A
PARAGRAPH HISTORY
OF THE
UNITED STATES
FROM
THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTINENT TO
THE PRESENT TIME.,WITH BRIEF NOTES ON CONTEMIPORAN.EOUS
EVENTS.
CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.
By EDWARD ABBOTT.
BOSTON:
ROBERTS BROTHERS.
I875.




Copyright, 1875,
BY EDWARD ABBOTT.
Cambridge:
Press of yohn Wilson and Son.




A PREFATORY NOTE.
THIS little book is intended for the use of those
Americans who, at this centennial period, wish to
refresh their memories as to some main facts in
their country's history, and have only a few moments to do it in.  The essential service of
larger and fuller works, it does not pretend to
render. Nor does it profess to name every event,
or to mention every date, which belongs to the
national growth; but only a few that are' chief.
It simply presents a skeleton of American history,
with perhaps some bones missing at that; all the
flesh for which must be found by other reading.
The brief notes in contemporaneous history
which lie along the margin of the text will, it is
hoped, be serviceable to the reader in, furnishing
something of a background. It will be noticed
that the names of eminent persons are accompanied by two dates. The first is that of their
birth; the second that of their death" and the
insertion into the text is made at the point corre



ii          PREFA TORY NO TE.
sponding with the latter, because it is the later
portion of the lives of such which commonly
touches most closely the period to which they
belong.
The author has not thought it needful to encumber with authorities the pages of a manual
whose main merit, if any, must be its compactness. The reader must take his word for it that
its statements have been drawn from trustworthy
sources, and that all pains have been taken to
make them accurate. That they will be found absolutely accurate, in every case, is of course more
than is to be expected. But if these chronological paragraphs in the history of our country
should have the effect of leading the reader on
to a thorough study of the events to which they
relate, under the guidance of more competent
teachers, the aim of the book will have been
accomplished.
E. A.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.,
April so, I875



CONTENTS.
PAGE
I. ABORIGINAL PERIOD........   5
II. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 860 — 534.....    6
III. PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT. 1534-i640..   I I
IV. PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH. I640-1775. 23
V. PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION. I775-I783. 38
VI. PERIOD OF NATIONAL GROWTH. 1783-1817. 43
VII. PERIOD OF SLAVERY AGITATION. I817-I$6I  52
VIII. PERIOD OF THE REBELLION. I86I-I865.   69
IX. THE NEW ERA..........  76
X. APPENDIX....81
XI. INDEX.............87








I.
ABORIGINAL PERIOD.
The North American Indians. The American continent, long before its discovery by the Europeans, was
inhabited by the race of red-men known as Indians, who,
organized into various families and tribes, bearing various
names, and displaying somewhat different characteristics
and habits, extended from what is now known as Labrador,
in the extreme North-east, southward to the Gulf of Mexico,
all about the Great Lakes, far into the interior, and along
the Pacific coast; throughout, in fact, pretty much the
entire country. The chief families of these Indians were
the Esquimaux, the Algonquins, the Iroquois, the Creeks,
and the Dakotas; each of these families being divided
into an almost infinite number of tribes, of which some of
the more prominent and familiar names are Ottawas, Narragansetts, Mohegans, Powhatans, Hurons, Mohawks, and
Seminoles. The origin of the North American Indians is
wrapped in mystery, though their traditions point to the
North-west as the quarter whence the current of their emigration proceeded; which fact, with other circumstances,,
suggests an Asiatic origin.
The Mound Builders. The Indians were not, however the aboriginal inhabitants of North America. There
is evidence that they were preceded by another and superior
race, which,.for want of a better name, and with reference
to the monuments left by it, is commonly called the Mound




