, propitious, auspi- FINE-fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture........... 204 cious................................... 190 FINESSE-artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem..... 521 FAULT-blemish, defect, fault.................. 127 FINICAL-finical, spruce, foppish.............. 386 FAULT-errour, fault.......................... 125 TO FINISH-to close, finish, conclude.......... 286 FAULT-imperfection, defect, fault, vice....... 124 TO FINISH-to complete, finish, terminate..... 287 FAULTY-culpable, faulty..1................. 123 FINITE —finite, limited........................ 178 TO FAWN-to coax, wheedle, cajole, fawn.... 525 FIRE-fire, heat, warmth, glow............... 475 TO FEAR-to apprehend, fear, dread........... 307 FIRMI-hard, firm, solid........................ 373 FEARFUL-afraid, fearful, timorous, timid..... 307 FIRM —firm, fixed, solid, stable................. 226 FEARFUL-fearful, dreadful, frightful, tremen- FIRM-strong, firm, robust, sturdy.............. 372 dous, terrible, terrifick, horrible, horrid...... 306 FIRMNESS —constancy,stability, steadiness, firmFEARLESS-bold, fearless, intrepid, undaunted 306 ness...................................... 226 FEASIBLE-colourable, specious, ostensible, plau- FIT-fit, apt, meet........................... 155 sible, feasible............................. 516 FIT-expedient, fit......................... 418 FEAST-feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment, FIT-becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suitable.... 246 treat..................................... 513 j TO FIT —to fit, equip, prepare, qualify.......... 154 FEAST-feast, festival, holyday............... 85 TO FIT-to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate, adFEAT —deed, exploit, achievement, feat....... 295 just.................................... 154 FEEBLE —weak, feeble, infirm................ 368 FITTED-competent, fitted, qualified........... 154 TO FEEL-tofeel, be sensible, conscious........ 376 TO FIX-to fix, fasten, stick................... 226 FEELING-feeling, sensation, sense............ 376 TO FIX-to fix, settle, establish................ 227 FEELING-feeling, sensibility, susceptibility.... 376 TO FIX-to fix, determine, settle, limit........227 Txx INDEX. Page FIXED-firm, fixed, solid, stable................ 226 FORCIBLE —cogent, forcible, strong............ 220 TO FLAG-to flag, droop, languish, pine........ 368 TO FOREBODE-to augur, presage, forbode, beFLAGITIOUS heinous, flagrant, flagitious, ato- token, tend...................94 FLAGRANT cpious....................... cos..249 FORECAST-foresight, forethought, premeditaFLAME tion, forecast............................... 399 FLARE flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare........ 476 FOREFATHERS-forefathers, progenitors, anFLASH cestors...............................269 FLAT-flat, level.............................. 435 FOREGO-to give up, abandon, resign, forego... 242 FLAT-insipid, dull, flat................. 513 FOREGOING-antecedent, preceding, foregoing, TO FLATTER-to adulate, flatter, compliment 526 previous, anterior, prior, former............ 27 FLATTERER-flatterei, sycophant, parasite.... 526 FOREIGN-extraneous, extrinsick, foreign....437 FLAVOUR-taste, flavour, relish, savour........ 512 FOREIGNER-stranger, foreigner, alien........ 386 FLAW-blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw........ 127 FORERUNNER-forerunner, precursor, messenFLEETING-transient, transitory, fleeting, term- ger, harbinger....................... 215 porary.................................... 27 FORESIGHT —foresight, forethought, forecast, FLEETNESS-quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ce- premeditation 399 lerity, rapidity, velocity..................... 262 FOREST-forest, chase, park............. 271 FLEXIBLE-flexible, pliable, pliant, supple..... 360 TO FORETEL-to foretel, predict, prophesy, FLIGHTINESS-lightness, levity, flightiness, v,- prognosticate.94 latility, giddiness.......................... 390 F(ORETHOUGHIT-foresight, forethought, foreFLIMSY —superficial, shallow, flimsy.......... 457 cast, premeditation.399 TO FLOURISH-to flourish, thrive, prosper.... a5 IF*ORFEITURE-fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture.. 204 TO FLOW-to arise, proceed, issne, wpring, flo.w, TO FORGE —to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, emanate.................................2. 91 forge.528 TO FLOW-to flow, stream, gush.............. /15 2 FORGETFULNESS-forgetfulness, oblivion.... 72 TO0 FLUCTUATE-to scruple, h-sittie, -.ctuime, TO FORGIVE-to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit 87 waver..................................... 97 FORLORN-forsaken, forlorn, destitute. 248 fLUID-fluid, liquid....................... 352 FORM-form, figure, conformation, 293,'O FLUTTER-to palpitate fRut#t, pant, gasp 305 FORM-form, ceremony, right, observance. 83?OE —enemy, foe, adversary, 0opponent, antago- TO FORM-to make, form, produce, create 292 nist........................................ 134 TO FORM-to form, fashion, mould, shape. 293' CETUS -embryb, falus................. 510 TO FORM-to form, compose, constitute.......294 TOIBLE-imperfectiorn, talrakess, frailty, failing, FORMAL-formal, ceremonious. 294 foible........................... 124 FORMER-antecedent, preceding, foregoing, preFO FOIL-to defeat, fcil, disappoint, frustrate.. 143 vious, anterior, prior, former....... 272'OLKS-people, persons, folks.................. 495 FORMERLY-formerly, in times past or old times, 0O FOLLOW-to follow, succeed, ensue.....' 271 in days of yore, anciently, or ancient times.. 269 10 FOLLOW-to follow, pursue ~............. 271 FORMIDABLE-formidable, dreadful, terrible, r0 FOLLOW-to follow, imitate.............. 530 shocking............ 308 FOLLOWER-follower, adherent, partisan..... 419 TO FORSAKE-to abandon, desert, forsake, reFOLLY-folly, foolery....................... 400 linquish.................................. 243 FOND-affectionate, kind, fond................ 379: FORSAKEN-forsaken, forlorn, destitute....... 248 FOND —amorous, loving, fond.. 378 TO FORSWEAR-to forswear, perjure, suborn. 92 FOND —indulgent, fond................... 378 TO FORTIFY-to strengthen, fortify, invigorate 372 TO FONDLE-to caress, fondle............ 377 FORTITUDE-courage, fortitude, resolution.... 139 FOOD-food, diet, regimen.................. 514 FORTUITOUS l fortunate, lucky,: fortuitous, FOOL-fool, idiot, buffoon................ 400 FORTUNATE prosperous, successful...... 395 FOOLERY-folly, foolery...................... 400 FORTUNATE —lhappy, fortunate................ 394 FOOLHARDY-foolhardy, adventurous, rash.... 321 FORTUNE-chance, fortune, fate.............. 170 FOOLISH-irrational, foolish, absurd, preposte- FORWARD-onward, forward, progressive. 302 rous. 91 TO FORWARD-to encourage, advance, proFOOLISH-simple, silly, foolish................ 401 mote, prefer, forward..................... 312 FOOTSTEP —mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track 448 TO FOSTER-to foster, cherish, harbour, indulge 377 FOPPISH-finical, spruce, foppish.............. 386 FOUL-nasty, filthy, foul....................... 515 TO FORBEAR-to abstain, forbear, refrain..... 244 TO FOUND-to found, ground, rest, build....... 498 TO FORBID-to forbid, prohibit, interdict...... 223 TO F(JUND —to institute, establish, found, erect. 213 FORECAST-foresight, forethought, forecast, pre- FOUNDATION-foundation, ground, basis 498 meditation..................... 399 FOUNTAIN-spring, fountain, source.......... 353 FORCE-energy, force, vigour................. 372 FRACTION I rupture, fraction fracture.... FORCE —power, strength, force, authority, domi- FRACTURE nion..................... 186 FRAGILE-fragile, frail, brittle................ 502 FORCE-force, violence....................... 219 FRAGRANCE-smell, scent, odour, perfume, fraFORCE-strain, sprain; stress, force........... 221 grance............. 511'() FORCE-to compel, force; oblige, necessitate 219 FRAIL-fragile, frail, brittle.. 502 INDEX. xxxI Page Page rRAILTY-imperfection, weakness, frailty fail- TO GAIN-to get, gain, obtain, procure,....... 396 ing, foible........................... 124 TO GAIN-to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn... 396 FRAME —frame, temper, temperament, constitu- GAIT-carriage, gait, walkl............... 192 tion................... 388 GALE-breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, TO FRAME-to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, hurricane.................................. 353 forge........................... 528 TO GALL-to rub, chafe, fret, gall............. 309 FRANK-frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, GALLANT, vide GALLANTRY. plain........................... 431 GALLANT-gallant, beau, spark............... 381 FRAUD-deceit, fraud, guile................... 523 GALLANTRY-bravery, courage, valour, galFRAY-quarrel, broil, feud, affray or fray....... 133 lantry..................................... 139 FR AUDULENT-fallacious, deceitful, fraudulent 523 GAMBOL-frolick, gambol, prank.............. 390 FREAK-freak, whim.................... 384 GAME-play, game, sport..................... 384 FREE-communicative, free................ 487 GANG-band, company, crew, gang............ 492 FREE —frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 | GAP-breach, break, gap, chasm............... 501 FREE-free, exempt........................... 242 1 TO GAPE-to gape, stare, gaze 479 FREE-free, liberal.................. 241 GARRULOUS-talkative, loquacious, garrulous. 460 FREE —free, familiar................... 2........ 241 TO GASP-to palpitate, flutter, pant, gasp...... 305 TO FREE —to free, set free, deliver, deliberate.. 24 TO GATHER-to gather, collect 234 FREEDOM-freedom, liberty................... 42 GAUDY-showy, gaudy, gay.............. 453 FREIGHT-freight, cargo, lading, load, burden.. 338 GAY-cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay. 389 TO FREQUENT-to frequent, resort to, haunt.. 494 GAY-showy, gaudy, gay................... 453 FREQUENTLY-commonly, generally, usually, TQ GAZE-to gape, stare, gaze................ 479 frequently................................. 323 GENDER-gender, sex. 514 FREQUENTLY-often, frequently............. 268 GENERAL-general, universal. 323 FRESH —fresh, new, novel, recent, modern...... 268 GENERALLY-commdily, generally, frequently, TO FRET-to rub, chafe, fret, gall............. 309 usually............................. 323 FRETFUL-captious, cross, peevish, petulant, GENERATION-generation, age............... 270 fretful................................ 315 GENERATION-race, generation, breed. 497 FRIENDLY-amicable, friendly............... 378 GENEROUS-beneficient, bountiful, bounteous, FRIENDSHIP-love, frienpship............... 380 munificent, generous, liberal................ 165 FRIGID-cool, cold, frigid..................... 514 GENIUS-intellect, genius, talent.............. 67 FRIGHT-alarm, terrour, fright, consternation.. 305 GENIUS-taste, genius....................... 70 TO FRIGHTEN-to frighten, intimidate........ 307 i GENTEEL-polite, polished, refined, genteel... 199 FRIGHTFUL-fearful, dreadful, frightful, tremen- i GENTILE-gentile, heathen, pagan............ 495 dous, terrifick, horrible, horrid..............30 GENTLE-gentle, tame.............. 360 FRIVOLOUS-trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, GENTLE-soft, mild, gentle, meek.............. 359 futile 457 GENUINE-intrinsick, real, genuine, native..... 437 FROLICK-frolick, gambol, prank.. 390 GESTICLATION action, gesture, gesticulaFRONT —face, front.................... 478 GESTURE tion, posture, attitude, FROWARD-awkward, cross, untoward, crook- position,................295 ed, froward, perverse..................... 315 TO GET-to get, gain, obtain, procure. 396 FRUGALITY-economy, frugality, parsimony.. 161 GHASTLY-hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly....... 478 FRUITFUL-fertile, fruitful, prolifick.......... 341 GHOST-vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, FRUITION-enjoyment, fruition, gratification... 383 ghost...................................... 479 FRUITLESS-vain, ineffectual, fruitless........ 290 GHOSTLY-spirituous, spirited, spiritual, ghostly 66 FRUSTRATE-to defeat, foil, disappoint, frus- TO GIBE-to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer............. 104 trate.................................. 143 GIDDINESS-lightness, levity, flightiness, volatiTO FULFIL —to execute, fulfil, perform......... 289 lity, giddiness............................. 390 TO FULFIL-to fullfil, accomplish, realize...... 289 GIFT-gift, present, donation, benefaction...1... 64 TO FULFIL-to keep, observe, ful fil.......28.... 9 GIFT-gift, endowment, talent................ 67 FULLY-largely, copiously, fully............... 342 TO GIVE-to give, grant, bestow, allow. 162 FULNESS —fulness, plenitude............... 341 TO GIVE-to give, afford, spare........... 163 FUNCTION-office, place, chalie, function..... 332 TO GIVE-to give, present, offer, exhibit....... 163 FUNERAL-funeral, obsequi............... 84 TO GIVE UP-to give up, deliver, surrender, FURIOUS-violent, furious, oisterous, impetu- yield, cede, concede........................ 42 ~ous, vehement *...............- 19 TO GIVE UP-to give up, abandon, resign, forego 242 FURNISH-to provide, procure, furnish, supply.. 399 GLAD-glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful. 393 FURNITURE —goods, furniture, chattels, move- GLADNESS-joy, gladness, mirth............... 393 ables, effects......... 339 TO GLANCE AT-to glance at, allude to. 327 FURY-madness, phrensy, rage, fury........... 281 GLANCE-look, glance................... 482 FURY —anger, choler, rage, fury............ 119 GLANCE-glimpse, glance............... 327 FUTILE-trifling, trivial, frivolous, futile....... 457 GLARE-flame, blaze, flash, flare, glare. 476 TO GLARE —to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, raGAIN-gain, profit, emolument, lucre.......... 397 1 diate..................................... 476 lxxii INDEX. Page Pap GLARt[Nt-glaring, barefaced............... 476 GRIEVANCE-grievance, hardship............. 409 GLEAM —gleam, glimmer, ray, beam........... 476 TO GRIEVE-to grieve, mourn, lament........ 408 TO GLIDE-to slip, slide, glide................. 303 GRIEVED-sorry, grieved, hurt................ 412 GLIMMER-gleam, glimmer, ray, beam........ 476 GRIM1-hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly............ 478 GLIMPSE-glimpse, glance................... 327 TO GRIPE-to lay or take hold of,, catch, seize, TO GLITTER-to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, snatch, grasp, gripe.... 237 radiate.................................. 476 TO GRIPE-to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe. 309 GLOBE-circle, sphere, orb, globe.............. 175 GRISLY —hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly......... 478 GLOBE-globe, ball............................ 500 TO GROAN-to groan, moan................. 41C GLOOM-gloom, heaviness..................... 410 GROSS-gross, coarse. 201 GLOOMY-dull, gloomy, sad, dismal............ 410 GROSS-gross, total.................. 288 GLOOMY-gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick... 411 TO GROUND-to found, ground, rest, build..... 498 GLORY-glory, honour........................ 429 GROUND-foundation, ground, basis.498 TO GLORY —to glory, boast, vaunt............. 526 GROUP-assembly, assemblage, group, collection 490 TO GLOSS-to gloss, varnish, palliate......... 515 TO GROW-to become, grow... 240 GLOSSARY-dictionary, lexicon, glossary, vo- TO GROW-to increase, grow.. 347 cabulary, nomenclature................... 464 GRUDGE-malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique.. 381 GLOW-fire, heat, warmth, glow.............. 475 TO GUARANTEE-to guarantee, be security, be TO GLUT-to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy........ 383 responsible, warrant.................... 183 GODLIKE-godlike, divine, heavenly........ 9.. 90 GUARD-fence, guard, security................ 183 GODLY-godly, righteous...................... 90 TO GUARD-to guard, defend, watch........ 180'I-LD-gold, golden............................ 514 GUARD-guard, sentinel...................... 180 GOOD-good, goodness......................... 397 GUARD-guard, guardian...................... 181 GOOD —good, benefit, advantage................ 397 TO GUARD AGAINST —to guard against, take GOOD-HUMOUR ) -heed.................... 181 GOOD-NATUR E ~' good-nature, good-humour.. 388 GUARDIAN-guard, guardian................. 181 GOODNESS-good, goodness.................. 397 TO GUESS-to guess, conjecture, divine........ 95 GOOD OFFICE-benefit, service, good office.... 166 GUEST-guest, visiter or visitant............ 491 GOODS-commodity, goods, merchandise, ware 339 TO GUIDE-to lead, conduct, guide......... 191 GOODS-goods, furniture, chattels, moveables, ef- GUIDE-guide, rule........................... 210 fects...................................... 339 GUILE-deceit, fraud, guile.. 523 GOODS-goodsi possessions, property........... 340 GUILTLESS-guiltless, innocent, harmless..... 123 TO GOVERN-to govern, rule, regulate........ 206 GUILTY-criminal, guilty................. 123 GOVERNMENT-government, administration.. 207 GUISE-guise, habit..................... 518 GOVERNMENT-government, constitution.... 207'GULF-gulf, abyss............................ 403 GRACE —grace, favour................... 190 TO GUSH-to flow, stream, gush............ 352 GRACE —grace, charm........................ 314 GUST-breeze,gale, blast gust, to tempest, GRACEFUL-becoming, comely, graceful...... 313 hurricane............................ 353 GRACEFUL-graceful, comely, elegant......... 315 GRACIOUS —gracious, merciful, kind.......... 357 HABIT-custom,' habit..............*...... 322 GRAND-great, grand, sublime................. 455 HABIT-guise, habit....................518 GRAND-noble, grand......................... 454 TO HALE-to draw, drag, haul or hale, pull, tug, GRANDEUR —grandeur, magnificence......... 454 pluck....................................303 TO GRANT —to admit, allow, grant............ 157 TO HALLOW-to dedicate, consecrate, hallow.. 82 TO GRANT-to give, grant, bestow, allow...... 162 HANDSOME-beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty 313 TO GRASP-to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, TO HANKER AFTER-to desire, wish, long for, snatch, grasp, gripe.............2.......... 237 hanker after, covet........................ 159 GRATEFUL-acceptable, grateful, welcome.... 234 TO HAPPEN-to happen, chance.............. 171 GRATIFICATION-enjoyment, fruition, gratifi- HAPPINESS-happiness, felicity, bliss, blessedcation.............................. 383 ness, beatitude.........394 TO GRATIFY-to satisfy, please, gratify....... 383 HAPPINESS-well-being, prosperity, happiness, GRATITUDE-thankfulness, gratitude......... 441 welfare.................................. 396 GRATUITOUS-gratuitous, voluntary......... 441 HAPPY-happy, fortunate..................... 394 GRATUITY-gratuity, recompense............. 440 HARANGUE-address, speech, harangue, oration 461 GRAVE-grave, serious, solemn................ 392 TO HARASS-to distress, harass, perplex....... 407 GRAVE-sober, grave....................... 392 TO HARASS-to weary, tire, jade, harass...... 369 GRAVE-grave, tomb, sepulchre............... 500 HARBINGER-forerunner, precursor, messenger, GRAVITY-weight, heaviness, gravity........ 369 harbinger...................2.............. 215 GREAT-great, large, big...................... 349 HARBOUR-harbour, haven, port............. 518 GREAT-great, grand, sublime................. 455 TO HARBOUR-to harbour. shelter, lodge.... 517 GREATNESS-size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 348 TO HARBOUR-to foster, cherish, harbour, inGREEDINESS-avidity, greediness, eagerness... 162 dulge..................................... 377 GREETING —salute, salutaticq, greeting........ 461 HARD-hard, firm, solid................ 373 qRTEF-affliction, grief, sorrow................. 408 HARD —hard, hardy, insensible, unfeeling....... 374 INDEX. xxxiw Page Pap HARD-hard, difficult, arduous................. 364 HEAVINESS-weight, heaviness, gravity....... 369 HARD hard, callous, hardened, obdu- HEAVY-heavy, dull, drowsy............. 300 HARDENED 5 rate... 373 HEAVY-heavy, burdensome, weighty, ponderHARD-HEARTED-lhard-hearted, cruel, unmer- ous........................................ 370 ciful, merciless........ 373 TO HEED-to attend to, mind, regard, heed, noHARDIHOOD audacity, effrontery, hardihood tice....................................... 422 HARDINESS or hardiness, boldness........ 140 HEED-heed, care, attention. 426 HARDLY-hardly, scarcely.................... 364 HEEDLESS-negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtHARDSHIP-grievance, hardship............... 409 less, heedless, inattentive..... 424 HARDY-hard, hardy, insensible, unfeeling..... 374 TO HEIGHTEN-to heighten, raise, aggravate.. 325 HARM —evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief... 405 HEINOUS —heinous, flagrant, flagitious, atroHARM-injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief... 404 cious..................................... 249 HARMLESS-guiltless, innocent, harmless...... 123 TO IHELP-to help, assist, aid, succour, relieve.. 364 HARMLESS-unoffending, inoffensive, harmless 121 HERESY-heterodoxy, heresy............ 93 HARMONY-concord, harmony........... 155 HERETICK —eretick, schismatick, sectarian or HARMONY-melody, harmony, accordance..... 155 sectary, dissenter, nonconformist.92 HARSH-harsh, rough, severe, rigorous, stern... 382 TO HESITATE-to demur, hesitate, pause. 96 HARSHNESS-acrimony, harshness, asperity, TO HESITATE —to hesitate, falter, stammer, tartness............................... 383 stutter..................................... 97 TO HASTEN-to hasten, accelerate, speed, expe- TO HESITATE-to scruple, hesitate, fluctuate, dite, despatch........ 261 waver................................ 97 TO HASTEN-to hasten, hurry............. 261 HESITATION-demur, doubt, hesitation, objecHASTINESS-rashness, temerity, hastiness, pre- tion..................96.................... 6 cipitancy.............................. 263 HETERODOXY-heterodoxy, heresy........... 93 HASTY-cursory, desultory, slight, hasty....... 262 HIDDEN-secret, hidden, latent, mysterious, ocHASTY-angry, passionate, hasty, irascible..... 119 cult................................ 520 TO HATE-to hate, detest.................... 137 TO HIDE- -to conceal, hide, set ete.......... 519 HATEFUL-hateful, odious................... 137 TO HIDE-to cover, hide...................... 517 HATRED-aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, HIDE-skin, hide, peel, rind.................... 518 repugnance............................3.... 36 HIDEOUS-hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly........ 478 HATRED-hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour..... 137 HIGH-high, tall, lofty....................... 355 TO HAVE-to have, possess................... 237 HIGHhaughty, h HAVEN —harbour, haven, port.................h HAVEN-harbour, haven, port. 518 HIGH-MINDED haughty, high, high-minded... 101 HAUGHTINESS-haughtiness, arrogance, dis- HIGH-SOUNDING-loud, noisy, high-sounding, dain -...................... 101 clamorous...... 471 HAUGHTINESS-pride, haughtiness, loftiness, HILARITY-mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, dignity............................ 100 hilarity........................... 361 HAUIJGHTY —haughty, highigh-minded....... 101 HIND-countryman, peasant, swain, hind, clown, TO HAUL-' to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, rustick.................................... 336; pull, tug.... - 303 TO HINDER-to hinder, prevent, obstruct, imTO HAUNT-to frequent, resort to, haunt...... 494 pede..................................... 258 HAZARD-danger, peril, hazard............... 171 TO HINDER-to hinder, stop.............. 258 HAZARD —chance, hazard.................... 170 TO HINDER-to retard, hinder............... 260 TO HAZARD-to hazard, risk, venture......... 171 TO HINT-to allude, refer, hint, suggest......- 326 HEAD-chief, leader, chieftain, head............ 206 TO HINT-to hint, suggest, intimate, insinuate.. 326 HEADSTRONG I obstinate, contumacious, stub- HIRE-allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, HEADY born, headstrong, heady.... 209 pay....................................... 164 TO HEAL-to cure, heal, remedy............. 365 HIRELING-venal, mercenary, hireling........ 339 HEALTHY-healthy, wholesome, salubrious, sa- TO HIT-to beat, hit, strike............ 142 lutary.................................. 366 TO HOARD-to treasure, hoard............... 341 HEALTHY-sound, sane, healthy.............. 366 TO HOIST-to lift, heave, hoist... 354 TO HEAP-to heap, pile, accumulate, amass.... 340 TO HOLD-to contain, hold............... 174 TO HEAR to hear, hearen, oerhear TO HOLD-to hold,.keep, detain, retain........ 236 TO HEARKEN to hear, hearken, overhear.... TO HOLD-to hold, occupy, possess............ 236 TO HEARKEN-to attend, hearken, listen...... 422 TO HOLD-to hold, support, maintain......... 237 HEARSAY-fame, report, rumour, hearsay.... 472 HOLINESS-holiness, sanctity................. 88 HEARTY-hearty, warm, sincere, cordial...... 431 HOLLOW-hollow, empty...................... 344 HEAT-fire, heat, warmth, glow.............. 475 HOLY-holy, pious, devout, religious........... 89 HEATHEN-gentile, heathen, pagan........... 495 HOLY-holy, sacred, divine.................. 89 TO HEAVE-to lift, heave, hoist............... 354 HOLYDAY —feast, festival, holyday............ 85 TO HEAVE-to heave, swell.................. 354 HONEST-fair, honest, equitable, reasonable.... 428 HEAVENLY-celestial, heavenly.............. 81 HONEST-sincere, honest, true, plain.......... 430 HEAVENLY-godlike, divine, heavenly........ 90 HONESTY-honesty, uprightness, probity, inHEAVINESS-gloom, heaviness............... 410 tegrity................................ 427 3 xxx1v INDEX. Page Pt HONESTY ) ILL-badly, ill............................... 127 honesty, honour....1.... 427 HONOUR honesty, honour.427 ILLITERATE-ignorant, illiterate, unlearned, HiONOUR-glory, honour...............,...... 429 unlettered............... 197 HONOUR-honour, dignity....42.... 429 ILLNESS-sickness, illness, indisposition....... 367 TO HONOUR-to honour, reverence, respect.... 427 TO ILLUMINATE to illuminate, illumine, enHOPE-hope, expectation, trust, confidence...... 414 TO ILLUMINE lighten............... 197 HOPELESS-desperate, hopeless............... 413 ILLUSION-fallacy, delusion, illusion........523 IBLE ( fearful, dreadful, frightful, terrible, 1O ILLUSTRATE-to explain, illustrate, eluciH~RRIE tremendous, terrifick, horrible, date...................................... 458 HORRID (- horrid......................... 306 ILLUSTRIOUS-distinguished, noted, conspicuHOST-army, host............................. 141 ous, eminent, illustrious. 473 HOSTILE-adverse, inimical, hostile, repugnant 135 ILLUSTRIOUS-famous, celebrated, renowned, HOSTILITY-enmity, animosity, hostility...... 135 illustrious............. 473 HOT-hot, fiery, burning, ardent................ 475 ILL-WILL-hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour.... 137 HOUSE-family, house, lineage, race............ 495 IMAGE-likeness, picture, image, effigy......... 532 HOWVEVER-however, yet, nevertheless, notwith- IMAGINARY-ideal, imaginary................ 73 standing................................... 251 IMAGINATION-fancy, imagination........... 72 HUE-colour, hue, tint......................... 516 IMAGINATION-idea, thought, imagination.... 73 TO HUG-to clasp, hug, embrace............... 377 TO IMAGINE-to conceive, apprehend, suppose, HUGE-enormous, huge, immense, vast.....3. 349 imagine 74 HUMAN human humane TO IMAGINE-to think, suppose, imagine, beHUMAN E I human human,....... 377 HUMANE - lieve, deem. 75 HUMANITY-benevolence, benignity, humanity, IMBECILITY-debility, infirmity, imbecility.... 367 kindness, tenderness.............. 165 TO IMITATE-to follow, imitate. 530 TO HUMBLE-to abase, hunlble, degrade, dis- TO IMITATE-to imitate, copy, counterfeit.... 529 grace, debase.106 TO IMITATE-to imitate, mimick, mock, ape.. 529 HUMBLE-humble, lowly, low................. 147 IMMATERIAL-unimportant, insignificant, imHUMBLE —humble, modest, submissive..... 147 material, inconsiderable....................457 TO HUMBLE IMMATERIAL-incorporeal, unbodied, immateto humble, humiliate, degrade 146;TO IHUMIILIATE S -'' - rial, spiritual.............................. 66 IHUMIDITY-moisture, humidity, dampness..... 515 ihiMEDIATELY —directly, immediately, instanf:UMOURT,-liquid, liquor, juice, humour........ 352 taneously, instantly..................... X 262 HIUMOUR —humour, temper, mood............. 387 IMMENSE-enormous, huge, immense, vast..349 HUMOUR-.-humour, caprice.................... 386 IMMINENT —imminent, impending, threatening. 405 HUMOUR-Wvit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque 69'IMMODERATE-excessive, immoderate, intemTO HUMOUR-to qualify, temper, humour..... 388 perate.......................... 343 HUNT-hunt, chase....................... 271 IMMODEST-indec nt, immodest, indelicate.... 247 TO HURL-to cast, throw, hurl................ 304 IMMODEST-immodest, impudent, shameless. 247 3URRICANE-breeze, gale, blast, gust, tempest, IMMUNITY-privilege, prerogative, exemption, storm, hurricane....................... 353 immunity-..................... 228 ro HURRY-to hasten, hurry.................. 201 TO IMPAIR-to impair, injure...............405 HURT-injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief.... 404 TO IMPART-to communicate, impart......... 486 HURT-sorry, grieved, hurt.................... 412 IMPASSABLE-impervious, impassable, inac-'HURT-disadvantage, injury, hurt, prejudice, de- cessible.................................... 235 triment... 404 TO IMPEACH-to accuse, charge, impeach, ar-,HURTFUL-hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noi- raign. -....-.....-X -v-... 111 some.................................... 406 TO IMPEDE-to hinder, prevent, impede, obHUSBANDMAN-farmer, husbandman, agricul- struct............2........... 258 turist................................ 336 IMPEDIMENT-difficulty, impediment, obstacle. 259 HUSBANDRY-cultivation, tillage, husbandry.. 337 TO IMPEL-to actuate, impel, induce........ 308 SHYPOCRITE-hypocrite, dissembler............ 520 TO IMPEL-to encourage, animate, incite, impel., urge, stimulate, instigate................... 311 IDEA —idea, thought, imagination.............. 73 IMPENDING-imminent, impending, threatening 405 IDEA —perception, idea, conception, notion..... 75 1 IMPERATIVE-commanding, imperative, impeIDEAL-ideal, imaginary................- 73 rious, authoritative........................ 185 IDIOM; —language, tongue, speech, idiom, dialect 463 IMPERFECTION-imperfection, defect, fault, IDIOT — fool, idiot, buffoon...............-.. 400 vice 124 IDLE-idle, lazy, indolent.......... * -299 TMPERFECTION-imperfection, weakness, failIDLE-idle, leisure, vacant................ 299 ing, frailty, foible................... i 124 IDLE-idle, vain............ —-....... 299 IMPERIOUS-commanding, imperative, imperiIGNOMINY-infamy, ignominy, opprobrium.... 108 ous, authoritative.....*...... 185 iGNORANT-ignorant, illiterate, unlearned, un- IMPERIOUS-imperious, lotdly, overbearing, dolettered........~.*.. *...... 197 mineering.................,...... 185 ILL. vide EVIL. IMPERTINENT, vide PERTINENT. INDEX. xxz: rage Pae IMPERTINENT-impertinent, rude, saucy, im- INCESSANTLY-incessantly, unceasingly, uninpudent, insolent.......... 200 terruptedly, without intermission............ 9.57 IMPERVIOUS-impervious, impassable, inacces- INCIDENT-circumstance, incident, fact....... 172 sible...................2................... 235 INCIDENT-event, incident, accident, adventure, IMPETUOUS-violent, furious, boisterous, vehe- occurrence................................. 172 ment, impetuous........................... 219 INCIDENTAL-accidental, incidental, casual, IMPIOUS-irreligious, profane, impious......... 92 contingent.172 IMPLACABLE-implacable, unrelenting, relent- TO INCITE-to encourage, animate, incite, imless, inexorable......................... 381 pel, urge, stimulate, instigate............... 311 TO IMPLANT-to implant, ingraft, inculcate, TO INCITE-to excite, incite, provoke......... 3.09 instil, infuse......................... 449 INCLINATION-attachment, affection, inclinaTO IMPLICATE-to implicate, involve......... 218 tion. 379 TO IMPLORE-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, INCLINATION —bent, bias, inclination, prepossupplicate, implore, crave................ 158 session... 159 TO IMPLY-to denote, signify, imply.......... 4561 INCLINATION-disposition, inclination..-... 388/ IMPORT1-signification, meaning, sense, im- INCLINATION-inclination, tendency, propenport............................. 456 sity, proneness............................ 160 iMPORTANCE-signification, avail, importance, TO INCLINE-to lean, incline, bend........... 159: consequence, weight, moment.............. 456 TO INCLUDE-to enclose, include.... 174. IMPORTUNATE pressing, importunate, ur- TO INCLUDE-to comprise, comprehend, emgent............................... 158 brace, contain, include..-......... 174' IMPORTUNITY-solicitation, importunity...... 158 INCOHERENT inconsistent, incongruous, inTO IMPOSE UPON-to deceive, delude, impose INCONGRUOUS coherent..........53 upon'.................................. 522 INCOMPETENT-Incapable, insufficient, incomIMPOST-tax, duty, custom, impost, toll, tribute, petent, inadequate.......................? 69 contribution............................ 168 INCONSIDERABLE-unimportant, immaterial, IMPOSTOR-deceiver, impostor................ 522 insignificant, inconsiderable................ 457 IMPRECATION-nmalediction, curse, execration, INCONSISTENT-inconsistent, incongruous, inimprecation,anathema...................................... 3 imprecation, anathema. 82 chrent.153 TO IMPRESS-to imprint, impress, engrave.... 450 INCONTROVERTIBLE-indubitable, unques — IMPRESSION-mark, print, impression, stamp.. 4dd tionable, indisput e nia, undeniable, incontroTO IMPRINT-to imprint, impress, engrave.... 450 T vertible, irrefragable.... 114 IMPRISONMENT-confinement, imprisonment, INCONVENIENCE-to inconvenience, ancaptivity.... 178 noy, molest.............. ~ 417 TO IMPROPRIATE-to appropriate, impropriate.3 1 INCORPOREAL-incorporeal, unbodied, immaTO IMPROVE-to amend, correct, reform., rec- teial, spiritual.......... 6 tify, emend, improve, mend, better........... 201 IN COURSE-naturally, in course, consequently, _IMPROVEMENT-progress, improvement, profi- of course.27 ciency.................................... 204 TO INCREASE-to enlarge, increase, extend... 348 IMPUDENCE-assurance, impadence.......... 415 TO INCREASE-to increase, grow........... 347 IMPUDENT-immodest, impudenlt, shameless... 247 INCREASE-increase, addition, accession, augIMPUDENT-iimpertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, mentation................................. 347 insolent.......................... 200 INCREDULITY-unbelief, infidelity, increduTO IMPUGN-to impugn, attack............... 116 lity...0................................... 7QTO IMPUTE-to ascribe, attribute, impute...... 23 TO INCULCATE-to implant, ingraft, inculcate, INABILITY-illability, disability.............. 69 instil, infuse.449 INACCESSIBLE-impervious, impassable, jnac- INCURSION-invasion, incursion, irruption, incessible..-.................... 235 road. 508 INACTIVE-inactive, inert, lazy, slothiful, slug- INDECENT ~gish.2 Q98 ~INDELICATE }T indecent, immodesty indelicate. 247 gish 298 INDELICATE INADEQUATE-incapable, insufficient, incom- TO INDICATE-to show, point out, mark, indipetent, inadequate 69 cate................................... 451 INADViTENCY-inadvertency, oversight, in- INDICATION-mark, sign, note, symptom, token, attention................................. 423 indication 447 INANIMATE-lifeless, dead, inanimate........ 356 INDIFFERENCE-indifference, apathy, insensiINANITY-vacancy, vacuity, inanity. 344 bility... 7.........................37.. INATTENTION-inadvertency, oversight, inat- INDIFFERENT-indifferent, unconcerned, retantion. 423 gardless................... 375 INATTENTIVE-negligent, remiss, thoughtless, INDIGENCE-poverty, indigence, want, need, careless, heedless, inattentive............... 424 penury.................................... 346 INBORN) INDIGENOUS-natal, native, indigenous...... 496 INBRED inherent, inbred, inborn, innate...... 73 INDIGNATION-anger, resentment, wrath, re, INCAPABLE-incapable, insufficient, inrompe- indignation.................. tent inadequate.......................... 69 INDIGNITY ndgnity.................3* zxxvi INDEX. Page Pape INDISCRIMINA.TE-indiscriminate, promiscu- INGENUOUS-frank, candid, ingenuous, free, ous.................................. 284 open, plain................................. 431 INDISPOSITION-sickness, illness, indisposition 367 TO INGRAFT-to implant, ingraft, inculcate, inINDISPUTABLE-indubitable, unquestionable, sti!, infuse................................. 449 indisputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, ir- TO INGRATIATE-to insinuate, ingratiate.... 327 refragable..... 114 TO INGULF-to absorb, swallow up, ingulf, enINDISTINCT-indistinct, confused............. 283 gross................ 5 INDIVIDUAL-particular, individual........... 252 TO INHABIT-to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, INDOL ENT-idle, lazy, indolent............... 299 inhabit.263 INDOLENT-indolent, supine, listless, careless.. 300 INHERENT-inherent, ilibred, inborn, innate.... 73 INDUBITABLE-indubitable, unquestionable, in- INHUMAN-cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, disputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, irre- savage.. 373 fragable.................................. 114 INIMICAL-adverse, inimical, hostile, repugTO INDUCE-to actuate, impel, induce........ 308 nant... 135 TO INDUE-to invest, indue or endue......... 167 INIQUITOUS-wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefaTO INDULGE-to foster, cherish, indulge, har- rious..........................'........... 128 bour....................................... 377 INJUNCTION-command, order, injunction, preINDULGENT-indulgent, fond................. 378 cept, mandate............................... 185 INDUSTRIOUS-active, diligent, industrious, as- INJURY-disadvantage, injury, hurt, detriment, siduous, laborious......................... 296 prejudice.........~........................ 404 INEFFABLE-unspeakable, ineffable, unutter- TO INJURE-to impair, injure. 405 able, inexpressible.......................... 460 INJURY-injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief. 404 INEFFECTUAL-vain, ineffectual, fruitless.... 290 INJURY injustice, injury, wrong.. 212 INEQUALITY-disparity, inequality........... 435 INJUSTICE INERT-inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, sluggish.:. 298 INNATE-inherent, inbred, inborn, innate.... 73 INEXORABLE-implacable, unrelenting, relent- INNOCENT-guiltless, innocent, harmless. 123 less, inexorable. -...~~ ---- **@ —* —-—. 381[ INOFFENSIVE —unoffending, inoffensive, harmINEXPRESSIBLE-unspeakable, ineffable, unlit- less.................... 121 terable, inexpressible....................... 4111 INORDINATE-irregular, disorderly, inordinate, INFAMOUS-infamous, scandalous........108 intemperate.... 284 INFAMY-infamy, ignominy, opprobrium....... 108 1-o INQUIRE-to ask, inquire, question, interroINFANTINE-childish, infantine..... 4 b01 9Ate. 97 INFATUATION-drunkenness, infatuation, in- INQUIrY-examination, search, inquiry, investitoxication.................................. 310 gationm research, scrutiny.............. 9 INFECTION-contagion, infection.......... 129 INctUISITlVE-curious, inquisitive, prying... 9S INFERENCE-conclusion, deduction, inference.. 78 INROAD —ihvasion, incursion, irruption, inroad 50W INFERIOUR-second, secondary, inferiour..... 274 INSANITY-derangement, insanity, lunacy, madINFERIOUR-subject, subordinate, subservient, ness, mania..........................281 inferior r................................ -146 INSENSIEIILITY-indifference, apathy, insensiINFIDELITY-unbelief, infidelity, incredulity.. 79 bility...................................... 3 INFINITE-boundless, unbounded, unlimited, INSENSIBLE —lard, hardy,unfeeling, insensible 37A, infinite.........................1 i77 INSIDE —inside, interiour..........3....... 35i INFIRM-wealk, feeble, infirm.................. 368 INSIDIOUS-insidious, treacherous..... 521 INFIRMITY-debility, infirmity, imbecility..... 367 INSIGHT-insight, inspection............... 213 INFLUENCE-credit, favour, influence......... 190 l4'SIGNIFICANT —unitnportant, insignificant, INFLUENCE-influence, authority, ascendency, immniterial, inconsiderable......... >... 457 sway...................................... 186 TO INSINUATE-to hint, suggest, intimate, inTO INFORM-to inform, make known, acquaint, sinuate.................................... 392 apprize..................................... 194 TO INSINUATE-to insinuate, ingratiate 3.27 TO INFORM-to inform, instruct, teach........ 194 INSINUATION —insinuation, reflection........ 3H7 INFORMANT-informant, informer............ 195 INSIPID —insipid, dull, flat..................... 1 INFORMATION-information, intelligence, no- TO INSIST-to insist, persist................... 26 tice, advice............................... 195 TO INSNARE-to insnare, entrap, entangle, InINFORMER-informant, informer..... 9.... 95 5 veigle.......... — - —.-...........52.. INFRACTION-infringement, infraction........ 508 INSOLENT-impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, TO INFRINGE-to encroach, intrench, intrude, insolent...................* —........ 205 invade, infringe............................ 507 INSOLVENCY-insolvency, failure, bankruptcy 125 TO INFRINGE —to infringe, violate, transgress.. 508 INSPECTION-insight, inspection.............. 213 INFRINGEMENT-infringement, infraction.... 508 INSPECTION-inspection, oversight, superinTO INFUSE-to implant, ingraft, inculcate, in tendency......................... 213 still, infuse............................. 449 TO INSPIRE-to animate, inspire, enliven,cheeir INGENIOUS-ingenuous, ingenious............ 432 exhilarate.............355 INGENUITY-ingenuity, wit.................. 70 INSTANCE-example, instance................ 531 INGENUOUlS-ingenuous, ingenious........... 432 INSTANT-instant, moment................267 INDEX. xxxvll Page Page INSTANTANEOUSLY i Directly, immediately, INTERPOSITION-intervention, interposition.. 216 INSTANTLY A instantaneously, in- TO INTERPRET-to.explain, expound, interstantly........... 262 pret................................ 457 TO INSTIGATE-to encourage, animate, incite, TO INTERROGATE-to ask, inquire, question, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate............. 311 interrogate 97 TO INSTIL-to implant, ingraft, inculcate, instil, TO INTERRUPT-to disturb, interrupt......... 417 infuse..................................... 449 INTERVALI-interval, respite................. 257 TO INSTITUTE-to institute, establish, found, INTERVENING-intermediate, intervening..... 216 erect................................... 213 INTERVENTION —intervention, interposition.. 216 ro INSTRUCT-to inform, instruct, teach..... 194 INTERVIEW-meeting, interview............. 494 INSTRUCTION-advice, counsel, instruction... 194 INTIMACY-acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy 195 INSTRUCTION-education, instruction, breed- TO INTIMATE-to hint, suggest, intimate, ining.........197 sinuate......................,............ 326 INSTRUMENT-instrument, tool.............. 399 TO INTIMIDATE-to frighten, intimidate...... 307 INSUFFICIENT-incapable, insufficient, incom- INTOXICATION-intoxication, drunkenness, inpetent, inadequate......................... 69 fatuation........... 310 INSULT-affront, insult, outrage............... 121 TO INTRENCIH-to encroach, intrench, intrude, INSULT-indignity, insult...................121 invade, infringe.. 507 INSUPERABLE (invincible, unconquer- INTREPID-bold, fearless, intrepid, undaunted.. 306 INSUPERABLE INSURMOUNTABLE ~ able, insuperable, in- INTRICACY —complexity, complication, intri-, surmountable....... 145 cacy................................... 218 INSURRECTION-insurrection, sedition, rebel- INTRINSICK-intrinsick, real, genuine, native.. 437 lion, revolt.......................... 208 TO INTRODUCE-to introduce, present........ 163 INTEGRAL —whole, entire, complete, integral, INTRODUCTORY —previous, preliminary, pretotal................................ 288 paratory, introductory.....'................. 274 INTEGRITY-honesty, uprightness, probity, in- TO INTRUDE-to encroach, intrench, intrude, tegrity............................. 427 invade, infringe............................. 507 INTELLECT-intellect, genius, talent.......... 67 TO INTRUDE-to intrude, obtrude............ 509 INTELLECT-understanding, intellect, intelli- INTRUDER-intruder, interloper................509 genceX................................ 66 TO INTRUST-to consign, commit, intrust..... 415 INTELLECTUAL —mental, intellectual........ 72 TO INVADE-to encroach, intrench, intrude, in[NTELLIGENCE-information, notice, advice,: vade, infringe........................ 5q7 intelligence...... 195 INVALID-invalid, patient.................... 367 2NTELLIGENCE-understanding, intelligence, TO INVALIDATE-to weaken, enfeeble, debiliintellect................................... 66 tate, enervate, invalidate.................. 368 INTEMPERATE-excessive, immoderate, intem- INVASION-invasion, incursion, irruption, inperate................................... 343 road..............508 INTEMPERATE-irregular, disorderly, inordi- INVECTIVE-abuse, invective................109 nate, intemperate................284 TO INVEIGH-to declaim, inveigh............ 110 TO INTEND-to design, purpose, intend, mean.. 5313 TO INVEIGLE-to insnare, entrap, entangle, inINTENSE intent, intense....veigle se............................ 525 INTENT intent, intense................... TO INVENT-to contrive, devise, invent....... 532 TO INTERCEDE-to intercede, interpose, medi- TO INVENT-to find or find out, discover, invent 446 ate, interfere, intermeddle................... 216 TO INVENT —to invent, feign, frame, fabricate, INTERCHANGE-interchange, exchange, reci- forge..................................... 528 procity.................................... 334 TO INVERT-to overturn, overthrow, subvert, INTERCOURSE-intercourse, communication, invert, reverse............................. 503 connexion, commerce......... 333 TO INVEST-to invest, endue or endow....... 167 TO INTERDICT-to forbid, prohibit, interdict, INVESTIGATION-examination, investigation, proscribe................2........... 23 inquiry, search, research, scrutiny........ 98 INTEREST-interest, concern................ 332 INVIDIOUS-invidious, envious............... 389 TO INTERFERE-to intercede, interpose, medi- TO INVIGORATE-to strengthen, invigorate, ate, interfere, intermeddle.................. 216 fortify........ 372 INTERIOUR-inside, interiour................. 351 INVINCIBLE-invincible, unconquerable, insuINTERLOPER —intruder, interloper............ 509 perable, insurmountable. 145 TO INTERMEDDLE —to intercede, interpose, TO INVITE-to attract, allure, invite, engage... 318 mediate, interfere, intermeddle.............. 216 TO INVITE-to call, bid, summon, invite...... 469 INTERMEDIATE-intermediate, intervening... 216 TO INUNDATE-to overflow, inundate, deluge 332 INTERMENT-burial, interment, sepulture..... 84 TO INVOLVE-to implicate, involve.......... 218 INTERMISSION-cessation, stop, rest, intermis- IRASCIBLE-angry, passionate, hasty, irascible 119 sion.................................. 257 IRE-anger, resentment, wrath, ire, indignation.. 118 TO INTERMIT-to subside, abate, internlit.... 271 IRKSOME-troublesome, irksome, vexatious.... 413 fO INTERPOSE-to intercede, interpose, medi- IRONY-ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm........ 104 ate, interfere, intermeddle.................. 216 IRONY-wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque... 69 -zxxviii INDEX. Page Pa,IRRATIONAL-irrational, foolish absurd, pre- KINDNESS-benefit, favour, kindness, civility.. 166 posterous............................ 91 KINDNESS-benevolence, benignity, humanity, IRREFRAGABLE-indubitable, unquestionable, kindness, tenderness.................... 165 indisputable, undeniable, incontrovertible, ir- KINDRED-kindred, relationship, affinity, conrefragable................................. 114 sanguinity.......................... 497 IRREGULAR-irregular, disorderly, inordinate, KINDRED-relation, relative, kinsman, kindred 496 intemperate............................. 284 KINGDOM-empire, kingdom................. 189 RRELIGIOUS-irreligious, profane, impious... 92 KINGLY-royal, regal, kingly..................189 IRREPROACHABLE-blameless, unblemished, KINSMAN-relation, relative, kinsman, kindred 496 irreproachable, unspotted or spotless......... I29 KNAVISH-dishonest, knavish.............. 430 TO IRRITATE-to aggravate, irritate, provoke, TO KNOW-to know, be acquainted With...... 196 exasperate,'tantalize............. 21 KNOWLEDGE —knowledge, Science, learning, IRRUPTION-invasion, incursion, irruptions in- erudition.............................. 196 road................................... 508 ISSUE-effect, consequence, result, issue, event.. 290 LABORIOUS-active, diligent, industrious, assiISSUE-offspring, progeny, issue................... 291 duous, laborious............. 296 TO ISSUE-to arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, LABOUR-work, labour, toil, drudgery, task...~ 328 emanate.................. 291 TO LABOUR-to labour, take pains or trouble, use endeavour.......................328 TO JADE-to Weary, tire, jade, harass......... 369 LABYRINTH-labyrinth, maze............... 403 TO JANGLE to ar, wrangle TO LACK-to want, need, lack................ 347 TO, JAR to jangle, jar, wragle. 134 LADING-freight, cargo, lading, load, burden.. 338 JAUNT-excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunit.;. 302 TO LAG-to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter... 261 JEALOUSY-jealousy, envy, suspicion......... 389 TO LAMENT-to complain, lament, regret. 409 TO JEER-to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer........... 104 TO LAMENT-to bewail, bemoani lament, deTO JEST-to jest, joke, make game, spit. 104 plore 410 JILT-coquet, jilt................. 525 TO LAMENT-to grieve, mourn, lament....... 408 JOCOSE facetious, conversable, pleasant, jo- LAND-land, country....... 497 JOCULAR 5 cular, jocose.................. 461 LANDSCAPE —view, prospect, landscape..... 479 JOCUND-lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, LANGUAGE-language, tongue, speech, idiom, merry, jocund.................. 389 dialect.....;........... 463 TO JOIN —to add, join, unite, coalesce.... 8... LANGUID-faint, languid...... 369 TO JOKE-to jest, joke, make game, sport.. 104 TO LANGUISH-to flag, droop, languish, pine.. 368 JOLLITY 2 mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, LARGE-great, large ig...... 349 JOVIALITY S hilarity o............ 391 LARGE-large, wide, broad 349 JOURNEY-journey, travel, voyage............ 302 LARGELY-largely, copiously, fully........ 342 JOY-pleasure, joy, delight, charm.............. 393 LASSITUDE-fatigue, weariness, lassitude.... 369 JOY-joy, gladness, mirth............... 393 LAST-last, latest, final, ultimate....... 270 JOYFUL-glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful....... 393 LASTING-durable, lasting, permanent......... 266 JUDGE-judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator...... 211 LASTLY-lastly, at last, at length............ 270'JUDGEMENT-discernment, penetration, discri- LATENT-secret, hidden, latent, occult, mysteminationjudgement...................... 71 rious..................................... 520 JUDGEMENT-judgement, discretion, prudence 400 LATEST-last, latest, final, ultimate. i.......... 270 JUDGEMENT-decision, judgement, sentence... 224 LAUDABLE-laudable, praiseworthy, commendJUDGEMENT-sense, judgement.............. 70 able. 131 JUICE-liquid, liquor, juice, humour....... 352 TOLAUGH AT- -to laugh at, ridicule....... 102 JUST-right, just, proper................ 430 LAUGHABLE-laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, JUSTICE-justice, equity...................... 212 comical or comick, droll.................... 103 TO JUSTIFY-to apologize, defend, justify, ex- LAVISH-extravagant, prodigal, lavish, profuse 342 culpate, excuse, plead.................. 181 LAW-maxim, precept, rule, law............... 211 JUSTNESS-justness, correctness.............. 202 LAWFUL- -awful, legal, legitimate, licit......2. 11 JUVENILE-youthful, juvenile, puerile......... 401 LAX-loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentious..... 256 TO LAY OR TAKE HOLD OF —to layortake KEEN-acute, keen, shrewd.................... 401 hold of, catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe. 237 KEEN-sharp, acute, keen 402 TO LAY-to lie, lay................... 280 TO KEEP-to hold, keep, detain, retain........ 236 LAZY-idle, lazy, indolent................. 299 TO KEEP-to keep, preserve, save............. 178 LAZY-inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, sluggish... 298 TO KEEP-to keep, observe, fulfil......... 289 TO LEAD-to lead, conduct, guide. 191 KEEPING-keeping, custody................... 179 LEADER-chief, leader, chieftain, head.;.... 20e TO KILL-to kill, murder, assassinate, slay or LEAGUE-alliance, league, confederacy....... 492 slaughter..................................51 0 LEAR —lean, meagre................... 511 KIND-affectionate, kind, fond.................. 379 TO LEAN-to lean, incline, bend....15..... 159 -KIND-gracious, merciful, kind............;. 357 LEARNING-knowledge, science, learning, eruKIND-kind, species, sort.................... 496 dition........................... 3. 196 INDEX. xxxII Page Page LEARNING-lettets, literature, learning........ 196 LIQUID liquor, uice, hum... LEAVE-leave, liberty, permission, license...2... 255 LIQUORce, humou..... TO LEAVE-to leave, quit, relinquish.......... 255 LIST-list, roll, catalogue, register........ 4... 68 TO LEAVE —let, leave, suffer........2.......... 55 TO LIST-to enrol, enlist or list, register, record 468 TO LEAVE-to leave, take leave, bid farewell TO LISTEN-to attend, hearken, listen..... 422 or adieu...... 255 LISTLESS-indolent, supine, listless, careless... 300 TO LEAVE OFF-to cease, leave off; discon- LITERATURE-letters, literature, learning.... if96 tinue, desist........... -...... 257 LITTLE-little, small, diminutive............... 350 LEAVINGS-leavings, remains, relicks......... 255 TO LIVE-to exist, live N.............. -0 LEGAL lawful, legal legitimate, licit 11 LIVELIHOOD livelihood, livingi subsistence, LEGITIMATE LIVI maintenance, support, susteLEISURE-idle, leisure, vacant.......... 299 nance............ 23 LENITY-clemency, lenity, mercy. cy..... 358 LIVELY —lively, sprightly, vivaciousi sportiVe, TO LESSEN-tB abate, lessen, diminish, de- merry, jocund.................;. 389 crease...................................351 LIVING, Vide LIVELIHOOD. TO LET-to let, leave, suffer............. 255 LIVING-living,'benefice......,9..... LETHARGICK-sleepy, drowsy, lethargick.... 300 LOAD-fieight, cargo, load, lading, burden... 338 LETTER-character, letter................ 197 LOAD-weight, burden, load................... iLETTER —letter, epistle.......1.......... ]96 TO LOAD-to clog, load, encumber.......370 LETTERS-letters, literature, learning......... 196 LOATH-averse, unwilling, backward, loath, re-i LEVEL-even, smooth, level, plain.. 435 lctant... i 1EVEL-flat, level............. 435 TO LOATH-to abhor, detest, abominate, loath i38 TO LEVEL-to aim, point, level....,........... 324 LOATHING-disgust, loathing, nausea..... 120 LEVITY-lightness, levity, flightiness, volatility, TO LODGE-to harbour, shelter, lodge.... 517 giddiness............................. 390 LODGINGS —ldgings, apartments....... 499 LEXICON-dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, glos- LOFTINESS-pride, haughtiness, loftiness, digsary, nomenclature........................ 464 nity 1...............00 LIABLE-subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious... 146 LOFTY-high, tall, lofty. 355 LIBERAL-beneficent, bountiful, bounteous, mu- i TO LOITE4- -to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter 261 nificent, generous, iberal.......1.,....... 165 LONELY —at ne, solitary, lonely........2.... 252 LIBERAL-free, liberal.............241: TO LONG FOR- todesire, lon for, hanker after 159 TO LIBERATE-to free, set free, deliver, libe- LOOK-air, mien, look....... 193 rate......2...................;.,..;.. 40 LOOK —look, glance........... ~~... 482 LIBERTY-freedom, liberty.;.242 TO LOOK —to look, see, behold, view, e.'e 482 LIBERTY) TO LOOK-to look, appear............... 481 leave, permission, liberty, license.. 255 LICENSE LOOKER-ON-looker-on, spectator, beholder, LiCENTIOUS —loose, vague, lax; dissolute, licen- observer........482 ious............2.~................... 56 TO LOOK FOR-to await, wait for, look for, LICIT —lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. -....... 2 11 expect.415 LIE —untruth, falsehood, falsity, lie........ 528 LO(OSE-loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentious.. 26 TO LIE-to lie, lay. 2)....... -..:. 280 LOOSE-slack, loose.............. 256 LIFE —anitnation, life, vivacity, spirit.......... 356 LOQUACIOUS-talkative, loquacious, garrulous 460 LIFELESS-lifeless, dead, inanimate..........356 LORDLY —imperious, lordly, domineering, overTO LIFT-to lift, heave, hoist............. 354 bearing.......1..85 TO LIFT-to lift, raise, eiect, elevate, exalt.... 354 LORD'S SUPPER-Lord's supper, communion, LIGHTNESS-ease, easiness, lightness, facility.. 363 eucharist, sacrament.................... 83 LIGHTNESS-lightneds, levity, flightiness, vola- TO LOSE-to lose, miss 404 tility, giddiness........ 390 LOSS-loss, damage, detriment. 404 LIKE-equal, even, equable, like, or alike, utni- LOT-destiny, fate, lot, doom. 16i form.. 435 LOTH, vide LOATH. LIKENESS-likeness, resemblance, similarity or LOUD-loud, noisy, high-sounding, ciamorous... 471 similitude............................ 532 LOVE-affection, love..................... 378 LIKENESS-likeness, picture, image, effigy..... $532 LOVE-love, friendship..'..................... 380 LIKEWISE-also, likewise, too................ 253 LOVELY-amiable, lovely, beloved... 78 LIMB-member, limb................... 511 LOVER —lover, suitor, wooer.380 TO LIMIT-to bound, litnit, confine, restrict, cir- LOVING-amorods, loving, fond 378 cumscribe............................... 176 LOW-humble, lowly, low................ 147 rO LIMIT-to fix, determine, settle, limit...... 227 LOW —low, mean, abject. 147 LIMIT-limit, extent........................ 177 TO LOWER-to reduce, lower. 148 LIMIT-term, limit, boundary.................. 177 LOWLY-humble, lowly, low................. 147 LIMITED —finite, limited................. 178 LUCKY-fortunate, lucky, prosperous, successful 395 LINEAGE-family, house, lineage, race......... 495 LUCRE-gain, profit, emolument, lucre... 397 TO LINGER-to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter 261 LUDICROUS-laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous LIQUID-fluid, liquid.............. - 352 comical or comick, droll... 103 INDEX. Page Page LUNACY-derangement, insanity, lunacy, mad- MARINER-seaman, waterman, sailor, marinet.. 337 ness, mania.......................... 281 MARITIME-maritime, marine, naval, nautical. 337 LUSTRE-lustre, brightness, splendour, brilliancy 474 MARK-mark, print, impression, stamp......... 446 LUSTY-corpulent, stout, lusty................ 511 MARK-mark, sign, note, symptom token, indiLUXURIANT-exuberant, luxuriant.......... 343 cation.447 MARK —mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track 448 MADNESS-derangement, insanity, lunacy, mad- MARK —mark, badge, stigma................... 448 ness, mania................................ 281 MARK —mark, butt............................ 449 MADNESS-madness, phrensy, rage, fury....... 281 TO MARK-to mark, note, notice.............. 450 MAGISTERIAL-magisterial, majestick, stately, TO3 MARK-to show, point out, mark, indicate.. 451 pompous, august, dignified.................. 454 MARRIAGE-marriage, wedding, nuptials...... 83:MAGNIFICENCE-grandeur, magnificence..... 454 MARRIAGE-marriage, matrimony, wedlock 84 MAGNIFICENCE-magnificence, pomp, splen-. MARTIAL-martial, warlike, military, soldierdour.............................. 453 like.337 MAGNITUDE-size, magnitude, greatness, bulk 348 MARVEL-wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, MAJESTICK —magisterial, majestick, stately, monster................................... 403 pompous, august, dignified.................. 454 MASK-cloak, mask, veil, blind. 516 TO'MAIM-to mutilate, maim, mangle......... 509 MASSACRE —carnage, slaughter, butchery, masMAIN-chief, principal, main.................. 206 sacre................................... 510 TO MAINTAIN-to assert, maintain, vindicate 441 MASSIVE-bulky, massive or massy............ 348 TO MAINTAIN-to hold, support, maintain.... 237 MASTER-possessor, proprietor, owner, master.. 238 TO MAINTAIN-to sustain, support, maintain.. 238 MATERIAL-corporeal, material............... 510 MAINTENANCE-livelihood, living, subsistence, MATERIALS —matter, materials, subject...... 325 maintenance, support, sustenance........... 239 MATRIMONY-marriage, matrimony, wedlock. 84 TO MAKE-to make, do, act.................. 94 MATTER-matter, materials, subject........... 325 TO MAKE-to make, form, produce,'create..... 292 MATURE-ripe, mature...................2..... 87 TO MAKE GAME-to jest, joke, make game, MAXIM-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, sport...................................... 104 saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw.. 210 TO MAKE KNOWN-to inform, make known, MAXIM-maxim, precept, rule, law............ 211 acquaint, apprize......................... 194 MAY-may, can......................... 324 MALADY-disorder, disease, distemper, malady 367 MAZE-labyrinth, maze........................ 403 MALEDICTION-malediction, curse, impreca- MEAGRE —lean, meagre....................... 511 tion, execration, anathema.................. 82 MEAN-base, vile, mean..........:............ 148 MALEFACTOR-criminal, culprit, malefactor, MEAN-common, vulgar, ordinary, mean....... 323 felon, convict........ 123 MEAN-low, mean, abject.147 MALEVOLENT-malevolent, malicious, malig- MEAN-mean, pitiful, sordid.................. 411 nant...................................... 381 MEAN-mean, medium.246 MALICE-malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique.. 381 TO MEAN-to design, purpose, mean, intend.... 533 MALICIOUS I malevolent, malicious, malig- MEANING-signification, meaning, import, spse 456 MALIGNANT s nant................ 381 MEANS-way, manner, method, mode, course, TO MANAGE-to concert, contrive, manage.... 533 means..................................... 275 TO MANAGE-to conduct, manage, direct...... 191 MECHANICK-artist, artificer, mechanick, artiMANAGEMENT-care, charge, management... 425 san......... 336 MANAGEMENT-economy, management...... 161 TO MEDIATE-to intercede, interpose, mediate, MANDATE-command, order, injunction, pre- interfere, intermeddle.................... 216 cept, mandate............................. 185 MPIDIOCRITY-moderation, mediocrity........ 246 MANFUL-manly, manful................... 306 T( MEDITATE-to contemplate, muse, mediTO MANGLE-to mutilate, maim, mangle...... 509 tate.................................. 76 MANIA-derangement, insanity, lunacy, madness, MEDIUM-mean, medium. 246 mania....... 2.............................. 81 MEDLEY-diffelrence, variety, diversity, medley 282 MANIFEST —apparent, visible, cleam, plain, obvij MEDLEY-mixture, medley, miscellany........ 284 ous, evident, manifest..................... 478 MEEKI-soft, mild, gentle, meek................ 359 TO MANIFEST-to discover, manifest, declare 444 MEET-fit, apt, meet.......................... i55 TO MANIFEST-to prove, demonstrate, evince, MEETING —assembly, company, congregation, manifest................................. 444 meeting, parliament, diet, congress, convenMANLY-manly, manful................... 06.. 6 tion, council.............................. 49( MANNER-air, manner....................... 193 MEETING-meeting, interview............... 494 MANNER-custom, habit, manner, practice..... 322 MELANCHOLY-dejection, depression, melanMANNER-way, manner, method, anode, course, choly................................... 413 means..................................... 275 MELODY-melody, harmony, accordance....... 155 MANNERS —manners, morals................ 193 MEMBER-member, limb................... 511 MARGIN-border, edge, rim or brim, brink, verge, MEMOIRS-anecdotes, memoirs, chronicles, atmargin........................ 176 nals................... 460 MARINE-maritime, marine, naval, nautical.... 337 MEMORA'BLE-signal, uPetrorable.......... 474 INDEX. xh Page Pge MEMORIAL-monument, remembrancer, memo- MISCHIEF-evil or ill, misfortune, harm, mischief 405 rial................................... 500 MISCHIEF-injury, damage, hurt, harm, mischief 404 MEMORY-memory, remembrance, recollection, TO MISCONSTRUE-to misconstrue, misinterreminiscence............................ 72 pret.......................... 458 M;ENAC1E-threat, menace.................. 405 MISDEED I offence, trespass, transgresTO MEND-to amend, correct, rectify, reform, MISDEMEANOUR sion, misdemeanour, misemend, improve, mend, better.............. 201 deed, affront. 120 MENIAL —servant, domestick, menial, drudge... 328 MISDEMEANOUR-crime, misdemeanour...... 122 MENTAL —mental, intellectual................. 72 MISERABLE —unhappy, miserable, wretched... 412 TO MENTION-to mention, notice............ 451 MISERLY-avaricious, parsimonious, niggardly 161 MERCANTILE-mercantile, commercial....... 339 MISFORTUNE-evil or ill, misfortune, mischief, MERCENARY-hireling, mercenary, venal..... 339 harm.......... 405 MERCHANT-trader, merchant, tradesman..... 335 MISFORTUNE } calamity, disaster, misfortune, MERCHANDISE-commodity, goods, merchan- MISHAP mischance, mishap........... 406 dise, ware........................ 339 TO MISINTE'RPRET-to misconstrue, misinMERCIFUL-gracious, merciful, kind.......... 357 terpret............................. 458 MERCILESS —hard-hearted, cruel, unmerciful, TO MISS-to lose, miss........................ 404 merciless..................... 373 MISSION-mission, message, errand............ 215 MERCY-clemency, mercy, lenity.............. 358 HIISTAKE —errour, mistake, blunder............ 126 MERCY-pity, mercy.................... 358 MISUSE —abuse, misuse...................... 399 MERE-bare, mere............ 250 TO MITIGATE-to allay, sooth, appease, mitiMERIT-desert, merit, worth................... 438 gate, assuage........................ 361 MERRIMENT-mirth, merriment, joviality, hila- TO MIX-to mix, mingle, blend, confound....... 284 rity, jollity................. 391 MIXTURE-mixture, medley, miscellany....... 284 MERRY —cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay........ 389 TO MOAN —to groan, moan................... 410 MERRY —lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, MOB merry, jocund........389 MOBILITY people, populace, mob, mobility.. 495 MESSAGE-mission, message, errand.......... 215 TO MOCK-to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, banter 104 MESSENGER-forerunner, precursor, messenger, TO MOCK-to imitate, mimick, mock, ape...... 529 harbinger.................................. 215 MODE-way, manner, method, mode, course, TO METAMORPHOSE-to transfigure, meta- means.275 morphose.... 86 MODEL-copy, model, pattern, specimen...... 530 METAPHOR-figure, metaphor, allegory2 em- MODERATION-moderation, mediocrity..... 246 blem, symbol, type.................... 531 MODERATION-modesty, moderation, tempeMiETHOD-order, method, rule.................. 276 rance, sobriety................. 245 METHOD' —system, method.................... 275 MODERN-fresh, new, novel, recent, modern... 268 METHOD-way, manner, method, mode, course, MODEST-humble, modest, submissive........ 147 means................................. 275 MODEST-modest, bashful, diffident........... 148 MIEN-air, mien, look......................... 193 MODESTY-chastity, continence, modesty...... s45 MIGHTY-powerful, potent, mighty...'......... 187 MODESTY-modesty, moderation, temperance, MILD-soft, Inild, gentle, meek................ 359 sobriety.................... 245 MILITARY-martial, warlike, military, soldier- MOISTURE —moisture, humidity, dampness.... 515 like................................. 337 TO MOLEST-to trouble, disturb, molest....... 412 TO MIMICKI -to imitate, mimick, mock, ape.... 529 TO MOLEST-to inconvenience, annoy, molest.. 417 MIND-soul, mind............ 65 MOMENT-signification, avail, importance, conTO MIND-to attend to, mind, regard,: notice, sequence, weight, moment............. 456 heed.....................422 MOMENT-instant, moment............... 267 MINDFUL-mindful, regardful, observant...... 426 MONARCH-prince, monarch, sovereign, potenTO MINGLE-to mix, mingle, blend, confound.. 284 tate.................................. 88 MINISTER-clergyman, parson, priest, minister 85 MONASTERY-cloister, monastery, convent. 86 MINISTER-minister, agent. 215 MONEY-money, cash...................... 340 TO MINISTER-to minister, administer, contri- MONSTER-wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, bute....................................... 167 monster................................... 403 MINUTE-circumstantial, particular, minute.... 173 MONSTROUS-enormous, monstrous, prodigious 350 MIRACLE —-wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy, MONUMENT-monument, remembrancer, memonster................................... 403 morial..................................... 50o MIRTH-festivity, mirth...... 392 MOOD-humour, temper, mood....... 387 MIRTH-joy, gladness, mirth................... - 393 MORALS-manners, morals................. 193 MIRTH-mirth, merriment, joviality, jollity, hila- MORBID-sick, sickly, diseased, morbid......... 367 rity........................................ 391 MOREOVER-besides, moreover..............51 MISCARRIAGE-failure, miscarriage, abortion.. 125 MOROSE-gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick... 411 MISCELLANY — mixture, medley, miscellany... 284 MORTAL-deadly, fatal, mortal............... 371 MISCHANCE-calamity, disaster, misfortune, MORTIFICATION-vexation, chagrin, mortifi mischance, mishap......................... 406. cation..........2...................... 25 sellE ~~INDEX. Page Page MOTION —motion, movement............... 301 TO NECESSITATE-to compel, force, oblige, MOTIVE-cause, motive, reason............... 77 necessitate.......................... 219 MOTIVE-principle, motive................... 213 NECESSITIES-necessities, necessaries.... 347 TO MOULD-to form, fashion, mould: shape.... 293 NECESSITY-occasion, necessity. 418 TO MOUNT-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, - NECESSITY-necessity, need. 346 climb, scale...................... 3012 NEED-poverty, indigence, want, need, penury;. 346 TO MOURN —to grieve, mourn, lament........ 408 TO NEED-to want, need,lack.. 347 MOURNFUL-mournful, sad.............. 410 NEED-necessity, need....... 346 TO MOVE-to stir, mlove...................... 301 NEEDFUL MOVEABLES-goods, furniture, moveables, ef- vide NECESSITY, NEED. 341 fects............... 339 NEFARIOUS-wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefaMOVEMENT-motion, movement............. 301 rios.................................... 18 MOVING —moving, affecting, pathetick......... 301 TO NEGLECT —to disregard, slight, neglect....;42 MULCT-fine, mulct, penalty, forfeiture........ 204 TO NEGLECT-to neglect, omit............ 423 MULTITUDE-multitude, crowd, throng, swarm 494 NEGLIGENT-negligent, remiss, careless, heedMUNIFICENT-beneficent, bountiful or bounlte- less, thoughtless, inattentive............. 424 ous, munificent, generous, liberal........... 165 TO NEGOTIATE-to negotiate, treat for oe TO MURDER-to kill, murder, assassinate, slay about, transact..................2........... 215 or slaughter................................ 510 NEIGHBOURHOOD-neighbourhood, vicinity. 498 TO MURMUR-to complain, murmur, repine... 409 NEVERTHELESS-however, yet, nevertheless, TO MUSE-to contemplate, meditate, muse.... 76 notwithstanding......................... TO MUSE-to think, reflect, wonder, muse..... 76 NEW-fresh, new, novel, recent, modern....268 TO MUSTER-to assemble, muster, collect...... 489 NEWS-neWs, tidings....46................ -65 MUTE-silent, dumb, mute, speechless......... 464 NICE-exact, nice, particular..;.......... 203 TO MUTILATE —to mutilate; maim, mangle... 509 NICE-fine, delicate, nice...........14......... -il MUTINOUS-tumultuous, turbulent, seditious, NIGGARDLY-avaricious, miserly, parsinlonimutinous................................. 208 ous, niggardly........................... 161 MUTUAL-mutual, reciprocal................. 334 NIGGARDLY-economical, sparing, thrifty, savMYSTERIOUS-dark, obscure, dim, mysterious 480 ing, niggardly...........;..... 161 MYSTERIOUS-secret, hidden, latent, occult, NIGH-close, near, nigh...................2. 285 mysterious.................. 520 NIGHTLY —ightly, nocturnal................. 268 MYSTERIOUS mysterious. NIMBLE-active, brisk, agile, nimble........... 297 MYSTICK NOBLE-noble, grand........ 454 NOCTURNAL-nightly, nocturnal.............. 268 NAKED-bare, naked, uncovered............... 249 NOISE-noise, cry, outcry, clamour.. 470 TO NAME-to name, call...................... 471 NOISOME-hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noisome 406 NAME-name, appellation, title, denomination..471 NOISY-loud, noisy, high-sounding, clamorous.. 471 NAME-name, reputation, repute, credit....... 472 NOMENCLATURE-dictionary, lexicon, cataTO NAME-to name, denominate, style, entitle, logue, vocabulary, glossary, nomenclature.... 464 designate, characterize.471 TO NOMINATE-to nominate, name......... 471 TO NAME-to nominate, name............... 471 NONCONFORMIST-lheretick, schismatick, secTO NAP-to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, nap.. 300 tarian, dissenter, nonconformist............. 92 NARRATION-relation, recital, narration...... 466 NOTE-mark, sign, note, symptom, token, indicaNARRATIVE-account, narrative, description.. 467 tion 44:] NARROW-contracted, confined, narrow....... 177 NOTE-remark, observation, comment, note, anNARRO W-straight,'narrow................... 285 notation, commenttary..................... 451 NASTY-nasty, filthy, foul..................... 515 TO NOTE-to mark, note, notice.450 NATAL-natal, native, indigenous............. 496 NOTED-distinguished, conspicuous, noted, emiNATION-people, nation,...................... 494 nent, illustrious.473 NATIVE-intrinsick, real, genuine, native...... 437 NOTED-noted, notorious..... 473 NATIVE —natal, native, indigenous............ 496 NOTICE-information,intelligence, notice, advice 195 NATIVE native natural................ 496 TO NOTICE-to attend to, mind, regard, heed, NATURAL notice.................................... 422 NATURALLY-naturally, in c6urse, conse- TO NOTICE-to mention, notice..........;.;. 451 quently, of course........................ 272 TO NOTICE-to mark, note, notice 450 NAVAL maritime, marine, naval, nauti- TO NOTICE-to notice, remark, observe....... 450 NAUTICAL cat............................ 337 NOTION-conception, notion. 75 NAUSEA-disgust, loathing, nausea............ 120 NOTION-perception, idea, conception, notion.. 75 NAUTICAL- maritime, marine, naval, nau- NOTION-opinion, sentiment, notion........... 80 tical.................. 337 NOTORIOUS-noted, notorious..... 473 NEAR-close, near, nigh......................2. 85 NOTWITHSTANDING-however, yet, neverNECESSARIES —necessities, necessaries. 347 theless, notwithstanding..................251 NECESSARY-necessary, expedient, essential, NOVEL-fable, tale, novel, romance............ 467 requisite........................... 417 NOVEL-fresh, new, novel, recent, modern..... 268 INDEX. ii Page Tag 10 NOURISII-to nourish, nurture, cherish.... 377 TO OBVIATE-to prevent,obviate, preclude... 259 NOXIOUS-hurtful, pernicious, noxious, noisome 406 OBVIOUS —apparent, visible, clear, plain, obviNUMB-numb, benumbed, torpid..............- 3721 ous, evident, manifest........4...........78 TO NUMBER-to calculate, compute, reckon, TO OCCASION-to cause, occasion, create..... 294 count or account, number...... ~.... 432 OCCASION —occasion, opportunity............. 418 NUMERAL OCCASION-occasion, necessity....... 418 NUMERICAL numerous, numeral, numerical 252 OCCASIONAL-occasional, casual............ 418 NUMEROUS OCCULT-secret, hidden, latent, occult, mysteNUPTIALS-marriage, wedding, nuptials. 83 rious. 520 TO NURTURE-to nourish, nurture, 6herish... 377 OCCUPANCY ccupation........ 0 ~o c tcupancy, occupation.... 238 OCCUPATION OBDURATE-hard, callous, hardened, obdurate 373 OCCUPATION-business, occupation, employO0BEDIENT-dutiful, obedient, respectful...... 150 ment, engagement, avocation.. 31 OBEDIENT-obedient, submissive, obsequious.. 149 TO OCCUPY-to hold, occupy, possess..... 36 OBJECT-aim, object, end................... 324 OCCURRENCE-event' incident, accident, adOBJECT-object, subject. 325 venture, occurrence....... 72 TO OBJECT-to object, oppose................ 112 ODD-particular, singular, odd, strange, eccenTO OBJECT TO-to find fault with, blame, ob- trick.............................. 385 ject to.................................. *., 112 ODD-odd, uneven...................... 436 OBJECTION-demur, doubt, hesitation, objec- ODIOUS-hateful, odious..................... 137 tion................................. 96 ODOUR-smell, scent, odour, perfume, fragrance 51i OBJECTION-objection, difficulty; exception... 112 OF COURSE-naturally, in course, consequently, OBLATION-offering, oblation............ 82. 8 of course............................ 272 OBLIGATION-duty, obligation............... 150 OFFENCE-offence, trespass, transgression, misTO OBLIGE-to bind, oblige, engage......... 216 demeanour, misdeed, affront............... 120 TO OBLIGEIt-to comlpel, oblige, force, necessi- TO OFFEND-to displease, offend, vex......... 117 tate........................ 219 OFFENDER-offender, delinquent............. 120 OBLIGING-civil, obliging, complaisant........ 199 OFFENDING offendin, offensive............ TO OBLITERATE-to blot out, expunge, rase OFFENSIVE or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate..,........ 248 OFFENSIVE-obnoxious, offensive............. 146.OBLIVION-forgetfulness, oblivion.... ~.... 72 TO OFFER-to give, offer, present, exhibit i63 OBLONG-oblong, oval........................ 350 TO OFFER-to offer, bid, tender, propose....... i67 OBLOQUY-reproach, contumely, obloquy..... 108 OFFERING-offering, oblation................ 82 OBNOXIOUS-obnoxious, offensive......... 146 OFFICE-business, office, duty. 331 OBNOXIOUS-subject, liable, exposed, obnox- OFFICE-office, place, charge, function......... 332 ious................................... 146 OFFICE-benefit, service, good, office........... 166 OBSCURE-dark, obscure, dim, mysterious'.... ~ 480 OFFICIOUS-active, busy, officious............ 297 TO OBSCURE-to eclipse, obscure............. 480 OFFSPRING-offspring, progeny, issue......... 291 OBSEQUIES-funeral, obsequies............. 84 OFTEN-often, frequntly.............8..... OBSEQUIOUS-obedient, submissive, obsequi- OLD-elderly, aged, old........................ 269 ous...................................... 149 OLD-old, ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fa. OBSERVANCE-form, ceremony, righti observ- shioned, obsolete.......................... 268 ance.......................~~~~~ -~~ 83 OLDER-senior, elder, older.................. 269 OBSERVANCE-observation, observance.;.... 451 OLD-FASHIONED, vide OLD. OBSERVANT-mindful, regardful, observant... 426 OLD-TIMES-formerly, in times past, old times OBSERVATION-observation, observance.... 451 or days of yore, anciently, or in ancient times 269 OBSERVATION-remark, observation, note, an-i OMEN-omen, prognostick, presage............. 93 notation, comment, commentary............ 451 TO OMIT —to neglect, omit................... 423 TO OBSERVE-to keep, observe, fulfil........ 289 ON ONE'S GUARD —aware, on one's guard, ap. TO OBSERVE-to notice, remark, observe..... 450 prized, conscious.................. 426 TO OBSERVE-to observe, watch............ 483 ONE3 TO OBSERVE-to see, perceive, observe....... 482 ONY, single, only....................251 OBSERVER-looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob- ONSET-attack, assault, encounter, charge, server....;... 482 onset. 116 OBSOLETE-old, ancient, antiquated, antique, ONWARD-onward, forward, progressive...... 302 old-fashioned, obsolete...................... 268 OPAQUE —opaque, dark....................... 481 OBSTACLE-difficulty, impediment, obstacle... 259 OPEN-zandid, open, sincere...........430 OBSTINATE-obstinate, contumacious, heady, OPEN-frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain 431 stubborn, headstrong...................... 209 OPENING —opening, aperture, cavity......... 402 TO OBSTRUCT-to hinder, prevent, impede, OPERATION-action, agency, operation........ 296 obstruct............................ 258 OPERATION-work, operation........ 328 TO OBTAIN-to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn 396 OPINIATED opiniated or opiniative, conceitTO OBTAIN-to get, gain, obtain, procure...... 396 OPINIATIVE ed, egoistical. TO OBTRUDE-tointrude obtrude..........-.. 509 OPINION-opinion, sentiment,notion........ 80 xliv INDEX. Page OPPONENT —enemy, foe, adversary, opponent, subvert, overTO OVERTHROW to overturn, subvert, over - ~~~~~~antagonist ~~~.134.~ ~TO OVERTURN throw, invert, reverse.. 503 OPPORTUNITY-occasion, opportunity........ 418 TO OVERWHELM —-to overbear, bear down, TO OPPOSE-to combat, oppose............. 134 overpower, overwhelm, subdue.......... 144 ro OPPOSE-to contradict, oppose, deny....... 113 TO OVERWHELM-to overwhelm, crush.... 504 TO OPPOSE-to object, oppose................. 112 OUTCRY-noise, cry, outcry, clamour. 470 TO OPPOSE-to oppose, resist, thwart, with- TO OUTDO-to exceed, excel, surpass, outdo... 273 stand..................................... 114 OUTLINES-sketch, outlines.............338 OPPOSITE-adverse, contrary, opposite........ 135 TO OUTLIVE-to outlive, survive..........240 OPPROBRIUM-infamy, ignominy, opprobrium 108 OUTRAGE-affront, irlsult, outrage..........121 TO OPPUGN-to confute, refute, disprove, op- OUTSIDE —show, outside, semblance, appearpugn..................................... 115 ance.453 OPTION-option, choice.....,...... 234 OUTWARD-outward, external, exteriour. 351 OPULENCE-riches, wealth, opulence, affluence 340 TO OUTWEIGH-to overbalance, preponderate, ORAL-verbal, vocal, oral...................... 462 outweigh.........................206 ORATION-address, speech, oration, harangue.. 461 TO OWN-to acknowledge, ()wn, confess, avow 442 ORATORY-elocution, eloquence, oratory, rheto- OWNER-possessor, proprietor, owner, master.. 238 rick........... 462 ORB-circle, orb, globe, sphere.................. 175 PACE-pace, step...................... 301 TO ORDAIN to appoint, order, prescribe, or- PACIFICK-peaceable, peaceful, pacifick..... 362 TO ORDER dain......................... 184 TO PACIFY-to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, ORDER-class, order, rankl degree.............. 276 still 31................ ORDER-command, order, injunction, precept, PAGAN-gentile, heathen, pagan............. 495 mandate.................................... 185 PAIIN-pain, pang, agony, anguish.......... 407 ORDER-direction, order................... -...213 TO;PAINT-to paint, depict, delineate, sketch.. 338 ORDER —order, method, rule................... 276 PAI —couple, brace, pair.434 ORDER-succession, series, order............... 271 PALATE-palate, taste.512 SO ORDER-to place, dispose, order........... 278 PAL —pale, pallid, wan.369 Z'RDINARY-cornmon, vulgar, ordinary, mean.. 323 TO PALLIATE-to extenuate, palliate.... 182 ORIFICE-orifice, perforation.................. 402 TO PALLIATE-to gloss, varnish, palliate. 515 ORIGIN origin, original, beginning, source, PALLID-pale, pallid, wan.369 ORIGINAL S rise........................... 292 TO PALPITATE-to palpitate, flutter, pant, ORIGINAL-primary, primitive, pristine, origi- gasp.30..5................. 305 nal........................................ 274 PANEGYRICK-encomium, eulogy, panegyrick 30 OSTENSIBLE-colourable, specious, ostensible, PANG-pain, pang, agony, anguish.407 plausible, feasible......................... 516 TO PANT-to palpitaite, flutter, pant, gasp.. 305 OSTENTATION-show, parade, ostentation.... 453 PARABLE —parable, ailegory........... 532 OVAL-oblong, oval.......................... 350 PARAIDE-show, parade, ostentation......... 453 O,,L-A-above, over, upon, beyond.............. 279 PARASITE-flatterer, sycophant, parasite. 526 OVERBALANCE-to overbalance, outweigh, TO PARDON-to excuse, pardon.182 preponderate............................ 206 TO PARDON-to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit 87 TO OVERBEAR-to overbear, bear down, over- PARDONABLE-venial, pardonable 1.82 power, overvwhelm, subdue................ 144 TO PARE-to peel, pare......................518 OVERBEARING-imperious, lordly, domineer- PARLIAMENT-assembly, company, meeting, ing, overbearing........................... 185 congregation, parliament, diet, congress, conTO OVERCOME-to conquer, vanquish, subdue, vention, synod, convocation, council.........490 overcome, surmount........................ 144 PARSIMONIOUS-avaricious, miserly, parsimnoTO OVERFLOW-to overflow, inundate, deluge 352 nious, niggardly.161 TO OVERHEAR-to heal, hearken, overhear.. 422 PARSIMONY-economy, frugality, parsimony. 161 TO OVERPOWER-to beat, defeat, overpower, PARSON-clergyman, parson, priest, minister... 85 rout, overthrow............................ 143 PART-part, division, portion, share 485 TO OVERPOWER-to overbear, overpower, PART-part, piece, patch.48 bear down, overwhelm, subdue............. 144 TO PART-to divide, separate, part.484 TO OVERRULE-overrule, supersede.......... 206 TO PARTAKIE to partake, share, particiOVERRULING-prevailipg, prevalent, predomi- TO PARTICIPATE s pate..... 486 nant, overruling........................ 205 PARTICULAR-circumstantial, minute, particuTO OVERRUN } to overspread, overrun, ra- tar 173 TO OVERSPREAD S vagp..........,.. 507 PARTICULAR-exact, nice, particular, puncOVERSIGHT-inadvertenry, inattention, over- tual.......................................03 sight. 423 PARTICULAR-particular, singular, eccentrick, OVERSIGHT-inspection, oversight, superintend- odd, strange.385 ence....................................... 213 PARTICULAR-particular, individual. 252 ro OVERTHROW-to beat, defeat, overpower, PARTICULAR-ljeculiar, appropriate, particular 231 rout, overthrow.......... 143 PARTICULAR-special, specifick, particular... 252 INDEX. xlv Page Page PARTICULARLY-especi ally, particularly, prin- PERFORATION-orifice, perforation.......... 402 cipally, chiefly......................... 206 TO PERFORM-to effect, produce, perform. 28 PARTISAN-follower, adherent, partisan....... 419 TO PERFORM-to execute, fulfil, perform....~ 288 PARTNER-colleague, partner, coadjutor, assist- PERFORMANCE —production, work, performant............................... 491 ance................................... 329 PARTNERSHIP-association, society, company, PERFORMER-.actor, player, performer........ 298 partnership...... 488 PERFUME-smell, scent, odour, fragrance, perPARTY-faction, party........................ 209 fume 511 PASSAGE-course, race, passage.............. 275 PERIL-danger, hazard, peril. 171 PASSIONATE-angry, passionate, hasty, irasci- PERIOD-sentence, proposition, period, phrase.. 464 ble.......... 119 PERIOD-time, period, age, date, era, epocha.... 267 PASSIVE-passive, submissive............... 149 TO PERISH —to perish, die, decay............ 371 PASSIVE-patient, passive........ 149 TO PERJURE-to forswear, perjure, suborn.... 92 PASTIMNE-amusement, entertainment, diversion, PERMANENT-durable, lasting, permanent.... 266 sport, recreation, pastime............ 391 PERMISSION-leave, liberty, permission, license 255 PATCH —part, piece, patch..................... 486 TO PERMIT-to admit, allow, permit, tolerate, PATHETICK-moving, affecting, pathetick... 301 suffer...................................... 157 PATIENCE-patience, endurance, resignation... 149 TO PERMIT-to consent, permit, allow. 156 PATIENT-patient, passive................. 149 PERNICIOUS-destructive, ruinous, pernicious.. 504 PATIENT-invalid, patient.................... 367 PERNICIOUS-hurtful, noxious, noisome, perniPAUPER —poor, pauper.................. 347 cious.................................. 406 TO PAUSE-to demur, hesitate, pause.. 96 TO PERPETRATE-to perpetrate, commit..... 8 PAY-allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, PERPETUAL-continual, perpetual, constant;.. 265 pay.. 164 TO PERPLEX-to distress, harass, perplex....'407 PEACE-peace, quiet, calm, tranquillity..... 361 TO PERPLEX-to embarrass, perplex, entangle 412 PEACEABLE. 362 TO PERSEVERE to continue, persevere, perPEACEFUL peaceable, peaceful, pacfick.... TO PERSIST sist, pursue, prosecute... 264 PEASANT-countryman, peasant, swain, hind, TO PERSIST-toinsist, persist................. 265 rustick clown............................. 336 PERSONS-people, persons, folks............. 495 PECULIAR-peculiar, appropriate, particular... 231 PERSPICUITY-clearness, perspicuity. 477 PEEL-skin~,hide, peel, rind.................... 518 TO PERSUADE-to exhort, persuade.......... 312 TO PEEL-to peel, pare................. 518 TO PERSUADE-to persuade, entice, prevail PEEVISH-captious, cross, peevish, petulant, upon...................................... 313 fretful.............. 315 PERSUASION-conviction, persuasion...... 79 PELLUCID-pellucid, transparent........ 477 PERTINENT-pertinent, relevant. 327 PENALTY-fine, penalty, mulct, forfeiture..... 204 PERVERSE-awkward, cross, crooked, untoTO PENETRATE-to penetrate, pierce, perfo- ward, froward, perverse.................. 315 rate, bore. 402 PEST-bane, pest, ruin..................... 503 PENETRATION-discernment, discrimination, PESTILENTIAL-contagious, epidemical, pestipenetration...... 71 lential... 129 PENETRATION-penetration, acuteness, saga- PETITION-prayer, petition, request, entreaty, city........................................ 1 suit.................................... 87 PENITENCE-repentance, penitence, contrition, PETTY-trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, futile.. 457 compunction, remorse...................... 88 PETULANT-captious, cross, peevish, fretful, PENMAN-writer, penman, scribe.............. 336 petulant................................... 315 PENURIOUS-economical, saving, sparing, pena- PHANTOM-vision, apparition, phantom, ghost, rious, thrifty, niggardly............. 161 spectre.................................... 479 PENURY-poverty, indigence, want, )enury, PHRASE-sentence, proposition, period,phrase.. 464 need..................... 34 PHRASE diction, phrase, phraseology, PEOPLE-people, nation............. 494 PHRASEOLOGY style.... 463 PEOPLE-people, populace, mob, mobility...... 495 PHRENSY-madness, phrensy, rage, fury...... 281 PEOPLE-people, persons, folks. 495 TO PICK-to choose, pick, select.... 234 TO PERCEIVE-to perceive, discern, distin- PICTURE —lieness, picture, image, effigy 532 guish is................................ 483 TO PICTURE, vide TO PAINT. TO PERCEIVE-to see, perceive, observe.... 482 PICTURE-picture, print, engraving............ 450 PERCEPTION-perception, idea, conception, no- PIECE —part, piece, patch.486 tion....................................... 75 TO PIERCE —to penetrate, pierce, perforate, bore 402 PERCEPTION-sentiment, sensation, perception,.376 TO PILE-heap, pile, accumulate, amass...... 340 PEREMPTORY-positive, absolute, peremptory 188 PILLAGE-rapine, plunder, pillage............. 507 PERFECT-accomplished, perfect............ 288 PILLAR-pillar, column..................... 499 PERFECT-complete, perfect, finished........:. 287 TO PINCH-to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe..... 309 PERFIDIOUS-faithless, perfidious, treacherous 524 TO PINE —to flag, droop, languish, pine...... 368 TO PERFORATE-to penetrate, pierce, perfo- PIOUS-holy, pious, devout, religious......... 89 rate, bbre..... 402 PIQUE-malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique... 381 szvi INDEX. Page Pasa PITEOUS-piteous, doleful, woful, rueful....... 411 POMP-magnificence, splendour, pomp.......... 453 PITEOUS ) POMPOUS-magisterial, majestick, stately,-pompPITIABLE piteous, pitiable, pitiful............ 358 ous, august, dignified...................... 454 PITIFUL TO PONDER-to think, reflect, ponder, muse... 76 PITIFUL-mean, pitiful, sordid.............. 411 PONDEROUS-heavy, burdensome, ponderous, PITIFUL-contemptible, despicable, pitiful...... 102 weighty.............................. 370 PITY-pity, compassion........................ 358 POOR-poor, pauper........................... 347 PITY-pity, mercy............ 358 POPULACE-people, populace, mob, mobility... 495 PLACE —office, place, charge, function...... 332 PORT —harbour, haven, port.............. 518 PLACE-place, situation, station, position, post.. 278 TO PORTEND-to augur, presage, forebode, bePLACE-place, spot, site................. 278 token, portend............................. 94 TO PLACE-to place, dispose, order........... 278 PORTION-deal, quantity, portion............ 486 TO PLACE-to put, place, lay, set............. 280 PORTION-part, division, portion, share........ 485 PLACID-calm, placid, serene.................. 362: POSITION-place, situation, station, position, PLAIN-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, post........................... 278 evident, manifest........................... 478. POSITION-action, gesture, gesticulation, attiPLAIN-even, smooth, level, plain.............. 435 tude, posture, position................... 295 PLAIN-frank, candid, ingenuous, free, open, POSITION-tenet, position................... 80 plain............................... 431 POSITIVE —actual, real, positive........ 2..... 298 PLAIN-sincere, honest, true, plain........... 430 POSITIVE-confident, dogmatical, positive...... 414 PLAUDIT-applause, acclamation, plaudit...... 130 POSITIVE-definite, positive....... 458 PLAUSIBLE-colourable, specious, ostensible, POSITIVE-positive, absolute, peremptory.. 188 plausible, feasible.......................... 516 TO POSSESS-to have, possess............... 237 PLAY-play, game, sport................. 384, TO POSSESS-to hold, occupy, possess....... 236 PLAYER-actor, player, performer............ 298 POSSESSIONS-goods, possessions, property... 340 TO PLEAD-apologize, defend, justify, excuse, POSSESSOR-possessor, proprietor, owner, masexculpate, plead............................ 181 ter...................2.................... 38 PLEADER-defender, advocate, pleader........ 180 POSSIBLE-possible, practicable, practical... 324 PLEASANT-agreeable, pleasant, pleasing...... 152 POST-place, situation, station, position, post.... 278 PLEASANT-facetious, conversible, pleasant, jo- POSTERIOR- subsequent, consequent, postecular, jocose.............................. 461 rior....................................... 272 TO PLEASE-to satisfy, please, gratify....... 383 TO POSTPONE-to delay, defer, postpone, proPLEASED-glad, pleased, joyful, cheerful....... 393 crastinate, prolong, protract, retard.......... 260 PLEASING-agreeable, pleasant, pleasing...... 152 POSTURE-action, gesture, gesticulation, posPLEASURE-comfort, pleasure...... 357 ture, attitude, position.................... 295 PLEASURE-pleasure, joy, delight, charm...... 393 POTENT-powerful, potent, mighty........ 187 PLEDGE-deposite, pledge, security......... 183 POTENTATE —prince, monarch, sovereign, poPLEDGE-earnest, pledge.................. 184 tentate............18, PLENIPOTENTIARY-ambassador, plenipoten- POVERTY-poverty, indigence, want, penury, tiary, envoy, deputy............... 214 need..................................... 346 PLENITUDE-fulness, plenitude............... 341 TO POUND-to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, PLENTEOUS 1 plentiful, plenteous, abundant, crush. 501 PLENTIFUL $ copious, ample......... 341 TO POUR-to pour, spill, shed..... 346 PLIABLEle plian) s up ple.. 360 POWER-power, strength, force, authority, doPLIANT minion.................................... 186 PLIGHT-situation, condition, state, predicament, POWERFUL —powerful, potent, mighty..... 187 plight, case................................. 279 PRACTICABLE possible, p ble, pracical 3 PLOT-combination, cabal, plot, conspiracy. 489 PRACTICAL possible, prctcable, practical 324 TO PLUCK-to draw, drag, haul or hale, pluck, PRACTICE-custom, habit, manner, practice.. 322 pull, tug... 303 TO PRACTISE-to exercise, practise........ 322 PLUNDER-rapine, plunder, pillage........... 507 TO PRAISE-to praise, commend, applaud, exTO PLUNGE-to plunge, dive................ 353 tol........................................ 130 TO POINT-to aim, point, level............... 324 PRAISEWORTHY —commendable, praiseworthy, TO POINT OUT-to show, point out, indicate, laudable.................................. 131 mark.................. 451 PRANK-frolick, gambol, prank.............. 390 TO POISE-to poise, balance............... TO PRATE \ to babble, chatter, chat, prate, POISON-poison, venom....................... 503 TO PRATTLE I prattle................ 459 POLISHED palite, polished, refined, gentle 199 PRAYER-prayer, petition,, request, entreaty, POLITE suit polished refined, gent................................ 87 POLITE-civil, polite... 198 PRECARIOUS —-doubtful, dubious, uncertain, POLITICK t.............. precarious...........*......................c POLITICAL olitical, politick.521 precarious POLITICAL. PRECEDENCE-priority, precedence, preference, TO POLLUTE-to contaminate, defile, pollute, pre-eminence............................273 taint,corrupt................... 129 PRECEDENT-example, precedent............. 531 INDEX. xlvA Page Page PRECEDING-antecedent, preceding, previous, TO'PRESUME-to premise, presume........... 231 foregoing, anterior, prior, former............ 272 PRESUMING-presumptive, presumptuous, prePRECEPT-,command, order, injunction, precept, suming.............................. 232 mandate....................... 185 PRESUMPTION-arrogance, presumption. 231 PRECEPT-doctrine, precept, principle........ 80 PRESUMPTIVE presumptive, presumptuous, PRECEPT —maxim, precept, rule, law.. 2.. 1.1.... 211 PRESUMPTUOUS presuming.32 PRECIOUS-valuable, precious, costly..,.... 437 PRETENCE-pretence, pretension, pretext, exPRECIPITANCY —rashness, temerity, hastiness, cuse.229 precipitancy...................... 263 TO PRETEND-to feign, pretend............. 528 PRECISE-accurate, exact, precise............. 203 TO PRETEND-to affect, pretend........ 229 TO PRECLUDE —to prevent, obviate, preclude 259 PRETENSION-pretension, claim............. 229 PRECURSOR-forerunner, precursor, messenger, PRETENSION I pretence, pretension, pretext, exharbinger....................... 215 PRETEXT cuse........................ 229 PREDICAMENT-situation, condition, state, pre- PRETTY-beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. 313 dicament, plight, case...................... 279 PREVAILING-prevailing, ruling, overruling, TO PREDICT-to foretel, predict, prognosticate, prevalent, predominant....... 205 prophesy.................................. 94 TO PREVARICATE-to evade, equivocate, prePREDOMINANT-prevailing, prevalent, over- varicate................................... 526 ruling, predominant.................. 205 TO PREVENT-to hinder, prevent, impede, obPRE-EMINENCE-priority, precedence, pre-emi- struct........................................ 58 nence, preference.......................... 273 TO PREVENT-to prevent, anticipate....... 259 PREFACE-prelude, preface..................2. 31 TO PREVENT-to-prevent, obviate, preclude... 259 TO PREFER-to choose, prefer................. 233 PREVIOUS —antecedent, preceding, foregoing, TO PREFER-to encourage, advance, promote, previous, anterior, prior, former............. 272 prefer, forward............................ 312 PREVIOUS-previous, preliminary, preparatory, PREFERABLE-eligible, preferable............ 234 introductory................... 274 PREFERENCE-priority, precedence, pre-emi- PREY-booty, spoil, prey.......... 506 nence, preference......................... 273 PRICE-cost, expense, price, charge........... 436 PREJUDICE-bias, prejudice, prepossession..... 160 PRICE —value, worth, rate, price............... 436 PREJUDICE-disadvantage, injury, hurt, detri- PRIDE-pride, vanity, conceit.................. 100 ment, prejudice........................... 404 PRIDE-pride, haughtiness, loftiness, dignity.... 100 PRELIMINARY-previous, preliminary, prepara- PRIEST-clergyman, parson, priest, minister.... 85 toryELUDE-prelde, preface..............introductory. 274 PRIMARY primary, primitive, pristine, origiPREjLUJDE:-prelude, preface................. 231 PRIMITIVE S nal........................ 274'10 PREMISE-to premise, presume............ 31 PRINCE-prince, monarch, sovereign, potentate 188 PIiMEDlTATION-forcsight, forethought, fore- PRINCIPAL-chief, principal, main............ 206 cast, premeditation......................... 399 PRINCIPALLY-especially, particularly, princiTO IREPARE-to fit, equip, prepare, qualify... 154 pally, chiefly. 206 PREPZ.RATORY-previous, preliminary, prepa- PRINCIPLE —doctrine, precept, principle...... 80 rato:y, introductory...................... 274 PRINCIPLE-principle, motive............. 213 TO PREIONDERATE-to overbalance, prepon- PRINT-mark, print, impression, stamp. 446 derate, )utweigh........... 206 PRINT-picture, print, engraving............. 45c PREPOSSEISION -bias, prepossession, preju- PRIOR-antecedent, preceding, foregoing, previdice.160 ous, anterior, prior, former.272 PREPOSSESSION-bent, bias, inclination, pre- PRIORITY-priority, precedence, pre-eminence, possession..... 159 preference..... 273 PREPOSTEROUS-irrational, foolish, absurd, PRISTINE-primacy, primitive, pristine, origipreposterous........ 91 nal............ 2..74 PREROGATIVE\ — rivilege, prerogative, immt- PRIVACY-r-privacy, retirement, seclusion......253 nity, exemption-.........................228 PRIVILEGE-privilege, prerogative, exemption, PRESAGE-omeni, lretogative, presage......... 93 immunity.................... - 2.2 TO PRESAGE, —to Augur, presage, forebode, be- PRIVILEGE —right, claim, privilege....... 22... token, portend....................... 94 PRIZE-capture, seizure, prize................. 50 TO PRESCRIB E —to appoint, prescribe, ordain.. 184 TO PRIZE-to value, prize, esteem...... 43 TO PRESCRIBE-to dictate, prescribe......... 184 PROBABILITY-chance, probability.......... 176 PRESCRIPTION-usage, custom, prescription.. 324 PROBITY-honesty, uprightness, integrity, proPRESENT-gift, present, donation, benefaction.. 164 bity....................... 427 TO PRESENT-to give, offer, present, exhibit... 163 TO PROCEED-to advance, proceed........... 301 TO PRESENT-to introduce, present......... 163 TO PROCEED-to arise, proceed, issue, spring, TO PRESERVE-to keep, preserve, save....... 178 flow, emanate.............................. 1 TO PRESERVE-to save, spare, preserve, pro- PROCEEDING-proceeding, transaction....... 333 tect................. 179 PROCEEDING proc TO PRESS-to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe...... 309 PROCESS proceeding, pr PRESSING —pressing, urgegt. importunate.... 158 PROCESSION-procession, train, retinue....... 493 Ixviii INDEX. Page TO PROCLAIM-to announce, proclaim, publish,' PROOF-argument, reason, proof.............. 7 advertise......... 443 PROOF —proof, evidence, testipmony....... 444. TO PROCLAIM-to declare, publish, proclaim.. 442 PROOF-experience, experiment, trial, proof, test 319 PROCLAMATION-decree, edict, proclamation 443 PROP-staff, stay, prop, support... 238 TO PROCRASTINATE-to delay, defer, post- TO PROPAGATE-to speed, circulate, propa. pone, procrastinate, prolong, protract, retard.. 260 gate, disseminate...................... 345 TO PROCURE-to get, gain, obtain, procure.... 396 PROPENSITY-inclination, tendency, proneness, TO PROCURE-to provide, procure, furnish, propensity................................ 10 supply........................ 399 PROPER-right, just, proper. 4311 PRODIGAL-extravagant, prodigal, lavish, pro- PROPERTY-goods, property, possessions...... 340 fuse................................. 342 PROPERTY-quality, property, attribute...... 232 PRODIGIOUS-enormous, prodigious, monstrous 350 PROPITIOUS-favourable, auspicious, propitious 190 PRODIGY-wonder, miracle, marvel, prodigy,, TO PROPHIESY-to foretel, predict, prophesy, monster.................................. 403 prognosticate.94 PRODUCE-production, produce, product....... 329 PROPORTION-rate, proportion, ratio......... 434 TO PRODUCE-to afford, yield, produce. 330 PROPORTION-symmetry, proportion....... 435 TO PRODUCE —to effect, produce, perform..... 289 PROPORTIONATE-proportionate, commensuTO PRODUCE —to make, form, produce, create 292 rate, adequate........................... 434 PRODUCTION production, produce, product... 329 TO PROPOSE-to offer, bid, tender, propose....167 PRODUCTION ITO PROPOSE-to purpose, propose........ 534 PRODUCTION-production, performance, work 329 PROPOSITION-sentence, proposition, period, PROFANE-irreligious, profane, impious....... 92 phrase....464 TO PROFESS-to profess, declare.............. 442 PROPRIETOR-possessor, proprietor, owner, PROFESSION-business, trade, profession, art.. 331 master....................................238 PROFICIENCY-progress, proficiency, improve- TO PROROGUE —to prorogue, adjourn......... 260 ment.......................... 204 TO PROSCRIBE-to forbid, prohibit, interdict, PROFIT-advantage. profit................... 398 proscribe.223 PROFIT-gain, profit, emolument, lucre........ 397 TO PROSECUTE-to continue, persevere, perPROFLIGATE-profligate, abandoned, reprobate 249 sist, pursue, prosecute.................... 264 PROFUNDITY-depth, profundity............ 350 PROSELYTE-convert, proselyte.86 PROPUSE-extravagant, prodigal, lavish, profuse 342 PROSPECT-view, survey, prospect...........479 PROFUSENESSION profusion, profuseness.34...... PROSPECT-view, prospect, landscape......... 479 PROFUSION 3 profsionprofueness..............TO PROSPER-to flourish, thrive, prosper..... 395 PROGENITORS-forefathers, ancestors, progeni- PROSPERITY-well-being, welfare, prosperity, tors.............................. 269 happiness.............................. 36 PROGENY-offspring, progeny, issue........... 291 PROSPEROUS-fortunate, lucky, prosperous, PROGNOSTICK-omen, presage, prognostickl... 93 successful.395 TO' PROGNOSTICATE-to foretel, predict, prog- TO PROTECT-to defend, protect, vindicate.... 179 nosticate, prophesy......................... 94 TO PROTECT-to save, spare, preserve, pro:ect 179 PROGRESS-proceeding, process, progress...... 333 TO PROTEST-to affirm, asseverate, assure, PROGRESS-progress, proficiency, improvement 204 vouch, aver, protest......... 44..............1 PROGRESS progress, progression, advance, TO PROTRACT-to delay, defer, postpehe, proPROGRESSION i advancement.............. 204 crastinate, prolong, protract, retard..6....... PROGRESSIVE-onward, forward, progressive 302 TO PROVE-to argue, evince, prove.... - - 77 TO PROHIBIT-to forbid, prohibit, interdict, TO PROVE-to prove, demonstrate, evince, maproscribe................................ 223 nifest.............................. 444 t'ROJECT- design, plan, scheme, project........ 534 PROVERB-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophPROLIFICK-fertile, fruitful, prolifick.......... 341 thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw 210 PROLIX-diffuse, prolix....................... 464 TO PROVIDE-to provide, procure, furnish, supTO PROLONG-to delay, defer, postpone, pro- ply.......................................99 crastinate, prolong, protract, retard.......... 260 PROVIDENCE-providence, prudence.......... 399 PROMINENT-prominent, conspicuous........ 474 PROVIDENT-careful, cautious, provident..... 425 PROMISCUOUS-promiscuous, indiscriminate.. 284 PROVISION-fare, provision................... 513 PROMISE-promise, engagement, word......... 217 TO PROVOKE-to aggavate, irritate, provoke, TO PROMOTE —to encourage, advance, promote, exasperate tantalize 121................ prefer, forward.................... 312 TO PROVOKE-1-o awaken, excite, provoke, PROMPT-diligent, expeditious, prompt......... 262 rouse, stir up............... - -.............. 310 PROMPT-ready, apt, prompt.................. 297 TO PROVOKE,-to excite, incite, provoke. 309 "TO PROMULGATE-to publish, promulgate, di- PRUDENCE-judgement, discretion, prudence.. 400 vulge, reveal, disclose.................. 443 PRUDENCE-prudence, providence........ 399 RONENESS-inclination, tendency, propensity, PRUDENCE-wisdom, prudence............... 400 proneness...............160.PRU.DENT prudent prudential.......... 39 TO PRONOUNCE-to utter, speak, articulate, PRUDENTIAL prudent, prudential39 pronounce..... 459 TO PRY-to pry, scrutinize, dive into........... 90 INDEX. xlix Page PRYING-curious, prying inquisitive......... 09 TO RAISE-to lift, raise, erect, elevate, exalt... 354 TO PUBLISH —to announce, proclaim, advertise, TO RALLY-to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, publish................................. 443 banter..................................... TO PUBLISH-to declare, publish, proclaim.... 442 RAMBLE-excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt... 302 TO PUBLISH-to publish, promulgate, divulge, TO RAMBLE-to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, reveal, disclose............................. 443 roam, range................................ 126 PUERILE-youthful, juvenile, puerile.......... 401 RANCOUR-hatred, enmity, ill-will, rancour... 13. TO PULL-to draw, drag, haul or hale, pull, RANCOUR-malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique 381 pluck, tug.................................. 303 TO RANGE-to class, arrange, range........... 277 PUNCTUAL-exact, nice, particular, punctual.. 203 TO RANGE-to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, PUNISHMENT-correction, discipline, punish- roani, range............ 126 ment..................................... 204 RANK-class, order, rank, degree............... 276 PUPIL-scholar, disciple, pupil........... 197 TO RANSOM-to redeem, ransom............. 440 TO PURCHASE-to buy, purchase, bargain, RAPACIOUS-rapacious, ravenous, voracious.. 507 cheapen... 335 RAPIDITY-quickness, swiftness, fleetness, cele PURPOSE-sake, account, reason, purpose, end.. 535 rity, rapidity, velocity................ 262 TO PURPOSE-to design, purpose, intend, mean 533 RAPINE-rapine, plunder, pillage......507 TO PURPOSE-to purpose, propose............ 534 RAPTURE-ecstasy, rapture, transport......... 318 TO PURSUE-to follow, pursue................ 71 RARE-rare, scarce, singular............... 250 TO PURSUE-to continue, persevere, persist, TO RASE-to blot out, expunge, rase or erase, pursue, prosecute..........2......... 