6            PARAGRAPH HISTORY
Builders. The region of the Great Lakes, the valley of
the Mississippi, and the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico,
abound with a variety of earth-works, of great age and impressive appearance, all ascribed to this race now long
extinct. These works consist of walls, enclosures, embankments, mounds of every conceivable shape, ditches,
reservoirs, and altar-like erections in geometrical forms;
their antiquity being thought to range from I500 to 2000
years. Besides such of these works as were intended for
purposes of worship, there are others which were places of
burial, and others still whose original design was as manifestly defence. Some of the more remarkable of these
works are found in Ohio, near Newark and Chilicothe;
others in Wisconsin and Iowa. They demonstrate the existence in this country, before the Indian occupation, of a
numerous, intelligent, powerful, and to some extent civilized race; but whence it came and whither it disappeared,
are, for the present at least, matters of pure conjecture.
II.
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY.
86o-I 534.
860. TheNorwegians and Iceland. Columbus was
not the pioneer in the enterprise of American discovery.
About this year Iceland, which, though politically a part of
862. Russian  the Eastern hemisphere, belongs geoemjpirefounded  graphically to the Western, was dis-,by Ruric the    covered by the Norwegians. According
to tradition Iceland had been discovered




OP THE UNITED STA TES.                7
even before this by Irish adventurers. It was not permanently settled, however, until 874, when 871-900. Alfred
two Norwegians founded Reykjavik. the Great, King
Half a century later Iceland became a of England.
Republic.
983. Greenland was the first portion of what is really
the American continent to be reached by Europeans. Its
eastern coast was seen by the Norwegians almost simultaneously with the discovery of Iceland, but in this and following
years the land was entered and explored by Norwegians,
and within two centuries became the io66. Battle of
abode of a considerable population. The Hastings. Wilprobabilities are that Greenland was liam the Conqueror, of Normanfar less desolate and much more habi- dy, ascends the
table then than now.                English throne.
1000-1200.  The Northmen and New England.
There are traditions to the effect that I079-1142. Abeduring the I th, 12th, and i3th centuries lard.
the Northmen explored the New Eng- x~96-t27s2  The
land. coast. But the extent of their dis- II60-1227. Gencoveries, and the precise localities which ghis Khan.
they visited, cannot be determined with 1297-I299. Scotland in arms
any certainty.                      against England,
1492. First Voyage of Columbus. led by Wallace
On the 3d of August, Christopher Co- and Bruce.
lumbus, a native of Genoa, an educated of the Swiss CaFoundingmariner and an experienced navigator, tons.
convinced of the existence of a western 1265-1321Dante.
hemisphere, and duly empowered by 1324-384.
their Majesties, Ferdinand and Isabella, Wickliffe.
King and Queen of Spain, set sail from 1328-1400.
Palos on a voyage of discovery, being of Chaucer.
unknown age, but probably between fifty 41of 0Ar43  7oan




8            PARAGRAPH HISTORY
I370-144'. 7ohn and sixty. The expedition consisted of
Van, Eyck, to   I20 men, all told, divided between three
whom is aifributed the invention ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and
of oil-ainting.  the Nina. They touched at the Canary
1450. Invention Islands, and had thence a prosperous
of printing.  passage across the unknown sea. After
meeting with a variety of experiences, a light in the offing was first seen by Columbus himself on the evening of October I, and the next day land was hailed by
one of the sailors. It proved to be an island (one of
the Bahamas), to which, on landing, Columbus gave the
name of San Salvador. After discovering several other
islands in the vicinity, one of which he called Hispaniola,
or Little Spain (now Hayti), Columbus set sail (January,
1493) for home, leaving about one-fourth of his men as a
colony in Hispaniola. In years following he made several
other voyages to the New World.
1497. John Cabot. In May, John Cabot of uncertain
nativity, first known as a Venetian, but afterwards resident
in England, having obtained a charter from Henry VII.,
set sail from Bristol, with his son Sebastian, in a single
ship, for the New World. Late in June he reached what
is now known as Labrador, and is supposed to have sailed
thence southward along the coast for nearly Iooo miles.
He made a landing, planted the flags of England and
Venice on the soil, and returned to England in August.
1497. Amerigo Vespucci. In this same year probably Amerigo Vespucci, otherwise known as Americus Vespucius, a native of Florence, joined an expedition from
Spain to the New World, which penetrated to the mainland, coasted along the northern part of South America,
and returned the following year to Spain (I499-I500 are
preferred by some as the dates of this voyage). Vespucci