64 efface, cancel, obliterate.................... 248 TO PUT-to put, place, lay, set. 280 RASH-foolhardy, adventurous, rash..21 ro PUTREFY-to rot, putrefy, corrupt......... 504 RASHNESS-rashness, temerity, hastiness, precipitancy.... - 63 TO QUAKE-to shake, tremble, shudder, quiver, RATE-rate, proportion, ratio.................. 434 quake............................... 305 RATE-tax, rate, assessment................... 168 QUALIFICATION-qualification, accomplish- RATE-value, worth, rate, price............. 436 ment................................... 289 TO RATE-to estimate, compute, rate......... 432 QUALIFIED-competent, fitted, qualified....1. ]54 RATIO-rate, proportion, ratio......... 434 TO QUALIFY-to fit, equip, prepare, qualify.. 154: RATIONAL-rational, reasonable.............. 71 rO QUALIFY-to qualify, temper, humour.... 388 RAVAGE-ravage, desolation, devastation...... 506 OF QUALITY-of fashion, of quality, of dis- TO RAVAGE-to overspread, overrun, ravage.. 507 tinction............................... 474 RAVENOUS-rapacious, ravenous, voracious... 507 QUALITY-quality, property, attribute......... 239 RAY-gleam, glimmer, ray, beam............. 476 QUANTITY-deal, quantity, portion........... 486 TO RAZE-to demolish, raze, dismantle, destroy 505 QUARREL-difference, dispute, quarrel, alterca I TO REACH-to reach, stretch, extend......... 348 tion.......... 133 READY-easy, ready......................... 363 QUARREL-quarrel, broil, feud, affray or fray.. 133 READY-ready, apt, prompt..................... 7 QUARTER-district, region, tract, quarter. 498 REAL-actual, real, positive.... 298 QUERY I REAL —intrinsick, genuine, real... 437 QUESTION question, query................. TO REALIZE-to fulfil, accomplish, realize.... 289 TO QUESTION-to doubt, question, dispute.... 95 REALM-state, realm, commonwealth.........1. 189 TO QUESTION-to ask, inquire, question, inter- REASON-argument, reason, proof............. 77 rogate............ 97 REASON-cause, reason, motive............... 77 2UICKIgESS-qulckness, swiftness, fleetness, REASON-consideration, reason............... 77 celerity, rapidity, velocity-................. 262 REASON-sake, account, reason, purpose, end.. 535 QUIET-ease, quiet, rest, repose................ 362 REASONABLE-fair, honest, equitable, reasonQUIET-peace, quiet. calm, tranquillity......... 361 able.......................... 428 TO QUIET-to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 REASONABLE-rational, reasonable... 71 TO QUIT-toleave, quit, relinquish............ 255 REBELLION-contumacy, rebellion.......... 210 TO QUIVER-to shake, tremble, shudder, qui- REBELLION-insurrection, sedition, rebellion, ver, quake................ 305 revolt............................... 08 TO QUOTE-to cite, quote................... 469 TO REBOUND-to rebound, reverberate, recoil 305 TO REBUFF —to refuse, decline, reject, repel, RACE-course, race, passage.............. 275 rebuff............................. 232 RACE-family, house, lineage, race............. 495 TO REBUKE-to check, chide, reprimand, reRACE-race, generation, breed................. 497 prove, rebuke...................110 TO RACK-to break, rack, rend, tear........... 501 TO RECALL I to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, RADIANCE-radiance, brilliancy.............. 475 TO RECANT recall.......................47 T0 RADIATE-to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, TO RECAPITULATE-to repeat, recite, recapiradiate............................ 476 tulate, rehearse.465 RAGE-anger, choler, rage, fury................ 119 TO RECEDE-to recede, retreat, withdraw, reRAGE-madness, phrensy, rage, fury........... 281 tire, secede................................253 TO RAISE-to heighten, raise, aggravate....... 355 RECEIPT-receipt, reception................. 233 ! INDEX Page, Pap TO RECE IVE-to take, receive, accept.......... 233 TO REFUSE —to refuse, decline, reject, repel, reTO RECEIVTE-to admit, receive............... 235 buff...................................... 232 RECENT —fresh, new, novel, recent, modern.... 268 TO REFUTE-to confute, refute, oppugn, disRECEPTION-receipt, reception............... 233 prove....... 115 RECIPROCAL-mutual, reciprocal............. 334 REGAL-royal, regal, kingly................... 189 RECIPROCITY —interchange, exchange, recipro- REGARD-care, concern, regard............. 421 city..................................... 334 TO REGARD —to attend to, mind, heed, regard.. 42C4 RECITAL-relation, recital, narration.......... 466 TO REGARD-to esteem, respect, regard....... 427 TO RECITE-to repeat, recite, rehearse, recapi- TO REGARD-to consider, regard............. 77 tlulate.............................. 465 TO REGARD-to refer, relate, respect, regard... 326 TO RECKON —to calculate, compute, reckon, REGARDFUL-mindful, regardful, observant.... 426 count or account, number.................. 432 REGARDLESS-indifferent, unconcerned, reRECKONING-account, bill, reckoning......... 433 gardless................................. 375 TO RECLAIM-to reclaim, reform............ 203 REGIMEN —food diet, regimen................. 514 TO RECLINE-to recline, repose. 363 REGION-district, region, quarter............ 498 TSJ RECOGNISE-to recognise, acknowledge.. 442 TO REGISTER-to enrol, enlist, record, register 468 ST RECOIL-to rebound, reverberate, recoil... 305 REGISTER-record, register, archive........... 469 RECOLLECTION-memory, remembrance, re- REGISTER-list, roll, catalogue, register. 468 collection, reminiscence.................... 72 TO REGRET-to complain, lament, regret...... 409 RECOMPENSE, — compensation, amends, satis- TO REGULATE-to direct, dispose, regulate... 191 faction, remuneration, recompense, requital.. 438 TO REGULATE-to govern, rule, regulate..... 206 RECOMPENSE-gratuity, recompense......... 440 TO REHEARSE-to repeat, recite, rehearse, reTO RECONCILE-to conciliate, reconcile...... 153 capitulate............................. 465 TO RECORD-to enrol, enlist, record, register... 468 REIGN-empire, reign, dominion............ 187 RrECORD-record, register, archive-............ 469 TO REJECT-to refuse, decline, reject, repel, reTO RECOUNT-to relate, recount, describe.... 466 buff........................... 232 TO RECOVER-to recover, retrieve, repair, re- REJOINDER-answer, reply, rejoinder, response 460 cruit......~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~...........440 j TO RELATE-to refer, relate, respect, regard... 326 RECREATION-amusement, entertainment, di. RELATED-connected, related. 419 version, sport, recreation, pastime........ 391 RELATION-relation, recital, narration........ 466 TO RECRUIT-to recover, retrieve, repair, re- RELATION relation, relative, kindred, kinscruit...................................... 440 RELATIVE man........................ 496 TO RECTIFY-to amend, correct, reform, rectify, RELATIONSHIP-kindred, relationship, affinity, emend, improveimend, better................ 201 consanguinity..... 497 RECTITUDE-rectitude, uprightness........... 428 TO RIELAX-to relax, remit................... 256 TO REDEEM-to redeem, ransom.............. 440 RELEt:TTLESS-implacable, unrelenting, relentREDRESS-redress, relief.................... 365 less, isexorable.................... 381 TO REDUCE-to reduce, lower................ 148 RELEVANT-pertinent, relevant.............. 327 REDUNDANCY-redundancy, superfluity, ex- RELIANCE,-dependence, reliance.............. 416 cess................................... 343 RELICKS-leavings, remains, relicks........... 255 TO REEL-to stagger, reel, totter............ 303 RELIEF-redress, relief.. 365 TO REFER-to allude, refer, hint, suggest...... 326 TO RELIEVE-to alleviate, relieve............ 361 TO REFER-to refer, relate, respect, regard..... 326 TO RELIEVE-to help, assist, aid, succour, reRE FINED-polite, polished, refined, genteel..... 199 lieve............... -.............. 364 REFINEMENT — cultivation, civilization, refine- RELIGIOUS-holy, pious, devout, religious..... 89 ment. - -.- - 198 TO RELINQUISH-to abathon, desert, forsake, TO REFLECT-to consider, reflect............ 76 relinquish............................... 243'TO REFLECT to think, reflect, muse, pon- TO RELINQUISH-to leave, quit, relinquish.. 255 der................................... 76' RELISH-taste, flavour, relish, savour.......... 512 -REFLECTION-insinuation, reflection......... 327 RELUCTANT —averse, unwilling, hackward, reTO' REFORM-to amend, correct, refolrm, rectify, luctant, loath.............................. 136 emend, improve, mend, better............... 201 TO' REMAIN-to continue, remain, stay....... 263 TO REFORM-to reclaim, reform.............. 203 REMAINDER-rest, remainder, remnant, resiREFORM' due............................2........ 70 R reform, refcrmation 203 REF3FFORRMATLION')rfom, rfrmto --. 03 REMAINS-leavings, remains, relicks..........;REFRACTORY-unruly, ungovernable, refrac- REMARK-remark, observation, comment, note, tory.....2........-.-...................... 208 annotation, commentary.................. 451 TO REFRAIN-to abstain, forbear, refrain:.... 244" REMARKABLE-extraordinary, remarkable... 451' TO REFRESH-to revive, refresh, renovate. re — TO REMARK-to notice, remark, observe. 450 new............. 269 TO REMEDY-to cure, heal, remedy........... 365:REFUGE —asylum, refuges, shelter, retread... 518 REMEDY-cure, remedy...................... 365 TO; REFUSE-todeny, refuse........_.- 232 REMEMBRANCE-memory, remembrance1 reRE'USE —dregs, sedimenti drossi scum trr. - 515': collection, reminiscence....... 72 INDEX. 1i Page JIEMEMBRANCER-monument, memorial, re- REPUGNANCE-aversion, antipathy, dislike, membrancer............................... 500 hatred, repugnance......................... 136 REMINISCENCE —memory, remembrance, recol- REPUTATION-character, reputation....... -. 472 lection, reminiscence................. 72 REPUTATION-fame, reputation, renown..... 472 REMISS-negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtless, REPUTATION u name, reputation, credit, reheedless, inattentive........................ 424 REPUTE pute....................... 472 TO REMIT-to forgive, pardon, absolve, remit.. 87 REQUEST- -prayer, petition, request, entreaty, TO REMIT-to relax, remit................... 256 suit.................................... 87 REMNANT-rest, remainder, remnant, residue.. 270 TO REQUEST-to ask, beg, request............ 157 TO REMONSTRATE —to expostulate, remon- TO REQUIRE-to demand, require............ 228 strate..................................... 459 REQUISITE —necessary, expedient, essential, seREMORSE-repentance, penitence, contrition, quisite................................... 417 compunction, remorse...................... 87 REQUITAL-compensation, satisfaction, amends, REMOTE-distant, far, remote................. 286 remuneration, recompense, requital, reward.. 438 REMUNERATION-compensation, satisfaction, REQUITAL-retribution, requital............. 440 amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, TO RESCUE-to deliver, rescue, save.......... 240 reward........................ 438 RESEARCH-examination, search, inquiry, reTO REND-to break, rack, rend, tear........... 501 search, investigation, scrutiny............... 98 TO RENEW to revive, refiesh, renovate, RESEMBLANCE-likeness, resemblance, simiTO RENOVATE ~ renew................... 269 larity or similitude........................ 532 TO RENOUNCE-to abandon, resign, renounce, RESENTFUL-resentful, revengeful, vindictive 119 abdicate................................ 243 RESENTMENT-anger, resentment, wrath, ire, RENOWN-fame, reputation, renown......... 472 indignation................................ 118 DRENOWNED-famous, celebrated, renowned, il- RESERVATION ~~~lum~inou~~s ~..473 RESERVE treserve, reservation.......... 178 TO REPAIR-to recover, retrieve, repair, recruit 440 TO RESERVE-to reserve, retain.............. 178 REPARATION-restoration, restitution, repara- TO RESIDE-to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, intion, amends........................ 439 habit.........................263 REPARTEE-retort, repartee.................. 461 RESIDUE-rest, remainder, remnant, residue... 270 TO REPAY-to restore, return, repay........... 439 TO RESIGN-to abandon, resign, renounce, abTO REPEAL-to abolish, abrogate, repeal, annul, dicate..................................... 243 revoke, cancel............................. 247 TO RESIGN-to give up, abandon for'ego, rero REPEAT-to repeat, recite, rehearse, recapi- sign...................................... 242 tulate................................... 465 RESIGNATION-patience, endurance, rresignaO REPEL-to refuse, decline, reject, repel, rebuff 232 tion......................................49 REPENTANCE-repentance, penitence, contri- TO RESIST-to oppose, withstand, thwart, retion, compunction, remorse............... 88 sist................................... 115 REPETITION-Yepetition, tautology........... 466 TO RESOLVE-to determine, resolve........ 23 rO REPINE —to complain, murmur, repine..... 409 TO RESOLVE-to solve, resolve............ 24 REPLY-answer, reply, rejoinder, response..... 460 RESOLUTE-decided, determined, resolute. 224 REPORT-fame, report, rumour, hearsay....... 472 RESOLUTION-courage, fortitude, resolution... 140' REPOSE-ease, quiet, rest, repose.............. 362 TO RESORT TO-to frequent, haunt, resort to.. 494: ro REPOSE-to recline, repose................ 363 RESOURCE-expedient, resource.............. 53 REPREHElION-reprehension, reproof....... 110 TO RESPECT-to esteem, respect, regard..... 427 REPRESENTATION-show, exhibition, repre- TO RESPECT-to honour, reverence, respect... 427 sentation, sight, spectacle................... 452 TO RESPECT-to refer, relate, respect, regard.. 326, rO REPRESS-to repress, restrain, suppress.... 221 RESPECTFUL-dutiful, obedient, respectful.... 150 REPRIEVE-reprieve, respite.................. 257 RESPITE-interval, respite.................... 257 TO REPRIMAND-to check, chide, reprimand, RESPITE-reprieve, respite............ 257, reprove, rebuke...................... 10 RESPONSE-answer, reply, rejoinder, response 460 REPRISAL-retaliation, reprisal................ 440 RESPONSIBLE-answerable, responsible, ae-' REPROACH —discredit, reproach, scandal, dis- countable, amenable........................ 183 grace................................ 107 REST-cessation, stop, rest, intermission........ 257 REPROACH-reproach, contumely, obloquy.... 108 REST-ease, quiet, rest, repose......*......... 362 TO REPROACH-to blame, reprove, reproach, REST-rest, remainder, remnant, residue....... 270 upbraid, censure, condemn.................. 110 TO REST-to found, ground, rest, build........ 498 liEPROACHFUL-reproachlful, abusive, scurri- TO REST-to stand, stop, rest, stagnate....... 258 lous.109 RESTITUTION I restoration, restitution, repaREPROBATE-profligate, abandoned, repro- RESTORATION ration, amends............ 439 bate............................... 249 RESTORATION-recovery, restoration.......440 rO REPROBATE-to reprobate, condemn.... ]09 TO RESTORE-to restore, return, repay'... 439 REPROOF-reprehension, reproof.............. 110 TO RESTRAINI-to coerce, restrain......... 22'o REPROVE-to check, chide, reprimand, re- TO RESTRAIN-to repress, restrain, suppress. 221 prove, rebuke.............................. 110 TO RESTRAIN, vide RESTRICTION, 4* lii INDEX. Page P RESTRAINT-constraint, restraint, restriction.. 220 RIDICULOUS-laughable, ludicrous, ridiculous, TO RESTRICT-to bound, limit, confine, circum- comical or conlick, droll.................... 103 scribe, restrict.............................. 176 RIGHT-straight, right, direct.430 TO RESTRICT, vide RESTRICTION. RIGHT-right, just, proper.................... 430 RESTRICTION-constraint, restraint, restriction 220 RIGHT-right, claim, privilege................. 228 RESULT-effect, consequence, result, issue, event 290 RIGHTEOUS-godly, righteous................ 90 TO RETAIN-to hold, keep, detain, retain...... 236 RIGID austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, TO RETAIN-to reserve, retain..RIGOROU tern........................ 382 RETALIATION-retaliation, reprisal........... 440 RIGOROUS-harsh, rough, severe, rigorous..... 38'2 TO RETARD-to delay, defer, postpone, procras- RIM-border, edge, rim, brim, brink, margin, tinate, prolong, protract, retard............. 260 verge...................................... 176 TO RETARD-to retard, hinder............ 2.... 60 RIND-skin, hide, peel, rind................... 518 RETINUE-procession, train, retinue........... 493 RIPE-ripe, mature............287 TO RETIRE-to recede, retreat, retire, secede, RISE —origin, original, rise, source............. 292 withdraw.............................. 253 TO RISE-to rise, issue, emerge................ 291 RETIREMENT-privacy, retirement, seclusion.. 253 TO RISE-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, climb, RETORT-retort, repartee................... 461 scale..................................... 302 TO RETRACT-to abjure, recant, retract, re- TO RISKI-tohazard, venture, risk............. 171 voke, recall................................ 247 RITE-form, ceremony, rite, observance........ 83 RETREAT-asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat..... 518 RIVALRY-competition, emulation, rivalry.... 131 TO RETREAT-to recede, retreat, retire, with- ROAD-way, road, route or rout, course........ 275 draw, secede......'253 TO ROAM-to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, RETRIBUTION-retribution, requital.......... 440 range...................................... 122 TO RETRIEVE-to recover, retrieve, repair, re- ROBBERY-depredation, robbery.............. 505 cruit................... 440 ROBUST-strong, firm, robust, sturdy.......... 372 RETROSPECT-retrospect, review, survey..... 480 ROLL-list, catalogue, roll, register............. 468 TO RETURN-to restore, return, repay....... 439 ROMANCE-fable, tale, novel, romance........ 467 TO RETURN-to revert, return................ 327 ROOM-space, room........................... 350 TO REVEAL-to publish, promulgate, divulge, TO ROT-to rot, putrefy, corrupt.............. 504 reveal, disclose............................. 443 ROTUNDITY-roundness, rotundity........... 351 TO REVENGE-to avenge, revenge, vindicate.. 119 TO ROVE —towander, stroll, ramble, rove, roam, REVENGEFUL-reseritful, revengeful, vindictive 119 range..................................... 128 TO REVERBERATE-to rebound, reverberate, ROUGH-abrupt, rugged, rough..........2..... 01 recoil...........- 305 ROUGH-coarse, rough, rude............2.... 201 TO REVERE ) to adore, reverence, vone- ROUGH-harsh, rough, severe, rigorous......... 38S TO REVERENCE i rate,revere.............. 81 ROUNDNESS-roundness, rotundity........... 351 REVERENCE-awe, reverence, dread........307 ROUND-circuit, tour, round...........1....... 17 TO IREVERENCE-to honollr, reverence, respect 427 TO ROUSE-to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, R1VERIE-dream, reverie..................... 91,stir up.................................... 3A. TO REVERSE-to overturn, overthrow, subvert, TO ROUT-to beat, defeat, overpower, rout, invert, reverse..........503 overthrow................................. 143 TO REVERT-to revert, return................ 327 ROUTE-way, road, route or rout, course...... 279 REVIEW-retrospect, review, survey........... 480 ROYAL-royal, regal, kingly................. 189 REVIEW-revisal, revision, review............ 480 TO RUB-to rub, chafe, fret, gall............... 309 TO REVILE —t revile, vilify.................. 108 RUDE-coarse, rough, rude.................... 201 REVIS eit reviAL, revi re v 80 RUDE-impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, insoREVISION e lent....................................... 206 TO REVIVE-to revive, refresh, renovate, re- RUEFUL-piteous, doleful, woful, rueful....... 411 new........w.............................. 9269 RUGGED-abrupt, rugged, rough........... 20k TO REVOKE-to abjure, recant, retract, revoke, RUIN-bane, pest, ruin........................ 503 recall...................................... 247 RUIN-destruction, ruin................... 504 TO REVOKE-to abolish, abrogate, repeal, re- RUINOUS-destructive, ruinous, pernicious.... 504 voke, annul, cancel...................... 247 RULE-order, method, rule.................... 276 REVOLT-insurrection, sedition, rebellion, re- RULE-guide, rule.21 volt................. 208 RULE-maxim, precept, rule, law.............. 211 REWARD-compensation, satisfaction, amends, TO RULE-to govern, rule, regulate............ 206 remuneration, recompense, requital, reward 438 RULING-prevailing, prevalent, ruling, predomiRHETORICK —elocution, eloquence, oratory, rhe- nant.205 torick... 462 RUMOUR-fame, report, rumour, hearsay.. 472 RICHES-riches, wealth, opulence, affluence.... 340 RUPTURE-rupture, fracture, fraction........ 502 RIDICULE-ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm..... 104 RURAL TO RIDICULE-to laugh at, ridicule........... 103 RUSTICK rural, rustick..................... 336 TO RIDICULE-to deride, mock, ridicule, rally, RUSTICK-countryman, peasant, swain, hind, banter............. 103 rustick, clown................... 336 INDEX. li Page Pare SACRAMENT —Lord's supper, eucharist, sacra- SCHISMATICK-heretick, schismatick, sectament.........................8............. 3 rian, dissenter, nonconformist............... 92 SACRED —holy, sacred, divine................. 89 SCHIOLAR —scholar, disciple, pupil............. 197 SAD-dull, gloomy, sad, dismal................. 410 SCHOOL —school, academy...................197 SAD-mournful, sad.......................... 410 SCIENCE-knowledge, science, learning, erudiSAFE —safe, secure........ 366 tion.................................. 196 SAGE s401 TO SCOFF-to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer... 104 sage, sagacious, sapient. 41..., SAGACIOUS s'' SCOPE-tendency, drift, scope, aim............ 325 SAGACITY-penetration, acuteness, sagacity... 401 TO SCORN-to contemn, despise, scorn, disdain 101 SAILOR-seaman, waterman, sailor, mariner... 337 SCORNFUL-contemptuous, scornful, disdainful 102 SAL'ARY-allowance, stipend, salary, wages, TO SCREAM-to cry, screanm, shriek........... 470 hire, pay................................ 164 TO SCREEN-to cover, shelter, screen.......... 517 SAKE —sake, account, reasons purpose, end..... 535 SCRIBE-writer, pe an, scribe........ 336 SALUBRIOUS I healthy, wholesome, salubrious, TO SCRUPLE-to scruple, hesitate, waver, flucSALUTARY S salutary.................... 366 tuate.................................. 97 SALUTATION salute, salulaTion, greeting. SCRUPULOUS-conscientious, scrupulous. 88 SALUTE s TO SCRUTINIZE-to pry, scrutinize, dive into 99 TO SALUTE-to accost, address, salute........ 461 SCRUTINY-examination, search, inquiry, reTO SANCTION-to countenance, sanction, sup- search, investigation, scrutiny............. 98 port........................... 310 SCUM-dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse. 515 SANCTITY-holiness, sanctity................. 88 SCURRILOUS-reproachful, abusive, scurrilous 109 SANE-sound, sane, healthy................... 366 SEAL — seal, stamp.450 SANGUINARY-bloody, blood-thirsty, sangui- SEAMAN —seamnan, waterman, sailor, mariner.. 337 nary...................9................... 07 SEARCH-examination, search, inquiry, investiTO SAP-to sap, undermine.................... 502 gation, research, scrutiny. 98 SAPIENT-sage, sagacious, sapient........... 401 TO SEARCH-to examine, seek, search, explore 98 SARCASM-ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm..... 104 SEASON time, season, timely, seasonTO SATIATE-to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy.... 383 SEASONABLE a ble 266 SATIRE-ridicule, satire, irony, sarcasm........ 104 TO SECEl, —to recede, retreat, retire, withSATIRE-wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque 70 draw, secede...................... 253 SATISFACTION —compensation, satisfaction, SECLUSION-privacy, retirement, seclusion... 253 amends, remuneration, recompense, requital, TO SECOND-to second, support.............. 365 reward.................................. 438 SECOND ~~~~~~~~reward..~ 438 SECOND second, secondary, inferiour 274 SATISFACTION-contentment, satisfaction.... 84second, SECONDARY, inferiour.... TO SATISFY-to satisfy, please, gratify........ 383 SECRECY —-concealment, secrecy.............. 519 TO SATISFY-to satisfy, satiate, glut, cloy.... 383 SECRET-clandestine, secret. 520 SAUCY-impertinent, rude, saucy, impudent, in- SECRET-secret, hidden, latent, occult, inystesolent................2............... 00 rious...................................... 520 SAVAGE-cruel, inhuman, barbarous, brutal, TO SECRETE-to conceal, hide, secrete........ 519 savage............................. 373 TO SECRETE ONE'S SELF-to abscond, steal SAVAGE-ferocious, fierce, savage............. 374 away, secrete one's self. 50 TO SAVE- to deliver, rescue, save............. 240 hismatick, sectarian, TO SAVE-to keep, save, preserve...........1 s 178 sectary, dissenter, nonconformSECTARY TO SAVE-to save, spare, preserve, protect..... 179 ist.92 SAVING-economical, saving, sparing, thrifty, pe SECULAR-secular, temporal, worldly.........90 nurious, niggardly............ 161 SECURE-certain, sure, secure............ 366 TO SAUNTER-to linger, tarry, loiter, saunter, SECURE-safe, secure......................... 366 lag....................................... 261 SECURITY-deposite, pledge, security. 183 SAVOUR-taste, flavour, relish, savour........ 512 SECURITY-fence, guard, security............. 183 SAW, vide SAYING. SEDATE-composed, sedate................... 227 TO SAY-to speak, say, tell................... 465 SEDIMENT-dregs, sediment, dross, scum, refuse 515 SAYING-axiom, maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, SEDITION-insurrection, sedition, rebellion, resaying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw....... 210 volt.208 TO SCALE-to arise or rise, mount, ascend, SEDITIOUS-factious, seditious................ 209 climb, scale...... 302 SEDITIOUS-tumultuous, turbulent, seditious, SCANDAL-discredit, disgrace, reproach, scandal 107 mutinous.................................. 208 SCANDALOUS-infamnous, scandalous......... 108 TO SEDUCE-to allure, tempt, seduce, entice, SCANTY-bare, scanty, destitute.............. 250 decoy.................. 319 SCARCE-rare, scarce, singular................ 250 SEDULOUS-sedulous, diligent, assiduous...... 297 SCARCELY-hardly, scarcely................. 364 TO SEE-to look, see, behold, view, eye. 482 SCARCITY-scarcity, dearth.................. 250 TO SEE-to see, perceive, observe.............. 482 TO SCATTER —to spread, scatter, disperse...... 344 TO SEEK-to examine, seek, search, explore.... 98 SCENT-srnell, scent, odour, perfume, fragrance 511 TO SEEM —to seem, appear.................... 483 SCHEME-design. plan, scheme, project....... 534 SEEMLY-becoming, decent, seemly, fit, suitable 246 IN DEX. Page Ap TO SEIZE-to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, SHACKLE-chain, fetter, band, shackle. 2........ 17 snatch, grasp, gripe.........................237 SHADE shade,shadow................... 481 SEIZURE-capture, seizure, prize.............. 506 SHADOW 4 TO SELECT-to choose, pick, select............ 234 TO SHAKE-to shake, tremble, shudder, quiver, SELF-CONCEIT quake..................................... 305 SELF-SUFFIC IENCY self-wll, self-conceit, TO SHAKE-to shake, agitate, toss............ 304 SELF-WILLciency..... 100 SHALLOW-superficial, shallow, flimsy..... 457 SEMBLANCE-show, outside appearance, serm- SHAME-dishonour, disgrace, shame........... 107 blance....................................... 453 SHAMELESS-immodest, impudent, shameless.. 247 SENIOR-senior, elder, older............. 269 TO SHAPE-to form, fashion, mould, shape.... 293 SENSATION-sentiment, sensation, perception... 376 TO SHARE-to divide, distribute, share. 485 SENSATION feelin, sensation,sense........ 6 SHARE-part, division, portion, share........ 485 SENS E TO SHARE-to partake, participate, share. 486 SENSE-sense, judgement....................... 70 SHARP-sharp, acute, keen.................... 402 SENSE-signification, meaning, import, sense... 456 TO SHED-to pour, spill, shed........... 346 SENSIBILITY —feeling, sensibility, susceptibi- SHELTER-asylum, refuge, shelter, retreat..... 518 lity.y..............................................376 TO SHELTER-to cover, shelter, screen. 517 TO BE SENSIBLE-to feel, be sensible, con- TO SHELTER-to harbour, shelter, lodge...... 517 scions... 376 SHIFT-evasion, shift, subterfuge.526:SENSIBLE sensible, sensive, sentient. TO SHINE —to shine, glitter, sparkle, radiate, SENSITIVE g sensible, sensitive, sentiente.................................... 3476 SENSITIVE glare.476 SENSUALIST-sensualist, voluptuary, epicure..,375 SHOCK —shock, concussion.................. 305 SENTENCE-decision, judgement, sentence..... 224 SHOCKING-formidable, dreadful, shocking, terSENTENCE-sentence, period, phrase, proposi- rible....................................... 308 tion............................... 464: TO SHOOT-to shoot, dart... 305 T.O SENTENCE-to sentence, condemn, doom.. 1691 SHORT-short, brief, concise, succinct, summary 286 SENTENTIOUS-sententiots, sentimental...... 376 SHOW —show, outside, appearance, semblance.. 453 SENTIENT-sensible, sensitive, sentient......... 3751 SHOW-show, exhibition, representation, sight, SENTIMENT-sentiment, sensation, perception.. 3761 spectacle......... 452 SENTIMENT-opinion, sentiment, notion...... 80 SHOW-show, parade, ostentation..... 453 SENTIMENTAL —sententious, sentimental..... 376 TO SHOW-to show, point out, mark, indicate.. 451 SENTINEL-guard, sentinel................ 180 TO SHOW-to show, exhibit, display.......... 452 SEPARATE-different, distinct, separate......... 282 SHOWY-showy, gaudy, gay..453 TO SEPARATE-to:abstract, separate, distin- SHREWD-acute, keen, shrewd.................. 401 guish........................... 42l- ATO SHRIEK-to cry, scream, shriek............ 470 TO SEPARATE —to divide, separate, part...... 4847 TO SHRINK-to spring, start, startle, shrink.... 304 TO SEPARATE-to separate, sever, disjoin, de. TO SHUDDER-to shake, tremble, quiver, quake, taci.......................t 421 shudder................................ 305 SEPULCHRE-grave, tomb, sepulchre........5. 5S00] TO SHUN-to avoid, eschew, shun, elude.,... 527 SEPULTURE-burial, interment, sepulture..... 84 TO SHUT-to close, shut..... 286 SEQUEL-sequel, close................... 284! SICK SERENE-calm, placid, serene.......... 362 SICILY sick, sickly, diseased, morbid 367 SERIES-series, course...2....................75] SICKNESS-sickness, illness, indisposition.. 367 SERIES-succession, series, order.............. 71 SIGHT-show, exhibition, representation, sight, SERIOUS-eager, earnest, serious............. 392 - spectacle..............452 SERIOUS-grave, serious, solemn............,. 392 SIGN-mark, sign, note, symptom, token, indicaSERVANT-servant, domestick, menial, drudge 328 tion...............................-.... 447 SERVICE-advantage, benefit, utility, serice, SIGN a455 avail, use....lonal............................ 398 SIGNAL55 SERVICE-benefit, service, good office....... 166 SIGNAL-signal; memorable................. 474 SERVITUDE-servitude, slavery, bondage....... 328 TO SIGNALIZE-to signalize, distinguish.. 474 TO SET-to put, place, lay, set,................ 280 SIGNIFICANT-significant, expressive......4. 456 TO SET FREE-to free, set free, delix er, libe- SIGNIFICATION-signification, meaning, sense, rate.................................240 inport..........45............ TO SETTLE-to compose, settle...........2..... 27 SIGNIFICATION-signification, avail, importTO SETTLE-to fix, determine, settle, limit.... 2-27 ance, consequence, moment, weight....... 45 TO SETTLE-to fix, settle, establish............ 27 TO SIGNIFY-to denote, signify, imply.. 45. TO SEVER-to separate, sever, disjoin, de'ach.. 421 TO SIGNIFY-to express, declare, signify, utter, SEVERAL —different, several, divers, sundry, va- testify.....................................45 rioles.................................. 283 SILENCE-silence, taciturnity........ 46'...... 461 SEVERE-'austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern.. 382 SILENT-silent, dumb, mute, speechless..... 6 SEVERE-harsh, rough, severe, rigorous...... 382 SILLY-simple, silly, foolish.........0........... SEVERE-strict, severe.................... 204 SIMILARITY-likeness, resemblance, similarity SEX-gender, sex............ 514 or similitude...................... 5 iINDEX. V Page P^P SIMILF, TO SNEER-to scoff, gibe, jeer, sneer........ 104 S IMILII simile, similitude, comparison... 532 TO SNEER-to sco gibe, jeer, sneer...............04 SIMILITUDE TO SOAK-to soak, drench, steep.512 SIMILITUDE-likeness, resemblance, similarity:SOBER-abstinent, sober, abstemious, temperate 244 or similitude..................... 532 SOBER-sober, grave.................... 392 SIMPLE-simple, single, singular............... 250 SOBRIETY-modesty, moderation, -temperance, SIMPLE-simple, silly, foolish................ 401 sobriety............ 245:SIMULATION-simuilation, dissimulation..-... 520 SOCIAL 1 *SIN —crime, vice, sin.~.................., 122 SOCIABLE (convivial, social, sociable..... 487 SINCERE-candid, open, sincere.............. 430 SOCIETY-association, society, company, partSINCERE-hearty, warm, sincere, cordial...... 431 nership........... 488:SINCERE-sincere, honest, true, plain........... 430 SOCIETY-community, society................... 87:SINGLE-solitary, -sole, only, single.........'251 SOCIETY-fellowship, society........... - 489:SINGLE-one, single, only..................... -251 SOCIETY-society, company........ 487 SINGLE simle single singular........... SOFT-soft, mild,-gentle, meek..............359.SINGULAR ingle, singular0 TO SOIL-to stain, soil, sully, tarnish..... 514 SINGULAR-rare, scarce, singular..............50 TO SOJOURN-to abide, sojourn, dwell, reside, SINGULAR-particular, singular, oddieccentrick, inhabit......2........3................... 263 strange..............385'TO SOLACE —to console, solace, comfort........'356 TO SINK-to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble....-. 303 SOLDIER-LIE-minartial, military, soldier-like, SITE-place, spot, site............. 278 warlike.................................... 337 SITU'ATION'-circumstance, situation..... 1731 SOLE-solitary, sole, only, single..251 SITUATION-place, -situation, "station, position,:SOLEMN-grave, serious, solemn.................. 392 post. 278i TO SOLICIT-to beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, SITUATION-situation, condition, state, predica- supplicate, implore, crave...................... 158 ment, plight, case........................ 279 SOLICITATION-solicitation, importunity...... 158 SIZE-size, magnitude, greatness, bulk.......... 348; SOLICITUDE —care, anxiety, solicitude... 425 TO SKETCH-to paint, depict, delineate, sketch 338 SOLID-firm, fixed, solid, stable..226 SKETCH-sketch, outlines...................338 SOLID-hard, firm, solid.........373 SKILFUL-clever, skilful, expert, adroit, dexter- SOLID-substantial, solid.......................... 372 ous ne...................... -.'69 SOLITARY-alone, solitary, lonely............ 252 SKIN-skin, hide, peel, riand.-....................518 SOLITARY-solitary, sole, only, single...... 251 SLACK-slack, loose...................... 26 SOLITARY-solitary, desert, desolate-'. 25.. 3 TO SLANDER —toasperse, detract, defame,'ca- TO SOLVE-to solve, resolve.-.-.-.................224 lumniate, slander...................... 1. 105 SOME —some, any........250 SLAVERY-servitude, slavery, bondage........ 328 SOON-soon, early, betimes...............;262 SLAUGHTER-carnage, slaughter, massacre, TO SOOTH-to allay, sooth, appease, assuage, butchery....-................................... 510 mitigate.......................3..... 61.....361 TO SLAY-to kill, murder, slay, assassinate.... 510 SORDID-mean, pitiful, sordid................. 411 TO SLEEP-to sleep, slumber, doze,;drowse, nap 300 SORROW-affliction, grief, sorrow............ 408 SLEEPY —sleepy, drowsy, lethargick........... 300 SORRY-sorry, grieved, hurt..-................. 412 SLENDER-thin, slender, slight, slim............ 351 SORT-kind, species, sort....................... 496 TO SLIDE-to slip, slide, glide................. 303 SOVEREIGN-prince, monarch, sovereign, poSLIGHT-cursory, hasty, slight, desultory....... 262 tentate.................... 188 SLIGHT thin, slender, slight, slim SOUL-so. mind.............. 1 SLIM SOUND-sound, sane, healthy..........3........ 366 TO SLIGHT-to disregard, neglect, slight....... 423 SOUND-sound, tor..........511 TO SLIP-to slip, slide, glide................... 303 SOURCE-oorign, riginal, rise, source. 292 SLOTHFUL-inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, slug- SOURCE-spring, fountain, source.. 353 gish............................. 298 SPACE-space, room.................... -50 SLOW-slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious........... 260 SPACIOUS-ample, spacious, capacious. 350 SLUGGISH-inactive, inert, lazy, slothful, slug- TO SPARE-to give, afford, spare.......... 163 gish...........2. 98 TO SPARE-to save, spare, preserve, protect.... 179 TO SLUMBER-to sleep, slumber, doze, drowse, SPARING-economical, saving, sparing, thrifty, nap.. 300 niggardly.16 SLY-cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily.......... 522 SPARK-gallant, beau, spark.................. 381 SMALL-little, diminutive, small............... 350 TO SPARKLE-to shine, glitter, glare, sparkle, TO SMEAR-to smear, daub................... 515 radiate................. 476 SMELL-smell, scent, odour, perfume, flagrance 511 TO SPEAK-to speak, say, tell................ 465 SMOOTH-even, smooth, level, plain........... 435 TO SPEAK —to speak,talk, converse, discourse.-. 459 TO SMOTHER-to stifle, suppress, smother..... 222 TO SPEAK —to titter, speak, articulate, pro. TO SMOTHER-to suffocate, stifle, smother, nounce.................................. 459 ~ choke.... 222 SPECIAL-special, specifick, particular 252 TO SNATCH-to lay or take hold of, catch, seize, PECIES-kind,' species, sort. 496 snatch, grasp, gripe.............. 237 SPECIFICK-special, specifick, particular....... 2 tvl INDEX. Page Pasg SPECIMEN-copy, model, pattern, specimen.... 530 TO SPURT —to spurt, spoit................3... 53 SPECTOUS-colourable, specious, ostensible, fea- SPY-emissary, spy....................... 446 sible, plausible......................... 516 TO SQUANDER-to spend or expend, waste, SPECK-blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw........ 327 squander. 344 SPECTACLE-show, exhibition, representation, SQUEAMISH-fastidious, squeamish........... 385 sight, spectacle............................. 452 SQUEEZE-to break, bruise, squeeze, pound, SPECTATOR-looker-on, spectator, beholder, ob- crush....................................501 server............................. 482 TO SQUEEZE-to press, squeeze, pinch, gripe.. 309 SPECTRE-vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, STABILITY —constancy, stability, steadiness, ghost................................. 479 firmness.................................. 226 SPECULATION-theory, speculation........ 80 STABLE-firm, fixed, solid, stable.............. 226 SPEECH-address, speech, harangue, oration.... 461 STAFF-staff, stay, prop, support.............. 238 SPEECH-language, tongue, speech, idiom, dia- STAFF-staff, stick, crutch................. 239 le. t..................:.................463 TO STAGGER-to stagger, reel, totter......... 303'SPEECHLESS-silent, dumb, mute, speechless.. 464 TO STAGNATE-to stand, stop, rest, stagnate.. 258 TO SPEED-to hasten, accelerate, speed, expe- STAIN-blemish, stain, spot, speck, flaw....... 127 dite, despatch............................. 261 TO STAIN-to colour, dye, tinge, stain........ 516 TO SPEND-to spend, exhaust, drain.......... 344 TO STAIN-to stain, soil, sully, tarnish. 514 TO SPEND-to spend or expend, waste, dissi- TO STAMMER-to hesitate, falter, stammer, pate, squander........................... 344 stutter.................................. 97:SPHERE-circle, sphere, orb, globe............. 175 STAMP-mark, print, impression,.stamp..... 446 TO SPILL-to pour, spill, shed................. 346 TO STAMP-to seal, stamp.450 SPIRIT-animation, life, vivacity, spirit......... 356 TO STAND-to stand, stop, rest, stagnate....... 258 SPIRITED-spirituous, spirited, spiritual, ghostly 66 STANDARD-criterion, standard........... 225 SPIRITUAL-incorporeal, unbodied, immaterial, TO STARE-to stare, gape, gaze............... 479 spiritual. 66 TO START tospring, start, startle, srink.. 304 SPIRITUAL spirituous, spirited, ghostly, spi- TO STARTLE to spring, start, startle, shrink.. 304 SPIRITUOUS ritual.66 STATE-situation, condition, state, predicament, SPITE-malice, rancour, spite, grudge, pique.... 381 plight, case.......................... 279`SPLENDOUR-brightness, lustre, splendour, bril- STATE —state, realm, commonwealth.......... 189 liancy.............................. 474 STATION-condition, station..... 280 SPLENDOUR-splendour, magnificence, pomp.. 453 STATION-place, situation, station, position, post 278 SPLENETICKI-gloomy, morose, sullen, splene- STATELY —magisterial, majestick, stately, pomptick........................................ 411 ous, august, dignified..................... 454 TO SPLIT-to break, burst, crack, split......... 502 STAY-staff, stay, support..................... 238 SPOIL-booty, spoil, prey..................... 506 TO STAY-to continue, remain, stay...........263 SPONTANEOUSLY-willingly, spontaneously, STEADINESS-constancy, stability, steadiness, voluntarily............................... 159 firmness.............................. 226 SPORT-amusement, diversion, entertainment, TO STEAL AWAY-to abscond, steal away, sesport, recreation, pastime................... 391 crete one's self............................ 520 SPORT-play, game, sport............ 384 TO STEEP-to soak, drench, steep........... 512 TO SPORT-to jest, joke, make game of, sport.. 104 STEP-pace, step.............................. 301 SPORTIVE-lively, sprightly, vivacious, sportive, STERN-austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern... 382 merry, jocund............................ 389 STICK-staff, stick, crutch................... 239 SPOT-place, spot, site........................ 278 TO STICK-to stick, cleave, adhere. 419 SPOT-blemish, stain,-pot, speck, flaw......... 127 TO STICK-to fix, fasten, stick................. 226 "SPOTLESS, vide UNSPOTTED. TO STIFLE-to stifle, suppress, smother....... 222 TO SPOUT-to spurt, spout.................... 353 TO STIFLE-to suffocate, stifle, choke, smoSPRAIN-strain, sprain, stress, force. 221 ther...................................... 222 TO SPREAD-to spread, scatter, disperse....... 344 STIGMA-marlk, badge, stigma 448 TO SPREAD-to spread, expand, diffuse....... 345 TO STIMULATE-to encourage, animate, inTO SPREAD-to spread, circulate, propagate, dis- cite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate... 311 seminate -................................. 345 TO STILL-to appease, calm, pacify, quiet, still 361 SPRIGHTLY-cheerful, merry, sprightly, gay... 389 STIPEND-allowance, stipend, salary, wages, SPRIGHTLY-lively, sprightly, vivacious, sport- hire, pay.................................. 164 ive, merry............................... 389 TO STIR-to stir, move....................... 301 SPRING-spring, fountain, source............. 353 TO STIR UTP-to awaken, excite, provoke, rouse, TO SPRLNG-o arise, proceed, issue, spring, flow, stir up. 310 emanate.......................... 291 STOCKT-stock, store................... 341 TO SPRING-to spring, start, startle, shrink.... 304 STOP-cessation, stop, rest, intermission........ 257 TO SPRINKLE-to sprinkle, bedew............ 353 TO STOP-to check, stop................. 258 TIO SPROUT-to sprout, bud................. 353 TO STOP-to hinder, stop.............. 258 SPRUCE-finicIl, foppish, spruce............... 386 TO STOP-to stand, stop, rest, stagnate.. 258 SPURIOUS-spurious, suppositions, counterfeit.. 529 STORE-stock, store......................... INDEX. Iva Page Page STORM-breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, TO SUBJUGATE-to subject, subjugate, subdue 145 hurricane.......................... 353 SUBLIME-great, grand, sublime.............. 455 STORY-anecdote, story, tale................. 467 SUBMISSIVE-complaint, yielding, submissive 151 STOUT-corpulent, lusty, stout................. 511 SUBMISSIVE-humble, modest, submissive..... 147 STRAIN-strain, sprain, stress, force............ 221 SUBMISSIVE-obedient, submissive, obsequious 149 STRAIN-stress, strain, emphasis accent....... 221 SUBMISSIVE-passive, submissive............ 149 STRAIGHT-straight, right, direct............. 430 TO SUBMIT-to comply, yield, submit......... 150 STRAIT-strait, narrow............285 SUBORDINATE-subject, subordinate, inferiQur, STRANGE-particular, singular, odd, eccentrick, subservient.... 146 strange......................... 385 TO SUBORN-to forswear, perjure, suborn..... 92 STRANGER-stranger, foreigner, alien......... 386 SUBSEQUENT-subsequent, consequent, posteSTRATAGEM-artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem 521 rior....................................... 272 TO STRAY-to deviate, wander, swerve, stray 126 SUBSERVIENT-subject, subordinate, inferiour, STREAM-stream, current, tide.............. 352 subservient............................... 146 TO STREAM-to flow, stream, gush........... 352 TO SUBSIDE-to subside, abate, intermit...... 271 STRENGTH-power, strength, force, authority, TO SUBSIST-to be, exist, subsist............. 239 dominion.................................. 186 SUBSISTENCE-livelihood, living, subsistence, ro STRENGTHEN-to strengthen, fortify, invi- maintenance, support, sustenance........... 239 gorate.................. 372 SUBSTANTIAL-substantial, solid...........~372 STRENUOUS-strenuous, bold................ 141 TO SUBSTITUTE-to change, exchange, barter, STRESS-strain, sprain, stress, force........... 221 substitute 334 STRESS-stress, strain, emphasis, accent........ 221 SUBTERFUGE-evasion, shift, subterfuge..... 526 TO STRETCH-to reach, stretch, extend....... 348 SUBTLE-cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wily..... 522 STRICT-strict, severe......................... 204 TO SUBTRACT-to deduct, subtract........... 421 STRICTURE-animadversion, criticism, stric- TO SUBVERT-to overturn, overthrow, subvert, ture.112. invert, reverse................... 503 STRIFE-contention, strife..................... 132 TO SUCCEED-to follow, succeed, ensue...:.. 271 STRIFE-dissension, contention, discord, strife.. 133 SUCCESSFUL-fortunate, lucky, prosperous, sLcro STRIKE-to beat, hit, strike................ 142 cessful.................................... 395 ro STRIP-to bereave, deprive, strip.......... 505 SUCCESSION-succession, series, order....... 271 ro STRIVE-to contend, strive, vie............ 131 SUCCESSIVE-successive, alternate........... 272'ro STRIVE-to endeavour, aim, strive, strug- SUCCINCT-short, brief, concise, succinct, sumgle.................................321 mary................................... 286 STROKE-blow, stroke................. 142 TO SUCCOUR-to help, assist, aid, succour, reTO STROIL-to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, lieve....................................... 364 roam, range.......................... 126 TO SUFFER-to admit, allow, permit, suffer, toSTRONG-cogent, forcible, strong........... 220 lerate...................................... 157 STRONG-strong, firm, robust, sturdy.. -....... 372- TO SUFFER —to let, leave, suffer.............. 255 STRUCTURE-edifice, structure, fabrick........ 499 TO SUFFER-to suffer, bear, endure, support... 149 TO STRUGGLE-to endeavour, aim, struggle, SUFFICIENT-enough, sufficient.............. 343 strive........................................ 321 TO SUFFOCATE-to suffocate, stifle, smother, bTUBBORN-obstinate, contumacious, stubborn, choke................... 222 headstrong, heady......................... 209 SUFFRAGE-vote, suffrage, voice.............. 462 STUDY-attention, application, study........... 423 TO SUGGEST-to allude, refer, hint, suggest... 326 STUPID- stupid, dull............... 401 TO SUGGEST-to hint, suggest, intimate, insi nuSTURDY-strong, firm, robust, sturdy....... 372 ate. 320 TO STUTTER-to hesitate, falter, stammer, SUGGESTION-dictate, suggestion.............. 184 stutter..................................... 97 SUIT-prayer, petition, request, suit............ 87 STYLE-diction, style, phrase, phraseology..... 463 TO SUIT-to agree, accord, suit............... 152 TO STYLE-to name, denominate, style, entitle, TO SUIT-to fit, suit, adapt, accommodate...... 154 designate, characterize..................... 471 SUITABLE-becoming, decent, seemly, suitable, SUAVITY-suavity, urbanity................. 198 fit. 246 TO SUBDUE-to conquer, vanquish., subdue, SUITABLE-conformable, agreeable, suitable... 153 overcome, surmount.................. 144 SUITABLE-commodious, convenient, suitable.. 417 TO SUBDUE-to overbear, bear down, over- SUITABLE-correspondent, answerable, suitable 155 power, overwhelm, subdue................. 144 SUITOR-lover, suitor, wooer. 380 TO SUBDUE-to subject, subjugate, subdue..... 145 SULLEN-gloomy, sullen, morose, splenetick.... 411 SUBJECT-matter, materials, subject..........'325 TO SULLY-to stain, soil, sully, tarnish...... 514 SUBJECT-object, subject.................. 325 SUMMARY-short, brief, concise, succinct, sumSUBJECT-subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious... 146 mary...................................... 286 SUBJECT-subject, subordinate, inferiour, sub- TO SUMMON-to call, bid, summon, invite..... 469 servient.................................. 146 TO SUMMON-to cite, summon................ 469 TO SUBJECT-to subject, subjugate, subdue.... 145 SUNDRY-different, several, divers, sundry, vaTO SUBJOIN-to affix, subjoin, attach, annex.. 419 rious.... 283 INDEX. Page Page -SUPERFICIAL-superficial, shallow, flimsy.... 457 TO SWERVE-to deviate, wander, swerve, stray:126 SUPERFICIES-surface, superficies............ 457 SWIFTNESS-quickness, swiftness, fleetness, ceSUPERFLUITY-excess, superfluity, redundancy 343 lerity, rapidity, velocity................... 26 SUPERINTENDENCY —inspection, oversight, SYCOPHANT-flatterer, sycophant, parasite.... 526 superintendency............................ 213 SYMBOL-figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, SUPERIORTTY-excellence, superiority........ 274 symbol, type........................'. 531 SUPERSCRIPTION-direction, superscription, SYMMETRY-symmetry, proportion.....-..... 435. address 2.213 SYMPATHY-sympathy, compassion, commiseTO SUPERSEDE-to overrule, supersede....... 206 ration, condolence.......................... 357 SUPINE-indolent, supine, listless, careless...... 300 SYMPTOM —l ark, sign, note, symptom, token, SUPPLE-flexible, pliant, supple............... 360 indication........................ 447 TO SUPPLICATE —to beg, beseech, solicit, en- SYNOD-assembly, company, meeting, congregatreat, supplicate, implore, crave.............. 158 tion, parliament, diet, congress, convention, TO SUPPLY-to provide, procure, furnish, sup- synod, convocation, council................;490 ply......................................... 399 SYSTEM-system, method.............. -275 SUPPORT-livelihood, living, subsistence, support, sustenance.239 TACITURNITY-silence, taciturnity............. 464,SUPPORT'-staff, stay, support................. 238 TO TAINT —to contaminate, defile, pollute, corTO SUPPORT-to countenance, sanction, sup- rupt, taint... 129 port............................... 310 TO TAKE-to take, receive, accept.....2...-... 233 TO SUPPORT-to hold, maintain, support...... 237 TO TAKE HEED-to guard against, to take TO SUPPORT'-to second, support............. 365 heed.......................................... 181 TO SUPPORT-to suffer, bear, endure, support.. -149 TO TAKE HOLD OF-to lay or take hold of, TO SUPPORT-to sustain, support, maintain.... 238 catch, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe............. 237 TO SUPPOSE-to conceive, apprehend, suppose, TO TAKE LEAVE-to leave, take leave, bid imagine... 74 farewell...................2........... 55 TO SUPPOSE-to think, suppose, imagine, deem, TO TAKE PAINS-to labour, take pains or believe........... 751 trouble, use endeavour.... 328 SUPPOSITION-conjecture, supposition, surmise 94 TALE-fable, tale, novel, romance.............467 SUPPOSITIOUS-spurious, suppositious, coun- TALE —anecdote, story, tale.................... 467 terfeit... 529 [TALENT-faculty, ability, talent............... 68 TO SUPPRESS-to repress, restrain, suppress.. 221 TALENT-gift, endowment, talent.............. 67 TO SUPPRESS-to stifle, suppress, smother.... 2229. TALENT-intellect, genius, talent.............. 67 SURE-certain, sure, secure. 366 TO TALK-to speak, talk, converse, discourse.. 459 SURFACE-surface, superficies................. 457 TALKATIVE-talkative, loquacious, garrulous.. 460 SURGE-wave, billow, surge, breaker.......... 353 TALL-high, tall, lofty................... 355 SURMISE-conjecture, supposition, surmise..... 94 TAlE —gentle, tame...................... 360 TO SURMOUNT-to con.quer, vanquish, subdue, TO TANTALIZE —to aggravate, irritate, proovercome, surmount.144 voke, exasperate, tantalize..........121 TO SURPASS-to exceed, excel, outdo, surpass 273 TO TANTALIZE-to tease, veS taunt, torment, SURPRISE-wonder, admiration, surprise, asto- tantalize..............121 nishment, amazement. 403 TARDY-slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious......... 260 TO SURRENDER —to give up, deliver, yield, TO TARNISH-to stain, soil, sully, tarnish. 514 surrender, cede, concede.................... 242 TO TARRY-to linger, tarry, loiter, lag, saunter 261 TO SURROUND-to surround, encompass, envi- TARTNESS-acrimony, tartness, asperity, harshron, encircle........................... 175 ness.................................. 3 SURVEY-retrospect, review, survey............ 480 TASK-work, labour, toil, drudgery, task....... 328 SURVEY-view, survey, prospect.............. 479 TASTE-palate, taste. 512 TO SURVIVE —to outlive, survive............. 240 TASTE-taste, flavour, relish, savour........512 SUSCEPTIBILITY-feeling, sensibility, st'scepti- TASTE-taste, genius................... 70 bility..................................... 376 TO TAUNT-to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize torSUSPENSE-doubt, suspense................. 95 me................................ 121 SUSPICION-jealousy, envy, suspicion......... 389 TAUTOLOGY-repetition,tautology........... 466 SUSPICIOUS-distrustful, suspicious, diffident.. 416 TAX-tax, duty, custom, toll, impost, tribute, conTO SUSTAIN-to sustain, support, maintain... 238 tribution............ 168 SUSTENANCE-livelihood, living, subsistence, TAX-tax, rate, assessment.................... 168 support, sustenance.......................2. 39 TO TEACH-to inform, teach, instruct......... 194 SWAIN-countryman, peasant, swain, hind, rus- TO TEAR-to break, rack, rend, tear........... 501 tick, clown............................... 336 TO TEASE-to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, torTO SWALLOW UP —to absorb, swallow up, ment... 121 engross................................... 509 TEDIOUS-slow, dilatory, tardy, tedious........ 260 SWARM-multitude, crowd, throng, swarm..... 494 TEDIOUS-wearisomne, tiresome, tedious........ 369 SWAY-influence, authority, ascendancy, sway.. 186 TEGUMENT —tegument, covering.............. 518 TO SWELL-to heave, swell.................. 354 TO TELL-to speak, say, tell................ 465 INDEX. lix Page Page TEMERITY-rashness, temerity, precipitancy.. 263 THOUGHTLESS-lnegligent, remiss, careless, TEMPER-disposition, temper................... 387 thoughtless, heedless, inattentive............. 24 TEMPER-fiame, temper, temperament, consti- THREAT-threat, menace.....................405 tution................................... 388 THREATENING-imminent, impending, threatTEMPER -humour, temper, mood................... 387 ening......................................5.. 4 TO TEMPER-to qualify, temper, humour...... 388 TI-IRIFTY-econolnical, saving, sparing, thrifty, TEMPERAMENT-frame, temper, temperament, penurious, niggardly...................1.... 61 constitution............................... 388 TO THRIVE-to flourish, prosper, thrive....... 395 TEMPERAMENT-temperament, temperature... 388 THRONG —multitude, crowd, throng, swarm.....494 TEMPERANCE-modesty, moderation, temper- TO THROW-to cast, throw, hurl.304 ance, sobriety........ 245 TO THWART —-to oppose, resist, withstand, TEMPERATE-abstinent, sober, abstemious, tem- thwart.................................... 115 perate...................2.................. 244 TIDE-stream, current, tide....................352 TEMPERATURE-temperament, temperature.. 388 TIDINGS-news, tidings................5........ 45 TEMPEST-breeze, gale, blast, gust, storm, tem- TO TIE-to bind, tie........................... 216 pest, hurricane........................... 353 TILLAGE-cultivation, tillage, husbandry......337 TDMPILE-temple, church. 82 TIME —duration, time..............2............66 TEMPORAL-secular, temporal, worldly........ 90 TIME-time, season, timely, seasonable.......... -266 TEMPORARY-temporary, transient, transitory, TIME-time, period, age, date, era, epocha...... 267 fleeting.................................... 267 TIMELY-time, season, timely, seasonable..... 266 TEMPORIZING-temporizing, timeserving.....2... 67 TIMES PAST-formerly, in former times, times TO TEMPT-to allure, tempt, seduce, entice,.de- past or days of yore, anciently or in ancient coy. 319 times....................................... 269 TO TEMPT-to try, tempt......................319 TIMESERVING-temporizing, timeserving.....267 TENDENCY-inclination, tendency, propensity, TIMID ~~proneness ~.. ~160 TIMOROC~US~ *afraid, fearful, timid, timorous... 307 TENDENCY-tendency, drift, scope, aim....... 325 TO TINGE-to colour, dye, tinge, stain......... 516 TO TENDER-to offer, bid, tender, propose..... 167 TINT-colour, hue, tint............... I...... 516 TENDERNESS-benevolence, benignity, hiu- TO TIRE-to weary, tire, jade, harass.......... 369 manity, kindness, tenderness.................. 165 TIRESOME-wearisome, tiresome, tedious...... 369 TENET-doctrine, precept, tenet............... 80 TITLE-name, appellation, title, denomination.. 471 TENET-tenet, position........................ 80 TOIL —work, labour, toil, drudgery, task......... 328 TERM-article, condition, term............... 335 TOKEN-mark, sign, note, symptom, indication, TERM-term, limit, boundary........... 177. token.............................. 447 TERM —word, term, expression................ 462 TO TOLERATE-to admit, allow, permit,.suffer, TO TERMINATE-to complete, finish, ternmi- - tolerate................................. 157 nate.................................... 287 TOLL-tax, custom, duty, toll, impost, tribute, TO TERMINATE-to end, close, terminate...... 285 contribution...................... 16 TERRIBLE-formidable, dreadful, shocking, ter- TOMB-grave, tomb, sepulchre............... 500 rible.................... 308 TONE-sound, tone.511 TERRIBLE i fearful, dreadful, frightful,terrible, TONGUE-language, tongue, speech, idiom, diaTERRIFI tremendous, terrifick, horrible, lect 463 horrid.......................306 TOO-also, likewise, too........................ 253 TERBIITORY-territory, dominion............ 189 rPOOL-instrument, tool...................... 399 TERROUR-alarm, terrour, fright, consterna-' c TORMENT-torment, torture............. 408 tion................................... 305 TO TORMENT-to tease, vex, taunt, tantalize, TEST-experience, experiment, trial, proof, test.. 319 torment 121 TESTAMENT-will, testament................ 164 TORPID —numb, benumbed, torpid............ 372 TO TESTIFY-to express, declare, signify, tes- TORTURE —torment, torture.................. 408 tify, utter................................. 455 TO TOSS-to shake, agitate, toss............. 304 TESTIMONY-proof, evidence, testimony....... 444 TOTAL-gross, total.... 288 THANKFULNESS-thankfulness, gratitude.. 441 TOTAL-whole, entire, complete, total, integral 288 THEOLOGIAN-ecclesiastick, divine, theologian 86 TO TOTTER-to stagger, reel, totter........... 303 THEORY-theory, speculation................ 80 TOUCH-contact, touch.................... 129 THEREFORE-therefore, consequently, accord- TOUR —circuit, tour, round.175 ingly.................................... 4 TOUR-excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt...... 302 THICK-thick, dense.......................... 351 TO TRACE-to derive, trace, deduce........... 449 THIN-thin, slender, slight, slim................ 351 TRACE m TO THINK-to think, reflect, ponder, muse..... 76 TRACK mark, trace, vestige, footstep, track... 448 TO THINK-to think, suppose, imagine, believe, TRACT-essay, treatise, tract, dissertation. 329 deem.................................... 75 TRACT-district, region, tract, quarter......... 498 THOUGHIT-idea, thought, imagination......... 73 TRACTABLE-docile, tractable,'ductile....... 360 THOUGHTFUL-thoughtful, considerate, deli- TRADE-business, trade, profession, art...... 331 berate............................... 424 TRADE-trade, commerce, traffick, dealing..... 933 x INDEX. Page Pago TRADER trader, merchant, tradesman... 335 TROUBLES-difficulties, embarrassments, trouTRADEtSMANI trader~merchant~tradesrnan. 335 bles.413 TO TRADUCE-to disparage, detract, traduce, TROUBLESOME-troublesome, irksome, vexadepreciate, degrade, decry.105 tious............................... 413 TRAFFICK-trade, commerce, traffick, dealing.. 333 TO TRUCK-to exchange, barter, truck, comTRAIN-procession, train, retinue.............. 493 mute............................... 335 TRAITOROUS-treacherous, traitorous, treason- TRUE-sincere, honest, true, plain............. 430 able. 524 TRUST-belief, credit, trust, faith.............. 78 TRANQUILLITY-peace, quiet, calm, tranquil- TRUST-hope, expectation, trust, confidence.... 414 lit y............................. 361 TO TRUST-to confide, trust.................. 414 TO TRANSACT-to negotiate, treat for or about, TRUSTY —faithful, trusty 416 transact................... 215 TRUTH-truth, veracity...................... 528 TRANSACTION-proceeding, transaction...... 333 TO TRY-to try, tempt...................... 319 TO TRANSCEND-to exceed, surpass, excel, TO TUG-to draw, drag, hale or haiti, pull, pluck, transcend, outdo.............................273 tug-...................... 303 TO TRANSCRIBE-to copy, transcribe........ 530 TO TUMBLE-to fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble 303 TO TRANSFIGURE ) to transfigure, transform, TUMID-turgid, tumid, bombasticlk............ 464 TO TRANSFORM metamorphose....... 86 TUMULT-bustle, tumult, uproar.............. 220 TO TRANSGRESS-to infringe, violate, trans- TUMULTUARY f tumultuous, tumultuary 208 gress................... 508 TUMULTUOUS TRANSGRESSION-offence, trespass, transgres- TUMULTUOUS t tumultuous, turbulent, sedision, misdemeanour, misdeed, affront........ 120 TURBULENT tious,mutinous............ 208 TRANSIENT ~ temporary, transient, transi- I TRGID-turgid, tumid, bomnbastick.......464.TRANSITORY 5 tory, fleeting................ 267 TURN-cast, turn, descriptioncharacter.... 467 TRANSPARENT —pellucid, transparent........ 477! TURN —turn, bent.....................316 TO TRANSPORT-to bear, carry, convey, trans- I TO TURN-to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, port...................................... 330 1 wrest, wrencli............................. 316 TRANSPORT-ecstasy, rapture, transport. 318 T)O TURN TRAVEL-journey, travel, voyage............. 02 TO TWIRL to turn, wind, wi, twirl, write 316 TREACHEROUS-faithless, perfidious, treache- TO TWIST-to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, rous...............5241.................... wrest, wrench......................... 316 TREACHEROUS-insidious, treacherous....... 524 1 TYPE-figure, metaphor, allegory, emblem, syrniTREACHEROUS ) treacherous, traitorous, trea- bol, type.......................... 531 LREASONABLE i sonable.................. 524 TYRANNICAL-absolute, arbitrary, tyrannical 184 ~O TREASURE-to treasure, hoard........... 341 rBREAT-feast, banquet, carousal, entertainment, ULTIMATE-last, latest, final, ultimate........ 270 treat.513 UMPIRE-judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator..... 211 TO TREAT FOR OR ABOUT —-to negotiate, UNBELIEF-disbelief, unbelief.79 treat for or about, transact.................. 215 UNBELIEF-unbelief, infidelity, incredulity.... 79 TREATISE-essay, treatise, tract, dissertation.. 3291 UNBLEMISHED-blameless, irreproachable, unTREATMENT-treatment, usage.............. 19 blemished, unspotted or spotless.....2...9... 129 TO TREMBLE —to shake, tremble, shudder, --- UNBODIED-incorporeal, unbodied, immaterial, quiver, quake........................ 305 spiritual....0......................... 66 TREMBLING-trembling, tremour, trepidation.. 308 UNB OtNDED-boundless, unbounded, infinite, CREMENDOUS-fearful, dreadful, frightful, tre- unlimited.................................. 177 mendous, terrible, terrifick, horrible, horrid... 306 UNCEASINGLY-incessantly, unceasingly, unPrREMOUR agitation, emotion, trepidation, interruptedly, without intermission.......... 257 TREPIDATION tremour................ 308 UNCERTAIN-doubtful, dubious, uncertain, pre TREIMOUR trembling, tremour, trepida- caos.96 TREPIDATION l tion....................... 308 UNCONCERNED-indifferent, unconcerned, re TJsESPASS-offence, trespass, transgression, mis- gardless................................... 374 demecanour, misdeed, affront................ 120 UNCONQUERABLE-invincible, insuperable, rRIAL-attempt, trial, endeavour, essay, effort.. 320 unconquerable, insurmountable..........145 TRIAL-experience, experiment, trial, proof, test 319 TO UNCOVER-to uncover, discover, disclose.. 444 TRIBUTE-tax, custom, duty, toll, impost, tri- UNCOVERED-bare, naked, uncovered....... 249 bute, contribution.......................... 168 UNDAUNTED-bold, fearless, undaunted, intreTRICK-artifice, trick, finesse, stratagem........ 21 pid 306 rO TRICK-to cheat, defraud, trick.........25 UNDENIABLE-inubitable, unquestionable, inTRIFLING trifling, trivial, petty, frivolous, fu- disputable, hndeniable, incontrovertible, irreTRIVIAL tile............................ 457 fragable.......................114 TRIP-excursion, ramble, tour, trip, jaunt. 302 UN.DER-under, below, beneath. 279 TROOP-troop, company...................... 492 TO UNDERMINE-to sap, undermine....... 502 TO TROUBLE-to afflict, distress, trouble...... 408 TO UNDERSTAND-to conceive, comprehend, TO TROUBLE-to trouble, disturb, molest..... 412 understand.....................74 INDEX. la Page Page UNDERSTANDING-understanding, intellect, URBANITY-urbanity, suavity...............198 intelligence......~......... 67 TO URGE-to encourage, animate, incite, impel, UNDERTAKING-attempt, undertaking, enter- urge, stimulate, instigate................... 311 prise..................................... 320 URGENT-pressing, urgent, inmportunate....... 158 UNDETERMINED-undetermined, unsettled, USAGE-usage, custom, prescription........... 324 unsteady, wavering........................ 225 USAGE-treatment, usage..................... 399 UNEVEN-odd, uneven....................... 436 USE-advantage, benefit, utility, service, avail, UNFAITHFUL-faithless, unfaithful.......... 524 use................................... 398 UNFEELING-hard, hardy, unfeeling, insensible 374 TO USE-to employ, use...................... 398 TO UNFOLD-to unfold, unsavel, develops.... 218 TO USE ENDEAVOURS-to labour,take pains UNGOVERNABLE-unruly, ungovernable, re- I ortrouble,use endeavours................. 328 fractory.................................208 USUALLY-commonly, generally, frequently, UNHAPPY-unhappy, miserable, wretched..... 412 usually............................... 323 UNIFORM-equal, even, equable, like or alike, TO USURP-to appropriate, usurp, arrogate, asuniform...................... 435 sume, ascribe............................. 230 UNIMPORTANT-unimportant, insignificant, UTILITY-advantage, benefit, utility, service, immaterial, inconsiderable.................. 457 avail, use................................. 398 UNINTERRUPTEDLY-incessantly, uninter- TO UTTER-to express, declare, signify, testify, ruptedly, unceasingly, without intermission 257 utter.................................... 455 TO UNITE-to add, join, unite, coalesce....... 418 TO UTTER-to utter, speak, articulate, proTO UNITE-to connect, combine, unite......... 419 nounce... 459 U'NIVERSAL-general, universal.............. 323 UNJUST-wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefarious 128 VACANCY-vacancy, vacuity, inanity........ 344 UNLEARNED ignorant, illiterate, unlearned, VACANT-empty, vacant, void, devoid........ 343 UNLETTERED S unlettered................. 197 VACANT-idle, vacant, leisure.............. 299 UNLESS-unless, except...................... 251 VACUITY-vacancy, vacuity, inanity.......... 344 UNLIKE-different, unlike..................... 283 VAGUE-loose, vague, lax, dissolute, licentioua.. 256 UNLIMITED-boundless, unbounded, unlimited, VAIN-idle, vain............................. 299 infinite........................ 177 VAIN-vain, ineffectual, fruitless..............2 90 UNMERCIFUL-hard-hearted, cruel, unmerciful, VALOUR-bravery, courage, valour, gallantry.. 139 merciless.................373 VALUABLE-valuable, precious, costly........ 437 UNOFFENDING-unoffending, harmless, inof.: VALUE-value, worth, rate, price............ 436 fensive......................... 121 TO VALUE-to value, prize, esteem............ 436 UNQUESTIONABLE-indubitable, unquestion- TO VANISH-to disappear, vanish............ 481 able, indisputable, undeniable, incontroverti- VANITY-pride, vanity, conceit............... 100 ble, irrefragable.............. 114 TO VANQUISH-to conquer, vanquish, subdue, TO UNRAVEL-to unfold, unravel, develope... 218 overcome, surmount........................ 144 UNRELENTING-implacable, unrelenting, re- VARIATION-change, variation, vicissitude.... 283 lentless, inexorable...................... 381 VARIATION variation, variety.2.3..... UNRULY-unruly, ungovernable, refractory.... 208 VARIETY UNSEARCHABLE-unsearchable, inscrutable.. 481 VARIETY-difference, variety, diversity, medley 282 UNSETTLED-undetermined, unsettled, waver- VARIOUS-different, several, divers, sundry, vaing, unsteady................225 rious......................... 283 UNSPEAKABLE-unspeakable, ineffable, unut- TO VARNISH-to gloss, varnish, palliate.......515 terable, inexpressible................ 460 TO VARY-to change, alter, vary............... 283 UNSPOTTED-blameless, irreproachable, un- TO VARY-to differ, vary, disagree, dissent.... 132 blemished, unspotted, spotless............... 129 VAST-enormous, huge, vast, immense. 349 UNSTiADY-undetermined, unsettled, waver- TO VAUNT-to glory; boast, vaunt........... 5 iig, unsteady..........2..... 25 VEHEMENT-violent, furious, boisterous, veheUNTIOWARD-awkward, cross, crooked, unto- ment, impetuous............................ 219 ward, froward, perverse................... 315 VEIL-cloak, mask, blind, veil 516 UNTUTH-untruth, falsehood, falsi:y, lie.... 528 VELOCITY-quickness, swiftness, fleetness, celeUNU rTERABLE-unspeakable, ineffable, unut- rity, rapidity, velocity.................... 262 terable, inexpressible...................... 460 VENAL-venal, mercenary, hireling........ 339 UNWILLING —averse, unwilling, backward, TO VENERATE-to adore, reverence, venerate, loath, reluctant........................ 136 revere.................................. 81 UNWORTHY-unworthy, worthless.......... 437 VENIAL-venial, pardonable 182 TO UPBRAID-to blame, reprove, reproach, up- VENOM-poison, venom....................... 503 braid, censure, condemn..............:..... 110 TO VENTURE-to hazard, venture, risk........ 171 UPON-above, over, upon, beyond............. 279 VERACITY-truth, veracity................... 528 UPRIGHTNESS-honesty, uprightness, integrity, VERBAL-verbal, vocal, oral................462 probity.................................... 427 VERGE-border, edge, rim or brim, brink, marUPRIGHTNESS-rectitude, uprightness........ 428 gin, verge..............................1...76 UPROAR-bustle, tumult, uproar..............220 VESTIGE-mark, trace, vestige, footstep) track. 448 ~I~~~~i ~INDEX. Page Papl TO VEX-to displease, vex, offend............. 117 TO WANDER —to deviate, wander, swerve, TO VEX-to tease; vex, taunt, tantalize, tor- stray.............................. 126 ment.................................... 121 TO WANDER-to wander, stroll, ramble, rove, VEXATION-vexation, mortification, chagrin... 122 roam, range........................ 126 VEXATIOUS-troublesomne, irksome, vexatious 413 WANT —poverty, indigence, want, need, penury 346 VICE-crime, vice, sin................... 2...... 22 TO WANT-to want, need, lack............... 347 VICE-imperfection, defect, fault, vice.......... 124 WARE-commodity, goods, merchandise, ware.. 339 VICINITY-neighbourhood, vicinity........... 498 WARLIKE-martial, military, warlike, soldierVICISSITUDE-change, variation, vicissitude... 283 like..................................... 337 TO VIE-to contend, strive, vie................ 131 WARM-hearty, warm, sincere, cordial......... 431 VIEW-view, survey, prospect................. 479 WARMTH-fire, heat, warmth, glow........... 475 VIEW-view, prospect, landscape.............. 479 WARNING-admonition, warning, caution..... 193 TO VIEW-to look, see, behold, view, eye...... 482 TO WARRANT-to guarantee, be security, be VIGILANT-wakeful, watchful, vigilant....... 483 responsible, warrant................... 183 VIGOUR-energy, force, vigour................ 372 WARY-cautious, wary, circumspect........... 425 VILE-base, mean, vile...................... 148 TO WASTE-to spend, expend, waste,rdissipate, TO VILIFY-to revile, vilify.................. 108 squander.................... - -. 344 TO VINDICATE-to assert, maintain, vindicate 441 TO WASTE-to consume, destroy, waste...... 505 TO VINDICATE-to avenge, revenge, vindicate 119 TO WATCH-to guard, defend, watch....... 180 TO VINDICATE-to defend, protect, vindicate.. 179 TO WATCH-to observe, watch.............. 483 VINDICTIVE-resentful, revengeful, vindictive 119 WATCHFUL-wakeful, watchful, vigilant. 483 TO VIOLATE-to infringe, violate, transgress.. 508 WATERMAN-seaman, waterman, sailor, mariVIOLENCE-force, violence..............~.... 219 ner, boatman, ferryman................-..... 337 VIOLENT-violent, furious, boisterous, vehe- WAVE-wave, billow, surge, breaker......... 353 ment, impetuous.................... 219 TO WAVER —to scruple, hesitate, fluctuate, VISAGE-face, countenance, visage........... 479 waver....................: 97 VISIBLE-apparent, visible, clear, plain, obvious, WAVERING-undetermined, unsettled, waverevident, manifest............. 478 ing, unsteady...........225............... VISION-vision, apparition, phantom, spectre, WAY-way, manner, method, mode,~ course, ghost 479 meas....... 479 e.275 VISIONARY-enthusiast, fanatick, visionary.... 91 WAY-way, road, route, course........... 273VISITANT guest visi.tantvsiter. 41. I WEAK-weak, feeble, infirm.............. - 368 VISITER 5 guest, visitant, 4 st TO WEAKEN-to weaken, enfeeble, debilitate,VIVACIOUS-lively, sprightly, vivacious, merry, enervate, invalidate....................... 368 sportive, jocund............................ 389 WEAKNESS —imperfection, weakness,- frailty, VIVACITY-animation, life, vivacity, spirit.... 356 failing, foible........................... 124VIVID-clear, lucid, bright, vivid............... 476 WEALTH-riches, wealth, opulence, affluence.. 340, VOCABULARY-dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, WEAPONS-arms, weapons................... 141 glossary, nomenclature..................... 464 WEARINESS-fatigue, weariness, lassitude.... 369. VOCAL-verbal, vocal, oral.................... 462 WEARISOME —wearisome, tiresome, tedious.., 369 VOICE-vote, suffrage, voice.................. 462 TO WEARY-to weary, tire, jade, harass..... 369 VOID-empty, vacant, void, devoid............. 343 WEDDING-marriage, wedding, nuptials....... 83 VOLATILITY-lightness, levity, flightiness, vo- WEDLOCK-marriage, matrimony,,wedlock.... 84 laliity, giddiness......................... 390 TO WEEP-to cry, weep..................... 470 VOLUNTARILY-willingly, voluntarily, sponta- WEIGHT-signification, avail, importance, conneously.......... 159 sequence, weight, moment..............4.... 56 VOLUNTARY-gratuitous, voluntary.......... 441 WEIGHT-weight, heaviness, gravity.......... 369 VOLUPTUARY-sensualist, voluptuary, epicure 374 WEIGHT-weight, burden, load........... 370 VORACIOUS-rapacious, ravenous, voracious.. 507 WEIGHTY-heavy, burdensome, weighty, ponVOTE-vote, suffrage, voice................... 462 derous............................. 370 TO VOUCH-to affirm, asseverate, assure, vouch, WELL-BEING-well-being, welfare, prosperity, aver, protest............................. 441 happiness.................................. 396 VOYAGE-journey, travel, voyage............ 302 WELCOME-acceptable, grateful, welcome..... 234 VULGAR-common, vulgar, ordinary, mean.... 323 WELFARE-well-being, welfare, prosperity, happiness..................................... 396 WAGES-allowance, stipend, salary, wages, hire, tO WHEEDLE-to coax, wheedle, cajole, pay....................................... 164 fawn..................................~ 525 TO WAIT FOR-to await or wait for, look for, WHIM-freak, whim..........1.................. 384 expect.................................... 415 WHIMSICAL-fanciful, fantastical, whimsical, TO WAIT ON-to accompany, escort, attend, capricious............................ 385 wait on....-.......................... 493 TO WHIRL-to turn, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe 31t WAKEFUL-wakeful, watchful, vigilant...... 483 WHOLE-all, whole.......2............... 2a' WAALK —carriage, gaiti walk................. 192 WHOLE —whole, complete, total, integral, enWA'N-.pale1 palllidjWanl;.l........... 369 tire................................ 28 INDEX. l'kf Page Pa WHOLESOME-healthy, wholesome, salubrious, 3 WORD-prom se, engagement, ward.,.......... 21f salutary................................. 366 WORD-word, term, expression................ 462 WICKED-bad, evil, wicked................... 27 WORK-work, labour, toil, drudgery, task...... 328 WICKED-wicked, unjust, iniquitous, nefarious 128 WORK-production, performance, work........ 329 WIDE-large, broad, wide..................... 349 WORK —work, operation................... 328 WILL —will, testament........................ 164 WORLDLY-secular, temporal, worldly.. 90 TO WILL-to will, wish.................. 159 TO WORSHIP-to adore, worship. 81 WILLINGLY —willingly, voluntarily, spontane- WORTH-desert, merit, worth................. 438 ously................................. 159 WORTH-value, worth, rate, price............. 436 WILY-cunning, crafty, subtle, sly, wi.ly........ 522 WORTHLESS-unworthy, worthless.......... 437 TO WIN-to acquire, obtain, gain, win, earn.... 396 TO WRANGLE-to jangle, jar, wrangle........ 134 TO W~IND-to turn, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe.. 316 WRATH-anger, resentment, wrath, indignation, WISDOM-wisdom, prudence.................. 400 ire.119 TO WISH —to desire, wish, hanker after, long TO WRENCH to turn, bend, twist, wring, disfor.............................. 159 TO WREST ) tort, wrest, wrench.......... 316 TO WISH-to will, wish................. 159 WRETCHED-unhappy, miserable, wretched... 412 WIT-ingenuity, wit.............. 70 TO WRING-to turn, bend, twist, distort, wring, WIT-wit, humour, satire, irony, burlesque..... 69 wrest, wrench......................... 316 TO WITHDRAW-to recede, retreat, withdraw, WRITER-writer, penman, scribe.............. 336 retire, secede............................... 253 WRITE~R-writer, author..................... 336 TO WITHSTAND-to oppose, resist, withstand, TO WRITHE-to turn, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe 316 tlhwart..................................... 115 WRONG-injustice, injury, wrong.............. 212 WITHOUT INTERMISSION-incessantly, unceasingly, uninterruptedly, without intermis- YET-however, yet, nevertheless, notwithstandsion...............2.............. 57 in.........2.........5....................51 WITNESS-deponent, evidence, witness........ 445 TO YIELD-to afford, produce, yield.......... 330 WOFUL —piteous, doleful, woful, rueful........ 411 TO YIELD-to bear, yield..................... 330 WONDER-wonder, admiration, surprise, asto- TO YIELD-to comply, conform, yield, submit.. 150 nishment, amazement.............. 403 TO YIELD-to give up, deliver, surrender, yield, WONDER-wonder, miracle, marvel, monster, cede, concede............42 prodigyt r w o oer......................... 403 YIELDING-compliant, yielding, submissive.... 150 WOOER-lover, suitor, wooer.......... 380 YOUTHFUL-youthful, juvenile, puerile..... 401 SOU L, MIND. his dying bed to have addressed his soul in words which THESE terms, or the equivalents to them, have been clearly denote what he thought of its independent employed by all civilized nations to designate that part existence. of human nature which is distinct from matter. The Animula vagula, blandula, Soul, however, from the German seele, &c. and the Qure nunc abibis in loca? Greek fda, to live, like t2e anima of the Latin, which Hospes comesque corporis, comes from the Greek ~&'cos, wind or breath, is repre- Pallidula, rigida, undula, sented to our minds by the subtilest or most ethereal of Nec (ut soles) dabis joca! sensible objects, naviely, breath or spirit, and denotes The miond being considered as an attribute to the soul, properly the quickening or vital principle. JMind, on is taken sometimes for one faculty, and someSimes for the contrary, fSom the Greek sEiv, which signifies another; as for the understanding, when we say a strength, is that sort of power which is closely allied to, person is not in his right mind; and in a great measure dependant upon, corporeal organization: the former is, therefore, the immortal, and I am a very foolish, fond old man; the latter the mortal, part of us; the former connects I fear I am not in my perfect mind.-SHAKsPssstE. us witia angels, the latter with brutes; in this latter we Sometimes for the intellectual power; dist.ilglt. il nothing but the power of receiving impres- I thought the eternal mind sions from external objects, which we call ideas, and Had made us masters. —Drya rN. wvhich we have in common with the brutes. There are minute philosophers, who, from their ex- Or for the intellectual capacity; treme anxiety after truth, deny that we possess any We say that learning's endless, and blame fate thing more than what this poor composition of flesh and For not allowing life a longer date, blood can give us; and yet, methinks, sound philosophy He did the utmost bounds of knowledge find,. would teach us that we ought to prove the truth of one He found them not so large as was his mind. position, beforewe assert the falsehood of its opposite; CoWLEY. and consequently, that if we deny that we have any Or forthe imagination or conception;'In the judgment thing but what is material in us, we ought first to prove of Aristotle and Bacon, the true poet forms his imithat the material is sufficient to produce the reasoning tations of nature after a model of ideal perfection, faculty ofann. Now it is upon this very impossibility which perhaps has no existence but in his own mind.'of finding any thing in matter as an adequate cause forut in his ow mind.'the production of the soul, that it is conceived to be an Sometimes the word mind is employed to denote entirely distinct principle. If we had only the mind, e operations the thiking faculty, the thoughts or that is, an aggregate of ideas or sensible images, such as the operations of the thinking faculty, the thoughts or is possessed by the brutes, it would be no difficulty to opinions; The ambiguous god, conceive of this as purely material, since the act of re- In these mysterious words his mind express'd, ceiving images is but a passive act, suited to the inactive Some truths revealed, in terms involved the rest. property of matter: but when the soul turns in upon DRYDEN. itself, and creates for itself by abstraction. combination, and deduction, a world of new objects, it proves itself The earth was not of my mind to be the most active of all principles in the universe; If you suppose, as fearing you, it shook. it then positively acts upon matter instead of being SHAKSPEARE. acted upon by it. Or the will, choice, determination, as in the colloquial But not to lose sightof the distinction drawn between phrase to have a mind to do a thing;'All the arguthe words soul and mind, I simply slish to show that ments to a good life will be very insignificant to a man the vulgar and the philosophical use or' these terms alto- that hath a nind to be wicked, when remission of sins gether accord, and are both founded on the true nature may be had on such cheapterms.' —TILLOTSON.'Our of things. Poets and philosophers speak of the soul in question is, whether all be sin which is done without the same strain, as the active and living principle; directionby Scripture, and not whether the Israelites did Man's soul in a perpetual motion flows, at any time amiss by following their own minds without And to no outward cause that motion owes. asking counsel of God.' —HooirER. DENIHAM. Somnetimes it stands for the memory, as in the faIn bashful coyness, or in maiden pride, miliar expressions to call to mind, put in mind, &c.; The soft return conceal'd, save when it stole'The king knows their disposition; a small touch will In side-long glances from her downcast eyes, put him in minsd of them-BAcoN. Or from her swelling soul in stifled sighs. Thl'lese, and more than I to mind can bring, THOMtsoN. Menalcas has not yet forgot to sing.' —DRYDEN.'The soul consists of many faculties, as the under'They will put him in misnd of his own waking standing, and the will, with all the senses, both outward thoughts, ere these dreams had as yet made their inmand inward; or,to speak more philosophically, the soul pressions on his fancy.'-ATTERBURY. can exert herself in many different ways of action.'- A wholesome law, time out of mind; ADDISON. The ancients, though unaided by the light of Had been confirm'd by fate's decree.'-SWIFT. divine i ovelation,.yet represented the soul as a distinct principle. The Psyche of the Greeks, which was the Lastly, the mind is considered as the seat of all the name thley gave to the human soul, was feigned to be faculties;' Every faculty is a distinct taste in the mind, one of their incorporeal or celestial beings. The anima and hath objects accommodated to its proper relish.' fthe Latins was taken precisely in the torllelrt sense ADDISON. And also of the passions or affections; -f the soul, by which it was distinguished from the E'en from the body's purity, the mind animus or mind. Thus the emperour Adrian is said on Receives a secret sympathetick aid. —TroIsoN. 5 65 66 ENGLISH SYNONYMES.'This word, being often used for the soul giving SPIRITUOUS, SPIRITED, SPIRITUTAL, life, is attributed abusively to madmen, when we say GHOSTLY. that they are of a distracted mind, instead of a broken Spirituous signifies having the spirit separated frot understanding; which word mind we use also for the gross particles of the body, after the manner of opinion, as I am of this or that mind; and sometimes spirituous liquors; The spirituous and benign matter for men's conditions or virtues, as lie is of an honest most apt for generation.'-SMITH on Old dge. Spirited mind, or a man of a just mind; sometimes for affection, is applicable to thd animal spirits of either men or as I do this for my mind's sake,' &c.-RALEIGH. brutes; a person or a horse may be spirited; and also The soul, being the better part of a man, is taken for in a moral application in the sense of vivacious, or cal the man's self, as Horace says, in allusion to his friend culated to rouse the spirit;' Dryden's translation of Virgil,' Et serves animm dimidium mew:' hence the Virgil is noble and spirited.'-POPE. What is spiritual term is figuratively extended in its application to denote is after the manner of a spirit and what is ghossly is a human being;' The moral is the case of every soul like a ghost; although originally the same in inean.:an of us.'-L'ESTPRANGE. It is a republick; there are in it the former being derived from the Latin spiritus, arind a hundred burgeois, and about a thousand souls;' The the latter from the German geist, and both signifying poorsoulsatsingingbyasycamoretree.' —-SuAKsPEARE. what is not corporeal, yet they have acquired a differ Or the individual in general; ence of application. Spiritual objects are distinguished Join voices, all ye living souls. Ye birds generally from those of sense;' Virginity is bettel than That singing up to heaven-gate ascend the married life, not that it is more holy, but that it is Bearon your wings, and in your notes, his praise. a freedom frol cares, an opportunity to spend more MILTON. ttine in spiritual employments.'-TAyLOR (Holy Living). Hence it is that the word spiritual is opposed Also what is excellent, the essential or principal part of to the temporal;' She loves them as her spiritual a thing, the spirit;'Thou sun, of this great world both children, and they reverence her as their spiritual eye and soul.'-MILTON.' He has the very soul of mother, with an affection far above that of the fondest bounty.' —SHASPEARE. friend.'-LAw. There is some soul of goodness in things evil, Thou art reverend, Would men observingly distil it out.-SHASSPEAaRi. Touching thy spiritual function, hot thy life. SIAkKSPEARE. INCORPOREAL, UNBODIED, IMMATERIAL, Ghostly is mnore immediately opposed tn the carnal SPIRITUAL. or the secular, and is therefore a term of more solemn Incorporeal, from corpus, a body, marks the quality of import than spiritual; I The grace of the spiris is much not belonging to the body, or having any properties in more precious than worldly benefits, and our glostly common with it; unbodied denotes the state of being evils of greater importance than harm which the ody without the body or not enclosed in a body; a thing feeleth.'-HooKER. To deny re the ghstly comrt maytherere be iorpnora weitot in a; a tdieg,of my chaplains seems a greater barbarity than is eve, may therefore be incorporeal without being unbodied; byChristians- CHARLES. but not vice versd; the soul of man is 7'corporeal, but not unbodied, during his natural life; Th' unbodied spirit fli:s UNDERSTANDING, INTE:LLECT, INTELLIAnd lodges where it lights in man or beast. GENCE. DRYDEN. Understanding being the Saxon word, is employed Incorporeal is used ila regard to living things, parti- to describe a familiar and easy operation of the mind in cularly by w ay of comparison, with corporeal or human forming distinct ideas of things. Intellect, which is of beings; Latin derivation, is employed to mark the same operaOf sense, whereby they hear, see, smell, touch, taste, tion in regard to higher and more abstruse objects. The Tasting, concoct, digest, assimilate, understanding applies to the first exercise of the raAnd corporeal to incorpor~eal turmns-MeLToro. tional powers: it is therefore aptly said of children and savages that they employ their understandings on the Hence we speak of incorporeal agency, or incorporeal simple objects of perception; a child uses hisunder. agents, in reference to such beings as are supposed to act standing to distinguish the dimensions of objects, or in this world without the help of the body;' Sense and to apply the right names to the things that come before perception must necessarily proceed from some incor- his notice;'By understanding I mean that faculty poreal substance witlhi uS.' —BENTLEY. But imma- whereby we are enabled to apprehend the objects of terial is applied to inanimate objects; knowledge, generals as well as particulars, absent 0 thou great arbiter of life and death, things as well as present, and to judge of their truth or Nature's immortal, immaterial sun! falsehood, good or evil.'-WILICINs. Thy call I follow-to the land unknown.- YOUNG. intellect, being a matured state of the usnderstanding, is most properly applied to the efforts of those who Men are corporeal as men, spirits are incorporeal; the have their powers in full vigour: we speak of underbody is thae material part of man, the soul his imma- standing as the characteristick distinction between mlan terial part: whatever external object acts upon the and brute;' The light within us is (since the fall) besenses is material; butthe action of the mind on itself, come darkness; and the understanding, that should be and its results are all immaterial: the earth, sun, moon, eyes to the blind faculty of the will, is blind itself.'&c. are termed material; but the impressions which SOUTH. But human beings are distinguished from they make on the mind, that is, our ideas of them, are each other by the measure of their intellect;' All those, immaterial. arts and inventions which vulgar minds gaze at, the The incorporeal and immaterial have always a rela- ingenious pursue, and all admire, are but the relicks of tive sense; the spiritual is that which is positive: God an intellect defaced with sin and time.'-SouTIo. We is a spiritual, not properly an incorporeal nor immate- may expect the youngest children to employ an underrial being: the angels are likewise designated, in gene- stanlding according to the opportunities which they ral, as the spiritual inhabitants of Heaven;' All crea- have of using their senses; one is gratified in seeing tures, as well spiritual as corporeal, declare their abso- great intellect in youth. lute dependance upon the first author of all beings, the Intellect and intelligence are derived from the same only self-existent God.'-BENTLEY. Although, when word; but intellect describes the power itself, and in~ spoken of in regard to men, they may be denominated telligenrce the exercise of that power: the intellect may incorporeal; be hidden, but the intelligenlce brings it to light; Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms Silent as the ecstatick bliss Reduced their shapes immense.-MILTON. Of souls, that by intelligence converse.-OTwAY. The epithet spiritual has, however, been improperly Hence we speak of intelligence as displayed in the or figuratively applied to objects in the sense of imma- countenance of a child whose looks evince that he has terial;'Echo is a great argument of the spiritual exerted his intellect, and thereby proved that it exists essence of sounds; for if it were corporeal, the reper- Hence it arises that the word isntelligence has been em cussion should be created by like instruments with the ployed in the sense of knowledge or information, beoriginal sound.' —BAooN. cause these are the express fruits of intelligence: we ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 67 must know by means of intelligence; but we may be thing given, and something received: the word talent ignorant with a great share of intellect. conveys no such collateral idea. When we speak of a Understanding and intelligence admit of comparison gift, we refer in our minds to a rgier; in the sense of acquaintance between two or more persons as to each other's views, and a consequent har- BUt Heaven its gifts not all at once bestows, mony and concert; but the former term is applied to These years with wisdom crowns, with action those. the ordinary concerns of life, and the harmonious in- POPE tercourse of men, a,' in the phrase to be on terms of a WVhen we speak of an endowment, we refer in our good understanding; L He hoped the loyalty of his sub- minds to the receiver;' A brute arrives at a point of jects would concur with him in the preserving a good perfection that he can never pass; in a few years he understanding between him and his subjects.'-CLA- has all the endowments he is capable of.'-ADDISON. RENDON. Intelligence, on the other hand, is particu- When we speak of a talent (v. Intellect) we only think larly applicable to persons who, being obliged to co- of its intrinsick quality or worth;' Mr. Locke has an operate at a distance from each other, hold a commerce adnlirable reflection upon the difference of wit and of information, or get to eunderstand each other by judgement, whereby he endeavours to show the reason means of mutual information;' It was perceived that why they are not always the talents of the same perthere had not been in the Catholicks so much foresight son.'-ADDISON. as to provide that true intelligence might pass between The gift is either supernatural or natural; the enthem of what was done.'-HOOKER. dowment is only natural. The primitive Christians Let all the passages received various gifts through the inspiration of the Be well secured, that no intelligenlce Holy Spirit, as the gift of tongues, the gift of healing, May pass between the prince and them.-DENHAM. &c. There are some men who have a peculiar gift of utterance; beauty of person, and corporeal agility, are endowments with which some are peculiarly invested. INTELLECT, GENIUS, TALENT. The word gift excludes the idea of any thing acIntellect, in Latin intellectus, from intelligo, to un- quired by exertion; it is that which is communicated derstand, signifying the gift of understanding, as op- to us altogether independent of ourselves, and enables.posed to mere instinct or impulse, is here the generick us to arrive at that perfection in any art which could term, as it includes in its own meaning that of the two not be attained in any other way. Speech is deno others: there cannot be genius or talent without intel- minated a general gift, inasmuch as it is given to the lect; but there may be intellect without genius or whole human race in distinction from the brutes; but talent: a man of intellect distinguishes himself from the gift of utterance is a peculiar gift granted to inthe common herd of mankind, by the acuteness of his dividuals, in distinction from others, which may be abservation, the accuracy of his judgement, the origin- exerted for the benefit of mankind. Endowments, ality of his conceptions, and other peculiar attributes though inherent in us, are not independent of exerof mental power; geniues, in Latin genius, from rigno, tions; they are qualities which admit of improvement to be born, signifying that which is peculiarly born by being used; they are in fact the gifts of nature with us, is a particular bent of the intellect, which dis- which serve to adorn and elevate the possessor, when tinguishes a man fromn every other individual; talent, employed for a good purpose. Talents are either nawhich from Tdkavrov and talentsmm, a Greek coin ex- tural or acquilred, or in some measure of a mixed naceeding one hundred pounds, is now employed in the tture; they denote powers without specifying the source figurative language of our Saviour for that particular from which they proceed; a mann may have a talent modus or modification of the intellect, which is of for musick, for drawing, for mimickry, and the like practical utility to the possessor. Intellect sometimes but this talent may be the fruit of practice and experisuns through a family, and becomes as it were an he- ence, as much as of nature. reditary portion: genius is not of so communicable a It is clear from the above that an endowment is a nature; it is that tone of the thinking faculty which is gift, but a gift is not always an endowment; and that altogether individual in its character; it is opposed to a talent may also be either agift or an endowment, but every thing artificial, acquired, circumstantial,oor ici- that it is frequently distinct from both. A gift or a dental; it is a pure spark of the Divine flame, which talent is applicable to corporeal as well as spiritual raises the possessor above all his fellow-mortals; it is actions; an endowment is applicable to corporeal or not expanded, like intellect, to many objects; for in its mental qualities. To write a superiour hand is a gift, very nature it is contracted within a very short space inasmuch as it is supposed to be unattainable by any and, likethe rays of the sun,when concentrated within force of application and instruction; it is a talent, a focus, it gains in strength what it loses in expansion. inasmuc as it is a power or property worth our posWe consider intellect as it generally respects specu- session; but it is never an endowment. On the other lation and abstraction; but genius as it respects the hand, courage, discernment, a strong imagination, and operationis of the imagination; talent as it respects the the like, are both gifts and endowments; and when the exercise or acquirements of the mind. A man of intel- intellectual endowment displays itself in any creative lent may be a good writer; but it a esreq eiises ge~us form, as in the case of poetry, musick, or any art, so as for poetry to be a poet, a gebniuts for painting to t produce that which is valued and esteemed, it a painter, a genius for sculpture to be a statuary, and becomes a talent to the possessor. the like: it requires a talent to learn languages; it requires a talent for the stage to be a good actor; some ABILITY, CAPACITY. have a talent for imitation, others a talent for humour., Intellect, in its strict sense, is seen only in a mature from ablet, in abil, itas, comes state; genius or talent may be discovered in its earliest from able, habile, hahilis, and habeo to have, because dawn: we speak in general of the intellect of a man possession and power are inseparable. Capacity, in nlfy; but we may spealk of the genius or talent of a French capaciti, Latin capacitas, from capa and youth; intellect qualifies a person for conversation, capi to receive, marks the abstract quality of being and affords him great enjoyment;' There was a select able to receive or hold. set, supposed to be distinguished by superiolity of in- Adbility is to capacity as the genus to the species. tellects, who always passed the evening together.'-.bility comprehends the power of doing in general JOHNSON. G;fewius qnalifies a person for the most ex- without specifying the quality or degree; capacity is a alted efforts of the human mind;' Thomson thinks in particular kind of ability. a peculiar train, and always thinks as a man of genius.' bility may be either physical or mental, capacity, -JOHnNSON. Talent qualifies a person for the active when said of persons, is mental only;'iches are of duties and employments of life;' It is commonly no use, if sickness taketh from us the ability of enthought that the sagacity of these fathers (the Jesuits) joying them.'-SWIFT.' In what I have done, I have in discovering the talent of a young student, has not a rather given a proof of my willingness and desire, than little contributed to the figure which their order has of my ability to do him (Shakspeare) justice.'-PorE. made in the world.'-BODGELL.'.ibility respects action, capacity respects thought. aAbility always supposes something able to be done; 1 look upon an able statesman out of business like a GIFT, ENDOWMENT, TALENT. huge whale, that will endeavour to overturn the ship Gift and endowment both refer to the act of giving unless he has an empty cask to play with.'-STEELE. and endowing, and of course include the idea of some- Capacity is a mental endowment, and always supposea 5* 68 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. something ready to receiv i or hold;' The object is too The ability is in general the power of doing; the big for our capacity, when we would comprehend the faculty therefore might, in the strict sense, be conzircunmference of a world.' —ADDIsoN. Hence we say sidered as a species of ability;'Human ability is an an able commander; an able statesman; a man of a unequal match for the violent and unforeseen vicissicapacious mind; a great capacity of thought. tudes of the world.'-BLAIR. Ability is in no wise limited in its extent; it may be A man uses the faculties with which he is endowed, small or great; he gives according to his ability. Of singing thou ilast got the reputation, Faculty and talent both owe their being to nature; Good Thyrsis; mine I yield to thy ability. but the faculty may be either physical or mental; the My heart doth seek another estimation.-SIDNE: Y. talent is altogether mental: the faculty of speech and tile rational faculty are the grand marks of distinction Capacity of itself always implies a positive and supe- between man and the brute;'Reason is a noble riour degree of power;' Sir Frar.cls Bacon's capacity faculty, and when kept within its proper sphere, and seemed to have grasped all that was revealed in books applied to useful purposes, proves a means of exalting before.'-HuGHEs.. Although it may be modified by human creatures almost totherankof superiour beings.' epithets to denote different degrees; a boy of capacity -BEATTIE. The talent of mimickry, of dramatick will have the advantage over his school-fellows, parti- acting, and of imitation in general, is what distinguishes cularly if lie be classed with those of a dull capacity. one man from the other; A person may be able to write a letter, who is not capable of writing a book;' St. Paul requireth learning in'Tis not, indeed, my talent to engage presbyters, yea, such learning as doth enable them to [n lofty trifles, or to swell my page exhort in doctrine which is sound, and to disprove With wind and noise.-DRYDEN. them that gainsay it. What measure of ability in such things shall serve io make men capable of that kind These terms are all used in the plural, agreeably to of office he doth not determnine.'-HOORER. the above explanation; the abilities include, in the hbilities, when used in the plural only, is confined to aggregate, whatever a man is able to do; hence we the signification of mental endowments, and compre- speak of a man's abilities in speaking, writing, learnhends the operations of thought in general; I As for me, ing, and the like; the faculties include all the endowmy abilities, if ever I had any, are not what they ments of body and mind, which are the inherent prowere.'-ATTERBURY. Capacity, on the other hand, is perties of the being, as when we speak of a mal's that peculiar endowment, that enlargement of under- retaining his faculties, or having his faculties imstanding, that exalts the possessor above the rest of paired: talents are the particular endowments of the mankind;'We sometimss repine at the narrow limits mind, which belong to the individual; hence we say, prescribed to hutman capacity.' —BETTIE. BMany men the talents which are requisite for a minister of state have the abilities for managing the concerns of others, are different from those which qualify a man for being who would not have the capacity for conducting a con-a Judge. cern of their own. We should not judge highly of that man's abilities who could only mar the plans of others, but had no capacity for conceiving and proposing any ABILITY, DEXTERITY, ADDRESS. thing better in their stead. Adbility is here, as in the preceding articles, the geneA vivid imagination, a retentive memory, an exube- rick term: dexterity, says the Abbe Girard,* respects the rant flow of language, are abilities whic'h may be suc- marnerof executing things; it is the mechanical facility cessfully employed in attracting popular applause; of performing an office: address refers to the use of' I grieve that our senate is dwindled into a school of means in executing; it signifies properly the mode of rhetorick, where men rise to display their abilities rather address or of managing one's self; dexterity and than to deliberate.'-Smr W. JONEs. But that capacity address are but in fact modes of ability. which embraces a question in all its bearings, which Dexterity, in Latin dexteritas, comes from dexter, the surveys with a discriminating eye the mixed multitude right hand, because that it is the member most fitted for of objects that demand attention, which is accompanied dexte-ous execution. Dexterity may be acquired; h His with coolness in reflecting, readiness in combining, wisdom, by often evading from perils, was turned quickness in inventing, firmness in deciding, prompts- rather into a deterity to deliver himself frot dangers tude in action, and penetration in discerning, that is the y pressed him, than into a providence to plecapacity to direct a state, which is the gift of but few;ve and remove them afar off.'-BACON. Address is'An heroick poem requires the accomplishmentof some the gift of nature;'It was no sooner dark than she extraordinary undertaking, which requires the duty of conveyed into his room a young maid of no disagreea soldier, and the capacity and prudence of a general.' able figure, who was one of her attendants, and did sot -DRYDEN. want address to improve the opportunity for the advancement of her fortune.-SPECTATOR. ABILITY, FACULTY, TALENT. We may have ability to any degree (v. Ilbility);' It common idea of power is what renders these is not possible for our small party and small ability to The common idea of power s hat endes these extend their operations so far as to be much felt among words synonytmou s. such numbers.'-CowrPRt. But dexterity and address Ability, as in the preceding article, signifies that are positive degrees of ability;' It is often observed that which may be derived either from circumstances or thrae is won as much by the dexterity of the rider as otherwise: faculty, in Latin facultas, changed from Iby the vigour and fleetness of the animal.' —EARL os facilitas facility, which signifies doableness, or the BATH.'I could produce innumerable instances from property of being able to do or bring about effects, is a my own observation, of events imputed to the profound power derived froma nature;'The vital facult~y is that skill and address of a minister, which in reality were by which life is preserved -and the ordimmary ftnctions either mere effects of negligence, weakness, humour, or of speech preserved; and the animal faculty is what pride, or at best but the natural course of things left to conducts the operations of the mind.'-QuINcy. The themselves.'-SwIFT factnure:lty is a permanent possession; it is held by a certain To form a good government there must be ability in tenure: the ability is an incidental possession; it me the prince or his ministers; address in those to whomlA whatever we have while we have it at our disposal, the detail of operations is intrusted; and dexterity in but it may vary in degree and quality with-times, per- those to whom the execution of orders is confided. sons, and circumstances;'Ability to teach by sermons Wllh little ability and long habit in transacting bmsiis a. grace which God sdoth bestow on them whom he ness, we may acquire a dexterity in despatching it, anid maketh sufficient for the commendable discharge of address in giving it whatever turn will best suit our their duty.'-HoOmER. The powers of seeing and pulpose hearing arefaculties; health, strength, and fortune are Aility enables us to act with intelligence and conabilities. The faculty is some specifick powerwhich is dence; dextesty lends an air of ease to every action; directed to one single object; it is the power of acting address supplies art and ingenuity in contrivance. TI according to a given form; manage the whip with dexterity, to carry on an intrigue No fruit our palate courts, or flow'r our smell, with address, to display some ability on the turf, will But on its fragrant bosom nations dwell; raise a man high in the rank of the present fashionables All formed with properfaculties to share The daily bounties of their Maker's care.-JENMNr. * Vide' Dexterit, adresse, habilitk. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 69 CLEVER, SKILFUL, EXPERT, DEXTEROUS, of age is a legal disability to contract a mar ADROIT. riage.' —BLACKSTONE. Clever, in French legere, Latin levis light, seems to denote quickness in the mental faculty; skilful signifiesTENT, full of skill; and skill probably comes from the Latin scio to know; expert, in French experte, Latin expertus, participle of experior to search or try, signifies searched Incapable, that is, not having capacity (av..bzliut); and tried; dexterous, in Latin dexter, in Greek 6E1TrEPbS, insufficient, or not sufficient, or not having what is suffromrn i[a the right hand, has the meaning of clever, ficient; incompetent, or not competent; are employed becausethe right hand is the most fitted for action; either for persons or things: the first in a general, the adroit, in French adroite, Latin adrectus or rectus lasttwoinaspecificksense: inadequateornotadequate right or straight, signifies the quality of doing things in or equalled, is applied miore generally to things. a right manner. When a man is said to be incapable, it characterizes Clever and skilful are qualities of the mind; expert, his whole mind;' Were a human soul incapable of dexterouzs, and adroit, refer tomodesof physicalaction. farther enlargements, I could imagine it might fall Cleverness regards in general the readiness to compre- away insensibly.'-ADDIsoN. If he he said to have hend; skill the maturity of the judgement; expertness isnsufticiency and incompetency, it respects the partia facility in the use of things; dexterity a mechanical cular objects to which he has applied his power: he facility in the performance of any work; adroitness may be insufficient or incompetent for certain things; the suitable movements of the body. A person is clever but he may have a capacity for other things: the term at drawing who shows a taste for it, and executes it incapacity, therefore, implies a direct charge upon the well witiput much instruction; he is skilful in drawing understanding, which is not implied by the insufif he understands it both in theory and practice; he is ciency and incompetency. An incapacity consists altoexpert in the use of the bow if he can use it with expe- gether of a physical defect: an insufi.ciency and indition and effect; he is dexterous at any game when he competency are incidental defects: the former dependgoes through the manceuvres with celerity and an ing upon the age, the condition, the acquisitions, moral unerring hand; he is adroit if by a quick, sudden, and qualities, and the like, of the individual; the latter on wvell-directed movement of his body, he effects the the extent of his knowledge, and the nature of his object lie has in view. studies; where there is direct incapacity, a person has Cleverness is mental power employed in the ordi- no chance of making himself fit fobr any office or emnary concerns of life: a person is clever in business or ployment;' It chiefly proceedeth from natural incapaamusements; city, and general indisposition.'-BROWN. Youth is naturally accompanied with insuficiency to fill sta My friends bade me welcome, but struck me quite dumb, naturally accompanied with insiciency to fill st itons which belong to mature age, and to perform With tidings that Johnson and Burke would not come; offices which require the eercise of judgement'The'And I knew it," he cried, 1" both eternally fail, minister's aptness, or insufficiency, otherwise than by Trhe one at the House, and the other with Thrale. reading, to instruct the flock, standeth in this place as But no matter; I'll warrant we'll make up the party, a stranger, with whom our Common Prayer has noWith two full as clever and ten times as hearty. thing to do.-ooxER. A young person is, therefore, still more incompetent to form a fixed opinion on any Skill is both a mental and corporeal power, exerted one subject, because he can have made himself mastn mechanical operations and practical sciences: a ter of none;'Laymen, with equal advantages of physician, a lawyer, and an artist, are skilful: one may parts, are not the most incompetent judges of sacred have a skill in divination, or a skill in painting. things.'-DRYDEN. There is nothing more graceful than to see the play Incapable is applied sometimes to the moral chiastand still for a few moments, and the audience kept racter, to signify the absence of that which is bad; in an agreeable suspense, during the silence of a skilful insufficient and incompetent always convey the idea actor.'-ADoDION. Expertnes s and dexterity require of a deficiency in that which is at least desirable: it more corporeal than mental power exerted in minor is an honour to a person to be incapable of falsehood, arts and amusements: one is expert at throwing the or incapable of doing an ungenerous action; but to be quoit; dexterous in the management of horses; insuficient and incompetent are, at all events, qualities O'er bar and shelf the watery path they sound, not to be boasted of, although they may not be expressly With dext'rous arm, sagacious af. the ground; disgraceful. These terms are likewise applicable to, Fearless they combat every hestlile wind, things, in which they preserve a similar distinction; Wheeling in many tracts with course inclin'd, infidelity is incapable of affording a man any comfort; xpert to moor ere tere teos line the road, when the means are insufficient for obtaining the ends, FALCONER. it is madness to expect success; it is a sad condition of humanity when a man's resources are incompetent to'He applied himself next to the coquette's heart, supply him with the first necessaries of life. which he likewise laid opeln with great dexterity.'- Inadequate is relative in its signification, like insufADDISON../droiltness is altoelhlier a corporeal talent, ficient and incompetent; bunt the relation is different employed only as occasion rmnlay require: one is adroit A thing is insuficient which does not suffice either for at eluding the blows aimed by a n adversary;' Use your- the wishes, the purposes, or necessities, of any one, self to carve adroitly and g!Ju1eelly.'-CHESTERFnEcLD. in particular or in general cases; thus a quantity of Cleverness is rather a rI'tural gift; skill is clever- materials may be insutfficient for a particular building; sness improved by practice and extended knowledge;'The insuffciency of the, light of nature is, by the expertness is the effect (if long practice; dexterity light of Scripture, fully suppied.' —HoocER. Incomarises from habit combired with agility; adroitness is petency is an insufficiency for general purposes, in things a species of dexterity a its px from a natural agility and of the first necessity; thus, an income may be incompliability of body. petent to support a family, orperform an office;' Every speck does not blind a man, nor does every infirmity make one unable to discern, or incompetent to reprove, INABIL' T'Y, DISABILITY. the grosser faults of otllers.'-GoVERNMENT OF TIa Inability denotes the absence of ability (v. Ability) TONGUE. Inadequacy is still more particular, for it in the most general anl abstract sense;' It is not from denotes any deficiency which is measured by compainability to discover what they ought to do that men rison with the object to which it refers; thus, the err in practice.' -3BAu. Disability implies the ab- strength of an anirlal may be inadequite to the labour sence of ability only in particular cases: the inability which is required, or a reward may be inadequate to lies in the nature a! the thing, and is irremediable; the the service;' All the attainments possible in our predisability lies in'oe circumstances, and may sometimes sent state are evidently inadequate to our capacities of be removed; wevAl.ness, whether physical or mental, enjoyment.'-JOHNSON. will occasion an inability to perform a task; there is a totnl znabilitz ilu an infant to walk and act like an adallt a want of knowledge or of the requisite quali- WIT, HUMOUR, SATIRE, IRONY, dteaiono ailAy le a disability; in this manner mi- BURLESQUE. Ye'ei.y ot rg.;, jr an objection to take certain oaths Wit, like wisdom, according to its original, from ersr t'r a mi mebility for filling a publick office;'Want wetssen to know, signifies knowledge, but it has so 70 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. extended its meaning as to signify that faculty of thie'Tis with our judgements as our watches, none mind by which knowledge or truth is perceived. The Go just alike, yet each believes his own; first property of wit, gs an exertion of the intellectual In poets as true genius is rare, faculty, is that it bex spontaneous, and as it were in- True taste as seldom is the critick's share.-PoPE. stinctive: laboured or forced wit is no wit. Reflection It is oltvious, therefore, that we may have a taste and experience supply us with wisdom; study and without having gesnius; but it would not be possible to labour supply ius with learning; but wit seizes with'have genius for a thing without having a taste for it: an eagle eye that which escapes the notice of the deep for nothing can so effectually give a taste for any ao thinker, and elicits truths which are in vain sought complishment, as the capacity to learn it, and the sus for with any severe effort:.' Wit lies more in the as- ceptibility of all its beauties, which circumstances ar semblage of ideas, and putting those together with fromgenius. quickness and varie-.' —ADDISON. Humour is a pecies of wit which flows out of the humour of a erson; INGENUITY, WIT. For sure lby wit is chiefly meant:Both these terms imply acuteness of understanding, Applying well what we invent: W pplying w e ll what humwu isr le triand differ mostly in the mode of displaying themselyes.o What oicumour is ot, all the tribe: Inrenuity, in Latin ingenuitas, signifies literary h'eeOf ngtek-monltgers can describe: domn of birth, in distinction from slavery, with wvicht Here nature only acts her part, condition have been naturally associated nobleness ot Unhelp'd by practice, books, or art.-SW FT. character and richness in mental endowments, ill YWit, as distinguished from humour, may consist of a which latter sense it is allied to wit. Ingenuity colt — single brilliant thought; prehends invention; wit comprehends knovledge. fInIn a true piece of wit all things must be, genuity displays itself in the mode of conducting an' Yet all things there agree.-CowLEY. argument;' Men were formerly won over to opinions, by the candour, sense, and ingrenuity of those who had But humour runs in a vein; it is not a striking, but a the right on their side.'-ADDIsoN. Wit is mostly disequable and pleasing flow of wit;' There is a kin played in aptness of expression and illustration;'When of nature, a certain regularity of thoughst, which must I broke loose from that great body of writers, who have discover the writer (of lhumour) to be a man of sense employed their wit and parts in propagating vice and at the saute time that lie appears altogether given up. irreligion, I did not question but I should be treated as to caprice.1'ADDIsON. Of this description of wit Mr. to capice-A so. Of isdescriptionof itMr. an odd kind of fellow.'-ADDIsos. One is ingenious Addison has given us the most admirable specimens in matters either of art or science; one is witty only his writings, who knew best how to explain what wit in matters of sentiment: things may, therefore, be inand hsumour were, and to illustrate them by his practice. enious, but not witty; wntty, but not ingenious, or both fHumour may likewise display itself in actions as well witty and ngenios. A echanical iventio, or any as wvords, wtereby it is more strilirigyistigitished witty and ingeniosus. A mechanical invention, or any as words, whereby it is more strikingly distilngnishe d ordinary contrivance, is ingenious but not witty; au from wit, which displays itself only in the happy ex-iogenious, ot a witty solution of a difficulty a fas pression of happy thoughts;' I cannot help remarking witu, not a itty solution of a diffngenuiulty a itty humour, that sickness, which often destroys both wit and wis- witty conversation; not an ingenious humour or con. dorn, yet seldom has power to remove that talellt which versation n the other hand, a conceit is inoeno, versation: on the other hand, a conceit is ingenious, we callhusmour. Mr. Wycherley showed his in his last as it is the fruit of one's own mind; it is witty, as it cosnphimellt paid to his younrg wife (whoi he isade contains point, and strikes on the understanding of promise, on his dying bed, that she would not marry an others. old man agtin).' —PoPE.ote Satire, ifrom satyr, probably from sat and ira I abounding in anger, and irony, from the Greek etpssvta SENSE, JUDGEMENT. simulation and dissimulation, are personal and cenlso;- Sense, fromn the Latin sensus and serttio to feel or rious sorts of wit; the first of which openly points at perceive, signifies in general the faculty of feeling corthe object, and thessecond in a covert manner takes its poreally, or perceiving mentally; in the first case it is aim;' The ordinary subjects of satire are sloth as ex- allied to feeling (v. Feeling), in the second it is synonycite the greatest indignation in the best tempers.' — mous Wit ji. ement, which is a special operation of ADDIsoN.'In writings of'/rsmeur, figutr1es are some- the mind. Tlhe sense is that primitive portion of the times used of so delicate a nature, that it shall often understanding which renders at accoui t of thi understanding which renders an account of things happen thai some people will tee things in a direct con- through the medium of tite senses; through the medium of the senses; trarySelense-iiwhathe author, and the majority of the readers understand-them: to such the most innocent Then is the soul a nature, which contains irony may appear )irreligion.'-CAmnBRiDGo. Bur- The power of sense within a greater power. lesque is rather a species of humours than direct wit, DAVIES. which consists in an assemblage of ideas extrava- And the judgement, that portion of the reason which gantly discordant;' One kind of burlesque represents selects or rejects from this account. The sense is, so mean persons in the accoutremnents of heroes.'- to speak, the reporter which collects the details, and ADDIsoa. The satire and irony are the most ill-na- exposes the facts; the judgemeLnt is the judge that turedkindsof wit; burlesquestands in thelowestrank. passes sentence upon them. According to the strict import of the terms, the judgement depends upon the TASTE, GENIUS. sense, and varies with it in degree. He who has no TASTE, GENIUS. sense, has no judgement; and he who loses sense, Taste, in all probability from the Latin tactum and loses judgement: since sense supplies the knowledge tango to touch, seems to designate the capacity to de- of things, and judgement pronounces upon them, it is rive pleasure from an object by simply coming in con- evident that there must be sense before there can be tact with it;' This metaphor would not have been so judgement. general had there not been a conformity between the On the othler hand, sense, when taken to denote the mental taste and that sensitive taste which gives a re- mental faculty of perceiving, may be so distinguished lish of every flavour.'-ADDISON. Genius designates from judgement, that there may be sense withoutjudgethe power we have for accomplishing any object; ment, and judgement without sense; sense is the Taste consists in the powerof judging, genius in the faculty of perceiving in general; it is applied to abpower of executing.'-BLAIR. He who derives parti- stract science as well as general knowledge: judgement cular pleasure from musick may be said to have a taste is the faculty of determining either in matters of pracfor musick; he who makes very great proficiency in the tice or theory. It is the lot of many, therefore, to have theory and practice of musick may be said to have a sense in matters of theory, who have no judgmen't in genius for it. Taste'is in some degree an acquired matters of practice, while others, on the contrary, faculty, or at least is dependant on cultivation, as also who have nothing above common sense, will have a on our other faculties, for its perfection;'The cause soundness of juedgement that is not to be surpassed of a wrong taste is a defect of judgement.' —BURE. Nay, further, it is possible for a man to have good Ginius, from the Latin gigno to generate, is a perfectly sense, and yet not a solid juldgement: as they are natural gift which rises to perfection by its own native both natural faculties, men are gifted with them as strength; the former belongs to the critick, and the latter to the poet; Vide Ribaud: "Semts, jugement " ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 71 variously as with every other faculty. By good sense towards discrimination; he who can discern tile a man is enabled to discern, as it were intuitively, that springs of human action, or penetrate the views of which requires another of less sense to ponder over men, will be most fitted for discriminating between and study; the characters of different men;' Perhaps there is no There's something previous ev'n to taste:'tis sense, character through all Shakspeare drawn with more Good sense; which only is the gift of heav'n, spirit and just discrimination than Shylock's.'And, though no science. fairly worth the seven; HENLEY. A light within yourself you must perceive, Although judgement derives much assistance from Jones and Le Notre have it not to give.-PorE. the three former operations, it is a totally distinct power: the former only discover the things that are; By a solid judgemeet a man is enabled to avoid those it acts on external objects by seeing them: the latter errours in conduct, which one of a weak judgement is is creative; it produces by deduction from that which always falling into;' In all instances, where our ex- passes inwardly.* The former' are speculative; they perience of the past has been extensive and uniform, are directed to that which is to be known, and are ourjdemnet concerning the future,amounts tho moral confined to present objects; they serve to discover certainty.'-EAT nTIhhere is, however, this die- truth or falsehood, perfections and defects, motives tinction between sense and judgment, that the deficienand pretexts: the latter is practical; it is directed to cies of the former may be supplied by diligence and that which is to be done, and extends its views to the attention; but a defect in the latter is to be supplied it marks the relations and cnnexions -of by no efforts of ond's own. A man may improve his things it foresees their consequences and effects;'I sense in proportion as he has the means of intfor- love him, I confess, extremely; but my affection does mation; but a weakness of judgement, is an irreme- by no means prejudice my jud, ement.')-MELMOTs ~~~~~diabtl~e evil. ~(Letters of Pliny). When employed as epithets, the term sensible and Of discernment, we say that it is clear; it serves to judicious serve still more clearly to distinguish the two remove all obscutity and confusion: of penetration remove all obscurity and confusion: of penetration, primitives. A writer or a speaker is said to be sensi that it is acute; it pierces every veil which ble;'I have been tired with accounts from sensible falsehood draws before truth, and prevents us from men, furnished with matters of fact, which have hap- being deceived: of discrimination, we say that it is pened within their own knowledge.'-ADDISON. A nice; it renders our ideas accurate, and serves to prefriend, or an adviser, to be judicious;'Your observa- vent us from confounding objects: of jrdgement, we tions aresojsudicious, I wish you had not been so sparing say that it is solid or sound; it renders the conduct of them.' —SIR W. JONES. The sense displays itself prudent, and prevents us from committing mistakes, in the conversation, or the communication of one's or involving one's self in embarrassments. ideas; thenjnl mea t in the propriety of one's actions. When the question is to estimate the real qualities A sensible man may be an entertaining companion; of either persons or things, we exercise discersment; but a judici20us manr, in any post of command, is an inestimable treasure. Sensible remarks are always Cool age advances venerably wise, calculated to please and interest sensible people; ju- Turns on all hands its deep discerning eyes.-Pop. dicions measures have a sterling value in themselves, When it is required to lay open that which art or that is appreciated according to the importance of the cunning has concealed, we must exercise penetration; object. Hence, it is obvious, that to be sensible is a'A penetration into the abstruse difficulties and depths desirable thing; but to bejudicious is an indispensable of modern algebra and fluxions, is not worth the requisite. labour of those who design either of the three learned professions.'-WATTS. When the question is to de termine the proportions and degrees of qualities in perDISCERNMENT, PENETRATION, DISCRIMI- sons or things, we must use discrimination;'A satire NATION, JUDGEMENT. should expose nothing but what is corrigible, and Discernment expresses the judgement or power of make a due discrimination between those who are discerning, which, from the Latin discerno, or dis aid and those who are not, proper objects of it.'-ADDISON. cerno, signifies to look at apart, so as to form a true When called upon to take any step, or act any part estimate of things; penetration denotes the act or we must employ thejudgement;'Judgement, a cool and power of penetrating', from penetrate, in Latin penze- slow faculty, attends not a man in the rapture of poetitratus, participle ofpenetro and penitus, within, signi- al composition.'-DENNI. Discernment is more or fying to see into the interiour; discrisnilsation denotes less indispensable for every man in private or public the act or power of discrimistatisg, from discisniziate, station; he who has the most promiscuous dealings in Latin discriminatus, participle of discrimino, to with men, has the greatest need of it: penetration is make a difference; judgement denotes the power of of peculiar importance for princes and statesmen: dis judging, from judge, in Latin judico, compounded of crimination is of great utility for commanders, and jus and dico, signifying to pronounce right. all who have the power of distributing rewards and The first three of these terms do not express different punishments: judgemesnt is an absolute requisite for all powers, but different modes of the saline power to whom the execution or management of concerns is namely, the power of seeing intellectually, or exerting intrusted. the intellectual sight. Discernment is not so powerful a mode of intellectual vision as penetration; the former is a common REASONABLE, RATIONAL, faculty, the latter is a higher degree of the same faculty; it is the power of seeing quickly, and seeing re both derived from the same Latin word rat in spite of all that intercepts the sight, and keeps the reason, which, from ratus and reor, to think, signifies object out of view: a man of common discersnment dis- the thinking faculty. cerns characters which are not concealed by any par- Reasonable signifs accordant with reason; rational ticular disguise;' Great part of the country was aban-signifies having reason in it: the former IS more comdoned to the spoils of the soldiers, who, not troubling monly applied in the sense of right reason, propriety, thsemesives to discern between a snbljects and a rebel, or fairness; the latter is employed in the original sense of the word reasons: hence we term a man reasonable while their liberty lasted, made indifferently profit of both.' —HAYWARD. A man of pentetrat;ion is not to be who acts according to the principles of right reason; deceived by any artifice, however thoroughly cloaked and a being rational, who is possessed of the ratiosnal or secured, even from suspicion;'He is as slow to or reasoninng factllty, in distinction from the brutes. It decide as he is quick to apprehend, calmly and delibe-is to be lamented that there are much fewer reasonable rately weighing every opposite reason that is offered, than there are rational creatures. The same distinction and tracing it with -a most judicious penetration.'- exists between them when applied to things;' A law MELMOT1I (Letters of Plilny). may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not Discernment and penetration serve for the discovery allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers of individual things by their outward marks; discrimi- -SWIFT.'The evidence which is afforded for a future nation is employed in the discovery of differences state is sufficient for a rational ground of conduct.'between two or more objects; the former consists of BLAIR. simple observation, the latter combines also comparison: discernment and penetration are great aids * Vide Abbe Girard. "Discernement, jugement" 72 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. MENTAL, INTELLECTUAL. The power of memory, and the simple exercise of There is the same difference between mental and that power in the act of remembering, are possessed intellectueal as between mind and intellect: the mind in conmon, though in different degrees by man and comprehends tha thinking faculty in general with all brute; but recollection and reminiscence are exercises its operations; the intellect includes only that part of of the menory that are connected with the higher it which consists in understanding and judgement:faculties of man, his judgement and underslandiig. mental is therefore opposed to corporeal; intellectual T remember is to call to mind that which has once is opposed to sensual or physical: mental exertions are been presented to the mind; but to recollect is to not to be expected from all; intellectual enjoyments remember afresh, to remember what has been eentcafall to the lot of comparatively fevw. bered Lefore. Remembrance busies itself with objects Objects, pleasures, pains, operations, gifts, &c. are that are at hand; recollection carries us back to disdenominated mental; To collect and reposite the tant periods: simple remembrance is engaged in things various forms of things is far the most pleasing part that have but just left the mind, which are more or of mental occupation.'-JOHNSON. Subjects, conver- less easily to be recalled, and more or less faithfully to sation, pursuits, and the like, are entitled intellectual; be represented; but recollection tries to retrace the faint images of things that have been so long unthought Man's more divine, the master of all these, of as to be almost obliterated from the me-z.-y. II this Lord of the wide world, and wide wat'ry seas, manner we are said to remember in one half hour what Endued with intellectual sense and soul. was told us in the preceding half hour, or to remember SHAKSPEARE. what passes from one day to another; but we recollect It Is not always easy to distinguish our mental pleasures the incidents of childhood; we recollect what happened from those corporeal pleasures which we enjoy in corm- in our native place after many years' absence from it. mon with the brutes; the latter are however greatly The remembrance is that homely every-day exercise of heightened by the former in whatever'degree they are the memory which renders it of essential service in the blended: in a society of well-informed persons the con- acquirement of knowledge, or in the performance of versation will turn principally on intellectual subjects. one's duties;' Memory may be assisted by method, and the decays of knowledge repaired by stated times of recollection.'-JoansoN. The recollection is that exMEMORY, REMEMBRANCE, RECOLLECTION, alted exercise of the memory which affords us the purest REMtNISCENCE. of enjoyments, and serves the noblest of purposes; the.Memory, in Latin memoria or memos, Greek ypvr4ov recollection of all the minute incidents of childhood is and yvaoyat, comes, in all probability, from Eiros, the a more sincere pleasure than any which the present mind, because memory is the principal faculty of the moment can afford. mind; remembrance, from the verb remember, con- Reminiscence, if it deserve any notice as a word of tracted from re and memoro, to bring backl to the mind, English use, is altogether an abstract exercise of the is a verbal substantive, denoting the exercise of that memory, which is employed on purely intellectual ideas faculty; recollection, from recollect, compounded of re. in distinction from those which are awakened by senand collect, signifies collecting again, i. e. carefully, sible objects; the mathematician makes use of r'emiand from different quarters by an effort of the memory; nziscence in deducing unknown truths from those which reminiscence, in Latin reminiscentia, from reminiscor he already knows;' Reminiscence is the retrieving a and memor, is the bringing back to the mind what was thing at present forgot, or confusedly remembered, by there before. setting the mind to hunt over all its notions.'-SoUTH. JMemory is the power of recalling images once made Reminiscenlce among the disciples of Socrates was on the mind; remembrance, recollection, and remilis- the remembrasnce of things purely intellectual, or of cence, are operations or exertions of this powera which that natural knowledge which the souls had had before vary in their mode. their union with the body; while the memory was The memory is a power which exerts itself either in- exercised upon sensible things, or that knowledge which dependently of the swill, or in conformity with the will; was acquired through the medium of the senses; therebut all the other terms express the acts of conscious fore the Latins said that reminiscentia belonged excluagents, and consequently are more or less connected sively to man, because it was purely intellectual, but with the will. In dreams the memory exerts itself, but that memory was common to all animals, because it we should not say that we have then any remembrance was merely the depot of the senses; but this distincor recollection of objects. tion, from what has been before observed, is only pre Remembrance is the exercise of memory in a con- served as it respects the meaning of reminiscence. scious agent; it is the calling a thing back to the mind.Memory is a generic term, as has been already which has been there before, but has passed away; shown: it includes the common idea of reviving former Forgetfulness is necessary to remembanclce.'-JoHN- impressions, but does not qualify the nature of the soN. This may be the effect of repetition or habit, as ideas revived: the term is however extended in'its in the case of a child who remnembers his lesson after application to signify not merely a power, but also a having learned it several times; or of a horse who seat or resting place, as is likewise remembrance and remembers the road which he has been continually recollection; but still with this difference, that the passing; or it may bo the effect of association and cir- memory? is spacious, and contains every thing; the cumstances, by which images are casually brought remembrance and recollection are partial, and compreback to the mind, as happens to intelligent beings con- hend only passing events: we treasure up knowledge tinually as they exercise their thinking faculties; in our memory; the occurrences of the preceding year -Renmember thee! are still fresh in our remembrance or recollection. Ah, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat In this distracted globe.-SHAKSPEARE. FORGETFULNESS, OBLIVION. In these cases remembrance is an involuntary act; Forgetfulness characterizes the person, or that which for things return to the mind before one is aware of it, is personal; oblivion the state of the thing: the former as in the case of one who hears a particular name, and refers to him who forgets;' I have read in ancient remembers that he has to call on a person of the same authors invitations to lay aside care and. anxiety, and name; or of one who, on seeing a particular tree, give a loose to that pleasing forgetfulness wherein remembers all the circumstances of his youth which men put off their characters of business.'-STEELE. were connected with a similar tree. The latter to that which is forgotten; Remembrance is however likewise a voluntary act, O'er all the rest, an undistinguished crew, and the consequence of a direct determination, as in Her wing of deepest shade oblivion drew.-FALCONER the case of a child who strives to remember what it has been told by it's parent; or of a friend who remembers We blame a person for his forgetfulness; but we some. the hour of meeting another friend in consequence times bury things in obliviosu of the interest which it has excited in his mind: nay indeed experience teaches us that scarcely any thing in ordinary cases is more under the subservience of FANCY, IMAGINATION. the will than the memory; for it is now become almost Fancy, considered as a power, simply brings the ob a maxim to say, that one may remember whatever one ject to the mind, or makes it appear, from the Latin wishes. plhantasia, and the Greek kavtraain and Oaivo, to ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 73 appear; but imagzation. from image, in Latin imago, be indifferently employed in general discourse for or imitago, or imitatio, is a power which presents the thought; but the former term does nut on this account images or likenesses of things. The fancy, therefore, lose its characteristic meaning. only employs itself about things without regarding The imagination is not only the fruit of thoughlt, but their nature; but the imatgination aims at tracing a of peculiar thought: the thought may be another's; resemblance/"and getting a true copy; the imagination is one's own: the thought occurs and And as imagination bodies forth recurs; it comes and it goes; it is retained or rejected at The forms of things unknoyvn, the poet's pen the pleasure of the thinking being: the imagination is Turlns them to shape.-SHna~sPEARE. framed by special desire; it is cherished with the partiality of a parent for its offspring. The thoughts are The fancy consequently forms combinations, either busied with the surrounding objects; the.imaginations real or unreal, as chance may direct; but the imagisna- are employed on distant and strange objects; hence the'ion is seldorner led astray. The fancy is busy in thogshts are denominated sober, chaste, and the like; ireams, or when the mind is in a disordered state; the imiaginations, wild and extravagant. The thoughts There was a certain lady of thin airy shape, who engage the mind as circumstances give rise to them;.vas very active in this solemnity: her namle was they are always supposed to have a foundation in some Fancy.'-ADDISON. But the imagination is supposed thing: the imaginations, on the other hand, are often to act when the intellectual powers are in full play. the mere fruit of a disordered brain; they are always The fancy is employed on light and trivial objects, regarded as unsubstantial, if not unreal; they frewhich are present to the senses; the imagination soars quently owe their origin to the suggestions of the appeabove all worldly objects, and carries us from the world tites and passions; whence they are termed the imagi of matter into the world of spirits, from time present nations of the heart:'Different climates produce in to the time to come. A milliner or Inantua-maker may men, by a different mixture of the humours, a different 3mploy her fancy in the decorations of a cap or gown; and unequal course of imaginations and passions.' Philosophy! I say, and call it He; -TEMPLE. For whatsoe'er the painter's fancy be, It a male virtue seems to me. —COWLEY. IDEAL, IMAGINARY., But the poet's imaginations depicts every thing grand, every thing bold, and every thing remote;' Whatever Ideal does not strictly adhere to the sense of its prl be his subject, Milton never fails to fill the imagrila-e mitive idea (v. Idea): the idea is the representation of tion.'s-JoHNsoN. a real object in the mind; but ideal signifies belonging to Although Mr. Addison has thought proper, for his the idea independent ofthe reality or the external object. convenience, to use the wordsfancy and isisagination Imagisnary preserves the signification of its primitive promiscuously when writing on this subject, yet the imaginatin (n. Fancy, alo v. Idea), as denoting what distinction, as above pointed out, has been observed is created by the nind itself. both in familiar discourse and in writing. We say The ideal is not directly opposed to, but abstracted that we fancy, not that we imagine, that we see or from, the reality;'There is not, perhaps, in all the hear something; the pleasures of the imagination, not stores of ideal anguish, a thought more painful than the consciousness of having propagated corruption.'. — JOHNSON.'Tie imaginary, on the other hand, is directly opposed to the reality; it is the unreal thing formed by the imagination;' Superiour beings knosv IDEA, THOUGHT, IMAGINATION. well the vanity of those imaginary perfections that Idea, in Latin idea, Greek EtSEa, signifies the form or swell the heart of man.'-ADDIsoN. Ideal happiness image of an object, fiom EtieJ to see, that is, the thing is the happiness which is formed in the mind, without seen in the mind. Thought literally signifies the thing having any direct and actual prototype in nature; but thought, and imagination the thing imagied. it may, nevertheless, be something possible to be real The idea is the simple representation of an object; ized; it may be above nature, but not in direct contrathe thour ht is the reflection; and the imagination is' diction to it: the imaginary is that which is opposite to the combination of ideas: we have ideas of the some positive existing reality; the pleasure which a sun, the moon,' and all material objects; we have lunatic derives from the conceit of being a king is altothozghts on moral subjects; we have imaginlations gether imaginary. drawvn from the ideas already existing in the mind. The ideas are fornned; they are the rude materials with which the thinzking faculty exerts itself: the thoeughts INHERENT, INBRED, INBORN, INNATE. arise in the mind by means of association, or recur in the mind by the power of the memory; they are The isnheresnt, from hereo to stick, denotes a perma the materials with which the thinkling faculty empl]ovs nent quality or property, as opposed to that which is itself: the imaginations are created by the mind's re- adventitious and transitory. Inbre denotes that pro action on itself; they are the materials with which the perty which is derived principally from habit or by a understanding seeks to enrich itself. gradual process, as opposed to the one acquired by The word idea is not only the most general in sense, actual efforts. Insbon denotes that which is purely but the most universal in application; thought and natural, in opposition to the artificial. Isehes'ent is in itsu sense the most general.; for'wht is inbled and imsagination are particular terms used only in consnexion with thse agent thinhkzig or iznaginig,. All hinborn is naturally inherent; but all is not inbred and these words have therefore a distinct office, in which inbors which is inherent. Inanimate objects have they cannot properly be confounded with each other. inlement properties; but the inbred and inborn exist Idea is used in all cases for the mental representation, only in thatwhich receives life; solidity is all inherent, abstractedly from the agent that represents them: l hence but not an inbred or inborn property of matter: a love ideas are either clear or distinct; ideas are attached to of truth is an inborn property of the human mind: it words; ideas are analyzed, confounded, and the like- is consequently inherent, in as much as nothing cake in which cases the word thought could not be substi- totallydestroyt; tuted; Every, one finds that many of the ideas which When my new mind had no infusion known, he desired to retain have slipped away irretrievably.' Thou gav'st so deep a tincture of thine own, -JOHNSON. The thought belongs only to thinking and That ever since I vainly try rational beings: the brutes may be said to have ideas, To wash away th' inherent dye.-COWLEY. but not thoughts: hence thoueghts are either mean, fine, grovellilig, or sublime, according to the nature of the That which is inbred is bred or nurtured in us from onu mind in which they exist: birth; hence, likewise, the properties of animals art inbred in them, in as much as they are derived througl. The warring passions, and tumultuous thoughts the medium of the breed of which the parent partakes. That rage within theelR~ows. that which is isnbornL is simply born in us: a property Hence we say with more propriety, to indulge a may be inborn, but not inbred; it cannot, however, be thought, than to indulge an zdea; to express one's inbred and not inborn. Habits which are ingrafted thougihts, rather than one's ideas, on any subject: into the natural disposition are properly i7bred; whence although the latter term idea, on account of its compre- the vulgar proverb that'what is-bred in the bone ivill hensive use, mav without violation of any express rule never be out of the flesh;' to denote the influence M4 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. which parents have on the characters of their children, Apprehending is a momentary or sudden act; both physically and morally; Inam'd them as they pass'd, and understood But he, my inbred enemy, Their nature, with such knowledge God induced Forth issu'd, brandishing his fatal dart, My sudden apprehension.-MILTON. Made to destroy; I fled, and cry'd out death I Concezving, which is a process of nature, is often slow MILTON. and gradual, as to conceive a design;'This man coniropensities, on the other hand, which are totally inde- ceived the duke's death, but what was the motive of pendent of education or external circumstances, are that felonious conception is in the clouds.'-WOLTON. properly inborn, as an inborn love of freedom; What is conceived, is conclusive or at least deterDespair, and secret shame, and conscious thought inate;'A state of innocence and happiness is so Of inborn worth, his lab'ring soul oppress'd. remote from all that we have ever seen, that although DRYDEN. we can easily conlceive it is possible, yet our specula tions upon it must be general and confused.'-JOHNSON. Inborn and innate, from the Latin natus born, are What is a pprehended may be dubious or indetermiprecisely the samie in meaning, yet they differ somewhat nate: hence the term ppreend s taen in the sense inapplcation.oetr.n. g ha Date: hence the term apprehend is taken in the sense in application. Poetry and thle grave style have adtopted of fear; inbornn; philosophy has adopted ininate: genius is inborn inl some men; nobleness is inborn in others: Nothing is a misery, there is an inborn talent in some men to command, and Unless our weakness apprelend it so. an inborns fitness in others to obey. Mr. Locke and his Conceive and apprehend are exercises of the under followers are pleased to say, there is no such thing as standing; suppose and imagine of the imagination; innate ideas; and if they only mean that there are no but the former commonly sests on some ground of sensible impressions onl the soul, until it is acted uponr reality, the latter may be the mere offspring of the by external objects, they may be right: but if they mean brain. Suppose is used in opposition to positive knowto say that there are no inborn characters or powers in ledge; no person supposes that, of which he is posithe soul, which predispose it for the reception of certain tively informed;' It can scarce be supposed that the impressions, they contradict the experience of the mind is more vigorous when we sleep, than when we learned and the unlearned in all ages, who believe, and are awake.'-HAwwKIESWORTH. Imagine is employed that from close observation on themselves and others, for that which, in all probability, does not exist; we that man has, fromr his birth, not only the general cha- shall not imariine what is evident and undeniable; racter, which belongs to him in common with his'The Earl of Rivers did not imagine there could exist, species, but also those peculiar characteristicks which in a human formi, a mnother that would ruin her own distinguish individuals from their earliest infancy: all son without enriching herself.'-JoHNsoN (Life of these characters or characteristicks are, therefore, not Savage). supposed to be produced, but elicited, by circumstances; and the ideas, which are but the senlsible forms that the soul assumes in its connexion with the body, are, on that account, in vulgar language termed innate; TO CONCEIVE, UNDERSTAND, COM PREHEND. Grant these inventions of the crafty priest, Yet such inventions never could subsist, These terms indicate the intellectual operations of Unless some glimmerings of a future state forming ideas, that is, ideas of the complex kind in disWere with the mind coeval and innate. tinction from the simple ideas formed by the act of JENYNS. perception. To conceive, is to put together in the mind; to -understand, is to stand under, or near to the mind; to conprehend, from the Latin com or cure and TO CONCEIVE, APPREHEND, SUPPOSE, prehendo to take, signifies to seize or embrace in the IMAGINE. mind. Conception is the simplest operation of the three; To colceive, from the Latin concipio,or con and capio when we coceive we mayhavebut one idea when to put together, is to put anl image'together in the we uwderstacd or cow end we all the ideas mind, or to form an idea; to apprehend, front appre- which the subject is capable of presenting. We canhendo to lay hold of, is to seize with the understanding; not lnderstujd or cot prelend without coorn.vi.ng; to suppose, in French supposer, Latin sseppos rta o prerfectcrcing' to suppose, or French s.pposero atin.poseti,'perngt t e but we may often conceive that which we neither unof suLppone,0 or sub and pono to put one thing in the place of l another, is to have one thing in one's mind i desstand nor rsmprehrnd;'Whatever thay cannot place of another, is lo have one thing in ones mind in immediately conceive they consider as too high to be lF naniner, reached, or too extensive to be comprehentded.' — Latin imagino, from imago anl image, signifies to reflect JOHNSON. as an image or phantom in the wind. Zas an image or p.arton in t.a tiid. That which we cannot conceive is to us nothing; Conceive, in tae strict setise of the word, is the btt the coscCption of it gives it an existence, at least generick, the others the specifick terms: since in appre- in our m t ugterstandg or cpisehencling in our minds; but understanding or comprehending bending, ivmagiacing, and slsppositng, we always con- is not essential to the belief of a thing's existence. Sc ceiveor form an idea, but not vice versa; the difference long as we have reasons sufficient to conceive a thing as consists in the mode and objecng s we have reasns suffcient of thee a thing as co.sives of thin e as e orject oi the action: we possible or probable, it is not necessary either to underconceive of tings as proper or Improper, and just or stand or conprehend them in order to authorize our beunjust, right or wrong, good or bad, this is ala act of the sief. The mysteries of our holy religion areo of judgement;' Conceive of'things clearly and distinctly in t butnotof npeensio their own natures; conceive of things completely in all their own parts; conceive of things comprehensively in Our finite knowledge cannot comprehend all their properties and relations; conceive of things The principles of an abounded sway. —SaIRLEY. extensively in all their kinds; conceive of thingsorderly, We conceive that a thing may be done without sunderor in a proper method.'-WATTS. We apprehend the standing how it is done; we conceive that a thing may meaning of another; this is by the power of simple exist without comprehending the nature of its existperception; ence. We conceive clearly, understand fully, compreYet this I apprehend not, why to those hend minutely. Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth Conception is a species of invention; it is the fruit So maniy and so various laws are given.-MILTON. of the mind's ol)eration within itself;'If, by a more noble and more adequate conception that be considered; Apprehension is considered by logicians as the first noble and more adequate conceptisn that be coasidered JApprehension Is considered lay logicans as the first as wit which is at once natural and new, that which, power or operation of the mind being employed on the as wit which is at once natra and new, tat wi, power o. operntron.f the mind being employed though not obvious, is, upon its first production, acsimplest objects;'Simple apprehecsion dellotep no knowledged to be just; if it be that, which he that more than the soul's naked intellection of an object, never fouad it, wonders bow he missed; to wit of without either composition or deduction.'-GLANVILLE. this kind the metaphysical poets have seldom risen.'Conceiving is applied to objects of any magnitude JOHNSON. Understanding and csmps-ehension areernwhich are not above the stretch of human power; ployed solely on external objects; we,understand and O, what avails me now that honour high comprehend that which actually exists before us, and To have conceived of God,or that salute presents itself to our observation;'Swift pays no alour Hail highly favour'd, among women blest.-MInLTOe.,to the passions; he excites neither surprise nor adlim, ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 76 ration; lie always understands himself, and his read- ception (v. To comprehend); the association of two ol ers always understand him.'-JOHNSON. Conceiving more ideas, so as to constitute it a decision, is a notion is the office of the imagination, as well as the judge- Perceptions are clear or confused, according to the ment; *onderstanding and comprehension are the office state of the sensible organs, and theperceptive faculty of the reasoning faculties exclusively. ideas are faint or vivid, vague or distinct, according to o' Conceiving is employed with regard to matters of thle nature of the perception, conceptions are gross of taste, to arralgemests, designs, and projects; under- refined according to the number and extent of one's standing is employed on familiar objects which pre- ideas; notions are true or false, correct or incorrect, sent themlselves in the ordinary discourse and business according to the extent of one's knowledge. The perof men; comprehending respects principles, lessons, ception which we have of remote objects is sometimes and speculative knowledge in general. The artist so indistinct as to leave hardly any traces of the image conceives a design, and lie who will execute it must on the mind; we have in that case a perception, but understand it; the poet conceives that which is grand not an idea. and sublime, and lie who will enjoy the perusal of his What can the fondest mother wish for more, conceptions must have refinement of mind, and ca- Ev'n for her darling son, than solid sense, pacity to comprehend the grand and sublime. The Perceptions clear, and flowl)g eloquence.-WYNNE. builder conceives plans, the scholar understands languages, the metaphysician comprehends subtle ques- we read the description of any object, we may have tions. an idea of it; but we need not have. any immediate A ready conception supplies us with a stock of ideas perception: the idea in this case being complex, and on anll subjects; a quick unLderstandin catches the formed of many images of which we have already had intentions of others with half a word; a penetrating a perception;'Imagination selects ideas from the mind comnprehesnds the abstrusest points. There are treasures of rememnbrance.'-JoHNSON. Isuoonir beings involved in such profolunid ignorance, If we present objects to our minds, according to dif that they cannot conceive of the most ordinary thingserent images which have already been impressed, we that exist in civilized life: there are those who, though are said to have a conception of them: in this case, slow at 2nsedrsStaediseg words, will be quick at sender- however, it is not necessary for the objects really to standing looks and signs: and there are others who, exist; they may be the offspring of the mind's operathough dcll at conceivizng or understandisng common tion within itself;' It is not a head that is filled with matters, will have a power for comprehending the extravagant conceptions, which is capable of furnishabstruser parts of tie mathematics. ing the world with diversions of this nature (from humour).' —ADDISON. But with regard to notions it is different, for they are formed respecting objects that do CONCEPTION, NOTION. really exist, although perhapsthe properties or circumConception, from conceive (v. To conceive), signifies stances which we assign to them are not real;'Those tlie thicicg coslceived; notion, il French notion, Latin ntions whlich are to be collected by reason, ii opposinotio, fromnotes participle of nosco to know, signifies tioce to the senses, will seldom stand forward ic the tile thing known. mind, but be treasured in the remoter repositories of (Jcnception is the mind's own work, what it pictures the Illemory.'-JOHNSON. If I look at the moon, I to itself fromn the exercise of its own powers;' Words nave a perception of it; if it disappear from my sight, signify not immediately and primely things themselves, and the imnpression remains I have an idea of it; if an best the conceptioss of the mind conccerning things'-object, differing in shape and colour from that or any SoUTH. JNotion is thie representation of objects as thing else which I may have seen, present itself to my they are drawn from observation; I The story of mind, it is a conception; if of this moon I conceive Telemachcus is formed altogether in the spirit of that it is no bigger than what it appears to my eye, this Homer, and will give an unlearned reader a notion of is a eotion, which in the present instance, assigns an that great poet's manner of writing.'-ADDISON. Con- unreal property to a real object. ceptions are the fruit of the imagination;' It is natural for the imnaginations of men who lead their lives in too TO THINK, SUPPOSE, IMAGINE, BELIEVE, solitary a manner to prey upon themselves, and form DEEM. from their own conceptions beings and things which To think, in Saxon thincasm, German deilken, &c. have no place in nature.'-STEELE. NJVotions are the from the Hebrew?I to rule or judge, is the generick result of reflection and experience;' Considering that term. It expresses, in common with the other terms, the happiness of the other world is to be the happiness the act of having a particular idea in the mind; but it of the whole man, who can question, but there is an is indefinite as to the mode and the object of the infinite variety in those pleasures we are speaking of? action. To think may be the act of the understand Revelation, likewise, very much confirms this notioe ing, or merely of the zmar ination: to suppose and under the different views it gives us of our future hap- imagise are rather the acts of the imagination than of piness.'-ADDISON. Conceptiones are formed; notions the understanding. To think, that is, to have any are entertained. Conceptions are either grand or mean, thought or opinion upomn a subject, requires reflection: gross or sublime, either clear or indistinct, crude orit is the work of time; distinct; notiones are either true or false, just or absurd. Intellectual culture serves to elevate the conceptions; If to conceive how any thing can be the extension of knowledge serves to correct and refine From shape extracted, and locality, the notions. Is hard: what think you of the Deity? —JENYNS. Some heathen philosophers had an indistinct concep- To suppose and imagine may be the acts of the motion of the Deity, whose attributes and character are mIent. We think a thing right or wrong; we suppose unfolded to us in his revelation: the ignorant have it to be true or false;'It is absurd to suppose that often false notions of their duty and obligations to while the relations, in which we stand to our fellowtheir superiours. The unenlightened express their gross creatures, naturally call forth certain sentiments and and crude conceptions of a Superiour Being by some affections, there should be none to correspond to the material and visible object: the vulgar notion of first and greatest of allbeings.'-BLAIR. We imaogine ghosts and spirits is not entirely banished from the it to be real or unreal. To think is employed promismost cultivated parts of England. cuously in regard to all objects, whether actually existing or not: to suppose applies to those which are urn-,, CONEPTION, OTION. certain or precarious; imagine, to those which are unPERCEPTION, IDEA, CONCEPTION, NOTION. real; IHow ridiculous must it be to imagine that the Perception expresses either the act of perceiving or clergy of England favour popery, when they cannot be the impression produced by that act; in this latter clergyvnenwithoutirenouncingit.'-BEVERIDGE. Thisnk sense it is analogous to an idea (v. Idea). The im- and imagine are said of that which affects the senses pression of an object that is present to us is termed a immediately; suppose is only said of that which oc perception; the revival of that impression, when the cupies the mind. We think that we hear a noise as object is removed, is an idea. A combination of ideas soon as the sound catches otur attention; in certain by which any image is presented to the mind is a con- states of the body or mind we imagine we hear noises which were never made: we think that a person will * Vide Abbe Girard: "Entendre, comprendre, con- come to-day, because he has informned us that he in oevoir." tends to do so; we suppose that he will come to-day, 76 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. at a certain hour, because he came at the same hour Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile, yesterday. Pond'ring his voyage.-MILTON. When applied to the events and circumstances of One Muses on the happy events of his childhood;'1 life, to think may be applied to any time, past, present, was sitting on a sofa one evening, after I had been or to come, or whe'e no time is expressed: to suppose caressed by Amurath, and my imagination kindled as is more aptly applied to a future time; and imagine to I mused.'-HAWKE SWORTH. a past or present time. We think that a person has done a thing, is doing it, or will do it; we suppose that he will do it; we imragine that he has done it, or TO CONTEMPLATE, MEDITATE, MUSE. is doing it. A person thinks that he will die; imagines Contemplate, in Latin contemplatus, participle of that he is in a dangerous way: we think that the contempl probably comes from templum the temple eontemplor, probably comes from terplum the temple, weather will be fine to-day, we suppose that the affair that being the place most fitted for contemplation. will be decided. *.Meditate, in Latin meditates, participle of meditor, In regard to moral points, in which case the word is pobably changed from melitor, in Greek ptXrw, deem may be compared with the others; to thitk is a to modulate, or attune the thoughts, as sounds are harconclusion drawn from certain. premises. I think that monlzed. JMuse is derived from musa, owing to the a man has acted wrong: to suppose is to take up an connexion between the harmony of a song, ando he idea arbitrarily or at pleasure; we argue upon a harmbny of the thoughts in musing. supposed case, merely for the sake of argument: to Different species of reflection are marked by these imagine is to take up an idea by accident, or without terms. any connexion with the truth or reality; we imagine We contemplate what is present or before our eyes; that a person is offended with us, without being able ve meditate on what is past or absent; we muse on to assign a single reason for the idea; imapinary evils what is present or past. are even more numerous than those which are real: The heavens, and all the works of the Creator, are to deem is to form a conclusion; things are dedemed of contemplation;'I sincerely wish myself hurtful or otherwise in consequence of observation; with you to contemplate the wonders of God in the' An empty house is by the players deemed the most firmament, rather than the madness of man on the dreadful sign of popular disapprobationl.' —Haw KEs - earth.'-POPE. The ways of Providence are fit subWORTH. jects for meditation;' But a very small part of the To think and believe are both opposite to knowing moments spent in meditation on the past, produce any or perceiving; but to think is a mere partial action reasonable caution or salutary sorrow.' —JoHso N. than to believe: we think as the thing strikes tus at One muses on the events or circumstances which have the time; we believe from a settled deduction: hence, it been just passing. expresses much less to say that I think a person speaks We may contemplate and meditate for the future, the truth, than that I believe that he speaks the truth; but never muse. In this case the two former terms For they can conquer wtho believe they can. —DRYDEN. have the sense of contriving or purposing: what is I think, from what I can recollect, that such and contemplated to be done, is thought of more indissuch were the words, is a vague mode of speech, not tunctly than when it is meditated to be done: many admissible in a court of law as positive evidence: the things are had in contemplation which are never natural question which follows upon this is, do you seriously meditated upon;' Life is the immediate gift'irmly believe it! to which, whoever can answver in the of God, a right inherent by nature in every individual, ffirmative, with She appearance of sincerity, mst be and it begins in contemplation of law as soon as an adfmitted as a testinony. Hpence it arises, that the infant is able to stir in the mother's womb.'-BLACKword can only be employed in matters that require but STONE. Between contenmplatinLg and meditating there ittle thought in order to come to a conclusion; and is oftener a greaterdifference than between meditating $elieve is applicable to things that must be admitted executing; La'ly on substantial evidence. We are at liberty to say Thus plung'd in ills and meditating more,,hat I think, or I believe, that the account is made out The people's patience, tried, no longer bore ig.ht; but we must say, that I believe, not think, that The raging monster.-DRYDEN. Pie Bible is the word of God. Contemplation may be a temporary action directed to a single object;'There is not any property or circumstances of my being that I contemplate with more TO THINK, REFLECT, PONDER, MUSE. joy than my immortality.'-BERKELEY. JMeditating Thiink, in Saxon tAhinca,, German deniken, e,., tis a permanent and serious action directed to several tomes from the Hebrew Jq, to direct, rule, or judge; objects;'Jedtate till you make sone act of piety reflect, in Latin reflecto, signifies literally to bend upontheoccasiol ofwhat you neditate,either get some sack, that is, to bend the mind back on itself; ponder, new arguments against sin, or some new encouragefrom pondus a weight, signifies to weigh; muse, from ment to virtue.'-TAYLoR. JIusig is partial and unmusa, a song, signifies to dwell upon with the imagi- be neglected ithot iljlts a religious duty, it cannot be neglected without injury to a person's spiritual imTo t2hi? is a general and indefinite term; to reflect provemernt; o nutsiod is a temporary. employment of the is a particular mode of thinking; to ponder and muse mind on the ordinary concerns of life, as they happen are different modes of reflecting, the former on grave to excite an interest for the time; matters, the latter on matters that interest either the JlIusing as wont on this and that, affections or the imagination: we thinok whenever we Such trifles as I know not what.-FRANCIs. receive or recall an idea to the mind; but we reflect Contemplative and musing, as epithets, have a only by recalling, not one only, but many ideas: we strong analogy to each other. think if we only suffer the ideas to revolve in succes- Contemplative is a habit of the mind; musing is a sion in the mind: but in reflecting we compare, com- particular state of the mind. A person may have a bine, and judge of those ideas which thus pass in the contemplative turn, or be in a musing mood. mind: we think, therefore, of things past, as they are pleasurable or otherwise; we reflect upon them as they are applicable to our present condition: we may think on things past, present, or to come; we reect, ponder,ID REFLECT. and nmuse mostly on that which is past or present. Consider, in French considerer, Latin conszdero, The marl thinks on the days of his childhood, and a factative, from consido to sit down, signifies to.wishes them back; the child thinks on the time when make to settle in the mind. _Reflect, in Latin reflecto, he shall be a man, and is impatient until it is come; compounded of re and flecto,, signifies to turn back, or'No man was ever weary of thinking, much less of upon itself, after the manner of the mind. thinking that he had done well or virtuously.'-SOUTH. The operation of thought is expressed by these two A man reflects on his past follies, and tries to profit words, but it varies in the circumstances of the action. by experience;' Let men but reflect upon their own Consideration is employed for practical purposes, observation, and consider impartially with- themselves reflection for matters of speculation or moral imlprovehow few in the world they have known nlade better ment. Common objects call for consideration; the by age.' —SOUTH. One ponders on any serious concern workings of the mind itself, or objects purely spiritual, that affects his destiny; occupy reflection. It is necessary to consider what is ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 77 proper to be done, before we take any step;' It seems TO ARGUE, EVINCE, PROVE. necessary, in the choice of persons for greater employ- To arue, from the Latin arguo, and the Greek ments, to consider their bodies as well as their minds, dpyoS clear, signifies to make clear; to evince, in Latin and ages and health as well as their abilities.'-Tem-e co, compounded of vinco to prove or make out, and PLE. It is consistent with our natures, as rational e forth, signifies to bring to light, to make to appear beings, to reflect on what we are, what we ought to be, clear; to pove, in French prouver, in Latis probe, and what we shall be;' Whoever reflects frequently from probus good, signifies to make good, or make to on the uncertainty of his own duration, will find out appear good. that the state of others is not more permanent than his These terms in general convey the idea of evidence, own.'-JOHNSON..but with gradations: argue denotes the smallest degree, Without consideration we shall naturally commit and prove the highest degree. To argue is to serve the most flagrant errors; without reflection we shall an indication amounting to probability; to evince never understand our duty to our Maker, our neigh- denotes an indication so clear as to remove doubt; to hour, and ourselves. prove marks an evidence so positive as to produce conviction. TO CONSIDER, REGARD. It argues a want of candour in any man to conceal circumstances in his statement which are any ways To consider (v. To consider) signifies to take a view calculated to affect the subject in question; i It is not of a thing in the mind, which is the result of thought; the being singular, but being singular for something to refgfard is literally to look back slpon, front the tlat argues either extraordinary endowments of nature French regarded, thlat is. re and gader, to keep or or benevolent intentions to mankind, which draws the watch, which is derived fromr the old German wahren admiration and esteem of the wvorld.'-BEsRKELE Y. to see, of w-hich there are still traces in the words The tenour of a person's conversation may evince the bewahren to guard against, swarren to wait, and the refinement of his mind and the purity of his taste; English to be aware of.'The nature of the soul itself, and particularly its There is more caution or thought in considering; immateriality, has, I think, been evinced almost to a more personal interest in regarding. A man may demonstration.'-AnDIso N. W'hen we see mnen sacriconsider his reputation so as to be deterred from ficing their peace of mind and even their integrity of taking a particular step; if he regards his reputation, character to ambition, it proves to ut'show important it this regard has a general influence on all ihe does. is even in early life to checkl this natural, and in some'The king had not, at that time, one person about measure laudable, but still insinuating and dangerous him of his council, wvlo had the least consideration of passion; his own honour, or friendship for those who sat at What object, what event the helhn of affairs, the Duke of Lennox excepted.'- Wt arges or endearst the moon beneath, GLaRENDON. -~Bullt argltes or endears an after-scene. If much you note him, To reason proves, or weds it to desire?-YOUNG'Y ou offend him; feed and regard him not. SHAKCSPEARsa. ARGUIMENT, REASON, PROOF. A similar distinction exists between these words Argument, from argue (v. To argue), signifies either when not expressly personal: to consider a thing in a the thing that argues, or that which is brought forward certain light, is to take a steady view of it;'I con- in arguing: reason, in French raison, Latin ratto, sider the soul of man as the ruin of a glorious pile of fronl ratsus, participle of reor to think, signifies the buildings.'-STSEELE. To regard a thing is to view thing thought or estimated itl the mifid by the power it with a certain interest;' I regard trade not only as of reason; proof, from to prove, signifies the thing that highly advantageous to the conmmonwealth in general, proves. but as the most natural and likely nethod of msnaking a An argument serves for defence; a reason for justiman's fortune.'-BUDGELL. fication; a proof for convictiont. qArgu7mets are adduced in support of an hypothesis or proposition; CONSIDERATION, REASON.'When the arguments press equally on both sides in matters that are indifferent to us, the safest method is Consideration, or that which enters into a person's to give up ourselves to neitlher.'-ADDISON. Reasons consideration, has a reference to the person consider- are assigned in matters of belief and practice; ing. Reason, or that which influences the reason, is friend's eperience jon'd, taken absolutely: considerations are therefore for the most part partial, as affectisng particular interests, or Encourag'd uuch, but nore disturb'd his sind. dependent on particular circumstances.' He had been DPvaEN. made general upon very partial, and not enough de- Proofs are collected to ascertain a fact; liberated considerations.'-CLARENDo N. One soul in both, whereof good proof Reasons on the contrary may be general, and vary This day affords. —MILTON. according to the nature of the subject;' The reasons Argsaments are either strong or weak; reasons solid assigned in a law of the 36th year of Edward III. for ua futile; proofs clear and positive, or vague and indehaving pleas and judgements in the English tongue, finite. We confute an argument, overpower a reasoTs, msight have been urged for having the laws themselves and invalidate a proof. Whoever wishes to defend in that language.' —TYrRWHTT. Christianity will be in no want of arguments;' This. When applied to matters of practice the considera- before revelation had enlightened the world, was the tion influences the particular actions of an individual very best argsument for a future state.' —ATTERBURY. or individuals; no consideration of profit or emolument The believer need never be at a loss to give a reason should induce a person to forfeit his word;' He was for the hope that is in him;' Virtue and vice are not obliged, antecedent to all bther consider-ations, to arbitrary things, but there is a natural and eternal search an asylum.'-DI)RYDEN. reason for that goodness and virtue, and against The reason influences a line of conduct; the reasons vice and wickedness.'-TILLOTSON. Throughout the which men assign for their conduct are often as absurd whole of Divine revelation there is no circumstance as they are false; that is substantiated with such irrefragable proofs as I mask the business from the common eye the resurrection of our Saviour; For sundry weighty reasons.-SuAKsESPEARE. Are there (still nlore amazing!) who resist In the same manner, when applied to matters of The rising thought, who smother in its birth theory, the cosnsideration is that which enters into a The glorious truth, who struggle to be brutes? man's consideration, or which he offers to the consider- Who fight the proofs of immortality?-Youov. ationl of others;'The folly of ascribing temporal punishiments to any particular crimes, may appear rom CAUSE, REASON, MOTIVE. several considerations.'-ADDISON. The reasosn is that which flows out of the nature of the thing;' If it be Cause is supposed to signify originally the same as natural, ought we not rather to conclude that there is case; it means however now, by distinction, the case sorme ground or reason for those fears, and that nature or thing happening before another as its cause; the hath not planted them in us to no purpose' —TIL- reason is the thing that acts on the reason or under. LOTSON. standing; the motive, in French motif, from the Latin 78 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. motus participle of moveo to move, is that which fall of rain or snow;'You might, from the single peo-. brings into action. pie departed, make some useful inferences or guesses Cause respects the order and connexion of things; how many there are left unmarried.'-STEELE. We reason the movements and operations of the mind; deduce from a combination of facts, inferelces, and motives the movements of the mind and body. Cause is assertions, that a story is fabricated;' There is a conproperly the generick; reason and motive are specifick: sequence which seems very naturally deducible from -very reason or motive is a cause, but every cause is the foregoingconsiderations. If the scale of being rises not a reason or motive. by such a'regular progress so high as man, we may by Cause is said of all inanimate objects; reason and a parity of reason suppose that it still proceeds gradumotive of rational agents: whatever happens in the ally through those beings which are of a superior world, happens from some cause mediate or imme- nature'to him.'-ADDIso N. Hasty conclusions betray diate; the primary or first cause of all, is God;'The a want of judgement, or firmness of mind: contrary wise and learned among the very heathens themselves, inferences are frequently drawn from the same circumhave all acknowledged some first cause, whereupon stances to serve the purposes of party, and support a originally the being of all things dependeth, neither favourite position; the deductions in such cases are not have they otherwise spoken of that cause, than as an unfiequently true when the inferences are false. agent which, knoowing what and why it worketh, obscrveth in working a most exact order or law.'HOOKER. Whatever opinions men hold, they ought to BELIEF, CREDIT, TRUST, FAITH. be able to assign a substantial reason for them;'If we Belief, from believe, in Saxon gelyfan, geleavan, in commemorate any mystery of our redemption, or arti- Germanglauben, kilauban, &c. comes, in all possibility, cle of our faith, we ought to confirm our belief of it by from lief, in German beliebel to please, and the Latin considering all those reasons upon which it is built.' —liet it pleaseth, signifying the pleasure or assent of tile ANELSON. For whatever men do they ought to have a mind. Credit, in French credit, Latin creditus, partisufficient, motive;' Every principle that is a motive to ciple of creds, compounded of cor the heart, and do to good actions ought to be encouraged.'-ADDIsoN. give, signifies also giving the heart. Trust is conAs the cause gives birth to the effect, so does the nected with the old word troe, in Saxon tresOias, reason give birth to theconclusion, and the motive gives German traheee, old German tZravails, tSlrxeve?, &c. to birth to the action. Between cause and effect there is hold true, and probably from the Greek tppeev to have a necessary connexion: whatever in the natural world confidence, signifying to depend upOn as true. Fai is capable of giving birth to another'thing is an ade- confidence, signifying to depend upo, signifies a lso dein Latin fides, from fido to confide, signifies also decluate cacese;' pendence upon as true. Cut off the caueses, and the effects will cease, Belief is the generick term, the othqrs specifick; we And all the moving madness fall to peace. believe when we credit and trust, but not always vice DRYDEN. versd. Belief rests on no particular person or thing; But in the moral world there is not a necessary con- but credit and trust rest on the authority of one or nexione between reasons and their results, or motives nmore individuals. Every thing is the subject of belief and their actions: the state of the agent's mind is not which produces one's assent: the events of huenae lite always such as to be acted upon according to the are credited upon the authority of the narrator: the nature of things; every adequate reason will not be fol- words, promises, or the integrity of individuals are lowed by its natural coecclcsion, for every sean will not trusted: the power of persons and the virtue of things believe who has reasons top elieve, nor yield to the are objects offaith. reasons that would lead to a right belief: and every Belief and credit are particular actions, or sentimotive will not be accomlpanied witll its correspondinlg meats: trust and faith are permanent dispositions of action, for every mane will not act who hlas a motive the mind. Things are entitled to our belief; persons for acting, nor act in the maann er in which his ustives mare entitled to our credit: bet people repose a trust in ought to dictate: the causes of our diseases often lie as others; or have a faith in others. hidden as the reasons of our opinions, and the motives Or belief or csbelief is not always regulated by our for our actions. reasoning faculties, or the truth of things: we often believe from prejudice and ignorance, things to be true which are very false; CONCLUSION, INFERENCE, DEDUCTION. Oh! I've heard him talk Conclusion, fiom conclude, and the Latin conclaucdo, Like the first-born child of love, when every word or con and cludo to shut up, signifies literally the Spoke in his eyes, and wept to be believ'd, winding up of all arguments and reasoning; inferenlce, And all to ruin me.-SOUTHERN. from infer, in Latin infero, signifies what is broueht With tie bulk of mankind, assurance goes further in; deduction, from deduclt, in Latin deductus and than any thing else in obtaining credit: gross falsededuco to bring out, signifies the bringing or drawing hoods, pronounced with confidence, will be credited one thing fiom another, sooner than plain truths told in an unvarnished style; A conclusion is full and decisive; an inference is partial and indecisive: a conclusion leaves tihe mind ie no Oh I will credit my Scamadra's tears! doubt or hesitation; it puts a stop to all farther rea- Nor think them drops of chance like other women's. soning; LE. I only deal by rules of art, There are no disappointments more severe than those Such as are lawful, and judge by which we feel on finding that we have trusted to men Conclusions of asttrology.-lHoDIBRa s. of base principles; fleferences are special conclusions from particular cir- Capricious man! To good or ill inconstant cutmstances; they serve as links in the chain of reason- Too much to fear or trust is equal weakness. ing;'TIhough it may chance to be right in the con- JOHNSON. clusion, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of Ignorant people have commonly a more implicit faith inference.'-GLANVILLE. Conchlesion in the logical in any nostrum recommended to them by persons of sense is the concluding proposition in a syllogism, their own class, than in the prescriptions of professional drawn from the two others, whllich are called the pre- men regularly educated; enises, and may eache of thesm be inferences. For faith repos'd on seas and on the flatt'ring slky Concluzsions are drawn from real facts, inferences Thy naled corpse is doomed on shores unlnown to lie are drawn from the appearances of things, deducltions DRYDEN. only from arguments or assertions. Conclusions are practical; isnferences ratiocinative; dsedections are Belief, trust, and faith have a religious application, final. which credit has not. Belief is simply an act of the We conclde from a person's condct or declarations understanding; trust and faith are active moving what lhe intends to do, or leave undone; principles of the mind in which the heart is concerned. praises wine, and we cnclde from the Belief does not extend beyond an assent of the mind to He praises wine, and w e conclude from thence any given proposition; trust and faith are lively senHe lil'd his glass, on his own evidence.-ADDISON. timents which impel to action. Belief is to trust and We infer from the appearance of the clouds, or the faith, as cause to effect: there may be belief without thickness of the atmosphere, that there will be a heavd either trust or fait:l; but there can be no trust eot ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 79 Jazth witho ut belief: we believe that there is a God, indifference:'Philoclea's beauty not only persuaded, who is the creator and preserver of all his creatures; but so persuaded that all hearts must yield.'-SIDNEY we therefore trust in himn for his protection of our- The first step to true repentance is a thorough convicselves: we believe that Jesus Christ died for the sins of tion of the enormity of sin. The cure of people's malamen; we have therefore faith in his redeeming grace dies is soretimes promoted to a surprising degree by to save us from our sins. their persuasion of the efficacy of the remedy. Belief is common to all religions;'The Epicureans As conviction is the effect of substantial evidence, it contented themselves with the denial of a Providence, is solid and.permanent in its nature; it cannot be so asserting at the same time the existence of gods in easily changed and deceived; persuasion, depending on general: because they would not shock the common our feelings, is influenced by external objects, and exbelief of nlankind.'-ADDISON. Trust is peculiar to posed to various changes; it may vary both in the the believers in Divine revelation;' What can be a degree and in the object. Conviction answers in our stronger motive to a firm trust and reliance on the minds to positive certainty; persuasion answers to promercies of our Maker, than the giving us his Son to bability. suffer for us' —A)DISON. Faith is employed by dis- The practical truths of Christianity demand our tinction for the Christian faith;' The faith or persua- deepest conviction;' When men have settled in themsion of a Divine revelation is a Divine faith, not only selves a conviction that there is nothing honourable with respect to the object of it, but likewise in respect which is not accompanied with innocence; nothing of the author of it, which is the Divine Spirit.'-TIL- mean but what has guilt in it; riches, pleasures, and LOTSON. Belief is purely speculative; and trust and honours will easily lose their charms, if they stand be faith are operative: the for mer operates on the mind; tween us and our integrity.'-STEELE. Of the specu the latter on the outward conduct. Trust illn God lativetruths of Christianity we ought to have arationat serves to dispel all anxious concern about the future. persuasion;' Let the mind be possessed with the per"Faith," says the Apostle,'is dead without works." suasion of immortal happiness annexed to the act, and Theorists substitute belief for faith; enthusiasts mnis- there will be no want of candidates to struggle for the take passion for faith. True faith must be grounded gl.rious prerogative.'-CUMBERLAND. on a right belief, and accompanied with aright practice. The conviction of the truth or falsehood of thal which we have been accustomed to condemn or admire cannot be effected without powerful means; but ws FAITH, CREED. may be persuaded of the propriety of a thing to-day Faith (v. Belief) denotes either the principle of which to-morrow we shall regard with indifference trusting, or the thing trusted; creed, from the Latin We ought to be convinced of the propriety of avoiding credo to believe, denotes the thing believed. every thing which can interfere with the good order of These words are synonymous when taken for the society; we may be persuaded of the truth of a person's thing trusted in or believed; but they differ in this, that narrative or not, according to the representation made faith has always a reference to the principle in the to us: we may be persuaded to pursue any study or lay mind; creed only respects the thing which is the object it aside. of faith: the ~ former is likewise taken generally and indefinitely; the latter particularly and definitely, signifying a set form or a code of faith; hence we say, UNBELIEF, INFIDELITY, INCREDULITY to be of the same faith, or to adopt the same creed. Unbelief (v. Belief) respects matters in general; infi The holy martyrs died for the faith, as it is in Christ delity, fromnfides faithful, is unbelief as respects Divine Jesus;'St. Paul affirms that a sinner is at first justified revelation; incredulity is unbelief in ordinary matters and received into the favour of God, by a sincere pro- Unbelief is taken in an indefinite and negative sense; fession of the Christian faith.'-TILLOTSO N. Every it is the want of belief in any particular thing that may established form of religion will have its peculiar creed. or may not be believed: infidelity is a more active state Tihe Church of England has adopted that creed which of mind; it supposes a violent and total rejection of that it considers as containing the purest principles of which ought to be believed: incredulity is also an active Christian faith;'Supposing all the great points of state of mind, in which we oppose a belief to matter. atheism were formed into a kind of creed, I would fain that may be rejected. Unbelief does not of itself con ask whether it would not require an infinitely greater vey any reproachful meaning; it depends upon the measure of faith than any set of articles which they thing disbelieved; we may be umbelievers in indifferent so violently oppose 1'-ADDISON. as well as the mlost important matters; but absolutely taken it means one who disbelieves sacred truths;' Such a universal acquaintance with things will keelp CONVICTION, PERSUASION. you from an excess of credulity and unbelief;. e. a CoLnvicttosn, from convince, denotes either the act of readiness to believe ordeny every thing at first hearing.' convincingor the stateof beingconvinsced; persuasion, -WATTS.'One gets by heart a catalogue of title which, from the Latin persuadeo, or suadeo, and the pages and editions; and immediately, to become conGreek hu3sg sweet, signifies to make thoroughly agree- spicuous, declares that he is an unbeliever.'-ADDISON. hble to timhe taste, expresses likewise the act of per- I7nfidelity is taken in the worst sense for a blind and ss"ading, or the state of being persuaded. senseless perversity in refusing belief;' Belief and proWVhat convinces binds; what persuades attracts. fession will speak a Christian but very faintly, when We sunvence by arguments; it is the understanding thy conversation proclaims thee an infidel.'-SouTH which determines we are persuaded by entreaties and Incredulity is often a mark of wisdom, and not unfrepersonal tfiuence; it is the imagination, the passions, quently a mark of the contrary;' I am not altogether or the wili which decide. Our conviction respects incredulous that there maybe such candles as are made solely matter'sof belief or faith;' When therefore the of salamander's wood, being a kind of mineral which Apostle requilmth ability to convict hereticks, can we whiteneth in the burning and conslnmeth not.'-BAcoN. think he judgetst it a thing unlawful, and not rather' The youth hears all the predictions of the aged witl, needful, to use the Principal instrument of their convic- obstinate incredulity.'-JoHNsoN. The Jews are unba tion, the light of rea-mn.'-IIloo ER. Our persuasion lievers ill the mission of our Saviour; the Turks are respects matters of belief or practice; I should be glad znfidels, inasmuch as they do not believe in the Bible if I could persuade him tq write such another critique Deists and Atheists are likewise infidels, inasmuch a, on any thing of mine, for when he condemns any of my they set themselves up against Divine revelation; well poems, he makes the world have a better opinion of informed people are always incredulous of stories them.'-DRYDEN. We are cosetinced that a thing. is respecting ghosts and apparitions, true or false; we are persuaded ttat it is either right or wrong, advantageous or the contray. A person will have half effected a thing who is convinced that it is in DISBELIEF, UNBELIEF his power to effect it; he will be easily persuaded to do Disbelief properly implies the believing that a thing that which favours his own interests. is not, or refusing to believe that it is. Unbelief exConviction respects our most important duties presses properly a believing the contrary of what one'Their wisdom is only of this world, to put false has believed before: disbelief is qualified as to its nature colours upon things, to call good evil, and evil good, by the thing disbelieved:'The belief or disbelief of a against the conviction of their own consciences.'- thing does not alter the nature of the thing.'-TILLOTSWIFT Persuasion is frequently applied to matters of soN. Oulr disbelief of the idle tales which are told b 80 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. beggars, is justified by the frequent detection of their but such as admit its authority: the tenets of repu'b falsehood;' The atheist has not found his'post tenable, licans, levellers, and- freethinkers, have been unblushand is therefore retired into deism, and a disbelief of ingly maintained both in publick and private. revealed religion only.' —ADDISON. Our Saviour had compassion on Thomas for his unbelief, and gave him such evidences of his identity, as dissipated every TENET, POSITION. doubt; I The opposites to faith are Lunbelief and credu- The tenet (v. Doctrine) is the opinion which we lity.'-TILLOTSON. hold in our own minds; the position is that which we lay down for others. Our tenets may be hurtful, out DOCTRINE<, PRECEPT, PRINCIPLE. positiotns false. He who gives up his tenets readily evinces an unstable mind; he who argues on a false Doc trine, in French doctrine, Latin doctrina, from position shows more tenacity and subtlety than good doceo to teach, signifies the thing taught; precept, from sense. The tenets of the different denominations of the Latin pr(ecipio, signifies the thing laid down; and Christians are scarcely to be known or distinguished; principle, in French principe, Latin principium, signi- they often rest upon such trivial points;' The occafies the beginning of things, that is, their first or origi- sion of Luther's being first disgusted with the tenets nal component parts. of the Romish church, is known to every one, the The doctrine requires a teacher; thepreceptrequires least conversant with history.'-ROBERTSON. The a superiour with authority; theprinciple requires only positions which an author lays down must be very an illustrator. The doctrine is always framed by definite and clear when he wishes to build upon them some one; the precept is enjoined or laid down by any theory or system;' To the position of Tully, that some one; the pinciple lies in the thing itself. The if virtue could be seen, she must be loved, may be doctrine is composed of principles; the precept rests added, that if truth could be heard, she must be upon principles or doctrines. Pythagoras taught tlfe obeyed.'-JoHNSON. doctrine of the metempsychosis, and enjoined many precepts on his disciples for the regullation of their ca'nduct, particularly that they should abstain from eating THEORY, SPECULATION. animal food, and be only silent hearers for the first five Theory, from the Greek OEdojsat to behold, and speen years of their scholarship: the former of these rules lation, from the Latin speculor to watch for or espy, depended upon the preceding doctrine of the soul's are both employed to express what is seen with the transmigration to the bodies of animals; the latter mind's eye. Theory is the fruit of reflection, it serves rested on that simple principle of education, the entire the purposes of science; practice will be incomplete devotion of the scholar to the master. when the theory is false; We are said to believe in doctrines; to obey precepts; to imbibe or hold principles. The doctrine is True piety without cessation tost that which enters into the composition of our faith; By theories, the practice past is lost.-lENnAXr.'To make new articles of faith and doctrine no man Speculation belongs more to the imagination; it has thinketh it lawful; new laws of government what therefore less to do with realities: it is that which canchurch or commonwealth is there which miaketh not not be reduced tO practice, and can therefore never be either at one time or other.' —HoOKER.' This sedi- brought to the test of experience;' In all these things lions, unconstitutional doctrine of electing kings is now being fully persuaded that what they did, it was obepublickly taught, avowed, and printed.' -BURKE. The dience to the will of God, and that all men should do precept is that which is recommended for practice; the like; there remained after speculation practice'Pythagoras's first rule directs us to worship the gods, whereunto the whole world might be framed.'as is ordained by law, for that is the most natural in- HOOKER. Hence it arises that theory is contrasted terpretation of the precept.'-ADrnSON. Both are the sometimes with the practice to designate its insuffisubjects of rational assent, and suited only to the ciency to render a man complete; matured understanding: primmciples are often admitted True Christianity depends on fact, without examination; and imbibed as frequently from Religion is not theory, but act.-HARTE. observation and circumstances, as from any direct personal efforts; children as well as men get pu'n- And spectlation is put for that which is fanciful ot ciples;' If we had the whole history of zeal, from the unreal;' This is a consideration not to be neglected or days of Cain to our times, we should see it filled with thought an indifferent matter of mere speculatios.'so many scenes of slaughter and bloodshed, as would LEsLIE. A general who is so only in theory will make a wise man very careful not to suffer himself to acquit himself miserably in the field; a religionist be actuated by such aprinciple, when it regards miat- who is only so in speculation will make a wretched lers of opinion and speculation.'-ADDISON. Christian. DOCTRINE, DOGMA, TENET. OPINION, SENTIMENT, NOTION. The doctrine (v. Doctrine) originates with the indi- Opinion, in Latin opinio from opinor, and the Greek vidual who teaches, in application to all subjects; the ErmvoE), to think or judge, is the worl of the head; doctrine is whatever is taught or recommended to the sentiment, from sentio to feel, is the work of the heart; belief of others; the dog~ma, from the Greek di6ypa and notion (vide Perception) is a simple operation of the dOKlc to think, signifies the thing thought, admitted, or thinking faculty. taken for granted; this lies with a body or number of We form opinions: we have sentiments. we get individuals; the tenet, from the Latin teneo to hold or notions. Op2isonsareformedon speculativ-matters; maintain, signifies the thing held or maintained, and is they are the result of reading, experience, or refleca species of principle (v. Doctrine' specifically main- tion: sentiments are entertained on mltters of practained in matters of opinion by persons in general. tice; they are the consequence of haits and circumThe doctrine rests on the authority of the individual stances: notions are gathered upor sensible objects, and arise out of the casualties of e6aring and seeing. by whom it is framed; We have opinions on religion as respects its doctrines; Unpractis'd he to fawn or seek for power we have sentiments on religior as respects its practice By doctrines fashion'd to the varying hour; and its precepts. The uniy of the Godhead in the Far other aims his heart had learn'd to prize, general sense, and the doctrine of the Trinity in the More skill'd to raise the wretch'd, than to rise. particular sense, are op;,tions; honour and gratitude' GOLDSMITH. towards the Deity, the sense of our dependence upon The dog'ma rests on the authority of the body by whom him, and obligations to him, are sentiments. it is maintained;' Our poet was a stoick philosopher, Opinions are more liable to errour than sentiments: and all his umoral sentences are drawn from the dogmas the former depend upon knowledge, and must thereof that sect.'-DRYDEN. The tenet rests on its own fore be inaccurate; the latter depend rather upon inintrinsick merits or demerits;'One of the puritanical stinct, and a well organized frame of mind;'Time tenets was the illegality of all games of chance.'- wears out the fictions of opinion, and doth by deg-eea JohNsON. Many of the doctrines of our blessed discover and unmask that fallacy of ungroundedperSaviour are held by faith in him; they are subjects of suasions, but confirms the dictates and sentiments of persuasion by the exercise of our rational powers: the nature.'-WILLKINS..Notions are still more liable to dogmas of the Romish church are admitted by none errour than either; they are the immatured decisions of ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 81 the uninformed mind on the appearances of things; whence it has been employed to designate the action ~There is nothing made a more common subject of of doing suitable homage to the object which has worth discourse than nature and its laws, and yet few agree and, by a just distinction, of paying homage to out in their notions about these words.'-CHrEYNE. Maker by religious rites. The difference of opinion among men, on the most Adoration, strictly speaking, is the service of the important questions of human life, is a sufficient evi- heart towards a Superlour Being, in which we acdence that the mind of man is very easily led astray knowledge our dependence and obedience, by petition in matters of opinion;'No, cousin, (said Henry IV. and thanksgiving: weorship consists in the outward when charged by the Duke of Bouillon with having form of showing reverence to some supposed superiour changed his religion) I have changed no religion, but being. Adoration can with propriety be paid only to an opinion.'-HowsL. Whatever difference of opi- the one true God;'Menander says, that "God, the nion there may be among Christians, there is but one Lord and Father of all things, is alone worthy of our sentiment of love and good-will among those who fol- humble adoration, being at once the maker and giver low the example of Christ, rather than their own pas- of all blessings."'-Cu.MBERLAND. But worship is sions;' There are never great numbers in any nation offered by heathens to stocks and stones; who can raise a pleasing discourse from their own By reason, man a Godhead can discern, stock of sentiments and images.' —JoHNsoN. The no- But how he should be wsorship'd cannot learn, tions of a Deity are so imperfect among savages in general, that they seem to amount to little more than We may adore our Maker at all times nd, in alst an indistinct idea of some superiour invisible agent; places, whenever the heart is lifted up tswards him:;' Being we are at this time to speak of the proper no- eut we eorszp him only at stated times, and accordtin of the church, therefore I shall mont look upon it as ing to certain rules;' Solemn and serviceable worsAip mny more than the sons of men.' —PsARsoN. we name, for distinction sakewlmatsoever belongeth to the church or publick society of Gods.by way of external adoration.' —Hooi'a. O)utwart4igns are but *.. DIVINITY. secondary in the act of ad;ra.tiog; and in divine sworDeity, from Deus a God, signifies a divine person. ship there is often nathing eistilng but the outward Divinity, from divinus, signifies the divine essence or form. We seldom drdjie without hrtoipp * buh power: the deities of the heathens had little of divi- we too frequently waa.,soi7 without adoring nity in them;' The first original of the drama was religious worship, consisting only of a chorus, which was nothing else but a hymn to a Deity.' —AnDDsoN. TO ADORE, REVERENCE.,. VENERATE,'The divinity of our Saviour is a fundamental article in REVERE. the Christian faith; 5ldoration has been before considered only in relaWhy shrinks the soul tion to our Maker; it is here employed in an improper Rack on herself, and startles'at destruction? and extended application to express, in the strongest'is the divinity that stirs within us. —ADDISON. possible manner, the devotion of the mind towards sensible objects: Reverence, in Latin reverentia, CELESTIAL, HEAVENLY. reverence or awe, implies to show reverence, from -revereo, to stand.in awe of: Venerate, in Latin veneCelestiat and heavenly derive their difference in sig- ratus, participle of veneror, probably from venere nification from their different origin: they both literally beauty, signifying to hold in very high esteem for its imply belonging to heaven; but the former, from the superiour qualities: revere is another form of the same Latin ceEnstum, signifies belonging to the heaven of verb. heathens; the latter, which has its origin among be- Reverence i equally engendered by the conemplalievers in the true God, has acquired a superiour sense, tion of superiority in a being, whether of the Supreme in regard to heaven as the habitation of the Almighty. Being, as our Creator, or any earthly being as our This distinction is pretty faithfully observed in their parent. It differs, however, from adaration, in as application: celestial is applied mostly in the natural much as it has a mixture of fear arising from the consense of theheavens; heavenly is employed more corm- siousness of weakness and dependence, or of obligalmonlly in a spiritual sense. Hence we speak of the tion, for favours received;'The fear acceptable to.lestial globe as distinguished from the terrestrial, oP God, is a filial fear, an awful reveresce of the Divine,he celestial bodies, of Olympus as the celestial abode Nature, proceeding from a just esteem for his perfecf Jupiter, of the celestial deities; tions, which produces in us an inclination to his serTwice warn'd by the celestial messenger, vice, and an unwillingness to offend him.'-RoGERs, The pious prince arose, with hasty fear.-DRaY EN.. To revere and venerate are applied only to human UJnhappy son! (fair Thetis thus replies, beings, and that not so much from the relation we While tears celestiattrickle from her eyes.) -Po~P stanld in to them, as from their characters and endow ments; on which account these two latter terms are But on the other hand, of the heavenly habitation, of applicable to inanimate as well as animate objects. heavenly joys or bliss, of heavenly spirits and the like. Adoratioa in this case, as in the former, essentisl. There are doubtless many cases in which celstial may requires no external form of expression; it is best be used for heavenly in the moral sense; expressed by the devotion of the individual to the Thus having said, the hero bound his brows service of him whom he adores;'" There is no end With leafy branches, then performn'd his vows; of his greatness." The most exalted creature he has Adoring first the genius of the place, made is only capable of adoring it; none but himself Then Earth, the mother of the hIeavenly race. can comprehend it.'-ADDISON. Reverenciag our DRYDEN. Maker is altogether an inward feeling;: but reverencing But there are cases in which heavenly cannot so pro- our parents includes in it an outward expression of oun perly be substituted by celestial;' As the love of hea-sentiments by our deportment tords tem; ven makes one heavenlyi the love of virtue virtuous, The war protracted, and the siege delay'd,. so doth the love of the world make one become Were due to Hector's and this heros hand., *worldly.'-SIDNEr. Heavenly is frequently employed Both brave alike, and; eqa!l in.commansd: in the sense of superexcellent;.Eneas, not inferlour in the fieldt But now he seiz'd Briseis' heav'nly charms, In pious reverece to thegods exceil'r —DaYnsN And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms.-Pops. Revering and venerating are confirpsadto the breast ot: The poets have also availed themselves of the license the individual, hut they say sometimes display themi to use celestial in a similar sense, as occasion might selves in suitable acts of homage. Serve. Good princes are frequently adored by their subjects::._.-..it is a part of the. Christian character to reverenoe-out spiritual putors and: masters, as well as all; teniporal! TO ADORE, WORSHIP. authorities;' It seems to be remarlcable that death in-.Adore, in French adorer, Latin adoreo, or ad and creaese otr. ve neration for the gool, and extenuates, ero, signifies literally to pray to. Worship, in Saxon our hatred:,f the bad;' —JtoINsoN. We ought to weneWveorthscype, is contracted from worthship, implying rate all truly good men while living, ani to revspe either the object that is worth, or the worth itself; theiX jeuMories. when, they are dead:l g. 82- ENGLISH SYNONYMES. And had not men the hoary head rever'd, invoked the Dirae to bring down every evil on the And boys paid reverence when a man appear'd, heads of their enemies. They had differer t formulas. Both must have died, though richer skins they wore, of speech for different occasions, as to an enemy on his And saw more heaps of acorns in their store. departure; Abeas nunquam rediturus.' Mela inCREECH. forms us that the Abrantes, a people of Africa, used to salute the rising and setting sun after this manner. OFFERING, OBLATION. The execration is always the informal expression of the most violent personal anger;'I have seen in Offering, from offer, and oblation, from oilatio and Bedlam a man that has held up his face in a posture oblatus or oflatus, come both from offero.(v. To offer): of adoration towards heaven to utter execratious and the former is however a term of tmuch more general blasphemies.'-S rEELS. and familiar use than the latter. Offerings are both moral and religious; oblation, in the proper sense, is religious only; the money which is put into the TEMPLE, CHURCH. sacramental plate is an offering; the consecrated These words designate an edifice destined for tile bread and wine at the sacrament is all oblation. The exercise of religion, but with collateral ideas, which offering, in a religious sense, is whatever one offers as sufficiently distinguish them from each other. The a gift by way of reverelce to a superiorur; templum of the Latin signified originally an open They are polluted offerings, more abhorr'd elevated spot marked out by the augurs with their Than spotted livers in the sacrifice. lituns, or sacred wand, whence they could best survey SHAKSPEARE. the heavens on all sides; the idea, therefore, of sparhe winds.to heav'n the curling vapours bore, cious, open, and elevated, enters into the meaning of Ungrateful off'ring to the immortal pow'rs, this word in the same manner as it does in the Hebrew,Whose wrath hung heavy o'er the Trojan tow'rs. word,arn, derived from n, which in the Arabick PoPE. signifies great and lofty. The Greek vabc, from vain The oblation is the offering wvhich is accoripanied to inhabit, signifies a dwelling-place, and by distinction'With some particular ceremony;' Many conceive in the dwelling-place of the Almighty, in which sense the the oblation of Jephtha's daughter, not a natural but Hebrew word is also taken to denote the high and a civil kind of death.'-BRowN. The wise men made holy place where Jehovah peculiarly dwelleth, other-,ian offering to our Saviour; but not properly an obla- wise called the holy heavens, Jehovah's dwelling or tion; the Jewish sacrifices, as in general all religious resting-place; whence St. Paul calls our bodies the sacrifices, were in the proper sense oblations. The temples of God when the spirit of God dwelletli in us. term oblation, in a figurative sense, may be as gene- The Roman poets used the word templum in a similar rally applied as offering; sense; Ye mighty princes, your oblations bring, Cceli tonitralia templa.-LUcRET. (Lib. I.) And pay due honours to your awful king.-PITT. Qui templa cesli summa sonitu concutit. The kind oblation of a falling tear.-DRYDcEN. TERENT. (Eun.) Contremuit templum magnum Jovis altitonanitis. ENNIUS. MALEDICTION, CURSE, IMPIRECATION, EX- 1NNIUS. MALEDICTION, CURSE, IMPRECATION, EX- The word temple, therefore, strictly signifies a spacious open place set apart for the peculiar presence and Mlalediction, from male and dico, signifies a saying worship of the Divine Being, and is applied with pecu 111, that is, declaring an evil wish against a person: liar propriety to the sacred edifices of the Jews. caurse, in Saxon kiersian, comes in all probability from CGlurch, which, through the medium of the Saxon tile Greek Kvpd4, to sanction or ratify, signifying a bad circe, cyric, and the German kirche, is derived front wish declared upon oath, or in a solemn manner: im- the Greek icpraKS, signifying literally what belonged precation, from im and preco, signifies a praying down to KpiOs, the Lord; whence it became a word arnong evil upon a person: execration, from the Latill exe- the earliest Christians for the Lord's Supper, the cror, that isi i sacris excludere, signifies the same as to Lord's day, the Lord's house, and also for an assembly excommunicate, with every form of solemn irmzpreca- of the faithful, and is still used in the two latter meantion: anathema, in Greek ivdcpma, signifies a setting inSs; That churches were consecrated unto none but.out, that Is, a putting out of a religious comnmunity by the Lord only, the very general name chiefly doth suf-,way of'penance. ficiently show; church doth signify no other thing The. malediction is the most indefinite and general ttanthe Lord's house.'