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 9
afterward made other voyages to the same quarter, and in
1507 a geographer of Freiburg, Germany, who supposed
him to have been the true discoverer of the continent,
is said to have given it his name, Americi Terra, or Land
of Americus; whence America.* For this appellation
[assuming the truth of the tradition] Amerigo does not
seem to have been in any wise responsible. He was a
friend of Columbus.
1500. Gaspar Cortereal, a Portuguese, crossed the
ocean this year at the head of an expedition, and explored
the more northern shores of North-America, giving the
name Labrador (laborer) to the country  5500. Savananow thereby known.  From a subse-  rolaand Macquent vroyage to the same regions he  chiaveli at
never returned.                       Florence.
1502. Fourth Voyage of Columbus. Columbus
set sail from Cadiz on his fourth and last voyage to the
New World, having it for his special object to discover a
short passage to the East Indies; and, returning in 1504,
soon after died.
1512. Ponce de Leon, who had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, and been made Governor of the
island of Porto Rico, sailed thence, March 3d, in search
of land said to contain a fountain capable of restoring and
perpetuating youth and beauty. Early in April he sighted
the mainland; on the 8th disembarked near the site of the
present city of St. Augustine; took possession of the
country in the name of the King of Spain; and because of
its luxuriant vegetation named it Florida. In x513, De
Leon was appointed Governor of Florida, and, some years
* This theory as to the origin of the name America has been disputed by some recent writers, who hold that the word is native to the soil.




I0           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
later, in attempting to conquer his province from the Indians, was wounded, and died in Cuba.
1513.  Vasco Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish adventurer who had fled to Hispaniola for refuge from his
creditors, being a member of an expedition engaged in the
1517. Luther's exploration of the Isthmus of Darien,
o5po5sition to    discovered from  one of its mountains
Pajal indulences opens te  the Pacific Ocean.  This was on the
Reformation.   26th of September. He planted -a cross
on the spot, and took possession of the territory, as usual,
in the name of Spain.
1519. Hernando Cortes, a native of Spain, but for
several years a resident of Ilispaniola, landed in Mexico in
March, in command of an expedition for the conquest of that
country. After a prolonged campaign, marked by many
1445-152o. Leo- battles and varying fortunes, he finally
wardo da Vinci. captured the City of Mexico and com1483-I520. Ra- pleted the subjugation of the people. His
5hael.         character and policy were such, however,
1519-1521. First as to surround him with enemies, and
voyage round
the world, made though he was made Governor of Mexby Magellan, a  ico, his administration was brief and far
Portuguese navigator.       from prosperous or peaceful.  In 1536
i523. Gustavus he explored parts of California, and of
Vasa accelts the the gulf since called by the same name,
Sitwedeon.gfK f  and, returning to Spain, died in 1547 in
comparative obscurity.
1524. Verrazzani, sent out by France, coasted from
North Carolina northward as far as the present harbors of
1471-1528.    New York and Newport, returning with
Albert Durer.  glowing accounts of the wonders and
beauties of the New World.
1531-1533.  Pizarro's Conquest of Peru.  Fran