-HooKE&R.'The church being inerm, signifying simply'the declaration of evil: curse a supernatural society, doth differ from natural so-;Jis a solemn denunciation of evil: the former is em- cieties in this; that the persons unto whom we assoptoyed mostly by men; the latter by God or man: the ciate ourselves is the one, are men simply considered rest are species of the curse pronounced only by man. as men; but they to whom we be joined in the other,'The malediction is caused by simple anger: the curse are God, angels, and holy men.'-HooKER. The word neis occasioned by some grievous offence: men, in tihe church, having acquired a specifick meaning, is never heat of their passions, will utter maledictions against used by the poets, or in a general application like the,anny object that offends then;' With many praises of word temple;' Here we have no temple but the wood, htis good play, and many maledictions on the power no assembly but horn-beasts.'-SHAKSPEa.REu. On the -o~f chance, he took up the carossand threw them in the other hand, it has a diversity of particular meanings; fire.'-MACKENZIE. God pronounced a curse upon being taken sometimes in the sense of the ecclesiastical.'Adam, and all his posterity, after the fall; power in distinction from the state, sometimes for But know, that ere your promis'd walls you build, holy orders, &c.'My curses shall-severely be fulfill'd. —DY~g8N. The curse differs in the degree of evil pronoaunced or wished; the imprecation and execraton always TO DEDICATE, DEVOTE, CONSECRATE, imply some positive great evil, and, in fact, as much HALLOW.. evil as can be conceived by man in his anger;' Thus Dedicate, in Latin dedicatus, participle from de and..either host their imp7ecations join'd.'-Porp. The dico, signifies to set apart by a promise; devote, in Latin.anathema respects the evil which is pronounced ac- devotgs, participle from devoveo, signifies to vow tbr,-cording to the canon law, by which a man is not only an express purpose; consecrate, in Latin consecratus,.-put out of the church,'but held up as an object of from conseero or con and sacro, signifies to make sacred'offence. The malediction is altogether an unallowed by a epecial act; hallow from holy, or the German iexpression of private resentment; the curse was ad- heilig, signifies to make holy. -mitted, in some cases, according to the Mosaic law; There is something more positive in the act of dedi-.and that, as well as the anathema, at one time formed cating than in that.of devoting; but less so than in that:a-part of the ecclesiastical discipline of the Christian of consecratinig. ehhurh;'"The "bare anathemas of the church fall like To dedicate and devote may be employed inl both mao mnany bruta fsilmina upon the obstinate and schis- temporal and spiritual matters; to consecrate and hal. natie-al.'-Sutr.e.'The imprecation formed a part of losw only in the spiritual sense: we may dedicate ot the hea s eraeotRy if r ielgion, whereby they devote any thing that is at our disposal to the service rt,1GLISH SYNONYMES'd2 of saome object; but the former is employed mostly in speech to be necessary among all men throug'hout th regard to superiours, and the latter to persons without world doth not thereby import that all men must nedistinction of rank: we dedicate a house to the service cessarily speak one language; even so the necessity of God; I of polity and regimen in all churches may be held Warn'd by the seer, to her offended name without holding any one certain form to be necessary We raise and dedicate this wond'rous frame. in them all.'-HOOER. he ceremony may be said DRYDEN. either of ap individual or a community; the rite is said only of a community; the observance, more proOr we devote our time to the benefit of our friends, or perly of the individual either in publick or private. the relief of the poor;'Gilbert West settled himself The ceremony of kneeling during the time of prayer is in a very pleasant house at Wickhaip in Kent, where the most becoming posture for a suppliant, whether in hie a.voted himself to piety.'-JoHNsoN. We may publick or rivate; dedicate or devote ourselves to an object; but the former always implies a solemn setting apart, springing from a Bring her up to the high altar, that she may sense of duty; the latter an entire application of one's The sacred ceremonies there partake.-SPENSER self from zeal and affection; in this manner he who The discipline of a Christian church consists in its rites, dedicates himself to God abstracts himself from every to which every member, either as a layman or a priest, object which is not immediately connected with the is obliged to conform; service of God; he who devotes himself to the ministry Live thou to mourn thy love's unhappy fate, pursues it as the first object of his attention and regard: To bear my mangled body from the foe, such a dedication of ourself is hardly consistent with our other duties as members of society; but a devotion of one's powers, one's time, and one's knowledge to Publick worship is an observance which no Christian the spread of religion among men is one of the most thinks himself at liberty to neglect;' Incorporated honourable and sacred kinds of devotion. minds will always feel some inclination towards exteTo consecrate is a species of formal dedication by riour acts and ritual observances.' —JoHNsoN. virtue of a religious observance; it is applicable mostly It betrays either gross ignorance or wilful impertito places and things connected with religious works; nence, in the man who sets at nought any of the esta-'The greatest conqueror in this holy nation did not only blished forms of society, particularly in religious matcompose the words of his divine odes, but generally ters;'You may discover tribes of men without policy, set them to music'k himself; after which his works, or laws, or cities, or any of the arts of life; but no though they were consecrated to the tabernacle, became where will you find them without some form of reli the national entertainrmsent.'-ADDIso N. Hallowc is a gion.'-BLAIR. When ceremonies are too numerous, species of informal consecration applied to the same they destroy the ease of social intercourse; but the ibjects: the church is cossecrated; particular days are absence of ceremony destroys all decency;'Not to use ),allowed; ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them again, and so diminish respect to himself.'-BAcoN. In publick worship the excess of ceremony is apt to exToi Ceres hallowled once.-DRYst Ni. tinguish the warmth and spirit of devotion; but the want of ceremony deprives it of all solemnity. IFORM, CEREMONY, RITE, OBSERVANCE. Form in nis sense respects the form or manner or LORD'S SUPPER, EUCHARIST, COMMUNION, the action; ceremony, inl Latin ceremonia, is supposed SACRAMENT. to signify the rites of Ceres; rite, in Latin ritus, is The Lord's stepper is a term of ~amiliar and general probably changed from ratus, signifying a custom that use along Christians, as designating in literal terms s esteemed; observance signifies the thing observed. the snlpper of our Lord; tlat is, either the last solemn All these terms are employed with regard to particu- supper which he took with his disciples previous to hi lar modes of action in civil society. Form is here the crucifixion, or the commemoration of that event which most general in its sense and application; ceremosny, conformably to his commands has been observed b% tite, and observance are particular kinds of form, the professors of Christianity;'To the worthy parti suited to particular occasions. Form, in its distinct cipation of the Lord's supper, there is indispensably application, respects all modes of acting and speaking, required a suitable preparation.'-SoUTH. Eucharist that are adopted by society at large, in every:transac- is a term of peculiar use amno,g the Roman Catholicks, tion of life; ceremony respects those forms of outward from the Greek iv%api;o to give thanks, because perbehaviour which are made the expressions of respect sonal adoration, by way of returning thanks, constiand deference; rite and observance are applied to tutes in their estimation the chief part of the cerenational ceremonies in matters of religion. A certain mony;' This ceremony of feasting belongs most proform is requisite for the sake of order, method, and perly both to imarriage lnd to the eucharist, as both of decorum, in every social matter, whether in affairs of them have the nature of a covenant.'-SoUTH. As state, in a court of law, in a place of worship, or in the the social affections are kept alive mostly by the comprivate intercourse of friends. So long as distinctions mon participation of meals, so is brotherly love, the are admitted in society, and men are agreed to express essence of Christian fellowship, cherished and rvarmed their sentiments of regard and respect to each other, it in the highest degree by the common participation in will be necessary to preserve the ceremonies of polite- this holy festival: hence, by distinction, it has been ness which have been established. Every country has denominated the communion;'One woman he could adopted certain rites founded upon its peculiar religious not bring to the communion, and when he reproved faith, and prescribed certain observances by which or exhorted her, she only answered that she was no individuals could make a publick profession of their scholar.' —JoHNsoN. As the vows which are made faith. Administering oaths by the magistrate is a ne- at the altar ot our Lord are the most solemn which a cessaryform in law;' A long table and a square table, ChriStian can make, comprehending in them the entire or seat about the walls, seem things of form, but are devotion of himself to Christ, the general term s&:-~athings of substance; for at a long table, a few at the 7nent, signifying all oath, has been employed by v w7 upper end, in effect, sway all the business: but in the of emphasis for this ordinance;'I collld not have thl other form, there is more use of the counsellors' opi- consent of the physicians to go to church yesterday; nions thatsitlower.'-BAcoN. Kissing theking'shand I therefore received the holy sacrament at home.'is a ceremony practised at court; JOHNSoN. The Roman Catholicks have employed And what have kings that privates have not too, the same term to six other ordinances; but the Pro Save ceremony?-SHAsKSPEARE. testants, who attach a similar degree of sacredness to Baptism is one rite of initiation into the Christian other than baptism, anne this appellation only to church, and confirmation another; prayer, reading the Scriptures, and preaching are different religious observances. MARRIAGE, WEDDING, NUPTIALS. As respects religion, theforsris the established prac-.Marriage, from to marry, denotes the act of marry tice, comprehending the rite, ceremony, and observance, ing,; weddingf and nuptials denote the ceremony of but the word is mostly applied to that which is exter-.being s'.arried. As marry, in French marrier, comes hial,.al iuited for a community;' He who iffirmedt -cm the Latin marito to be joined to a male; hence 84 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. marriage comprehends the act of choosing and being That pluck'd my nerves, those tender strings of life, legally bound to a man or a woman:'wedding, from Which, pluck'd a little more, will toll the bell iwed, and the Teutonick wetten, to promise or betroth, That calls my few friends to my funeral.-YouNG. implies the ceremony of rarrying, inasmuch as it is We speak of the obsequies as the tribute of respect binding upon the parties. JV'uptials comes from the which can be paid to the person of one who was high Latin nusbo to veil, because the Roman ladies were in station or publick esteem; veiled at the time of?narriage: hence the word has been put for the whole ceremony itself. JMlarriage is His body shall be royally interr'd. a general term, which conveys no collateral meaning. I will, myself, Ailarriage is an institution which, by those who have been blessed with the light of Divine revelation, has The funeral, by its frequency, becomes so familiar at always been considered as sacred; object that it passes by unheeded; the obsequies whiclO fatal maid! thy ma rriage ais endow'd are performed over the remains of the great, attract Witi Phrygian, Latian, a-d Rutulian blood. our notice from the pomp and grandeur with whicll DRYDENP they are conducted. The funeral is performned for one ilhmmediately after his decease; but the obsequies F-edding has always a reference to the ceremony; may be performed at any period afterward, and ii; with some persons, particularly among the lower orders this sense is not confined alone to the great; of society, the day of their wedding is converted into a day of riot and intcmperance;'Askc ally one how Sonle in the flow'r-strewn grave the corpse have lay'd lie has been employed to-day: he will tell you, perhaps, I have been' at the ceremony of taking the manly robe: this friend invited me to a w2edding; that de- BURIAL, INTERMENT, SEPULTURE. sired me to attend the hearing of his cause.'-MELMOTH (Letters of Pliny). J2quptials may either be BLial, from bury, in Saxon biriann, birigan, Gem used in a general or particular import, among the man bergen, signifies, in the original sense, to conceal Roman Catholicks in England it is a practice for them Interment, front inter, compounded of in and terra, to have their nuptials solemnized by a priest of their signifies the putting into the ground.' Sepulture, in own persuasion as well as by the Protestant clergy- French sepultue, Latin sepultnra, from sepultus, man; -participle of sepelio to bury, comnes froml sepes i hedge, signifying an enclosure, and probably likewise Fir'd with disdain for Turnus dispossess'd, And the new nuptials of the Trojan gueat.-DRYDEN. from the Hebrew nfI" to put to rest, or in a state of privacy. Under burial is comprehended simply the purpose of the action; under interment and sepulture, the MARRIAGE, MATRIMONY, WEDLOCK. manner as well as the motive of the actioni. We bury Marriage (v, J.farriage) is oftener an act than a ill order to conceal;'Among our Saxon ancestors, the state; matrimony and wedlock both describe states. dead bodies of such as were slain ill the field were aMfarriage is taken in the sense of an act, when we riot laid in graves; but lying upon the ground were speak of the lawvs of marriage, the day of one's mar- covered with turves or clods of earth, and the more riange, the congratulations upon one's marriage, a in reputation the persons had been, the greater and happy or unhappy marriage, &;c.;' j'Iarriage is re- higher were the turves raised over their bodies. This warded with somine honourable distinctions which cell- some used to call biriging, some beorging of the dead; bacy is forbidden to usurp.'-JoHNso N. It is taken in all being one thing though differently pronounced, the sense of a state, when we speak of the pleasures and from whence we yet retain our speechof burying or pains of marriage; but in this latter case, matri- the dead, that is, hiding the dead.'-VERsTE.AN nmony, which signifies a married life abstractedly from luntermeLnt and sepultutre are accompanied with reli all agents or acting persons, is preferable; so likewise, gious ceremonies. to think of. matriamony, and to enter into the holy state *Bury is confined to no object or place; we bury of nmatrimony, are expressions founded upon the signi- whatever we deposite in the earth, and wherever ws fication of the term. As matrimony is derived from please; mater a mother, because marrsied women are in gene- When he lies along ral mothers, it has particular reference to the donmesticlk Aftel your way his tale pronomnc'd, shall bury state of the two parties; broils are but too frequently His reasons with his body.-SHAKSPEARE. the fruits of matrimony, yet there are few cases ill in which they might not be obviated by the good sense Blt intcnent and sepultzue respect only the bodie of those who are engaged in them. Hasty mnarriages of the deceased when deposited in a sacred place. cannot be expected to produce happiness; young peo- Burial requires that tie object be concealed undem ple who are eager for matrimony before they are fully ground; intermecnt miay be used for depositing itn vaults. Self-murderers are buried in the highways; aware of its consequences will purchase their expe- l. Seif-murterers are buried in th e ch ighwaya; rience at the expense of their peace;' As love generally Cristians in general are bried in te church-yard; produces matrimony, so it often happens that smats:i- If you have kindness left, there see me laid;'molny produces love.'-SPECTATOR. TO bury decently the injur'd maid Wedlock is the old English word for matrimony, and Is all the favour.-WALLER. is in consequence admitted in law, when one speaks The kings of England were formlerly interred in WVest of children born in wedlock; agreeably to its deriva- minster Abbey; tion it has a reference to the bond of union which follows thie mnrc-iage: hence one speaks of living liap- His body shall be royally interr'd, pity in a state of woedlock, of being joimed ill holy oed- And the last funeral pomps adorn his hearse. lock;' The men who would make good husbands, if they visit publick places, are frighted at wedlock and Burial is a term in familiar use; interment server resolve to live single.'-JoHNsoN. frequently as a more elegant expression; But good! Eneas ordered on the shore FUNERAL, OBSEQUIES. A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore; Thus was his friend interr'd, and deathless fame 6Funeral, in Latin funncs, is derived fronm funLis a Still to the lofty cape consigns his name.-DRYDENs cord, because lighted cords, or torches, were carried before the bodies which were interred by night; the Sepulture is an abstract term confined to particular funeral, therefore, denotes the ordinarv soleinnity cases, as in speaking of the rights and privileges of which attends the consignment of a body to the grave. sepulture; Obsequies, in Latin ecxequiee, are both derived from Ah! leave me not for Grecian dogs to tear. sequor, which, in its compound sense, signifies to per- The common rites of sepultzure bestow; form or execute; they comprehend, therefore, fmunerals To sooth a father's and a mother's wo; attended with more than ordinary solemnity. Let their large gifts procure an urn at least, We speak of the funeral as the last sad office And Hector's ashes in his country rest. —PcPs which we perform for a friend; it is accompanied by nothing but by mourning and sorrow; * Vide Trussler: " To bury, inter" ENGLISH SYNON YMES. 85 Interment and sepulture never depart from their by idleness;'Many worthy persons urged how great religious import; bury is used figuratively for other the harmoliy was between the holidays and their attriobjects and purposes. A man is said to bury himself butes (it' I may call them so), and what a confusion alive who shuts himself out from the world; he is said would follow if Michaelmas-day, bfor instance, was to bury the talent of which he makes no use, or to bury not to be celebrated when stubble geese are in their in oblivion what he does not wish to call to mind; highest perfection.'-WALPOLE. A Jesntval is kept This is the way to make the city flat by mirth and festivity: some feasts are festivals, as And bury all, which yet distinctly ranges in the case of the carnival at Rome; some festivals In heaps and piles of ruin.-SHAKSPEARE. are holidays, as in the case of weddings and publick thanksgivings. Itter is on one occasion applied by Shakspeare also lo other objects; The evil tkat men do lives after them, The good is oft interred with their bones. Clergyman, altered from clerk, clericus, signified SHAKSPEARE. any one holding a regular office, and by distinction one who held the holy office; parson is either changed firomr person, that is, by distinction time person who BEATIFICATION, CANONIZATION. spiritually presides over a parish, or contracted from parochianus; priest, in German, &c. priester, is conthese are two acts emanating from the pontifical tracted frompresiyter, in Greek 7rpeoivrEpos,signifying authority, by which the Pope decliares a person, whose an elder who holds the sacerdotal ofce; neinister, in life has been exemplary and accompanied with mira- Latin minister, a servant, from taionoS, less or inferior cles, as entitled to enjoy eternal happiness after his snifiesliterallyonewhoperformsasubordinate ofice death, and determines in consequence the sort of wor-lld has been extended ill its eaning to signi geeship which should be paid to him. wor- and has been extended in its meaning, to signify geneshlp which should be paid to h. rally one who officiates.or performs an office. In the act of beatifcation the Pope prollnonces only'.'rhe word clergyman applies to such as are regularly as a private person, and uses his own authority only bred according to the formlls of the national religion, in granting to certain persons, or to a religious order, and applies to none else. In this sense we speak of the the privilege of paying a particular worship to a beati- sh the French, and Scotch clergy, without distli~~~~ed object. ~tinction;' By a clergyman I mean one in holy orders.'In the act of canomnization, the Pope speaks'as a judge STe LEy'To the time of Edward ItI. it is probable after a judicial examination on the state, and de6ides that the French and English languages subsisted tothe sort of worship which ought to be paid by the whole gether throughout the kingdom; the higher orders, both church. iof the clergy aind laity, speaking almost universally French; tlhe lower retaining the use of their native tongue.' —T RWHITT. A parsonm is a species of clerFEAST, FESTIVAL, HOLIDAY. gyman, who ranks the highest in the three orders of Feast, in Latin festum, or festus, changed most inferiour clergy; that is, parson, vicar, and curate; probably from fesite, or feriae, which, in all proba- the parson being a technical term for the rector, or him bility, comes fruom the Greek- IcpoS, sacred, because who holds the living: in its technical sense it has now these days were kept sacred or vacant from all secular acquired a definite use; but in general conversation it labour: festival and holiday, as the words themselves is become almost a nickname. The word clergyman denote, have precisely the same meaning in their ori- is always substituted for parson in polite society. gimal sense, with this difference, that the former derives When priest respects the Christian religion it is a its origin from heatllenish superstition, tile latter owes species of clergyman?, that is, one who is ordained to its rise to the establishmnenlt of Christianity in its re- officiate at the altarin distinction from the deacon, who formed state. is only an assistant to the priest. But the term priest A feast, in the Christian sense of the word, is ap- has likewise an extended meaning in reference to such plied to every day, except Sundays, which are regarded as hold the sacerdotal characterin any form of religion, as sacred, and observed with particular solemnity; a as tile priests of the Jews, or those of the Greeks, Roholyday, or, according to its'modern orthography, a moans, Indians, and-the like;'Call a man a priest, or holiday, is simply a day on which the ordinary busi- parson, and you set him in some men's esteem ten deness is suspended: among the Roman Catholicks, there grees below his own servant.'-SouTH. A minister is are many days which are kept holy, and consequently one who actually or habitually officiates. Clergymen by them denominated feasts, which in the English are therefore not always strictly ministers; nor are all reformed church are only observed as holidays, or days minioisters clergymen. If a clergymana delegates his of exemption from publick business; of this description functions altogether he is not a minister; nor is he are the Saints' days, on which the putblick offices are who presides over a dissenting congregation a clergyshut: on the other hand, Christmas, Easter, and Whit- man. In the former case, however, itwould bhe invidious smuntide, are regarded in both churches more as feasts to deprive the clergyman of the name of minmister of than as holidays. the gospel, but in the latter'case it is a misuse of the Feast, as a technical term, is applied only to certain term clergyman to apply it to any minister who does specified holidays; not officiate according to the form of an established First, I provide myself a nimble thing, religion; To be my page, a varlet of all crafts; With leave and honour enter our abodes, Next, two new suits for feasts and gala days. Ye sacred ministers of men and gods.-Popr. CUMBERLAND. A holiday is an indefinite term, it may be employed BISHOPRICK, DIOCESS. for any day or time in which there is a suspension of business; there are, therefore, many feasts where Bishoprick, compoundedofbishop and rick orreich there are no holidays, and many holidays wher e empire, signifies wtheempire orgovernment of a bishop: are no feasts: a feast is altogether sacred; a holiday Dicess, in Greek doisXra, compounded of u Mt and has frequently nothing sacred in it, not even in its BtKs, signifies an administration throughout. cause; it may be a simple, ordinary transaction, the Both these words describethe extent of an episcopal act of an individual; jurisdiction; the first with relation to the person wba officiates, the second with relation to the charge. It happen'd on a summer's holiday, There may, therefore, be a bishoprick, either where That to the green wood shade he took his way. there are many diocesses or no diocess, but according DRYDEN. to the import of the term, there is properly no diocess A festival has always either a sacred or a serious where there is no bishoprick. When the jurisdiction object;' In so enlightened an age as the present, I is merely titular, as in countries where the Catholick shall perhaps be ridiculed if I hint, as my opinion, religion is not recognised, it is a bishoprick, but not a that the observation of certain festivals is something diocess. On the other hand, the bishoprick of Rome or more than a mere political institution.'-WALPoLE. A that of an archbishop comprehends all the diocesses feast is kept by religious worship; a holiday is kept of the subordinate bishops. Hence it arises that when we speak of the ecclesiastical distribution of a country, " Girard: "Beatification, canonization." we term the divisions bishopricks; but whlenwe speak 86 - ENGLISH SYNONYMES. of the actual office, we term it a diocese. England is burying one's self in a cloister; penances and mortifi divided into a certain number of bishopricks, not dio- cations are practised in a cloister; but it is not the cesses. Evcry bishop visits his diocess, not his bishop- same thing when we speak of the cloister of the Bend rick, at stated intervals. dictines and of their monastery; or the cloister of tho Capuchins and their convent. ECCLESIASTICK, DIVINE, THEOLOGIAN. Ans ecclesiastick derives his title from the office which CONVERTb PROSELYTE. he bears in the ecclesia or church; a divine and theologian from their pursuit after, or engagement in, Convert, from the Latin converto, signifies changed divine or theological matters. An ecclesiastick is con- to something in conformity with the views of another; nected with an episcopacy; a divine or theologian is proselyte, from the Greek 7rpou4XvTro and -rpoaspXopac, not essentially connected with any form of church go- signifies come over to the side of another. vernment. Convert is more extensive in its sense and application An ecclesiastick need not in his own person perform than proselyte: convert in its full sense includes every any office, although he fills a station: a divine not change of opinion, without respect to the subject; only fills a station, but actually performs the office of proselyte in its strict sense refers only to changes from teaching; a theologian neither fills any particular sta- one religious belief to another: there are many converts tion, nor discharges any specifick duty, but merely fol- to particular doctrines of Christianity, and proselytes lows the pursuit of studying theology. An ecclesiastick from the Pagan, Jewish. orMahomedan, to the Christian is not always a divine, nor a divine an ecclesiastick; a faith: there are political as well as religious converts, divine is always more or less a, theologian, but every who could not with the same strict propriety be ternmed theologian is not a divine. proselytes. Among the Roman Catholicks all monks, and in the Conversion is a more voluntary act than proselytism, Church of England the various dignitaries who perform it emanates entirely from the mind of the agent, inde the episcopal functions, are entitled ecclesiasticks; pendent of foreign influence; it extends not merely to; Our old English monks seldom let any of their kings the abstract or speculative opinions of the individual, depart in peace, who had endeavoured to diminish the but' to the whole current of his feelings and sprinrg of p)ower or wealth of which the ecclesiasticks were in his actions: it is the conversion of the heart and soul. those times possessed.'-ADDISON. There are but few Proselytism is an outward act, which need not extend denominations of Christians who have not appointed beyond the conformity of one's words and actions to a teachers who are called divines;'Nor shall I dwell on certain rule; convert is therefore always taken in a our excellence in metaphysical speculations; because, good sense: it bears on the face of it the stamp of sit he that reads the works of our divines will easily dis- cerity;' A believer may be excused by the mrost hardcover how far human subtilty has been able to pene- ened atheist for endeavouring to make him a convert, trate.'-JoHNSON. Professors or writers on theology because lie does it with an eye to both their interests.'are peculiarly denominated theologianls;'I looked on ADDIsoN. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous that sermon (of Dr. Price's) as the publick declaration meaning; the proselyte is often the creature and tool of a man much connected with literary caballers. in- of a party; there may be manyproselytes where there triguing philosophers, and political theologians.'- are no converts;'False teachers commonly mate use BURKE. of base, and low, and temporal considerations, of little tricks and devices, to make disciples and gain proselytes.'-T1LLOTSON. CLOISTER, CONVENT, MONASTERY. The conversion of a sinner is the work of God's grace, Cloister, in French * clditre, from the word cls close either by his special interposition, or by the ordinary signifies a certain close place in a convent, or an enclo-f his Holy Word on the heart; it is an act sure of houses for canons, or in general a religious of great presumption, therefore, in those men who rest house; convent, from the Latin convents, a meeting, so strongly on their own particular modes and forms in and convenio to come together, signifies a religious as- bringing about this great work: they may without any sembly; monastery, in French monasthre, signifies a breach of charity be suspected of rather wishing to habitation for monks, from the Greek #i5vo; alone. nake proselytes to their own party. The proper idea of cloister is that of seclusion; the properideaof convent is thatof community; the proper idea of a monastery is that of solitude. One is shut TO TRANSFIGURE, TRANSFORM, up in a cloister, put into a convent, and retires to a METAMORPHOSE. monastery. Whoever wishes to take an absolute leave of the Transfigeure is to make to pass over into another world, shuts himself up in a cloister; figure; transformn and metamorphose is to put into another form: the former being said mostly of spiritual Some solitary cloister will I choose, beings, and particularly in reference to our Saviour; And there with holy virgins live inlmur'd. the other two terms being applied to that which has a DRYDEN. corporeal form. Whoever wishes to attach himself -to a community Transformation is commonly applied to that which that has renounced all commerce with the world, goes ch;nges its outward form; in this manner a harlequin into a convent;' Nor were the new abbots less indus- transforms himself into all kinds of shapes and lik trious to stock their convents with foreigners.' —TYR- nesses; WHITT. Whoever wishes to shun all human inter- Something you have heard course retires to a monastery;'I drove my suitor to Of Hamlet's transformation; so I call it forswear the full stream of the world, and to live in a Since not the exteriour, nor the inward man nook merely monastick.'-SHAKSPARE. Resembles what it was.-SHARSPEARz. In the cloister our libertyis sacrificed: in the convent our worldly habits are renounced, and those of a regular Sometimes however the word is applied to moral ohreligious community being adopted, we submit to the jectrs;' Can a good intention, or rather a very wickel yoke of established order s: in a monastery we impose a one so miscalled, transform perjury and hypocrisy into sort of voluntary exile upon ourselves; we live with merit and perfection?'-SOUTH. JMetamorphosis is the view of living only to God. applied to the form internal as well as external, that is, In the ancient and true monasteries, the members to the whole nature; in this manner Ovid describes divided their time between contemplation and labour; among others, the metamorphoses of Narcissus into a but as population increased, and towns multiplied,, flower, and Daphne into a laurel: with the same idea monasteries were, properly speaking, succeeded by we mnay speak of a rustick being metanmorphosed, by convents. the force of art, into a fine gentleman;' A lady's shift In ordinary discourse, cloister is employed in an ab- may be metamorphosed into billets-doux, and come into solute and indefinite manner: we speak of the cloister her possession a second time.'-ADDIsoN. Transfiguto designate a monastick state; as entering a cloister; ration is frequently takel for a painting of our Saviour's transfigur-ationm;'We have of this gentleman * Vide Abbe Roubaud:'" Cl6itre, convent, mo- a piece of the trawnsfiguration, which I think is held a nastre." work second to none in the world.'-STEELE. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 17 PRAYER, PETITION', REQUEST, ENTREATY, There are too -nlaly unfortunate wretches in England SUIT. who expiate their crimes on a gallows; Prayer, from the Latin preco, and the Greek orapt How sacred ought kings' lives be held, and tvXoyaL to pray, is a general term, including the When but the death of one common idea of application to some person for any Demands an empire's blood for expiation.-Lgs. favour to be granted; petition, from peto to seek; request, from the Latin requisitus and requiro, or re,nor expiation always necessarily and quiesao to look after, or seek for with desire; en- require punishment or even suffering from the offender treaty, from the French en and traiter, signifying to The nature of the atonement depends on the will of act upon; suit, from sue, in French suivre, Latin the individual who is offended; and oftentimes thl. sequor to follow after; denote different modes of word implies simply an equivalent given or offered for prayer, varying in the circumstances of the action and something;'I would earnestly desire the story-tellet the object acted upon. to consider, that no wit or mirth at the end of a story The prayer is made more commonly to the Supreme can atone for the half hour that has been lost before Being; the petition is made more generally to one's they come at it.'-STEELE. Epiations are frequently fellow~-cieaturres; we may, however, p~ray our ~fellow- made by means of performing certain religious rites or creatures, and petition7 our Creator: the prayer ismade acts of piety. Offences between man and man are for every thing which is of the first importance to us sometimes atonedfor by an acknowledgmentof errour as livinghbeings; the petition is made for that which but offences towards God require an expiatory sacrimay satisfy our desires: hence our prayers to the Al-ce, which our Saviour has been pleased to make of mighty respect all our circumstances as moral and himself, that we, through Him, might become parresponsible agents; our petitions respect the temporary takers of eternal life. Expiations therefore, in the circumstances of our present existence. When the religious sense, is to atonement as the means to the term prayer is applied to one's fellow-creatures it car- end: atonement is often obtained by an expiation, but ries with it the idea of earnestness and submission; there may be expiations where there is no atonement.'Prayer among men is supposed a means to change.toSLement replaces in a state of favour; expiation the person to whom we pray; but prayer to God doth produces only a real or supposed exemption from sin not change him, but fits us to receive the things prayed and its consequences. Among the Jews and heathens fOr.?'-STILLINGFLEaET. there was expiation. but no atonement; under the Christian dispensation there is atonement as well as Torture him with thy softness, epiatio. Nor till thy prayers are granted set him free. OTwWAY. The petition and request are alike made to our fellow- ABSTINENCE, FAST. creatures; but the former is a publick act, in which many express their wishes to the Supreme Authority; bstinence is a general term, applicable to any object the latter is an individual act between men in their from which we abstain; fast is a species of abatiprivate relations; the people petition the king or the nence, namely, an abstaining from food;' Fridays are parliament; a school of boys petition their master; appointed by the Church as days of abstinence; and Good Friday as a day of fast.'-TAYLOR. The geneShe takes petitions, and dispenses laws, ral term is likewise used in the particular sense, to Hears and determines every private cause. imply a partial abstinence from particular food; but DRYDEN. fast signifies an abstinence from food altogether;'I A child makes a request to its parent; one friend am verily persuaded that if a whole people were to makes a request to another; enter into a course of abstinence, and eat nothing but Thus spoke Ilioneus; the Trojan crew, water gruel for a fortnight, it would abate the rage and With cries and clamours his request renew. animosity of parties;'' Such a fast would have the DRYDEN D natural tendency to the procuring of those ends for which a fast is proclaimed.' —ADDIsoN. The request marks an equality, but.the entreaty defines no condition; it differs, however, fromthe former in the nature of the object and the mode of preferring: the request is but a simple expression; the en- TO FORGIVE, PARDON, ABSOLVE, REMIT. treaty is urgent: the request may be made in trivial Forgive, compounded of the privativefor and give; matters; the entreaty is made in matters that deeply and pardon, in French pardonner, eompounded likeinterest the feelings: we make the request of a friend wise of the privative par or per and donner to give, to lend a book; we use every entreaty in order to di- both signify not to give the punishment that is due, to vert a person from the purpose which we think detri- relax from the rigour of justice in demanding retribumental: one complies with a request; one yields to tion. Forgive is the familiar term; pardon is adapted entreaties. It was the dying request of Socrates, that to the serious style. Individuals forgive each other they would sacrifice a cock to AEsculaplus; Regulus personal offences; they pardon offenlces against law was deaf to every entreaty of his friends, who Wished and morals: the former is an act of Christian charity; hint not to return to Carthage; I Arguments, entreaties, the latter an act of clemency: the fornler is an act thal and promises were employed in order to sooth them is confined to no condition; the latter is peculiarly the (the followers of Cortes).'-ROBERTSON. act of a superiour. He who has the right of beine The suit is a higher kind of prayer, varying both in offended has an opportunity offorgiving the offende-'; the nature of the subject, and the character of the agent. A gentleman pays his suit to a lady; a cour- No mor d in any woman's tier makes his suit to the prince;'Seldon or net er is cause. there mnuch spoke, whenever any one comes to prefer The gods command me to forgive the past, a suit to another.'-SouTII. But let this first invasion be the last.-PoPE. He who has the authority of punishing the offence may pardon;' 4 being who has nothing to pardon in TO ATONE F()R, EXPIATE. hinmself may reward every man according to his works; but he whose very best actions must be seen with a,qtone, or at one, signifies to be in unity, at peace, grain of allowance. cannot be too mild, moderate, and or good friends; expiate, in Latin expiatus, participle for iving.'-ADDISON. Next to the principle of inot of expio, compounded of ex and pio, signifies to put taking offence easily, that of forgiving real injuries out or make clear by ayt act of piety. should be instilled into the infant mind: it is the happy Both these terms express a satisfaction for an of- prerogative of the monarch that he can extend his fence; bult atone is general, expiate is particular. We pardon to all criminals, except to those whose crimes may atone for a fault by any species of suffering; we have rendered them unworthy to live: they may be expaZte a crime only by suffering a legIal punishment. both used in relation to our Maker, but with a similar A female often sufficiently atones for her violation of distinction in sense. God forgives the sins of his chastity by the misery she entails on herself; creatures as a father pitying his children; he pardons O let the blood, already spilt, atone their sins as a judge extending mercy to criminals, as For the past crimes of curs'd Laomedon.-DRYsaDEt far as is consistent with justice. i ENGLISH SYNONYMES. * Pardon, wher. compared with renmission, is the compunction is rather an occasional, but sharp soYrow consequence of offence; it respects principally the per- provoked by a single offence, or a moment's reflection, son offending; it depends upon him who is offended; remorse may be temporary, but it is a still sharper it produces reconciliation when it is sincerely granted pain awakened by some particular offence of peculiar and sincerely demanded. Remission is the conse- magnitude and atrocity. Thle prodigal son was a quence of the crime; it has more particular regard to contrite sinner; the brethren of Joseph felt great com tihe punishment; it is granted either by the prince or punctionr when they were carried back with their sacks magistrate; it arrests the execution of justice; to Egypt; David was struck with remorse for the nlurWith suppliant prayers their powers appease; der of Uriah. The soft Naprean race will soon repent These four terms depend not so much on the Their anger, and remit the punishment.-DRYDn N. mneasure of guilt as on the sensibility of the offender Whoever reflects most deeply on the enormity of sin, Remliuion, like pardon, is peculiarly applicable to the will be most sensible of repeltance, when he sees his sinner with regard to his Maker. tAbsolution is taken own liability to offend; I This is the sinner's hard lot; in no other sense: it is the consequence of the fault or that tie same thing which makes him need r petance, the sin, and properly concerns the state of the culprit; makes him also in danger of not obtaining it.'-SouTH1 it properly loosens him from the tie with which n In hose who iave most offended, alu aye vnnlle to a hound; it Is pronounced eithrer by the civil judge or sense of their own condition, pcnitence will rise to deep the ecclesiastical minister; it re-establishes the accused contrition or the penitent in the rights of innocence; Heaven may forgive a crilne to penitence, Round in his urn the blended balls he rolls, For heaven can judge if penitence be true.-DRYDEN. Absolves the just, and dooms theguilty souls. - DRYsDENo.s Contrition, though it may melt, ought not to sink, or overpower the heart of a Christian.'-BLAIR. There The pardon of sin obliterates that which is past, and is no man so hardened that e will not so-B ne Tiere is no man so hardened that he will not soene time or restores the sinner to the Divine favour; it is pronised other feel compusectios for the crimes he has coirdositthroughout Scripture to all men on the condition of ted'All men, even the most depraved, are subject faith and repentance; remission of sin only averts the more or less to compunctions of conscience-BLAIR Divine vengeance, which otherwise would fall upon He who has tie liveliest sense of the Divine goodness. those who are guilty of it; it is granted peculiarly to will feel keen remorse whenever he reflects on any Christians upon the ground of Christ's expiatory sacri-thing that he has done, by wilicr he fears to have for lice, which satisfies Divine justice for all offences: ab-feited the favour of so good a Being;solutiosn of sin is the work of God's grace on the heart; The heart, it acts for the future as well as the past, by lessening heart, the dominion of sin, and mnaking those free who were Pierc'd with a sharp remorse for guilt, disclaims before in bondage. The Roman Catholicks look upon The costly poverty of hsecatomrbs, absolution as the immediate act of the Pope, by virtue And offers the best sacrifice itself. —-JEFRY. of his sacred relationship to Clirist; but the Protestants look to Christ only as the dispenser of this blessing to men, and his ministers simnply as messengers to declare CONSCIENTIOUS, SCRUPULOUS; the Divine will to men. Conscientious mnarks the quality of having a nice conscience; scrTupurlouLs, that of having a scruple. Conscience, in Latin conscientia, from consciens, sigREPENTAN:CE,: PE!NItTENCE, CONETRITION, nifies that by which a man becomes conscious to himCOMPUEPENTA NCITENCE, REMCO NTR ITIONSE. self of right and wrong. Scruple, in Latin scrupulus, COMPUNCTION, REIMOR~SE. a little hard stone, signifies that which gives pain to Repentance, from re back, and poenitet to be sorry, the mind, as the stone does to the foot in walking. signifies looking back with sorrow on what one has Conscientious is to scrupulous as a whole to a part. done amiss; penitence, from the same source, signifies A conscientious nman is so altogether; a scr2rupulous simply sorrow for what is amiss. Contrition, from man may have only particular scruples: the one is contero to rub together, or bruise as it were with sor- therefore always taken in a good sense; and the other row; compunction, from compunro to prick thorough- at least in an indifferent, if not a bad sense. ly; and remorse, from remordeo to have a gnawing A consscienitious man does nothing to offend his con pain; all express modes of penitence differing in de- science;' A conscientious person would rather distrust gree and circumstance. his own judgement than condemn his species. He Repentance refers more to the change of one's mind would say, I have observed without attention, or with regard to an object, and is properly confined to the judged upon erroneous maxims; I have trusted to time when this change takes place; we therefore, profession when I ought to have attended to conduct.' strictly speaking, repent of a thing but once; we may, BURKE.-Bllt a scrupulo2us man has often his scruples however, have penitence for the same thing all our on trifling or minor points;' Others by their weakness, lives. Repentance may be felt for trivial matters; we and fear, and scrupulousness, cannot fully satisfy their may repent of going or not going, speaking or not own thoughts.'-PULLER. The Pharisees were scruspeaking: penitence refers only to serious matters; we pulous without being conscientious: we must thereare penitent only for our sins. Errours of judgement fore strive to be conscientious without being over scruwill always be attended with repentance in a nind that pulous;'I have been so very scrupulous in this is striving to do right; there is no human being so per- particular, of not hurting any man's reputation, that I feet but that, in the sight of God, he will have occa- have forborne mentioning even such authors as I could sisn to be pen.tent for many acts of commission and not name with honour. — ADDIsos. omission. Repentance may be felt for errours which concern only ourselves, or at most offences against our fellow HOLINESS, SANCTITY. creatures; penitence, and the other terms, are appli- Holiness, which comes from the northern languages, cable only to offences against the moral and divine has altogether acquired a Christian signification; it law, that law which is engraven on the heart of every respects the life and temper of a Christian; sanctity man. We may repent of not having made a bargain which is derived from the Latin sanctLus and sanctio, that we afterward find would havebeen advantageous, to sanction, has merely a moral signification, which it or we may repent of having done any injury to our derives from the sanction of human authority. neighbour; but our penance is awakened when we Holiness is to the mind of a man what sanctity is to re'sect on our unworthiness or sinfulness in' the sight his exteriour; with this difference, that holiiness to a r f our Maker. This penitence is a general sentiment, certain degree, obght to belong to every man professing which belongs to all men as offending creatures; but Christianity; but sanctity, as it lies in the manners, contrition, compunction, and remorse are awakened the outward garb, and deportnient, is becoming only to by reflecting on particular offences: contrition is a certain persons, and at certain times. continued and severe sorrow, appropriate to one who Holiness is a thing not to be affected; it is that has been in a continued state of peculiar sinfulness; genuine characteristick of Christianity which is altogether spiritual, and cannot be counterfeited;' Habitual Vide Abbe Girard: "Absolution, pardon, remis- preparation for the Sacrament consists in a perma aion." nent habit or principle of holiness.' —SovTH. Sanectity, ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 89 on the other hand, is from its very nature exposed to in the bosom of his family;'A state of temperance, falsehood, and the least to be trusted; when it displays. sobriety, and justice, without devotion, is a lifeless initself in individuals, either by the sorrowfulness of sipid condition of virtue.'-ADDISON. their looks, or the singular cut of their garments, or Religious is a term of less import than either of the other singularities of action and gesture, it is of the other terms; it denotes little more than the simple most questionable nature; but in one who performs existence of religion, or a sense of religion in the the sacerdotal office, it is a useful appendage to the mind: the religious man is so, more in his principles solemnity of the scene, which excites a reverential than in his affections; he is religious in his sentiments, regard to the individual in the mind of the beholder, in as much as he directs all his views according to the and the most exalted sentiments of that religion which will of his Maker; and he is religious in his conduct, he thus adorns by his outward profession;'About an in as much as he observes the outward formalities of age ago it was the fashion in England for every one homage that are due to his Maker. A holy man fits that would be thought religious, to throw as much himself for a higher state of existence, after which he sanctity as possible into his face.'-ADDISON.'It was is always aspiring; a pious man has God in all his an observation of the ancient Romans, that their ern- thoughts, and seekls to do his will; a devout man bends pire had not increased more by the strength of their himself in humble adoration and pays his vows of arms, than by the sanctity of their manners.'-AD- prayer and thanksgiving; a religious man conforms DISON. in all things to what the dictates of his conscience require from him, as a responsible being, and a nmember of society. HOLY, PIOUS, DEVOUT, RELIGIOUS. When applied to things they preserve a similar disHoly is here taken in the sense of holiness, as in the tillction: we speak of the holy sacrament; of a pious preceding article; pious, in Latin pins, is Inost proba- discourse, a pious ejaculation; of a devout exercise, bably changed from dius or denrs, signifying regard for a devout air; a religious sentiment, a religious life, a the gods; devout, in Latin devotous, from devoveo to religious education, &c. engage by a vow, signifies devoted or consecrated; religious, in Latin religiosus, comes from religio and religo, to bind, because religion binds the mind, and HOLY, SACRED, DIVINE. produces in it a fixed principle. A strong regard to the Supreme Beinlg is expressed Holy is here, as in the former article, a term ol by all these epithets; but holy conveys the most com- higher import than either sacred or divine: sacred, in prehensive idea; pious and devout designate most Latin sacer, is derived either from the Greek hyios fervour of mind; religious is the mnost general and holy or aodoS whole, perfect, and the Hebrew zacah pure abstract in its signification. A holy man is in all, Whatever is most intimately connected with religion respects heavenly-minded; he is mrore fit for heaven: and religious worship, in its purest state, is holy, is unthan earth: holiness, to whatever degree it is pos- hallowed by a mixture of inferiour objects, is elevated sessed, abstracts the thoughts from sublunary objects, in the greatest possible degree, so as to suit the nature and fixes them on things that are above; it is therefore of an infinitely perfect ansd exalted Being. Among the a Christian quality, which is not to be attained in its Jews, the holy of holies was that place which was full perfection by human beings, in their present im- intended to approach the nearest to the heavenly perfect state, and is attainable by sonle to a much abode, consequently was preserved as much as possi greater degree than by others. Our Saviour was a ble from all contamination with that which is earthly: perfect pattern of holiness; his apostles after him, and among Christians, that religion or form of religion is innumerable ssaints and good men, both in and out of termed holy, which is esteenled purest in its doctrine, the ministry, have striven to imitate his example, by discipline, and ceremonies, and is applied with eqttal the holiness of their life and conversation: in such, propriety by the Roman Catholicks and tile English however, as have exclusively devoted themselves to Protestants to that which they have in common-;'To his service, this holiness mtay shine brighter than in fit us for a due access to the holy Sacrament, we must those who sare entangled with the affairs of the world; add actual preparation to habitual.'-SOUTH. Upon'The holiest mian, by conlversing with the world in- this ground we speak of the church as a holy place, of sensibly draws sometiling of soil and taint from it.'- the sacrament as the holy sacrament, and the ordinances SOUTH. of the church as holy. Pious is a term more restricted in its signification,, Sacred is less than holy; the sacred derives its sane and consequently imore extended in its application, tion from human institutions, and is connected rather than holy:. piety is not a virtue peculiar to Christians, with our moral than our religious duties: what is holg it is common to all believers inl a Suprenle Being; it is is altogether spiritual, and abstracted from the earthly; the homage of the hesart and the affections to a supe- what is sacred may be simsply the human purified from riour Being: from a similarity in the relationship what is gross and corrupt: what is holy must be between a heavenly and an earthly parent, devotedsness regarded with awe, and treated with every possible of the mind has in both cases been denominated piety. mark of reverence; what is sacred roust not be violated Piety towards God natturally produces piety towards nor infringed upon. The laws are sacred, but not parents; for the obedience of the heart, which gives, holy; a man's word should be sLacred, though not holy: rise to the virtue in the one, seemns instantly to dictate for neither of these things is to be reverenced, but both the exercise of it in the other. The difference between are to be kept free from injury or external violence. holiness and piety is obvious from this, that our Saviour The holy is riot so much opposed to, as it is set above and his apostles are characterized as holy, but not every thing else; the sacred is opposed to the profasne pious, becausepiety is swallowed up in holiness. On the Scriptures are properly denominated holy, because the other hand, Jew aind Gentile, Christian and they are the word of God, and the fruit of his Holy Heathen, are alike termed pious, when they cannot be Spirit; but'other writings may be termed sacred which called holy, because piety is not only a more practi- appertain to religion, in distinction from the profane, cable virtue, but because it is more universally appli- which appertain only to worldly matters;' Commnon cable to the dependant condition of man;'In every sense could tell them, that the good God could not be age the practice has prevailed of substituting certain pleased with any thing cruel, nor the most holy God appearances of piety in theplace of the great duties of with any thing filthy and unclean.'-SoUTH.'Religioll humanity and mercy.'-BLA.R. properly consists in a reverential esteem of things Devotion is a species of'piety peculiar to the wor- sacred.'-SOUTH. shipper; it bespeaks that devotedness of mind which Divine is a term of even less import than sacred; it displays itself in the temple, when the individual signifies either belonging to the Deity, or being like the seemns by his outward services solemnly to devote him- Deity;. but fromn the looseness of its application it has self, soul and body, to the service of his Maker; lost in some respects the dignity of its meaning. The'Devotion expresses not so much the performance of divine is often contrasted with the human: but there any particular duty, as the spirit which must animate aremany human things which aire denominated divine. all religious duties.'-BLAIR. Piety, therefore, lies in Milton's poem is entitled a divine poem, hot merely on the heart, and may appear externally; but devotion acc6unt of the subject, but from the exalted manner inl does not properly exist except in an external ob- which the poet has treated his subject: what is divine, servance: a man piously resigns himself to the will of therefore, may be so superlatively excellent as to be conGod, in the midst of his afflictions; he prays devoutly ceived of as having the stamp of inspiration froml tbh 90 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. Deity, which (if course, as it respects human perform cation of godliness, which at the same time supposes a ances, is but a hyperbolical mode of speech. temper of mind, not only to delight in, but to profit by From the above explanation of these terms, it is cleat such exercises:'The same church is really holy in thig that there is a manifest difference between them, and world, in relation to all godly persons contained in it, yet that their resemblance is sufficiently great for them by a real infused sanctity.'-PEARso N. Righteou1sness to be applied to the same objects. We speak of the on the other hand comprehends Christian morality, in Holy Spirit, and of Divine inspiration; by the first of distinction from that of the heathen or unbeliever; a which epithets is understood not only what is super- righteous man does right, not only. because it is right, buman, but what is a constituent part of the Deity: by but because it is agreeable to the will of his Maker, and the second is represented merely in a general manner the example of his Redeemer: righteousness is therethe source of the inspiration as coaming from the Deity, fore to godliness as the effect to the cause; "'T is the and not from man; i When a man resteth and assureth gospel's work to reduce man to the principles of his first himself, upon Divine protection, he gathereth a force creation, that is, tobe both good and wise. Our ancesand faith which human nature in itself could not tors, it seems, were clearly of this opinion. He that obtain.' —BAcoN. Subjects are denominated either was pious and just was reckoned a righteous man. sacred or divine, as when we speak of sacred poelhms, Godliness and integrity was called and accounted or divine hymns; sacred here characterizes the su bjects righteousness. And in their old Saxon rigahteous was of the poems, as those which are to be held sacred; rightwise, and righteousness was originally rightwiseand divine designates the subject of the hymns as not ness.'-FELTHAn A. The godly man goes to the sancbeing ordinary or merely human; it is clear, therefore, tuary and by converse with his Maker assimilates all tiat what is holy is it its very nature sacred, but not his affections to the character of that being whom he vice versd; and that what is holy and sacred is in its worships; when he leaves the sanctuary he proves the very nature divine; but the divine is not always either efficacy of his godliness by his righteous converse withl holy or sacred. his fellow-creatures. It is easy however for men to | nlistake the means for the end, and to rest with godliHEAVENLY ness without righrteousness, as too many are apt to do.GODIKCE, DIVINE, HEAVENLY. who seem to umake their whole duty to consist in an cGodlike bespeaks its own mreaning, as like God, or attention to religious observances, and in the indulafter the manner of God; divine, in Latin divinus from gence of extravagant feelings;' It hath been the great divus or Deas, signifies appertaining to God; heavenly, design of the devil and his instruments in all ages to or heavenlike, Signifies like or appertaining to heaven. undermine religion, by making an unhappy separation Godlike is a more expressive, but less common term and divorce between godliness and morality. But let than divinre; the former is used only as an epithet of us not deceive ourselves; this was always religion, and peculiar praise for a particular object; divine is gene- the conditionof our acceptance with God, to endeavoul rally employed for that which appertains to a superiour to be like God in purity and holiness, in justice and being, in distinction from that which is human. Bene- righteousness.'-TILLOTSON. volence is a godlike property:.; Sure he that made us with such large discourEe, Looking before and after, gave us not SECULAR, TEMPORAL, WORLDLY. That capability and godlike reason, T'o rust in us urnus'd.-SHAKSEPEARE. Secular in Latin secularis, from seculum an age oz division of tinme, signmifies belonging to time, or this life; hence tDive mface is stcalled by Mil the features of man, tace poral, in Latin teumporalis, from tempus time, signiwhence the face is called by Milton I the human facefies laSfing only for a ti~e; wooldly signifies' afte'the Divine.'' The benefit of nattre's light is not thought fies latf the worlad. excluded as unnecessary, because the necessity of a Secular is opposed to ecclesiastical or spiritual, termdivi.z tight is magnified.'-HooKtER. Divine is how- poral and worldly art opposed to spiritual or eternal. thevpoets for wltat to sup oral andwi'surldly are opposed to sepiritu for waeterisal. ever frequently used by the poets for hllat is sp- The ideas of the world, or the outward objects and excellentt. pursuits of the world, in distillction from that whic.' Of all that see or read thy comedies, is set above the world, is implied in common by all t:, WVhoever in those glasses looks may find terms; but secular is ant indifferent term, applicable ta The spots return'd, or graces of his mind; tile allowed pursulits andt concerns of men; temporal is Antd by the help of so divine an art, used either in an inldifferent or a bad sense; and At leisure view and dress his nobler part. worldly mostly in a bad sense, as contrasted with things WALLhER. of more value. As divine is opposed to human, so is heavenly to The office of a clergyman is ecclesiastical, but that earthly: the Divine Being is a term of distinction for of a schoolnaster is secular, which is frequently vested the Creator from all other beings; but a heavenly being in the same hands;'IThis, ill several men's actions of denotes tile angels or inhabitants of heaven, in distinc- common life, appertaineth unto moral; in publickl and tion from earthly beings or the inhabitants of earth. politick secular affairs, unto civil wisdom.'-HooKER. A divine influence is to be sought for only by prayer The upper house of parliament consists of lords spi to the Giver of all good things; but a heavenly temper ritual and tenporal.' There is scarce any of those may be acquired by a steady contemplation of heavenly decisions but gives good light, by way of authority or thinlgs, and an abstraction from those which are earthly. reason, to some questions that arise also between tern Thl'le Divine will is the foundation of all moral law and pcral dignities, especially to cases wherein some of our obligation; slbordinate temporal titles have part it the controInstructed you'd explore erlsy.' —SELDEN. Worldly interest has a more pow Divine contrivance, and a God adore.-BmLACncMOEst erful sway upon the minids of the great bulk of man Hleavenly joys are the fruit of all our labours in this kimfd, than their spiritual interests;'Compare he hapeiness of men and beasts no farther than it results from earthly course; nworldly advantages.'-ATTERBuRY. Whoever enters Reason, alas i It does mnot rknow itself; nto the holy office of the ministry with merely seculan 13ut man, vain main! would with his short-liti'd views of preferment, chooses a very unfit source of plummet emolument;' Sore saw nothing ill what has been done Fathorn the vast abyssof heavenlyjumstice.-DRY DEN. in France but a firm and temperate exertion of freedomn, so consistent with morals and piety, as to make it deserving not only of the secular applause of dashing GODLY, RIGHTEOUS. Machiavelian politicians, but to make it a fit theme fol Godly is a contraction of godlike (v. Godlike); all the devout effusions of sacred eloquence.'-BuRKE righteous signifies conlformable to right or truth. A too eager pursuit after temporal advantages and temThese epithets are both used in a spiritual sense, and poral pleasures is apt to draw the mind away firom its cannot, without an indecorous affectantioni of religion, regard to those which are eternal;'The ultimate pur be imntroduced into any other discourse than that which pose of government is temporal, and that of religion is is properly spiritual. Godlineess, in the strict sense, is eternal happiness.'-JoHNso N. Wordly applause wvill that outward deportlnmeut which characterizes a hea- weigh very light when set in the balance against the venlly temper; prayer, reading of the Scriptures, publick reproach of one's own conscience;' Worldly things are worship, and every religious act, enters into the sigtifi- )'f such quality as to lessen upon dividing.'-GRo vu ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 91 ENTHUSIAST, FANATICK, VISIONARY. probably from the word roam, signifying to wander, The enthusiast, fanatick, and visionary have dis- in Hebrew On to be agitated; reverse, in French ordered imaginations; but the enthusiast is only reverie, like the English rave, comes from the Latin affected inwardly with an extraordinary fervour, the rabies, signifying that which is wandering or incofasnatick and visiona? y betray that fervour by some out- he,'ent. ward snark; the former by singularities of conduct, the Dreams and reveries are alike opposed to the reality, latter by singularities of doctrine. Fanaticks and and have their origin in the imagination; but the vIisionaries are therefore always more or less enthu- former commonly pass in sleep, and the latter when siasts; but enthusiasts are not always fanaticks or awake: the dream may and does commonly arise visionaries.'EvOsatasai among the Greeks, from E'v when the imagination is in a sound state; the reverie in and OEtS God, signified those supposed to have, or is the fruit of a heated imagination;'R every is when pretending to have, Divine inspiration. Fanatici were ideas float in our mind, without reflection or regard of so called alnong the Latins, from fana the temples in the understanding.'-LocKs. Dreams come in the which they spent an extraordinary portion of their course of nature; reveries are the consequence of a time; they, like the EYOsatasai of the Greeks, pretended peculiar ferment. to revelations and inspirations, during the influence of When the dream is applied to the act of one that is wvhich they indulged themselves in mal.y extravagant awake, it admits of another distinction fiom reverie. triclks, cutting themselves with knives, and distorting They both designate what is confounded, but tile themselves with every species of antick gesture and dream is less extravagant than the reverie. Ambitious grimace. men please themselves with dreams of future greatAlthough we are professors of a pure religion, yet ness: enthusiasts debase the purity of the Christian we cannot boast an exemption from the extravagancies religion by blending their own wild reveries with the which are related of the poor heathens; we have many doctrines of the Gospel. He who indulges himself in who indulge themselves in similar practices under the idle dreams lays up a store of disappointment for himidea of honouring their Maker and Redeemer. There self when he recovers his recollection, and finds that are fanaticks who profess to be under extraordinary it is nothing but a dream; I Gay's friends persuaded influences of the spirit; and there are enthusiasts whose hin to sell his share of South-sea stock, but he dereamed intemperate zeal disqualifies them fbr taking a bene- of dignity and splendour, and could not bear to obstruct ficial part in the sober and solemn services of the his own fortune.'-JoHNsos. A love of, ingularity church.. Visionary signifies properly one who deals in operating on an ardent mind will too often lead men visions, that is, in the pretended appearance of super- to indulge in strange reveries; I continued to sit monatural objects; a species of enthusiasts who have tionless, with my eyes fixed upon the curtain, sorie sprlng up in more modern times. The leadersof sects tmomenlts after it fell. Whenl I was roused fior; are comimlonlly visionaries, having adopted this artifice my reverie I found myself alnost alone.' —H.AwKEs. to establish their reputation and doctrines among their WOITH. deluded followers; Mahomet was one of the most suc- - cessful visionaries that ever pretended to divine inspiration; and since his time there have been visionaries, ABSURD, PREPO particularly in England, who have raised religious par- TEROUS. ties, by having recourse to the same expedient: of this Irrational, compounded of' ir or in and ratio, sigrli description was Swedenborg, Huntington, and Brothers. fies contrary to reasonl, and is emlplrsyed to expres thit Fanatick was originally confined to those who were want of the faculty itself; or a deficiency in the exer under religious frenzy, but the present age ihas pre- cise of this faculty; foolish denotes the perversion ol sented us with the monstrosity of fanaticks in irreli- this faculty; absurd, froml surduts, deaf, signifies that gion and anarchy;'They who will not believe that to which one would turn a dleaf ear; preposterous the philosophical fanaticks who guide ii these mat- frosn prao before and post behind, signifies literally that ters have long entertainled the design (of abolishing side foremost which is unnatural and contrary to cont religion), are utterly ignorant of their character.'- mon sense. BURKE. Enthusiast is a term applied in general to Irrational is not so strong a term as foolish: it ix every one who is filled with an extraordinary degree applicable more frequently to the thing than to the of fervour; person, to the principle than to the practice;'The Her little soul is ravish'd, and so pour'd schemes of freethinkers are altogether irrational, andl( Into loose ecstasies, that she is piaced require the most extravagant credulity to embrace Above herself, Musick's enthusiast.-CRAsHAwV. them.'-ADDISON. Foolish on the contrary is coin monly applicable to the person as well as the thiin, Enthusiasts pretend that they have the gift of to the practice rather than the principle;'The salie prophecy by dreams.' —PAGITrT'S iERESIOGtRAPHY. well meaning gentleman tools occasion at another tinie Visionary is a term applied to one who deals in fan- to bring together such of his friends as were addict ed ciful speculation;' This account exceeded all the Noc- to a foolish habitual custom of swearing, in order to tambuli or visionaries I have mlet with.'-TURNER. shOW them the absurdity of the practice.-ADDIso N The former may sometimes be innocent, if not laulda- Skepticism is the miost irrational thing that exists. ble, according to the nature of the object; the latter is the human mind is formed to believe, but not lo always censurable: the enthusiast has mostly a warm doubt: he is of all men most foolish who stalkes his heart; the visionary has only a fanciful head. The eternal salvation on his own fancied superiority of enthsiast will mostly be on the side of virtue even intelligence and illlmination. Foolish, absurd, anti though in an errour; the visionary pleads no cause but preposterous, rise in degree: a violation of comrmnrslo Ilis own. The enthusiast suffers his imagination to sense is implied by them all, but they vary accordlir, iollow his heart; the visionary makes his understand- to the degree of violence which is done to the unlderinl bend to his imagination. Although in matters of standing: foolish is applied to any thing, however religion, enthusiasm should be cautiously guarded trivial, which in the smallest degree offends our uinder against, yet we admire to see it roused in behalf of standings: the conduct of children is therefore oftien otte's counltry and one's friends;' Cherish true religion foolish, but not absurd and preposterous, which are as p[reciously as you will, fly with abhorrence and said only of serious things that are opposed to our colitelmpt, superstition and eonthusiasnm.'-CHATHIM. judgements: it is absurd for a man to persuade anlothler Visionaries, whether in religion, politicks, or science, to do that which le in like circumstances would object are dangerous as members of society, and offensive as to do himself; comnpanions;' The sons of infamy ridicule every thing Buit grant that those can conqller, these can cheat. as rornantick that comes in competition with their pre-'Tis phrase absurd to call a villain great; sent interest, and treat those persons as visionaries Who wickedly is wise or madly brave who dare stand up inl a corrupt age, for what has not Is but the more a fool, the nuore a ktave.-Pos. its immediate reward joined to it.' —ADDIsON. it is preposterous for a man to expose himself to the - P..... ridiciumle of others, and then be angry withl those who will not treat him respectfully;'By a preposterous DREAM, REVERIE. desire of things in themselves indifferent men fbrego Dream, in Dutch drom, &c. comes either from the the enjoyment of that happiness wliich those thilnigs Celtic drem, a sight, or the Greek 3pidoa, a fable, or as are insstrlmlental to obtain.'-BERKELEY~ 92 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. IRRELIGIOUS, PROFANE, IMPIOUS. regard to lovers' vows; he who deserts his mistress to As epithets to designate the character of the person, whom he has pledged his affection is a perjured man they seem to rise in degree: the irreligious is nega- Be gone, for ever leave this happy sphere; live; the profane and impious are positive; the lat- For perjur'd lovers have no mansions here.-LEE. ter being much stronger than the former. The profanz Forswear and perjure are the acts of individuals of the Latins, from pro and fanum, i. e. procul a fase, suborn, from the Latin subornare, signifies to make to far from the temple, were those not initiated, who were forswear: a perjured mass has all the guilt upon himnot permitted to take any part in the sacred mysteries self; but he who is suborned shares his guilt with the and rites, whence by a natural consequence those who suborner; despised what was sacred. All men who are not posi-suor tively actuated by principles of religion are irreligious; They were suborn'd;'An officer of the army in Roman Catholick countries Malcolm and Donalbain, the king's two ons, would be afraid to pass for an irreligious man if he Are stole away and fed.-SHAKSPEARE should be seen to go to bed without offering up his devotions.'-ADDISON. Who, if we include all such DEVIL, DEMON. as show a disregard to the outward observances of religion, form a too numerous class: profanity and Devil, in old German tiefel, Saxon deofl, Welsl; impiety are however of a still more heinous nature; diafial, French diable, Italian diavolo, Dutch duyfdel, they consist not in the mere absence of regard for reli- Greek rtdoosos, from slafdXXA(o, to traduce, signifies gion, but in a positive contempt of it'and open out- properly a calumniator, and is always taken in the bad rage against its laws; the profane man treats what is sense, for the spirit which incites to evil, and telnpts sacred as if it were profane;' The caused the mca through the sedium of their evil passions; weak to stumble and the profane to blaspheme, offend- demon, in Latin dremon, Greek Jaiewv, front dee to isg the one ard hardening the other.'-SOUTH. What know, signifies one knowing, that is, having preter a believer holds in reverence, and utters with awe, is natural knowledge, and -is taken either in a bad or pronounced with an air of indifference or levity, arid good sense for the power that acts within us and con. as a matter of common discourse, by a profane man; trols our actions. he knowing rio difference between sacred and proassee; Since the devil* is represented as the father of all but as the former may be converted into a source of wickedness; associations have been connected with the scandal towards others;'Fly, ye profane; if not, name that render its pronounciation in familiar disdraw near with awe.'-YouNG., The impious man is course offensive to the chastened ear; while demon is directly opposed to the pious man; the former is filled a term of indifferent application, that is commonly with defiance and rebellion against his Maker, as the substituted in its stead to designate either a good or an latter is with love and fear; the former curses, while evil spirit. the latter prays; the former is bloated with pride and Among Jews and Christians the term demon is taken conceit: the latter is full of humility and selfabase- always in a bad sense; hut the Greeks and Romans ment: we have a picture of the former in the devils, understood by the word damon any spirit or genius and of the latter in the saints. When applied to good or evil, but particularly the good spirit or guardian things, the term irreligious seens to be sornewhat angel, who was supposed to accompany a man from more positively opposed to religion: an irrcligioues his birth. Socrates professed to be always under the book is not merely one in which there is no religion, direction of such a dimon, and his example has been but that also which is detrimental to religion, such as followed by other heathen philosophers, particularly skeptical or licentious writings: the profane in this those of the Platonick sect. Hence the use of these case is not always a term of reproach, but is employed terms in ordinary discourse, the devil being always to distinguish what is expressly spiritual in its nature considered as the supernatural agent, who, by the from that which is temporal: the history of nations is I divine permission, acts on the hearts and minds of profane, as distinguished from the sacred history con- mes; but a demon is applied generally and indefinitely,tained in the Bible: the writings of the heathens are in the sense of any spirit. The devil is said in proveraltogether profane as distinguished from the moral bial discourse to be in such things as go contrary to writings of Christians, or the believers in Divine Reve- the wish; the demon of jealousy is said to possess the lation. On the other hand, when we speak of a pro- mind that is altogether carried away with that passion. fane sentiment, or a profane joke, profane lips, and Men who wish to have credit for moe goodness than the like, the sense is personal and reproachful;'No- they possess, and to throw the load of guilt off thersthing is profane that serveth to holy things.-RALEEGH. attribute to the devil a perpetual eLdeavour to lnpious is never applied but to what is personal, and draw them into the commission of crimes;'The in the very worst sense; an impious thought, an im- enemies we are to contend with are not ien but pious wish, or an impious vow, are the fruits of an devils.'-TILLOTSON. Wherever the demo of discord impioues mind; has got admittance, there is a farewell to all the comforts of social life;' My good demon, who sat at my Love's great divinity rashly maintains right hand dluring the course of this whole vision, Weak impzous war with an immortal God. observing in me a burning desire to join that glorious CUMBnELA.ND. company, told me he highly approved of that generous ardour with which I seemed transported.'-ADDIs oN. TO FORSWEAR, PERJURE, SUBORN. Forswear is Saxon; perjure is Latin; the lpreposi- HERETICK, SCHISMATICK, SECTARIAN OR tioe for and per are both privative, and the words SECTAItY, DISSENTER, NONCONFORMlST. signify literally to swear contrary to the truth; this is, however, not their only distinction: to forswear is A heretick is the maintainer of heresy (v. Hetero applied to all kinds of oaths; to perjure is employed doz); the schismatick is the author or promoter of only for such oaths as have been administered by tie schism; the sectarian or sectary is the member of a civil magistrate. sect; the dissenter is one who dissents from the estabA soldier forswears himself who breaks his oath of lishmet; and the tlsnclsnformist one who does not allegiance by desertion; and a subject forswears hin- conformn to the establishment. A man is a heretick self who takes art oath of allegiance to his Majesty only for matters of faith and doctrine, but he is a which he afterwvard violates; schismatick in matters of discipline and pilactice. The heretick therefore is not always a schis'matickl, nor the False as thou art, and more than false forswoorn! schismatick a heretick. Whoever holds the doctrines Not sprung from noble blood, nor goddess born; that arc comminon to the Roman Catholick arid the Why should I owin what worse have I to fear? reformned Churches, is not a heretick in the Protestant DRYDEN. sense of the word; although he inay in many outward A man perjures himself in a court of law who swears formalities be a schismatick. The Calvinists are not to the truth of that which he knows to be false;' The hereticks, but they are for the most part schismaticks; common oath of the Scythian was by the sword and or the other hand, there are many members of the the fire, for that they accounted those two special establishment, who hold though they do not avow divine powers which should work vengeance on the heretical notions. perjurers.'-SPrNSER. Forswear is used only in the proper sense: perjure may be used figuratively with * Vide Abbe Girard: " Diable, demon ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 9 The heretick is considered as such with regard to the have a faith of one's own is heresy; the heterodoxz "atholick Church, or the whole body of Christians, characterizes the opinions formed; the heresy characholding the same fundamental principles;'When a terizes the individual forming the opinion: the hetePapist uses the word hereticks he generally means rodoxy exists independently and for itself;' All wrong Protestants, when a Protestant uses the word, he notions in religion are ranked under the general name generally means any persons wilfully and contentiously of heterodox.'-GoLDING. The heresy sets itself up obstinate in fundamental errours.'-WATTS. But the against others;'Heterodoxies, false doctrines, yea, schismatick and sectarian are considered as such with and heresics, may be propagated by prayer as well as regard. to particular established bodies of Christians. preaching.'-BULL. As all division supposes errour Schism, from the Greek aXi;w, to split, denotes an either on one side or on both, the words heterodoxy action, and the schismatick is an agent who splits:for and heresy are applied only to human opinions, and himself in his own individual capacity: the sectarian strictly in the sense of a false opinion, formed in disdoes not expressly perform a part, he merely holds a tinction from that which is better founded; but the relation; he does not divide any thing himself, but former respects any opinions, important or otherwise; belongs to that which is already cut or divided. The the latter refers only to matters of importance; the schismatick, therefore, takes upon himself the whole heresy is therefore a fundamental errour. There has moral responsibility of the schism; but the sectarian been much heterodoxy in the; Christian world at all does not necessarily ltake an active part in the measures times, and among these have been heresies denying of his sect: whatever guilt attaches to schissm attaches the plainest'and most serious truths which have been to the schismatick; he is a voluntary agent, who acts acknowledged by the great body of Christians since from an erroneous principle, if not an unchristian tem- the Apostles. per: the sectariant is often an involuntary agent; lihe follows that to which he has been incidentally attached. It is possible, therefore, to be a schismatick, and not a OMEN, PROGNOSTICK, PRESAGE. sectarian; as also to be a sectarian, and not a schis- All these terms express some token or sign of what mnatick. Those professed members of the establish- is to come; omen, in Latin olmens, probably comes from mrrent who affict the title of evangelical, and wish to the Greek oi'olat to think, because it is what gives palm uii'n tile Church the peculiarities of the Calvin- rise to much conjecture; progLnostick, in Greek 7rpoyisticki'.dotiine, and to ingraft their own modes and V5'trKOV, from 7rpOyvruaKcW, to know before, signifies the tormssiito its discipline, are schismaticks, but not see- sign by which one judges a thing before hand, because tariense'T hie schismaticks disturb the sweet peace a prognostick is; rather a deduction by the use of the of our Church.'-HOWEL. On the other handi those understanding; the presage is the sentiment of prewho by birth and education are attached to a sect, are sagisng, or the thing by which one presages. sectarians, but not always schismaticks;'In the The omen and prognostick are both drawn from exhrise of Sir Samuel Luke, one of Cromwell's officers, ternal objects; the presage is drawn from one's own i'lltler observed so -much of the character of the sec- feelings. The omen is drawn from objects that have taries, that he is said to have written or begun his poem no necessary connexion with the thing they are made at this time.' —JoHNsoN. Consequently, schismatick to represent; it is the fruit of the imagination, and is a term of much greater reproach than sectarian. rests on superstition: the praognosticlc, on the contrary, The schismatick'and sectarian have a reference to is a sign which partakes in some degree of tihe quality any established body of Christians of any country; of the thing denoted. Omens were drawn by the but dissenter is a term applicable only to the inhabit- heathens from the flight of birds, or the entrails of ants of Great Britain, and bearing relation only to beasts;'Aves dant omina dira.'-TIBUELLUS. And the established Churlch of England: it inlcludes not oftentimes from different incidents; thus Ulysses, only those who have individually and personally re- when landed on his native island, prayed to Jupiter nounced the doctrines of the Church, but those who that. he would give him a double sign by which he are in a state of dissent or difference from it. Dis- might know that he should be permitted to slay the seaters are not necessarily either schismaticks or sec- suitors of his wife; and when he heard the thunder, taintns, for British Roman Catholicks, and the Presby- and saw a maiden supplicating the gods in the temple, terians of Scotland, are all dissenters, although they he took these for omens that he should immediately are the reverse of'what is understood by schismatick proceed to put in execution his design; the omen was and sectarian: it is equally clear that all schismaticks therefore considered as a supernatural sign sent for a and sectarians are not dissenters, because every esta- particular purpose;'A signal omen stopp'd the passing Ilished community of Christians, all over the world, host.'-PoPE. Prognosticks, on the other hand, are have had individuals, or smaller bodies of individuals, discovered only by an acquaintance with the objects setting themselves up against them: the term dis- in which they exist, as the prognostickcs of a mortal seater being in a great measure technical, it may be disease are known to none so well as the physician; applied individually or generally without conveying the prognosticks of a storm or tempest are best known any idea of reproach;'Of the dissenters, Swift did to the mariner; not wish to infringe the toleration, but he opposed Though your pro nosticks run too fast, their encroachments.'-JoHNso N. The same imay be They must be verified at last.-SWIFT. said of nonconformist, which is a more special term, incltuding only such as do not conform to some esta- In an extended sense, the word omenl is also applied to blished or national religion;' Watts is at least one of objects which serve as a sign, or enable a person the few poets with whom youth arind ignorance may be to draw a rational inference, which brings it nearer in safely pleased; and happy will that reader be, whose sense to the prognostick and the presage: but the mind is disposed, by his verses or his prose, to imitate omen may be used of that which is either good or bad hinl in all but his nonconformity.'-JoHNSON. Con- the prognostick mostly of that which is bad. It is sequently, all members of the Ronmish Church, or of an omen of our success, if we find those of whom we,;le Kirk of Scotland, are excluded from the number have to ask a favour ir a good humour;'Hammond euf nonconfo-rmists; while, on the other haird, all would steal from his fellows into places of his privacy British-born subjects, not adhering to these two forms, there to say his payers, omens of his future pacific and at the saime time reriouncing the established form temper and eminent devotion.'-FFELL. The spirit of of their country, are of this number, ansong whom may discontent which pervades the countenances and disbe reckoned Independents, Presbyterians, Baptists, course of a people is a prognostick of some popular rnuakers, Methodists, and all other such sects as have commotion; seen formed since the reformation. Careful observers By sureprognosticks may foretell a shower.-SwIFT Presage, when signifying a sentiment, is commonly HETERODOXY, HERESY. applied to what is unfavourable;' I know but one way Iteterodozxy, from the Greek irepos and r6r6, signifies of fortifying my soul against these gloomy presages another or a different doctrine; heresy, from the Greek that is, by securing to myself the protection of that aOpecls a choice, signifies an opinion adopted by indivi- Being who disposes of events.'-ADDISON. But when dual choice. taken for that by which one presages, it is understood * To be of a different persuasion is heterodoxy; to favourably, or in an indifferent sense. The quickness of powers discoverable in a boy is sometimes a prer Vide Roubaud: " H6rtique, hibtrodoxe." sage of his future gre o;ness; 94 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. Ours joy fill'd, and shout idea of a verbal communication of futuriLy to otners Presage of victory.-MILTON. prognosticate, from the Greek 7payvcaKx to know beforehand, to bode or imagine to one's self before hand, denotes the action of feeling rather than spear' 0 AUGUR, PRESAGE, FOREBODE, ing Qf things to come. BETOKEN, PORTEND. Foretell is the most general in its sense, and familiar ill its application; we foretell common events; we may AIugur, in French augurer, Latin augurzium, comes predickthat which is common or uncommon; propheoiom avis a bird, as an augury was originally, and at'rolx a~vis a tpir, as an a~rgxry was orlgianaly, and at cies ar5e for the most part important; for-etelling is an..11 times, principally drawn froom the song, the fligis, ries arb for the most part important; foetellisg is an o thlnersai poincipally drawn from the asuong, the fliht ordinary gift; one foretells by a simple calculation or or other actions of birds. The augurium of the guess; ILatins, and the osivtrea of the Greeks, was a species of divination practised by the augurs, who professed Above the rest, the sun, who never lies to foretell events, either from the heavenly phenomena, Foretells the change of weather in the skies. from the chattering or flight of birds, from the sacred DRYDEN. chickens, according to the manner of their eating their To predict and prophesy are extraordinary gifts; oe mneat; from quadrupeds, such as wolves, foxes, goats, predicts either by a superiour degree of intelligence, or &c.; or, lastly, from what they called the diree, or the by a supernatural power real or supposed;''lle conaccidents which befell persons, as sneezing, stumbling, sequences of suffering the French to establish thermspilling salt, or meeting particular objects; whence byredicted with g a natural extension in the meaning of the term, it has selves i Scotland, are predicted with great accuracy and discernment.'-RonERTSON.' In Christ they all been used to signify any conjecture respecting filturity. meet with an invincible evidence, as if they were not Presage, in French prdsage, from the Latin prae and predictions, but after relations; and the penmen of sagio to be instinctively wise, signifies to be thus wise them not prophets, but evangelists.'-SOUTH. One about what is to come; forebode is conmpotnded of propheesies by means of inspiration real or supposed; fore, and the Saxon bodian, and the English bid, to offer or to declare, signifying to pronounce on futurity; An ancient augur prophesied from hence, betoken signifies to serve as a token; portend, in Latin "Behold on Latian shores a foreign prince!" portendo, compounded of por for pro and tendo, signi- DRYDEN. ties to set or show forth. I Men of discernment and experience easily foretell the To augur signifies either to serve or make use of as events of undertakings which fall under their notice. an aeugury; to forbode and presage is to form a con- The priests among the heathens, like the astrologers elusion in one's own mind: to betoken or portend is to and conjurers of more modern times, pretended to preserve as a sign. Persons or things augur or presage; diet events that, effected nations and empires. The persons onlyforebode; things only betoken or portend. gift of prophecy was one among the nulmber of the ougurinss is a calculation of some futurle event, in supernaturan! gifts communicated to the primitive which the imagination seems to smuch concerned Christians by the Holy Ghost.' No arguemenlts made as the understanding: presaging ather a conclusion a stronger impression on these Pagan converts, tha, or deduction of what may be from what is; it lies in the predictions relating to our Saviour, in those old the understanding more than in the imagination: fore- prophetickl writings deposited among the hands of the bodtig lies altogether in the imaginatiion. Things are greatest enemnies to Christianity.'-ADDISON. said to betoken, which present natural signs; those are Prediction as a noun is employed for both the verbs said to portesnd, which present extraordinary or super- foretell and predict; it is therefore a term of less value natural signs. than prophecy. We speak of a prediction being veriIt augurs ill for the prosperity of a country or a fled, and a prophecy fulfilled: the predictions of almastate when its wealth has increased so as to take away hack-makers respecting tire weather are as seldom the ordinary stimulus to industry, and to introduce an verified as the prophecies of visionaries and enthusiasts inordinate love of pleasure;'There is always an are fulfilled respecting the death of princes or the augury to be taken of what a peace is likely to be, affairs of governments. To pror7nosticate is an act of from the preliminary steps that are made to bring it the understanding; it is guided by outwvard symptoms about.'-BURKE. We presage the future greatness of as a rule; it is only stimulated and not guided by out a man from the indications which he gives of possess- ward objects; a physician prognosticates the crisis of ing an elevated character;' An opinion has been long a disorder by the symptoms discoverable in the patient; conceived, that quickness of invention, accuracy of'Who that should view the small beginnings of some judgement, or extent of knowledge, appearing before persons could imagine or prognosticate those vast in the usual time, presarre a short life.'-JOHNSON. A creases of fortune that have afterward followed them distempered mind is apt to forebode every ill from the -SOUTII. most trivial circumstances;'What conscience forebodes, revelation verifies, assuring us that a day is appointed when God will render to every man according CONJECTURE, SIJPPOSITION, SURMISE. to his works.'-BLtar. We see wijth pleasure those onjecture, in French conjecture, Latin conjecturea actions in a child which betoken an ingenuous temper; from ronjicto or co andjaco to throw together, sg,from eonjicio or co J andacio to throw togethersig All more than common menaces an end: nifies the thing put together or franled in the mind A blaze betokens brevity of life, without design or foundation; supposition, in French As if bright embers should emit a flame.-YovNG. supposition, from suppono, cornpounrded of sub and A mariner sees with pain the darkness of the sky pono to put in the place of a thing, signifies to -. which portends a storm; one's thoughts in the place of reality; surmise, ct: Skill'd in the wing'd inhabitants of tihe air, pounded of sur or sub and misc, -Latin missus pa ciple of mitto to send or put forth, has an origin, What auspices their notes and flights declare, meanin similar to the former. O! say-for all religious rites portend meaning similar to the former. A happy voyage and a prospreligi ous rites portend All these terms convey an idea of something in the mind independent of the reality; but conjecture is The moralist augurs no good to the morals of a nation founded less on rational inference than supposition; from the lax discipline which prevails in the education and surmise less than either; any circumstance, howof youth; he presages the loss of independence to ever trivial, may give rise to a conjecture; some rea the minds of men in whom proper principles of subor- sons are requisite to produce a supposition; a partidination have not been early engendered. Men some- cular state of feeling or train of thinking'may of itself timesforebode the misfortunes which happen to them, create a surmise. but they oftenerforebode evils which never come. Although the same epithets are generally applicable to all these terms, yet we may with propriety say that a conjecture is idle; a supposition false; a surmise TO FORETELL, PREDICT, PRoPHEsY, fanciful. PROGNOS''IC:ATE.' Conjectures are employed on events, their cause-, To foretell, compounded of fore and tell; predict, consequences, and contingencies;' In the casting of from prae and dico; prophesy, in French prophetiser, lots, a man cannot, upon any ground of reason, bring Latin prophetiso, Greek orpoOs2reiu, all si.nify to tell, the event so much as under conjecture.'-SoUTH. Supexpound, or declare what is to happen, and convey the p si/ion is concerned in speculative points;' This is ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 95 only an infallibility upon supposition, that if a thing TO DOUBT, QUESTION, DISPUTE. be true it is impossible to be false.'-TiLLOTSON.'Surnmise is employed on personal concerns; I'To let go Doubt, in French douter, Latin dubito irom dubtus, private surmises whereby the thing is not made better comes from iww and Zvbva~S, in the same manner as or worse; if just and allowable reasons might lead our frequentative doubt, signifying to have two opinthemr to do as they did, then are these censures frus- ions; question. in Latin questio, fiom quero, to inquire, trate.'-Ho KER. The secret measures of government signifies to make a question or inquiry: dispute, fiom give rise to various conjectures: all the suppositions tie Latin disputo, or dis asunder andputo to think, sig wvhich are formed respecting colnets seem at present to nifies literally to think differently. fall short of the truth: the behaviour of a person will These telms express the act of the mind in staying often occasion a surmise respecting his intentions and its decision. The doubt lies altogether in the mind; it proceedings, let them be ever so disguised. Antiqua- is a less active feeling than questioning or disputilrg: rians and etymologists deal much in conjectures; they by the former we merely suspend decision; by the latter have amliple scope afforded them for asserting what can we actually demand proofs in order to assist us in debe neither proved nor denied;'Persons of studious ciding. We may doubt in silence; we cannot question and contemplative natures often entertain themselves or dispute without expressing it directly or indirectly. with the history of past ages, or raise schemes and con- He who sungests doubts does it with caution; he ectures upon futurity.'-ADDISON. Iteligionists are who mnakes a question throws in difficulties with a pleased to build many suppositions of a doctrinal na- degree of confidence. Doubts insinuate themselves ture on the Scriptures, or, more properly, on their own into the mind oftentimes involuntarily on the part of the partial and forced interpretations of the Scriptures; dorbter; questions are always made with an express' Even in that part which we have of the journey to design. We doubt in matters of general interest, on Canterbury, it will be necessary, in the following Re- abstruse as well as common subjects; we question view of Chaucer, to take notice of certain defects and nmostly in ordinary matters that are of, a personal inteinconsistencies, which can only be accounted for upon rest; dispputing is no less personal than questioning, but the supposition that the work was never finished by the dispute respects the opinions or assertions of the author.'-TYRWHITT. It is the part of prudence, another; the question respects his moral character or as well as justice, not to express any surmises which qualities; we doubt tie truth of a position;' For my we may entertain, either as to the character or conduct tart I think the being ofa God is so little to be dotbtd, of otlrers, which may not redound to their credit that I think it is almost the only truth we are sure of.''Any the least surumise of neglect has raised an aver- — AAfbIsoN. We question the veracity of an author; sion in one mian to another.'-SOUTH. Our business in the field of fight Is not to question, but to prove our might.-Popr. The existence of mermaids was doubted for a great TO CONJECTURE, GUESS, DIVINE length of time; but the testimony of creditable persons, who have lately seen thernm, ought now to put it out of Conjecturing, in the same sense as before (vide Con- all doubt. When the practicability of any plan is gueslacture), In nearly allied to guessilg and divisnisrg; tioned, it is unnecessary to enter any ifarther into its Ntress, in Saxon and Low German grisn, sconnected merits. When the authority of the person is disputed witih the word ghost, and the Germnan geist, &c. spirit, it is in vain for him to offer his advice or opinion; signifying the action of a spirit; divine, from the Latin diviznus and Deus a God, signifies to think and know Now t am sent, and am not to dispute as independently as a God. My prince's orders, but to execute. We conjecture that which may be;' When we look The doubt is firequently confined to the individual, upotn such things as equally may or rray not be, human the question and disprte frequently respect others. reason can their, at the best, but conjectrrre what will We doubt whether we shall be able to succeed; we be.' —SOvTH. We guess that a thing actually is or question another's right to interfere; we dispute a per was; son's claim to ally honour; we doubt whether a thing Incapable and shallow innocents! will answer the end proposed; we question the utility You cannot guess who caused your father's death. of any one making the attempt; we dispute the jrlstice SEIAKSPEARE. of any legal sentence; in this application of the ternIts We q at the meaninguestion and dispute, the former expresses a less deciWe conj.ecture at the meaning of a person's actions; sive feeling and action than the latter. we guess that it is a certain hour. The conjecturing There are nany doubtful cases in mediciue, wlrele is opposed to the full conviction of a thing; the guess- the physician is at a loss to decide; there are many ing is opposed to the certain knowledge of a thing; questionable measures proposed by those who are in or And these discoveries make us all confess out of power which demand consideration. There are That sublunary science is but gueCss.-DENHuArt. many disputable points between man and man which cause much angry feeling and disposition; to doubt A child guesses at that portion of his lesson which he every thing is more inimical to the cause of truth, than has not properly learned; a fanciful person employs the readiness to believe every thing; a disposition to conjecture where he cannot draw any positive con- question whatever is said or done by others, is much clusiorn. more calculated to give offence than to prevent decepTo guess and conjecture both imply, for the most tion. A disposition to dispute every thiring another says part, the judging or forming an opinion without any or does renders a person very unfit to be dealt with. grounds; but sometimes they are used for a judgement on some grounds;' One mayguress by Plato's writings, that his meaning as to the inlferiour deities, was, that DOUBT, SUSPENSE. they who would have them might, and they who would The doubt respects that which we should believe; the not nlight leave them alone; hut that himself had a suspense, from the Latin suspensus and suspendeo to right opinion concerning the true God.'-STILLNG- hang upon, has regard to that which we wish to know IrEET. or ascertain. We are in doubt for the want of eviNov Ihear the Grecian fraud, and from this one dence; we are in suspense for the want of certainty. iCnrjectrrre all the rest.-DRYDEN. The doubt interrupts our progress in the attainment of To gitess and conjecture are the natural acts of the truth;'Could any difficuity have been proposed, the resolution would have been as early as the proposal;'t mind: divine, in its proper sense, is a supernatural act; could not have had time to settle into U in this sense the heathens affected to divine that whic Te suspense impedes us in the atament of our The suspense impedes us in the attainment of our was Irnown only to ar Omniscient Being; and impos- objects, or in our motives to action: the former is contors in our time presume to divine in matters that are nected principally witi the understanding; the latter atystery; of the understanding; it dissipates every doubt and Walking they talk'd, and fruitlessly divin'd scruple in an instant.'-ADDrso N. We are in suspense WVhat friend the priestess by those words design'd. about things that are to happen in future, or that are DRYDEN. about to be done;'The bundle of hay on either side 96 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. striking his (the ass's) sight and smell in the same pro- he enjoys, and uncertain of every thing he hopes for. portion, would keep him in perpetual suspensse.'-ADDI- -TILLOTSON. There is nothing more precarious tlhan SON. Those are the least inclined to doubt who have what depends upon the favour of statesmen;'The the most thorough knowledge of a subject; those are tfrequent disappointments incident to hunting induced the least exposed to the unpleasant feeling of suspense men to establish a permanent property in their flocks iwho confine their wishes to the present; and herds, in order to sustain themselves in a less pre Ten days the prophet in suspense remain'd, carious manner.'-BLACKSTONE. Would no man's fate pronounce; at last constrain'd By Ithacus, he solemnly design'd'Me for the sacrifice.-DRaYDEN. DEMUR, DOUBT, HESITATION, OBJECTION The demur, the doubt, and the hesitation are her( employed in the sense either of what causes denrs1.!.ou irl' FUL, DU iIOUS, UNCERTAIN, PRECARIOUS. doubt, and hesitation, or of the states of mind themn Thedoutfuad i fd. selves; the objection, from objicio, or ob and jacio to, The doubtful admt ts of doubt (v. doubt, suspense)a: throw in the way, signifies what is thrown in the way the dubious creates suspense. The doubtfulis said of t stop our progress. things in whic we are required to have all opinion; Demurs are often in matters of deliberation; doubt the dubious respects events and things that must in Degard to matters of fact d hesitation in matters of speak for themselves. In doubtful cases it is advise ordiardy co mattersduct; andobjectaios in matters ofcomor able for a judge to lean to the side of mercy;'In consideration. It is the business of one who gives handling the right of war, I am not willing to inter- counsel to make demursi it is the business of the ivmix matter doubtftl`'with that which is out of doubt.' quirer to suggest doubts; it is the business of all occa-BACON. While the Issrue of a contest is qduioz w, sionally to make a hesitation who are called upon to all judgment of the parties, or of the case, must be carefudgm ent of the parties, or of the case, must be decide; it is the business of those to make objections carefully avoided;. whose opinion is consulted. Artabanes made many His utmost pow'r, with adverse power oppos'd demurs to the proposed invasion of Greece by Xerxes In dubious battle on the plains of heav'n.' Certainly tihe highest and dearest concerns of a ternMILTON. poral life are infinitely less valuable than those of anr It is worthy of remark, however, that doubtful alid eternal; aid consequently ought, without any demur dubious, being both derivations from the same Latin at all, to be sacrificed to them whenever they collie in words dubito and dubius, are or may be indifferently competition with them.'-SOUTH. Doubts have been used in many instances, according as it'may suit suggested respecting the veracity of Herodotus as an the verse or otherwise; historian; The Greeks with slain Tlepolemus retir'd, Our doubts are traitors, Whose fall Ulysses view'd with fury fir'd; And make us lose, by fearing to attempt Doubtful if Jove's great son he should pursue, The good we oft might winl.-SHAKSPEARuE. Or pour his vengeance on the Lycian crew.-PopE. It is not proper to ask that vwhich cannot be granted'At the lower end of the room is to be a side-table without hesitation;' A spirit of revenge makes him for persons of great fame, but duzbious existence, curse the Grecians in the seventh book, when they such as Hercules, Theseus, -Eneas, Achilles, Hec- hesitate to accept Hector's challerge. -POPE. And tor, and others.'-SwIrFT. it is not the part of an amiable disposition to make a Doubtful and dubious have always a relation to hesitation in complying with a reasonable request: the person forming the opinion on the subject in there are but few things which we either attempt to do question; uncertain and precarious are epithets or recommend to others that is not liable to some kind which designate the qualities of the things them- of an objection. selves.'Whatever is uncertain may from that very A demur stops the adjustment of any plan or the circumstance be doubtful or dubiors to those who etermination of any question: attempt to determine upon them; but they may be But with rejoinders and replies, designated for their uncertainty without any regard Long hills, and answers stuff'd with lies, to the opinions which they may give rise to. Demur, imparlance, and assoign, A person's coming may be doubtful or uncertain; The parties ne'er could issue join.-SwlFT the length of his stay is oftener described as uncer- A doubt interrupts the progress of the mind in coming toin than as doubtful. The doubtful is opposed to to a state of satisfaction and certainty: they are both that on which we form a positive conclusion; the applied to abstract questions or such as are of general uncertain to that which is definite or prescribed. interest;'This skeptical proceeding will make every The efficacy of any medicine is doubtful; the man- sort of reasoning on every subject vain and frivolous, ner of its operation may be uncertain. While our even that skeptical reasoning itself which has perknowledge is limited, we must expect to meet with suaded us to entertain a dousbt concerning the agreemany things that are doubtful;'In doubtful cases ment of our perceptions.'-BuRKE. reason still determines for the safer side; especially Hesitation arid objection are more individual and if the case be n'ot only doubtful, but also highly con- private in their nature. Hesitation lies mostly in the cerning, and the venture be a soul, and an eternity.' state of the will; objection is rather the offspring of -SOUTH. As every thing in the world is exposed the understanding. The hesitation interferes with to change, and all that is future is entirely above the action;' If every man were wise and virtuous, our control, we must naturally expect to find every capable to discern the best use of time'and resolute to thing usnoertain, but what we see passing before us; practise it, it might be granted, I think, without hesitaNear old Antandros; and at Ida's foot, tion, that total liberty would be a blessing.'-JosNSON. The timber of the sacred grove we cut The objection affects the measure or the mode of ac And build our fleet, uncertai n yet to find tion;' Lloyd was always raising objections and re, What place the gods for our repose assign'd. moving them.'-JosrNSON. DRYDEN. Precarious, from the Latin precarius and precor to TO DEMUR, HESITATE, PAUSE. pray, signifies granted to entreaty, depending on the Demur, in French demeurer, Latin demorari, signifies will or humor of another, whence it is applicable to to keep back; hesitate, in Latin hlesitatlum, participle of whatever is obtained from others. Precarious is the hrosito, a frequentative from hsero, signifies, first to stick highest species of uncertainty, applled to such things at one thing and then another; paui.e, in Latin pansa, as depend on future casualties in opposition to that from the Greek 7rav'w, to cease, signifies to make a stand. which is fixed and determined bydesign. The wea- Tie idea of stopping is common to these terms, tc theris uncertain; the subsistence ofaperson who has which signification is added some distinct collateral no stated income or source of living must be precari- idea for each: we demur from doubt or difficulty; we ous. It is uncertain what daya thing may take place, hesitate, from an undecided state of mind; we pause until it is determined;'Man, without the protec- from circumstances. Demurringisthe act of an equal: tion of a superior Being, is secure of nothing that we demur in giving our assent; hesitating is often the ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 97 ict of a superlour; we hesitate in giving our consent: We can never have occasion to waver, if we know and ashen a proposition appears to be unjust we demur in feel what is right,and resolve never to swerve from it; iupporting it orn the ground of its injustice;' In order' Let a man, without trepidation or wavering, proceed.o banish an evil out of the world that does not only in discharging his duty.'-BLAIR. produce great uneasiness to private persons, but has clso a very bad influence on the publick, I shall endea- -- vour to show the folly of demurrinr.' —ADDIso N. TO HESITATE, FAULTER, STAMMER, When a request of a dubious nature is made to us we STUTTER. cesitate in complying with it;'I want no solicitations Hesitate signifies the same as in the preceding fol me to comply where it would be ungenerous for re article; falter or faulter seems to signify to commit a to refilse; for can I hesitate a moment to take upon fault or blunder, or it may be a frequentative of to fall, lmyself the protection of a daughter of Correllius'- signifying to stumble; stammer, in the Teutonic st'anMELMOTH'S LETTERS OF PLINY. Prudent people are men, comes most probably from the Hebrew n most apt to desmurt; but people of a Waveroing temper to obstruct; stutter is but a variation of stammer. are apt to hesitate: demurring may be often unneces- A defect in utterance is the ideawhic is commo in sary, but it is seldom injurious; hesitating is mostly the signification of all these terns: they differ either as injurious when it is not necessary; the former is emn-to the cause or the mode of te action. With - ployea in matters that admit of delay; the latter in to the cause a htaton reults fomthe state of the cases where immediate decision is requisite. to the cause, a hesitati results from e stae of the Demurring and hesitating ere both emiployed asacts mind, and an interruption in the train of thoughts; neurz~aD heitdi~;re bat emlo fatter arises from a perturbed state of feeling; stammer of the mind; pausing is an external action: we demur and stttter arise either fota an incidental circumand hesitate indeternining; e pause in speaking or stance, or mtore commonly from a physical defect in the doing anything; organs of utterance. A person who is not in the habits Think, O think, of publick speaking, or of collecting his thoughts into And ere thou plunge into the vast abys., a set form, will be apt to hesitate even in familiar conPause on the verge awhile, look down and see versation; he who first addresses a publick assembly Thy future mansion.-PoRTEUS. will be apt to falter. Children who first begin to read will stammer at hard words: and one who has an impediment in his speech will stutter when he attempts TO SCRUPLE, HESITATE, WAVER, to speak in a hurry. FLUCTUATE. With regard to the mode or degree of the action, l o scruple (v. Conscielntious) simply keeps us from hesitate expresses less than falter: stammer less than deciding; the hesitation, from the Latin hasito, fre- stPutter. quentative of hareo to stick, signifying to stick first at The slightest difficulty in uttering words constitutes one thing and then another; the wavering, from the a hesitation; a pause or the repetition of a word may word wave, signifying to move backward and forward be termed hesitating;' To look with solicitude and like a wave; and fluctuation, from the Latin fluctus a speak with hesitation is attainable at will; but the wave, all bespeak the variable state of the mind: we sihow of wisdom is ridiculous when there is nothing to scruple simply from motives of doubt as to the pro- cause doubt, as that of valour when there is nothing to priety of a thing; we hesitate and waver from various be feared.'-JoHNsoN. To falter supposes a failure motives, particularly such as affect our interests. in the voice as well as the lips when they refuse to do Conscience produces scruples, fear produces hesitation, their office; passion produces waverinzr: a person scruples to do And yet was every fatultering tongue of man, an action which may hurt hiis neighbour or offend his AlmihtyFather! silent in thy praise Maker; he hesitates to do a thing which he fears may Thy works themseves would raise a general voice. not prove advantageous to him; lhe wavers in his mind between going or staying, according as his inclinations THOMSON. impel himi to the one or the other: a man who does not Stammering and stuttering are confined principally to scruple to say or do as he pleases will be an offensive I the useless moving of the mouth; companion, if not a dangerous member of society; Lagean juice'The Jacobins desire a change, and they will have it Will stamm'ring tongues and stagg'ringfeet produce. if they can; if they cannot have it by English cabal, I DRYDnN. they will make no sort of scruple to have it by the cabal He wo stamnmero brings forth sounds, but not the right of' France.' —BeRez. He who hesitates only when the doing of good is proposed, evinces himself a worthless sounds, without trials and efforts; e who sttters mnelnber of society;' The lords of the congregation did remains for some time in a state of agitation without not hesitate a moment whether they should employ uttering a sound. their whole strength in one generous effort to rescue their religion and liberty from impending destrtuction.' QUESTION, QUERY. -ROBERTSoN. tie who wavers between his duty and T. his inclination, will seldom maintain a longor doubtful question is the thing called in question, or that contest; It is the greatest absurdity to be wavering which is sought for by a qestions; query iS but a vani - and unsettled without closing with that side which ap- ation of queere, fom the verb qucero to seek or inquire pears the modst safe and probabl~t~e.'-ADDISON. signifying simply the thing sought for. To fluctuate conveys the idea of strong agitation; Qestiob s and qeries are both put for the sake of to waver, that of constant motion backward and for- aini an anser; but the former may be for a ward: when applied in the moral sense, to fluctuate reasonable or unreasonable cause; a query is mostly a designates the action of the spirits or the opinion al question: idlers may put questions from mere to waver is said only of the will or opinions: he who curiosity; learned ten put queries for the sake of is alternately merry and sad in quick succession is said to be fluctuating; or he who has many opinions in quick succession is said to fluctuate; but he who can- TO ASK, INQUIRE, QUESTION, not form an opinion, or come to a resolution, is said to INTERROGATE. owavers. idsk, comes from the Saxon ascian, low Germat Fluctuations and waverings are both opposed to a esken, eschen, German heischen, Danish adske, &c. manly character; but the former evinces the uncon- which for the most part signify to wish for, and come trolled influence of the passions, the total want of that from the Greek a[tid to think worthy; whence this equanimity which characterizes the Christian; the word in English has been employed for an expressioni latter denotes the want of fixed principle, or the fieces- of our wishes, for the purpose of obtaining what we sary decision of character: we can never have occasion want from others; inquire, Latin inquiro, comnpounded to fluctuate, if we never raise our hopes and wishes of in atd quaxro, signifies to search after; question, itc. beyond what is attainable; Latin is a variation of the same word; interrogate The tempter, but with show of zeal and love Latin interrogatus, participle of interrogo, coIn To man, and indignation at his wrong, pounded of inter and rogo, signifies to ask alternately New part puts on, and as to passion mov'd or an asking between different persons. Fluctuates disturb'd.-MILTON. We perform all these actions in order to get infix 7 t98.ENGLISH SYNONYMES. nation: but we ask for general purposes of conve- not so necessary and useful to mankind as the arts of nience; we inquire from motives of curiosity; we consolation.'-ADDIsoN. The student examines the qgestion and snterrosate from motives of discretion. evidences of Christianity, that lie may strengthen his To ask respects sinmply one thing; to inquire respects own belief; the government institute an inq~uiry into one or many subjects; to question and interrogate is the conduct of subjects. A research is an inquiry into to ask repeatedly, to examine by questioning and in- that which is remote; an investigation is a minute terrogating, and in the latter case more authoritatively inquiry; a scrutiny is a strict ezamination. Learned than in the former. men of inquisitive tempers make their researches into Indifferent people ask of each other whatever they antiquity; wish to know;' Upon my asking her who it was, she To all inferiour animals'tis giv'n told me it was a very grave elderly gentleman, but T' enjoy the state allotted them by heav'n that she did not know his name.'-ADDIsoN. Learners No vain researches e'er disturb their rest. —JENreYs 2nquire the reasons of things which are new to them; You have oft inquir'd Magistrates investigate doubtful and mysterious affairs; After the shepherd that complain'd of love. physicians investigate the causes of diseases;' We SHAKSPEARE. have divided natural philosophy into the investzgation of causes, and the production of effects.' —BAcoN. Masters question their servants, or parents their chil- Men scrutinize the actions of those whom they hold dren, when they wish to ascertain the real state of in suspicion;'Before I go to bed, Ijmake a scrutiny any case; what peccant humours have reigned in me that day.' But hark you, iate, — HOWvELL. Acuteness and penetration are peculiarly I must not henceforth have you questioL me requisite in making researches; patience and perse. Whither I g.-SHAKSPEAR. — verance are the necessary qualifications of the investiMagistrates interrogate criminals when they are gator; a quick discernment will essentially aid the rought before them;' Thotson was introduced to scrutinizer. the Prince of Wales, and beinig gayly interroated about the state of his affairs, said,' that they were in a more poetical posture than forrmerly."'-JOHNSON. TO EXAMINE, SEEK, SEARCH, EXPLORE It is very uncivil not to answer whatever is asked even These words are here considered as they designate, iby the meanest person: it is proper to satisfy every the looking upon places or objects, in order to get inquiry, so as to remove doubt: questions are somne-' acquainted with them. To examine (v. Examination) times so impertinent that they camnnot with propriety expresses less than to seek anti search: and these less be answered: interrogations fiolr unauthorized per- than to cxplore, which, from the Latin ez and ploro, sons are little better than insults. To ask and interro- signifies to burst forth, whether in lamentation or gate are always personal acts; to inquire and question examination. are frequently applied to tilings, the former in the sense We exzamine objects that are near; we seek those of seeking (v. Examination), and the latter in that that are remote or not at hand; search those that are of doubting (v. To Doubt). hidden or out of sight; we explore those that are unknown or very distant. The painter examinmes a landscape in order to take a sketch of it; EXAMINATION, SEARCH: INQUIRY, ""RESEARCH, INVESTIGATION, SCRUTINY. Compare each phrase, examine ev'ry line, F~ams? malosm comes' from thse Latin cxanssino and ~Weigh ev'ry word, and ev'ry thought refine.-Porr. exalmen, tihe besam by which the poise of the balance is One friend seeks another when they have parted; held, because the judgemlnent keeps itself as it were in i have a venturous fairy, that, shall seek a balamice in examiningf; search, in French chercher, The squirrel's hoard, and fetch thee thence new nuts. is a variation of seek and see; inquiry signifies the SHAKSPEARM.,same as in the preceding article; research is an inten- The botanist searches after curios plants; the inquisive of searcht; hivestigatrio't, frori the Latin vesti- sitive traveller explores unknown regions; the vritel giunt, a traclc, signifies seeking by the tracks or foot- examines the books fiom which he intends to draw steps; scrutiylJy fi'ol the Latin scrutor, to search, arnd Iis authorities;' Men will look into oar lives, and.3crutumz, lumber, signifies looking for among lumber exanmine our actions, and inquire into our conversaand rubbish, i. e. to ransack and turn over. tions; by these they will judge the truth and reality Examination is the 11iost general bof these terms, of our profession.'-TILLOTSON. A person seeks an which all agree in expressing an active effort to find opportunity to efibct a purpose; out that which is unknown. The examination is made either by the aid of the senses or the under- Sweet peace, where dostthou dwell standing, the body or the mind; the search is princi- I hunlly crave pally a physical action; the inquiry is mostly intel- Let me once know, lectual; we examine a face or we examine a subject; I sosught thee in a secret cave, are search a house or a dictionary; we inquire into a And ask'd if peace were there —HERBER matter. An cxamisnation is made for the purpose of The antiquarian searches every corner in which he forming a judgement; the search is made for ascer- hopes to find a monument of antiquity; tainitllg a fact; th$e inLiryl is made in order to arrive Not thou, nor they shall search the thoughts that roll at truth. To examine a person, is either by means Up in the close recesses of my soul.-PopE. of questions to get at his mind, or by means of looks to become acquainted with his person; to scarch a The classicl explores the learning and wisdom of the person is by corporeal contact to learn what lie has ancients; aboutlhim. We examine the features of those who hector, he said, my courage bids me meet interest us; officers of justice search those who are This high achievement, and explore the fleet. —Pce. suspected; but, with the prepositions for-or after, the verb search may be employed in a moral application;' If you search purely for truth, it will be indifferent to TO DISCUSS, EXAMINE. you where you find it.' —BUDGELL. Examuminations and Disecuss, in Latin discmussus, participle of discutio, sinquzresr are both made by means of questions; but signifies to shake asunder or to separate thoroughly so the former is an official act for a specifick end, the as to see the whole composition; examine has thesame latter is a private tact for purposes of convenience or signification as in the preceding article, because the pleasure. Students undergo examinations from their judgement holds the balance in examining.,teachers; they pursue their insquiries for themselves. The intellectual operation expressed by these terms An e-xamination or an inq?.iry may be set on foot is applied to objects that cannot be immediately dison any subject: but the examinimation is direct; it is cerned or understood, but they vary both in mode and the setting of things before the view, corporeal or nmen- degree. Disestssion is altogether carried on by verbal ml, in order to obtain a conclusion; The body of narn and personal communication; examnination proceeds s such a subject as stands the utnlost test of examina- by reading, reflection, and observation; we often exation.'-ADDIson. The inquiry is indirect; it is a cir- mine therefore by discussion, which is properly one -cuitous method of coming to the knowledge of what mode of examninatiomn: a discussion is always carried was not known before;'Inquiries after happiness are on by two or more persons; an examination may be ENGLISH S YNONYMES. 99 carried on by one only: politicks are a frequent though sometimes be taken in an improper sense for moral not always a pleasant subject of discussion in social objects;'Checking our inquisitive solicitude about meetings;'A country fellow distinguishes himself as what the Almighty hath concealed, let us diligently much in the church-yard as a citizen does upon the improve what he hath made known.'-BLAIR. change; the whole parish politicks being generally Curious and inquisitive may be both used in a bad discussed in that place either after sermon or before sense; prying is never rlsed otherwise than in a bad the bell rings.'-ADDISON. Complicated questions can- sense. Inquisitive, as in the former case, is a mode not be too thoroughly examined;' Men follow their of curiosity, and prying is a species of eager curiosity. inclinations without examlinin whether there be any A curious person takes unallowed means of learnin, principles which they ought to form for regulating their that which he ought not to wish to know; an inqueisiconduct.' —BLAIR. Discussion serves for amusement tive person puts many impertinent and troublesome rather than for any solid purpose; the cause of truth questions; a pryingi temper is unceasing in its endcaseldom derives any immediate benefit from it, although vours to get acquainted with the secrets of others. tihe minds of men may become invigorated by a col- Curiosity is a fault common to females; inquisitivelision of sentiment: examination is of great practical?ess is rost general among children; aprying temper utility in the direction of our conduct: all decisions belongs only to people of low character. must be partial, unjust, or inlprudent, which are made A well-disciplined mind checks the first risings of without previous examination. idle curiosity: children should be taught, early to suppress an inquisitive temper, which may so easily become burdensome to others: those who are of a pryTO PRY, SCRUTINZE, DIVE INTO. ing temper are insensible to every thing but the desire Pry is in all probability changed from prove, in the of unveiling what lies hidden; such a disposition is sense of try; scrutinize comes fronl the Latin scrutor often engendered by the unlicensed indulgence of curioto search thoroughly (v. Ezamination) dive expresses sity in early life, which becomes a sort of passion in the physical action of going under water to the bottom, riper years;' By adhering tenaciously to his opinion, and figuratively of searching to the bottom. and exhibiting other instances of apryisng disposition, Pry is taken In the bad sense of loolking more nar- Lord George Sackville had rendered himself disarowly into things titan one ought: scruttinize arid dive greeable to the commnander-in-cliief.'-SMOLLET. into are employed in the good sense of searchling things to tihe bottom. A person who pries looks into that which does not CONCEIT, FANCY. belong to himn; and too narrowly also into that which Conceit conies immediately from the Latin con may belong to himn; it is the consequence of a too ceptus, participle of concipio to conceive, or form in eager curiosity or a busy, meddling temiper: a person the mind; fancy, in French phantasie, Latin phanwho scrultinizes looks into that which is intentionally tasia, Greek Oavraaia, from bavr4Q~S to make appear, concealed froml him; it is an act of duty flowing out and airvw to appeal-r. of his office: a person who dives lpenetrates into that These terms equally express the working of the which lies hidden very deep; lie is impelled to this imagination in its distorted state; but conceit denotes action by the thirst of knowledge and a laudable a much greater degree of distortion thanfancy; what curiosity. we conceit is preposterous; what we fancy is unreal, A love of pryinLg into the private affairs of families or only apparent. Conceit applies only to internal obmakes a person a troublesome neighbiour;' The peace- jects; it is mental in the operation and the result; it is able man never officiously seeks to pry into the secrets a species of invention;' Strong conceit, lile a new ofothers.'-BLAIR. Itis the business of the mnagistrate principle, carries all easily with it, when yet above to scrutinize into all matters which affect the good common sense.'-LocKE. Fancy is applied to exorder of society;' He who enters upon this scrutiny ternal objects, or whatever acts on the senses: nervous (into the depths of the mind) enters into a labyrinth.' people are subject to strange conceits; timid people -SOUTH. There are some rnindls so imbued with a fanecy they hear sounds, or see objects in the dark love of science that they delight to dive into the secrets which awaken terror. of nature; Those who are apt to conceit oftener conceit that In man the more we dive, the more we see, which is painful than otherwise; Heaven's signet stamping an immortal make. Some have been wounded with conceit, YoUNG. And died of mere opinion strait.-BUTLER. Counceiting either that they are always in danger of CURIOUS, INQUISITIVE, PRYING. dying, or that all the world is their enemy. There are'however insane peoile who conceit themselves to Curiosus, in French curieiux, Latin ciuriosrus, from be kings and queens; and some indeed who are not cura care, signifying full of care inquisitive, in Latin called insane, who conceit themselves very learned inquisitus, fi'om inquiro to inquire or search into, while they know nothing, or very wise and clever. signifies a disposition to investigate thoroughly; pr- while y are exposing theselves to perpetual ridiin1g signifies the disposition to pry, try, or sift to the cule for their folly, or very handsome while the world bottomn. calls them plain, or very peaceable while they are The disposition to interest one's self in matters not always quarrelling with their neighbours, or very of irmmnediate concern to one's self is the idea common hnurmble while they are tenaciously sticking for their to all these terms. Cturiosity is directed to all objects own: it would be vell if such cosuceits afforded a that can gratify the inclination, taste, or understand- harmless pleasure to their authors, but unfortunately ing; inmquisitiveness to such things only as satisfy the they only render them more offensive and disgusting rmnderstandinrg. than they would otherwise be. The curious person interests himself im all the Those who are apt to fancy, never fancy any thing workls of nature and art; lie is curiosus to try effects to please themselves; and examine causes: the ingquisitive person endeavours to add to his store of knowledge. Curiosityem- Desponding fear, of feeble fancies full, ploys every means which falls in its way in order to Weak and unmnanly, loosens every power. procure gratification; the culrio0us man uses hiis own THOMSON. powers or those of others to serve his purpose; inqui- They fancy that things are too long or too short, too sitiveness is indulged only by means of verbal inquiry; thick or too thin, too cold or too hot, with a thousand the inquisitive person collects all from others. A tra- other fancies equally trivial in their nature; thereby yeller is curious who examines every thing for him- proving that the slightest aberration of the mind is a self;' Sir Francis Bacon says, some have been so serious evil, and productive of evil. curious as to remark the times and seasons, when the When taken in reference to intellectual objects, constroke of an envious eye is most effectually pernicious.' ceit is mostly in a bad sense;' Nothing can be more -STEELE. He is inquyisitive when he minutely ques- plainly impossible than for a man " to be profitable to tions others. Inmquisitiveness is therefore to curiosity God," and consequently nothing can be more absurd as a part to the whole; whoever is cu.rious will natu- than for a man to cherish so irrational a conceit.'rally be inquisitive, and he who is inquisitive is so ADDISoN. But fancy may be employed inm a good from a species of curiosity; but inquisitiveness may sense;' My friend, Sir Roger de Coverley, told me "k 100 ENGLISH SYNON YMES. t'other day, that he had been reading my paper upon There safe in self-sufficient impudence Westminster Abbey, in whlich, says he, there are a Without experience, honesty, or sense, great many ingeniousfancies.'-ADDISON. Unknowing in her interest, trade, or laws, He vainly undertakes his country's cause.-JENYsS. OPINIATED OR OPINIATIVE, CONCEITED, PRIDE, VANITY CONCEIT.: Pride is in all probability connected with the werd A fondness for one's opinion bespeaks the opiniated parade, and the Germall praclt show or splendour, nlan * a fond conceit of one's self bespeaks the con- as it signifies that high-flown temper in a man which ceited man: a fond attachment to one's self bespeaks makes him paint to himself every thing in himself as the eg2oistical man: a liling foir one's self or one's own beautiful or splendid; vanity, in Latin vanitas, from is evidently the common idea that runs through these vain and vanus, is compounded of ve or valde and terms; they differ-in the mode and in the object. inanis, signifying exceeding emptiness; conceit signiAn opinliated man is not only fond of his own fies the same as in the preceding article (v. Conceit, opinion, but full of his own opinion: he has an opinion Fatncy). on every thing, which is the best possible opinion, and The'valuing of one's self on the possession -of any is delivered therefore freely to every one, that they property is the idea common to these terms, but they may profit in forming their own opinions;s'Down differ either in regard to the object or the manner of was he cast from all his greatness, as it is pity but all the action. Pride is the term of most extensive impor such politick opiniators should.'-SoUTn. A concedited and application, cld comprehends in its significatior man has a conceit or an idle, fond opinionl of his own not only that of the other two terms, but likewise ideas talent; it is not only high in competitionri with others, peculiar to itself. but it is so high as to be set above others. The con- Pride is applicable to;every object, good or bad. ceited man does not want to follow the ordinary means high or low, small or great; vanity is applicable only of acquiring knowledge: his conceit suggests to him to small objects: pride is therefore good or bad; vanity that his talent will supply labour, application, reading is always bad, it is always emptiness or nothingness. and study, and every other contrivance which mcii A man is proud who values himself on the possession have commonly employed for their improvement; he of his literary or scientifick talent, on his wealth, on his sees by intuition what another learns by experience rank, on his power, on his acquiremnents, or his supeand observation; he knows in a day what others want riority over his competitors; he is vain of his person, years to acquire; he learins of himself what others are his dress, his walk, or any thing that is frivolous. contented to get by means of instruction;'No great Pride is the inherent quality in man; and while it measure at a very difficult crisis can be pursued which rests on noble objects, it is his noblest characteristick; is not attended with somne mischief'; none but conceited vanity is the distortion of one's nature flowing from a pretenders in publick businless hold any other lan- vicious constitution or education: pride shows itself guage.'-BuRKE. The egoistical man makes hiomself variously according to the nature of the object on the darling theme of his own contemrplation; he ad- which it is fixed; a noble pride seeks to display itself mires and loves himself to that degree that he can talk in all that can command the respect or admiration of and think of nothing else; his children, his house, his mankind; the pride of wealth, of power, or of other garden, his roomrs, and the like, are the incessant adventitious properties, commonly displays itself in an theme of his conversation, and become invaluable unseemly deportment towards others; vanity shows fromt the mere circumstance of belonging to him; itself only by its eagerness to catch the notice of others:; To show their particular aversion to speaking in the' Vanity makes men ridiculous, pride odious, and am. first person, the gentlemen of Port Royal branded bition terrible.-STE ELE. this form of writing with the nanme of egotism.' — ADDISOIN.'Tis an old maxim in the schools, An opiniated man is the most unfit for conversa- That vanity's the tood of fools.-Swvm. tion, which only affords pleasure by an alternate and Pride (says Blair) makes us esteem ourselves: vanit? equable communication of sentiment. A conceited makes us desirethe esteem of others. But if pride is, man is the most unfit for co-operation, where a junc- as I have before observed, self-esteem, or, which is tion of talent and effort is essential to bring things to nearly the same thing, self-valuation, it cannot properly a conclusioln; an egoistical man is the most itllfit to be said to ialce us esteem ourselves. Ofvanity I have be a companmion or fiiend, f li he does not know how already said that it makes us anxious for the notice and to value or lilce any thing out of himnself: applause of others; bat I cannot with Dr. Biair say that it mattes us desire the esteem of others, because esteem is too substantial a quality to be sought for by SELF-WILL, SET FCONCEITT, SELF- lithevatin. Besides, that whichDr. Blairseems to assign SELF-W IL, SLF-CIENCE T SELF- i as leading and characteristick ground of distinction SUFFICIENCY.'between pride and vanity is only an incidental pro-Self-will signifies the will in one's self: sclf-contceit, perty. A man is said to be vain of his clothes, if he conceit of one's self: self-sutficiency, suzfficiency il gives indications that he values himself upon them as a one's self. As characteristicks they come very near ground of distinction; although he should not expressly to each other, but that depravity of the will which seek to display himself to others. refuses to submlit to any control either within or with- Conceit is that species of self-valuation that respects out is born with a person, and is among the earliest one's talents only; it is so far therefore closely allied to indications of character; in some it is less predomli- pride; but a man is said to be proud of that which ihe niant than in others, but if not early checked, it is really has, but to be conceited of that which he really that defect in our natures which will always prevail; has not: a man maybeproud to an excess, of merits self-conceit is a'vicious habit of the mind which is which he actually possesses; but when he is conceited superindsuced on the original character; it is that his merits are all in hisown conceit; the latteris therewhich determines in matters of judgement; a self- fore obviously founded on falsehood altogether;'The willed person thinks nothing of right or wrong: what- self-conceit of the young is the great source of those ever the impulse of the moment suggests, is the motive dangers to which they are exposed.' —BLAIR. to action; To wilful men PRIDE, HAUGHTINESS, LOFTINESS, The injuries that they themselves procur'd, DIGNITY. Must be their schoolnmasters. —SHAIn SPEkRE.t.. Pride is here employed principally as respects the The self-conceited person is always much concerned temper of the mind; the other terms are employed about right and wrong, but it is only that which he either as respects the sentiment of the mind, or the exconceives to be right and wrong;' Nothing so haughty ternal behaviour. and assuming as ignorance, where self-cosnceit bids it Pride is here as before (v. Pride) a generick term: set up for infallible.'-SOvTH. Self-sufficiency is a haughstincss, or the spirit of being hausghty or high species of self-conceit applied to action: as a self-cost- spirited (v. Hasughty); loftiness, or the spirit of being ceited person thinks of no opinion but his own; a self- lifted up; and dizgnity, or the sense of worth or value, suficient person refuses the assistance of every one in are but modes of pride. Pride, ilnasmuch as it consists whatever he is called upon to do; purely of self-esteenl, is a positive sentiment which one ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 10, may entertain independently of other persons: it lies in may be justifiable when provoked by what is infamous the inmost recesses of the human heart, and mingles a lady must treat with disdain the person who insults itself insensibly with our affections and passions;* it her honour; but otherwise it is a highly unbecoming is our companion by night and by day; in publick or in sentiment; private; it goes with a man wherever lie goes, and Didst thou not think such vengeance must await stays with him where he stays; it is a never-failing The wretch thati with his crimes all freshabout him, source of satisfaction and self-complacency under every Rushes irreverent, unprepar'd, uncalld, circumstance and in every situation of human life. Into his Maker's presence, throwing back Ilusetghtiness is that mode of pride which springs out With insolent disdain his choicest gift — PoRTEUS. of one's comparison of one's self with others: the harughty man dwells on the inferiority of others; the proud man in the strict sense dwells on his own per- HAUGHTY, HIGH, HIGH-MINDED. fections. Loftiness is a mode of pride which raises Haughety, contracted from high-hearty, in Dutch the spirit above objects supposed to be inferiour; it does hoogharty, signifies literally high-spirited, and like the not set a man so much above others as above himself, word throughthe medium of the or that which concerns himself. Digrnity is a mode ofthe medium of the pride which exalts the whole man, it is the entire con- Northern languages, from the Hebrew a- to be high sciousness of what is becoming himself and due to Haughty characterizes mostly the outward behalhimrself. viour; high respects both the external behaviour, and Pride assumes such a variety. of shapes, and puts on the internal sentiment; high-minded marks the senltisuclh an ilnfinity of disguises, that it is not easy always mentonlyor the state of the mind to recognise it at the first glance; but an insight into With regard to the outward behaviour, haughty is a hunlan nature will suffice to convince us that it is the stronger term than high: a haughty carage bespeaks spring of all huanan actiorns. Whether we see a mani not only a high opinion of one's self, but a strong mixprofessing humility and self-abasenment, or a singular tsre of contempt for others: a h carriage denotes degree of self-debasement, or any degree of self-exalta- simplya hil opinion of one's self: laughtiness is tion, we may rest assured that his own pride or con- therefore always offensive, as it is burdensome to sciois self-inportance is not wounded by arty such others; but height may sometimes be laudable in as measures; but that in all cases ihe is equally stimulated much as it is justice tolone's self: onecan never give a vith the desire of giving himself in' the eyes of others command in a haughty tone without making others that degree of imnportance to whichl in his own eyes e feel their inferiority in a painful degree; we may someis entitled;' Every demionstration of an implacable times assume a high tone in order to shelter ourselves rancour and an untameable pride were the only en- flom insult. couragenients we received (fromn the regicides) to the With regard to the sentiment of the mind, high de-;relnewal of ouar snuplications.'-BURK. HlunBhtirless notes either a particular or an habitual state; highis an unbending species or mode of pride which does tradedis most commonly undelstood to designate an not stoop to any artifices to obtain gratification; but habitual state; the former iay be either good or bad compels others to give it what it fancies to be its due; according to circumstances; th latter is expressly in-' Provoked by Edward's haughtiness, even the passive consistent with Christian humility. He is hig whom Bahiol began to Inutitily.'-IRoBERTSON. Loftiness and virtue ennobles; his height is independent of adventidignity are equally remote from ally subtle pliancy, but tious circumstances, it becomes the poor as well as the they are in no less degree exempt from the unamiable ricl; he is properly high who is set above any mean characeristi of u ess which ae s a nancondescension; high-mimndedness, on the contrary, inchbearacter with oppressive sha tiponohers. A fty s piit clude~ in it a self-complacency that rests upon one's bear with oppressive sway upon'others. A lofty spiritpe rson al and incidental advantages rather than upon and a dignity of character preserve a man from yieldi personal and incidental advantages rather than upon to the contamitation of outwalrd objects, but leave hisi what is worthy of ourselves as rational agents. Supe judgeient and feelingr entitrely free and- tlnbiassed with riours are apt to indulge a haughty temper which does respect to others'I Waller describes Sacharissa as a but excite the scorn and hatred of those who are com predominating beauty of lofty charms and imperious eled to endure it; influence.' —JoHNsoN.'As soon asAlmagro knew his Let gifts be to the mighty queen design'd, fate to be inevitable, he met it with the dignity and for- And mollify with pray'rs her haughty mind. tittde of a veteran.' —RoBERTSON. DRYDEN As respects the external behaviour, a haumlghty car- A high spirit is not always serviceable to one in depen riage is mostly unbecoming; a lofty tone is mostly dent circumstances; but when regulated by discretion, justifiable, particularly as circumstances may require; it enhances the value of a man's character'Who and a dignified air is without qualification becoming the knows whether indignation may not succeed to terrour, man who possesses real dignity. and the revival of high sentiments, spurning away the illusion of safety purchased at the expense of glory, HAUGHTINESS, DISDAIN, ARROGANCE. may not drive us to a generous despair.'-BURKc. No as i' one can be high-minded without thinking better of Hasughltisness is the abstract quality of haughty, himself, and worse of others, than he ought to think; the preceding article; disdain from the French de-'The wise will determine from the gravity of the case; daigner, or the privative de and di0 nus worthy, sig- the irritable, from sensibility to oppression; the highnifies thinking a thing to be worthless; arroffgnce, from minded from disdain and indignation at abusive power arrogate, or the Latin ar or ad rogo to ask, signifies in unworthy hands.-BURKE.a claiming or taking to one's self. Haughtiness (says Dr. Blair) is founrided on the high opinion we e.ntertainof ourselves; disdain, on thelow TO CONTEMN, DESPISE, SCORN, DISDAIN opinion we have of others; a rrogance is the result of both, but if any thing, more of the former than the Contemn, in Latin csntemno, compounded of con and latter. Haurrhtiness and disdain are properly senti- tenss, is probably changed from tamino, and is derived meents of the mind, and arrogalnce a mode of acting from the Hebrew MKD to pollute or render worthless, resulting fiom a state'f mind; there mtay therefore which is the cause of contempt; despise, in Latin be haeughtiness and disdain which have not betrayed despicio, compound of de and specieo, signifies to look themselves by any visible action; liut the sentiment of down upon, which is a strong mark of contempt; scorn, arrogance is always accompanied by its corresponding varied from our word shorn, signifies stripped of all action: the haughty man is krnown by the air of supe- honours and exposed to derision, which situation isthe riority which he assumes; the disdaliinfsll mlan by the cause of scoren; disdain has the same signification as contempt which he shows to others: the arrogeant man in the preceding article. by his lofty pretensions. The above elucidations sufficiently evince the feeling Haughtiness and arrogance are both viciouls; they towards others which gives birth to all these actions. are built upon a false idea of ourselves;' The same But the feeling of contempt is not quite so strong as that hnaughtiness that prompts the act of injustice will more of despising, nor that of despisisng so strong as those strongly incite its justification.' —JoHNsoN..' Turbu of scorning and disdaining; the latter of which exlent, discontented men of quality, in proportion as they presses the strongest sentiment of all. Persons are are puffed up with personal pride and arrogance, eontemned for their moral qualities; they are despised generally despise their own order.'-BURKa. Disdain on account of their outward circumstances, their 102 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. characters, or their endowments. Superiours may be CONTEMPTIBLE, CONTEMPTUOUS. conlemtned; inferiours only, real or supposed, are de- These terms are very frequently, though very errso spised. neously, confounded in common discourse. Contempt, as applied to persons, is not incompatible Contemptible is applied to the thing deserving conwith a Christian temper when justly provoked by their tempt; Conlemptuous to that which is expressive of character; but despisingr is distinctly forbidden and contempt. Persons, orwhat is done by persons, may seldom warranted. Yet it is not so much our business be either contemptible or contemptuous; but a thing is to conteni others as to contemn that which is co?- only contemptible. temptible; but we are not equally at liberty to despise A production is contemptible; a sneer or look is conthe person, or any thing belonging to the person, of temptuous;' Silence, or a negligent indifference, proanother. Whatever springs from the free will of an ceeds from anger mixed with scorn, that shows another may be a subject of contempt; but the casualties other to be thought by you too contemptible to be reof fortune or the gifts of Providence, which are alike garded.'-ADDISON.' My sister's principles in many independent of personal merit, should never expose a particulars differ; but there has been always such a person to be despised. We may, however, contemn a harmony between us that she seldom smiles upon those person for his impotent malice, or despise him for his who have suffered me to pass with a contemptuous meanness. negligence.'-HAw KE:SWORTH Persons are not scorned or disdained, but they may be treated with scorn or disdain; they are both improper expressions of contempt or despite; scorn marks CONTEMPTIBLE, DESPICABLE, PITIFUL. the sentiment of a little, vain mind; disdain of a Contemptible is not so strong as despicable or pitiful. haughty and perverted mind. A beautiful woman A person may be contemptible for his vanity or weak looks with scorn on her whom she despises for the ness; but he is despicable for his servility and basewant of this natural gift. The wealthy man treats ness of character; he is pitiful for his want of tnan-. with disdain him whom he despises for his poverty. liness and becoming spirit. A lie is at all times conThere is nothing excites the contempt of mankind so temptiblc; it is despicable when it is told for purposes powerfully as a mixture of pride and meanness;''Con- of gain or private interest: it is pitiful when accom tempt and derision are hard words; but in what man- panied with indications of urnmanly fear. It is con ner can one give advice to a youth in the pursuit and teznptibl6 to take credit to one's self for the good action possession of sensual pleasures, or afford pity to an old one has not performed; I Were every man persuaded man in the impotence and desire of enjoying them.'- from how mean and low a principle this passion (for STEELE. Amonment's reflectionwillteach us the folly flattery) is derived, there can be no doubt but the and wickedness of despising another for that to which person who should attempt to gratify it would then be by the will of Providence we may the next momnent be as contemptible as he is now successful.'-STrEEtE. It exposed ourselves;' It is seldom that the great or the is despicable to charge another with the faults which wise suspect that they are cheated and despised.'- we ourselves have committed; r To put on an artful JOHNSON. There are silly persons who will scoern to part to obtain no other but an unjust praise from the be seen in the company of such as have not an equal undiscerning is of all endeavours the most despicable.' share of finery -STEELE. It is pitiful to offend others, and then Infamous wretch! attempt to screen ourselves from their resentment So much below my scorn, I dare not kill thee. under any shelter which offers;' There is something DRYDEN. pitifully mean in the inverted ambition of that man who can hope for annihilation, and please himself to And there are weak upstarts of fortune, who disdain think that Iris whole fabrick shall crurble into dust.'to look at those who cannot measure purses with them- STEELE. It is contemptible for a man in a superiour selves; station to borrow of his inferiours; it is despicable in Yet not for those, him to forfeit his word; it is pitiful in him to attempt For what the potent victor in his rage to conceal aught by artifice. Can else inflict, do I repent or change, Though chang'd in outward lustre, that fix'd mind CONTEMPTUOUS, SCORNFUL, DISDAINFUL. And high disdain from sense of injur'd merit. MILTON. These epithets rise in sense by'a regular gradation. ContemptuouLs is general, and applied to whatever In speaking of things independently of others, or as can express conltempt: scornful and disdainful are immediately connected with ourselves, all these terms particular; they apply only to outward marks: one is may be sometimes employed in a good or an indifferent conteemptuouls who is scornful or disdainful, but not sense. vice Versd. When we contemn a mean action, and scorn to con- Words, actions, and looks are contemptuous; looks, ceal by falsehood what we are called upon to acklnow- sneers, and gestures are scornful and disdainsful. ledge, we act the part of the gentleman as well as the Contemnptsuoues expressions are always unjustifiable: Christian;' A man of spirit should conetemsn the praise whatever may be the contempt which a person's conof the igtnorant.'-STEELE. And it is inconsistent duct deserves, it is unbecoming in another to give himn with our infirm and dependent condition, that we any indications of the sentiment he feels. Scornful should feel inclined to despise ally thing that falls in and disdainful smiles are resorted to by the weakest or our way; the worst of mankind;' Prior never sacrifices accuracy Thrice happy they, beneath their northern skies, to haste, nor indulges himself in costemptseous negliWho that worst fear, the fear of death, despise;at gence or impatient idleness.'-JOHNSON. As soon as Provoke approaching fate, arnd bravely scorn Mavia began to look round, and saw the vagabond To spare that lifea which rust so soon return. Mirtillo who had so long absented himself from her trowvE. circle, she looked upon him with that glance which in the language of oglers is called the scoruful' Much less are we at liberty to disdain to do any thing STEELE. which our station requires;' It is in some sort owing In vain he thus attempts her mind to move, to the bounty of Providence that disdaining a cheap With tears and prayers and late repenting love' and vulgar happiness, they frame to themselves imagi- Disdainfully she looked, then turning round, nary goods, in which there is nothing can raise desire She fix'd her eyes unmov'd upon the ground. but the difficulty of obtaining them.' —BERKELEY. We DRYDvIs ought to think nothing unworthy of us, nothing degrading to us, but that which is inconsistent with the will of God: there are, however, too many who affect TO LAUGH AT, RIDICULE. to despise small favours as not reaching their fancied Laugh, through the medium of the Saxon hlahan. deserts, and others who disdain to receive any favour old German lahan, Greek yEXAdO, comes fi'rom the He at all, from mistaken ideas of dependence and obliga- brew with no variation in the meaning; ridi tionion in the meaning; ridi cule, from Latin rideo, has the same original meaning Virtue disdains to lend an ear Both these verbs are used here in the improper sense To the mad people's sense of right.-FRANCIS;. for laughter, blended with more or less of contempt ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 103 but the former displays itself by the natural expression sense of contempt. Whoever is in a ludicrous situ of laughter; the latter shows itself by a verbal ex- ation is, let it be in ever so small a degree, placed in Dression: the former is produced by a feeling of mirth, an inferiour station, with regard to those by whom he on observing the real or supposed weakness of an- is thus viewed; but he who is rendered ridiculous is other; the latter is produced by a strong sense of the positively degraded. It is possible, therefore, for a absurd or irrational in another: the former is more ia- person to be in a ludicrous situation without any kind mlediately directed to the person who has excited the of moral demerit, or the slightest depreciation of his teeliing; the latter is more commonly produced by the moral character; since that which rendershis situation thing than by persons. We laugh at a person to his ludicrous is altogether independent of himself; or it tace; but we ridicule his notions by writing or in the becomes ludicrous only in the eyes of incompetent course of conversation; we laugh at the individual; judges. " Let an ambassador," says Mr. Pope, " speak we ridicule that which is maintained by one or many. the best sense in the world, and deport hintself in the It is better to lauoh/ at the fears of a child than to most graceful manner before a prince, yet if thle tail of attempt to restrain them by violence, but it is still better his shirt happen, as I have known it happen to a very. to overcome themn if possible by the force of reason; wise man, to hang out behind, more people will laugh'Men laugh atone another's Cost.'-SWIFT. Ridicule at that than attend to the other." This is the ludiis not the test of truth; he therefore who attempts to crous. The same can seldom be said of the ridiculous; nisuse it against the cause of truth, will bring upon for as this springs from positive moral causes, it rehiinmself the contempt of all mankind; but folly can be flects on the person to whom it attaches in a less quesassailed with no weapon so effectual as ridicule; tionable shape, and produces positive disgrace. Per-' It is easy for a man who sits idle at home and has no- sons very rarely appear ridiculous without being really body to please but himself, to ridicule or censure the a d he who is really ridiculous justly excites concommon practices of mankind.'-JoHNsoN. The phi- tempt. losopher Democritus preferred to laugh at the follies of Droll and comical are in the proper sense applied to mlen, rather than weep for them like Heraclitus; infi- things which cause laughter, as when we speak of a dels have always elnployed ridicule against Chris- droll story, or a comical incident, or a comick song; tianity, by which they have betrayed not only their A comic. subject loves an humble verse, want of argument, but their personal depravity i Thyestes scorns a low and comic style. iaseg/eing where they ought to be most serious. 511 Thyestes scorns a low and comick style. laughing where they ought to be most serious.' In the Augustine age itself, notwithstanding the cen LAUGHABLE, LUDICROUS, RIDICULOUS, sure of Horace, they preferred the low buffoonery and COMICAL, OR COMICK, DROLL. drollery of Plautus to the delicacy of Terence.'WARTON. These epithets may be applied to the per Laughable signifies exciting or fit to excite laughter; son, but not so as t flectmdade applied to the per uA 1 ds son, but not so as to reflect disadvantageously on thn ludicrous, in Latin ladicer or ludicrus, fr'om ludus a individual, like the preceding terms. game, signifies causing ganme or sport; ridiculous exciting or fit to excite ridicule; comical, or comick, in Latin comticus, from the Greekl Kots0Jsia comedy, and TO DERIDE, MOCK, RIDICULE, RALLY, m:.y,/ a village, because comedies were first performed BANTER. in villages, signifies after the manner of comedy; droll, in French drlce, is doubtless connected with the Deride, compounded of de and the Latin rideo; and German rolle a part, in the phrase eluie rolle spielen to ridicule, from rideo, both signify to laugh at; mock, in play a trick or perform a part. French moquer, Dutch mocken, Greek oscKas, signifies Either4the direct action of laughter or a correspond- likewise to laugh at; rally is doubtless connected with ing sentiment is included in the signification of all rail, which is in all probability a contraction of revile; these terms: they differ principally in the cause which and banter is possibly a corruption of the Frencl produces the feeling; the laughable consists of objects badiner to jest. In general whether personal or otherwise; the ludi- Strong expressions of contempt are designated by all crous and ridiculous have more or less reference to these terms. that which is personal. What is laughable may excite Derision and mockery evince themselves by the outsimple merriment independently of all personal refer- ward actions iii general; ridicule consists more ill ence, unless we admit what Mr. Hobbes, and after words than actions; rallying and bantering almost him Addison, have maintained of all larghter, that it entirely in words. Deride is not so strong a term as springs from pride. But without entering into this mock, but much stronger than ridicule. There is nice question, I am inclined to distinguish between the always a mixture of hostility in derision and mockery; laughlable which arises from the reflection of'what is but ridicule is frequently unaccompanied with anyr to our own advantage or pleasure, and that which personal feeling of displeasure. Derision is often arises from reflectinig on what is to the disadvantage of deep, not loud; it discovers itself in suppressed laughs, another. The droll tricks of a monkey, or the hu- contemptuous sneers or gesticulations, and cuttilg exmorous stories of wit, are laughable from the nature pressions: mockery is mostly noisy and outrageotus; it of the things themselves; without any apparent allu- breaks forth in insulting buffoonery, and is sonmetimes sion, however remote, to any individual but the one accompanied with personal violence: the former conwhose senses or mind is gratified; sists of real but contemptulous laughter; the latter They' show their teeth in way of smile, often of affected laughter and grimace. Derision and Tho'h Ne story swear the jest be ws osabmle mockery are always personal; ridicule may be directed SHugau PEARE. to things as well as persons. Derision and mockery are a direct attack on the individual, the latter still The ludicrous and ridiculous are however species of miore so than the former; ridicule is as often used ill the laughable which arise altogether from reflecting writing as in personal intercourse. on that which is to the disadvantage of another. The Derision and mcckery are practised by persons in ludicrous lies mostly in the outward circumstances of any station; ridcz.ule is mostly used by equals. A the individual, or such as are exposed to view and person is derided and imocked for that which is offenserve as a show;'The action of the theatre, though sive as well as apparently absurd or extravagant; he modern. states esteem it but ludicrous unless it be sati- is ridiculed for what is apparently ridiculous. Ou1 rical and biting, was carefully watched by the ancients Savioulr was exposed both to the derision and mockery that it ilight improve manklind in virtue.'-BAcoN. of his enemlies: they derided him for what they dared The.ridiculous applies to every thing personal, whe- to think his false pretensions to a superiowr mission; ther external or internal; I nfeliz paupertas has no- they mocked him by planting a crown of thorns, and thing in it more intolerable than this, that it renders acting the farce of royalty before him. nmen ridiculous.'-SouTH. The ludicrous does not Derision may be provoked by ordinary circumcomprehend that which is so nmuch to the desparage- stances; mockery by that which is extraordinary. ment of the individual as the ridiculous; whatever When the prophet Elijah in his holy zeal mnocked the there is in ourselves which excites lanughter in others, false prophets of Baal, or when the children mocked is accompanied in their minds with a sense of our in- the prophet Elisha, the term deride would not have feriority: anid consequrently the ludicrous always pro- suited either for the occasion or the action; but two duces this feeling; but only in a slight degree coin people'may deride each other in their angry disputes pared with thre ridiczilours, whichl awalens a positive nor unprincipled people may deride those whom they 104 EiSGLISH SYNONYMES. cannot imitate, or condemn. 1)eirision and mockery to laugh; to make game signifies here to make the sub are altogether incompatible with the Christian temper; ject of 1game or play; to sport signifies here to sport ridicule is justifiable in certain cases, particularly when with, or convert into a subject of amusement. it is not personal. When a man renders himself an One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes object of derision, it does not follow that any one is in order to please one's self. The jest is directed at justified in deridi ng him; the object; the joke is practised with the person or on Satan beheld their plight, the person. One attempts to make a thing laughable And to his mates thus in derision call'd: or ridiculous by jesting about it, or treating it in a O friends, why come not on those victors proud? jesting manner; one attempts to excite good humout MILTON. in others, or indulge it in one's self by joking with them. Jests are therefore seldom harmless: jokes are Insults are not the means for correcting faults: mockery frequently allowable. The most serious subject may is very seldom used but for the gratification of a malig- be degraded by being turned into a jest; nant disposition; hence it is a strong expression when used figuirativelyv But those who aim at ridicule, Should fix upon some certain rule, Impell'd with steps unceasing to pursue Which fairly hints they are injest. —SFT. Some fleeting good that mocks me with the view. -GOLDSMIOTS. Melancholy or dejection of the mind may be conve niently dispelled by ajoke; Although ridicule is not the test of truth, and ought ty dispeed by ajofe; not to be employed in the place of argument, yet there How fond are men of rule and place, are some follies too absurd to deserve more serious Who court it fron the mean and base, treatment; They love the cellar's vulgarjoke, *Want is thescorn of every foot, And lose their hours in ale and smoke.-GAY. And wit in rags is turnd to ridicule.-DRYDEsN. Court fools and buffoons used formerly to break their jests upon every subject by which they thought to enRally and banter, like derision and mockery, are tertain their employers: those who know how to joke altogether personal acts, in which application they are with good-nature and discretion may contribute to the very analogous to ridicule. Ridicule is the most gene- mirth of the company: to make game of is applicable ral term of the three; we often rally and banter by only to persons: to make a sport of or sport with, is ridiculing. There is mlore exposure in ridiculing; applied to objects in general, whetherpersons or things, reproof in rallying; and provocation in bantering.' A both are employed likejest in the bad sense of treating person may be ridiculed on account of his eccentri- a thing more lightly than it deserves;'When Samcities; he is rallied fobr his defects; he is bantered for son's eyes were out, of a public magistrate he was accidental circumstances: the two formner actions are made a public Sport.'-SOUTH. often justified by some substantial reason; the latter is Tojest consists of words or corresponding signs; it an action as puerile as it is unjust, it is a contemptible is peculiarly appropriate to one who acts a part: to species of mockery. Self-conceit and extravagant fol- joke consists not only of words, but of simple actions, lies are oftentimes best corrected by good-natured ridi- which are calculated to produce mirth; it is peculiarly cule; a man may deserve somnetimes to be rallied for applicable to the social intercourse of friends: to make his want of resolution;' The only piece of pleasantry game of consists more of laughter than any; it has in Paradise Lost, is where the eveil spirits are described not the ingenuity of the jest, nor the good-nature of as rallying the angels upon the success of their ne thejoke; it is the part of the fool who wishes to make invented artillery.'-ADDnsoN. Those who are of an others appear what he himself really is: to sport with ill-natured turn of mind will banter others for their or to make sport of, consists not only of simple ictions, misfortunes, or their personal defects, rather than not but of conduct; it is the errour of a weak mind that say something to their annoyance;' As to your man- does not know how to set a due value on any thing, ner of behaving towards these unhappy young gentle- the fool sports with his reputation, when he risks the men (at College) you describe, let it be manly and loss of it for a bauble easy; if they banter your regularity, order, decency, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of it.' CHATHASI. TO SCOFF, GIBE, JEER, SNEER. Scoff comes from the Greek Kce7rrro to deride; gsbe RIICOULE, SATIRE, IRONY, SARCASM. and jeer are connected with the word gabble and jabRidicule signifies the same as in tile preceding arti- her, denoting an unseemly mode of speech; sneer is cle; satire and irony have the same original meaning connected with sneeze and nose, the member by which as given under the head of Wit; sarcasm, from the sneering, is performed. Greek aapKcaugs, and capKcio, from Cadp flesh, signifies Scoffing is a general term for expressing contempt; literally to tear the flesh. we may scoff either by gibes,jeers, or sneers; or we Ridicule has simple laughter in it; satire has a mix- may scoff by opprobrious language and contemptuous ture of ill-nature or severity; the former is employed looks: to gibe, jeer, and sneer, are personal acts; the in matters of a shameless or trifling nature, sometimes gibe and jeer consist of words addressed to an indivi improperly on deserving objects;' Nothing is a greater dual; the former has most of ill-snature and reproach mark of a degenerate and vicious age than the corm- init; mon ridicule which passes on this state of life (mar- Where town and country vicars flock in tribes, riage).'-ADDIsoN. Satire is employed either in per- Secur'd by nunmbers fronm the laymen's gibes.-SWIFT. sonal or grave matters;'A man resents with Te latter has ore of ridicule or satire in it; bitterness a satire upon his abilities than his practice.' HtAwKESWOP.TH. Irony is disguised satire; an Midas, expos'd to all theirjeers, ironist seems to praise that which he really means to Had lost his art, and kept his ears. —SwIFT. con'demn;'When Regan (in King Lear) counsels him They are both, however, applied to the actions of to ask her sister forgiveness, he falls on his knees and vulgar people, who practise their coarse jokes on each asks her with a striking kind of irony how such sup- other; plicating language as this becometh him.'-JOHNSON. Sarcasm is bitter and personal satire; all the others Shrewd fellows and stch arch wags! A tribe may be successfully and properly employed to expose That meet for nothing but to be.-SwIFT. folly-and vice; but sarcasm, which is the indulgence' That jeering demeanour is a quality of great offence only of personal resentment, is never justifiable;' The to others, and danger towards a man's self.'-LonD severity of this sarcasm stung me with intolerable WENTWORTH. Scoff and snleer are directed either to rage.'-tHAwKESwORTH. persons or things as the object; gibe and jeer only towards persons: scoff is taken only in the proper sense; sneer derives its meaning from the literal act TO JEST, JOKE, MAKE GAME, SPORT. of sneering: the scoffer speaks lightly of that which.lest is in all probability abridged from gesticulate, deserves serious attention;.,ecause the ancient mimicks used much gesticulation The fop, with learning at defiance in breaking theirjests on the company; joke, in Latin Scoffs at the pedant and the science..-GAY iocus, comes in all probability from the Hebrew pnlX The sneerer speaks either actually with a sneer or as ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 108 it were by implication with a snee'r; lThere is one TO DISPARAGE, DEROGATE, DEGRADE. short passage still remaining (of Alexis the poet's) Disparage and degrade have the same meaning as which conveys a sneer at Pytllagorlas.' —ClltgsLAND. given in the preceding article; derogate, in Latin Thie scoffers at religion set at naught all thoughts of derorgatus, from derogo to repeal in part, signifies to decorum, they openly avow the little estimation in take from a thing. which they hold it; tle sneerers at religion are more Disparage is here empl)yed, not as the act of persly, but not less malignant; they wish to treat religion sons, but of things, in which case it is allied to derowith contenmpt, but not to bring themselves into the gate, but retains its indefinite and general sense as coltempt they deserve; before:'circumstances may disparagle the perfbormAnd sneers as learnedly as they, ances of a writer; or they may derogate from the Like females o'er their morning tea.-SWIF'r honours and dignities of an individual: it would be a high disparagement to al author to have it known that Ihe had been guilty of plagiarism; it derogates RTO DISPARAGE, DETRA('CT1, TRADUCE, from the dignity of a magistrate to take part in popular DEPRECIATE, DEGRADE, DECRY. measures. To degrade is here, as in the former case, a much stronger expression than the other two: whatDisparage, compounded of dis and parage, from ever disparages or derogates does but take away par equal, signifies to make unequal or below what it a part front the value; but whatever degrades sinks it ought to be; detract, in Latin detractum, participle many degrees in the estimation of those in whose eyes of detraiho, from de and traho to draw down, sigrifies it is degraded; in this manner religion is degraded by to set a thing below its real value; traduce, in Latin the low arts of its enthusiastick professors;'Of the traduco or transduco, signifies to carry from one to mind that can deliberately pollute itself with ideal another that which is unfavourable; depreciate, from wickedness, for the sake of spreading the contagion in the Latin pretium, a price, signifies to bring down the society, I wish not to conceal or excuse the depravity. price; degrade, compounded of de and grade orgradums Such degradations of the dignity of genius cannot be a step, degree, signifies to bring a degree or stbp lower contemplated but with grief and indignation.'-JOHNthan one has been before; decry signifies literally to SON. Whatever nlay tend to the disparagement of a cry down. religious profession, does injury to the cause of truth; The idea of lowering the value of an object is co- T is no disparagement to philosophy, that it cannot moan to all these words, which differ in the circum- I deify us.'-GLANVILLE. Whatever derogates fromn stances and object of the action. Disparagement is the dignity of a manl in any office is apt to degrade the the most indefinitehin the manner: detract and traduce office itself;' I think we mnlay say, without derogatizng are specifick in the forms by which an object is lowered: forn those wondelrfll performances (the Iliad and disparagement respects the mental erndowmr ents and _/Eneid), that there is ant ulnqntesionable mnagnificence qualifications: detract and tradunce re said of tte in. every part of Paradise Lost, and indeed a much moral character; the former, however, in a less specificlk greater thiat could have been formed upos any Pagan manner than the latter. We disparage a main's per- systemn.' —ADDISON. formance by speaking slightingly of it; we detract from the merits of a person by ascribing his success to chance; we traduce him by handing about tales that TO ASPERSE, DETRACT, DEFAME are unfavourable to his reputation: thus authors are SLANDER, CALUMNIATE. apt to disparage the writings of their rivals;' It is a hard and nice subject for a man to speak of himnself; it Asperse, in Latin aspersms, participle of aspergo tc grates his own heart to say any thing of disparagement, sprinkle, signifies in a moral sense to stain with spots, and the reader's ears to hear any thing of praise from detract has the same signification as given inder the him.'-COWLEY. A person may detractfrom the skill head of disparage; defame, in Latin defamo, coinof another;'I have very often been tempted to write pounded of tie privative de and fanta fame, signifies to invectives upon those wlno hlave detracted froon my deprive of reputation; slander is doubtless connected wvorks; but I look upon it as a peculiar inappimness that with the words slur, sully, and soil, signifying to stain I have alwvays hindered my resentments from roceed- with some spot; calumniate, from the Latin calzemnia, ing to this extremity.'-ADnDISON. Or lhe may traduce and the Hebrew Dt)7 infamy, signifies to load with him by relating scandalous reports;' Both Homer and infamy. Virgil had their compositions usurped by others; both All these telrms denote an effort made to injure the were envied andtraduced during their lives.'-WALSH. character by some representation. Jsperse'-and de To disparage, detract, and traduce, can be applied tract mark an inlirect misrepresentation; defame, only to persons, or that which is personlal; depreciate, slander-, and calzum7niate, a positive assertion. degrade, and dec*, to whatever is an object of esteem; To asperse is to fix a stain on a moral character; to wve depreciate and degrade, therefore, things as well as detract is to lessen its merits and excellencies. Asperpersons, and decry things: to depreciate is, however, sions always imply something bad, real or supposed; not so strong a term as to degrade; for the language detractions are always founded on some supposed which is employed to depreciate will be mild compared good in the object that is detracted: to defame is with that used for degrading: we may depreciateaan openly to advance some serious charge against the object by implication, or in indirect terms; but harsh character: to slander is to expose the faults of another and unnseemly epithets are employed for degradisng: in his absence: to calumniiate is to communicate sethus a man may be said to depreciate human nature, cretly, or otherwise, circumstances to the injury oi who does not represent it as capable of its true eleva- another. tion; lie degrades it who sinks it below the scale of Adspersionns and detractions are never positive falserationality. We may depreciate or degrade an indi- hoods, as they never amount to more than insinuations; vidual, a language, and the like; we decry measures defamation? is the publick communication of facts, wheand principles: the two former are an act of an indi- ther true or false: slander involves the. discussion ot vidual; the latter is properly the act of many. Some moral qualities, and is consequently the declarationi of men have such perverted notions that they are, always an opinion as well as the Communication of a fact: depreciating whatever is esteemed excellent in tilhe caluzmnly, on the other hand, is a positive cornmtunicaworld;' The business of our modish French authors tion of circumstances known by the narrator at the is to depreciate human nature, and consider it under time to be false. sspersionls are the effect of malice its worst appearances.'-ADDISON. They whose in- and meanness; they are the resource of the basest terests have stifled all feelings of humanity, have de- persons, insidiously to wound tile characters of those graded the poor Africans, in order to justify the en- whomi they dare not openly attack: the most virtuous slaving of them;'Akenside certainly retained an nne- are exposed to the malignity of the asperser;' It is cessary and outrageous zeal for what he called and certain, and observed by the wisest writers, that there thought liberty; a zeal which sometimnes disguises are women who are not nicely chaste, and men not from the world an envious desire of plundering wealth, severely honest, in all fanlilies; therefore let those or degrading greatness.'-JoHNsoN. Political parti- who may be apt to raise aspersions upon ours, please sans commonly decry the measures of one party, in to give us an impartial account of their own, and wve order to exalt those of another;'Ignorant men are shall be satisfied.'-STEE'LE. Detraction is the effect very subject to decry those beauties in a celebrated of envy: when a man is not disposed or able to follow work which they have noteyes to discover.'-ADDISON. the example of another, he strives to detract fri'om the 106 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. merit of his actions by questioning the purity of his scending from our rank, and disgraced by the exposuut motives: distinguished persons are the most exposed of our unworthy actions. to tile evil tongues of detractors;' What made their The great and good man may be abased and thum enmity the more entertaining to all the rest of their bled, but never degraded or disgraced; his glory fol sex was, that in their detraction from each other, nei- lows him in his abasement or houmiliation; his greatther could fall upon terms which did not hit herself as ness protects him from degradation, and his virtue much as her adversary.'-STrEtLE... Defamation is the shields him from disgrace. consequence of personal resentment, or a busy inter- immortality, that alone %erence with other men's affairs; it is an unjustifiable Amid life's pains, tsements, emptiness, exposure of their errours or vices, which is often visitedid life's pan smnts, emptinss, with the due vengeance of the law upon the offender;' What shall we say of the pleasure a man talkes ina My soul is justly humbled in the dust. —R3wx. defamatory libel. Is it not a heinous sin in the sight It is necessary to abase those who will exalt them of God T'-ADDISON. Slander arises either from a selves; to humble those who have lofty opinions of mischievous temper, or a gossipping humlour; it is the themselves;' If the mind be curbed and humbled too resource of ignorant and vacant minds, who are in much in children; if their spirits be abased and broken want of some serious occupation: the slanderer deals much by too strict a hand over them; they lose all unmercifully with his neighbour, and speaks without their vigour and industry.'-LocKE. Those who act regard to truth or falsehood; inconsistently with their rank and station are freSlander, that worst of poisons, ever finds Gquently degraded; but it is more common for others to An easy entrance to ignoble miods.-Hev rf EY be unjustly degraded through the envy and ill-will of their inferiours;'It is very disingenuous to level the Calumny is the worst of actions, resulting from the best of mankind with the worst, and for the faults of worst of motives; to injure the reputation of another particulars to degrade the whole species.'-HuGHIES by the sacrifice of truth, is an accumulation of guilt Folly and wickedness bring disgrace on courts, where which is hardly exceeded by any one in the whole the contrary ought to be found; catalogue of vices;' The way to silence calumny, says You'd think no fools disgraced the former reign, Bias, is to be always exercised in such things as are Did not some grave examples still remain.-PoPE. praiseworthy.'-ADDISON. Slanderers and calumnipraiseworthy.'-Anrsony. Slander~ers and calusnni- The nmisuse of things ~for inferiour purposes debase ators are so near a-kin, that they are but too often fbund in the same person: it is to be expected that their value;'It is a kind of takling God's name in when the slanderer has exhausted all his surmises and vain, to debase religion with such frivolous disputes.'censure upon his neighbour, he will not hesitate to calumniate hirn ratlher than rermain sileit. Of all these terms degrade and disgrrace are the If I speak slightingly of my neighbor and insi-most nearly allied to each other; but the former has Ispeaky sigtng ly ofh m neigh n most regard to the external rank and condition, the nuate cany thing against the purity of his principles, or latter to the moral estimation and character. I Whatthe rectitude of his conduct, I asperse him: if he be ever is low and iean is degrading fortose who are a charitable man, and I ascribe his charities to a selfish vr is low and mean iis egAv hatever is immoral is dismotive, ol otherwise take away from the merit of his motive, or otherwise takce away from the merit of his graceful to all, but most so to those who ought to know conduct, I am guilty of detraction: if I publish any better. It is degrading for a nobleman to associate thing openly that injures his reputation, I am a de- with prize-fighters and jockeys; it is disgacfl for famer: if I communicate to others the reports that are hi to counteance te ioltion of ihe la, hich in circulation to his disadvantage, I am a slanderer: he is bound to protect; it is degrading foraclergyrian if I fabricate anything myself and spread it abroad, I to take part in the ordinary pleasures and occupations am a calumaniator. of mankind in geineral; it is disgraceful for himr to indulge in any levities; Dornitian degraded himself by rTO ABASE, HUMBLE, DEGRADE, DISGRACE, the amusenient which Ihe chose of catching, flies; he ~,DEBASE. disgraced himself by the cruelty which hie mixed with his meanness; king John of England degraded himself To abase expresses the strongest degree of self-hu- by his mean comnpliances to the pope and the barons. miliation, fiom the French abaisser, to bring down or and disgraced himself by many acts of injustice and make low, which is compounded of the intensive sylla- cruelty. ble a or ad and baisser from bas low, in Latin basis The higher the rank of the individual the greater his the base, which is the lowest part of a column. It is degradation: the higher his character, or the more at present used principally in the Scripture language, sacred his office, the greater his dissgrace, if he act inor in a metaphorical style, to imply the laying aside all consistently with its dignity: but these terms are not the high pretensions which distinguish us from our confined to any rank of life; there is that which is fellow-creatures, the descending to a state compara- degrading and disgraceful for every person, however tively low and mlean; to humrnble, in French hsumsilier, low his station; when a man forfeits that which he from the Latin huLmilis humble, and humus the ground, owes to himlself, and sacrifices his indlependence to his naturally marks a prostration to the ground, and figura- vices, he degrades himself;'When a hero is to be tively a lowering the thoughts and feelings. Accord- pulled down and degraded it is best done in doggerel.' ing to the principles of Christianity whoever abeaseth -ADDISON.' SO deplorable is the degradation of our himself shall be exalted, and according to the same nature, that whereas before we bore the image of God, principles whoever reflects on his own littleness aid we now only retain the image of men.' —SoUTH. He unworthiness will daily humble himself before his who forfeits the good opinion of those who know him Maker. is disgraced, and he who fails to bestow on an object To degrade (v. To disparage), signifies to lower in the favour or esteem which it is. entitled to disgraces the estimation of others. It supposes already a state it;' We may not so in any one kind admire her, that of elevationeither in outward circumstances or il pub- we disgrace her in any other; but let all her ways lick opinion; disgrace is compounded of the privative be according unto their place and degree adored.'dis and the noun grace tr favour. To disgrace pro- HOOKER. But although the term disgrace when geneperly implies to put out of favour, which is always at- rally applied is always taken in a bad sense, yet in retended more or less with circumstances of ignominy, gard to individuals it may be taken in all indifferent and reflects contempt on the object; debase is corn- sense; it is possible to be disgraced, or to lose the pounded of the intensive syllable de and the adjective favour of a patron, through his caprice, without any base, signifying to make very base or low. fault on the part of the disgraced person;' Philips died The modest man abases himself by not insistingl on honoured and lamented, before any part of his reputathe distinctions to which he may be justly entitled: tion had withered, and before his patron St. John had the penitent man humbles himself bhy confessing his disgraced him.' errours; the man of rank degrades himself by a too Men are very liable to err in their judgements on familiar deportment with his inferiours; he disgraces what is degrading and disgraceful; but all who are himself by his meanness and irregularities, and debases anxious to uphold the station and character in which his character by his vices. they have been placed, may safely observe this rule, We can never be abased by abasing ourselves, but that nothing can be so degradingl as the violation of we may bie humbled by unseasoniable humiliations, or truth and sincerity, and nothing so disgnaceful as a Improper concessions; we may be degraded by de- breach of moral rectitude or propriety. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. o07 These terms may be employed with a similar dis- ole; tis a disgrace to a schoolboy to be placed the tinction in regard to things; a thing is degraded which lowest in his class; which is heightened into shame it falls any degree in the scale of general estimation; it brings him into punishment; All higher knowledge, in her presence, falls Like a dull actor now, Degraded.-MILTON. I have forgot my part, and I am out A thing is disgraced when it becomes or is made less Even to a full disgrace.-SHAKsPEARE. lovely and desirable than it was;'I was secretly concerned to see human nature in so And where the vales with violets once were crown'd, much wretchedness and disgrace, but could not forNow knotty burrs and thorns disgrace the ground. bear smiling to hear Sir Roger advise the old woman DRYDEN. DISON. The fear of dishosour acts as a laudable stimulus to TO ABASH, CONFOUND, CONFUSE. the discharge of one's duty; the fear of disgrace or shame serves to prevent the commrnrission of vices or abash is an intensive of abase, signifying to abase crimes. A soldier feels it a dishonour not to be placed thoroughly in spirit; confound and confuse are derived at the post of danger; from different parts of the same Latin verb confnd.o, ur for the brve to de-DYDEN. and its participle confusus. Confundo is compounded of con andfundo to pour together. To confound and But he is not always sufficiently alive to the disgrace confuse then signify properly to melt together or into of being punished, nor is he deterred from his irreguone mass what ought to be distinct; arid figuratively, larities by the open shame to which he is sometimes put as it is here taken, to derange the thoughts in such in the presence of his fellow-soldiers; manner as that they seem melted together. Where the proud theatres disclose the scene Jlbash expresses more than confound, and confound Which interwoven Britols seem to raise, more than confuse; shame contributes greatly to And show the triumph which their shame displays. abashment; what is sudden and unaccountable serves DRYDEN. to confound; bashfulness and a variety of emotions togive risestofsusd; bashfuiones anda aret ofemtins As epithets these terms likewise rise in sense, and are The haughty man is abashed when he is humbled in distinguished by other characteristiclks; a dishonourable the eyes of others, or the sinner when he stands con- action is that which violates the principles of honour; victed;'If Peter was so abashed when Christ gave a disgraceful action is that which reflects disgrace; a him a look after his denial; if there was so much shameful action is that of which one ought to be fully dreadin his looks when he was a prisoner; how much ashamed: it is very dishonosrable for a man not to greater will it be when he sits as a judge.'-SOUTH. keep his word, or for a soldier not to maintain his The wicked man is confounded when his villany is post; suddenly detected; He did dishonourable find Those articles which did our state decrease. Alas! I am afraid they have awak'd, And'tis not done: th' attempt, and not the deed, Confounds us!-SHAKSPEARE. It is very disg raceful for a gentleman to associate with those who are his inferiours in station and education; A modest person may be confused in the presence of his superiours;'The various evils of disease and'Masters mustdorrect their servants with gentleness, poverty, pain and sorrow, are frequently derived from prudence, and mercy, not with upbraiding and disothers; but shame and confusion are supposed to pro- 0racefel language.'-TAYLOR (Holy Livitg). It is ceed from ourselves, and to be incurred only by the very shameful for a gentleman to use tis rank and in misconduct which they furnish.'-HAWEvSaWORTHn. fluence over the lower orders only to mislead them from Aqbash is always taken inr a bad sense: neither the their duty; scorn of fools, nor the taunts of the oppressor, will This all through that great prince's pride did fall, abash him who has a conscience void of offence to- And came to shameful end. —SPENSER. wards God and man. To be confounded is not always A person is likewise said to be dishonourable who is the consequence of guilt: superstition and ignorance disposed to bring dishonour upon himself; but things are liable to be confounded by extraordinary pheno- only are disgraceful or shameful: a dishonourable man mena; and Providence sometimes thinks fit to con- renders himself an outcast among his equals; lie must found the wisdom of the wisest by signs and wonders, then descend to his inferiours, among whom he may far above the reach of human comprehension. Con- become familiarwith the disgraceful and the shamneful: fusion is at the best an infirmity more or less excusa- men of cultivation are alive to what is dishonosssable; ble according to the nature of the cause: a steady men of all stations are alive to that which is for them mind and a clear head are not easily contfused, but per- disgracef2l, or to that which is in itself shameful: the sons of quick sensibility cannot always preserve a sense of what is dishonourable is to the superiour what perfect collection of thought in trying situations, and the sense of the disgraceful is to the inferiour; but the those who have any consciousness of guilt, and are sense of what is shameful is independent of' rank or not very hardened, will be soon thrown Into cosllfsion station, and forms a part of that moral sense which is by close interrogatories. inherent in the breast of every rational creature. Whoever therefore cherishes in himself a lively sense of DISHONOUR, DISGRACE, SHAME. what is dishonourable or disgraceful is tolerably secure of never committing any thing that is shameful. Dishonour implies the state of being without honour, or the thing which does away honour; disgrace signifies the state of disgrace, or that which causes the disgrace (v. JAbase); shame denotes either the feeling of DISCREDIT, DISGRACE, REPROACH, being ashamed, or that which causes this feeling. SCANDAL. Disgrace is more than dishono01 r, and less than Discredit signifies the loss of credit; disgrace, the shame. The disgrace is applicable to those who are loss of grace, favour, or esteem; reproach stands for not sensible of the dishonosur, and the shame for those the thing that deserves to be reproached; and scandal who are not sensible of the disgrace. The tender fbr the thing that gives scandal or offene. mind is alive to dishonourr: those who yield to their The conduct of men. in their various relations with passions, or are hardened in their vicious courses, are each other may give rise to the unfavourable sentiment alike insensible to disgrace or shame. Dishonoer- is which is expressed in common by these terms. Things seldom the consequence of any offence, or offered with aresaid to reflect discredit, or disgrace to bring reproack ally intention of punishing; it lies mostly in the con- or scandal, on the individual. These terms seem to sciousness of the individual. Disgrace and shame rise in sense one upon the other: disgrace is a stronger are the direct consequences of misconduct: but the term than' discredit; reproach than disgrace; and tormer applies to circumstances of less importance scandal than reproach. than the latter; consequently the feeling of being in Discredit interferes with a man's credit or respectadisgrace is not so strong as that of shame. A citizen bility; disgrace marks him out as an object of unfafeels it a dishonour not to be chosen to those offices of vourable distinction; reproach makes himn a subject of trust and honour for which he considers himself eligi- revroachful conversation; scandal makes him anl i08 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. of offence or even abhorrence. As regularity in hours, an evil report; ignominy, from nomen a name, signlifes regularity in habits or modes of living, regularity in an ill name, a stained name; opprobrium, a Latin payments, are a credit to a family; so is any deviation word, compounded of op or ob and probrum, signifies friom this order to its discredit: as moral rectitude, the highest degree of reproach or stain. kindness, charity, and benevolence, serve to ensure the The idea of discredit or disgrace in the highest pos good-will and esteem of men; so do instances of unthir sible degree is common to all these terms: but infamy dealing, cruelty, inhumanity, and an unfeeling temper, is that which attaches more -to the thing than to the send to the disgrace of the offender: as a life of dis- person;.ignominy is thrown upon the person; and op tinguished virtue or particular instances of moral ex.- probrizum is thrown upon the agent rather thian the cellence, may cause a Inan to be spoken of in strong action. terms of colnmendation; so will flagrant atrocities or a The infamy causes either the person or thing to be course of immorality cause his name and hiniself to be ill spoken of by all; abhorrellce of both is expressed by the general subject of sreproachl: as the profession of a every mouth, and the ill report spreads from mouth to Christian with a consistent practice is the greatest or- mouth; iginominy causes the name and the person to namlent which a man can put on: so is the profession be held in contempt; and to become debased in the with an inconsistent practice the greatest deformity eyes of others: opprobrium causes the person to be that can be witnessed; it is calculated to bring a scandal spoken of in severe terms of reproach, and to be on religion itself in the eyes of those who do not know shunned as something polluted. The infamy of a and. feel its intrinsick excellencies. traitorous proceeding is increased by the addition of Discsredit depends much oln tihe character, circuni- ingratitude; the ignomiiy'of a publick punishment is stances, and situation of those who discr-edit and those increased by the wickedness of the offender; olppro who are discredited. Those who are in responsible, brium'sometimes falls upon the innocent, when cir situations, and have had confidence reposed in them, custntances seem to convict them of guilt. lmust have a peculiar guard over their conduct rinot to Infamy is bestowed by the publick voice; it does riot bring discredit on themselves: disgrace depends on the belong to one nation or one age, but to every age: the tesmper of men's minds as well as collateral circum- isfamy of a base transaction, as the massacre of the stances; where'a nice sense of r moral propriety is pre- Danes in England, or of the Hugonots in' France, will valent in any commlunity, disgrace inevitably attaches be handed down to the latest posterity;' The share of to a deviation from good morals. Rep roach and scandal insfamy that is likely to fall to the lot of each individual refer more immediately to the nature of the actions than is publick acts is small indeed.'.-Bu RKE. Ignomity is the character of the persons; the former beisln em- brought on a person by the act of the magistrate: the ployed in general matters; the latter mostly in a reli- publick sentence of the law, and the infliction of that gious application: it is greatly to the Idiscredit. of all sentence, exposes the name to.publick scorn; the ignoheads of publick institutions, when they allow of abuses rminy, however, seldom extends beyond the individuals that interfere with the good order of the establisllhment, who are immediately concerned in it: every honest or divert it from its original purpose; I'T is the dutt.y man, however shumr'ble hisstation and narrow his sphere, of every Christian to be concerned fir the reputation would fain preserve his name from being branded with or discredit his life may bring oil his profession.'- the ignomisny of either himself, or any of his family, ROGERS.'Vhen a mtian is made up wholly of the dove suffering death on the gallows; without the least grain of the serpent in his colmposition, he becomes ridicuilous in miany circumstances of r streb from trth divided, and from just, his life, and very oftenl discredits his best actions.' — adabe naght m erits bt dispraise, ADDIsoN. In Sparta the slightest: intemperance refleeted great disgrace on thesoffender; Opprobrium is the judgement passed by the publick; And he'whose affluence disdaitnd a placer,:. it is more silent and even more confined than the infamy Bribd hby a title, w ssakes it a pdisgrace.-,Bow. and the ignomissy; individuals are exposed to it acBrib'd by a title, makes it a disgrace.-BROWN. cording to the nature of the imputations under which n the present age, when thei views of men on Chris- they lie: every good man would be anxious to escape tianity and its duties are so much mlore enlightened than the opprobrium of having forfeited his integrity; they ever were, it is a reproach to any nation to con- Nor e their outward tinue to traffick ili the blood of its fellow-creatures Nor lie their outwa' The cruelty of Mary's persecution equalled thie deeds Of beasts, hut inwad nakednessmuch more of those tyrants who have been the reproacih to human Opprosrious, with his robe of righteousness nature.'- IOERT3s oN. The beenlasistie nsoins indecencies~C Arraying, cover'd from his father's sight. nature.' —ROBERITSON. The blasphemous indecencies MILTON. of which religious enthusiasts~are guilty in the excess )f their zeal is a scandal to all sober-lminded Christians; His lustful orgies he enlarged TO REVILE, VILIFY. Evenl to the hill of scandal, by the grove Revile, from the Latin vilis, signifies to reflect upon Of Moloch homicide.-MILTON. a person, or retort upon him that which is vile: to vilify, signifies to make a thing vile, that is, to set it INFAMOUS, SCANDALOUS. foth as vile. To revile is a personal act, it is addressed directly to Iinfamous, like.isfamy (v. Isifasmy), is applied to'both the object of offence, and is addressed for the pullrpose of persons and things; scuandalous, or causing scandal, making the person vile in his own eyes: to vilify is an only to things: a character is infanmous, or a transaction indirect attack which serves to make the object appeal is infamous; but a transaction only is scandalous. vile in the eyes of others. Revile is said only of perInfamous and scandalous are both said of that which sons, for persons only are reviled; but vilify is said is calculated to excite great displeasure in the minds of mostly of things, for things are often vilified. To revile all who hear it, and to degrade the offenders itn the is contrary to all Christian duty; it is commonly regeneral estimation; but the infamouas seems to be that sorted to by the most worthless, and practised upon the which produces' greater publicity, and more general most worthy; reprehension, than the scandalous, consequently is that which'is more serious in its nattyre, and a greater vio- ut chief he gloried with licentios style, iniotio of good morals. Mraly of rise headers in rho To hash the great, and monarchs to revile. —PorE.' French revolution rendered themselves infamous by To svilify is seldom justifiable; for we cannot vilify their violence, their rapine, and their murders;' There without using improper language; it is seldom resorted is no crime tmore infamoius than the violation of trtth.' to but for the gratification of ill nature:'''here is no-JOHNSON. Thetrickwhichiwas playedupon thesub- body so weak of invention that cannot makle some scribers to the South Sea Company was a scandalous little stories to vilify his enemy.'-ADDISON. fraud, "It is a very great, though sad and scandalous truth, that rich men are esteemed and honoured, while REPROACH CONTUMELY, OBLOQUY. the ways by which they grow rich are abhorred.'- REPROACH, CONTUMEY OBLOQ SOUTH Reproach has the same signification as given under Tn Blaine; contumely, from contsumeo, that is, cont.s, tumeo, signifies to swell up against; obloquy, from,b INFAMY, IGNOMINY, OPPROBRIUM. and loquor, signifies speaking against or to the dis Irfamy is the opposite to good fame; it consists in paragement of. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 109 the idea of contempt uous or angry treatment of as a disguise for chagrin or an engine of wit.'-MAcothers is common to all these terms; but reproachs is KENZIE. We condemn all disrespectful language to the general, contumely and obloquy are the particular wards superiours; terms. Reproach is either deserved or undeserved; I see the right and I approve it too the name of Puritan is applied as a term of reproach Cosdemm tie wrong and yet the wrong pursue to Such as affect greater purity than others; the name TATE. of Christian is a name of reproach in Turkey; but reproach taken absolutely is always supposed to be unde- We reprobate only the thing; we condemn the person served, and to be itself a vice; also: any act of disobedience in a child cannot be too strongly reprobated; a person must expect to be conHas foul rep-roach a privilege from heav'n -PorE. demned when he involves himself in embarrassments Contumely is always undeserved; it is the insolent through his own imprudence. swelling of a worthless person against merit it distress; our Saviour was exposed to the contumely of the Jews;' The royal captives followed in the train, ABUSE, INVECTIVE. amid the horrid yells, and frantick dances, and in- A.buse, which from the Latin abutor, signifying to famous contumelies, of the furies of hell.'-BURKE. injure by improperly using, is here taken in the metaObloquy is always supposed to be deserved; it is ap- phorical application for ill-treatment of persons; invecplicable to those whose conduct has rendered them tive, from the Latin inveho, signifies to bear upon or objects of general censure, and whose-name therefore against. Harsh and unseemly censure is the idea has almost become a reproach. A man who uses his common to these terms; but the former is employed power only to oppress those who are connected with more properly against-the person, the latter against the him will naturally and deservedly bring upon himself thing. much obloquy;' Reasonable moderation hath freed us ibuzse is addressed to the individual, and mostly by from being subject unto that kind of obloquy, whereby word of mouth: itnvective is communicated mostly by as the church of Rome de lh, under the colour of love writing..buse is dictated by anger, which throws off towards those things whicll lie harmless, maintain ex- all constraint, and violates all decency: invective is tremely most hurtful corruptions; so we, peradventure dictated by party spirit, or an intemperate Warmth of might be upbraided, that under colour of hatred to- feeling in matters of opinion..Abuse is always rewards those things that are corrupt, we are on the sorted to by the vulgar in their private quarrels: inother side as extreme, even against most harmless ordi- vective is the ebullition of zeal and ill-nature in publick nances.'-HoorE R. concerns. The more rude and ignorant the man, the more liablet he is to indulge in abuse;'At an entertainment IREPROACIHFUL, ABUSIVE, SCURRILOUS. givemn by Pisistratus to some of his intimates, ThraReproachfusl, when applied to the person, signifies sippus, a mtan of violent passion, and inflamed with full of reproaches; whenl to the thitng, deserving of wine, took some occasion, not recorded, to break out reproacld: abuzsive is only applied to the person, signi- into the most violent abuse and insult.'-CUMBERfying after the mannler of abusse: scutrsrilous, from LAND. The more restless and opiniated the par scurra a buffobon, is employed as an epithet either for tisan, whether in religion or politicks, the more ready persons or things, signifying using scusrrility, or the he is to deal in invective; I'This is a true way of language of a buffoon. The conduct of a person is examining a libel; and when men consider that no reproachful in as much as it provokes or is entitled to Nman living thinks better of their heroes and patrons for the reproaches of others; the language of a person is the panegyrick given them, none can think themselves reproachful when it abounds in rseps-oaches, or par- lessened by their inlvective.'-STEELE. We must extakes of the nature of a reproach: a person is abuesive poet to meet with abuse from the vulgar whom we who indulges himself in abuse or abusive language: offend; and if we are in high stations, our conduct will and he is scurrilous who adopts scurrility or scurri- draw forth invective from busybodies, whom spleen ious language. hlas converted into oppositionists. When applied to the same object, whether to the person or to the thinIg, they rise in sense. the reproaclhful is less than the abeusive, and this than the scutr- DECLAIM, INVEIGH. rio01S: thre -epsoraclhful is sometimes warranted by Declaim, in Latin declamo, that is, de and claeo, the provocation; but the abusive and scurrilous are the provocation; but the arbusive lan guad sgserrilos are signifies literally to cry in a set form of words; inveigh always unwarraistable: r~eproach^fst language omay be is taken in the same sense as given in the preceding consistent with decency and propriety of speech, but alticle. when the term is taken absolutely, it is generally i the To declaim is to speak either for or against a person; bad sense;' Honosre teaches a tsmantt not to revenge a declaimingn is in all cases a noisy kind of oratory;' It contumelious or reproachful word, but to be above isusualfor masterstomae theirboys declaim otl both it.' —SOUTH. Albusive and scu-rrilomus language are sidesof an argument.'-S IT. TO isseIh signifies outrages against the laws of good breeding, if not of always to speak against the object; in this latter applimorality; tion publick men and publick measures are subjects for Thus envy pleads a nat'ral clailn the declaimer; private individuals afford subjects for To persecute the Muse's fame, inveigzhiing; the former is under the influence of partiOur poets in all timnes abussive, cular opinions or prejudices; the latter is the fruit of From HIomer down to Pope inclusive. personal resentment or displeasure: patriots (as they SWIFT. are called) are always declaiming against the conduct' Let your mirth be ever void of all scusrility and biting of tlose in power, or the state of the nation; and not words to any man.' —-StR HENRY SIDNEY. A parenft requently they profit by the opportunity of indulging may sometimes find it necessary to address an unruly their private pique by inveighing against particular son in reproachful terms; or one friend may adopt a members of the government who have disappointed reproachful tone to another; none, however, but the their expectations of advancenlent. A declaimer is lowest orders of men, and those only when their angry noisy; he is a mai of words; he makes long and loud passions are awakened, will descend to abusive or speeches;'Tully (was) a good orator, yet no good sctssrrzlous language. poet; Sallust, a good historiographer, but no good declaimer.' —FoTHERBY. An inveigher is virulent and personal; he enters into private details, arnd often TO REPROBATE, CONDEMN. indulges his malignant feelings under an affected reTo reprobate, which is a variation of reproach, is gard for morality;'Ill-tempered and extravagant in much stronger than to condemn, which bears the sale vectives against papists, made by men, whose persons general meaning as given under To Blame; we always wanting authority, as much as their speeches do rea condemn when we reprobate, but not vice versd: to son, do nothing else but set an edge on our adversaries' reprobate is to condemn in strong and reproachful lan-' sword.'-JACKSON. Although both these words may guage. We reprobate all measures which tend to sow be applied to moral objects, yet declamations are gmore discord in society, and to loosen the ties by which men directed towards the thing, and invectives against the are bound to each other;'Simulation (according to person,'The grave and the merry have equally my Lord Chesterfield) is by no means to be reprobated thought themselves at liberty to conclude, either witt. 110 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. declamatory complaints, or satirical censures of female provoke condemnation, particularly if his integrity be foliy. —JOHNSON. called in question; Scarce were the flocks refresh'd with morning dew, Thus they in mutual accusation spent Whein Damon stretch'd beneath an olive shade, The fruitless hours, but neither self-condemning. And wildly staring upward thus inveigh'dl MITON. Against the conscious gods. -DRYDEN. Blame, reproof, and upbraiding, are always addressed directly to the individual in person; reproach, censure, and condemnation, are sometimes conveyed TO BLAME, REPROVE, REPROACH, UPBRAID, through an indirect channel, or not addressed at all to CENSUtRE, CONDEMN. the party who is the object of them. When a master blames his servant, or a parent reproves his child, or Blamne, in French blamer, probably from the Greelk one friend upbraids another, he directs his discourse to eOXd5juatc, perfect of the verb flAd7rr to hurt, signi- him to express hisdisapprobation. A nlan will always tfying to deal harshly with; sreprove comes from the be reproached by his neighbours for the vices he comLatin reprobo, which signifies the contrary of probo, mits, however he may fancy himself screened from to approve; reproach, in French reprocher, corn. their observation;'The very regret of being surpassed pounded of re and proche, proximus near, signifies to in any valuable quality, by a person of the same abilicast back upon a person; upbraid, compounded of u2 ties with ourselves, will reproach our own laziness, or upon, and braid or breed, signifies to hatch against and even shame us into imitation.'