OF THE UNITED STATES.                I I
cisco Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, was a Spanish adventurer, who toward the close of the
1532. 7ohn Calfifteenth, or early in the sixteenth, cen- vin active in rotury, came over to the New World in motingtheResearch of his fortunes, and joined Balboa formation in
France.
in his expeditions in Central America.
Afterwards, in company with Diego de Almagro, he explored the coast of New Granada. Learning of the riches
of Peru, he returned to Spain to obtain authority and
means for its subjugation, and in I530 recrossed the Atlantic
for that purpose at the head of a small force, accompanied
by four of his brothers. In I53I he advanced upon Peru
by way of Panama, routed the opposing armies, entered
the capital, Cuzco, and founded the city of Lima. The
military government which he set up over the vanquished
empire was a severe and cruel one, and he finally died by
assassins led by young Almagro, whose father had been
put to death in consequence of a quarrel with Pizarro.
Pizarro was an avaricious, heartless, and ignorant man, but
a bold and skilful soldier.
III.
PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT.
I534-I640.
1534. Cartier in Canada. In April, Jacques Cartier sailed at the head of the first of four  I531. Henry
French expeditions, the total result of  VIII. of Englanid excommuwhich was the pretty thorough explora-  nicated ebythe
tion of the waters about the mouth of  Pole.




12           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1540. Ignatius the St. Lawrence, and of that river ite order of und   self, and the commencement of the colyesuits.      onization of Canada.
1541. De Soto and the Mississippi. Fernando De
Soto was a Spanish adventurer, who, having made a previous expedition to Central America, and, later, accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, set sail from Spain
in April, 1538, at the head of an expedition bent on the
conquest of Florida. He reached what is now Tampa
Bay in May, 1539, and began a march into the interior,
which, after many hardships and adventures, brought him
to the Mississippi in the summer of 154i. After a de'tour
still further to the west, in attempting to descend the great
1555. Persecu- river he had discovered, he died by fetion of English  ver. To conceal the fact of his death,
Ridley and Lat- his followers sunk his body at midnight
imer burned to  in the middle of the stream.  Slowly
death.        and with much suffering, the latter,
greatly reduced in numbers, then made their escape from
the wilderness, by way of Mexico.
1562-1564.  Coligny and the Huguenots.  CoI558. Queen  ligny, the noble and heroic leader of the
Elizabeth     persecuted Protestants of France, who
zscends the Eng- afterwards perished in the Massacre of
lish throne.
it64. Death of St. Bartholomew, sought to open an
John Calvin and asylum in Florida for his suffering folMichaelAngelo; lowers, and actually succeeded through
birth of Shakes5eare and Ga-  agents in  planting   colonies  there.
lileo.        Through the intolerance of the Spaniards, the effort proved finally a failure. In September,
1564, Melendez, who was especially charged with the duty
of driving back the Huguenot exiles, founded the present
city of St. Augustine, the oldest city in the United States.




OF THE UNITED  STATES.                 13
1567. Dominique De Gourgues, born in Gascony,
France, headed an expedition this year 1567. Mary
to avenge the cruelties inflicted by the Queen of Scots
marries Earl
Spaniards on his countrymen in Florida, Botahwel, and is
and did so by surprising and massacring dethroned and
two Spanish garrisons on the St. John's imprisoned.
River.  Melendez had placed over his 1505-1572. 7ohn
victims some such inscription as, "Not 572    e Tx eMasas to Frenchmen, but as to heretics." sacre of St. BarGourgues placed over his victims the le- tholomew's Day,
and othert ersegend "Not as to Spaniards, but as to cutians of French
traitors, robbers, and murderers."   Protestants.
1576-1578. Frobisher's Arctic Expeditions. During these years, Sir Martin Frobisher, Englishman, conducted three expeditions in search of a north-west passage,
going by way of Labrador and Greenland, and discovering
the entrances to Hudson's Bay. Frobisher's Strait bears
his name.
1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, half-brother to Sir
Walter Raleigh, and an English soldier of good education,
founded a colony in Newfoundland, under a charter from
Queen Elizabeth. The colony was short-lived, however,
and the vessel which was bearing him and his company
home again was lost at sea with all on board.
1584. Cape Breton was discovered by the English.
1585. Sir Walter Raleigh and Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, an accomplished courtier of the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, obtained from her in 1584 a grant of the region
which now comprises the State of Virginia, and in the year
following sent out an expedition to take possession of it.
The expedition, commanded by Sir Richard Grenville,
landed at Roanoke Island in midsummer; but its stay was
of short duration. Several subsequent attempts were made




14            PARAGRAPH HISTORY
by Raleigh to effect the permanent settlement of -his donlain; but a waste of energies in profitless search for gold
and silver, consequent scarcity of food, hostilities of the
Indians, and other difficulties, combined to offer a formidable interference, and the enterprise was finally abandoned.- An incident of this attempt at settlement was the
birth, at Roanoke, in August, I587, of the first child of
English parents in the New World. This was Virginia
Dare, grand-daughter to John White, the governor of one
of the colonies sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh, and daughter to one of his assistants, who had married Governor
White's daughter.
1585-1587.  Davis's Arctic Expeditions.  John
1587. Mary    Davis, Englishman, followed Frobisher
Queen of Scots  with three voyages in search of the
beheaded in    north-west passage; in the course of
Fotheringay
Castle, after a   which he discovered and explored the
captiviy of near- strait which now bears his name, and
ly ninteenyears. coasted along Greenland as far north as
1588. The
Spanish Arma- lat. 72~ 12'.
da defeated in the English Channel, by Sir Francis Drake.
1592. The French in Nova Scotia. The Marquis
De la Roche, a French nobleman, sailed at the head of a
1533-1599. Ed- colony, mostly composed of pardoned
rnund Spenser.  convicts from the prisons of Paris. This
1598. Religious colony he planted on Sable Island, which
liberty restored  lies nearly ioo miles S.E. from the exto French Protestants by the   treme eastern point of Nova Scotia. De
Edict of Nantes. la Roche, returning to France, soon died,
his colony was neglected, and after a few years its few remaining members found passage home.
1602. Gosnold and Cape Cod. Bartholomew Gosnold, Englishman, who had served under Sir Walter Ra



OF THE  UNITED  STATES.               I 5
leigh in the attempt to colonize Virginia, sailed from Falmouth, England, at the head of a small colony. He made
a direct voyage across the Atlantic, instead of by the usual
route of the Canaries and the West Indies, and made the
Massachusetts coast not far from Nahant. He first landed
on the singular promontory which he named Cape Cod,
and, circumnavigating that, he successively discovered,
landed upon, and named several islands in the vicinity of
Buzzard's Bay, one of which was Martha's Vineyard. Various difficulties and forebodings led to the abandonment
of the first purpose of the colonists to effect a settlement
in this region, and they presently returned to England.
1603.  Champlain in Canada.  Samuel de Champlain was a Frenchman, who came of a seafaring family,
and had served in both the army and the
navy of his country. In May of this year and Scotland
he sailed in command of an expedition em- united, under
powered by Henry IV. to found a colony l(yamesj,    of
in North America. His first anchorage Scotland], son of
was on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth 2M1ary Queen of
Scots.
of the Saguenay, and his first task the
exploration of the former river. In the course of several
expeditions which he made to the New World, he explored the shores of what are now known as the Eastern
Provinces; followed the coast southward as far as Cape
Cod, keeping always a careful record of his observations;
familiarized himself closely with the St. Lawrence; entered and named for himself Lake Champlain; had various and severe encounters with the In- i6o5. Discovery
dians; and was rewarded with the final of the Gun15owsatisfaction of witnessing a permanent der Plot for the
blowing ut of the
settlement of the Canadas.  Added to English House
Champlain's abilities as an explorer and of Parliament.