-RoGERs. Writers one; censure, in French censure, Latin censura, the censure each other in their publications; censorship, or the office of censor; the censor being a Roman magistrate, who took cognizance of the morals Men may censure thine (weakness) and manners of the people, and punished offences Thegentler, ifseverely thou exact not against either; condemn, in French condamner, Latin More strength from me, than in thyself was found. condemno, compounded of con and damno, from MILTON damnunm, a loss or penalty, signifies to sentence to The conduct of individuals is sometimes condemned by some penalty. the publick atlarge;' They who approvemy conduct in The expression of one's disapprobation of a person, this particular are much more numerous than those or of that which lie has done, is the common idea in who condemn it.'-SPECTATOR. the signification of these terms; but to blame expresses Blame, reproach, upbraid, and condemn, may be apless than to reprove. We simply charge with a fault plied to ourselves; reproof and censere are applied to in blamisg; but in reproving, severity is mixed with others: we blame ourselves for acts of imprudence; the charge. Reproach expresses more than either; it our consciences reproach us for our weaknesses, and is to blame acrimoniously. We need not hesitate to mupbraid or condemn us for our sins. blame as occasion may require; but it is proper to be cautiouis how we deal out rep)roof where the necessity of the case does not fully warrant it; and it is highly REPROOF. culpable to reproach without the most substantial Personal blame or censure is implied by both these reason. terms, but the former is much milder than the latter. To blame and reprove are the acts of a superiour; to By reprehension the personal independence is not so reproach, upbraid, that of an equal: to censure and sensibly affected as in the case of reproof: people of condemn leave the relative condition of the parties all ages and stations whose conduct is exposed to the undeflied. Masters blame or reprove their servants; investigation of others are liable to reprehension; but parents their children; friends and acquaintances children only or such as are in a subordinate capacity reproachand upbraid each other; persons of all con- are exposed to reproof. The reprehension amounts ditions may censure or be cens,2red, condemne or be con- to little more than passing an unfavourable sentence denmned, according to circumstances. upon the conduct of another;' When a man feels the Blame and reproof are dealt out on every ordinary reprehension of a friend, seconded by his own heart, occasion; reproach and upbraid respect personal he is easily heated into resentment.'-JoHNsoN. tBematters, and always that which affects the moral proof adds to the reprehension an unfiriendly address character;censure and condemnations are provoked by to the offender;' There is an oblique way of reproof taults and misconduct of different descriptions. Every which takes off from the sharpness of it.' —STEELE. fault, however trivial, may expose a person to blame, The master of a school may be exposed to the repreparticularly if he perform any office for the vulgar, hension7m of the parents for any supposed impropriety: who are never contented; his scholars are subject to his frequent reproof. Chafe not thyself about the rabble's censure: They blame or praise, but as one leads the other. TO CHECK, CHIDE, REPRIMAND, REPROVE, PROWDE. REBUKE. Intentional errours, however small, seem necessarilyto C1(teck delives its figurative signification from the call for reproof, and yet it is a mark of an imperious check-mate, a nmivemert in the game of chess, whereby temper to substitute reproof in the place of admoni- one stops one's adversaey froni makinga further move tion, when the latter might possibly answer the pur- whence to check signifies to stop the course of a per pose;'In all termls of reproof, when the sentence ap- son, and on this occasion by the exercise of authority; pears to arise from personal hatred or passion, it is not pears to ase n personal latkind, but a misuon, t I not chide is in Saxon cidan, probably connected with cyldan then made the cause of mankind, but a misunder- toscold; reprimantd is compounded of the privative standing between two persons.'-STEELE. There i scold; epiad is compounded of the privative a reproh sooner than syllable repri and mand, in Latin mando to commend, nothing which provoklesaelroc soonerthanira- signifying not to comliesd; reprove, in French retitude, although the offender is not entitled to so much proSser, Latin repoobo, is compounded of the privative notice from tihe injured person; syllable re and probo, signifying to find the contrary of The prince replies:' Al cease, divinely fair, good, that is, to find bad, to blame; rebuke is comNor add reproaches to the wounds I bear.'-PoPE. pounded of re and buke, in French bouche the mouth, signifyting to stop the mouth. MNlutual upbraidiimgs commonly follow between those The idea of expressing one's disapprobation of a who have nlutually contributed to their imisfortunes; conduct is common to all these terms. [have we not known thee, slave! Of all the host, A person is checked that he may not continue to do The main who acts the least upbraids the most. what is offensive; le is chidden for what he has done PoPE. that he mnay not repeat it: impertinent and forward people require to be checked, that they may not become The defective execution of a work is calculated to intolerable.drawar down censmure upon its author, particularly if he betray a want of modesty; I hate when vice can bolt her arguments, b And virtue has no tongue to check her pride.'though ten times worse themselves, you'll frequent'MILTON. view?hose who with keenest rage will censure yOU.-PITT. Thoughtless people are c7hdden when they give hurtful proofs of their "carelessness;' What had he to do to'lie mistakes of a general. or a minister of state, will chide at me' —SHAKSPEARS. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 111 People are checked by actions and looks, as well as the administration of government;' Aristogiton, with words; revengeful cunning, impeached several courtiers and But if a clam'rous vile plebeian rose, intimates of the tyrant.' —CUMBERLAND. Kings arHim with reproof he check'd, or tam'd with blows. raign governours of provinces and subordinate princes, POPE. and in this manner kings are sometimes arraigned beThey are chiden by words only: a timid person is fore mnock tribunals: our Saviour was arraigned before Theasy ~are chidden by words only: a timid persoo IsPilate; and creatures in the madness of presumption easily checked; the want even of due encouragement arraign their Creator; IO the inexpressible horrour will serve to daonp his resolution: the young are per- that will seize upon a poor sinner, when he stands ar petually falling into irregularities which require to be raigned at the bar of Divine justice-SouTa. raigned at the bar of Divine justice.' —SoUT11. chidden; His house was known to all the vagrant train, He chid their wanderings, but reliev'd their pain. TO ACCUSE, CENSURE. GOLDSMITH. To accuse (v. To Sccuse) is only to assert the guilt To chide marks a stronger degree of displeasure than of another; to censure (v To Censure) is to take that reprimand, and reprimand than reprove or rebuke; a guilt for granted. We accuse only to make known the person may chide or reprimand in anger, he reproves offence, to provoke inquiry; we censure in order to and rebnkes with coolness: great offences call forth inflict a punishment. An accusation may be false or chidings; omissions or mistakes occasion or require a true; *a censure mild or severe. It is extremely wrong reprimand;' This sort of language was very severely to accuse another without sufficient grounds;' If the reprimanded by the Censors, who told the criminal person accused makethhisinnocence plainly to appear "' that he spoke in contempt of the court."'-ADDISON upon his trial, the accuser is immediately put to an AND STEELE. Irregularities of conduct give rise to ignominious death.'-SWIFT. But still worse to cenreproof;'He who endeavours only the happiness of ssre him without the most substantial grounds;' A him whom he reproves, will always have the satisfac- statesman, who is possesed of real merit, should look tion of either obtaining or deserving kindness.' —JonN- upon his political censurers with the same neglect that soN. Improprieties of behaviour demand rebuke; a good writer regards his criticks.'-ADDISON.' With all the infirmities of his disciples hlie calmly Every one is at liberty to accuse another of offences bore; and his rebukes were mild when their provoca.- which he knows him for a certainty to have committed; tions were great.' —LAIR. but none can censure who are not authorized by their Chiding and reprimanding are employed for offences age or station. Accusing is for the most part employed against the individual, and in cases where the greatest for publick offences, or for private offences of much disparity exists in the station of the parties; a child greater magnitude than those which call for censure; is chid by his parent; a servant is reprimanded by his' Mr. Locke accuses those of great negligence who master. discourse of moral things with the least obscurity in Reproving and rebuking have less to do with the the terms they make use of.' —BUDGELL.'If any relation or station of the parties, than with the nature man measure his words by his heart, and speak as he of the offence: wisdom, age, and experience, or a spi- thinks, and do not express more kindness to every ritual nission, give authority to reprove or rebuke those man than men usually have for any man, he can whose conduct has violated any law, human or divine: hardly escape the censure of the want of breeding.'the prophet Nathan reproved king David for his TILLOTSON. heinous offences against his Maker; our Saviour rebuaked Peter for his presumptuous mode of sDeech. TO CENSURE ANIMADVERT, CRITICISE. To centsure (v. To Accuse) expresses less than to TO:) ACCUSE, CHiARGE, IRMPEACHf, ARRAIGNTe. animadvert or criticise; one may always censure when one animadverts or criticises: animadvert, in Latin A ccuse, in Latin accuso, compounded of ac or ad animadverto, i. e. animumm verto ad, signifies to turn the:and cuso or causa a cause or trial, signifies to bring to mind towards an object, and, in this case, with the view trial; chaere, from the word cargo a bulrden, signifies of finding fault with it: to criticise, from the Greek to lay a burden; inmpeach, in French emnpecher to hinder Kpivw to judge, signifies to pass a judgement upon anor disturb, compounded of em or in and pes the foot, other. signifies to set one's foot or one's self against an- To censure and animadvert are both personal, the other; arraifgn, compounded of ar or ad and raign one direct, the other indirect; criticism is directed to or range, signifies to range, or set at the bar of a things, and not to persons only. tribunal. Censuring consists in finding some fault real or supThe idea of asserting the guilt of another is colmmon posed; it refers mostly to the conduct of individuals. to these terms. Accu2se in the proper sense is applied Animadvert consists in suggesting some errour or imparticularly to crinles, but it is also applied to every propriety; it refers mostly to matters of opinion and species of offence; charge may be applied to crimes, dispute; criticism consists in minutely examining the but is used more commonly for breaches of moral con- intrinsick characteristiclks, and appreciating the merits duct; we accuse a person of murder; we charge him of each individually, or the whole collectively; it refers with dishonesty. to matters of science and learning..Accuse is properly a formal action; charge is an in- To censure requires no more than simple assertion; formal actioni; criminals are accused, and their accusa- its justice or propriety often rests on the authority of tion is proved in a court of jmudicature to be true or the individual;' Many an author has been dejected at false;' The Countess of Hertford, demanding an au- the censure of one whom he has looked upon as an dience of the Queern, laid before her the whole series idiot.'-ADDIs oN. Jnimadversions require to be accomof his mother's cruelty, and exposed the improbability panied with reasons; those who animadvert on the of all accusation, by which he was charged with an proceedings or opinions of others must state some intent to cornlmmit a murder that could produce no ad- grounds for their objections;' I wish, Sir, you would vantage.' —Jo uNSON (Life of Savage). Any person do us the favour to animadvert frequently upon the stay be charred, and the charge mtay be either sub- false taste the town is in, with relation to the plays as stantiated or refuted in the judgement of a third per- well as operas.'-STEELE. Criticism is altogether arguson;'Nor was this irregularity the only char re which mentative and illustrative: it takes nothing for granted.,orld Tyrconnel brought against hint. Havlng given it analyzes and decomposes, it compares and combines, him a coilection of valuable books stanlped with it asserts and supports the assertions;'It is ridiculous his own arms, he had the mortification to see them for any man to criticise on the works of another, who int a short time exposed for sale.' —JoHNso N (Life of has not distinguished himself by his own performSanvage). ances.'-ADDISON. [m7peach and arr ai~gn are both species of accusing; The office of the censurer is the easiest and least the former in application to statesmen and state con- honourable of the three; it may be assumed by ignoterls, the latter in regard to the general conduct or rance and impertinence, it may be performed for the prilciples; with this difference, that hewho impeachles purpose of indulging an angry or imperious temper. rnly asserts the guilt, but does not determine it; but The task of animadverting is delicate; it may be retllose who arraign also take upon themselves to de- sorted to for the indulgence of an overweening selfcids: statesmen are impeached for misdemeanours in conceit. The office of a critick is loth arduous anrt t12 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. honourable; it cannot be filled by any one incompetent taining the fact or bringing to punishment. A complaint or the charge without exposing his arrogance and folly may be frivolous; an accusation false. People in o merited contempt. subordinate stations should be careful to give no cause for complaint;' On this occasion (of an interview with Addison), Pope made his complaint with frankness and TO CENSURE, CARP, CAVIL. spirit, as a man undeservedly neglected and opposed.'Censure has the same general meaning as given il JOHNSON. The most guarded conduct willnot protect thie preceding articles Iv. To Lccuse);* carp, in Latin any person from the unjust accusations of the malevocarpo, signifies to pluck; cavil, in French- caviller, lent; With guilt enter distrust and discord, mutual in Latin cavillor, from eavillum a hollow man, and accusation and stubborn self-defence.'-JoHNsoN. ravus hollow, signifies to be unsound or unsubstantial in speech. TO FIND FAULT WITH; BLAME, To censure respects positive errours; to carp and FIND FAULT WITH B cavil have regard to what is trivial or imaginary; the former is employed for errours in persons; the latter All these terms denote not simply feeling, but also for supposed det'ects in things. Censures are frequently expressing dissatisfaction with some person or thing. necessary from those who have the authority to use To find fault with signifies here to point out a fault, them; a good father will censure his children when either in some person or thing; to blame is said only of their conduct is censurable: but censure may likewise the person; object is applied to the thing only: we find be frequently unjust and frivolous;'From aconscious- fault with a person for his behaviour; we find fault ness of his own integrity, a man assumes force enough with our seat, our conveyance, and the like; we blame to despise the little censures of ignorance and malice.'- a person for his temerity or his improvidence; we BUDGELL.. Carping and cavilling are resorted to only object to a measure that is proposed. We find fault to indulge ill-nature or self-conceit; whoever owes with or blame that which has been done; we object to anothera grudge will be most disposed to carp at all he tFiat which is to be done. does in order to lessen him inll the esteem of others: Fieninalg fault is a familiar action applied to matters those who contend more for victory than truth will be of personal convenience or taste; blame and object to, apt to cavil'when they are at a loss for fair argument: particularly the latter, are applied to serious objects. party politicians carp at the measures of administra- Finding fault is often the fruit of a discontented tion;' It is always thus with pedants; they will ever temper: there are some whom nothing will please, ann be carping, if a gentleman or man of honour puts pen who are ever ready to fEnl fault with whatever comes to paper.'-STr.ELE. Infidels cavil at the evidences of in their way; i Tragi-comedy you have yourself found Christianity, because they are detclnined to disbe- fault with very justly.'-BUDGELL. Blae is a matter ieve;'Envy and cavil are the natulral f -uits of lazi- of discretion; we blame frequently in order to correct; iiess and ignolrance, which was probably the reason that'It is a most certain rule in reason and moral philosophy, in the:heathen mythology Monius is said to be the son that where thereis no choice, there can be no blame.' of Nox and Somnus, of darkness and sleep.'-ADDIrSON. -SoTH. Objecting to is an affair either of caprice or necessity; some capriciously object to that which is proposed to them merely from a spirit of opposition; ANIMADVERSION, CRITICISM, STRICTURE. others object to a thing from substantial reasons;'Men nvim adv~ersion (v. To Censure) includes censure and in all deliberations find ease to be of the negative Eide, reproof; criticism implies scrutiny and judgement, to obect, and foretel difficulties.'-BAcoN. whether for or against; and stricture, fronl the Latin strictura and stringo to touch lightly upon, comnpre- BJECT, OPPOSE. hends a partial investigation mingled with censure TO O, OPPOSE. We anintadvert on a person's opinions by contradicting To object, from o and jacio to cast, is to cast in tue or correcting thenm; we criticise a person's worklrs by way-; to oppose is to place in the way; there is, thereminutely and rationally exposing their imperfections fore, very little original difference, except that casting is and beauties; we pass strictures on publick measures a more momentary and sudden proceeding, placing Is- a by descanting on them cursorily, and censuring them more premeditated action; which distinction, at the partially. same time, corresponds with the use of the terms in A.dimadversions are too personal to be impartial; ordinary life: to object to a thing is to propose or start consequently they are seldom just;* they are mostly something against it; but to oppose it is to set one's self resorted to by those who want to build up one system up steadily against it: one objects to ordinary matters * on the ruins of another; but the term is sometimes thatrequireno reection; one opposes matters thatcall employed in an indifferent sense;'These things fall for deliberation, and afford serious reasons for and tunter aprovinccyou have partly purosstee already, and against: a parent objects to his child's learning the therefore demand your anwimadversion for the regu- classicks, or to his rurnning about the streets; he opposes lating so noble an entertainment as that of the stage.'- his larriage when he thinks the connexion or the cirSTEELE. Criticism is one of the most important and cumstances not desirable: we object to a thing from honourable departments of literature; a critick ought own particlar feelings; we oppose a thing because Justly to weigh the merits and demerits of authors, but we judge it ilproper; caprcious or selfish people will of the two his office is rather to blame than to praise; object to every thing that coInes across their own humuch less injury will accrue to the cause of literature mour; About this time, an Archbishop of Yorlc from the severity than from the laxity of criticisn; objected to clerks (recommended to benefices by the Just criticism demands not only that every beauty o Ppe, becase they ere ignorant of English.'-TuRblemish be minutely pointed out in its different degree XTT. Those who oppose thitk it necessary to assign, and kind, but also that the reason and founldation of at least, a reason for their opposition; excellencies and faults be accurately ascertained.'-'T was of no purpose to oppose, WARTON. Strictures are mostly the vehicles of party Sle'd hear to no excuse in prose.-SWIFT. spleen; like most ephemeral productions, they are too superficial to be entitled to serious notice; but this term is also used in an indifferent sense for cursory critical OBJECTION, DIFFICULTY, EXCEPTION. remarks;' To the end of most plays 1 lhave added short The objection (v. Demur) is here general; it cornprestrictucres, containing a general censure of faults or bends both the difficulty and the exception, which are praise of excellence.' —JoHNsoN. but species of the objection: the objection and the diff culty are started; the exception is made: the objection to a thing is in general that which renders it less desiCOMPLAINT, ACCUSATION. rable; but the difficullty is that which renders it less Both these terms are employed in regard to the con- practicable; there is an objection against every scheme duct of others, but the complaint, from the verb to cornm- which incurs a serious risk;'I would not desire what plain, is mostly made in matters that personally affect you have written to be omitted, unless I had the merit the complainant; the accusation (v. to Accuse) is made of removing your objection.'-PorE. The want of cf matters in general, but especially those of a moral means to begin, or resources to carry on a schemne, are nature. A complaint is made for the sake of obtaining serious difficulties;' In the examination of every great redress; an accusation is made for the sake of ascer- and comprehensive plan, such as that of Christianitv ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 113 icutlies may occur.'-BLAIR. In application to that of another; the denial implies the maintaining a moral or intellectual subjects, the objection interferes person's veracity in opposition to the charges or insi wvith one's decision; the di caslty causes perplexity in nuations of others. Contradictin is commonly eml the mind;'They mistake difficulties for impossibili- ployed in speculative matters;'if a gentlemann is a ties; a pernicious mistake certainly, and the more per- little sincere in his representations, he is sure to have a nicious, for that men are seldom convinced till their dozen contradicters.'-SWIFT. Denying in matters of convictions do them no good.'-SouTst.'There is ever personal interest;' One of the company began to rally between all estates a secret war. I know well this him (an infidel) upon his devotion on shipboard, which speech is the objection, and not the decision; and that the other denied in so high terms, that it produced the it is after refuted.'-BAcoN. lie on both sides, and ended in a duel.'-ADDISON. DeThe objection and exception both respect the nature, nying may, however, be employed as well as contrathe moral tendency, or moral consequences of a thing; dicting in the course of argument; but we deny the but the objection may be frivolous or serious; the ex- general truth of the position by constradicting the partiception is somnething serious: the objection is positive; cular assertionsof the individuals; i In the Socratic way theexception is relatively considered, that is, the thing of dispute, you agree to every thing your opponent adexcepted from other things, as not good, and conse- vances; in the Aristotelic, you are still denying atnd quently objected to. Objections are mnadesometimes to contradicting some part or other of what le says.'proposals for the mere sake of getting rid of an engage- ADDIsoN. ment: those who do not wish to give themselves trou- When contradict respects other persons, it is freble findi an easy method of disengaging themselves, by quentlyv a mode of opposition, as we may most efi'ectumakisig objttions to every proposition;'Whoever ally oppose a person by contradicting what he asserts: makes such objections against an hypothesis, hath a but contradiction does not necessarily imply opposiright to be heard, let his temper and genius be what it tion; the former is silmply a mode of action, the latter will.' —BURNET. Lawyers make exceptiouss to charges comprehends both the action and the spirit, with which which are sometimes not sufficiently substantiated: it is dictated: we contradict firom necessity or in self-' When they deride our ceremonies as vain and frivo- defence; we oppose, from conviction or some personal lous, were it hard to apply their exceptions, even to those feeling of a less honourable nature. gWhen we hear a civil ceremonies, which at the coronation, in parlia- friend unjustly charged of an offence, it is but reasonament, and all courts of justice, are used.'-CRANMaER. ble to contradict the charge; objectionable measures In all engagements entered into, it is necessary to make may call for opposition,. but it is sometimes prudent to exceptions to the parties, whenever there is any thing abstain fronl opposing what we cannot prevent. exceptionsable in their characters: the present promnis- Contradict is likewise used in denying what is lail cuous diffusion of knowledge among the poorer orders to one's charge; but we may deny without contradictis very objectionable on many grounds; the course of ing, in answer to a question: contradictions respects reading, which they commonly pursue, is without ques- indifferent matters; denying is always used in matters tion highly exceptionable. of immediate interest. Contradiction is employed for correcting others; de nying is used to clear one's self: we may contradict TO CONTRADICT, OPPOSE, DENY falsely when we have not sufficient ground for contradieting; and we may denly justly when we rebut an To contradict, from the Latin contra and dictum, sig- undif air charg e nifies a speech against a speech; to oppose, in French opposes, Latin oppcsitz, perfect of oppono from op or ob and pono, signifies to throw in the way or against a thing; to deny, in French denier, Latin denerro, is com- TO DENY, DISOWN, DISCLAIM, DISAVOW. pounded of de, ne, and ago or dico, signifying to say no. Deny (v. To deny) approaches nearest to the sense To contradict, as the origin of the word sufficiently of disown when applied to persons; disown, that is, not denotes, is to set up assertion against assertion, and is to own, on the other hand, bears a strong analogy to therefore a mode of opposition, whether used in a gene- deny when applied to things. ral or a particular application. Logicians call those In the first case deny is said with regard to one's propositions contradictory which, in all their terms, are knowledge of or connlexion with a person; disowzning most completely opposed to each other; as'All men on the other hand is a term of larger import, including are liars;'' No men are liars.' A contradiction neces- the renunciation of all relationship or social tie: the sarily supposes a verbal, though not necessarily a per- former is said of those who are not related; the latter sonal, opposition; a person msay unintentionally con- of such only as are related. Peter deniedour Saviour, tradict himself, as is frequently the case with liars;'LWe may deny God in all those acts that are morally and two persons may contradict each other without good or evil; those are the proper scenes in which we knowing what either has asserted;'The Jews hold act our confessions or denials of him.' —SOUTH. A that in case two rabbies should contradict one another, parent can scarcely be justified in disowning his child they were yet bound to believe the contradictory asser- let his vices be ever so enormous; a child can never tions of both.'-SouTH. disown its parent in any case without violatingt the But although contradicting must be more or less most sacred duty. verbal, yet, in an extended application of the term, the In the second case deny is said in regard to things contradiction may be implied in the action rather than that concern others as well as ourselves; disown only in direct words, as when a person by his good conduct in regard to what is done by one's self or that in which contradicts the slanders of his enemies;'There are one is personally concerned. A person denies that many who are fond of contradicting the common re- there is any truth in the assertion of another;' The ports of fame.'-ADDISON. In this application, contra- Earl of Strafford positively denied the words.' —CLA diet and oppose are clearly distinguished from each RENDON. He disowns all participation in any affair; other. So likewise in personal disputes contradiction Then they who brother's better claim disown, implies opposition only as far as relates to the words; Expel their parents, and usurp the throne. opposing, on the other hanld, comprehends not only the XRYDEN. spirit of the action, but also a great diversity in the mode; we may contradict from necessity, or in self- We may deny having seen a thing; we may disown defence; we oppose from conviction, or a less honour- that we did it ourselves. Our veracity is often the able nature; we contradict by a direct negative; we onlything inplicated in a denial; our guilt, innocence oppose by means of argument or otherwise. It is a or honour are implicated in what we disown. A v breach of prliteness ever to contradict flatly; it is a ness denies what is stated as a fact; the accused par. vikJation of the moral law to oppose without the most disowns what is laid to his charge. su ostantial grounds; A denial is employed only for outward actions o. Tevents; that which can be related may be denied: dis That tongue owning ertends to whatever we can own or possess Inspir'd with contradiction durst oppose we may disown our feelings, our name, our contex. A third part of the gods.-MLToN. ions, and the like. To contradict and to deny may be both considered as Christians deny the charges which are brought modes of verbal opposition, but one contradicts an as- against the gospel by its enemies;' If,; like Zeno, any sertion, and denies a fact; the contradiction implies one shall walk about and yet deny there is any motion; the setting up one person's authority or opinion against in nature, surely that snan was constituted for Anti 8 114 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. cyra, and were a fit companion for those who, having a Controversy is worse than an unprofitable tasit conceit they are dead, cannot be convicted unto the instead of e'iciting truth, it does but expose the failings society of the living.'-BRo wN. The apostles would of the parties engaged;' How cometh it to pass that isever disown the character which they held as mes- we are so rent with mutual contentions, and that the sengers of CZarist; church is so nuch troubled. If then had been willing Sometimes lest man should quite his pow'r disown, to learn, all these controversies might have died the He iomakes that power to tremblingnations known. very day they were first brought forth.' —HooKER. JENYNS. Disputing is not so personal, and consequently not so objectionable: we never controvert any point withouw Disclail and disown are both personal acts respect- ewemy wnters v poilnt wot ing the individual who is the agent: to disclaim is to seriously and decidedly intending to oppose the notion throw off a claim, as to disown is nortto admit as one's of another; we may sometimes dispute a point for the thrown; of a clai, as to disown lao, signifies ot to admit as one's sake of friendly argument, or the desire of informationown; as cla fom the ati c sigifies to de- teologians and politicians are the greatest controverdlate with a loud tone what we want as our own; so siliss it is the business of men n general to d I~ t~anequaaltly loud or positive toleto sialists; it is the business of men in general to dis to disclaim is with an equally loud or positive tone, to give up a claim: this is a more positive act than to dis-le er oght not to be taken for granted; giv2on~, w rr itn The earth is now placed so conveniently that plants thrive anid flourish in it, and animals live; this is mere abstaining to owv. matter of fact and beyond all dispute.' —BENTLEY. e who feels himselfdi by the actios that When dispute is taken in the sense of verbally mainare done by his nation,'or his family, will lie ready toaitinl a point in opposition to another, it ceases to disclaim tihe very name which he bears in comalmon dwith the ofvendryiname wp ichhebearsin coiarty;on have that alliance to the word controvert, and comes i-with ihe offending party.; nearest to the sense of argue (v. Argue). The thing call'd life, with ease I call disclaim, And think it over-sold to purchase famle.-DYoDEN. ~An absurd pride sometimes impels men to disowon their PUTABLE, UNDENIABLE, INCONTIOrelationship to those who are beneath them in external VBRTLBLE IRREFRAGABLE. VERTIBLE, IRREFRAGABLE. rank and condition; Here Prian's sotn,, Dephobus, re foumid: flndubitable signifies admitting of no doubt (vide e scarcely ew i, stvin to disown Doubt); unquestionable, admitting of no question He scarcely knew hinm, stLrivinfg to disown islottedform a bui on. (v. Doubt); indispsutable, admitting of no dispute Xrty. I}od f(v. To controvert); undeniarle, not to be den2ed'(V. To deny, disown); inlcontrovertible, not to be -Anrhonest mitd will disclaim all right to praise which controverted (v. 7'o ontrovert); irrefragable. from it feels not to belong to itself; tilhe fear of ridicule some- frango to break, signifies not to be broken,. destroyed, tines makes a man disown that which would redound or done away. These terms are all opposed to uncerto his honour:'Very few among those who profbss tainty; but they do not imply absolute certainty, for themselves Christians, disclaimz all concern'for their they all express the strolng persuasion of a personl's souls,.disown the authority, or rerounce the expecta- mind rather than the absolute nature of the thing: tions.of the gospel,'-RoaERS. when ai fact is supported by such evidence as admits To disavow is to avow that a thing is not. The disa- of no kind of doubt, it is terlled indubitable;' A full vowal is a general declaration; the denial is a parlicu- or a thin house will indubitably express the sense of a lar assertion; the formner is made voluntarily and un- Miajority.'-HAwKEESWOgRTH. When the truth of an askled ~for, the latter is always in direct answer to a assertion rests on the. authorily of a man whose chacharge: we disavowmr' in matters of general interest racter for ilntegrity stands unimpeached, it is termed where truth only is concerned; we deny in matters of umrquestionable autllority;' Froml the urnquestionable personal interest where the character or feelings are documents and dictates of the law of nature, I shall implicated. evince the obligation lying upon every man to' show What is disavovwed is generally in support of truth; gratitude.'-SOUTH. WVhent a thing is believed to exist what is denied may often be iil direct violation of truth: on the evidence of every man's senses, it is termed an honest mind will always disavow whatever has undeniable;'So tundeniable is the truth of this (viz. the been erroneously attributed to it; i Dr. Solailder disa- hardness of our duty), that the scene of virtue is laid vows some of those narrations (in Hawkesworthl's in our natural averseness to things excellent.'voyages), or at least declares them to be grossly mrlisre- SOUTH. When a sentiment has always been held as presented.'-BE,A'rTT. A timid person sometimles either true or false, without dispute, it is termed indisdenices what he knows to be true tihom a fear of the putable;' Truth, knowing the indisputable claim she,consequences;'T'he king now denied his knowledge has to all that is called reason, thinks it below her to of the conspiracy against Rizzio, by public proclama- ask that upon courtesy in which she can plead a protions.' —ROBERTSON. Many persons have disavowed perty.'-SouTH. When arguments have never been being the autthor of the letters which are kn'own under controverted, they are termed incontrovertible;' Our the nanle'of Junius; the real authors who have denied distinction must rest upon a steady adherence to the their concern in it (as doubtless they have) availed incontrovertible rules of virtue.'-BLAR. And when themselves of the subterfuge,that sillceit was the affair they have never been satisfactorily answered, they are of several, no one individually could call himself the termed irrefragrable;' There is none who walks sv author. surely, and upon such irrefragable grounds of pru dence, as he who is religious.'-SouTH. TO CONTROVERT, DISPUTE. Controvert, compounded of the Latin contra and TO ARGUE, DISPUTE, DEBATE. verto, signifies to turn against another in discourse, or To argme is to adduce arguments or reasons in direct one's self against another. Dispute, in Latin disputo, frtom dis and puto, signi- suPPot f one's position: to dispt Lan dispe fies literally to think differently, or to call in question compounded of dis and puto, signifies to thinl diffem thie opinion of another, which is the sense that brings ently, in an extended sense, to assert a different opi it in closest alliance wirth, ontrsvertin,. lnion; to debate, in French debattre, compounded of To controvert lras regard to speculative oints; to the intensive syllable de and battre, to beat or fight, dispute respects matters of fact: there is more of oppo- signifies to contend for and against. sition in controversy; more of doubt in disputing: a To argue is to defend one's self; dispute to oppose soptist controverts; a reptick disputes: the plainest another; to debate is to dispute in a formal manner. To argue oiua subject is to explain the reasons -or and sublimest truths of the Gospel have been all con- arus o a st if tnasertin to rgse with a troverted in their oturn by the self-sufficient inquirer proofs in suppot of an assertion; to argrrh with a I'The demolishing of Dunkirle was so eagerly insisted peshing i to defend a poiction against him: to dispite ran, and- so. warrmly comttroverted, as had like to have a thing is to advance objections against a position; to; produced a challemige.' —BUDGEnoc. The authenticity dispute with a person is to start objections against his of the Bible itself has been disputed by some few ptions, to attempt to refute the a debate is a is individuals; the existence of a God by still fewer; prtation held by many. To argue does not necessarily suppose a conviction on the part of the arguer, Now I am sent, and am not to dispute that what he defends is true; nor a real difference of IMiv prince's orders, but to execute.-DRaYDaN. opinion in his opponent; for some men have such an ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 11d Itching propensity for an argument, that they will course of conduct he shall pursue; the want of deli attempt to prove what nobody denies; and in some beration, whether in private or publickl transactions, is cases the term argue may be used in the sense of ad- a more fruitful source of mischief than almost any ducing reasons more for the purpose of producing other. mutual confirmation and illustration of truth than for the detection of falsehood, or the questioning of opinions; TO OPPOSE, RESIST, WITHSTAND, Of good and evil much they argued then.-MILTON. THWART. To dispute always supposes anl opposition to some per- Oppose (v. To object, oppose,) is the general term, son, but not a sincere opposition to the thing; for we sigtifying simply to put in the way; resist, signifies may dispute that which eve do not deny, for the sake literally to stand back, away fiom, or against; with of holding a dispute with one who is of different senti- in withstand has the force of Xe its resist; thwart, fron mnents: to debate presupposes a multitude of clashing the German qtcr cross, signifies to come across. or opposing opinions. Men of ntany words argsee for The action of setting one thing up against another the sake of talking: men of ready tongues dispute for iS obviously eXpressed by all these terms, but they the salke of victory: nlen in Parliament often debate differ in the manner anti the circumstances. To opfor the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from aany pose sisrply denotes the relative position of two objects, other motive thain the love of truth. and when applied to persons it does not nec essarily.drgumentation is a dangerous propensity, and ren- itsply al y pelsonal characteristicsk we may oppose ders a man an unpleasant companion in society; no reason or force to force; or things may be opposed tc one should set such a value on his opinions as to ob- each other which are in an opposite direction, as a trude the defence of them ont those who are unislter- house to a church. Resist is alwvays an act of more or ested itn the question;' Publick arguing oft serves not less force when applied to persons; it is mostly a culonly to exasperate the mnitds, but to whet the wits of pable action, as when men resist lawful authority; hereticks-D CAY OF PIE:TY. l)ispzutation, as a stlit- resistance is in fact always bad, unless in case of lastick exercise, is well fitted to exert the reasoning ttctual selfdefence. Opposition may be made in any powers and awaken a spirit of inquiry; fbrm, as when we oppose a person's admittance into a powerus Romod tai' b ti rw,.house by our personal efforts; or we oppose his admisThus Rodmond, train'd by this ulallow'd crew, sion into a society by a declaration of our opiniols. UnThe sacreid socialrg pasiots never new: iesistance is always a direct action, as when we resist oUnskill'd to arse, in todispue yet lou d, an invading army by the sword, or we resist the eviBold without caution, wititout hIonourls proud.R. dence of our senses by denying our assent; or, in relation to things, when wood or any hard substance Debating in Parliament is by some converted into a resists the violent efforts of steel or iron to make all trade; he who talks the loudest, and makes the most impression. vehement opposition, expects the greatest applause; Withstand and thwart are modes of resistance appliThe murmur ceas'd: then from his lofty throne cable only to conscious agents. To withstand is negaThe king invok'd the gods, and thus begun: tive; it implies not to yield to any foreigln agency: I: wish, ye Latins, what ye now debate thus, a person withstands the entreaties of another to Had been resoll'd before it was too late. comply with a request. To thwart is positive; it is DRYDEN. actively to cross the will of another: thsus, humour some people are perpetually thwarting the wishes of those with whom tley are in connexion. Habitual TO CONSULT, DELZIBERATE, DEBATE. opposition, whether it act or in spirit, is equall3 To consult, in French conssultes, Latitn consulto, is a senseless; none but conceited or turbulent people are frequentative of consztlo, signifying to counsel toge- guilty of it; ther:; to deliberate, in French deliberer, Latin delibero, So hot th' assault, so high the tumult rose compoulnded of de and libro, or libra a balance, signi- While ours defend, and while the Greeks oppose. fies to weigh as in a balance. Consultations always require two persons at least: DRYDEN deliberations require titany, or only a man's self: an Oppositionists to government are dangerous members individual may contsult with one or mlany; assemblies of society, and are ever preaching up resistance to commonly deliberate: advice and information are constituted authorities; given and received in consultations;' Ulysses (as To do all our sole delight Hoster tells us) made a voyage to the regions of the As being the contrary to his high will dead, to consult Tiresias how he should return to his Whom we resist.-MILTON. country.'-ADDISON. Doubts, difficulties, assd objec- Particular instances of second sight have been given tions, are started and removed in deliberatioss; with such evidence, as neither Bacon nor Boyle have'Moloch declares hi]mself abruptly for war, and ap- been able to resist.'-JoHNsoN. It is a happy thing pears incensed with his companions for losing so much when a youngs man can withstand the allurements of time as even to delziberate upon it.'-ADDIso N. VWe conlnunicate anti hear when we consuslt; we pause pleasure; and hesitate when we deliberate: those who have to For twice five days the good old seer withstood co-operate must frequently conszult together; those T''l' intended treason, and was dumb to blood. who have serious measures to decide upon mnust coolly aDRYDEN. deliberate. It is a part of a Christian's duty to bear with patience To doate (v. To argue) and to conlsult equallymark the untoward events of life that thwart his purposes; the actsof pausing or withholding the decision, whether I The understanding and will never disagreed (before applicable to one or manry. To debate supposes always the fall); for the proposals of the one never thwarted a contrariety of opinion; to deliberate supposes simply the inclinations of the other.'-SoUTH. the weighing or.estimating the value of the opinion that is offered. Where many persons have the liberty of offering their opinions, it is natural to expect that TO CONFUTE, REFUTE, DISPROVE there will be debatisng; OPPUGN. To seek sage Nestor now the chief resolves; Confute and refute, in Latin confuto and refuto, are With Ihim in wholesome counsels to debate compounded of con against, re privative, and fusto, ob What yet remains to safe the sinking state. yPthOPie. solete for arguo, signifying to argue against or to argue the contrary; disprove, compounded of dis privative When any subject offers that is complicated and ques- and prove, signifies to prove the contrary; oppugn, in tionable, it calls for mature deliberation; Latin oppugno, signifies to fight in order to remove or overthrow. When man's life is in debate, To confute respects what is argumentative; refute The judge can ne'er too long deliberate. what is personal; disprove whatever is represented or DRYDEN. related; oppugn whatever is held or maintained. It is lamentable whets passion gets such an ascendency An argument is confueted by proving its fallacy; a in the mind of any one, as to make him debate which charge is refuted by proving one's innocence- at: 8* 116 ENGLISH SYNONyMES. assertion is disproved by proving that it is false; a doc- So when he saw his flatt'ring arts to fail trine is oppulgned by a course of reasoning. With greedy force he'gan the fort t' assail. Paradoxes may be easily confuted; calumnies may SPENSER be easily refuted; the marvellous and incredible And double death did wretched man invade stories ofr' travellers may be easily disproved; heresies steel assaulted and by gold betrayd —DRuEN and skeptical notions ought to be oppugned.'ilhe perniciousdoctrines of skepticks, though often It is ridicrlous to attempt to eucounter those who ate colfitted, are as often advanced with the same degree superiour in strength and prowess;' Putting themselves of assurance by the free-thiuking, and I alight say the in order of battle, they eecoumntererd their enemies.'-'lnthinking few who imbibe their spirit; KNOWLES. They are all used figuratively. Men attack with The learlned (lo, by turns, the ilearn'd confute, reproaches or censures; they assail with abuse; they Yet all depart unalter'd by dispute —ORRERY. are assaulted by temptations; they encounter opposiit is the employment of libellists to deal out their mali- tion and difficulties. A fever attacks; horrid shrielks cious aspersions against the objects of their malignity assail the ear; dangers are encountered. The reputa in a manner so loose and indirect as io preclude tile tions of men in publick life are often wantonly attackpossibility of refutation;'Philip of Macedon refuted ed;'The women might possibly have carried this by the force of gold all the wisdom of Athens.'-AD- Gothick building higher, had not a famous nonrk, DISON. It would be a fruitless and unthankful task to Thomas Conecte by narme, attacked it with great zeal attempt to disprove all the statements which are cir- and resolution.'-ADDsoON. Publick men are assailed culated in a common newspaper, in every direction by the murmurs and complaints of Man's feeble race what ills await! the discontented; Labour and penury, the racks of pain, Not truly penitent, but chief to try Disease, and sorrow's weeping train, Her hnsband, how far urg'd his patience bears, And death, sad refuge from the storml of fate, His virtue or weakness which way to assail. The fond complaint, my song! disprove, MILTON. And justify the laws of Jove.-C'oLLINS. They often encounters the obstacles which party spirit It is the duty of ministers of the Gospel to oppugn all throws in the way, without reaping any solid advandoctrines that militate against the established faith of tage to themselves;' It is sufficient that you are able to Christians;' Ramus was one of the first oppugneers of encounter the temptations which now assault you: the old philosophy, who disturbed with innovations when God sends trials he may send strength.' — the quiet of the schools.'-JOHNSON TAYLOR. ATTACK, ASSAULT, ENCOUNTER, ONSET, TO IMPUGN, ATTACK CHARGE. To impsgna, from the Latin in atndi pso, signifyins An attack and assatult (v. To attack) may be made to fight against, is synonymous with attack only in re-upon an utresisting object: encounter onset, and gard to doctrines or opinions; in which case, to im- charge, require at least two opposing parties. An vntgn signifies to call in question, or bring arguments attack may be slight or indirect; an assault must against; to attack is to oppose with warmth. Skep- always be direct and mostly vigorous. An attack upon ticks impe ugn every opinion, however self-evident or a twn need not be attended with ally injury to the well-grournded they may be: infidels make the most walls or inhabitants; but an assault is commonly conindecent attacks upon the Bible, and all that is held ducted so as to efect its capture. Attacks are made sacred by the rest of the world. by robbers upon the person or property of another; He who impugns may sometimes proceed insidiously assaults tpon the person only;'There is one species ind circuitously to undermine the faith of others: he of diversion which has not been generally condemned, who attacks always proceeds with more or less vio- though it is produced by an attack upon those who lence. To imaplgn is not necessarily taken in a bad Itave not voluntarily entered the lists; who find themsense; we may somnetimes isnpsgjn absurd doctrines by selves buffetted in the dark, and have neither means a fair trais of reasoning: to attac is always objec- of defence nor possibility of advantage.'-HAw1cKEs tionable, either in the mode of the action, or its object, worTu.'We do not find the rneelttessof a lamb in a or in both; it is a mode of proceeding oftener em- creature so armed for battleand assault as the hot.'ployed in the cause of falsehood than truth: when ADDIoON. there are no argursents wvherewith to implgar a doc- An encounter generally respects an unformal casual trine, it is easy to attanck it with ridicule and scurrility. meetig between single imdividuals; onset and charge a regular attack between contending arimies; onset is employed for the commencement of the battle; ckharge for an attack from a particular quarter. When knightTO ATTAC, ASSAIL ASSA, ULT, errantry was in vogue, encounters were perpetually ENCOUNTER. taking place between the knights and tteir antagonists, Attack, in French attaqueer, changed from attacher, who often existed only in t,e ilnagitation of the couIn Latin attactem, participle of attinlo, signifies to batants: encounters were, however, sometimes fierce bring into close contact; assail, assault, in French and bloody, when neither party would yield to the assailer, Latin assilio, assaltum, compounded of as other while he had the power of resistance; or ad and salio, signifies to leap upon; encoountter, in And such a frown French rencontrc, compounded of en or in and contre, Each cast at th' other, as when two black clouds, in Latin contra against, signifies to run or cotme With heav'n's artillery fraught, come rattling on against. Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow,.Attack is the generick, the rest are specifick terms. To join their dark encounter in mid air. —MILTON. To attack is to make an approach in order to do some The French are said to make impetuous onsets, but violence to the person; to assail or assault is to make not to withstand a continued attack with the same pera sudden and vehement attack; to encotslter is to severance and steadiness as the English; meet the attack of another. One attacks by simply those in war, offering violence without necessarily producing an ef- Onsets in love seem best like those in war, feet; one assails by means of missile weapons; one Fierce, resolute, and done with all the force.-TATE assaults by direct personal violence; one encoseunters A furious and well-directed charge fromis the cavalry by opposing violence to violence. will sometimes decide the fortune of the day: Men and animals attack or encounter; men only, in O my Antonio I'm all on fire the literal sense, assail or assault. Animals attack My soul is up in arms, ready to charge, each other with the weapons nature has bestowed upOI And bear amid the foe with conqu'ring troops. them; i King Athelstan attacked another body of the CoNaREve ianes at sea near Sandwich, sunk nine of their ships, and put the rest to flight.!'-HuasE. Those who provoke a multitude may expect to have their houses AGGRESSOR, ASSAILANT. i)r windows assailed with stones, and their persons.Aggressor, from the Latin agbnressuls, participle of Qssaulted; aggrerldior, compounded of af or ad, and gredior to ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 117 step, signifies on e stepping up to, falling upon, or attack- the foul fiend vexes.'-SIArSPEARn.E. These termns may ing; assailant, from assail, in French assailer, com- all be applied to the action of unconscious agents on the pounded of as or ad, and salio to leap upon, signifies mind;'Foul sights do rather displease, in that they one leaping up, or attacking any one vehemently,. excite the memory of foul things, than in the imlllediate The characteristick idea of aggressor is that of one objects. Therefore, in pictures, those foul sights do not going up to another int a hostile manner, and by a na- much offend.'-BAco N.' Gross sills are plainly seen, tural extension of the sense commencing an attack: and easily avoided by persons that profess religion. But the characteristick idea of assailant is that of one corn- the indiscreet and dangerous use of innocent and lawful mitting an act of violence on the person. things, as it does not shock and offend our consciences, An aggr-essor offers to do somne injury either by so it is difficult to make people at all sensible of the word or deed; an assailant? actually commits some danger of it.'-LAw. violence: the former commences a dispute, the latter carries it on with a vehement and direct attack. An These and a.thousand mrix'd emotions more, aggressor is blameable for giving rise to quarrels; From ever-changing views of good and ill, Where one is the aggressor, and in pursuance of his Form'd infinitely various, vex the mind first attack kills the other, the law supposes the action, With endless storm. —ToMso N. however sudden, to be Inalicious.'-JoHNSON (Life of As epithets they admit of a similar distinction: it is Savage). An assailant is culpable for the mischief very displeasing to parents not to meet with the most he does; respectful attentions from children, when they give What ear so fortified and barr'd them counsel; and such conduct on thepart of children Against the tuneful force of vocal charms, is highly offensive to God: when we meet with an ofBuit would with transport to such sweet assailants fensive object, we do most wisely to turn away from Surrender its attention? —MASON. it: when we are troubled with vexatious affairs, our Were there no aggressors there would be no dis- best and only remedy is patience. putes; were there no assailants those disputes would not be serious. An aggressor may be an assailant, or an assailant DISLIKE, DISPLEASURE, DISSAT[SFACmay be an aggressor-, but they are as frequently distinct. TION, DISTASTE, DISGUST. Dislike signifies the opposite to liking, or being alike to one's self or one's taste; displeasure, the opposite to TO DISPLEASE, OFFEND, VEX.- pleasure; dissatisfaction, the opposite to satisfaction; distaste and disgust, from the Latin gustus a taste, Displease naturally marks the contrary of pleasing; both signify the opposite to an agreeable taste. offend, from the Latin offendo, signifies to stumble in Dislike and dissatisfactionr denote the feeliingor senthe way of; vex, in Latin vexo, is a frequentative of timent produced either by persons or things: displeaveho, signifying literally to toss up and down. sure, that produced by persons mostly; distaste and These words express the act of causing a painful disgust, that produced by things only. sentiment in thi( q iid by some impropriety, real or In regard to persons, dislike is the sentiment of equals supposed, on on viin part. Displeaseis not always and persons unconnected; displeasure and dissatisapplied to that aI personally concerns ourselves; faction, of superiours, or such as stand in some sort of although offend an rex have always more or less of relation to us. Strangers may feel a dislike upon seeing what is personal ili them: a superiour may be dis- each other: parents or masters may feel displeasure or pleased with one who is under his charge for improper dissatisfaction: the former sentiment is occasioned by behaviour toward persons in general; their supposed faults in character; the latter by their supposed defective services. One dislikes a person for Meantime imperial Neptune heard the sound his assumption, loquacity, or any thing not agreeable Of raging billonvs brealking ol tihe ground; I in his manners;'The jealous man is not indeed angry Displea-s'd and fearing for his wat'ry reign, if you dislike another; but if you find those faults He rear'd his awful head above the main. which are found in his own character, you discover not DRYDEN. only your dislike of another but of himnself.'-AnDDsoN. He will be offended with hin for disrespectful behaviour One is displeased with a person for his carelessness, or toward himself, or neglect of his interests;' The em- ally thing wrong in his conduct;' The threatenings of peror himself came running to the place in his armour, conscience suggest to the sinner some deep and dark severely reproving them of cowardice who had for- malignity contained in guilt, which has drawn upon saken the place, and grievously offended with them who his head such high displeasure from heaven.'-BLAIR. had kept such negligent watch.'-KNOLLES. What One is dissatisfied with a person on account of thesmall displeases has less regard to what is personal than what quantity of work which he ha6s done, or his manner of offends; a supposed intention in the most harmless act doing it. Displeasure is awakened by whatever is mnay cause offence, and on the contrary the mnost done amiss: dissatisfactionis caused by what happens offebndimng action''nay not give offence where the inten- amissor contrary to our expectation. Accordingly the tion of the agent is supposed to be good;' Nathan's word dissatisfaction is not confined to persons of a fable of the poor man and his lamb haind so good an effect particular rank, but to the nature of the connexion as to convey instruction to the ear of a king without which subsists between them. Whoever does not reoffendirng it.'-ADnDIsoN. ceive what they think themselves entitled to from anJ)isplease respects mostly the inward state of feeling; other are dissatisfied. A servant may be dissatisfied offend and vex have most regard to the outward cause with the treatment he meets with from his master; which provokes the feeling: a hurioursone person may and may be said therefore to express dissatisfaction, be displeased without any apparent cause; but a cap- though not displeasure;' I do not like to see any thing tious person will at least have some avowed trifle for destroyed: any void in society. It was therefore with. which heis offended. Vex expresses moore tilan offend; no disappointment or dissatisfactioe that my observait marks in fact frequent effbrts to offend, or the act of tion did not present to me any incorrigibele vice in the offending under aggravated circumrrstanlces: we often noblesse of France.'-BURKE. utnintentionally displease or offend; bert he who vexes In regard to things, dislike is a casual feeling not has mostly that object in view in so doing: any instance arising from any specifick cause. A dissatisfaction is of neglect displeases; any marked instance of neglect connected with our desires and expectations; we offends; any aggravated instance of neglect vexes: the dislike the performance of an actor from one or many feeling of displeasure is more perceptible and vivid than causes, or from no apparent cause; but we are dissatisthat of offence; but it is less durable: the feeling of vexa- Jied with his performance if it fall short of what we tion is as transitory as that of displeasure, but stronger were led to expect. In order to lessen the number than either. Displeasure and vexation betray them- of our dislikes we ought to endeavour not to dislike selves hy an angry word or look; offence discovers itself without a cause; and in order to lessen our dissatisin the whole conduct: oumr displeasure is unjustifiable faction we ought to be moderate in our expectation. when it exceeds tie measure of another's fault; it is a Dislike, distaste, and disgust rise on each other in mark of great weakness to take offence at trifles; persons their signification. The distaste is more than the disof th greatest irritability are exposed to the most fre- like: and the disgust more than the distaste. The quent vezations;' Do poor Tom some charity, whom dislike is a partial feeling, quickly produced and quickly 118 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. subsiding; the distaste is a settled feeling, gradually sures theywere driving on.'-RonBFRTSON. Anymarg produced, and permanent in its duration: disgust is of self-will in a child is calculated to excite displeaeither transitoly orotherwise; momentarily or gradually sure; a mistaken choice in matrimony may produce produced, but stronger than either of the two others. disapprobation in the parent. Caprice has a great share in our likes and dislikes; Displeasutre is always produced by that which is'Dryden's dislike of the priesthood is imputed by Lang- already come to pass; disapprsobation may be felt upon baine, and I think by Brown, to a repulse which he that which is to take place: a master feels displeasure suffered when he solicited ordination.'-JonNsoN. Dis- at the carelessness of his servant; a parent expresses taste depends upon the changes to which the constitu- his disapprobation of his son's proposal to leave his tionphysically and mentally is exposed; I Because true situation: it is sometimes prudent to check our dishistory, through frequent satiety and similitude of pleasure; and mostly prudent to express our dis. things, workls a distaste and misprision in the minds of approbation: the former cannot be expressed without men, poesy cheereth and refresheth the soul, chanting inflicting pain; the latter cannot be withheld when re things rare and various.'-BAcoN. Disgust owes its quired without the danger of misleading. origin to the nature of things and their natural operation on the minds of men; Vice, for vice is necessary to be shown, should always excite disgust.'-JorINso N A ANGE R, RESENTMENT, WRATH, IRE, child likes and dislikes his playthings without any ap- INDIGNATION. parent cause for the change of sentiment: after a long.linger has the same original meaning as in the pre illness a person will frequently take a distaste to the ceding article; resentment, in French ressentiment, food or the amusements which before afforded him from ressentir, is compounded of re and sentir, signi much pleasure: what is indecent or filthy is a natural fying to feel again, over and over, or for a continuance; object of disgust to every person whose mind is not wrath and ire are derived from the same source, depraved. It is good to suppress unfounded dislikes; namely, wrath, in Saxon wrath, and ire, in Latin ira it is difficult to overcome a strong distaste; it is ad- agzer, Greek ipt contention, all which spring from the visable to divert our attention from objects calculated e e ~~to create disgust. f~Hebrew n'on heat or anger; intdignation, in French indignation, in Latin indignatio, from indignor, to think or feel unworthy, marks the strong feeling which DISLIKIE, DIS1NCLINATION. base conduct awakens in the mind. An impatient agitation against any one who acts Dislike is opposed to liking; disinclination is the contrary to our inclinations or opinions is the characreverse of inclination. teristick of all these terms. Resentment is less vivid Dislike applies to what one has or does: disinclina- than anger, and anger than wrath, ire, or indignation. tion only to what one does: we dislike the thing we f.nger is a sudden sentiment of displeasure; resenthave, or dislike to do a thing; but we are disinclined ment is a continued anger; wrath is a heightened only to do a thing. sentiment of anger, which is poetically expressed by They express a similar feeling, but differing in de- the word ire. gree. Disinclination is but a small degree of dislike; Ainger may be either a selfish or a disinterested dislike marks something contrary; disinclination does passion; it mnay be provoked by injuries done to ournot amount to more than the absence of an inclinationl. selves, or injustice done to others: in this latter sense None but a disobliging temper has a dislike to comply of strong displeasure God is angry with sinners, and with reasonable requests; good nlen may, to a certain degree, be angry with those Murmurs rise with mix'd applause, under their control, who act improperly;'Moralists Just as they favour or dislike the cause.-DRYDEN. have defined anger to be a desire of revenge for some injury offered.'-STEELE. Resentment is a brooding Thi'e most obliging disposition may have an occasional sentiment, altogether arising from a sense of personal disinclination to comply with a particular request; injury; it is associated with a dislike of the offender'To be grave to a man's mirth, or inattentive to his as much as the offence, and is diminished only by the discourse, argues a disinclination to be entertained by infliction of pain in return; in its rise, progress, and him.'-STEELs. effects, it is alike opposed to the Christian spirit;'The temperately revengeful have leisure to weigh the merits of the cause, and thereby either to smother DISPLEASURE, ANGER, DISAPPROBATION. their secret resentments, or to seek adequate reDispleasure signifies the feeling of not being pleased parations for the damages they have sustained.'with either persons or things; anger comes fromn the STEELE. Wrath and ire are the sentiment of a supeLatin ageor vexation, and ango to vex, which is com- riour towards an inferiour, and when provoked by perpounded of an or ad against, and ago to act; disappro- sonal injuries discovers itself by haughtiness and a bation is the reverse of approbation. vindictive tenmper; Between displeasure and anmger there is a difference Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring both in the degree, the cause, and the consequence of Of woes unnumber'd, heavenly goddess sing. the feeling: displeasure is always a softened and POPE. gentle feeling; anger is always a harsh feeling, and As a sentiment of displeasure, wrath is unjustifiable sometimes rises to vehemence and madness. Dis- between man and man; but the wrath of God may pleasure is always produced by some adequate cause, be plovoked by the perseverng impenitence of snnels: real or supposed; anger may be provoked by every or the ire of a heathen god, according to the gross views any cause, according to the temper of the individual; of Pagans, was but the wrdath of man associated with -Man is the merriest species of the creation; all above greater power; it wa s altogether unconnected with or below him are serious; he sees things in a different moral displeasure; the same term is however appli'd light from other beings, and finds his mirth arising also to the heroes and princes of antiquity; from objects that perhaps cause something like pity or displeasure in a higher nature.' —ADDIsoS. Displea- The prophet spoke: when with a gloomy friown sure is mostly satisfied with a simple verbal expression; The monarch started from his shining throne; but anger, unless kept down with great force, always Black choler fill'd his breast that boil'd with ire, seeks to return evil for evil;' From anger in its full And from his eye-balls flash'd the living fire.-Pops. import, protracted into malevolence and exerted in re- Indignation is a sentiment awakened by the unworthy venge, arise many of the evils to which the life of man and atrocious conduct of others; as it is exempt frornt is exposed.'-JoHNsoN. Displeasure and disapproba- personality, it is not irreconcilable with the temper of tion are to be compared in as much as they respect the a Christian;' It is surely not to be observed without conduct of those who are under the direction of others: indignation, that men may be found of minds mean displeasure is an act of the will, it is an angry senti- enough to be satisfied with this treatment; wretches ment;'t;rue repentance may be wrought in the hearts who are proud to obtain the privileges of madmen.'.of such as fear God, and yet'incur his displeasure, the JOHNSON. A warnth of constitution sometimes gives deserved effect whereof is eternal death.'-HoonKER. rise to sallies of anger; but depravity of heart breeds Disapprobation is an act of the judgement, it is an resentment: unbending pride is a great source of opposite opinion;'The Queen Regent's brothers wrath; but indignation flows from a high sense of knew her secret disapprobation of the violent mea- honour and virtue. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 119 ANGER, CHOLER, RAGE, FURY.: The wrongs of a person are avenged or reveneged: hnger signifieg the same as in the preceding article his rights are vindicated. choler, in French coldre, Latin cholera, Greek %oAipa, The act of avengin, though attended with the in comes from Xose4 bile, because the overflowing of tile fliction of pain, is oftentimes an act of humanity, and bile is both the cause and consequence of choler; sage, always an act of justice; none are the sufferers but i;n French rage, Latin abies mnadness, and rabio to such as merit it for their oppression, while those are benefited who are dependent for support': this is the rave like a madman, comes from the Hebrew t]ql to act of God himself, who always avenges the oppressed tremble or shake with a violent madness; fiery, in who look up to him ior support; and it ought to be the Frenchfurie, Latin furor, comes probably from fers act of all his creatures, who are invested with the to carry away, because one is carried or hurried by the power of punishing offenders and protecting the help emotions of fury. less; These words have a progressive force in their signification. Choler expresses something more sudden The day shall come, that great avenging day, and virulent than anger; rage is a vehement ebulli- When Troy's proud glories in the dust shall lay. tion of angesr; and fury is an excess of rage. fInger P'oPt. may be so stifled as not to discover itself by any out- Revenge is the basest of all actions, and the spirit of ward symptoms; choler is discoverable by the pale- revenge the most diametrically opposed to the Christian ness of the visage: rage breaks forth into extravagant principles of forgiving injuries, and returning good for expressions and violent distortions; fury takes away evil; it is gratified only with inflicting pain without the use of the understanding. any prospect of advantage;'By a continued series Hnager is an infirmity incident to human nature; it of loose, though apparently trivial gratifications, the ought, however, to be suppressed on all occasions; heart is often thoroughly corrupted, as by the comnlis-' The maxim which Periander of Corinth, one of the sion of any one of those enormous crimes which spring seven sages of Greece, left as a memorial of his know- frorn great ambition, or great revenge.'-BLAIR. Vineledge and benevolence, was Xdov Kcpdret, be master of dication is an act of generosity and humanity; it is the thy anger.'-JoHNsoN. Clholer is a malady too physi- production of good without the infliction of pain: the cal to be always corrected by reflection; claims of the widow and orphan call for vindication Must I give way to your rash choler? from those who have the time, talen tor abilit.y, —o Shall I be frighted when a madman stares. take their cause into their own hands::Egil,:n SHAKSPEARE. boast of many noble vindicators of the rights of humanity, not excepting those which concern the brute Rage and fiery are distempers of the sotel, which creation;'Injured or oppressed by the world, the good nothing but religion and the grace of God can cure; man looks up to a Judge who will vindicate his cause Oppose not rage, while rage is in its force, -BLAIR. But give it way awhile and let it waste. SHAKSPEARE. Of this kind is the fury to which many men give ANGRY, PASSIONATE, HASTY, IRASCIBLE. way among their servants and dependants.'-JOHN- hAger, signifies either having anger, or prone to soN. anger; passionate, prone to the passion of anger; hasty, prone to excess of haste from intemperate feeling; irascible, able or ready to be made angry, from RESENTFUL, REVENGEFUL, VINDICTIVE. the Latin ira anger. Resentful signifies filled with resentment; revege-.nlgry denotes a particular state or emotion of the ful, that is, filled with the spirit or desire of revenge. mind; passionale and hasty express habits of the vindictive, fiorn visdico to avenge or revenge, signsi mind. An angry nan is in a state of anger; a pasfies either given to revenge, or after the mianner of sionte or hasty man is habitually prone to be pas revenge. sieonate or hasty. The angry has less that is veheResentful marks solely the state or temper of the ment and impetuous in it than the passionate; the mind, revengeful also extends to the action; a person hasty has somlething less vehement, but more sudden is resentfuel who retains resentment in his mind with- and abrupt in it than either. out discovering it in any thing but his behaviour; he The angfry man is not always easily provoked, nor is revengefisl if lhe displays his feelileg ire any act of ready to retaliate; but he often retains his anger until revenge or injury toward the offender.. Resenetful the cause is removed; It is told by Prior, in a panepeople are affected with trifles; I Pope was as resent- gyrick on the Duke of Dorset, that his servants used ful of an imputation of the roundness of' his back, as to put themselves in his way when he was ansgry, beMarshal Luxetnbourg is reported to have been on the cause he was sure to recompense them for any indigsarcasm of King William.'-TYERs. A revengeful nities which he made them suffer.'-JoHNsoN. The temper is oftentimes not satisfied with a small portion passionate man is quickly roused, eager to repay the of revenge; offence, and speedily appeased by the infliction rof pain of which lie afterward probably repents;'TThere is in If thy i-evenrerful heart caneot forgive, the world a certain class of mortals known, and conLo here I lend thee this sharp-pointed sword, tentedly known by the name of passionate men, whoe Which hide this true breast.-SASEA. imagine themselves entitled, by that distinction, to be Revengeful is mostly said of the temper or the person; provoked on every slight occasion.'-JoHNSON. Thes bilt vindictive orvindicative, as it is sometimes written, hasty man is very soon offended, but not ready to is said either of the person who is prone to revenge or offend in return; his angry sentiment spends itself in of the thing which serves the purpose of revenge or angry words; pulnishmenlt;' Publick revenges are fbr the most part e king, who saw their squadrons yet unmov'd bfortunate; but in private revenges it is not so. V'indi- With Lasy ardour thus the chiefs reprnv'd.-Po. cative persons live the life of witches, who, as they are mischievous, so end they unfortunate.'-BAcoN. These three terms are all employed to denote a tem'Suits are not reparative, but vindictive, when they porary or partial feeling; irascible, on the other hand, are coern-'enced against insolvent persons.' —KETTLE- is solely employed to denote the temper, and is applied waE IL. to brutes as well as men;' We are here in the country surrounded with blessings and pleasures, without any occasion of exercising our irascible faculties.'-DIGnv TO AVENGE, REVENGE, VINDICATE. TO POPE. Aqvenge, revenge, and vindicate, all spring froln the same source, namely, the Latin vindico, the Greek Eve&Kdoesar, compounlded of Iv in and ~iKe7 justice, sig- DISPASSIONATE, COOL. nifying to pronounce justice or put justice in force. Dispassionate is taken negatively, it malt s merely The idea common to these terms is that of taking up the absence of passion; cool (v. Cool) is taken posi some one's cause. tively, it marks an entire freedom from passion. To avenge is to punish in behalf of another; to re-. Those who are prone to be passionate must learn to venge is to punish for one's self; to vindicate is to de- be dispassionate; those who are of a cool tempera fend another ment will not suffer their passions to be roused. D4. 120 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. passionate solely respects angry or irritable sentiments; a species of offence which peculiarly applies to tne cool respects any perturbed feeling: when we meet land or premises of individuals; transgression is a with an angry disputant it is necessary to be dispas- species of moral as well as political evil. Hunters are sionate in order to avoid quarrels;' As to violence apt to commit trespasses in the eagerness of their purthe lady (Madame D'Acier) has infinitely the better of suit; the passions of men are perpetually misleadthe gentleman (M. de la Motte). Nothing can be more ing them, and causing them to commit various transpolite, dispassionate, or sensible, than his manner of gressions; the term trespass is sometimes employed managing the dispute.'-PoPE. In the moment of improperly as respects time and other objects; transdanger our safety often depends upon our coolness; gression is always used in one uniform sense as reI conceived this poem, and gave loose to a degree of spects rule and law; we trespass upon the time or resentment, which perhaps I ought not to have in- patience of another; dulged, but which in a cooler hour I cannot altogether Forgivethe barbarous trespass of my tongue. condemn.'-CowPER.t OTWAY. We transgess the moral or civil law; TO DISAPPROVE, DISLIKE. To whom with stern regard thus Gabriel spake: To disapprove is not to approve, or to think not Why hast thou, Satan, broke the bounus plescrib'd good; to dislike is not to like, or to find unlike or un- To thy transgressions?-MILTON. suitable to one's wishes. The offence is either publick or private; the misdeDisapprove is an act of the judgement; dislike is meanour is properly a private offence, although improan act of the will. To approve or disapprove is pecu- perly applied for an offence against publick law;. the liarly the part of a superiour, or one who determines misdemeanour signifies the wrong demeanour or an the conduct of others; to dislike is altogether a per- offence in one's demeanour against propriety;'Smaller sonal act, in which the feelings of the individual are faults in violation of a publick law are comprised under consulted. It is a misuse of the judgement to disap- the name of sIisdemeanour.'-BLAC KSTONmc. Themisprove where we need only dislike;'The poem (Sam- deed is always private, it signifies a wrong deed, or a son Agonistes) has a beginning and an end, which deed which offends against one's duty. Riotous and Aristotle himself could not have disapproved, but it disorderly behaviour in company are serious misdemust be allowed to want a miniddle.'-JoHNsoN. It is meanours; every act of drunkenness, lying, fraud, a perversion of the judgement to disapprove, because or immorality of every kind, are misdeeds; we dislike;' The man of peace will bear with many Fierce famine is your lot, for this misdeed, whose opinions or practices he dislikes, without an Reducld to grind the plates on which you feed. open and violent rupture.'-BLAIR. DRYDEN The offence is that which affects persons or principles, communities or individuals, and is committed DISGUST, LOATHING, NAUSEA. either directly or indirectly against the person;' Slight Disgust has the same signification as given under provocations and frivolous offences are the most frethe head of Dislike, Displeasuzre, &c.; loathing sig- quent causes of' disquiet.' —BLAIR. An affront is altonifies the propensity to loathe ain object; nausea, in gether personal and directly brought to bear against Latin nausea, from the Greek va~s a ship, properly de- the front of the particular person;' God may some notes sea sickness. time or other think it the concern of his justice and Disgust is less than loathiLng, and that than nausea. providence too to revenge the affronts put upon the When applied to sensible objects we are.disgusted lawsof Ilian.'-SOUTH. It is ain offence against anwith dirt; we loathe the smell of food if we have a other to speak disrespectfully of him in his absence; sickly appetite; we naLseate medicine: and when it is an affront to push past him with violence and applied metaphorically, we are disgusted with affecta- rudeness. tion;' An enumeration of examples to prove a posi- Offences are against either God or man; the trestion which nobody denied, as it was from the begin- pass is always an offence against man; the transgresning superfluous, must quickly grow disgusting.'- sion is against the will of God or the laws of men; JOHNSON. We loathe the endearments of those who the misdemeanour is Imore particularly against the are offensive; established order of society; the misdeed is an offence Thus winter falls, against the Divine Law; the affront is an offence A heavy gloom oppressive o'er the world, against good manners. Through nature's shedding influence malign, The soul of man dies in himn, loathing life. THOMSON. OFFENDER, DELINQUENT. We nauseate all the enjoyments of life, after having The oFFender is he who oends in ay thing, ter made an intemperate use of them, and discovered their by ofmmissis o ission;o'When any ogeftder is presented into any of the ecclesiastical courts he is Th' irresoluble oil, cited to appear there.'-BEvERIDGE. The delinquent, So gentle late and blandishing, in floods from delinquo to fail, signifies properly he who fails by Of rancid bile o'erflows: what tumults hence, omission, but the term delinquency is extended to a What horrors rise, were nauseous to relate. failure by the violation of a law;' The killing of. a ARMSTRONGs. deer or boar, or evenm a hare, was punished with the loss of the delinqzuent's eyes.'-HuME. Those who go into a wrong place are offenders; those who stay OFFENCE, TRESPASS, TRANSGRESSION, away when they ought to go are delinquents: there MIEDEMEANOUR, MISDEED, AFFRONT. are many offenders against the Sabbath who commit violent and open breaches of decorum; there are still Offence is here the general terum, signifying merely more delinquents who never attend a publick place of the act that offends, or runs counter to something else, worship. Offence is properly indefinite; it merely implies an object without the least signification of the nature of the object; trespass and transgression have a positive OFFENDING, OFFENSIVE. reference to aml object trespassed upon or rrascsgress- Offending signifies either actually offending or cal ed; trespass is contracted from trans and pass that is culated to offend; offensive signifies calculated to a passing beyond; and transgress from trans and -saoinbeondTh efcheeor hihoffend at all times; a person may be offending in his a pae~ssus oing beyond. > e Ohmanners to a particular individual, or use an offendings constitutes a trespass arises out of the laws of pro- expression on a particular occasion without any ompud perty; a passing over or treading upon the property of tation on his character another is a trespass: the offtence which constitutes a transgression flows out of tile laws of society in gene- And tho' th' offending part felt mortal pain, ral which-fix the boundaries of right and wrong; who- Th' immortal part its knowledge did retain. ever therefore goes beyond or breaks through these DENHAM.. bounds is guilty of a transgression. The trespass is If a person's manners are offensive, it reflects both rm ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 121 his temper and education;'Gentleness corrects what- despised but when it is contemptible.' —JoMaNsoN ever is offensive in our manners.'-BLAIR. When the insult breaks forth into personal violerce it is an outrage;'This is the round of a passionate man's life; he contracts debts when he is furious, UNIOFFENDING, INOFFENSIVE, HARiMLESS. which his virtue, if he has virtue, obliges him to disUnoffending denotes the act of' not offending; in- charge at the return of reason. He spends his time in rffensive the property of not being disposed or apt to outrage and reparation.'-JoHNso N. offend; harmless, the property of being void of harm. Captious people construe every innocent freedom Unoffending expresses therefobre only a partial state; into an affront. When people arein a state of aniinoffensive and harmless mark the disposition and cha- miosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other racter. A child is unoffendino' as long as he does no- insults. Intoxication or violent passion impel mnib to thing to offend others; but he may be nffensive if he the commission of outrages. discover anunamrniable temper, or has unpleasant manners;'The unoffending royal little ones (of France) were riot only condemned to languish in solitude arld TO AGGRAVATE, IRRITATE, PROVOKE, darkness, but their bodies left to perish with disease.'- EXASPERATE, TANTALIZE. SEWARD. A creature is inoffensive that has nothing iggravate, in Latin aggravatus, participle of a,( in itself that canoffend; gravo, compounded of the intensive syllable ag or ad For drink, the grape and gravo to mnake heavy, signifiesto make very heavy; She crushes, inoffensivGe 1ust.-MILToN. irritate, in Latin trritatus, participle of irrito, which is a frequentative front ira, signifies to excite anger; That is harmless which has neither the will nor the is a fieqlentative froniota signifies to excite auIer; power to harnm; I'When the disciple is questioned provoke, iop o forth, and voco to call, signicies to pounded of pro forth, and voco to call, signifies to about the studies of his master, he makes report of challenge or defy; xasperate, Latin ezasperat2rs. some minute and frivolous lresearches which are intro- participle of exaspero, is compounded of the intensive duced only for the purpose of raising a harmless laugh.' syllable ce and aster rorgh, signifying to make things — CUMBERLAND. Domestick animals are frequently exceedingly rounl, tantaize, in Frencl tataliser very inoffenszive; it is a great recommendation of a Greeli Tavra~igl, comes from Tantalus, B Iirg of ouack medicine to say that it is harmless- Phrygia, who having offended the gods, was destined. by way of punishment to stand up tohis chin in watei INDIGNITY, INSULT. with a tree of fair fi uit hanging over his head, both g of which, as he attempted to allay his hunger and Ihe indignity, from the Latin diges ts worthy, signi- thirst, fled from his touch; whence to tantalize signlifying unworthy treatment, respects the feeling and fies to vex by'excitingr f'lse expectations. coindition of the person offended: the insul~t (v..f- All these words, except tie first, refer to the feelings front) respects the temper of the offending party. We. of tile rinid, and in famriliar discourse that also bears measure the indigrity in our own mind; it depends tie sarne signiimcation; bat crthelrvise respects the outupon the consciousness we have of our own worth: ward circumstances. we mleasure the insult by the disposition which is dis- The crirle of robbery is aggravated by any circumncovered in anotjher to degrade us. Persons iin high stances of cruelty; whatever comes across the lbelings stations are peculiarly exposed to indignities: persons irritates- whatever awaketls anger puookes; whatin every station may be exposed to insults. The royal; ever heightens this anger extraordinarily exasperates I family of France suffered every idndig nity whicl vul- whatever raises hopes in order to frustrate them tantagar rage could devise;' The two caziques made Mon- lizes tezumas' officers prisoners, and treated theml with; ppeance of unconcern for the offence and ts great irmdignity.'-RonxmcTSON. Whenever people An appearance of unconcern for the offence and its great indigni~ty.' —Ro a~'.gTS eN. Whenver people consequences aggravates the guilt of the offender; harbour animosities towards each other, they are apt i As if nature had not sown evils enough in life, we to discover them by ofibring insults when they hav ethe. are continually adding grief to grief, and aggravatinr opportunity;'Narvaez having learned that Cortez the common calamity by our cruel treatment of one was now advanced'with a small body of men, consi- another.'-ADDIso N. A grating harsh sound irritates dered this as an insult which merited immediate chas- if long continued and often repeated; so also reproaches tiserrlert.'-RoBERxSON. Indignities nmay however and unkind treatment irritate the mind;' He irritated be oftbred to persons of all ranks; but in this case it many of his friends in London so much by Ihis lettes, always consists of more violence than a simple insult; that they withdrew their contributions.'-JOHNSON it would be an indignity to a person of any rank to be (ife ofSavage). Angry woi dsprovole, partwclatly,oMnpelled to do any office which belongs only to a when spoten with an air of defiance;' The animoadwbeast of burden. versions of criticks are commonly such as may easily It would he an indignity to a female of any station. provoke the sedatest writer to some qnickmness of to be compelled to expose her person; on the other resentment.'-JoHNsoN. wWhen provocations becolne ilmmld, an irlSutt does not extend beyond an abusive multiplied and varied they exasper'ate;'Opposition expression, a triumphant contemptuous look, or any- retards, censure exasperates, or neglect depresses.'brea;ch of courtesy. JOHNSON. The weather by its frequent coianges tantalizes those who depend upon it for amusement;'Can we think that religion wvas designed only for a AFFRONT, INSULT, OUTRAGE. contradiction to nature; and with the greatest aind.dffront, in French affronte, from the Latin ad and& most irrational tyranny in the world to tantalize?'frons, the forehead, signifies flying in the face of a SOUTH. person; insult, in French insulte, comes from the Wicked people aggravate their transgressions by Latin insulto to dance orleap upon. The former of violence: susceptible and nervous people are most these actions marks defiance, the latter scorn and tri- easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; mnmph; outrafe is compounded of omut or utter and hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated: those rage or violence, signifying an act of extreme violence. who wish for much, and wish for it eagerly, are An affront is a mark of reproach shown in the pre- oftenest tantalized. sence of others; it piques and mortifies: an insult is an attack made with insolence; it irritates and provokes: an outrage combines all that is offensive; it TO TEASE, VEX, TAUNT, TANTALIZE, wounds and injures. An intentional breach of polite riess, or a want of respect where it is due, is an Tease is mlost probably a frequentative of tear; vex affront; The person thus conducted, who was Han- has the same sigrification as given under the head of nibal, seemed much disturbed, and could not forbear displease: tarunt is probably contracted from tantalize, complaining to the board of the affronts he had met the original meaning of which is explained in the pre. with among the Roman historians.'-ADDIsoN. An ceding article: torment, from the Latin tormenturm express mark of disrespect, particularly if coupled with and torqueo to twist, signifies to give pain by twisting, any external indication of hostility, is an insult;' It or griping. The idea of acting upon others so as to may very reasonably be expected that the old draw produce a painful sentiment is common to all these upon themselves the greatest part of those insults terms; they differ in the mnode of the action, and in which they so much lament, and that age is rarely the degree of the effect 122 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. All these actions rise in importance; to tease con- demeanour is moreover distinguished from crime, by sists in that which is most trifling; to torment in that not always signifying a violation of publick lawv, but which is most serious. We are teased by a fly that only of private morals; in which sense the term crenme buzzes in our ears; we are vexed by the carelessness implies what is done against the state; and stupidity of our servants; we are taunted by the No crime of thine our present sufferings draws, sarcasms of others; we are tantalized by the fair Not thou, but Heav'n's disposing will the cause prospects which only present themselves to disappear PorE. again; we are tormented by the importunities of The midemeanu is that which offends individuals troublesome beggars. It is the repetition of unpleasant or small comeanourties; I mentiowh this for the sake ondvidals trifles which teases;' Louisa began to take a little mischievous pleasure in teasieng.'-CUMBERLAND. It several rural squires, whose reading does not rise so is the crossness and perversity of things which X x; high as to "the present state of England," and who are often apt to usurp that precedency which by the Still may the dog the wand'ring troops constrain laws of their country is not due to them. Their want Of airy ghosts, and vex the guilty train.-DRYDEN. of learning, which has planted them in this station In this sense things may be said figuratively to be may in some measure excuse their misdemeanour.'vexed; ADDIsoN. And sharpen'd shares shall vex the fruitful ground, DRYDEN. CRIME, VICE, SIN. It is contemptuous and provoking behaviour which Crime, in Latin crimen, Greek Kpiga, signifies ra taunts, judgement, sentence, or punishment; also the cause of Sharp was his voice, which in the shrillest tone, the sentence or punishment, in which latter sense it is Thu's with injurious taunts attack the throne. here taken: vice, in Latin vitium, from vito to avoid, POPr. signifies that which ought to be avoided: sin, in Saxon synne, Swedish synd, German sunde, old German It is the disappointment of awakened expectations sunta, sunto, &c. Latin sontes, Greek arvn7s, from aivw which tantalizes;' When the maid (in Sparta) was to hurt, signifies the thing that hurts: sin being of all once sped, she was not suffered to tantalize the male things the most hurtful. part of the commonwealth.'-ADDIso N. It is the repe- A crime is a social offence; a vice is a personal tition of grievous troubles which torments;'Truth offence: every action which does injury to others, exerting itself in the searching precepts of self-denial either individually or collectively, is a crime; that and mortification is tormenting to vicious minds.'- which does injury to ourselves is a vice. SOUTH. We may be teased and tormented by that A crime consists in the violation of human laws: which produces bodily or mental pain; we are vexed, The most ignorant heathen knows and feels that, taunted, and tantalized only in the mind. Irritable when he has committed an unjust and cruel action, he and nervous people are most easily teased; captious has committed a crime and deserves punishment.'and fretful people are most easily vexed or taunted; BLAIR. Fice consists ins the violation of the moral sanguine and eager people are most easily tantalized: law;'If a man malces his vices publick, though they iii all these cases the imagination or the bodily state be such as seen principally to affect himself (as drunkof the individual serves to increase the pain: but per- enness or the like), they then become, by the bad exsons are tormented by such things as inflict positive ample they set, of pernicious effects to society.'pain. BLACKSTONE. Sin consists in the violation of the Divine law;'Every single gross act of sin is, much the VEXATION, MOR3TIFICATION, CHAGRIN. satle thing to the conscience that a great blow or fall is to the head; it stuns and bereaves it of all use of Vexation, signifies either the actof vgxing, or the feel- its senses for a tiste.'-SouTI. Sin, therefore, coming of being vexed; mortification,, the act of mortify- prehends both crime and vice; but there are many sins ing, or the feeling of being mortified; chagrin, in which are not crines nor vices: crimes are tried before French chagrin, froin aigrir, and the Latin acer sharp, a human court, and punished agreeably to the sentence signifies a sharp feeling. of the judge; vices and sins are brought before the Vexation springs from a variety of causes, acting tribunal of the conscience; the former are punished in unpleasantly on the inclinations or passions of men; this world, the latter will be punished in the world to mortification is a strong degree of vexation, which come, by the sentence of the Almighty: treason is one arises from particular circumstances acting on parti- of tile most atrocious crimes: drunkenness one of the cular passions: the loss of a day's pleasure is a vexa- most dreadful vices; religious hypocrisy one of the most tion to one who is eager for pleasure; the loss of a heinous sins. prize, or the circumstance of coining into disgrace Crimes cannot be atoned for by repentance; society where we expected honour, is a nmortification to an demands reparation for the injury committed: vices ambitious person. Vexation arises principally from continue to punish the offender as long as they are cheour wishes and views being crossed; mortification, rished sints are pardoned through the atonemnent and from our pride and self-importance being hurt; chagrin, mediation of our blessed Redeemer, on the simple con from a mixti re of the two; disappointments are always ditionl of sincere repentance. Crimes and vices disturb attended with more or less of vexation, according to the peace and good order of society, they affect men's the circumstances which give pain and trouble;'Po- earthly happiness only; sin destroys the soul, both for verty is an evil complicated with so many circum- this world and the world to come: crimes sometimes stances of uneasiness and vexatiosn, that every man is go unpunished; but sin carries its own punishment studious to avoid it.'-JOHNsoN. An exposure of our with it: murderers who escape the punishment due to poverty may be more or less of a mortification, accord- their crimes commonly suffer the torments which ating to the value whichl we set on wealth and gran- tend the commission of such flagrant sins. Crimes are deur;'I am mortisfied by those compliments which particular acts; vices are habitual acts of comnmission; were designed to encourage me.'-PorE. A refusalof sins are acts of commission or omission, habitual or a request will produce more or less of chagrinl as it is particular: personal security, respect for the laiws, and accompanied with circumstances more or less mortify- regard for one's moral character, operate to preventtthe ing to our pride;'It was your' purpose to balance my commission of crinmes or vices; the fear of God deters chagrin at the inconsiderable effect of that essay, by from the commission of sin. representing that it obtained some notice.'-HILL. A crime always involves a violation of a law; a vice, whether in conduct or disposition; always diminishes CRIME, MISDEMEANOUR. moral excellence and involves guilt; a sin always supposes some perversity of will in an accountable agent Crime (v. Crime) is to misdemeanour (v. Offence), Children may commit crimes, but we may trust thal as the genus to the species: a misdemeanounr is in the in thle divine mercy they will not all be imputed to them technical sense a minor crime. Housebreaking is as sins. Of vices, however, as they are habitual, we under all circumstances a crime; but shoplifting or have no right to suppose that any exception will be pilfering amounts only to a misdemeanour. made in the account of our sins. Corporeal punishments are most commonly annexed Crimes vary with tirr es and countries; vices mlay be to crimes; pecuniary punishnients frequently to mis- more orless pernicious; but si is as unchangeable in demeanours. In the vulgar use of these terms, mis- } its nature as the Being whoin it offends.'Snluggling ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 123 and forgery are crimes in England, which in other that is, one who does evil, ir. distinction from him who countries are either not known or not regarded: the does good: felon, from felony, in Latin felonia a capital vice of gluttony is not so dreadful as that of drunken- crimle, comes from sthe Greek 0rx6arts an imposture ness; every sin as an offence against an infinitely good because fraud and villany are the prominent features and wise Being, mIust always bear the same stalp of of every capital offence: convict, in Latin, convictus, guilt and enormnity. participle of conevinco to convince or prove, signifies one By the affectation of some writers in modern times, proved or found guilty. the word crime has been used in the singular to denote, When we wish to speak in general of those who by in the abstract sense, a course of criminall conduct, but offences against the laws or regulations of society have the irlnovation is not warranted bythe necessity of the exposed thlemselves to punishment, we denominlate case, the word being used in the plural number, in that them criminals;' If I attack the vicious, I shall only sense, as to be encouraged in the commission of crimes, set upon them in a body, and will not be provoked by not of crime. the worst usage I can receive fiom others, to make an exainple of ally particular crimi7nae.'-ADDISON. When CRIMINAL, GUILTY. we consider persons as already brought before a tribu nal, we call them cuLlprits; Criminal, from crime, signifies belonging or relating, we call them c to a crime; guilty, from guilt, signifies having guilt: Tie jury then withdrew a moment, gilt rotes tihe German to pay, ard rt a As if on weighty points to comment, gul elsn c~ Ay aAnd right or wrong resolved to save her, fine, debt, or from guile and beguile, according to Horne Tooke;' Guilt is ge-wigled gtuiled, guril'd, guilt; te The y gave a verdict in her favour. past participle of ge-wiglian and to findguilt in any one, Te culprit by escape grown bold, is to find that lie has been gruiled, or as we now say, Pilfers alike fror young and old —MoRu beguriled, as wicked means witched or bewitched.'- When we consider men in regard to the moral turpl (Diversionls of Purley.) tude of their character, as the promoters of evil rather Criminal respects the character of the offence; ~ True than of good, we entitle them malefactors; modesty avoids every thing that is criminal; false For this the malefactor goat was laid modesty every thing that is unfashionable.'-ADDIsoN. On Bacchus' altar, and his forfeit paid.-DRYDrEN Guilty respects the fact of comlmlitting the offence, or Guiltymore proesperly te fact person committing te offence, or When we consider men as offending by the grosser vioore properly tie person co ittig it; lations of the law, they are termed felons;' He (Earl Guilt hears appall'd with deeply troubled thought; Ferrers) expressed some displeasure at being executed And yet not always on the guilty head as a common felon, exposed to the eyes of such a mulDescends the fated fiash. —TnHso N. titude.' —SMOLLET. When weconsidermen as already The criminality of a person is estimated by all the cir- under the sentence of the law, we denominate them curestances of his conduct which present themselves to convicts; observation; his guilt requires to be proved by evi- Attendance none shall need, nor train, where nonle dence. Tlhe criminrality! is not a matter of question, Are to behold the judgemlent, but the judged; but ofjudgemrrent; the guilt is often doubtful, if not po- Those two: the third best absent is condemn'd sitively concealed. The higher the rank of a person, Convict by flight, and rebel to all law, the greater his crinminaality if he does not observe an Conviction to the serpent none belongs.-MILhTON rpnigrt and irreproachrable conduct; I'Iftiris perseve- The punishlments inflicted on criminals vary accordrance in wrong often appertains to individuals, it muc in to the nt more frequently belongs to publick bodies; in them the nature of their criles, and the spirit of the disgrace of errour, or ever tire criminality of conduct, laws by which tlrhey are judged: a guilty conscience isge of trevn th will give a man tihe air of a culprit in rthe presence ot belongs to so many, that no one is asharned of the part ose wio iave not authority to be either his naccusers whic h belongs to himself.' —WATSON. Where a humor judges: it gratified the umalice of the Jews to cause ber of individuals are concerned in any unlawful pro- our bles our t o be crucified between two maleceeding, the difficulty of attaching the guilt to the realour blessed Saviour to be crucified between two maleoffender is greatly increased; I W'iser threse two are factors: it is an important regulation in the internal tarken away, tihe possibility of guilt, and the possibilityfelos kept distinct from of innocence, what restraint can tihe belief of the creed each other, particularly if treir crimes are of an atrolay Eupon ally man'-HAtnMOND. cious nature: it has not unfrequently happened, that Crmnalirty mattaches to the aier, abettor or encou- when the sentence of the law has placed convicts in rager; but guilt, in the strict sense only, to the perpe- te lowest state of degradation, their characters lave trator of whrat is bad. A person may therefore some- undergone so entire a reformation, as to enable them to tines be crzminal without being grilt.o Hle rwho con- attain a higher pitch of elevation than they had ever reals the offences of another may, under certain cir-enjoyed before. cumstances, be more criminal than the lruilty person hiimself. On the other hand, we may be guilty with- CULPABLE, FAULTY. out being criminsal: the latter designates something Culpable, in Latin crulpabilis, from culpa a fault or positively bad, butthe former is qualified by the object blamne, signifies worthy of blame, fit to be blamed; of the guilt. Those only are denominated criminal faultty, fiomfault, havingfaults. who offend seriously, either against publick law or pri- We are culpable from tile commission of one fault; vate morals; but a person nmay be said to be guilty, we arefaulty from the number of faults: culpable is either of the greatest or the smallest offences. He who a relative term; faulty is absolute; we are culpable contradicts another abruptly in conversation is gruilty with regard to afuperiour whose intentions we have not of a breach of politeness, but he is not crimin al. fulfilled; we are faulty whenever we commit any Criminal is mloreover applied as an epithet to the faults. A master pronounces his servant culpable for things done; guiltyis mostly applied to the person doing. not having attended to his commands;' In the comWe cornmmonly speak of actions, proceedings, intentions, mon business of life, we find tile memory of one like and views, as criminal; but of the person, the mind, that of another, and honestly impute omissions not to or the conscience, as gruilty. It is very crilrinal tosow involuntary forgetfulness, but culpable inattention.' — dissension amnong inen; although there are too many JoHNSON. An indifferent person pronounces another who fionm a busy temper are guilty of this offence. as faulty whose faults have come under his notice; -' n the consideration of human life the satirist never falls upon persons who are not glaringly faulty.' — CRIMINAL, CULPRIT, MALEACT~:I~:~y~~I AC~FACTOR, F'LON, STEELE. It is possible therefore to be faulty without being culpable, but not vice vets&. All these terms are enlployed for a publickl offender; but the first conveys no more than this general idea; while the others comprehend some accessory idea in GUILTLESS, INNOCENT, HARMLESS. their signification: criminal (v. Criminal, Gusilty) is a Guiltless, without gurilt, is more than innocent: ingeneral term, and the rest are properly species of cri- nocence, from noceo to hurt, extends no farther than time minals; culprit, froin the Latin culpa, and prehensus quality of not hurting by any direct act; guiltless comtaken in a fault, signifies the criminal who is directly prehends the quality of not intending to hurt: it is charged with his offence: malefactor, compounded of possible, therefore, to be innocent without being guilBkae Latin terms male andfactor, signifies an evil-doer, leas, though not vice versd: he who wishes bor the t24 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. death of another is not guiltless, though he may be In regard to things the distinction depends upon the innocent of the crime of murder. Guiltless seems to preceding explanation in a great measure, for we can regard a man's general condition; innocent his parti- scarcely use these words without thinking on man as cular condition: no man is guiltless in the sight of a moral agent, who was made the most perfect of all God, for no llall is exelmpt from the guilt of sin; but he creatures, and became the most imperfect; and froml may be innocent in the sight of men, or innocent of all our imperfection has arisen, also, a general i.mperfecsuch intentiona offences as render him obnoxious to tions throughout all the works of creation. Thlle word his fellow-creatures. Guiltlessness was that happy imuperfection is theretJre the most unqualified term of state of perfection which men lost at the fall; all: there may be imperfection in regard to our Maker; or there may be impe'rfection in regard to what we Ah. why should all mankind conceive of perfection: and in this case the tert For one man's fault thus guiltless be condemn'd, simply and generally implies whatever falls short in If guiltless? But from te what can proceed any degree or manner of pe7fection;'It is a pleasant But all corrupt.?