I6           PARAGRAPH HISTORYt
organizer, was a strong religious sentiment and a hearty
zeal in behalf of the missionary efforts of the Jesuits.
1607. English Settlements in Maine and Virginia.
In t6o6 King James I. of England chartered the Plymouth
x607-i6II. Cor- Company, of "knights, gentlemen, and
ltietion of tzat   merchants," chiefly from  the west of
version of the   England, to take possession of that part
Bible now generally in use:   of North America lying between the
known as "King 34th and the 38th degrees of latitude; and
sion.   V     also the  London Company, of "noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants,"
mostly of London, to take similar possession of the territory between the 4Ist and 45th degrees; the intermediate
portion to be open, under certain limitations, to both. The
" Plymouth Company " planted a colony the following year
at the mouth of the Kennebec, at a point now included
in the town of Phippsburg; but, by reason of the hardships they encountered, the settlers were speedily forced
to abandon the ground and return to England. The "London Company" met with better success. An expedition,
composed of about zoo men, and commanded by Christopher Newport, was despatched late in I6o6. Early in I607
it entered Chesapeake Bay, ascended the James River, and
1560-i609. Ar- selected a place for a settlement, which
minius.       was called Jamestown, like the river, in
honor of the King. Gosnold, and the famous Captain
John Smith, were prominent members of this expedition,
which was the means of effecting the first permanent settlement of the English in the New World.
1609. The Pilgrims. In this year we find at Leyden
a company of English Congregationalists, who had made
their escape from the North of England from religious
persecution. There were several hundred of them. They




OF THE UNITED STATES.                1 7
constituted really a church, having John Robinson as pastor and William Brewster as elder. In their exile, they
easily supported themselves by divers trades, and led godly
and peaceable lives which won the admiration of the
Dutch. After a residence in Holland of about ten years,
the church determined to divide in two; one company,
consisting of about one-third of the entire number, to proceed to America with the purpose of there founding a
Christian commonwealth. On the 2Ist of July, I620, the
band of emigrants, led by William  Brewster, sailed for
England, thence to take their final departure for their new
home across the sea. Such was the origin of the Pilgrims,
who afterwards landed where is now Plymouth, Mass.,
and were largely instrumental in founding New England
life and character. This party is carefully to be distinguished from the " Plymouth Company," named in the preceding paragraph.
1607-1610. Hudson's Voyages. During these four
years Henry Hudson, sailing successively in the employ
of English and Dutch merchants, made several voyages to
North America, in the course of which  i6Io. Henry
he explored the coast as far south as  IV. of France
Chesapeake Bay, discovered and as-  assassinated by
cended the river which has since borne
his name, and entered Hudson's Bay in search of a northwest passage. Forced to return by the giving out of his
stores, his crew mutinied, and he and a faithful few were
abandoned in an open boat. The particulars of their fate
were never determined.
1610. The Dutch and New York. The settlement of New York originated with the discovery and
exploration of the Hudson River by Hudson, and dates
from the arrival of a trading expedition sent out to that
2




I  PARAGRAPH HISTORY
region by the Dutch East India Company. This was about
I6Io. Rude settlements followed on Manhattan Island,
the site of the present city of New York, and at or near
the site of Albany. New Netherlands was the name first
given to the country; and the infant settlement on Manhattan Island was called New Amsterdam. The date of
actual colonization has been commonly fixed as I623, in
which year a company of well-equipped settlers arrived on
the ground. Some of these settlers established themselves
across the river in New Jersey. In this same year, I623,
the first white child was born in the colony, named Sarah
Rapelje. Two or three years later Brooklyn was founded.
During all this time the Dutch at the mouth of the Hudson were little more than a company of traders.
1612-1616.  Baffin's Voyages.  William  Baffin,
Englishman, made several voyages in search of the northwest passage, in the course of which he discovered and
explored the arctic bay nQw known by his name.
1613. Pocahontas was an Indian girl, daughter of
Powhatan, Indian chief. of Virginia. Tradition attributes
to her many friendly and heroic services in behalf of the
English settlers, Captain John Smith especially. In April,
16I3, at Jamestown, she was married to an Englishman,
John Rolfe by name, and after a few years visited England,
where she suddenly died on the eve of embarking on her
return.
1614. Captain John Smith, who had played a very
1564-I6I6. Wil- prominent part in the settlement of Virliam Shaks/ear5. ginia, and had made extensive explora6I18-T648. Tlzir- tions of the Chesapeake and along the
ty Years' War,
betzeween the Prot- coast, prosecuted his discoveries this
estants and Ro- year along'the coast of New England,
man Catholics of from the Penobscot to Cape Cod, visited
Germany.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                19
the Isles of Shoals, and returned to England with a map
of the country.
1620. The Pilgrims and Plymouth. On the i6th
of September the band of English fugitives, who had
crossed to England from Holland on their way to America,
set sail for their home in the wilderness over the sea. Of
their two vessels, one, the Speedwell, was obliged to put
back because unseaworthy. The other, the Mayflower,
with a company of about Ioo persons, kept on. The Hudson River was the point aimed at, but Cape Cod was
struck instead. The voyage was long and trying. For
nearly a month they reconnoitred the shores seeking a
place to land; and finally, on the 2Ist of December, disembarked where the town of Plymouth now stands. Having no charter, they signed a compact in the cabin of the
Mayflower before landing, binding themselves into " a civil
body politic." John Carver was chosen governor, and
Miles Standish military commander. Upon reaching the
shore, they at once set to work to build themselves cabins,
a storehouse, and some suitable defences, and thus to
make themselves comfortable and secure for the winter.
1620. The First Slaves. The year of the landing
of the Pilgrims at Plymouth was also the year of the landing of the first slaves upon what is now territory of the
United States. These were brought by a Dutch vessel to
Jamestown, and there offered for sale. They were twenty
in number. The system thus introduced soon extended
into other colonies, though some of them protested against
the trade.
1623. Sir F. Gorges and Laconia. Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason were both members of the
"Plymouth Company." (See p. i6.) Gorges had already




20           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
engaged in the unsuccessful attempt to colonize Maine.
In I622, he and Mason obtained from the Company a
grant of a tract lying partly in each of the present States
of Maine and New Hampshire. To this they gave the
name Laconia, and the following year sent out parties to
settle it. The present city of Dover marks the site of
I56i-I626.    one of those settlements.  Shortly afFrancis Bacon. terwards a certain part of this tract was
assigned to Mason alone, and then received the name of
New Hampshire.
1628-1630. Boston and Massachusetts Bay.
In I628 a colony, chartered by the " Plymouth Company"
(see p. I6), headed by John Endicott, entered Salem Harbor, and effected a settlement. The following year a reenforcement arrived, and Charlestown was settled. The
next year, I630, still larger accessions were received, all
of excellent people, among them John Winthrop. This
same year Boston was founded, as also Roxbury, Dorchester, Watertown, Cambridge (under the name of Newtown),
and some other towns in the vicinity. The Massachusetts
Bay colonists, like their brethren at Plymouth, were people
of strong religious sentiments and elevated character, who
likewise had left England because of oppression for
opinion's sake; but there were some important differences of temper between them, and though they combined
to lay the foundations of New England they should be
carefully distinguished from each other. The Massachusetts Bay colonists alone are properly called "Puritans,"
the Plymouth colonists " Pilgrims."  For many years,
until I692, the two colonies remained distinct from each
other.
1631.  The first vessel built on the Massachusetts
shore was launched July 4. She was named the "Blessing
of the Bay."