-MILTON. story that we, forsooth, who are the only imLperfect creaInrocence is that relative or comparative state of per- tures in the universe, are the only beings that will not fection which is attainable here on earth: the highest allovr of!inperfection.' —STEELIE. Defect is a positive state of innocence is an ignorance of evil; I When Adam degmee of insperfection: it is contrary both to our ideas sees the several changes of nature about him, lie ap- of perfectisl or our particular intention: tltus, there pears in a disorder of Imind suitable to otte who had may be a defect in the mnaterials of which a thing is forfeited both his nocece anisiem s ohappbiness.'-Au- o a made; or a defect in the mode of making it: the term forfeitd both his lnnocence and his happinSON.ess. -A defect, however, whether saidl of persons or things, Guiltless is in the proper sense applicable only to csaracterizes rather the ohject than the agent; This DISON. characterizes rather the object than the agbnt;'IThis Guiltless is irt the proper sense applicable only to low race of men take a particular ileasure in finding the condition of man; and when applied to things, it still has a reference to lthe person; an eminent character levelled to their condition by a report of its defects, and keep themselves in counteBut from the mountain's grassy side nance, though they are excelled in a thousand virtues, A guiltless feast I bring; if they believe that they have in common with a great A scrip with fruits and herbs supplied, person any one fault.'-ADDISON. Fault, on the other And water from the spring. —GoLDsMlITH. hand, when said of things, always refers to the agent: thus we may say there is a defect in the glass, or a deInnocent is equally applicable to persons or things; a feet in the spring; but there is a fault in the worklnan person is innocent who has not committed any injury, ship, or a fault in the putting together, and the like or has not any direct purpose to conmnit an injury; or Vice, with regard to things, is properly a serioud o0 a conversation is innocent which is free front what radical defect; the former lies in the constitution of is hurtful. Innocent and harmless both recomllmend the whole, the latter may lie in the parts; the former themselves as qualities negatively good; they desig- lies in essentials, the latter lies in the accidents; there nate an exemption either in the person or thing firoll may be a defect in the shape or mtIke of a horse; but injury, and differ onlyin regard to the nature of the in- the vice is said in regard to his soundness or unsoundjury: innocence respects moral injury, and harmless ness, his docility or indocility; I did myself the honour physical injury: a person is innocent who is free firom this day to make a visit to a lady of quality, who is moral impurity and wicked purposes; lie is harmless one of those who are ever railing at the vices of the if lie have not the power or disposition to cormmrit ally age.'-STEELE. violence; a diversion is innocent which has nlotllilng in it likely to corrupt the morals;' A man should endeavour to mnake the sphere of his innoceont pleasures as IMPERFECTION, WEAKNESS, FRAILTY, wide as possible, that he may r:etire into them with FAILING, FOIBLE. safety.'-ADDIso N. A game is harmless which is inot likely to inflict any wound, or endanger the health; Iniperfectior (v. Inperfection) has already been coi sidered as that which in the most extended sense Full on his breast the Trojan arrow fell, abridges the mioral perfection of man; the lest are but But harmless bounded from the plated steel. modes of imperfection, varying in degree and circumnADDISON. stances;'You live ill a reign of human infirmity, where every one has imperfectiols.'-BLAIR. Weakness is a positive and strong degree of illpefection, which is opposed to strength; it is what we do not so IMPERFECTION, DEFECT, FAULT, VICE. mnecessarilyloolk for, and therefore distinguishestthe individuial who is liable to it;'The folly of allowing Imperfection denotes either the abstract quality of ourselves to delay what we know cannot -finally be imperfect, or the thing which constitutes it impefect; escaped, is one of the general weaknesses which, to a defect signifies that which is deficient or falls short, greater or less degree, prevail in every mind.'-JouNfrom the Latin dcficio to fall short; fault, from fail, SON. Frailty is another strong imode of isnperfection signifies that which fails; vice, signifies the same as which characterizes the fragility of man, but not of all explaimned under the head of Crime. men; it differs from Weakness in respect to the object. These terms are applied either to persons or things. A wecaknmess lies store in the judgement or ill the senti~n imnpe:fection in a person arises front his want of- mlent; frailty lies mhore in the moral features of an perfection, and the infirmity of his tnaturel there is no acti'n; I'There are circumstances which every manl one without some point of imperfJctiott which is ob- must know will prove the occasions of calling forth vious to others, if not to himself: he mnay strive to his latent frailties.'-BLAIR. It is a weakness in a diminish it, although he cannot expect to get altogether man to yield to the persuasions of any one against Ilis rid of it: a defect is a deviation from the general con- better judgement; it is a frailty to yield to intemper stitution of man; it is what may be natural to the man ance or illicit indulgences. Failings and foibles are as all individual, but not natural to man as a species; the smallest degrees of imperfection to which the in this manner we may speak of a defect in the speech, human character is liable: we have all our fatlings in or a defect in temper. The fasult and vice rise itn te- temper, and our foibles in our habits and our prepos gree and character above either of the former terms; sessions; and he, as Horace observes, is the best who they both reflect disgrace more or less on the person has the fewest;' Never allow small failings to dwell possessing thenm; but the fault always characterizes on your attention so much as to deface the whole of an the agent, and is said in relation toc an individual; tire amiable character.' —-BLIR.' Witty men have somevice characterizes the action, and mlay be considered times sense enough to know their own foibles, and abstractedly: hence we speak of a rman'sfasults as tle therefore they craftily shun the attacks of all argu. things we may condemnm iln himn; but we may speak of ament.'-WATTS. For our inpe?rfections we must selk the vices of drunkenness, lying, and the like, without superiour aid: we mulst be most on our guard against any immediate reference to any one who practises those weaknesses to which the softness or susceptibility these vices. When they are both emlployed for an inl- of our minds may most expose us, and against those dividual, their distinction is obvious: the fault may frailties into which the violence of our evil passions lessen the amiability or excellence of the character; may bring us: toward the failings and foibles of the vice is a stain; a single act destroys its purity, an others we may ibe indulgent, but should be ambitious habitalmm practice is a pollution. to correct thent in ourselves. fNGLISH SYNONYMES. 1~2'O FAIL, FALL SHORT,' BE DEFICIENT. species of miscarriage, and in application a species of failure, as it applies only to the designs of conscious Fail, in French faillir, German, &c. fehlen, like the agents; but it does not carry the mind back to the word fall, comPs firom the Latin fallo to deceive, and agent, for we speak of the abortions of a scheme with the Hebrew ~'1 to fall or decay.,as little reference to the schemer, as when we speak of To fail marks the result of actions or efforts; a per- the miscarriage of an expedition;' All abortion is son fails ill his undertaking: fall short designates from infirmity and defect.'-SOUTH. either tile result of actions, or the state of things; a personfalls short in his calculation, or in his account; the issue falls short of the expectation: to be deficient INSOLVENCY, FAILURE, BANKRUPTCY. marks only the state or quality of objects; a person is deficient in good manners. People frequently fail in All these terms are properly used in the mercantile their best endeavours for want of knowing how to world, but are not excluded also in a figurative sense apply their abilities;' I would not willingly laugh but from general application. Insolveecy, from in privato instruct; or, if I sometimes fail in this point, when tive, and solvo to pay, signifying not to pay, denotes a my mirth ceases to be instructive, it shall never cease state, namely, the state of not being able to pay what to be innocent.'-ADDnISON. When our expectations one owes; failure, from to fail, signifies the act of fail are immoderate, it is not surprising if our success falls in in one's business, or a cessation of business for short of our hopes and wishes;' There is not in my want of means to carry it on; bankruptcy, from the opinion any thing more mysterious in nature than this two words banca rsepta, or a broken bank, denotes the instinct in animals, which thus rises above reason effect of a failure, namely, the breaking up of tes and falls infinitely short of it.'-ADDISON. There is capital and credit by which a concern is upheld. The nothing in which people discover themselves to be word bankruptcy owes its origin to the Italians, by more deficieent than in keeping ordinary engagements; whom it is called bancorotto, because originally the money-changers of Italy had benches at which they iWhite all creatio n speaks the p?-JENconducted their business, and when any one of them Is it deficient isl the main design i —JENYNS. failed his bench was broken. These terms are seldom To fail and be drficienst are both applicable to the confined to one person, or description of persons. As characters of men; but the former is mostly emrployed an incapacity to pay debts is very frequent among for the moral conduct, the latter for the outward beha- others besides men of business, insolvency is said of viour: hence a man is said to fail in his duty, in the any such persons; a gentleman may die in a state of discharge of his obligations, in the performance of a insolvency who does not leave effects sufficient to cover promise, and the like; but to be deficient in politeness, all demands; in attention to his friends, in his address, in his manner Even the dear delight of entering a roomn and the llke. Of sculpture, paint, intaglios, books and coins, Thy breast, sagacious prudence!'shall connect FFILN E, FAILING. With filth and beggary, nor disdain to link FAILURE, FI. With blackF insolvency.-SHENSTONE. The failrte (ao. To fail) bespeaks the action, or the Althoughfailureis here specificallytalen for afailusi tesult of tile action; the failing is the habit or the in business,yet there may be afailuere in one particular habitual failure: the failure is said of one's under- undertalkiltg without any direct insolvency: a failure takings, or in any point generally in which one fails; may ikewise only imply a temporaryfailure in pay-'Though some violatioins of the petition of rights may ment, or it may imply an entire failure of the concern; perhaps be imputed to him (Charles I.), these are lore' The greater the whole quantity of trade, the greater to be ascribed to the necessity of his situation, than to of course must be the positive number of failu7es any failsre in the integrlity ofi his prinlciples.'-Hru. while the aggregate success is still in the same propor The failing is said of one's moral character;' There tion.'-BURKE. As a bankrcptcy1 is a legal transacis scarcely anyfailieg of mind or body, which instead tion, which entirely dissolves the firm under which of producing shame and discontent, its natural effects, any business is conducted, it necessarily implies a has not one time or other gladdened vanity with the failuie in the full extent of the term; yet it does not hope of praise.'-Jo; HNso N To efai2lprfe is opposed to necessarily imply an insolvency; for some men may, the success; the Jfualeeg to the pi fecion. Thze mer- zin consequence of a temporary failure, be led to cornchant must be prepared forfailures ii his speculations; it an act of baendkeeptcy, who are afterward enabled the statesman for failures in Ins pirojects, the result of to give full dividend to all their creditors;'By an which depends upon contingencies that are above act of isileencl all persons who are in too low a way human control. xWith otr failings, however, it is of dealing to be bankrupts, or not in a mercantile state somewhat different; we must never rest satisfied that of life, are discharged from all suits and imprisonments, we are without them, nor contented with the mere by deliveling up all their estates and effects.'-BLAcctonsciousness that we have them. STONE. But from the entire state of destitution which a bankruptcy involves in it, the term is generally taken FAILURE, MISCARRIAGE, ABORTION for the most hopeless state of want;'Perkin gathered together a power neither in number nor in hardiness hilsurn'e (v. To fail) has always at reileence to the contemptible; but in their fortunes to be feared, being agent and his design; miascmrWge} that is, the carrying bankrutpts, and many of them felons.'-BACON. It is or going wrong, is applicable to all sublunary concerns, also used figuratively;'Sir, if you spend word for without reference to any particular agent; abortion, word with me I shall make your wit banekrupt.-SHAKSioom thile Latin aborior, to deviate from the rise, or to PEARE. pass away before it be come to maturity, is in the proper sense applied to the process of animal nature, and in the figurative sense, to the thoughts and designs ERROUR, FAULT. which are monceived in the minitsgicid.n Errour, from erro to wander or go astray, respects c Failure is more definite in its signification, and the act; fault, from fail, respects the agent: the erroucr imited in its application; we speak of the failures of. may lay in the judgement, or in the conduct; but the individuals, but of the miscarriages of nations or fault lies in the will or intention: the errours of youth things: the failure reflects on the person so as to excite must be treated with indulgence: but theirfazlts must towards him some sentiment, either of compassiot, on all accounts be corrected; errour is said of that displeasure, or the like;'He that attempts to show, which is individual and partial; however modestly, the failures of a celebrated writer, shall surely irritate his admirers.'-JoHNsoN. The Bold is the task when subjects, grown too wise, miscarriage is considered mostly in relation to the Instruct a monarch where his errour lies.-PoPE. course of human events;'The miscarriages of the Fault is said of that which is habitual;:' Other faults great designs of princes are recorded in the histories of are not under the wife's jurisdiction, and should if the worid.'-JJOHNSON. The failure of Xerxes' expe- possible escape her observation, but jealousy calls upon dition reflected disgrace upon himself; but the mis- her particularly for its cure.'-ADDIso N. It is an errour carriage of military enterprises in general are attri- to use intemperate language at any time; it is a fault butable to the elements, or some such untoward cir- in the temper, of some persons who cannot restrain,umstance. The abortion, in its proper sense, is a their anger. 12Ao ENGLISH S YNONYMES. ERROUR, MISTAKE, BLUNDER. digress is used only in particular, and deviate in genera Es-rour, as in the preceding article, marks the act of cases. We digress only in a narrative whether writwandering, or the state of being gone astray; a mistake ten or spoken; we deviate in actions as well as in is a taking amiss or wrong; blunder is not improbably words, in our conduct as well as in writings. changed from blind, and signifies any thing done blindly. Digress is mostly taken in a good or indifferent Errour in its universal sense is the general term, sense;' The digressions in the Tale of aTub, relating since every deviation fromn what is right in rational to Wotton and Bentley, must be confessed to discover agents is termed errour, which is strictly opposed to want of knowledge or want of integrity.'-JoItNsoS. truth: errour is the lot of humanity; into whate;er Deviate in an indifferent or bad sense;' A resolution we attempt to do or'think errour will be sure to creep: was taken (by the authors of the Spectator) of courting the ternm therefore is of unlimited use; the very men- general approbation by general topicks; to this practice tion of it reminds us of our condition: we have errours they adhered with few deviations.'-J OHNSON. Alof judgement; errours of calculation; errours of the though frequent digressions are faulty, yet occasionally head; and errours of the heart;'Idolatry may be it is necessary to digress for the purposes of explanalooked upon as an errors arising frotn mistaken devo- tion: every deviation is bad, which is not sanctioned tion.'-ADDISON. *The otlecr terms designate modes of by the necessity of circumstances. errour, which mostly refer to the common concerns of life: mistake is an errour of choice; blunder an errour of action: children and careless people are most apt to make mistakes;'It happened that the king himself TO WANDER, TO STROLL, RAMBLE, ROVE, passed through the gallery during this debate, and ROAM, RANGE. smiling at the mistake of the dervise, asked hitn how smiling at the mistake of the dervise, asked how Wander signifies the same as in the article Deviate; he could possibly be so dull as not to distinguish a stroll is probably an intensive of to roll, that is, to go palace fromacaravansary.'-ADDISON. Ignorant, conceited and stupid people commonly commit blunders: in a planless nanner, ramble from the Latin re and'Pope allows that Dennis had detected one of those ambulo, is towalk backward and forward; and rove is blsunders which are called bulls.'-JoHNson. A mis- probably a contraction of ramble; roam is connected take Imust be rectified; in conmercial transactions it with our word room, space, signifying to go in a wide may be of serious consequence; a blunder must be set space, and the Hebrew'fl, to be violently moved right; but blunderers are not always to be set right; backward and forward; range, from the noun range, and blunders are frequently soridiculous as only to ex- a rank, row, or extended space, signifies to go over a cite laughter. great space, but within certain limits. The idea of going in an irregular and free manner is common to al these terms. TO DEVIATE, WANDER, SWERVE, STRAY. To wander is to go out of the path that has been Deviate, from the Latin devius, and de via, signifies already marked out; literally to turn out of the way; woander, in German But far about they wander fiom the grave wandern, or wandelsn, a frequentative of wenden to Of him, whom his ungentle fortune urg'd turn, signifies to turn frequently; swerve, probably Against his own sad breast to lift the hand from the German schweifen to ramble, schweben to Of impious violence.-THoMisoN. soar, ic. signifies to take an unsteady, wide, nd indi- Sometimes wanderist0 may be an involuntary action rect course; stray is probably a change from erro to a person may wander to a great distance, or for an in wander. definite length of time; in thtis manner a person wanDeviate always supposes a direct path; owander in- ders who has lost himself in a wood; or it may be a eludesnosuch idea. The actof deviatingis commonly planlesscourse; faulty, that of wandering is indifferent: they may firequently exchange significations; the former being jus- I will go lose myself tifiable by necessity; and the latter arising from an un- And wander tup and downl to view the city. steadiness of mind. Deviate is mostly used in the moral acceptation; waander may be used in either To stroll is to go in a fixed patll, but strolling is a vo sense. A person deviates fionm any plan or rule laid Iuntary action, limnited at our discretion; thus, when a down; he waneders firom the subject in which he is person takes a walk, he somnetimnes strolls from one engaged. As no rule can be laid down which will not path into another, as he pleases;'I found by the voice admit of an exception, it is impossible but the wisest of my friend who walkled by tme, that we had insensibly wvill find it necessary in their moral conduct to deviate strolled into the grove sacred to the widow.'-ADDIoccasionally; yet every wanton deviation from an es- SON. To ramble is to wasnder without any object, and tablished practice evinces a culpable temper on the consequently with more than ordinary irregularity: in part of the deviator;' While we remain in this life this marnner he who sets out to take a walk, without we are subject to illnumerable temptations, which, knowing or thinking where he shall go, rambles as if listened to, will malte us deviate fiom reason and chance directs;' I thus rambled froml pocket to pocket goodness.'-SrECT.TOR. T'hose who wcander into the until the beginning of the civil wars.-ADDISON. TO regions of metaphysicks are in great danger of losing rove is to wander in the same planless manner, but to themselves; it is with them as with Ilmost wanderers, a wider extent; a fugitive who does not know his road, that they spend their timle at best but idly; roves about the country in quest of some retreat; Our aim is happiness;'t is yours,'t is mine; * Where is that knowledge now, that regal thought He said;'t is the pursuit of all that live, With just advice and timely counsel fraught? Yet few attain it, if't was e'er attain'd; Where now, 0 judge of Israel, does it rove? But they the widest roander from the nearlk, PRIOR. Who thro' the Afow'ly paths of sauntering joy To roam is to wander from the impulse of a disordered Seek this coy goddess.-ARIMSTRscONGs. mind; in this manner a lunatick who has broken loose To swerve is to deviate fromn that which one holds may roam about the country; so likewise a person right; to stray is to woander in the same bad sense: who travels about, because he cannot rest in quiet at men swerve from their duty to consult their interest; home, may also be said to roam in quest of peace; Nor number, nor example, with him wrought, She looks abroad, and prunes herself for iight, To swerve from truth.-MILTON. Like an unwilling inmate longs to roam The young stray from the path of rectitude to seek From this dull earth, and seek her native home. that of pleasure; Why have I strasjy'd from pleasure and repose, To range is the contrary of to roam; as the latter indiro seek a good each government bestows i cates a disordered state of mind, the former indicates GO~LDSMITH. composure and fixedness; we range within certain limits, as the hunter ranges the forest, the shepherd ranges the mountains; TO DIGRESS, DEVIATE. The stag too singled from the herd, where long Both in the original and the accepted sense, these He rang'd the branching monarch of the shades words express going oult of the ordinary course: but Before the tempest drives.-THnosoN. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 127 BLEMISH, DEFECT, FAULT. gard to the thing itself that is wanting. A book may Blemish is probably changed from the word blame, be' defective, in consequence of some leaves being slgnifying that which causes blame; defect and dcent. dficiency is therefore often what constihave the same signification as given under the head of tutes a defect. Many things, however, may be defectiW imperfection7. without having any deficiency, and vice versa. What Blemish respects accidents or incidental properties ever is misshapen, and fails, either in beautyor utility, of an object: defect consists in the want of some spe- defective; that which is wanted to make a thing cificl propriety in- an object; fault conveys the idea complete is deficient. It is a defect in the eye when it not only of something wrong, but also of its relation to is so constructed that things are not seen at their proper the author. There is a blemish in fine china; a defect distances;' Providence, for the most part, sets us upon in the springs of a clock; and a fault in the con- a level; if it renders us perfect in one accomplishtrivance. An accident may cause a blemish in a fine ment, it generally leaves us defective in another'painting;'There is another particular which may be ADDISON. There is a deficiency in a tradesman's acreckoned among the blemishes, or rather, the false counts, when one side falls short of the other;'II beauties, of our English tragedy: I mean tiose part- there be a deficiency in the speaker, there will not be cular speeches which are commonly known by the sufficient attention and regard paid to the thing spoken.' name of rants.'-ADDISON. The course of nature may -SWIFT. occasion a defect in a person's speech;'It has been Things only are said to be defective; but persons often remarked, though not without wonder, that a may be termed deficient either in attention, in good man is more jealous of his natural than of his moral breeding, in civility, or whatever else the occasion qualities; perhaps it will no longer appear strange, if may require. That which is defective is most likely it be considered that natural defects are of necessity, to be permanent; but a deficiency may be only ccaand moral of choice.'-HAWKESWORTH. The care- sional, and easily rectified. lessness of the workman is evinced by the faults in the workmanship;' The resentment which the discovery BAD, WICKED, EVIL. of a fault or folly produces must bear a certain pro-, i portion to our pride.'-JoHNsoN. A blemish may be Bad, in Saxon bad, easier remedied than a'defect is corrected, or afault connected with the Latin pejts worse, and the Hebrew repaired.' W'2 to be ashamed; wicked is probably changed fiolm witched or bewitched, that is, possessed with an BLEMISH, STAIN, SPOT, SPECK, FLAW. evil spirit; bad respects moral and physical qualities Bleis comes immediately from te Frenc bldmi in general; wicked only moral qualities; evil, in GerBlemish comes immedia tely from the French blmrsignifies that to grow pale, but probably in an indirect mnanner from man iebel, from the Hebrew pain, signifies that blame; stain, in French teindre, old French desteindre, which is the prime cause of pain; evil therefore, in its comes from the Latin tingo to die; spot is not imnpro- full extent, comprehends both badness and wickedbably connected with the word spit, Latin.stum, ess. LWhatever offends the taste and sentiments of a and the Hebrew nz}o, to adhere as something extra- rational being is bad: food is bad when it disagrees neous; speck, in Saxon specce, probably comes from with the constitution; the air is bad which has any the same Hebrew root; flaw, in Saxon fioh, fliece, thing in it disagreeable to the senses or hurtful io the German fleck, low Germanflak or ptlkke, a spot or a body; books are bad which only inflame the imaginafragment, a piece, most probably firob the Latin plaga, tion or the passions;' Whatever we may pretend, as Greek nrhXye a strip of land, or a stripe, a wound in the to our belief, it is the strain of our actions that must body. show whether our principles have been good or bad.' In the proper sense blemish is the generick term, the — BLAIR. Whatever is wicked offends the moral rest are specifick: a stain, a spot, speck, and flaw, are principles of a rational agent: any violation of the blemishes, but there are likewise many blemishes which law is wicked, as law is the support of human society; are neither stains, spots, speclks, normflaos. an act oft injustice or cruelty is wicked, as it opposes Whatever takes off from the seemnliness of appear- the cvii of God and the feelings of hunanity; ance is a blemisle. In works of art, the slightest dim- th ness of colour, or want of proportion, is a blemish. For wies th' impenitent and wicked die, A stain and spot sufficiently characterize themselves, Loaded with crimes and infamy; as that which is superfluous and out of its place. A If aly sense at that sad time remains, speck is a small spot; and aflaw, which is confined to They feel amazing terrour, mighty pains. hard substances, mostly consists of a faulty inden- POMFRET. tare on the outer surface. A blemish tarnishes; a Evil is either moral or natural, and may be applied to stain spoils; a spot, speck, or flaw, disfigures. A every object that is contrary to good; but the term is blemnish is rectified, a stain wiped out, a spot or speck employed only for that which is in the highest degree removed. bad or wicked; These terms are also enmployed figuratively. Even And what your bounded view, which only saw an imputation of what is imnproper in our moral con- A little part, deem'd evil, is no more; duct is a blemish itr our reputation; L It is impossible Te storms of witry time will quickly pass fhr authors to discover beauties in one another's works: And one unbounded spring encircle all.-THomson. they have eyes only for spots and blemishes.' —ADDI- en used in relation to persons, bot refer to t sor-. The failings of a good man are so many spots When used in relation to persons, both refer to the in the bright hemisphere of his virtue: there are some morals, but bad is more general than wicked; a bad sires wsich affix astainonthecharacterofnati man is one who is generally wanting in the perform as well as of t he individuals who are guilty of theions, ance of his duty; a wicked man is one who is chargeBy length of time hable with actual violations of the law, human or tecsrfisBy length of eachtrime,;Divine; such a one has an evil mind. A bad chalhe sclrf is wol n away (of each commintted crime; racter is the consequence of immoral conduct; but no No speck is left of their habitual stains, man has the character of being wicked who has not But the pure nether of the soul relnains.-DRYDEN. been guilty of some known and flagrant vices: the.- blemish or a spot may be removed by a course of inclinations of the best are evil at certain times good conduct, but a stain is mostly indelible: it is as,,reat a privilege to have an zunblemished reputation, or.a sspotless character, as it is a misfortune to have the BADLY, ILL. stains of bad actions affixed to our name:' There are Badly, in the manner of bad (v. Bad); ill, in many who applaud themselves for the singularity of Swedish ill, Icelandick ilur, Danish ill, &c. is sup-,heir juldgemnent, which has searched deeper than posed by Adelung, and with some degree of justice, Ithers, and found aflaw in what the generality of man- not to be a contraction of evil, but to spring from the timtd have admired.'-ADDISONt. Greek oeXbs destructive, and oA)so to destroy. These terms are both employed to modify the actions or qualities of things, but badly is always annexed to D>EFECTIVE, DEF`ICIENT. the action, and ill to the quality: as to do any thing Defective expresses the quality or property of having badly, the thing is badly done; an ill-judged schemne. a defect (v. Blemish); deficient is employed with re- an ill-contrived measure an ill-disposed person. 128 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. DEPRAVITY, DEPRAVATION, CORRUPTION. guised in its operations, but fatal in its effects Ine Depravity, from the Latin pravitas and pravus, ill former sweeps away every thing before it like a tor rent; the latter infuses itself into the moral frame like Greek pat3fs, and the Hebrew t'd to be disordered, a slow poison. or put out of its established order, signifying the That is a depraved state of morals in which the quality of not being straight; depravation, in Latin gross vices are openly practised in defiance of all de depravatio, signifies the act of maling depraved; corum;'The. greatest difficulty that occurs in anaorrspciton, ill Latin corrptioc, corrsmps, from 1 s nzpo lyzing his (Swift's) character, is to discover by what to break, marks the disunion and decomposition of thile depravity of intellect he took delight in revolving ideas parts. from which almost every other mind shrinks with dis* All these terms are applied to objects which are gust.'-JOHNSON. That is a corrupt state of society -ontrary to the order of tProvidence, but the terms de- in which vice has secretly insinuated itself into all the slravity characterizes the thing as it is; the terms de- principles and habits of men, and concealed its defitrpravation and corruption designate the malting or mity under the fair semblance of virtue and honour; causing it to be so: depravity therefore excludes the idea of any cause; depravation always refers us to Peace is the happy natural state of man; the cause or external agency: hence we may speak of War his corruption, his disgrace.-THOMso N. depravity as natural, but we speak of depravation The manners of savages are most likely to be deand corruption as the result of circumstances: there praved; those of civilized nations to be corrupt, when is a depravity in man, which nothing but the grace of luxury and refinement are risen to an excessive pitch. God canl correct;' Nothing can show greater depravity Cannibal nations present us with the picture of human of understanding than to delight in the show when the depravity; the Roman nation, during the time of the reality is wanting.'-JoHNSON. The introduction of emperors, affords us an example of almost universal 3bscensity on the stage tends greatly to the depravation corruption. of morals; bad company tends to the corrutption7 of a From the above observations, it is clear that deprayoung man's morals;' The corruption of our taste is vity is best applied to those objects to which common not of equal conseqaence with the depravation of our iusage has annexed the epithets of right, regular, fine, virtue.'-WARTON. &c.; and corruption to those which may be characDepravity or depravations implies crookedness, or a terized by the epithets of sound, pure, innocent, or distortion fiQm the regular course; corr02ptios inlplies good. Hence we say depravity of mind and corrwpa dissolution as it were ill the component parts of tion of heart; depravity of principle and corruption bodies. of sentiment or feeling: a depraved character; a corCicero says that depravity is applicable only to the rupt example; a corrupt influence;' No depravity of mind and heart; but we say a depraved taste, and the mind has been more frequently or justly censured depraved humours in regard to the body. A depraved than ingratitude.'-JoIINsoN.' I have remarked in a taste loathes common food, and iongs for that which former paper, that credulity is the commllon ailiing of is unnatural and hurtful. Corrsuption is the natural inexperienced virtue, and that ihe who is spontaneously process by which material substances are disorgan- suspicious may be jtstly charged with radical corrup ized. tion.'-JOHNSON. In the figurative application of these terms they In reference to the arts or belies lettres we say either preserve the same signification. Depravity is cha- depravity or corruption of taste, because taste has its racterized by being directly opposed to order, and an rules, is liable to be disordered, is or is not conformable established system of things; corruption emarks the to natural order, is regular or irregular; and on the vitiation or spoiling of things, and the ferment that other hand it may be so intermingled with sentiments leads to destruction. Depravity turns thiengs oult of and feelings foreign to its own native purity as to give their ordinary course; corrucptions destroys their cssen- it justly the title of corrupt. tial qualities. Depravity is a vicious state of thleings, The last thing worthy of notice respecting the two in which all is deranged and perverted; corrueption is words depravity and corruption, is that the former is a. vicious state of things, in which all is sullied and used for mail in his moral capacity; but the latter for polluted. That which is depraved loses its proper man- man in a political capacity: hence we speak of human ner of acting and existing;'The depravation of hu- depravity, but the corruption of government;'The man will was followed by a disorder of' the harmony depravity of mankind is so easily discoverable, that of nature.'-JoHNso N. That which is corrupted loses nothing but the desert or the cell can exclude it from its virtue and essence;'We can discover that where notice.'-JoHNSON.' Every government, say the poli there is universal innocence, there will probably be ticians, is perpetually degenerating toward corcrupuniversal happiness; for why should afflictions be per- tion.' —JOIuNSON. mitted to infest beings who are not in danger of corrucption fiom blessings' —JOHNSON. The force of irregular propensities and distempered WICKED, UNJUST, INIGUITOUS, imaginations produces a depravity of mnanners; the NEFARIOUS force of example and the dissemnination of bad principles produce corruption. A judgement not sound or Wicked (v. Bad) is here tile generick term; incqyciright is depraved; a judgement debased by that wiich tsus, fiom iniquus unjust, signifies that species of iz vicious is corrupted. What is depravped requires to owickedness which consists inviolating the law of right be reformed: what is corrupted requires to be purified. between man and matn; nefarious, from the Latin Depravity has most regard to apparent and excessive.efas wicked or abominable, is that species of wickeddisorders; corrucption to internal and dissolute vices. ness which consists in violating the nost sacred obli"Manners," says Cicero, "are corrupted and deprcved gations. Tihe term wticed, being indefinite, is comby the love of riches." Port Royal says that God has ceonly applied ic a milder sense than iniquitous; and given up infidels to the wandering of a corrsspted nqiiuitous than nefarious: it is wicked to deprive and depraved mind. These words are by no means a another of his property unlawfully, under any circumpleonasm or repetition, because they represent two stances; distinct images; one indicates the state of a thing very In the corrupted currents of this world, much changed in its substance: the other the state of Offence's gilded hand may shove by justice; a thing very much opposed to regularity. " Good And oft It is seen, the wicked prize itself God! (says Masillon the preacher), what a dreadful Buys out the law.-SHAKcSPEARuE. account will the rich and powerful have one day to It is iniqyitoues if it be done by fraud and circunigive'; since, besides their own sins, they will have to vention; and nefarious if it involves any breach of account before Thee for publick disorder, depravity of trust, or is in direct violation of any known law: any morals, and the corruption of the age!' Publick dis- ucdue influence over another, in the malting of his orders bring on naturally depravity of morals; and sis will, to the detriment of the rightful heir, is iniqtos of vicious practices naturally give birth tocor2sption.'Lucullus found that the province of Pontus had Dep9ravity is more or less open; it revolts the sober fallen under great disorders and oppressions from the upright understanding; corruption is more or less dis- iqccity of usurers and publicans. -PRIDeAUX. Any underhand dealing of a servant to defraud his master *T Vide Roubaud: "Depravation, corrupt is nefariocus, or any conspiracy to defraud or injure Trussler: " Depravity, corruption." others is called nefarious;' That unhallowed villany ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 12 neJarzously attempted upon the personof our agent.'- in and facio to put in, proceeds by receiving something MILTON. inwardly, or having it infused. Some things act more properly by contagion, others by infection: the more powerful diseases, as the plague TO CONTARMINATE, DEFILE, POLLUTE, or yellow fever, are communicated by contagion; they TAINT, CORRUPT. are therefore denominated contagious; the less viru Contaminate, in Latin contaminatoss, participle of lent disorders, as fevers, consumptions, and the like, contamino, comes from the Hebrew Amp to pollute; are termed infectious, as they are communicated by defile, compounded of de and file or vile, signifies to the less rapid process of infection: the air is contagious make vile; pollute, in Latin pollutus, participle of or infectious according to the same rule of distinction: polluo, compounded of per and lo or lavo to wash or when heavily overcharged with noxious vapours and dye, signifies to infuse thoroughly; taint, in French deadly disease, it is justly entitled contagious, but in teint, participle of teindre, in Latin tingo, signifies to ordinary cases infectious. In the figurative sense, vice dye or stain; corrupt, signifies the same as in the pre- is for the same obvious reason termed contagious;' If ceding article. I send my son abroad, it is scarcely possible to keep Contaminate is not so strong an expression as debile hini from the reigning contagion of rudeness.'-Locxs or pollute; but it is stronger than'taint; these terms Bad principles are denominated infectzous; are used in the sense of injuring purity: corrupt has But we who only do infuse, the idea of destroying it. Whatever is impure con- The rage in them like boutd-feus, laminates, what is gross and vile in the natural serise'T is our example that instils defiles and in the-moral sense pollutes; what is con- In them the infections of our ills.-BUTLER tagious or infectious corruptsp; and what is corrupted young peo may taint other things. Iteinproper Conversation or Some young people, who are fortunate enough to shun may taint other things. Improper conversation or thecontagionofhadsociety,are,perhaps,caughtbythe the contagion of bad society, are, perhaps, caught by the ~readin onaints o ouhITe rpinfection of bad principles, acting as a slow poison on of water after its progress through all the channels of the moralconstitotion. the street is not more contaminated with filth and dirt, than a simple story after it has passed through the mouths of a few modern tale-bearers.' —HAWIEEs- CONTAGIOUS, EPIDEMICAL, PESTIWORTII. Lewdness and obscenity defile the body and LENTIAL. pollute the mind; pe themolluntat e the miryd;Contagious signifies having contagion (v. Contagion); When from the mountain tops with hideous cry epidemical, in Latin epidemicus, Greek rsj3tousr, that ]s And clatt'ring wings the hungry harpies fly, Ers and &imsyos among the people, signifies universally They snatch the meat, defiling all they find, spread; pestilential, from the Latin pestis the plague, And parting leave a loathsome stench behind. signifies having the plague, or a similar disorder. DRYDEN. The contagious applies to that which is capable of Her virgin statue with their bloody hands being caught, and ought not, therefore, to be touched; Polluted, and profan'd her holy bands.-DRYDEN. the epidemical to that which is already caught or circu Loose company corrapts the morats; I'Alt men agree lated, and requires, therefore, to be stopped; thepestilential to that which may breed an evil, and is, therethat licentious poems do, of all writings, soonest eorfore, to be removed: diseases are contagious or epirypt the heart.'-?STEELE. The cominig n contact demical; the air or breath is pestilential. Avitb a corerupied body is sufficient to give a taint; They may all be applied morally or figuratively in Your teeming ewes shall no strange meadows try, the same sense. Nor fear a rot from tainted company.-DRYDEN. We endeavour to shun a contagious disorder, that i, If young people be admitted to a promiscuous inter- may not come near us; we endeavour to purify apesticourse with society, they must unavoidably witness lentlial air, that it may not be inhaled to our injury; we objects that are calculated to contaminate their thoughts endeavour to provide against eypidemical disorders, that if not their inclinations. They are tln'own in the way they may not spread any farther. of seeing the lips of females defiled with ithe grossest Vicious example is contagious; indecencies, and hearing or seeing things which can- No foreign food the teensing ewes shall fear, not be heard or seen without polluting the soul: it No touch contagious spread its influence here. cannot be surprising if after this their principles are WARTON found to be coerrupted before they have reached the age Certain follies or vices of fashion are epidemical in -f maturity. almost every age;' Among all the diseases of the mind, there is not one more eidemical or more pernicious than the love of flattery.' —S'rEELE. The breathofinfidelity CONTACT, TOUCI. is pestilential; Contact, Latin Contactus, participle of contingo, Capricious, %vanton, bold, and brutal lust compounded of con and tango to touch together, is dis- Is meanlv s lfish; when resisted, cruel; tinguished from the simple word touch, not so much in And lilke the blast of pestilential winds, sense as in grammatical construction; the former ex- Taints the sweet bloom of nature's fairest forms. pressing a state, and referring to two bodies actually in MILTON that state; the latter on the other hand implying the abstract act of touching: we speak of things coming or being in contact, but not of the contact instead of BLAMELESS, IRREPROACHABLE, UNBLEthe touch of a thing: the poison which comes from the MISHED, UNSPOTTED, OR SPOTLESS. poison-tree is so powerful in its nature, that it is not Blameless signifies literally void of blame (v. To necessary to come in contact with it in order to feel its blame); irreproachable, that is, not able to be 1ebaneful influence,;' We are attracted towards each proached (v. To blame); unblemished, that is, without other by general sympathy, but kept back from contact blemish (v. Blemish); unspotted, that is, without spot in private interest.-JoHNsoN. Some insects are (v. Blemish). armed with stings so inconceivably sharp, that the Blameless is less than irreproachable; what is smallest touech possible is sufficient to produce a punc- blameless is simply free from blame, but that which is ture into the flesh;' 0 death! where is now thy sting. irreproachable cannot be blamed, or have any reproac/ O grave! where is thy victory. Where are the ter- attached to it. It isgood to say ofaman that lie leads rours with which thou lmast so long affrighted the a blameless life, buit is a high encomium to say, that nations At the touch f the Divine rod, thy visioary he leads an irreproachable life: the former is but the horrours are flcd.'-BrAIR. negative praise of one who is known only for his harmlessness; the latter is but positive commendation of a man who is well known for his integrity in the difCONTAGION, INFECTION. ferent relations of society; Both these terms imply the power of communicating The sire of Gods, and all th' ethereal tram, something bad, but contagion, from the Latin verb On the warm limits of the farthest main sontisngo to come in contact, proceeds from a simple Now mix with mortals, nor disdain to grace toucih; and infection, from the Latin verb inficio or Thefeasts of mEthiopia's blameless race.-PoPE, 9 130 ENGLISH SYNONYME'S. Take particular care that your amusements be of an mation, fromn acclamto, signifies a crying out to a th.sng. irreproachable kind.'-BLAIR. These two words answer to the plausus and acclamatio Unblernished and unspotted are applicable to many of the Romans, which were distinguished from each objects, besides that of personal conduct; and when other in the same manner; but the plausus war an applied to this, their original meaning sufficiently points artful way' of moving the hands so as to produce an out'their use in distinction from the two former We harmonious sound by way of applause, particulalr'y in may say of a man that he has an irreproachable or an the theatre; unblemished reputation, and unspotted Orspsotless: purity Datus in theatro, of life; Cum tibi plausus.-HORACE. But now those white unblesmish'd manners, whence In medio'plaulsa,plausus tune arte carebat.-OvID The fabhlngpoets'took their golden age, Are found no more amid these iron times.Stantiaque in plauszam tota theatra juvent m'Tfi osoh. PRoraTIUS. TIOilonsoN.'. But the good man, whose soul is pure, The word plausus was sometimes used in the sense of U-Znspotted, regular, and free applause expressed by words; the acclamiatio was an From all the ugly stains of lust and villany, expression by the voice only, but it was either a narik Of mercy and of pardon sure,' of approbation or disapprobation; favourable accla'naLooks through the darkness of the-gloomy night, tions were denominated laudationes et bon'a vota, the And sees the dawning of a gloriousday. unfavourable were exsecrationes et convsicia, all which PO.MFRET. were expressed by a certain'prescribed modulation of Ha il, rev'relnd priest!'To'Phmebus' awful idome the voice. Plaudit, or, as it was originally written, A suppliant I from great Atrides come. plaudite, is the imperative of the verb plaudo, and was';Unransom'd here, receive the spotless fair, addiressed by the actors to the spectators at the close-0f Accept the hecatomb the Greeks prepare;-fPdEr. the performance by way of soliciting their applause; e Si plausoris eges aulea manentis, et usque Sessuri, donec cantor, vos plaudite, dicat. TO PRAISE, COMMEND,- APPLAUD, EXTOL. HORACE. Praise comes from the German preisen to value, and Hence the term plaudit denotes a single act of applause, our own word price, signifying to give a value to a but is now mostly employed figuratively; thing; commend, it'Latin conmnendo, compounded of True wisdom must our actions so direct rose and mando,'signifies to commit to'the good opinion of others; applaud (v. Applause); extol, in Latinl epct.tollo, signifies to lift up very high. These terms express a publick demionstration; the All these terms denote the act of expressing appro- former by means of a noise with the hands or feet; the bation. Thepraise is the most general and indefinite; latter by means of shouts and cries: the former being it may rise to a high degree, but it generally implies a employed as a testimony of approbation; the latter as lower degree: we praise a person generally;i we con- a sanction, or an indication of respect. An actor looks mend him particularly: we praise iinfor hisdiligence, for applausse; a speaker looks for acclamatison..sobriety,-and the like; we commend him for his per- What a man does calls forth applause, but the person formances, or for any particular instance of prudence himself is mostly received with acclamations. At the or good conduct. To applaud is an ardent mode of hbustings popular speeches meet withi applause, and: praisin; we applaud a person for his nobleness of favourite members are greeted with loud acclamations: spirit: to extol is a reverential mode of praising; we Amid the loud applauses of the shore extol a man for his heroick exploits. Praise is confined Gyas outstripped the rest and sprung before. to no station, tholugh with most propriety bestowed by DRYDEN. superiours or equals- commendation is the part of a superiour; a parent cbm'mends his child for an act of'When this illustrious person (the duke of Marilocharity: applause is the act of many as well as of one rough) touched on the shore, he was received by the theatrical performances e the frequentsubjects of acclamations of the people.'-STEELE. publick applauses: extol is tile act of imferiours, who declare thus decidedly their sense of a person's supe- ENCOMIUM, EULOGY, PANEGYRICK.:iority. In the scale of signification commend stands thile Encoium, in Greek qyKclustov, signified a set form lowest, and extol the highest; we praise In stronger of verses, used for the purposes of praise; ezulogy, in terms than we commaend: to applaud is tlo praise in loud Greek rvXoyia, from cE and X6yoc, signifies well spoken, terms; to extol is to praise in strqng terms; or a good word for any ose; panegyrclc, in Greek 7ravr7yVpltKb, from rag the whole, and ifyvpl. an as. The servile rout their careful Cesar praisc, sembly, signifies that which is spoken before an assem Hiim they extol; they worship aim alone. bly, a solemn oration. DRYvE:N. The idea of praise is common to all these terms: bul He who expects praise will not be contented with the first seems more properly applied to the thing, or simple commendation: praise, when sincere, and be- the unconscious object; the second to the person in stowed by one whom we esteem, is truly gratifying: general, or to the characters and actions of imen io.but it is a dangerous gift for the receiver; happy that general; the third to the person of some particular indiman who has no occasion to repent the acceptance vidual: thus we bestow encomiumzzs upon any work of.of it; art, or production of genius, without reference to the How happy them we find, performner; we bestow eulogies on the exploits of a Who know by merit to engage mankind, hero, who is of another age or country; but we write Prais'd by each each tongue, by ev'ry heart belov'd, panegyriccs either in a direct address,. or in direct For virtuespractis'd, and for arts improv'd.-JENYNS. reference to the person who is panegys-ized: the enzcoCommendation is always sincere, and may be very mitt isproducedbymeritrealorsupposed; the euloy:beneficial by giving encouragement;'When school may spring froni admtiration of the ierson eulogized; -boys write verse, it may indeed suggest an expectation panegyric may be mere flattery, resulting from of something better hereafter, but deserves not to be servile dependence: great eu7cbmiums have been paid of sommething better herea fter, but deserves not to be by all persons to the constitution of England;'Our commended foranyreal eit etneitttr ieu-CtOWPER. lawyers are, with justice, copious in their enconiuotms.Applause is noisy; it is the sentinlentof the mlulitude, on the common laW.' —BLACsToNE. Our naval and who are continually changing; ho are continually changing; military heroes have received the eulogies of many'While from both benches, with'redoubled sounds, besides their own countrymen; ( Sallust would say of Th' applause of lords and commoners abounds. Cato, " That he had rather be than appear good:" DRYDEN. but indeed this eulogitum rose no higher than to an inoffensiveness.'-STEELE. Authors of no mean reputation have condescended to deal out their panegyricks APPLAUSE,'ACCLAMATION, PLAUDIT. pretty freely in dedications to their patrons; A.pplause, from the Latinapplaudo, signifies literally On me, when dunces aresatirick, to clap the hands or stamp thei feet to a thing; accla- I take it for a pategsyrick.-SwIFT. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 1,3' LAUDABLE,* PRAISEWORTHY COM- I Shall a form MENDABLE. Of elemental dross, of noild'ring clay, Vie with these charms imp,,rial? Laudable, from the Latin laudo to praise, is in sense MASON (on Truth) iterally praisezoorthy, that is, worthy of praise, or to,e praised (v. To praise); commendable signifies enti- Vying is an act of no moment, but cowstending and toed to c ommendation. striving are always serious actions: neighbours often Lazrdlble is used in a general application; praise- vie with each other in the finery and grandeur of their lortaty and commendable are applied to individuals: house, dress, and equipage. tilings are laudable in themselves; they are praiseworthy or commendable in this or that person. That which is laudable is entitled to encouragement COMPETITION, EMULATION, RIVALRY. allt general approbation; an honest endeavour to be Competition, from the Latin competo, compohnded usefiul to one's family or one's self is at all times lau- of com or con and peto, signifies to sue or seek together, dlable, and will ensure the support of all good people. to seek for the same object; emulation, in Latin emuWhat is praiseworthy obtains the respect of all nmen: latto, from cesmulor, and the Greek &thua a contest, as all have temptations to do that which is wrong, the signifies the spirit of contending; rivalry, from the perfolrmance of one's duty is in all cases praiseworthy; Latin rivus the bank of a stream, signifies the undi but particularly so in those cases where it opposes one's vided or common enjoyment of any stream which is interests and interferes with one's pleasures. What is the natural source of discord. commendable is not equally important with the two Competition expresses the relation of a competitor, former; it entitles a person only to a temporary or par- or the act of seeking the same object; emulatiton extial expression of good will and approbation: the per- presses a disposition of the mind toward partictJar formance of those minor and particular.duties which objects; rivalry expresses both the relation and the belong to children and subordinate persons is in the disposition of a rival. Emulation is to competition as proper sense commendable. the motive to the action; emulationl produces competiIt is a laudable ambition to wish to excel in that tors, but it may exist without it;' Of the ancients which is good;' Nothing is more laudable than an enough remains to excite our emulation and direct our inquiry after truth.' —AnDIsoN. It is very praise- endeavoutrs.'-JonNso N. worthy in a child to assist its parent as occasion may Competition and emulation have the same marks to require;'Ridicule is generally made use of to laugh distinguish them from rivalry. Competition and emumen out of virtue alid good sense by attacking every lation have honour for their basis; rivalry js but a thing praiseworthy in human life.' —ADDIsoN. Si- desire for selfish gratification. A competitor strives to lence is commendable in a young person when he is surpass by honest means; he cannot succeed so well reproved;' Edmund Waller was born to a very fair by any other;'It cannot be doubted but there is/as estate by the parsimony or frugality of a wise father great a desire of glory in a ring of wrestlers or cudgel and mother, anid he thought it so commendable an ad- players as in any other more refined competition for vantage that he resolved to improve it with his utmost superiority.'-HUGHES. A rival is not bound by any care' —CLARENDON. principle; he seeks to supplant by whatever means seem to promise success;'Those, that have been raised by the interest of some great minister, trample TO CONTEND, S'RIVE, VIE. upon the steps by which they rise, to rival him in his greatness, and at length step into his place.'-SOUTH. Contend, in Latin contesndo, compounded of con or An ufair competztor antd a generous rival are equally contra and tendo to benad one's steps, signifies to exert unusual and inconsistent. Cbmpetition animates to one's self against any thing; strive, in Dutch strecen, exertion;?rivalryprovokes hatred:* competition seeks low German str-evas, ihgh German streben, is probably to merit success; rivalr-y is contented with obtaining a frequentative of the Latin strepo to make a bustle; it;' To be no man's rival in love, or competitor in vie is probably changed from viezo, signifying to looki business, is a character which, if it does not recomat with the desire of excelling. mend you as it ought to benevolence among those Contendisg requires two parties; strive either one whom you live with, yet has it certainly this effect, or two. There is no contenlding where there is not that you do not stand so much in need of their approan opposition; but a person may strive by himself. bation as if you aimed at rmore.'-STEELE:. CompetiConLtend and strive differ in the object as well as tors may sometimes become rivals in spirit, although mode: we contend for a prize; we strive for the mas- rivals will never become competitors. tery: we contend verbally; but we nevertstrive witll- It is further to be remarked, that competition supout an actual effort, and labour snore or less severe. poses some actual effort for the attainment of a specifick We may contend with a person at a distance; but object set in view: rivalry may consistof a continued striving requires the opponent, when there is one, to wishing for and aiming at the same general end withbe present. Opponents in matters of opinion contend out necessarily comprehending the idea of close action. for what they fancy to be the truth; sometimes they Competitors ale itn the same line with each other, contesnd for trifles; rivals may work toward the same point at a great distance from each other. Literary prizes are the objects Mad as the seas and the winds, when both contend of competition among scholars;' The prize of beauty Which is the masterl.-SHAiKSPE-ARE. was disputed till you were seen, but now all pretenders Combatants strive to overcome their adversaries, either have withdrawn tleir claims; there is no competitios by dint of superiour skill or strength. In contentisn but for the second place.'-DRYDEN. The affections the prominent idea is the mutual efftorts of two or more of a female are the object of rivals; persons for the same object; but in strivingz the pro- Oh, love! thou sternly dost thy power maintain, mrinent idea is the efforts of one to attain an object; And wilt not bear a rival in thy reign, hence the termns may sometimes be employed in one Tyrants and thou all fellowship disdain.-DRyDEN and the same connexion, and yet expressing these col- William the Conqueror and Harold were competitors lateral ideas; for the crown of England; Eneas and Turnus were Mad as the Winds rivals for the hand of Lavinia. In the games which When for the emnpire of the main they strive. were celebrated by _Aneas in honour of his'father DENNIS. Anchises, the naval competitors were the most eager in the contest. Juno, Minerva, and Venus, were rival Contend is frequently used in a figurative sense, in goddesses in their pretensions to beauty. application to things; strive very seldom. We contend with difficulties; and in the spiritual application, we may be said to strive with the spirit. Vie has more of striving than contending in it; we TO CONTEND, CONTEST, DISPUTE. strive to excel when we vie, but we do not strive with To contend signifies generally to strive one against any one; there is no personal collision or opposition: another; to contest, from the Latin contester, to call those we vie with may be as ignorant of our persons one witness againt another; and dispute, from dispute as our intentions. The term vie is therefore frequently applied to unconscious objects; s Vide Abbe Roubaud: " Emulation, rivaIit6." 132 ENGIISG H SYNONYMES. to think differently, or maintain a different opinion, With these four more of lesser fame are different modes of contending. We may contend And humble rank, attendant came; for or dispute a prize, but the latter is a higher form orf Hypocrisy with smiling grace, expression, adapted to the style of poetry; And Impudence, with brazen face, Contention bold, with iron lungs, Permit me not tolanguish out my days, And Slander with her undred ge But make the best exchange of life for praise., ndred tongues. This arm, this lance, can well dispute the prize DRYDEN. Where bad tempers that are under no control come in frequent collision, perpetual strife will be the con We cannot contest or dispute without contending, sequence;' A solid and substantial greatness of sou, although we may contend without contesting or dis- loois down with a generous neglect on the censures and pating. To contend is confined to the idea of setting applauses of the multitude, and places a man beyond one's self up against another; to contest and dispute the little noise and strife of tongues.'-ADDIso N. must include some object contested or disputed. Con- tend is applied to all matters, either of personal interest or speculative opinion; contest always to the former; dispute mostly to the latter. We contend with a per-'1'0O DIFFER, VARY, DISAGREE, DISSENT. son, and contest about a thing; Differ, in Latin differo or dis and fero, signifies tc make into two; vary, in Latin vario to make various,'Tis madness to co d with strength Divine from varus a spot or speclle, because that destroys the DRYDEN. uniformity in the appearance of things; to disagree is During the present long and eventful contest between literally not to agree; and dissent, in Latin dissentio or England and France, the English have contended with dis and sentio, is to think or feel apart or differently. their enemies as successfully by land as by sea. Tri- Differ, vary, and disagree, are applicable either to fling matters may give rise to contending; serious persons or things; dissent to persons only. First as to points only are contested. Contentions are always persons; to -differ is the most general and indefinite conducted personally, and in general verbally; con- term, the rest are but modes of difference: we may differ tests are carried on in different manners according to from any cause, or in any degree; we vary only in the nature of the object. The parties themselves small matters; thus persons may differ or vary in their mostly decide contentions; but contested matters statements. There must be two at least to differ; and mostly depend upon others to decide. there may be an indefinite number: one may vary, or For want of an accommodating temper, men are an indefinite number may vary; two or a specifick frequently contending with each other about little iiumber disagree: thus two or more may differ in an points of convenience, advantage, or privilege, which account which they give; one person may vary at difthey ought by mutual consent to share, or voluntarily ferment times in the account which he gives; and two to resign; part icular individuals disagree: we may differ in matDeath and nature do contend about-them ters of fact or speculation; we vary only in matters of Whether they live or die. —SHAKSPEARE. fact; we disaoeree mostly in matters of speculation. Historians may differ in the representation of an affair, When seats in parliament or other posts of honour are and authors may dofer in their views of a particular to be obtained by suffrages, rival candidates contest subject; narrators vary in certain circumstances; two their claims to publick approbation;'As the same particular philosophers disagree in accounting for a causes had nearly the same effects in the different phenomenon countries of Europe, the several crowns either lost or To disagree is the act of one man with another: to acquired authority, according to their different success dissent is the act of one or more in relation to a comin the contest.' —Hu:E. munity; thus two writers on the same subject may When we assert the right, and support this assertion disagree in their conclusions, because they set out from with reasons, we contend for it, different premises; men dissent from the established'T is thus the spring of youth, the morn of life, religion of their country according to their education Rears in our minds the rival seeds of strife; and character. Then passion riots, reason then contends, When applied to the ordinary transactions of life, And on the conquest every bliss depends. differences may exist merely in opinion, or with a mixSHENSTONEm. ture of more or less acrimonious and discordant feeling; variances arise from a collision of interests; disagreeBut we do not contest until we take serious measures mets from asperity of humour; dissensions from a to obtain what we contend for; clashing of opinions; differences may exist between The poor worm nations, and may be settled by cool discussions;' Tne Shall prove her contest vain. Life's little day ministers of the different potentates conferred and conShall pass, and she is gone. While I appear ferred; but the peace advanced so slowly, that speedier Flush'd with the bloom of youth through heav'n's methods were found necessary, and Bolingbroke was eternal year.-MAsoN (on Truth). sent to Paris to adjust differences with less formality.'Contend is to dispute as a part to the whole: two parties JOHNSON. When variances arise between neighbours, dispute conjointly; they contend individually. Each their passions often interfere to prevent accommocontends for his own opinion, which constitutes the dations; dispute. Theological disputants often contend with How many bleed more warmth than discretion for their favourite hy- By shameful variance betwixt map and man. pothesis;' The question which our author would con- THOmSso'. tend for, if he did not forget it, is what persons have a When members of a family consult interest or humour right to be obeyed.'.-Locsc. With regard to claims, rather than affections, there will be necessarily disait is possible to dispute the claim of another without greemens;'On his arrival at Geneva, Goldsith was contending for it for ourselves; I Until any point is de- e termiedg fto be a law it remains dntil an point by any recommended as a travelling tutor to a young gentleman termted to be a law, it remains disputable by any who had been unexpectedly left a sum of money bv sulleuject.'-S~wIFT. near relation. This connexion lasted but a short tlne: they disagreed in the south of France and parted.'-. J.OHNSON. When many members of a comnmunity hav( CONTENTION, STRIFE. an equal liberty to express their opinions, there will Though derived from the preceding verbs (v. To ssarily be dissensions; contend, strive), have a distinct meaning in which they When Carthage shall contend toe world with Rome, are analogous. The common idea to them is that of Then is your time for faction and debate, opposing one's self to another with an angry humour. For partial favour and permitted hate: Contention is mostly occasioned by the desire of Let now your immature dissension cease. seeking one's own. Strife springs from a quarrelsome L)RYDEN. temper. Greedy and envious people deal in contention, In regard to things, difer is said of two things with the former because they are fearful lest they should not respect to each other; vary of one thing in respect to get enough; the latter because they are fearful lest itself: thus two tempers differ from each other, and a others should get too much; person's temper varies from time to time. Things differ ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 133 in their essences, they vary in their accidents: thus the with whom one is in connexion would do away disgene'a and species of things differ from each other, and sension; I At the time the poem we are now treating the individulals of each species vary;'We do not know of was written, the dissensions of the barons, who were in what reason and instinct consist, and therefore then so many petty princes, ran very high.' —AnDInSON. cannot tell with exactness in what they differ.'-JoHN- A limitation of one's desire to that which is attainable SON.'Trade and commerce mighlt doubtless be still by legitimate means would put a stop to contention; varied a thousand ways, out of which would arise such' Because it is apprehended there may be great contenbranches as have not been touched.'-JoHNso N. Differ tion about precedence, the proposer humbly desires the is said of every thing promiscuously, but disagree is assistance of the learned.'-SwIFT. A correction of only said of such things as might agree; thus two trees one's impatient and irritable huimnour would check the differ from each other by the course of things, but two progress of discord; numbers disagree which are intended to agree;' The But shall celestial discord never cease several parts of the same animal differ in their quali-' is better ended in a lasting peace.-1RYDEN. ties.' —ARBUTHNOT. tisA T Dissension tends not only to alienate the minds of men That mind and body often sympathize from each other, but to dissolve the bonds of society; Is plain; such is this union nature ties; Now join your hands, and with your hands your hearts, But then as often too they disaffree, That no dissensis hinder government. But ~then as often too they disa rree, Now join your hands, and with your hands your hearts, Which proves the soul's superiour progeny.ion hinder government. JENYNS. SHAKSPEiRE. Contention is accompanied by angelr, ill-will, envy, and SDI~F~FERENCE, DISPTJTE, ALTERCATION, many evil passions;' The ancients made contentioa the ADIFFERENCE, DtSPUTE, ALTERCATION, principle that reigned in the chaos at first, and then QUARREL. love: the one to express the divisions, and the other the The differesnce is that on'Avhich one differs, or the union of all parties in the middle and common bond.'etate of differing (v. To differ); the dispute that on BURNET. Discord interrupts the progress of the kind which one disputes, or the act of disputing; altercation, affections, and bars all tender intercourse; in& Latin altercatio and alterco, from alterurn and cor See what a scourge is laid upon your hate another mind, signifies expressing another opinion; That heav'n finds means to kill your joys with love! quarrel, in French querelle, fromn the Latin queror to a And I, for winking at your discords too, complain, signifies having a complaint against another. Have lost a brace of kinsmen.-SHAKsSPEARE. All these terms are here taken in the general sense af a difference on some personal question; the term dif- Where there is strife, there must be discord; but there ference is here as general and indefinite as in the former may be discod without strife: discord consists most case (v. To differ, vary): a difference, as distinguished in the feeling; strife consists most in the outward acfrom the othe.rs, is geterally of a less serious and per- tion. Discord evinces itself in various ways; by looks, sonal kind; a dispulte consists not only of angry words, words, or actions; but much ill blood and unkliind offices; an altercation Good Heav'n! what dire effects from civil discord is a wordy dispute, in which difference of opinion is flow.-DRYDEN. drawn out into a multitude of words on all sides; Strife'displays itself in words or acts of violence quarrel is the most serious of all differences, which leads to every species of violence: the differcnce may some- e n ter a n nstaf poy times arise from a misunderstanding, which may be We in eternal peace and constantjoy-Pops. easily rectified; differences seldom grow to disputes Discord is fatal to the happiness of families; strife is but by the fault of both parties; altercations arise the greatest enemy to peace between neighbours: dismostly from pertinacious adherence to, and obstinate cord arose between the goddesses on the apple being defenceof, one'sopinionis; qusarrels mostly springfirom thrown into the assembly; Homer commences his injuries real or supposed: differences subsist between poem with the strife that took place between Aga men in an individual or publick capacity: they may be memnon and Achilles. carried on in a direct or indirect manner;' Ought less Discord may arise from mere difference of opinion; differences altogether to divide and estrange those from strife is in general occasioned by some matter of perone another, whom such ancient and sacred bands sonal interest: discord in the councils of a nation is unite?-BLAIR. Dispultes and altercations are mostly the almostcertain forerunner of its ruin; the common nonducted in a direct manner between individuals;' I principles of politeness forbid strife aemog nersons of have often been pleased to hear disputes on the Exchange good breeding. adjusted between an inhabitant of Japan and an alderman ed London.'-ADDISON.' In the house of' Peers the bill passes through the same forms as in the other QUARREL, BROIL, FEUD, AFFRAY OR house, and if rejected no more notice is taken, but it FRAY. passes sub silensio to prevent unbecoming altercation.' — BLACKSTONE. Quarrels may arisebetween nations Quarrel (v. Difference) is the general and ordinary or individuals, and be carried on by acts of offence termn; broil, feud, and affray, are particular terms; directly or indirectly; broil, from brawel, is a noisy quarrel; feud, finom the German fe/hde, and the English fight, is an active Unvex'd with quarrels, undistlrb'd with noise, quarrel; affray or f-ray, from the Latin frico to rub, The country king his peaceful realm enjoys. signifying the collision of the passions, is a tumultuous DRYDEN. DRYDEN. quarrel. The idea of a variance between two parties is common to these terms; but the former respects the comDISSENSION, CONTENTION, DISCORD, plaints and charges which are reciprocally made; STRIFE. broil respects the confusion -and entanglement which Dissension, contention, and strife, mark the act or arises from a contention and collision of interests; state of dissenting, of contending and striving; discord feud respects the hostilities which arise out of the 5lerivesits signification fronlthe harshness produced in variance. There are quarrels where there are no musick by thie clashing of two strings which do not suit broils, and there are both where there are no feuds; with each other; whence, in the moral sense, the but there are no broils and feuds without quarrels: chordsof the mind, which come into an unsuitable col- the quarrel is not always openly conducted between lision, produce a discord. the parties; it may sometimes be secret, and sometimes A collision of opinions produces dissension; a colli- manifest itself only in a coolness of behaviour: the sion of interests produces contention; a collision of broil is a noisy kind of quarrel, it always breaks out humours produces discord (v. Contention). A love of in loud, and mostly reproachful language: feud is a one's own opinion, combined with a disregard for the deadly kind of quarrel which is heightened by mutual opinions of others, gives rise to dissension; selfishness aggravations and insults. Quarrels are very lamentais the main cause of contention; and an ungoverned ble when they take place between members of the same temper that of discord. family;' The dirk or broad dagger, I am afraid, was Dissension is peculiar to bodies or communities of of more use in private quarrels than in battles.'men; contention and discord to individuals. A Chris- JOHNSON. Broils are very frequent among profligate tian temper of conformity to the general will of those and restless people who live together; 134 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. Ev'n haughty Juno, who with endlt:ss broils, which they have collected, to no better purpose than to Earth, seas, and heav'n, and Jove himself turmoils, oppose every thing that is good, and excite the same At length aton'd, her friendly pow'r shall join spirit of opposition ill others. To cherish and advance the Trojan line. —DRYDEN. Feuds were very general in former times between different families of the nobility;'The poet describes COMBATANT, CHAMPION. (in the poem of Chevy-Chase) a battle occasioned by Combatant, from to combalt, marks anylone that the mutual feuds which reigned in the families of an engages in a combat; champion, in French champion, English and Scotch nobleman.'-ADDISON. Saxon cempe, German klaempe, signifies originally a A quarrel is indefinite, both as to the cause and the soldier or fighter, from the Latin campus a field of manner in which it is conducted; an affray is a sudden b attle., violent kind of quarrel: a quarrel may subsist be- A combatant fights for himself and for victory; a tweentwo persons from a private difference; an affray clampion fights either for another, or in another's always takes place between many upon some publick cause. The word combatant has always relation to occasion: a quarrel may be carried on merely by some actual engagement; chamnpion may be employed words; an affray is commonly conducted by acts of for one ready to be engaged, or in the habits of' being violence: many angry words pass in a quarrel be- engaged. The combatants in the Olympic games used tween two hasty people;' The quarrel between my to contend for a prize; the Roman gladiators were friends did not run so high as I find your accounts combatants who fought for their lives: when knight have made it.'-STEELE. Many are wounded, if not errantry was in fashion there were champions of' all killed in afrays, when opposite parties meet;' The descriptions, champions in behalf of distressed females, provost of Edinburgh, his son, and several citizens of champions in behalf of the injured and oppressed, or distinction, were killed in thefray.' —ROBERTSON. champions in behalf of aggrieved princes. The mere act of fighisng constitutes a combatant; the act of standing up in another's defence at a perTO JANGLE, JAR, WRANGLE. sonal risk, constitutes the champion. Animals have A verbal contention is expressed by all these terms, their combats, and consequently are combatants; but but with various modifications; jangle seems to be an they are seldom chamnpions. In the present day there onomatopoeia, for it conveys by its own discordant are fewer combaztants than chamnpions among men. sound an idea of the discordance which accompanieg We have champions for liberty, who are the least this kind of war of words; jarand war are in all pro- honourable and the most questionable members of the bability but variations of each other, as also jangle community; they mostly contend for a shadow, and and wrangle. There is in jangling more of cross court persecution, in order to serve their own purposes questions and perverse replies than direct differences of ambition. C/hampions in the cause of Christianity of opinion;' Where the judicatories of the church are not less ennobled by the object for which they were near an equality of the men on both sides, there contend, than by the disinterestedness of their motives were perpetual janglings on both sides.'-BURNET. in contending; they must expect in an infidel age, like Those jangle who are out of humour with each other; the present, to be exposed to the derision and contempt there is more of discordant feeling and opposition of of their self-sufficient opponents;' Conscious that I do opinion in jarring: those who have no good will to not possess the strength, I shall not assume the imporeach other will he sure tojar when they come in colli- tance, of a'champion, and as I am not of dignity sion; and those who indulge themselves in jarring enough to be angry, I shall keep my temper and my will soon convert affection into ill will;' There is no distance too, skirmishing like those insignificant gentry, tar or contest between the different gifts of the spirit.' who play the part of teasers in the Spanish bull-fights -SouTu. Married people nmay destroy the good hu- while bolder combatants engage him at the point of mour of the company by jangling, but they destroy his horns.'-CUMBERLAND. their domestick peace and felicity by jarring. To wrangle is technically, what to jangle is morally: those who dispute by a verbal opposition only are said ENEMY, FOE, ADVERSARY, OPPONENT, to wrangle; and the disputers who engage in this scho- ANTAGONIST. lastick exercise are termed wranglers; most disputa- Enemy, in La.tin inimicus, compounded of in priva tions amount to little more than wrangles; tive, and amicus a friend, signifies one that is unPeace, factious monster! born to vex the state, fi-iendly; foe, in Saxonfah, most probably from the old With wrangling talents form'd for foul debate. Teutonicfian to4iate, signifies one that bears a hatred; Porp. adversary, in Latin adversarius, from adversus against, signifies one that takes part against another; a(irsariues in Latin was particularly applied to one who conTO COMBAT, OPPOSE. tested a point in law with another; opponent, in Latin opponens, participle of oppono or obpono to place in the Combat, from the French combattre to fight together, way, signifies one pitted against another; antagonist, is used figuratively in the same sense with regard to in Greek avsraynmtgos, compounded of auvr' against matters of opinion; oppose, in French opposer, Latin and ayavisolyat to contend, signifies one struggling opposui perfect of oppono, compounded of ob and pone against another. to place one's self in the way, signifies to set one's self An enemy is not so formidable as a foe; the former up against another. may be reconciled, but the latter always retains a Combat is properly a species of opposinLg; one al- deadly hatred. An enemy may be so in spirit, in ways opposes in combatting, though not vice versd. action, or in relation; a foe is always so in spirit, if To combat is used in regard to speculative matters; not in action likewise: a man may be an enemy to oppose in regard to private and personal concerns' as himself, though not afoe. Those who are national or well as matters of opinion. A person's positions are political enemies are often private friends, but a foe is combatted, his interests or his measures are opposed. never aiy thing but afoe. A single act may create an The Christian combats the erroneous doctrines of the enemy, but continued warfare creates a foe. infidel with no other weapon than that of argument; Enemies are either publick or private, collective or When fierce temptation, seconded within personal; in the latter sense the word enemy is most By traitor appetite, and armed with darts analogous in signification to that of adversary, oppoTempered in hell, invades the throbbing breast, nent, antagonist. * Enemies seek to injure each other To combat may be glorious, and success commonly friom a sentimentVf hatred; the heart is Perhaps may crown us, but to fly is safe. —CowPER. always more or less implicated;' Plutarch says very The sophist opposes Christianity with ridicule and finely, that a man should not allow himself to hate misrepresentation; even his enemies.'-ADDIsoN..dversaries set up their claims, and frequently urge their pretensions with Though various foes against the truth combine, angry strife; but interest or contrariety of opinion Pride above all opposes her design.-aCowren. more than sentiment stimulates to action;' Those disThe most laudable use to which knowledge can be putants (the persecutors) convince their adversaries converted is to combat errour wherever it presents itself; but there are too many, particularly in the present * Vide Abbe Girard: "Ennemi adversaire, antago: day, who employ the little pittance of knowledge niste." ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 135. "ltll a sorites commonllly called a,ile of fagots.'- compounded of ob and pono, signifying placed in the -DDISON. OpponentS set up different parties, and way.'seat each other sometimles with acrimLony; but their.Adverse respects the feelings and interests of perdifferences do not necessarily include any thing pler- sons; contrary regards their plans and purposes; opsonal; i The namle of Boyle is indeed revered, but his posite relates to the situation of persons aid nature of works are neglected; we are contented to know that things; lie conquered his opponents, witheout inquiring what And as Eg,-eon, when with heav'n he strove, cavils ivele Slopnst his h'-JoaNsoN. a cnta- Stood opposite in arms to mighty Jove.-DrnYDEN. 1on.its are pecs oppoeents who are in actual ei.nagement: emulation and direct exertion, but not Fortune is adverse; an event turns out contrar'i to what atlgel, is concerned ini makin the antagsonist; Sir was expected; sentiments are.opposite'to each other. Francis Bacon observes that a well written book, com- An adverse wind coms cross our wishes and plr pared with its rivals andantagonists, is like Moses's suits;' The periodical winds which were then set in serpent that immediately swallowed up those of the were distinctly adverse to the course which Pizarro Egyptians.'-AnDDIsoN. Enemies make war, aim at proposedtosteer.-RODERTSON. A contrary windlies destruction, and commit acts of personal violence: in an opposite direction; contrary. winds are mostly adversaries are contented with appropriating to them- adverse to some one who is crossing the ocean; adverseselves some object of desire K ving their rival of winds need.not always be directly contrary. it;* cupidity being he moo iple, and gain the Circumstances are sometimes so adverse as to baffle object: opponlents oppose each other systematically the estcncerted plans. Facts often prove directly and perpetually; each aims at being thought right in cUntrary to the representations given of them;'As I their disputes: tastes and opinions are commonlly the shouldbe loth to offer none liut instances of the abuse subjects of debate, self-love oftener than a love of of prosperity, I am happy in recollecting one very sintruth is the moving principle: antagonists engage in gular example of the contrary sort.'-CUMBERLAND. a trial of strength; victory is the end; the love of dis- People with opposite characters cannot be expected to 0inction or superiority the moving principle; the con-, act together with pleasure to either party..Adverse _est may lie either in mental or physical exertion; inay events interrupt the peace of mind; contrary accounts aim at superiority in a verbal dispute or in a manual invalidate the testimony of a narration; opposite prin conhbat. There are nations whose subjects are born iples interrupt the hafmony of socety. enemies to those of a neighbouring nation: nothing evinces the radical corruption of any country more tlan when the poor man dares not show himself as an COMPARISON, CONTRAST. adversary to his rich neighbour without fearing to lose Comparison, from compare, and the Latin compass more than he might gain: the ambition of some men or andpar equal, signifies tie putting together of does not rise higher than that of being the opponent of things that are equal; contrast, in French contn aster, milltisters: Scaliger and Petavius amlong the French Latin conltrasto or contra and sto to stand, or sisto to were great antagonists in their day, as were Boyle place against, signifies the placing of one thing opposite and Bentley among the English; the Horatii and Cu- to alother. riatii were equally famous antagonists in their way. Likeness in the quality aid difference in the degree Enemy and foe arelikewise employed in a figurative are requisite for a comparison; likeness in the degree sense for moral objects: our passions are our cnemis, and opposition in the quality are requisite for a conwhen indulged;, envy is a foe to happines.s trast: things of the same colour are compared; those of an opposite colour are contrasted:' a comparison is made lbetwveen two shades of red: a contrast between black and white. ENMITY, ANIMOSITY, JHI OHSTIiITY'?. Comparison is of a practical utility, it serves to asznmity lies in the heart; it is deep aind malignant: certain the true relation of objects; contrast is of utility, animosity, from animus, a spirit, lies in the passions; among poets, it serves to heighten the effect of opposite it is fierce and vindictive: hostility, from hostis a po- qualities: things are large or small by comparison; litical enemy, lies in the action; it is mischievous and things are magnified or diminished by contrast.: the destructive. value of a coin is best learned by comparing it with Enmity is. something permanent; animosity is par- another of the same metal;'They who are apt to tial and transitory: in the feudal ages, wlhen the dark- remind us of their ancestors only put us upon making ness and ignorance of the times prevented the mild in- comparisons to their own disadvaintage.' —SP:CTATOR. fluence of Christianity, enLmities between particular The generosity of one person is most strongly felt families were handed dowp as all inheritance fiorn when contrasted with the meanness of another; father to son; in free states, party spirit engenders Im lovely contrast to this glorious view greater animosities than private disputes. Calmly magnificent then will we turn Enmlity is altogether personal: hostility mostly re To where the silver Thames first rural gronw. spects publick measures, animosity respects either one or many individuals. Enmity often lies concealed in the heart; anzmosity mostly betrays itself by somle open act of hostility. He who cherishes enmity towards ADVERSE, IN1MICAL, HOSTILE, REPUGNANT another is his own greatest enemy;'In some instances,.dvcrse signifies the same as in the preceding arhiindeed, the enmity of others cannot be avoided withoutle, inimical, frons the Latin inimicus an enemy, siga participation in their guilt; but then it is the enmity nifies belonging to an enemy; which is also the meanof those with whom neither wisdom nor virue can ing of hostile, from hostis an enemy; repugnant, in desire to associate.'-JOHNSON. He who is guided by Latin repugnans, from repugno, or re and pugno to a spirit of animosity is unfit to have any command over fight against, signifies warring with. others;'I will never let my heart reproach me with.dverse may be applied to either persons or things havifng done any thing towards increasing those ani- inimical and hostzle to persons or things personal; rernosities that extinguish religion, deface government, pugnant to things otily: a person is adverse or a thing and make a nation mliiserable.'-ADDISON. He who is adverse to an object; a pelson, or what is personal proceeds to wanton hostility often provokes an enemy is either inimical or aosile to an object; one thingsis wherli he might have a friend;'Erasllmus himself had, repmugnanst to another. We are adverse to a proposiitseems, the misfortune to fall into the hands of a party tirln; or cilcumstances are adverse to our advance. of Trojans who laid on him wit i so many blows and ment. Partizans are inimical to the proceedings of gobuffits, that he never forgot their kostilities to his dying vernment, and hostile to the possessors of power. SIn dtiYv.')-ADDIooN. very is repu nlant to the mild temper of Christianity..dverse expresses simple dissent or opposition; inimical either an acrimonious Spirit or a tendency to inADVERSE, CONTRARY, OPPOSITE. jure; hostile a determined resistance; repugnant a diadverse, in French adverse, Latin adversus, parti- rect relation of variance. Those who are adverse to ciple of adverto, compounded of ad and verto, signifies any undertaking will not be likely to use the endeaturning towards or against; contrary, in French con- vours which are essential to ensure its success;' Only traire, Latin contra-.ins, comes friom contra against; two soldiers were killed on the side of Cortes, and two oyoosszte, in Latin oppositus, participle of oMoono, is officers with fifteen privates of the adverse faction.' 1;36 ENGLISH SYNONnMLES. RoBE rCsON. Those who dissent from the establish- or less to col)luncti onls of conscience; buit baciware rient, are inimical to its formlls, its discipline, or its doec- at the same timle to resign the gains of' dishonesty, o, trine;'God hath shown himself to be favourable to the pleasures of vice.'-BLAa. Friends are, loath t: virtue, and inimical to vice and guilt.'-BLAIR. Many part who have had many 3ears' enjoyment in eaca are so hostile to the religious establistl3ment of their other's society; country as to aim at its subversion; H'en thus two friends condem'd Then with a purple veil involve your eyes, Embrace, and kiss, and take tetlousnd leaves, Lest hostile faces blast the sacrifice. —DRYDEN. Loather a hundred times to phi aiaJ The restraints which it imposes on the wandering and SiAKSPEARI. licentious imnaginration is repugnant to the temper of One is reluctant in giving unpleasant advice; their minds;' The exorbitant jurisdiction of the From better habitations spur'd, (Scotch) ecclesiastical courts ivere founded on maxims Reluctant dost thou rove, repugnant to justice.'-ROBERTSOON. Or grieve for friendship unreturnd, Sickness is adverse to the improvement of youth. Or unregarded love?i-GOLDSMITH. The dissensions in the Christian world are inimical to the interests of religion, and tend to produce many Lazy people are averse to labour: those who are no hostile measures. Democracyis inimical to good order, paid are unwillingyt-, yqv; and those who are paid the fomenter of hostile parties, and repugnant to every less than others ar yh Bk,d in giving their services sound principle of civil society. every one is loath to givdeup a favdiurite pursuit, and when compelled to it by circumstances they do it witll reluctance. ADVERSE, AVERSE. Adverse (v. Adverse), signifying turned against or over against, denotes simply opposition of situation; AVERSION, ANTIPATHY, )ISLIKE, averse, from a and versus, signifying turned from or HATRED, REPUGNANCE. away from, denotes alln active removal or separation dlversion denotes the quality of being averse (vice from. Adverse is therefore as applicable to inanimate Averse); antipathy, in French antipathie, Latin antias to animate objects, averse only to animate objects. pathia, Greek mvrtraOela, compounded of 6vri againust When applied to conscious agents adverse refers to and traOsia feeling, signifies a feeling against; dislike matters of opinion and sentiment, averse to those af- compounded of the privative dis and like, signifies not fecting our feelirngs. We are adverse to that which to like or be attached to; hatred, in German hass, is we think wrong;' Before you were a tyrant I was supposed by Adelung to be connected with heiss hot your friend, and am nowv no otherwise your enemy signifying heat of temper; repugnance, in Frenchrepugthan every Athenian must be who is adverse to your lance, Latin repugnantia and repugno, compounded of usurpation.' —Cuti. BERLAND. We are averse to that re and pugno, signifies the resistance of the feelilgs to which opposes our inclinations, our habits, or our in- an object. terests;'Men relinquish ancient habits slowly, and Aversion is in its most general sense the generick with reluctance. They are averse to new experiments, term to these and many other similar expressions, in and venture upon them with timidity.'-ROBuERTSON. which case it is opposed to attachment: the former Sectarians profess to be adverse to the doctrines and denoting an alienation of the mind from an object; the discipline of the establishment, but the greater part of latter a knitting or binding of the mind to objects: it them are still more averse to the wholesome restraints has, however, more commonly a partial acceptation, which it imposes on the iiagination. in which it is justly comparable with the above words. diversion and antipathy apply more properly to things: AVERSE, IUNWILLING, B&ACKTWARD, LOATH, dislike and hatred to persons; repLg tmasce to actions, AES UW RELUN:C 1CTI ANT. LAH that is, such actions as one is called upon to perform. Aversion and antipathy seem to be less dependent Averse signifies the same as in the preceding article; on the will, and to have their origin in the temperament untwilling literally signifies not willing; backward, or natural taste, particularly the latter, which springs having the will in a backward direction; loath or loth, from causes that alre not always visible; and lies in the from to loath, denotes the quality of loathing; reluc- physical organization. dAntipathy is in fact a natural tant, from the Latin re and lucto to struggle, signifies aversion opposed to sympathy: dislike and hatred are struggling with the will against a thing. on the contrary voluntary, and seem to have their root diverse is positive, it marks an actual sentiment of in the angry passions of the heart; the former is less dislike; unwilling is negative, it markls the absence of deep-rooted than the latter, and is commonly awakened the will; backward is a sentiment between the two, It by slighter causes; repugnance is not an habitual and marks the leaning of a will against a thing; loath and fasting sentiment, like the rest; it is a transitory but reluctant mark strong feelings of aversion. Adversion stiong dislike to what one is obliged to do. is an habitual sentiment; unwillingness and backward- An unfitness in the temper to harmonize with an ness are mostly occasional; loath and reluctant always object produces aversion: a contrariety in ttle nature occasional. of particular persons and things occasions antipathies, diversion must be conquered; unwoillingness must although some pretend that there are no such mystebe removed; backwardness must be counteracted, or ious incongruities in nature, and that all antipathies urged forward; loathing and reluctance must be'over- are but aversions early engendered by the influence of powered. One who is averse to study will never have fear and the workings of imagination; but under this recourse to books; but a child may be unwillinng or supposition we are still at a loss to account for those backward to attend to his lessons from partial motives, singular effects of fear and imagination in some persons which the authority of the parent or master may cor- which do not discover t,.emselves in others: adifference rect; he who is loath to receive instruction will always in the character, habits, and mlanners, produces dislike: remain ignorant; he who is reluctantin doing his duty injuries, quarrels, or mIore commonly the influence of will always do it as a task. malignant passions, occasion hatred: a contrariety to A miser is averse to nothing so much as to parting one's moral sense, or one's humours, awakens repug with his money; ianice. - Of all the race of animals, alone, People of a quiet temper have an aversion to disn The bees have comtmon cities of their own; puting or argumentation; those of a gloomy temper But (what's more strange) their modest appetites, have an aversion to society;' 1 cannot forbear men Aiverse from Venus, fly the nuptial rites. —DRYDEN. tioning a tribe of egotists, for whom I have always had Te miser is evn unillng to provide himself wih a mortal aversion; I mean the authors of memoirs who necessaries, but he is not backward in disposing of his ae never mentioned in any wos but their own.'money when he has the prospect of getting mtues; Annison. Antipathies nostly discover themselves in early life, and as soon as the object comes within the I part with thee, view of the person affected;' There is one species of As wretches that are doubtful of hereafter terrour which those who are unwilling to suffer the Part with their lives, unwilling, loath, and fearful, reproach of cowardice have wisely dignified with the And trembling at futurity.-RowE. name of antipathy. A man has indeed no dread of'All men, even the most depraved, are subject more harm from an insect or a worm, but his antipathyturnt ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 137 nim pale whenever they approach hllil.'-JOHNSON. Spleen to mankind his envious heart possest, Men of different sentiments in religion or politicks, if And much he hated all, but most the best.-Pora not of an-liable temper, are apt to contiract dislikes to each other by frequent irritation in discourse; I Every We detest a traitor to his country because of the enot man whom busiaess or curiosity has throwli at large mity of his offence; into the world, will recollect many instances of fond ness Who dares tink one thing, and another tell, and dislike, which have forced themselves upon hin My heart detests him as the gates of hell-POPE. without the intervention of his judgemenl.'-JOHNSON. lWhen men of maligenant tempers come in collision, In this connexion, to hate is always a bad passion; nothing but a deadly hatred can ensue from their to detest always laudable: but when both are applied repeated and complicated aggressions towards each to inanimate objects, to hate is bad or good according other;'One punishment that attends the lying and to circumstances; to detest always retains its good deceitful person is the hatred of all those whom he meaning. When men hate things because they intereither has, or would have deceived. I do not say that fere with their indulgences, as the wicked hate the a Christian can lawfully hate any one, and yet I affirmli ght, it is a bad personal feeling, as in the former case; that some may very worthily deserve to be hated.'- but when good men are said to hate that which is ball SOUTH. Any one who is under the influence of a mis- it is a laudable feeling justified by the nature of the obplaced pride is apt to feel a repuegnance to acknowledge ject. As this feeling is, however, so closely allied to himself in an errour;'In this dilemma Aristophanes detestation, it is necessary farther to observe that hate, conquered his repuegnance, and determined upon pre- whether rightly or wrongly applied, seeks the injury or senting himself on the stage for the first time in his destruction of the object; but detest is confined simply life.'-CUaIBERLAND. to the shunning of the object, or thinking of it with.Aversions produce an anxious desire for the removal very great pain. God hates sin, and on that account of the object disliked: antipathies produce the most punishes sinners; conscientious men detest all fraud, violent physical revulsion of the frarne, and vehement and therefore cautiously avoid being concerned in it recoiling from the object; persons have not unfrequently been known to faint away at the sight of insects for whom this antipathy has been conceived: dislikes too often betray themselves by distant and uncourteous behaviour: hatred assumes every form which is black Hateful, signifies literally full of that which is apt to and horrid: repugnance does not make its appearance excite hatred; odious, from the Latin odi to hate, has until called forth by the necessity of the occasion. the same sense originally. flversions will never be so strong in a well-regulated These epithets are employed in regard to such objects mind, that they cannot be overcome when their cause as produce strong aversion in the mind; but when emis removed, or they are found to be ill-grounded; some- ployed as they commonly are upon familiar subjects, times they lie in a vicious temperament formed by they indicate an unbecoming vehemence in the speaker. nature or habit, in which case they will not easily be The hateful is that which we ourselves hate; but the destroyed: a slothful man will find a difficulty in over- odious is that which makes us hateful to others. comling his aveersion to labour, or an idle man his aver- Hateful is properly applied to whatever violates general sion to steady application. Antipathies may be indulged principles of morality: lying and swearing are hateful or resisted: people of irritable temperaments, particu- vices: odious applied to such things as affect the interests larly females, are liable to them in a most violent de- of others, and bring odium upon the individual; a tax gree; but those who are fully persuaded of their fallacy, that bears particularly hard and unequally is termed mnay d.o much by the force of conviction to diminish odious; or a measure of government that is thought their violence. Dislikes are often groundless, or have oppressive is denominated odious. There is something their origin in trifles, owing to the influence of caprice particularly hateful in the meanness of cringing sycoor humour: people of sense will be ashamed of them, phants; and the true Christian will stifle them in their birth, Let me be deemed the hateful cause of all, lest they grow into the formidable passion of hatred, And suffer, rather than my people fall.-PoPE. which strikes at the root of all peace; being a mental Nothing brought more odizLm on King Jalmles than his poison that infuses its venom into all the sinuosities of attempts to introduce popery;' Projectors and inventors the heart, and pollutes the sources of human affection. of newl ax es being ateu to the people, seldom fail of Repugnance ought always to be resisted whenever it bringing odium on their master.'-DAVENANT. prevents us from doing what either reason, honour, or duty require. Aversions are applicable to animnals as well as men: dogs have a particular aversion to beggars, most pro- HATRED, ENMITY, ILL WILL, RANCOUR. bably from their suspicious appearance; in certain cases These terms agree in this particular, that those who likewise we may speak of their antipathies, as in the in- are under the influence of such feelings derive a pleastanceofthe dogandthecat: accordingto theschoolmen sure from the misfortune of others; but hath'ed, (v. there existed a'Qo antipathies between certain plants A1version) expresses more than enmity, (v. Enemy,) and and vegetables; but these are not borne out by facts this is more than ill will, which signifies merely willing sufficiently strong towarrant a belief of their existence. ill or evil to another. Hatred is not contented with Dislike and hatred are sometimes applied to things, but merely wishing ill to others, but derives its whole hapin a sense less exceptionable than in the former case: piness from their misery or destruction; enmlity on the dislike does not express so much as aversion, and aver- contrary is limited in its operations to particular cirsion not so much ashatred: we oughtto have a hatred cumstances: hatred, on the other hand, is frequently for vice and sin, an aversion to gossipping and idle confined to the feeling of the individual; but enmity talking, and a dislike to the friivolities of fashionable life. consists as much in the action as the feeling. He who is possessed with hatred is happy when the object of TO HATE, D)ETEST. his passion is miserable, and is miserable when he is TO HATE, DETEST. happy; but the hater is not always instrumental in [late has the same signification as in the preceding causing his misery or destroying his happiness: he Wyho article; detest, from detestor or de and testor, signifies is inflamed with enmity, is more active in disturbing to call to witness against. The difference between the peaceof his enemy; but oftener displays his temper these two words consists more imnsense than application. in trifling than in important matters. Ill will, as the To hate is a personal feeling directed toward the object word denotes, lies only in the mind, and is so indefinite independently of its qualities; to detest is a feeling in its signification, that it admits of every conceivable independent of the person, and altogether dependent degree. When the wilt is evilly directed towards upon the nature of the thing. What one hates, one another, in ever so small a degree, it constitutes ill will. hates commonly on one's own account; what one de- Rancour, in Latin rancor, from ranceo to grow stale, tests, one detests on account of the object: hence it is signifying staleness, mustiness, is a species of bitter, that one hates, but not detests, the person who has done deep-rooted enmity, that has lain so long in the mind an injury to one's self; and that one detests, rather than as to become thoroughly corrupt. Aates, the person who has done injuries to others. Jo- Hatred is opposed to love; the object in both cases seph's brethren hated him because he was more beloved occupies the thoughts: the former torments the pop than they; sessor; the latter delights him; 138 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. Phcenician Dido rules the growing state, Revolving in his mind the stern command, Who fled from Tyre to shun her brother's hate. He longs to fly, and loaths the charming land. DRYDEN. DRYDEN..Enmrity is opposed to fiiendship; the object in both The chaste Lucretia abhorred the pollution to which cases interests the passions: the former the bad, and she had been exposeA and would have loathed the the latter the good passions or the affections: the pos- sight of the atrocious perpetrator: Brutus detested the sessor is in both cases busy either in injuring or for- oppression and tile oppressor. wardingc the cause of him who is his enemy or friend; That space the evil one abstracted stood ABOMINABLE * DETESTABLE EXECRABLE Farom his own evil, and for the tine remain'd Stupidly good, of enmity disarm'd.-MILTON. The primitive idea of these teims, agreeable to their derivation, is that of badness in the highest degree; l will is opposed to good will; it is either a general conveying by themnselves the strongest signification or a particular feeling; it embraces many or few, a and excluding the necessity for every other modifying single individual or tihe whole human race: he is least epithet. unhappy who bears least ill will to others; he is most The abominable thing excites aversion; the detestahappy who bears true good will to all; he is neither ble thing, hatred and revulsion; the execrable thing, happy or unhappy who is not possessed of the one or indignation and liorro'ur. the other;'For your servants neither use them so These sentiments are expressed against what is familiarly as to lose your reverence at their hands, nor abominable by strong ejaculations, against what is deso disdainfully as to purchase yourself their ill will.'- testable by animadversion and reprobation, and against WENTWORTHI. what is execrable by imprecations and anathemas. There is a farther distinction between these terms; In the ordinary acceptation of these terms, they that hatred and ill will are oftener the fruit of a de- serve to mark a degree of excess in a very bad thing; praved mind, than the consequence of any external abominable expressing less than detestable, and that provocation; enmity and rancour, on the contrary, are less than execrable. This gradation is sufficiently illusmostly produced by particular circumnstances of offence trated in the following example. Dionysius, the tyrant, or commission; the best of men are sometimes the having been informed that a very aged woman prayed objects of hatred on account of their very virtues, to the gods every day for his preservation, and wonwhich have been unwittingly to themselves the causes dering that any of his subjects should be so interested of producing this evil passion; good advice, however for his safety, inquired of this woman respecting the kindly given, may probably occasion ill oill in the motives of her conduct, to which she replied, In my mind of him who is not disposed to receive it kindly; infancy I lived under an abominable prince, whose an angry word or a party contest is frequently the death I desired; but when he perished, he was succauses of ensmity between irritable people, and of ran- ceeded by a detestable tyrant worse than hitnselfi I eour between resentful and imperious people; offered up my vows for his death also, which were in like manner answered; but we have since hiad a Otth lasting rancouar! oh insatiate hate, s worse tyrant than he. This execrable monster is To Phrygia's monarch, acid the Phrygian, state. yourselt; whose life I have prayed for, lest, if it be POPE. possible, you should be succeeded by one even more -wicked." The exaggeration conveyed by these expressions has TO ABHOR, DETEST, ABOMINATE, LOBATHI. Egiven rise to their abuse in vulgar discourse, where they are often employed indifferently to serve the huThese terms equally denote a sentitment of aversion; mour of the speaker;' This abominable endeavour to abhor, in Latin abhorreo, compounded of ab from and suppress or lessen every thing that is praiseworthy is borreo to stiffen with horrour, signifies to start fron, with as frequent among the men as among the women.'a strong enotion of horroulr; detest (v. To hate, detest); STEELE.'Nothing canll atone for the want of moabonisalte,in Latin abomszsiatis, participleofabsoninor, desty, without which beauty is ungraceful, and wit compounded of ab from or against, and osminor to wish detestable.'-STeLE. ill luck, signifies to hold in religious abhorrence, to detest in the highest possible degree; loath, in Saxon All vote to leave that execrable shore, lathen, may possibly be a variation of load, in tie Plllted withthebloodofPolydore. —-RYDEN. sense of overload, because it expresses the nausea which commonly attends an overloaded Stomach. In TO BRAVE, DEFY, DARE, CHALLENGE. the moral acceptation, it is a strong figure of speech to mark the abhorrence and disgust which the sight of Brave, from the epithet brave (v. Brave), signifies to offensive objects produces. act the brave; defy, in French defier, is probably What ve abhor is repugnant to our moral feelings; changed from defaire to undo, signifying to make what we detest contradicts our moral principle; what nothing or set at nought; dare, in Saxon dearral, we abominate does equal violence to our religious and dyrran, Franconian, &c. odzrren, thorren, Greek moral sentiments; what we loath acts upon us physi- Odpprmv, signifies to be bold, or have the confidence to cally and mentally. do a thing; challenge is probably changed from the Inhumanity and cruelty are objects of abhorrence; Greek uXKro to call. crimes and injustice of detestation; impiety and We brave things; we dare and challenge persons, profaneness of abomination; enormous offenders of we defy persons or their actions: the sailor braves the loathing. tempestuous ocean, and very often braves death itself The tender mind will abhor what is base and atro- i its mostterrifick form; he dan-es the enemy whocl he cious; meets to the engagement; he defies all his bocastings and vain threats. The lie that flatters I abhor tihe most.-CowPERa. Brave is sometimes used in a bad sense; defy and The rigid moralist will detest every violent infringe- dare commonly so. There is much idle contempt and menton the rights of his fellow creatures; affected indifference in braving; mnuch insolent rerThis thirst of kindred blood my sons detest. sistance to authority in defying; much provocation DRYDEN. and affiont in daring: a bad man braves the scolrn and reproach of all the world; he defies the threats of The conscientious man will abominate every breach his superiours to punish him; tie drfres them to exert of the Divine law;'The passion that is excited in the their power over him. fable of the Sick Kite is terrour; the object of which is Brave and defy are dispositions of mind which dis the despair of him who percesves himself to be dying, play themselves in the conduct; dare and challemle and has reason to fear that his very prayer is an asomi- are modes of action; we brave a storm by meeting its nation.'-HAwKEswo RTH. The agonized mind loaths violence, and bearing it down with superiour force: we the sight of every object which recalls to its recollection defy the malice of our enemies by pursuing that line u'S the sutbject of its distress; conduct which is most calculated to increase its bitterNo costly lords the sumpt ious banquet deal, To make him loath his vegetable meal. * Vide Abbe Roubatud's Synonymes: "Abominahle. GOLaSMITn detestable, execrable." ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 139 ness. To bra;ie, conveys the idea of a direct and per- man who fearlessly rushes to the mouth r" dhe cannon sonal application of force to force; defying is carried may tremble at his own shadow as hb passes through a on by a more indirect and circuitous mode of proce- churchyard or turn pale at the sight of blood: the dure: men brave the dangers which threaten them courageous man smiles at imaginary dangers, and pre with evil, and in a figurative application things are pares to meet those that are real. said to brave resistance;' Joining in proper union the It is as possible for a man to have courage without amiable and the estimable qualities, in one part of our bravery, as to have bravery without courage: Cicero character we shall resemble the flower that smiles in betrayed iliswant of bravery when he sought to shelter spring; in another the firmly-rooted tree, that braves himself against the attacks of Cataline; he displayed the winter storm.'-BLAIR. Men defy the angry will his courage when he laid open the treasonable purposes which opposes them; of this conspirator to the whole senate, and charged him to his face with the crimes of which he knew him The soul, secur'd in her existence, smiles to be guilty. At the drawn dagger, and defies its point.-ADoISON. Valour is a higher quality than either bravery or courage, and seenls to partake of the grand characterTo dare and chaenge are both direct and pesonalisticks of both; it combines the fire of bravery with the butt the former consists either of actions, words, or looks; determination and firmness of courare: bravery is the latter of words only. We dare a number of personsthe latter of aoyds only. We dae a number of per- most fitted for the soldier and all who receive orders; sons indefinitely; we challenge an individual, and very coa s most adapted for the general and all who frequently b~y name.courage is most adapted for the general and all who Daecluently g* arisefrm ourceg. five commands; valour for the leader and framer of Darine arises from our contempt of others; chalDcaging arises from a high opinion of ouerselves: t.l enterprises, and all who carry great projects into exe lenr~ a s a n o es cution: bravery requires to be guided; courage is former is mostly accompanied with unbecoming exc rfoemer is mostfy accompanied wellith unbas aomn; e equally fitted to command or obey; valour directs and pressions of disrespect as well as aggravation; the executes. Bravery has most relation to danger; latter is mostly divested of all angry personality. Metius the Tuscan dared Titus Manlius Torquatus, the corage and valour include in them a particular reson of the Roman consul, to enlage wilsT him in con- ference to action: the brave man exposes himself; the son of the Roman consul, to engage with him in contradiction to his father's commands. Paris was per- is before him; the vances to the s cene of action w suaded to challcitge Menelaus in order to terminate the to act. Grecian war. Grecian ware. onlytoLatseievilenc; w chal to CoLurage may be exercised in ordinary cases; valour We dare only to acts of violence; we clahlsse 5 to displays itself most effectually in the achievement of any kind of contest in which the skill or power of the heroic e its. A consciousness of duty, a love of parties are to be tried. It is folly to dare one of supe- oeontry, a zeal for the cause in which one is ensrntifwarno p red tone's country, a zeal for the cause in which one is engaged, an over-ruling sense of religion, the dictates of Ilset reward of our impertinence;; a lure conscience, always inspire couerage: an ardent Trov seunk in flames I saw (nor could prevent), thirst for glory, and an insatiable ambition, render men And Iliumn from its old foundations rent- valiant. Rent like a mountain ash, which das'd the winds,. The brave man, when he is wounded, is proud of And stood the sturdy strokes of lab'ring hinds. being so, and boasts of his wounds; the cosurageous DRYDEN. man collects the strength which his wounds have left him, to pursue the object which he has in view; the Whoever has a confidence in the justice of his cause, valiant man thinks less of the life he is about to lose, needs not fear to challenge his opponent to a trial of than of the glory which has escaped him. The brave their respective merits;'Thhe Platos and Ciceros man, in the hour of victory, exults and triumphs: he among the ancients; the Bacons, Boyles, and Lockes, discovers his joy in boisterous war shouts. The couamong our own countrymen, are all instances of iwha~t rageons man forgets his success in order to profit by its i have been saying, namely, that the greatest persons in advantages. The valiant manis stimulated by success all ages have conformed to the established religion of to seel after new trophies. Bravery sinks after a their country; not to mention any of the divines, how- defeat: courage nay be damped for a moment, but is ever celebrated, since our adversaries challenge all ever t never destroyed; it is ever ready to seize the first op. those as men who have too much interest in this case portunity which offers to regain the lost advantage: to be impartial evidences.'-'BUDGELL. valouzr, when defeated on any occasion, seeks another in which more glory is to be acquired. The three hundred Spartans who defended the BRAVERY, COURAGE, VALOUR, GAL- Straits of Thermopyla were brave; LANTRY. Bravery denotes the abstract quality of brave, This b-aveman, with long resistance, which through the medium of the northern languages Held the combat doubtful.-RowE.,omes from the Greek flpalcEorm the reward of victory; Socrates drinking the hemlock, Regulus returning to courag'e, in French cousrage, from csaurr in Latin cor Carthage, Titus tearing himself from the arms of the the heart, which is the seat of courage; valouzr, r weeping Berenice, Alfred the Great going into the French valeur, Latin valor, from valeo to be strong, camp of the I)anes, were courageous; signifies by distinction strength of mind;: gallantry, from the Greek ayaXAte to adorn or make distinguished'Oh! When I see him arming for his honour, for splendid qualities. IHis country, and his gods, that martial fire Bravery lies in the blood; courage lies in the mind: That mounts his courage, kindles even me. the latter depends on the reason; the former on the DRYDEN. physical temperament: the first is a species of instinct: the second is a virtue: a man is brave in proportion as Hercules destroying monsters, Perseus delivering An be is without thought; he has courage in proportion dromeda, Achilles running to the ramparts of Troy, as he reasons or reflects. and the knights of more modern date who have gone Bravtery seems to be something involuntary, a me- in quest of extraordinary adventures, are all entitled to t:hanical movement that does not depend on one's self; trie peculiar appellation of valiant; courage requires conviction, and gathers strength by True valr, friends, on virtue founded strong delay; it is a noble and lofty sentiment: the force of Meets all events alike.-MALLETT. example, the charms of musick, the fury and tumult of battle, the desperation of the conflict, will make Gallantry is extraordinary bravery, or bravery on cowards brave; the courageous manl wants no other extraordinary occasions. The brave man goes willincentives than what his own mind suggests. ingly where he is commanded; the gallant man leads Bravery is of utility only in the hour of attack or on with vigour to the attack. Bravery is common to contest; courage is of service at all times and under vast numbers and whole nations; gallantry is peculiar all circumstances: bravery is of avail in overcoming to individuals or particular bodies: the brave mar the obstacle of the moment; cosurage seeks to avert the bravely defends the post assigned him; the gallant distant evil that may possibly arrive. Bravery is a man volunteers his services in cases of peculiar danthing of the moment that is or is not, as circumstances ger; a man may feel ashamed in not being considered may favour; itvaries with the time and season: courage brave; he feels a pride in being looked upon as gallant exists at all times and on all occasions. The brave To call a hero brave adds little or nothing to his cha 140 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. racter;'The brave unfortunate are our best ac- AUDACITY, EFFRONTERY, HARDIHOOD OR quaintance.'-FRANCIS. But to entitle him gallant HARDINESS, BOLDNESS. adds a lustre to the glory he has acquired; Audacity, fiom audacious, in French audaczeuz, -Death is the worst; a fate which all must try, Latin audax and audeo to dare, signifies literally the And fe r our country It is a bliss to die. quality of daring; effrontery, compounded of ef, en, o0 The laela lut man, though slain ini fight he be, in, and frons a face, signifies the standing face to face Yet leaves his nation safe, his children free. hardihood or hLardiness, fiom hardy or hard, signifies a Porn. capacity to endure or stand the brunt of difficulties, We cannot speak of a British tar without thinking opposition, or shamle; boldness, from bold, in Saxon of bravery; of his exploits without thinking of gal- bald, is in all probability changed fiom bald, that is, lantry. uncovered, open-fronted, without disguise, which are the characteristicks of boldness. The idea of disregarding what others regard is com COURAGE, FORTITUDE, RESOLUTIION. mon to all these telmis. Audacity expresses more than effrontery: the first has something of vehemence or Courage signifies the same as in the preceding arti- defiance in it; the latter that of cool unconcern: cle; fortitude, in French fortitude, Latin fortituldo, is hardihood expresses less than boldness; the first has the abstract noun from fortis strong; resolution, from more of determination, and the second more of spirit the verb resolve, marks the habit of resolving. and enterprise. Audacity and effrontery are always Courage respects action, fortitude respects passion: taken in a bad sense: hardihood in an indifferent, if a man has courage to meet danger, andfosrtitude to Iot a bad sense; boldness in a good, bad, or indifferent endure pain. sense. Courage is that power of thie mind which bears up.dAudacity marks haughtiness and temerity;' As against the evil that is in prospect fortitude is that knowledge without justice ought to be called cunning power which endures the pain that is felt: the man of rather than wisdom, so a mind prepared to meet danger, courage goes with the same coolness to the mouth of if excited by its own eagerness and not the publick the cannon, as the man of fortitude undergoes the al- good, deserves the name of audacity rather than of putation of a limb. fortitude.'-STE LE. Effrontery is the want of all Horatius Cocles displayed his courage in defending a modesty, a total shamelessness;' I could never forbear bridge against the whole artmy of the Etruscans: to wish that while vice is every day multiplying CaiLs Mucius displayed no less fortitude when he seducements, and stalking forth with more hardened thrust his hand into the fire in the presence of King effrontery, virtue would not withdraw the influence of Porsenna, and awed him as much by'lis language as her presence.'-JoHNsoN. Hardihoodindicates a firm his action. resolution to meet consequences;'I do not find any Courare seems to be more of a manly virtue; forti- one so hardy at present as to deny that there are very tlde is more distinguishable as a feminine virtue: the great advantages in the enjoyment of a plentiful forformer-is at least most adapted to the male sex, who tune.'-BUDGELL. Boldness denotes a spirit to corn are called upon to act, and the latter to females, who mence action, or in a less favourable sense to be heedare obliged to endure: a man without courage would less and free in one's speech;' A bold tongue and a be as ill prepared to discharge his duty in his inter- feeble arm are the qualifications of Drances in Virgil.' course with the world, as a woman without fortitude -ADDISON. An audacious man speaks with a loftv would be to support herself under the complicated tone, without respect and without reflection; h. trials of body and mind with which she is liable to be haughty derneanolir makes him forget what is due to assailed. his superiours. Effrontery discovers itself by an insoWe call make no pretensions to courage unless we lent air; a total unconcern for the opinions of those set aside every personal consideration in the conduct present, and a disregard of all the forms of civil sowe should pursue;-'What can be more honourable ciety. A hardy man speaks with a resolute tone, than to have courage enough to execute the commands /which seems to brave the utmost evil that can result of reason and conscience?'-COLLIER. We cannot from what he says. A bold man speaks without reboast of fortitude where the sense of pain provokes a serve, undaunted by the quality, rank, or haughtiness inlurtur or any token of impatience: since life is a of those whom he addresses; chaquered scene, in which the prospect of one evil is most commonly succeeded by the actual existence of Bold in the council board, another, it is a happy endowment to be able to ascend But cautious in the field, he shunn'd the swold. the scaffold with fortitude, or to mount the breach DRYDEN. with couerage as occasion may require; It requires audacity to assert false claims, or vindiWith wonted fortitlde she bore the smart, cate a lawless conduct in the presence of accusers and And not a groan confess'd her burning heart.-GAY. judges; it requires effrontery to ask a favour of the man whom onle has basely injured, or to assume a 1Resolution is a minor species of courage; it is placid unconcerned air in the presence of those by courage in theminor concernsof life: courage compre- whom one has been convicted of flagrant atrocities; hends under it a spirit to advance; resolution simply it requires hardihood to assert as a positive fact what marks the will not to recede: we require courage to is dubious or suspected to be false; it requires boldness bear down all the obstacles which oppose themselves to maintain the truth in spite of every danger with to us; we require resolution not to yield to the first which one is threatened, or to assert one's claims in difficulties that offer: courage is an elevated feature in the presence of one's superiours. the human character which adorns the possessor; Audacity makes a man to be hated; but it is not resolution is that common quality of the mind which always such a base metal in the estimation of the is in perpetual request; the want of which degrades a world as it ought to be; it frequently passes current man in the eyes of his fellow-creatures. Couragecom- for boldness when it is practised with success. Efifronprehends the absence of all fear, the disregard of all tery makes a man despised; it is of too mean and vulpersonal convenience, the spirit to begin and the deter- gar a stamp to meet with general sanction: it is odious mination to pursue what has been begun; resolution to all but those by whom it is practised, as it seems to consists of no more than the last quality of courage, run counter to every principle and feeling of comnion which respects the persistence in a conduct;'The honesty. Hardihood is a die on which a man stakes unusual extension of my muscles on this occasion his character for veracity; it serves the purpose of made my face ache to such a degree, that nothing but disputants, and frequently brings a man through diffi — an invincible resolution and perseverance could have culties which, with more deliberation and caution, prevented me from falling back to my monosyllables.'- might have proved his ruin. Boldness makes a man ADDISoN. Courarge is displayed on the most trying universally respected though not always -beloved: a occasions; resolution is never put to any severe test; bold man is a particular favourite with the fair sex, courage always supposes some danger to be encoun- with whoml timidity passes for folly, and boldness of tered; resolution may be exerted in merelyrencounter- course for great talent or a fine Spirit. ing opposition and difficulty: we have need of courage Audacity is the characteristick of rebels; effrontery in opposing a formidable enenmy; we have need of resolution in the management of a stubborn will. * Vide Girard: "Hardiesse, audace, effronterie ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 141 that of villains; hardihood is serviceable to gentlemen No more applause would on ambition wait, of the bar; boldness is indispensable in every great And laying waste the world be counted great; undertaking. But one goodnatured act more praises gain, Than armies overthrown and thousands slain. DARING, BOLD..ENYNS. Host has been extended in its application not only to Daring signifies having the spirit to dare; bold bodies, whether of men or angels, that were assembled has the same signification as given under the head of for purposes of offence, but also in the figurative sense audacity. to whatever rises up to assail: These terms may be both taken in a bad sense; but dlaing much oftener than bold. In either case daring He it was whose guile, expresses much more than bold; he who is daring tirrd upwith envy and revenge, deceiv'd provokes resistance, and courts danger; but the bold The Inother of mankind, what time his pride man is contented to overcome the resistance that is Had cast hint out of heav'n with all his host offered to him. A man may be bold in the' use of Of rebel angels.-MtITON. words only; he must be daring in actions: a nlan is Yet true it is, survey we life around, bold in the defence of truth:' Boldness is the power Whole hosts of ills on every side are found. to speak or to do what we intend without fear or dis- JENYNS order.'-LocicE. A man is daring in military enterprise; BATTLE, COMBAT, ENGAGEMENT. Too daring prince! ah! whither dost thou run, Ah! too forgetful of thy wife and son.-PoPE. Battle, in French bataille, comes from the Latin batuo, Hebrew Fn_7 to twist, signifying a beating; combat, from the French combattre, i. e. com or cam STRENUOUS, BOLD. together, and battre to beat or fight, signifies literally Strenluous, in Latin strernzuns, from the Greiek a battls one with the other; engagement signifies tho Spo7vsvE undaunted, untaimed, from -pl7vias to be with- act of being engaged or occupied in a contest. out all rein or control; bold, v. Azddacitsj. ti Battle is a general action requiring some prepara Strenuous expresses much more than bold; boldnession: combat is only particular, and soenctmes unexis a prominent idea, but it is only one idea which pected. Thus the action which took place between enters into the signification of strenuousness; it com- the Carthaginians and the Romans, or C-esar and bines likewise fearlesstess, activity, and ardour. An Pompey, were battles; but the action in which the advocate in a cause may be streltlous, or merely bold: Ioratii and the Curiatii, decided the fate of Rome, in the former case he maits nothing that call be elither as also many of the actions in which Hercules was said or done in favour of the cause, lie is always on engaged, wele combats. The battle of Almanza was the alert, he heeds no difficulties or danger; but in the a decisive action between Philip of France and Charles latter case he only displays his spirit ill the undisguised' of Austria, in their contest for the throne of Spain, declaration of his sentiments. Strenuous supportersin the combat between Menelaus and Paris, Homer of any opinion are always strongly convinced of' te very artfully describes the seasonable interference of truth of that which they support, and warmly iir- Venus to save her favourite from destruction;' The pressed with a sense of its i~mportance;' While the most curious reason of all (for the wager of battle) is good weather continued, I strolled about the county, given in the Mirror, that it is allowable upon warrant and made miany strenuous attempts to run away from of the combat between David for the people of Israel this odious giddiness.'-BEAATTIE. But the bold sup- of the one party, and Goliath for the Philistines of the porter of an opinion may be impelled rather with the Other party.-BLACKSTONE. desire of showing his boldness than maintaining his The word combat has more relation to the act of fighting than that of battle, which is used with more propriety simply to denominate the action. In the battle Fortune befriends the bold.-DDRYDEN. between the Romans and Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, the combat was obstinate and bloody; the Romans seven times repulsed the enemy, and were as often reARMS, WEAPONS. pulsed in their turn. In this latter sense cngagenent slrmns, from the Latin a-maz, ~is now properly used aand combat are analogous, butthe former has aspecifick offmfrom teLatince a, isnowproplyusedrelation to the agents and parties engaged, which is tbor instruments of offence, and never otherwise except reaion to the agents and parties eed which is by a poetick license of arms for armour; but weapons, not implied in the latter term. We speak of a person from the German waffen, may be used either for an being present in an engagement; wounded in an esninstrument of offence or defence. We say fire arms, gagrement; or having fotghtdesperately in all engagebut not fire weapons; and weapons offensive or defet- nent: ol the other hand; to engage in a combat; to sive, not arims offenosive or defensive. renslievise, challenge to single combat: combats are sometimes sive, not arms offensive or defensive. ~rms likewise, agreeably to its origin, is employed for whatever is in- begun by the accidental meeting of avoed oppotentionall made as an instrument of cffence sea nents; in such engagements nothing is thought of but tentionally made as an instrument of, a t gge. according to its extended and indefinite application, is the gratification of revenge. employed for whatever may be accidentally used for Battles are fought between armies only; they are this purpose: guns and swords ore always arms; gained or lost: combats are entered into between individuals, whether of the brute or human species, in Louder, and yet more loud, I hear th' alarms which they seek to destroy or excel: engagements are Of human cries distinct and clashing arms. confined to no particular member, only to such as are DRYDEN. enlgagcd: a general enrgagement is said of an army Stones, and brickbats, and pitchforks, may be occa- when the whole body is engaged; partial engagements vionally weapons; *respect only such as are fought by small parties or companies of an army. History is mostly occupied The cry of Talbot serves me for a sword; with the details of battles; For I have loaded me with many spoils, A battle bloody fought, UTsing no other weapon than his name. Where darkness and surprise made conquest cheap. SHAISPEARtE.DRYDEN. In the history of the Greeks and Romans, we have likewise an account of the combats between men and wild AnaryisanorMYized HodT. oarbeasts, which formed their principal amusement An army is an organized body of armed men;a This bravemanwith long resistance host, from'hostis an enetny, is properly a body of Teld the combatdoubtful.-RowE. hostile men. An army is a limited body; a host may be unlimited, It is reported of the German women, that whenevaand is therefore generally considered a very large their husbands went to battle they used to go into the body. thickest of the combat to carry them provisions or dress The word army applies only to that which has been formed by the rules of art for purposes of war; Girarde " Btaille, combat." l:40 EN'LISH SYNONYMES. their wvounds; and that sometimles they would take ing one's will and a sense of propriety, the voice of a part in the eng-ageament;' The Emperor of Morocco prudent friend may be heard and heeded;' Soon aftercrmlmanded his principal officers, that if he died during ward the death of the king furnished a general subject the engagement, they should conceal his death from for poetical contest.'-JoHNsoN. the army.'-ADDISON. The word combat is likewise sometimes taken in a moral application;'The relation of events becomes a moral lecture, when the TO CONFRONT, FACE. cozbat of h. onour is rewarded with virtue.'-IIAwE- Confront, from the Latin frons a forehead, implies to set face to face; andface, tiom the noun face, signifies to set theface towards any object. The former of these terms is always elnployed for two or more persons CONFLICT, COMBAT, CONTEST. with regard to each other; the latter for a single indiConflict, in Latin confiictus, participle of confligo vidual with regardto objects in general. compounded of con and fliro, in Greek ~Xiyo aEolic Witnesses are confronted; a person faces danger, or flor Afqso to flip or strike, signifies to strike against faces an enemy. when people give contrary evidence each other. This term is allied to combat and conflict it is sometimes necessary, in extra-judicial matters, to in the sense of striving for the superiority; but they confront them, in order to arrive at the truth; difter both in the manner and spirit of the action. Whereto serves mercy A conflict has more of violence in it than a combat, ut to confront the visage of offence? and a combat than a contest. SH A conflict and combat, in the proper sense, are always S attended with a personal attack; contest consists mostly The best test which a man can give of his courage, is of a striving for some common object. to evince his readiness for facing his enemy whenever A conflict is mostly sanguinary and desperate, it the occasion requires; arises fronl the undisciplined operations of the bad pas- The rev'rend charioteer directs the course, sions, animosity, and brutal rage; it seldom ends in And strains his aged arm to lash the horse: any thing but destruction: a combat is often a matter: Hector they face; unknowing how to fear, of art and a trial of skill; it may be obstinate and last- Fierce he drove on.-PoPE. ing, though-not arising from any personal resentment, and mostly terminates with the triumph of one party and the defeat of the other: a contest is interested and TO BEAT, STRIIE, HIT. personal; it miay often give rise to angry and even ma- Beat, in French battre, Latin battuo, comes from the lignant sentiments, but is not necessarily associated Hebrew habat to beat; Strike, in Saxon strican, Dawith any bad passion; it ends in the advancement of nish stricker, &c. from the Latin strictum, participle one to the injury of the other. of stringo to brush or sweep along, signifies literallyto The lion, the tiger, and other beastsof the forest, have pass one thing along the surface of another; hit, in dreadful conflicts whenever they meet; which seldom Latin ictas, participle of ico, comes from the Hebrew terminate but in the death of one if not both of the necat to strike. antagonists: it would be well if the use of the word To beat is to redouble blows; to strike is to give one were confined to the irrational part of the creation; but single blow; but the bare touching in consequence of there have been wars and party-broils amnong men, an effort constitutes hitting. We never beat but with which have occasioned conflicts the most horrible and design, nor hit without an aim, but we may strike by destructive that can be conceived; accident.' It is the part of the strong to beat; of the It is toy father's face, most vehement to strike; of the most sure sighted to. Whom in this cosflict, I unawares have kill'd. hit. SHAKSPEARE. Notwithstanding the declamations of philosophers as they are pleased to style themselves, the practice of That combats toave been mere trials of skill is evinced beating cannot altogether be discarded from the miliby the combats ill the ancient games of the Greeks and taryor scholastick discipline. The master who strikes Romans, as also in the justs and tournaments of later his pupil hastily is oftener impelled by the force of pasdate; but in all applications of the term, it implies a sion than of conviction. Hitting is the object and deset esngagement between two or more particular indi- light of the marksman; it is the utmost exertion of his -iduals; skill to hit the exact point at which he aims. In an exElsewhere he saw, where Troilus defied tended application of these terms, beating is, for the Achilles, an unequal combat tried. —DRYDEN. most part, an act of passion, either from anger or sorContests are as various as the pursuits and wishes of row; men: whatever is an object of desire for two parties Young Sylvia beats her breast, and cries aloud becomes the ground of a contest; ambition, interest, For succour from the clownish nleighbourhood, and party-zeal are always busy in furnishing:men with DRYDEN. objects for a contest; on the same ground, the attain- Striking is an act of decision, as to strike a blow; ment of victory in a battle, or of any subordinate point during an engagement, become the object of con- Send thy arrows forth test;' When the ships grappled together, and the con- Strike, strike these tyrants and avenge my tears. test became more steady and furious, the example of CtUMBERLAND. the King and so many gallant nobles, who accompa- Hitting Is an act of design, as to hit a markl;'No man nied him, aninmated to such a degree the seamen and is thought to become vicious by sacrificing the life of soldiers, that they maintained every where a superi- an animal tothe pleasureofhitting a mark. It is howority. —IIUME. evercertain that by this act more happiness is destroyed In a figurative sense these terms are applied to the than produced.'-HAwKESWORTH. movements of the mind, the elements or whatever Blow probably derives the meaning in which it is seems to oppose itself to another thing, in which sense here taken from the action of the wind, which it rethey preserve the same analogy: violent passions have sembles when it is violent; strbke, fromlt the word their conflicts; ordinary desires their combats; mo- strike, denotes the act of striking. tives their contests: it is the poet's part to describe the Blow is used abstractedly to denote the effect of vioconflicts between pride and passion, rage and despair, lence; stroke is employed relatively to the person proin the breast of the disappointed lover;'Happy is the ducing that effect A blow may be received by the man who in the conflict of desire between God and the carelessness of the receiver, or by a pure accident; world, can oppose not only argument to argument but' The advance of the human mind towards any object pleasure to pleasure.'-BLAIR. Reason will seldom of laudable pursuit may be compared to the progress come off victorious in its combat with ambition, ava- of a body driven by a bloo.'-JOHNSON. Strokes are'ice, a love of pleasure, or any predominant desire, dealt out according to the design of the giver;'Penemless aided by religion; I The noble combat that,'twixt trated to the heart with the recollection of his beltaoy and sorrow, was fought in Paulina! She had one viour, and the unmerited pardon he had met with, eye declined for the loss of her husband, another ele- Thrasyppus was proceeding to execute vengeance on vated that the oracle was fulfilled.' —StIAiSPeARE. himself, by rushing on his sword, when Pisistratus Where there is a contest between the desire of follow- again interposed, and seizing his hand, stopped the ENGLISH S:YNONYMES. 143 stroke.'-CuMBEitLAND. Children are always in the vative dis and the verb appoint, signifies literally to do way of getting blows in the course of their play; and away what has been appointed. of receiving strokes by way of chastisement. - Defeat and foil are both applied to matters of enterA blow may be given with the hand, or-with any flat prise; but that may be defeated which is only planned. substance; a stroke is rather a long drawn blow given and that is foiled which is in the act of being executed. with a long instrument, like a stick. Blows may be What is rejected is defeated: what is aimed at or puprgiven with the flat part of a sword, and strokes with a posed is frustrated: what is calculated on is dzsapstick. pointed. The best concerted schemes may sometimes Blow is seldom used but in the proper sense; stroke be easily defeated: where art is employed against sinisometimes figuratively, as a stroke of death, or a stroke plicity the latter mlay be easily foz'led: when we aim if fortune:'This declaration was a stroke which at what is above our'reach, we must be frustrated in Evander had neither skill to elude, nor force to resist.' our endeavours: when our expectations are extrava-HAWWKESWR'rTH. gant, it seelns to follow of course, that they will be disappointed. Design or accident may tend to defeat, design only to TO BEAT, DEFEAT, OVERPOWER, ROUT, foil, accident only to frustrate or disappoint. The suOVERTHROW. periour force of the enemy, or a combination of untoBeed is here figuratively employed in the sense of the ward events whichl are above the control of the com-'ormer section; defeat, from the French defaire, im- mander, will serve to defeat the best concerted plans of plies to undo; overpower, to have the power over any the best generals;' Tihe very purposes of wantonness one; rout, from the French mettre en deroute is to turn are defeated by a carriage wnich has so much boldness.' from one's route, and overthrow to throw over or ulp- -STEELE. Men of upright minds can seldom foil the side down. deep laid schemes of knaves;' The devil haunts those Beat respects personal contests between individuals mrost where lie hath greatest hopes of success; and's or parties; defeat, rout, overpower, and overthrow, are too eager and intent upon mischief to employ his time employed mostly for contests between numbers. A and tenptations where he hath been so often foiled.'general is beaten in important engagements: he is de- TILLOTSON. Whenwe see that the perversity of men feated and may be routed in partial attacks; he is over- is liable to frustrate the kind intentions of others in powered by numbers, and overthrown in set engage- their behalf, it is wiser to leave them to their folly; ments. The English pride themselves on beating their Let all the Tuscans, all th' Arcadians join enemies by land as well as by sea, whenever they come Nor these nor those shall fiustrate my design. to fair engagements, but the English are sometimes de- DRYDEN. feated when they make too desperate attempts, and sometimes they are itt danger of being overpowered. The cross accidents of human life are a fruitful source they have scarcely ever been routed or overthrown. of disappointments to those who suffer themse'ves tcr To beat is an indefinite term expressive of no parti- be affected by them; It seems rational to hope that cular degree: the being beaten may be attended with minds qualified for great attainments should first en greater or less damage. To be defeated is a specifick deavour their own benefit. But this expectation, how disadvantage, it is a failure in a particular object of ever plausible, has been very frequently disappointed. more or less importance. To be overpowered is a po JOi NSON. tive loss; it is a loss of the power of acting which may be of longer or shorter duration: to be routed is a temporary disadvantage; a rout alters the rour.te or course TO BAFFLE, DEFEAT, DISCONCERT, of proceeding, but does not disable: to be overthrown is CONFOUND. the greatest of all mischiefs, and is applicable only to Baffle, in French baffler, from bucfle an ox, signifies great armies and great concerns,: an overt/hrow cornm- to lead by the nose as an ox, that is, to amuse or disap money decides the contest; point; defeat, in French ddfait, participle of difaire, is Beat is a term which reflects more or less dishonour compountded of the privative de and faire to do, signion the general or the army or on both; f fying to undo; disconceert is compounded of the privaTurnus, I know you think me not your friend, tive dis and concert, signifying to throw out of concert Nor will I much with your belief contend; or hatrmony, to put into disorder; confound. in French I beg your greatness not to give the law coofondre, is compounded of conz and fondre to inelt or In other realms, but beaten to withdraw. together in general disoder. DRYDEN. When applied to the derangement of the mind or rational faculties, baffle and defeat respect the powers of Defeat is an indifferent term; the best generals may argument, disconcert and confoLnd the thoughts and sometimes be defeated by circumstances which are feelings: baffle expresses less than defeat; disconcert above human control;'Satan frequently confesses the less than cIzfoi`ld; a pelson is blafed in alrrument omnipotence of tle Supreme Being, that being the per- who is for the time discomposed and silenced by the sufection he wvas forced to allow biutlt, and the only con- periour address of his opponent: lie is defeated in ar-gusideration which could support his pride under the nt if his opponent has altogether the advantnge of shame of his defeat.'-ADDISON. Overpowering is iim in strerngth of reasoning and just2ess of sentiment: coupled with no particular honour to the winner, nor a person is disconcerted who loses his pr-ers;ce of r mind disgrace to the loser; superiour power is oftener the for a moment, or has his feelings any way disconsresult of good fortune than of srill. The bravest and posed; he is cosnfouided when the powers of thought finest troops may be overpowered in cases which exceed and consciousness become torpid or vanish. ruman poower;'The veterans whobdefended Bthewalls, A superiour command of language or a particular were soon overpsowered by numbers.'-RonERTSON. degree of effrontery will frequently enable one person A rout is always disgraceful, particularly to the army; t baffle another who is advocating the cause of truth; it always arises from want of firmness;' The rout (at W'When the mind has brought itself to close thinlking, ii the battle of Pavia) now became universal, and resist- mnay go oil roundly. Every abstruse problem, every ance ceased iln afmost every part but where the king intricate question will not baffle, discourage, or break was in person.' —-RonERTsoN. An overthrowo is fatal it.'-Loc.E. Ignorance of the subject, or a want of rather than distonourable; it excites pity rather than ability, may occasion a man to be defeated by his adcontempt; AMilion's subject is rebellion against the St- versary, even when he is supporting a good cause - preme Being; caised by the highest order of created' He that could withstand conscience is frighted at inoeings; the over.lrosw of their host is the punishment famy, and shame prevails when reason is defeated.' — of their crime.' —JotHsoN. JOHNSON. Assurance is requisite to prevent any one from being discosncerted who is suddenly detected in any disgraceful proceeding;' She looked in the glass while TO DEFEAT, FOIL, DISAPPCINT, she was speaking to me, and without any confusion FRUSTRATE. adjusted her tucker: she seemed rather pleased' than To defeat has the same meaning as given under the disconcerted at being regarded with earnestness.'article To beat; foil may probably come from fail, HAWKESWORTH. Hardenedeffirontery sonetimes keeps and tlhe Latin fsilo to deceive, signifying to make to the daring villain from being confosunded by any events, fail; frustrate, in Latin frustratus, from frustra in however awful;'I could not-help inquiring of the vain: signifies to make vain; disappoint, from the pri- clerks if they knew this lady, and was greatly 144 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. founded when they told me with an air of secrecy that external. We conquer and overcome what makes no she was my cousin's mistress.'-HAwrKEswo RTm. great resistance; we subdue and surmount what is vio When applied to the derangement of plans, baffle lent and strong in its opposition; dislikes. attachments, expresses less than defeat; defeat less than confound; and feelings in general, either for or against, are conand disconcert less than all. Obstinacy, perseverance, quered; unruly and tumultuous passions are to be skill, or art, baffles; force or violence defeats; awkward subdued; a man conquers himself; circumstances discoscert; the visitation of God co- Real glory founds. When wicked men strive to obtain their ends, Real glory it is a happy thing when their adversaries have suffi- Springs from the silent conqest of ourselves. cient skill and address to baffle all their arts, and sufficient power to defeat all their projects; He subdues his spirit or his passions;' Socrates and Marcus Aurelius are instances of men, who, by the Now shepherds! To yonr helpless charge be kind, strength of philosophy having subdued their passions, Baffle the raging year, and fill their pens are celebrated for good lusbands.'-SPECTATOR. With food at will. —THoMSaoN. One conquers by ordinary means and efforts; one'I e finds himself naturally to dread a superiour Being, subdues by extraordinary means. Antipathies whenr that can defeat all his designs and disappoint all his cherished in early life are not easily conquered in riper hopes.'-TILLOTSON. Sometimes when our best endea- years: nothing but a prevailing sense of religion, and a vours fail in our own behalf, the devices of men are perpetual fear of God, can ever subdue the rebellious confounded by the interposition of heaven; wills and propensities. So spake the Son of God; and Satanl stood It requires for the most part determination and force A while as mute, confoeunded what to say. to overcome; patience and perseverance to surmount. MILTON. Prejudices and prepossessions are overcome; obstacles and difficulties are surmounted;'Actuated by some It frequently happens even in the common transactions high passion, a man conceives great designs, and surof life that the best schemes are disconcerted by the tri- mounts all difficulties in the execution.'-BLAIR. Ittoo vial casualtiesof wind and weather;'The King (Wil- frequently happens that those who are eager to oveeliam) informed of these dangerous discontents hastened comr their prejudices, in order to dispose themselves for over to England; and by his presence, and the vigorous the reception of new opirions, fall into gleater errours measures which hre pursued, discoscerted all the than those they have abandoned. Nothing trully great schemes of the conspirators.'-HuME. The obstinacy has ever been effected where great difficulties have not of a disorder may beafe the skill of the physician; ttie been encountered: it is the characteristiclr of genius to imprudence of the patient may defeat the object of his sernorrt everylifficulty: Alexander conceived thathe prescriptions: tie unexpected arrival of a superiour could overcome nature herself, and Hannibal succeeded may disconcert the unauthorized plan of those who are in this very point: there were scarcely any obstacles subordinate: the miraculous destruction of his army whch she opposed to hinr that hie did not sr mount by confounded the project of the King of Assyria. prowess and perseverance. Whoever aims at Christian perfection must strive with God's assistance to conquer avarice, pride, and TO CONQUER, VANQGUISIH, SUBDUE, every inordinate propensity; to subdue wrath, anger, OVERCOME, SURMOUNT. lust, and every carnal appetite; to overcome temptaConquer, in French conquerir, Latin conquiro, com- tions, and to srurmount trials and impediments which Dounded of con and quevro, signifies to seek or try to obstruct his course. lain an object; vanquish, in French vaincre, Latin To conquer and overcome may sometimes be indifiinco, Greek (per metathesin) vrLKad, comes from the ferently applied to the same objects; but the former has always a reference to the thing gained, the latter Xigne to giveorput, -under rom to the resistance which is opposed, hence we talk of ubdo, siniis to give or put under; overcome, com- cnqrerig a prejudice as far as we bring it under the pounded of over and come, signifies/tfo come over or get power of tie understanding; we overcome it as far as the mastery over one: surmount, it French surmonlter, power of the understanding; ie overncome it as fir as rompounded of sur over and monter to mount, signifies we successfully oppose its influence: this illustration will serve to show the propriety of using these words to rise above any one. distinctly in other cases where they cannot be used in Persons or things are conquered or subdued: persons differently; only are vanquished. An enemy or a country is conquered; a foe is vanquished; people are subdrued. Equal success hath set these champions high,'We conquer an enemy or a country by whatever And both resolv'd to conquer or to die.-WALLR means rye gain the mastery over him or it. The idea The patient mind by yielding overcomes.-PHILIPS. of something gained is most predominant:' He (Ethelwolf) began his reign with making a partition of his To vanquish in the moral application hears the dominions, and delivering over to his eldest son Athe proper applicat-ion, signing stan, the new conquered provinces of Essex, Kent, and to overcome in a struggle or combat; thusaperson Sussex.?n-H,, m. We vaquish him, when by force may be said to be vanquished by any ruling passion uexmake-Hmyield;A Wewvaro nquishrred, which gets the better of his conscience;'There are had still the courage to turn upon their pursuers.'- two parts in our nature. The. inferiour part is gene had otill the courage mto brn w a theiv r npursuers. c-c rally much stronger, and has always the start of reaHUME. We subdue him by whatever means we check son srt of resitance Tie nes, srprisedson; which, if it were not aided by religion, would in him the spirit of resistance; I The Danes, surprised to see an army of English, whom they considered as totally subdued, and still more astonished to hear that Alfred was at their head, made but a faint resistance.'- TO OVERBEAR, BEAR DOWN, OVERPOWER, HUME. A Christian tries to conquer his enemies by OVERWHELM, SUBDUE. kindness and generosity; a warriour tries to vanqu2ish To overbear is to bear one's self over another, that them in the field; a prudent monarch tries to subdue is, to make another bear one's weight; his rebellious subjects by a due mixture of clemency Crowding on the la Crowding on the last the first impel; and rigour. Till overborne with weight the Cyprians fell. One may be vanquished in a single battle; one is Tll overborne DRYDth t the Cyprans fell. subdued only by the mostviolent and persevering measures. William the First conquered England by van- To bear dowrn is literally to bring down by bearinfa quishing his rival Harold; after which he completely upon;' The residue were so disordered as they could subdued the English. not conveniently fight or fly, and not only justled and Alexander having vanquished all the enemies that bore down one another, but in their confused tumbling opposed him, and subdued all the nations with whom back, brake a part of the avant-guard.'-HAYwARD. he warred, fancied that' he had conquered the whole To overpower is to get the power over an object; world, and is said to have wept at the idea that there' After the death of Crassus, Pompey found himself were no more worlds to conqurer. outwitted by Caesar; he broke with him, overpowered In an extended and moral application these terms are him in the senate, and Taused many unjust decrees to nearly allied to overcome and surmount. That is con- pass against him.'-DRYDrE N. To overwhelm, from quered and surbdured which is in the mind; that is over- whelm or wheel, signifies to turn one quite round as come and surmounted which is either internal or well asover. EN GLISH SYNONYMES. 145 What age is this, where honest men, A person may be so overpowtered, on seeing a dying Plac'd at the helm, friend, as to be unable to speak; he may be so overA sea of some fbul mouth or pen whelmed with grief, upon the death of a near and dear Shall overwhelm.-JoNsoN.' relative, as to be unable to attend to his ordinary avoTo slbd~ue (v. To cssquer) is literally to bring or put cations; the angry passions have been so completely underneath; subdued by the influence of religion on the heart, that instances have been known of the most irascible Nothing could have subdued nature tempers being converted into the most mild and forTo such a lowness, but his unkind daughters. bearing. SHAKSPEARE. A marl overbears by carrying himself higher than others, and putting to silence those who might claim TO SUBJECT, SUBJUGATE, SUBDUE. an equality with him; an overbearin0g demeanour is Subdue, v. To conquer. most.conspicuous in narrow circles where an inlivi- To subject, signifying to make subject, is here the dual, from certain casual advantages, affects a superi- generick term: to subjuzgate, from jugum a yoke, sigority over the members of the same community. To nifying to bring under a yoke: and subdue, signifying bear down is an act of greater violence: one bears as in the preceding article to bring under, are specifick' down opposition; it is properly the opposing force to terms. We may subject either individuals or nations; force, until one side yields: there may be occasions in but we subjugrate only nations. We subject ourselves which bearing down is fully justifiable and laudable. to reproof, to inconvenience, or to the influence of our Mr. Pitt was often compelled to bear down a factious passions party which threatened to overturn the government. Think not, young warrionrs, your diminish'd name Overpower, as the term implies, belongs to the exerci se of lustre, by subjnectins rage of power which may be either physical or moral: one To the cool dictates of experienced age. —DRYEN. may be overpowered by another, who in a struggle gets him into his power; or one may be overpowered in an Wher there is no awe, there will be no subjection. argument, when the argument of'one's antagonist is SOUTH. such as to bring one to silence. One is overborne or One nation subjugates anothler; subjugate and subdue borne down by the exertion of individuals; one is are both employed with regard tonations thatare cormoverpowuered by the active efforts of individuals, or by pelled to submit to the conqueror: but subjugate ex the force of circumstances; one if overwhelmed by presses even more than subdue, for it implies to bring circumstances or things only: one:t~ overborne by t't- into a state of p'ermnanent submission; whereas to other of superiour influence; one is nrsle dowlsn b'le subdue may be only a nominal and temporary subjecforce of his attack; one is overpouo ed by numbt.s, tion. Casar subjtugated the Gauls, for he made them by entreaties, by looks, and the li; one is over- subjects to the Roman empire; w/sel'wed by the torrent of words, or tl.. impetuosity of O fav'rite virgin, that tast warm'd the breast the attack. In the moral or extended application oveer- Whose sovreign dictates subjugate the east. bear and bear down both imply force or violence, but PRIOR. the latter even more than the former. One passion may be said to overbear another, or to overbear reason; *Alexander suzbdted the Indian nations, who revolted The duty of fear, like that of other passions, is not to after his departure; overbear reason, but to assist it.'-JOIINSON. What- Thy son (nor is th' appointed season far,) ever bears dlown carries all before it; In Italy shall wage successful war, Contention lice a horse Till, atfter every foe subdu'd, the sun Full of high feeding, mnadly hath broken loose, Thrice through the signs his annual race shall run. And bears down all before hiln.-SHAmcSPEARE. DRYDEN. Ovcrpower and overwhelm7, denote a partial sutperiority; subdue denotes that which is permanent and INVINCIBLE, UNCONQUERABLE, INSUPER positive: we may overpozwe or overwhelmn for a time, ABLE INSURMOUNTABLE. or to a certain degree; but to subdue is to get an entire and lasting superiority. Overpower and overwhelm Invincible signifies not to be vanquished (v. To colt are said of what passes between persons nearly on a quer): unconquerable, not to be conquered: insuper level; but subdue is said of those who are; or may be, able, not to be overcome: insurmountable, not to be reduced to a low state of inferiority: individuals or surmounted. Persons or things are in the strict sense armies are overposwered or overwhelmed; individuals invincible which cart withstand all force' but as in or natiorns are smzbdited: we may be overposered in this sense nothing created can be termned invincible, one engagement, and overposwer our opponent in an- the term is employed to express strongly whatever can other; we may be overwu;helmed by the suddenness and withstand human force in general: on this ground the impetuosity of the attack, yet we may recover our- Spaniards termed their Armada invincible;' The selves so as to renew the attack; but when we are Americans believed at first, that while cherished by sstbdmLed all power of resistance is gone, the parental beams of the sun, the Spaniards were To overpower, overwhlelm, and subdue, are applied invinczble.'-RoBERTSeN. The qualities of the mind either to the mloral feelings or to the external relations are termed uznconquerable when they are not to be of things; but the two former are the effects of exte.r- gained over or brought under the control of one's own nal circumstances; the latter follows from the exercise reasn, or the udgement of another: hence obstinacy of the reasoning powers: the tender feelings are over- is with propriety denominated unconquerable which powerefd, or the senses may be overpowered;'All will yield to no foreign influence;'The mind of an colours that are. more luminous (than green) over- ungrateful person is unconquerable by that which con power and dissipate the animal spirits which are em- quers all things else, even by love itself.'-SOUTH. The ployedin sight.'-ADDISON. The mind is overwhelmed particular disposition of the mind or turn of thinking with shamle, horrour, and other painful feelings;' How is termed insuperable, inasmuch as it baffles our reso trifling an apprehension is the shame of being laughed lution or wishes to have it altered: an aversion is in at by fools, when compared with that everlasting superable which no reasoning or endeavour on our shamrle and astonishmient which shall overwhelm the own part can overcome lmTo this literary word (metasinner when he shall appear before the tribunal of physicks) I have an itsnserable aversion.'-BEATTIE. Chlrist.' —ROGERS. Thigs are denominated insurmountable, inasmuch as they baffle one's skill or efforts to get over them, or put themn out of one's way: an obstacle is insurmountable To pieces, and overwhelm whatever stands which in the nature of things is irremoveable;'It is a Adverse. —MLToN. melancholy reflection, that while one is plagued with The unruly passions are subdued by the force of reli- acquaintance at the corner of every street, real friends gious contemplation, or the fortitude is subdued by should be separated from each other by insurmountable pain; bars.'-GIBBON. Some people have an instmperable For what avails antipathy to certain animals; some persons are of so Valour or strength, though matchless, quell'd with modest and timid a character, that the necessity of pain, addressing strangers is with them an insuperable ob Which all subdues?-MILTON. jection to using any endeavours for their own advance 10 146 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. ment; the difficulties which Columbus had to encoun- of ex and pono, signifies set out, set within the view ot Ler in his discovery of the New World, would have reach; obnoxious, in Latin obnoxius, compounded of appeared insursmountable to any mind less determined ob and Lsoxia mischief; signifies in the way of mischief. and persevering. All these terns are applied to those circumstances in human life by which we are affected independently of our own choice. Direct necessity is included in the SUBJECT, SUBORDINATE, INFERIOUI, term subject; whatever we are obliged to suffer, that SUBSERVIENT. we are subject to; we may apply remedies to remove Subject, in Latin subjectus, participle of subjicio or the evil, but often in vain; Tl'he devout man aspires slsb and?acio to throw under, signifies thrown and after some principles of more perfect felicity, which cast under; suzbordienate, compounded of sub and order, shall not be subject to change or decay.'-BLAnI. Lisignifies to be in an order thatis under others; inferiour, able conveys more the idea of casualties; we may in Latin inferior, comparative of inferus low, which suffer that which we are liable to, but we may also probably colies from insfero to cast into, because we escape the evil if we are careful;'The sinner. is not are cast into places that are low; subservien7t, co- only liable to that disappointment of success which so pounded of sub and servio, signifies serving under often frustrates all the designs of men, but liable to a omtnething else. disappointment still more cruel, of being successful and These terrms may either express the relation of per- miserable at once.' —BLAIR. Exposed conveys the sons to persons, or of things to persons and things. idea of a passive state into which we may be brought, Subject in the first case respects the exercise of power; either through our own means or through the instrusubordinate is said of the station and office; isnferiour, mentality of others; we are exposed to that which we either.of a man's outward circumstances or of his are not in a condition to keep off from ourselves; it is merits and qualifications; subse rvient, of one's relative frequently not in our power to guard againstthe evil; services to another, but Itmostly in a bad sense. Ac- On the bare earth exposd he lies, cording to the law of nature, a child should be subject not a friend to close his eyes.-DnynEN. to his parents; according to the law of God and tman he must be susbject to his prince;'Esau was trever Obnoxious conveys the idea of a state into which subject to Jacob, but feounded a distillet people, and we tarve altogether brought ourselves; we may avoid government, and was himself prince over theri.'- bringing ourselves into the state, but we cannot avoid LocaKE. The good order of society cannot be rightly the consequences which will ensue from being thus maintained unless therse be some to act it a subordinate involved; capacity;'Whether dark presages of the night pro- And much he blames the softness of his mind, ceed fromr any latent power of the soul, during her ab- Obnoxious to the charms of womankind.-DRYDEN;. straction, or from any operationl of subordinate spirits, We are sbject to disease, or subject to death; this is has bees a deispute.'-AootIsoN. Men of is7fetrisssr the irrevocablelaw of our nature: tender people are talent have a part to act which, iNt the aggregate, is of liale to catch col; all ersons are liable to make iro less portace than than eat which is sustainged by mistakes: a person is exposed to insults who provokes men of the hlighest endorvwments;'A great person gets the anger of a Iow-bred man: a minister sometimes more hbyobligillg his inferisser than by disdaisrillrg his.' renders himself obnoxious to the people, that is, puts -SOUTH. Men of no principle or character will be himself in the way of their animosity. most stbsecriest to tihe base purlposes of those who To subject and expose, as verbs, are taken in the pay thefrl besth;'Wicked spiits stllay, Iry their cunsrirg, same sense: a person subjects himself to impertinent carry lrrtllher in a seeming corfeertcy orrr ssb~serviency freedoms by descending to indecent familiarities with to the designs of a good angel.'-DrcnYDEN. It is the his inferiours:'If the vessels yield, it subjects the part of the prince to protect the subject, and of the person to all the inconvenfences of an erroneous circusubject to love and honour the prince; it is the part of lation.-ARBUTHNOT. He exposes himself to the dethe exalted to treat the sitbordinate with indulgence; rision of his equals by atn affectation of superiority; and of tile latter to show respect to those under whom they are placed; it is the part of the sulperiour to itnstruct, Who here assist, and encourage the innferior r; it is the part of tire' Will envy whom the highest place exposes latter to be willing to learn, ready to obey, and promrpt Foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim. to execute. It is not necessary for any one to act the MILTON degrading part of being subservient to another. In thie second instance subject preserves the same sense as before, particularly when it expresses tile rela- OBNOXIOUS, OFFENSIVE. tion of things to personst; subordinate designrates tile Obnoxious, from the intensive syllable ob and noxdegree of relative importance between things: infe- ious, signifies exceedingly noxious and causing offence, riour designates every circumstance which can render or else liable to offence from others by reason of its things comparatively higher or lower; sabservient snoxiousness;.offensive signifies simply liable to give designates thie relative utility of things under certain offence. Obnoxious is, therefore, a much more corncircumstances, but seldom in the bad sense. All crea- prehensive term than offensive; for an obnoxious man tures are subject to mnan;'Contemrnplate the world as both suffers fromn others and causes sufferings to others: subject to the Divine dominion.'-BLAIR. Matters of an obtsoxiouss man is one whom others seek to exclude;.subordinate consideration ought to be entirely set out an offensive man may possibly be endured; gross of the question, when any grand object is to be oh- vices, or particularly odious qualities, make a man obtain.ed;' The idea of pain in its highest degree is much noxious;'I must have leave to be grateful to any one.stronger than the highest degree of pleasure, and pre- who serves me, let him be ever so obnoxioues to any,serves the same superiority through all the srubordinate party.'-PoPE. Rude manners and perverse tempers gradations.'-BuRKse. Things of inferiour value must mnake men offetsive;'The understanding is often necessarily sell for an inferiour price; I can myself drawn by the will and the affections from fixing its remember the tinie when in respect of nlusick our reign- contenmplation on an offensive truth.'-SOUTH. A man ing taste was in many degrees inferiousr to the French.' is obnoxious to many, and offensive to individuals: a -SHAFTESBURY. There is nothing so insignificant man of loose Jacobinical principles will be obnoxious but it may be made ssubservientt to some purpose; to a society of loyalists; a child may make himself'Though a writer may be wrong himself, he may offensive to his friends. chance to make his errours subservient to the cause of truth.'-BURKE. The word srubject when expressing:the relation of things to things has thle meaning of TO HUMBLE, HUMILIATE, DEGRADE. liable, as in the following article. Humble and humiliate signify to make humble or bring low; degrade has the same signification as given umnder -dbase. SUBJECT, LIABLE, EXPOSED, OBNOXIOUS. Humble is commonly used as the act either of perSubject is here considered as expressing the relation sons or things; a person may humble himself or he of things to things, in distilnction from its signification may be humbled: humntiliate is employed tj characterize ins the preceding article; liable, compounded of lie and things; a thing is huLmiliating or an humiliation. No able, signifies ready to lie near or lie under; exposed, man humbles himself by the acknowledgement of e.in Latin expositus, participle of expono, compounded fault; ENGLISH SYNON YMES. 147 Deep horrour seizes ev'ry human breast, These terms designate a temper of mind, the reverse Their pride is humbled, and their fear confess'd. of self-conceit or pride. The humble is so with regard to DRYDEN. ourselves or others: modesty is that which respects ourft is a great humiliation for a person to be dependent selves only: submissiveness thatwhicl respects others. r)n another for a living when he has it in his power to A man is humble from a sense of his comparative infeobtain it for himself;'A long habit of humiliatisn riority to others in point of station and outward cirdoes not seem a very good preparative to manly and crnlstances; or he is humble from a sense of his inmvigorous sentiments.'-BURKE. To houmble is to -bring perfections, and a consciousness of not being what he down to the ground; it supposes a certain eminence, oulght to be; In God's holy house, I prostrate myself either created by the mind, or really existing in the il the humblest and decestest way of genuflection I outward circumstances: to degrade is to let down can imagine.'-HowE. A man is modest in as much lower; it supposes steps for ascending or descending. as he sets but little value on his qualifications acquireHe who is most elevated in his own esteem may be ments, and endowments; most hlumbled; misfortunes may humble the proudest Of boasting more than of a tomb afraid conqueror; A soldier should be modest as a maid.-YOUNG. The mistress of the world, the seat of empire, The nurse of heroes, the delight of gods, Humility is a painfuil sentiment; for when it respect That Ahumbled the proud tyrants of the earth. others it is coupled with fear, when it respects our own ADDISON. unworthiness it is coupled with sorrow: modesty is a peaceful sentiment; it serves to keep the whole mind He who is most elevated in the esteem of others, may in due bounds. be the most deraded; envy is ever on the alert to When humility and modesty show themselves in the degrade;' Who but a tyrant (a name expressive of outward conduct, the former bows itself down, the latter every thing which can vitiate and degrade human shrinks: an hsuuble man gives freely to others from nature,) could think of seizing on the property of men a sense of their desert: a modest man demands nothing unaccused and unheald?'-BURKaE. A lessorn in the for himself, from an unconsciousness of desert In school of adversity ishumbling to one who has known hlinself' Sedition itself is modest in the dawn, and nothing but prosperity: terlnrs of peace are ahImili- only toleration may be petitioned, where nothing less ating: low vices are peculiarly degraditn to a man than empire is designed.' —So TH. of rank. Between humble and submissive there is this prorninent feature of distinction, that the former marks a temper of mind, the latter a mode of action: the former HUMBLE, L.OWLY, LGOW~. is therefore often the cause of the latter, but not so Humble (v. Humble, modest) is here compared with always: we may be submissive because we are humble: the other terms as it respects both persons and things. but wve may likewise be ssubmissive from fear, from A person is said to be humble on account of the state of interested motives, from necessity, from duty, and the his mind; he is said to be lotely and low either on ac- like: count of his mind or his outward circumstances. An Arnd potent Rajahs, who themselves preside humble person is so in his principles and in his conduct; O'errealmsof wideextent! Butheresubmissire a lowly person is so in the tone of his feelings, or in Their homage pay; alternate kings and slaves i his station and walk of life; a low person is so either SOMERVILLE. in his sentiments, in his actions, or in his rank and condition. And on the other hand, we may be humble without Humility should form a part of the character, as it being submissive, when we are not brought into conis opposed to arrogance and assumption; it is most nexion with others. A man is humble in his closet consistent with the fallibility of our nature; when he takes a review of his sinfulness': he is sub Sleep is a god too proud to wait in palaces, missive to a master whose displeasure he dreads. And yet so humble too as not to scorn As humility may displav itself in the outward con The meaolest country cottages.-CowLEY. duct, it approaches still nearer to submissive in application: hence we say an humble air, and a submissive Lowliness should form a part of our temper, as it is air; the former to denote a man's sense of his own opposed to an aspiring and lofty mind; it is most con- comparative littleness, the latter to indicate his readi sistent with the temper of our Saviour, who was meek coess to submit to the villof another: a man therefore and lowly of mind; carries his huomble air about with him to all his snpeWThere purple violets lurk, riours, nay, indeed, to the world at large; but he puts on;Vith all the lowly children of the shade. his submissive air only to the individual who has the TIIOotSON. power of controlling him. Upon the same principle, if The hsumble and 10owly are always takeen in a good t huotlbly ask a person's pardon, or humbly solicit any sense; but the low either in a bad or an indifferent favour,I mean to expressasense of my own unworthisense. A lowly man, whether as it respects his mind ness, compared with the individual addressed: but or his condition, is so without any moral debasement; when a coonsellor submissively or with slobnoission but a man who is low in his condition is likewise con- addresses a judge on the bench, it implies his willingceived to be low in his habits and his sentiments, ess to submiit to the decision of the bench: or if a which is being near akin to the vicious. T're same person submissively yields to the wishes of another, it distinction is preserved in applying these terms to in- is done with an air that bespeaks his readiness to con animate or spiritual objects. An humbleroof, ana humble; office, an humble station, are associated with the highest She should be humble, who would please; moral worth; And she must suffer, who can love.-PeRoR. The example of the heavenly lark, Thy fellow poet, Cowley, imark! Above the skies let thy proud musick sound, LOW, MEAN, ABJECT. Thy humble nest build upon the ground. COWLEY. Low (v. Humble) is a much stronger termn thaLl mean; for what is low stands more directly opposed to A low office, a low situatior, a low birth, seem to ex- what is high, but what is mean is intermediate: mean, udTo be idea worst, o thin German gemeins, &c. comes from the Latin commnunis common. The low is applied only to a certain The lsowest, rolst dejected thing of fortmsne number or description; but nmean, like common, is apaStands still in esperance.-SHAocSPEARE. plicable to the great bulk of mankind. A man of low extraction falls below the ordinarylevel; he is opposed HUMBLE, MODEST, SUBMISSIVE. to a nobleman; Humble, in Latin humilis low, comes from hue.mus the Had I been born a servant, my low life ground, which is the lowest position; modest, in Latin Had steady stood from all these miseries. modestus, from modlos a measure, signifies keeping a RANDOLPH. measure; submissive, in Latin submissous, participle A man of mean birth does not rise above thie ordinary of su.fbmitto, signifies put under. level; he is upon a level with the majority; o.3' 148 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. For t is the mind that makes the body rich; to the elevated; vile, in French vil, Latin vilis, Greek And as the sun breaks through the darkest clouds, aDi\osg, worthless, of no account, is literally opposed to So honour'peareth in the meanest habit. the worthy; mean and mziddle, from the Latin medios, SnHKSPErARE. signify moderate, not elevated, of little value. When employed to designate character, they preserve B a is a stronger term than ile, anti vle than the same distinction; the low is that which is posi- Base marks a high deree of moral turpitude; tively suni in itself-; 7vile and mean denote in different degrees the want of all value or esteem. What is base excites our abhor Yet sometimes nations will decline so low rence, what is vile provokes disgust, what is mean From virtue. —MLTON. awakens contempt. Base is opposed to magnanimous' But the mean is that which is comparatively low in vile to noble; mean to generous. Ingratitude is base, regard to the outward-circumstances. and relative con- it does violence to the best affections of our nature dition of the individual. Swearing and drunkenness flattery is vile; it violates truth in thegrossest manner are low vices; boxing, cudgelling, and wrestling, are for the lowest purposes of gain; compliantces are mean low games; a misplaced economy in people of property which are derogatory to the rank or dignity of the indiis mean; a condescension to those who are beneath us, vidual. for our own petty advantages, is meanness;' We fast The base character violates the strongest moral oblinot to please men, nor to promote any mean, worldly gations; the vile character blends low and despicable interest.'-SMtALRIDGE. A man is commonly low by arts with his vices; the mean character acts inconbirth, education, or habits; but meanness is a defect of sistently with his honour or respectability. Depravity nature which sinks a person in spite of every external of mind dictates base conduct; lovwness of sentiment advantage. or disposition leads to vileness; a selfish temper enThe low and mean are qualities whether of the con- genders meanness. The schoolmaster of Falerii was dition or the character: but abject is a peculiar state guilty of the basest treachery in surrendering his helpinto which a man is thrown; a man is in the course of less charge to the enemy; the Roman general, therethings low; he is voluntarily mean and itnvoluntarily fore, with true nobleness of mind treated him as a vile abject; the word abject, fri'on the Latin abjicio to cast malefactor: sycophants are in the habits of practising down, signifying literally brought very low. Lowness every mean artifice to obtain favour. discovers itself in one's actions and sentiments; the The more elevated a person's rank, the greater is his mean and abject in one's spirit; the latter being much baseness who abuses his influence to the injury of more powerful and oppressive than the former: the those who repose confidence in him; mean man stoops in order to get: the abject man crawls Scorns the base earth and crowd below, in order to submit: the lowest man will sometimes have And with a soaring wing still mounts on high. a consciousness of what is due to himself; he will even CREECH. rise above his condition; the mean man sacrifices his dignity to his convenience; he is always below himself; The lower the rank of the individual, and the more the abject snan altogether forgets that he has any dignity; atrocious his conduct, the viler is his character; he is kept down by the pressure of adverse circum- That all the petty kings him envy'd, stances. The condition of a servant is low; his man- And worsllipp'd be like him and deify'd, ners, his words, and his habits, will be low; but by Of courtly sycophants and caitiffs vile. good conduct he may elevate himself in his sphere of GILBERT WES life: a nobleman is in station the reverse of low: but if he will stoop to the artifices practised by the vulgar The more respectable the station of the person, and the in order to carry a point, we denominate it mean, if it more extended his wealth, the greater is his meanness be but trifling; otherwise it deserves a stronger epithet. Kwen he descends to practices fitted only for his infe The slave is, itn every sense of the word abject; as he riours;' There is hardly a spirit upon earth so mean and is bereft of that quality which sets man above the contracted as to centre all regards on its own interest brute, so, in his actions, he evinces nto highller impulse exclusive of the rest of mankind.'-BERKELEY. than what guides brutes: whether a man be a slave to another's will or to any passion, such as fear or superstition, he is equally said to be abject;' There needs no MODEST BASHFUL DIFFJI)ENT nrore be said to extol the excellence and power of his (Valler's) wit, than that it was of magnitude enoughi Jliodest, in Latin modestus, fiom modus a measure, to cover a world of very great faults, that is, a sarrow- signifies setting a measure, and in this case setting a ness in his nature to the -lowoest degree, an abjectuess measure to one's estimate of one's self; bashful sigriand want of courage, an insinuating and servile flatter- fies realy to be abashed; diffldest, from the Latin disfing,' &c.-CLARENDON. fido or dis privative, andfido to trust, signifies literally not trusting, and in this case not trusting to one's self. MJlodesty is a habitor principle of the mind; bashfnlTO REDUCE, LOWER. ness is a state of feeling: modesty is at all times beReduce is to bring down, and lower to make low or comning; bashflsness is only becoming in females, or lowoer, which proves the close connexion of these words young persons, in the presence of their superiours: its their original uteanilng; it is, however, ortly in their modesty discovers itself in the absence of every thing improper application that they have any furtller con- assung, whether in look, rord, or action; nexion. Reduce is used in the sense of lessen, when Her face, as in a nympll display'd applied to number, quantity, price, &c.: lower is used A fair fierce boy, or in a boy betray'd in the same sense when applied to price, demands, The blushing beauties of a modest maid. terms, &c.: the former, however, occllrs in cases D where circumstances as well as persons are cotlcerned;RYDEN the latter only in cases where persons act. the price of Bashfulsness betrays itself by a downcast look, and a corn is reduced by means of importation; a person tilsd air: a modest deportment is always conmmnendalowers his price or his demand, when lie fintds them too ble; a bashfull temper is not desirable;' Mere bashful. high. As a moral quality, the fornmer is Inuclh stronger less, withoutmerlit, is awkwardness.'-ADDISON. JlIothan the latter: a mnan is said to be reduced to an abject desty does not necessarily discover itself by any extercondition; butto he lowered in the estimation of others, nal mark; but bashfulness always shows itself in tle to be reduced to a state of slavery, to be lowered in his manner;'A nman truly modest is as imuch so when lie own eyes;'The regular metres then in use Inay be is alone as in company.'-BuDGELL.. reduced, I think, to four.'-TYRWHITT.' It would be a JModesty is a proper distrust of ourselves; disfidence matter of astonishment to rme, that any critic should be is a culpable distrust. JMfodesty, though opposed to asfound proof against the beauties of Agamemnon so as surance, is not incompatible with a confidence in ourto lower its author to a comparison with Sophocles or selves; diffdence altogether unmans a person, and disEuripides.'-CurBERLAND. qualifies him for his duty: a person is generally modest in the display of his talents to others; but a diufdent BASE, VILE, MEAN. man cannot turn his talents to their proper use:' DritBASE, VILE, MIEAN. dence and presumption both arise from the want of Base, in French bas low, from the Latin basis the knowing, or rather endeavouring to know, ourselves foundation or lowest part, is the most directly opposed — STEELE. ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 149 PASSIVE, SUBMISSIVE. considered as a weakness, if not a vice; it is the en Passive, in Latin passivus from patior, and the during that from others which we ought not to endurt Greek rdxtw to suffer, signifying disposed to stiffer, is mostly taken in the bad sense of suffering indignity TO SUFFER, BEAR, ENDURE, SUPPORT. from another; submissive (v. Hiutmble) is mostly taken in a good sense for submitting to another, or suffering Suffer, in Latin suffero, compounded of sub and one's self to be directed by another; to be passive fero, signifies bearing up or film underneath; bear in therefore is to be subimissive to an improper degree. Saxon baran, old German beran, Lati pip;, and He When men attemirpt unjustly to enforce obedience brew MN " to create; endure, in Latin induro, signifies firom a mere love of rule, it betrays a want of proper to harden or be hardened; support, from the Latin sub spirit to be passive, or to submit quietly to the imposi- and porto, signifies to carry tip or to carry from undertion;' I know that we are supposed (by the French neath ourselves, or to receive the weight. revolutionists) a dull, sluggish race, iendered passive To suffer is a passive and involunItary act; it deby finding our situation tolerable.'-BURKE. When notes simply the being a receiver of evil; it is therefore men lawfully enforce obedience, it is none but the un- the condition of our being: to bear is positive and voruly and self-willed who will not be submissive; luntary; it denotes the manner in which wereceive the He in delight evil.' Man,' says thePsalnist,' is born to s2ffering as Both of her beauty and submissive charms, the sparks fly upwards;' hence the necessity for us to Smil'd with superiour love.-MtLTors.: - learn to bear all the numerous and diversified evils to which we are obnoxious;' Let a man be brought into.:. ~ some such severe and trying situation as fixes the attenition of the publihck on his behaviour. The first quesPATIENCE, RESIGNATION, ENDURANCE.: tion which we put concerning him is not, vhat does he Patience applies to any troubles or pains whateveir, szffer? but how does he bear it? If we judge him to small or great; resignation is employed only for those be composed and firm, resigned to providence, and of great moment, in which our dearest interests are supported by conscious integrity, his character rises, concerned: patience when compared with resignation and his miseries lessen in our view.'-BLAIR. is somewhat negative; it consists in the abstaining To bear is a single act of the resolution, and relates, from all complaint or indication of what one suffers: only to common ills; we bear disappointments and but resignation consists in a positive sentiment of con- crosses: to enduare is a continued and powerful act of formity to the existing circumstances, be they what the mind; we endure severe and lasting pains both of they imay. There are perpetual occurrences which are body and mind; we endure hunger and cold; we enapt to harass the temper, unless one regards them with dure provocations and aggravations; it is a making of patience;' Though the duty of patience and subjection, ourselves, by our own act, insensible to external evils; where men suffer wrongfully, might possibly be of some' lHow miserable his state who is condemned to endure force in those times of darkness; yet modern Chris- at once the pangs of guilt and the vexations of calamity.' tianity teaches that then only men are bound to suffer — BLAIR. The first object of education should be to when they are not able to resist.' —SouTn. The nlis- accustom children to bear contradictions and crosses, fortunes of some inen are of so calamitous a nature, that they may afterward be enabled to endure every that if they have not acquired the resignation of Chris- trial and misery. tians, they must inevitably sink under them;' My imo- To bear and endure signify to receive becomingly ther is in that dispirited state of resignation wllicl is the weight of what befalls ourselves: to support signithe effect of a long life, and the loss of what is del- to fies to bear either our own or another's evils; for we US.'-POPE. may either support ourselves, or be supported by Patience applies o)nly to the evils that actually hang others: but in this latter case we bear front the capaover us; but there is a resignation connected wvith a city which is within ourselves: but we support ourfirm trust in Providence which extends its views to fil- selves by foreign aid, that is, by the consolations of turity, and prepares us for the worst that may happen. religion, the participation and condolence of firiends, As patience lies in the manner and temper of suffer- and the like. As the body may be early and gradually ing, and endurance in the act: we may have endurance trained to bear cold, hunger, and pain, until it is enabled and not patience: for we may have much to endure to endure even excruciating agonies: so may the mind and consequently endurance: but if lwe do not enduref be brought, from bearing the roughnesses of others' it with ani easy mind and without the disturbance of temperswithequanimity, or the unpleasantnesses which our looks and words, we have not patience: on the daily occur with patience, to endure the utmost scorn other hand we may have patience but not endudrance: and provocation which human malice can invent: but for our patience may be exercised by momentary tri- whatever a person may bear or endure of pelsonal infles, which are not sufficiently great or lasting to consti- convenience, there are sif ersings arising from the tute eudurance; wounded affections of the heart which by no efforts of There was never yet philosopher our own we shall be enabled to support: in such moThat could endure the tooth-ache patieittly. ments we feel the unspeakable value of religion, which SHAKtSPEARE. puts US in possession of the means of supporting every sublunary pain; With inward consolations recompens'd.PATIENT, PASSIVE. And oft supported.-MiLTON. Patient comes from ptihus, the active participle of The words suffer and endure are said only of persons patior tosuffer; passive comes fiol the passive parti- and personal matters; to bear and support are said ciple of the same verb; hence the difference between also of things, signifying to receive a weight: in this the words: patient signifies sufferitng from an active case they difi;sr principally in the degree of weight reprintciple, a determination to sulffer; passive signifies ceived. To bear is said of any weight, large or small, suffered or acted upon for want of power to prevent. and either of the whole or any part of the weight; supThe foinmer, therefore, is always taken in an indif- port is said of a great weight and the whole weight. ferent or good sense; the latter in an indifferenlt or bad The beams or the foundation bear the weight of a sense. When physically applied patient denotes the house; but the pillars upon which it is raised, or against act of receiving impressions frolli external agenlts; which it leans, support the weight. Wheat, which is the best sort of orailn, of which the lrest bread is made, is patient of heat arid cold.' — A. Passive implies the state of being acted upon by OBEDIENT, SUBMISSIVE, OBSEQUIOiS. external agents; Obedient signifies ready to obey, and submissive the igth above the grorund disposition to submit; obsequious, in Latin obsequius, heir march was, and theass air up e from obsequor, or the intensive ob and sequor to folTheir nimble tread.-MILTo N. 1 low, signifies following diligently, or with intensity of Their nimble tread.-MILTON. mind. In the moral application the distinction is the same; but One is obedient to the command, submissive to thle patience is always a virtue, as it signifies the suffering power or the will, obsequious to the person. Obediquietly that which cannot be remedied; as there are ence is always taken in agood sense: one ought always many such evils incident to our condition, it has been to be obedient where obedient e is due: submission is made one of the first Christian duties: passiveness is relatively good; it may, howevpr, be indifferent or bad, 150 ENGLISH SYNONYMES. one may be submissive from interested motives, or I respectful to others besides our parents, although to meanness of spirit, which is a base kind of submission; them obedience and respect are inl the highest degree and but to be submissive for conscience sake is the bounden in the first case due; yet servants are enjoined to be duty of a Christian: obsequiousness is never good; it obedient to thleir masters, wives to their husbands, and is an excessive concern about the will of another, subjects to their king; LThe obedience of children to which has always interest for its end. their parents is the basis of all government, and set forth Obedience is a course of conduct conformable either as the measure of that obedience which we owe to those to some specifick rule, or the express will of another; whom Providence has placed over us.' —AoDDso N. submission is often a personal act, immediately directed Respectful is a term of still greater latitude than to the individual. We show our obedience to the law either, for as the characters of men as much as their by avoiding the breach of it; we show our obedience to stations dentand respect, there is a respectful deportthe will of God, or of our parent, by making that will menrt duetowardseverysuperioulr;'Let yourbehavioui the rule of our life;' The obedience of men is to imi- towards your superiours in dignity, age, learning, or any tate the obedience of angels, and rational beings on distinguished excellence, be full of respect and defeearth are to live unto God as rational beings in heaven rence.'-CHATtIAM. live unto him.'-LAW. On the other hand we show submission to the person of the magistrate; we adopt a submissive deportment by a downcast look and a DUTY, OBLIGATION. bent body; Duty, as we see in the preceding section, consists Her at his feet, submissive in distress, altogether of what is right or due from one being to anHe thus with peaceful words uprais'd. —MLTON. other; obligation, from the Latin obligo to bind, signifies the bond or necessity which lies in the thing. Obedience is founded upon principle, and cannot be A11 Ilzlty depends upon moral oZ/itation;which snbObediened l5 All ditty depends upon moral obhigations which subfeigned; sists between man and man, or between man and his In vain thou bidst me to forbear, Maker; in this abstract sense, therefore, there can be Obedience were rebellion here.-CowLEY. no duty without a previous obligation, and where there is a partiat to another, which is an obligation it involves a duty; but in the vulgar Siy assson is a partial bending tobehavio acceptation, duty is applicable to the conduct of men in easily affected in our outward behaviour; their various relations; obligation only to particular In all slubmission and humility, circumstances or modes of action: we have dutties to York doth present himself unto your highness. perform as parents and children, as husbands and SHAKSPEARE. wives, as rulers and subjects, as neighbours and citirhe understanding and the heart produce the oie- zens; dience; but force, or the necessity of circumstances, The ways of Heav'n, judg'd by a private breast, give rise to the submission. Is often what's our private interest, Obedience and submission suppose a restraint on one's And therefore those who would that will obey own will, in order to bring it into accordance with that Without their interest must their dutc, weigh. of another; but obsequiousness is the consulting the DRVDEN. swill or pleasure of another: we are obediet from a The debtor is under an obligation to discharge debt; sense of right; and he who has promised is under an obligation to What gen'rous Greek, obedient to thy word, fulfil his promise: a conscientious man, therefore, Shall form an ambush, or shall lift the sword. never loses sight of the obligations which he has at difPoPE. ferent times to discharge;'No man can be under an We are ssubmissive from a sense of necessity;' The obligation to believe any thing, who hath not sufficient natives (of Britain) disarmed, dispirited, and submis- means wherehyhe may be assured that such a thing is size, had lost all desire, and even idea, of their former true.'-TILLOTSON. liberty.'-HumE. We are obsequsiosus from adesire of The ditty is not so peremptory as the obligations; the gaining favour;' Adore not so the rising son, that you obligrations is not so lasting as the duty. our affections forget the father, who raised you to this height; nor be impel us to the discharge of duty; interest or necessity you so obsequious to'the father, that you give just cause impels us to the discharge of an obligation: it may to the son to suspecttthat you neglect him.'-BAcoN. A therefore osmetimes happen that the man whom a sense love of God is followed by obedience to his will; they of duty cannot actuate to do that which is right, will are coincident sentiments that reciprocally act on each not be able to withstand the obligation under which he other, so as to serve the cause of virtue: a submissive has laid himself. conduct is at the worst an involuntary sacrifice of our independence to our fears or necessities. the evil of which is confined principally to the individual wvlo TO COMPLY, CONFORM, YIELD, SUBMIT makes the sacrifice; but obsequiousntess is a voluntary The original meaning of comply and yield will he sacrifice of all that is noble in man to base gain, the explained underthe head of conform, comevil of which extends far and wide: the subtmissive pounded of conl and form: signifies to put into the same man, however mean he may be iin himself, does not form; submit, in Latin submitto, compounded of sub contribute to the vices of others: but the obsequtiouls and mitto, signifies to put under, that is to say, to put man has no scope for his paltry talent, but among the one's self under another person. weak and wicked, whose weaknlmess he profits by, and Compliance and conformity are voluntary; yielding whose wickedness he encourages. and submission are involuntary. Compliance is an act of the inclination: cfnformiy an act of the judgement: compliance is altogether optional; we comply with a thing or not at pleasure: 7)utiful signifies full of a sense of duty, or full of conformity is binding on the conscience; it relates to what belongs to duty; obedzent, ready to obey; re- matters in which there is a right and a Wrong. Comspectful, full of respect pliance with the fashions and'customs of those we live The obedienlt and respectful are but modes of the with is a tnatural propensity of the human mind that dutiful: we may be dutiful without being either obe- may be mostly indulged without impropriety;' I would dient or respectful; but we are so far duztiful as we are I not be thought in any part of this relation to reflect upon either obedient or respectful. I)2ty denotes what is Signor Nicolini, who in acting this part only complies due fi'om one being to another; it is independent of all with the wretched taste of his audience.'-ADDIso N. circumstances: obedience and respect are relative ditties Conformity in religious matters, though not to be en: depending upon the character and station of indivi- forced by human authority, is not on that account less duals: as we owe to no one on earth so much as to our binding on the consciences of every member in the parents, we are said to be dutiful to no earthly being community; the neglect of this duty on trivial grounds besides; and in order to deserve the name of dutiful, a involves in it the violation of more than one branch of child during the period of his childhood, ought to m ake the moral law;;' Being of a lay profession, I humbly a parent's will to be his aw, and at no future period confor-m to the constitutions of the church and my ought that will ever to be an object of indifferenlce; spiritual superioulrs, anrid I hold this obedience to be anu I For one cruel parent we meet with a thousand undu- acceptable sacrifice to God.'-HowEL. Comsupliances tiful children.'-A.DDIso N. We may be obedient atr "' "'":otinmes culpable, but consformity at'vtS_ ill the ENGLISH SYNONYMES. [51 exteriour, is always a duty;' The actions to which the 1 manding; a submzsszve disposition exposes a person world solicits our compliance are sins which forfeit to the exactions of tyranny. eternal expectations.' Comnpliance and conformity are produced by'no external action on the initd: they flow spontaneously TO ACCEDE, CONSENT, COMPLY, froni the will and understanding; yielding isaltogether ACQUIESCE, AGREE. -the result of foreign agency. We comply With a wish eccede, in Latin accedo, compounded of ac or aa as soon as it is known; it accords with our feelings so and cedo to go or come, signifies to come or fall into a to do. we yield to the entreaties of others; it is the thing; consent, in French consentir, Latin consentio, e fect of persuasion, a constraint upon the inclination. compounded of con together and sentio to feel, signifies ~%e confo urm.to the regulations of a community, it is a to feel in unison with another; comply comes probably natter of discretion; we yield to the superiour judge- from the French complaire, Latin complaceo, signiinent;ol power of another, we have no choice or alter- fying to be pleased in unison with another; acquiesce, native.~, We comply cheerfully; we conforon willingly; in French acquiescer, Latin acquiesco, compounded we yield reluctantly. of ac or ad and quiesco,.signifies to be easy about or To yield is to give way to another, either with one's contented with a thing; agree, in French. agrier, is will, one's judgeiment, or one's outward conduct: sub- most probably derived froom the Latin g'ruo, in the onission is the giving up of one's self altogether;: it is the word congruo, signifying to accord or suit. substitution of another's wilt for one's own. Y elding We accede to what others propose to us- by falling is partial; we may yield in one case or in one action, in with their ideas: we consent* to what others wish though not in another: submission is general; it in- by authorizing it: we comply with wh - is asked of us eludes a system of conduct. by allowing it, or not hindering i. we acquiesce in We yield when we do not resist; this may sometimes what is insisted by accepting it, and conforming to it. be the act of a superiour: we s2ubmit only by adopting we agree to what is proposed by admitting and em the measures and conduct proposed to us; this is always bracing it. the act of an inferiour. Yielding may be produced by We object to those things to which we do not accede. means more or less gentle, by enticing or insinuating we refuse those things to which we do not consent, or arts, or by the force of argument; submission is made with which we will not comply: we oppose those only to power, or positive force: one yields after a things in which we will not acquiesce: we dispute that struggle; one submits without resistance: we yield to to which we will not agree. ourselves or others; we submit to others only: it is a To accede is the unconstrained action of an equal; weakness to yield either to the suggestions of others or it is a matter of discretion: cosnsent and comply supour own inclinations to do that which our judgemlents pose a degree of superiority, at least the power of procondemn; it is a folly to submit to the caprice of any venting; they are acts of good nature or civility; aeone where there is not a moral obligation: it is obstinacy quiesce implies a degree of submission, it is a matter of not to yield when one's adversary has the advantage; prudence or necessity: agree indicates an aversion tc it is sinful not to submit to constituted authorities; disputes; it respects the harmony of social intercourse.' There has been along dispute for precedency between Members of any community ought to be willing to the tragick and te heioickpoets. Aristotle would have accede to what is the general will of their associates, the latteryield the past to the former, but Mr. Dryden' At last persuasion, menaces, and the impending presand many others would never submit to this decision.' sure of necessity, conquered her virtue, and she ac-ADDIsoN. ceded to the fraud.'-CUMBERLAND. Parents should A cheerfull compliance with the request of a friend is never be induced to consent to any thing which may the sincerest proof of friendship; prove injurious to their children; Let the king meet compliaice in your looks, My poverty, buit not my will consents.-SHAKSPEARE A free and ready yielding to his wishes.-RowE. People ought not to comply indiscriminately with what The wisest and most learned of men have ever been is requested of them;' Inclination will at length come the readiest to conform totlhe general sense of the cor- over to reason, though we can never force reason to munity in which they live; comply with inclination.'-ADDISON. In all matters Amnong mankind so few there are of difference it is a happy circumstance when the Who will conform to pltilosophick fare.-DRYDEN. parties will acquiesce in the judgement of an umpire;''This we ought to acquiesce in, that the Sovereign The harmony of social life is frequently disturbed by Being, the great Author of Nature, has in him all postihe reluctance which men have to yield to each other; sible perfection.'-ADDISON. Differences will soon be That yieldingness, whatever foundations it?night lay terminated when there is a willingness to agree;' We to the disadvantage of posterity, was a specifick to agreed to adopt the infant as the orphan son of a dispreserve us inpeace for his own time.' —LorD HALIFAX. rtant relation of our own name.'-CUMvBERLAND. The order of civil society is frequently destroyed by the want of proper submission to superiours;' Christian people submit themselves to colnformnable observances TO AGREE, COINCIDE, CONCUR. of the lawful and religious constitutions of their spi- In the former section agree is compared With terms ritual rulers.' —WHITE. that are employed only for things; in the present case it is compared with words as they are applied to persolns only. COMPLAINT, YIELDING, SUBMISSIVE..dgree implies a general sameness; coincide, from As epithets front the preceding verbs, serve to desig- co together anid the Latin incido to fall, implies a meetnate a propensity to the respective actions mostly in all ing in a certain point; concur, from con together, and excessive or improper degree. curro to run, implies a running in the same course, an A compliant temper complies with every wish of acting together on the same principles. another good or bad, gfrree denotes a state of rest; coincide and concur a -Ie silent and complying,; you'll soon find state of motion, either towards or with another. Sir John without a iredircine will be coind..8greement is either the voluntary or involuntary act HASw RRISO. of persons in general; coincidence is the voluntary but casual act of individuals, the act of one falling into A yielding temper leans to every opinion right or the opinion of another; concurrence is the intentional wrong;' A peaceable temper supposes yielding and positive act of individualst it is the act of one author Condescending manners.'-BL.IR. A submissive tein- izing the opinions and measures of another. per submits to every demand, just or unjust;' When Men of like education and temperament agree upon force and violence and hard nec:essity have brought the most subjects; yoke of servitude upon a people's neck, religion will supply them with a patient and submissive spirit.'- Since all agree, who both with judgement read,'T is the same sun, and does himself succeed. FLEETWOOD.TATE A compliant person wants command of feeling; a yielding person wants fixedness of principle; a sub- People cannot expect others to coincide with them missive person wants resolution: a compliant dispositionwill be imposed upon by the selfish and unrea- -Vide Abbe Girard: "Consentir, acquiescer, adz sonable; a yielding disposition Is most unfit for com herer, tomber d'acord 1