OF THE UNITED STATES.                2I
1631. Connecticut. The English Lords Say-andSeal, Brooke, and their associates, re- i632. Balie of
ceived a patent from the Earl of War- Lutzen. Deatl
wick, to settle Connecticut; to which Adoipf Gus teavus
territory, however, the Dutch also laid great Protestant
claim.                              hero of Germany.
1634. Maryland. The settlement of Maryland was
due primarily to George Calvert, Englishman, first Lord
Baltimore, and a Roman Catholic, who, having in I625
made an unsuccessful attempt to colonize Newfoundland,
obtained from King James a grant of the territory now
forming the States of Maryland and Delaware. Dying
before the papers were actually executed, the charter was
transferred to his second son, Cecil, who gave up the
management of the projected colony to his elder brother,
Leonard. Leonard Calvert sailed in November, I633,
with a company of about 2co persons, and, in March following, reached the Chesapeake, and on one of its estuaries founded the town of St. Mary's, of which, however,
scarcely a trace now remains. Considerable difficulty was
experienced with a previous trading settler of the region,
William Clayborne, but he was finally dispossessed of
his claim. A legislative assembly was convened at St.
Mary's, in i635, and soon after the Roman Catholic
religion was made the religion of the State, but with
entire toleration towards Christians of other beliefs. Religious freedom was a corner-stone of this colony from
the first.
1635-1638. Further Settlements in Connecticut.
In I635, parties from Massachusetts removed to the valley
of the Connecticut, and founded the towns of Windsor,
Wethersfield, and Hartford. A settlement was made at
the mouth of the river, and named Saybrooke after Lord




22           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke. Among those who followed thither from Massachusetts in I636, was Rev. Thomas
Hooker, who had just come over from England, and who
became a minister of the church in Hartford; and, in i638,
Rev. John Davenport, who with his associates settled New
Haven. These early settlers in Connecticut were involved
in a formidable war with the Pequod Indians.
1636. Roger Williams and Rhode Island. Roger
Williams was a Welshman by birth, who came to America
in I631, and was for a time a minister of the church in
Salem. He soon provoked opposition by his opinions on
various subjects; and particularly for his protest against
the right of the magistrates to punish other offences than
those against the civil law; and by order of the general
court was presently banished. This act would seem to
have confirmed what was a previous purpose in his mind,
of founding a colony of his own upon the principles of the
broadest civil and religious freedom. Eluding the attempt
of the authorities to send him back to England, he proceeded with a few companions to the shores of Narragansett Bay and founded Providence, giving that name to the
settlement in recognition of what he esteemed to be the
divine leading.  The organization of the First Baptist
Church in America soon followed on this spot, and in time
the colony secured a charter from England, Williams himself serving as president for between two and three years.
The fundamental principle of this Rhode Island Colony
was an absolute prohibition of all interference with the
rights of conscience.
1638. Harvard College. This, the oldest collegiate
institution in the United States, was projected by the
Massachusetts colonists as early as I636, who appropriated,64oo as its foundation. But its actual existence began two




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 23
years later, with its further endowment by the will of Rev.
John Harvard, minister of Charlestown, whose name it
bears. The first class entered upon study at this time,
under the instruction of Nathaniel Eaton.
1639. The Connecticut Colonists adopted a written
constitution, the leading features of which afterward entered into the constitutions of other States. In this same
year Stephen Day, or Daye, set up at Cambridge the first
printing-press in the colonies, the first issue of which was
the "Freeman's Oath."
IV.
PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH.
1640 —I775.
1641., The people of New Hampshire put themselves under the jurisdiction of Massa- 1564-x642. Gachusetts, and so remained for nearly lileo.!642. Civil war
forty years. In this same year Sir Wil- in England.
liam Berkeley came over as Governor of Parliament arrayed against
Virginia.                            Charles I.
1643. The United Colonies of New  England.
For their mutual benefit the Plymouth, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and New Haven colonies 1545. Battle of
banded together this year under the Naseby, England, between
name of The United Colonies of New Charles I. and
England; each to be independent as theparliatzenrespected its own internal affairs, but Cryonzeelsander
submitting matters of joint interest to the Fairfax. Final
control of commissioners, two from each defeat of the former. - Arch



24           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
bishop Lazd be- colony, who were required to be church
headed.       members. Here we find the seed of the
present union of the States.
1646. John Eliot's Mission to the Indians. John
Eliot, Englishman, and a student of Cambridge, came to
Boston in 163i, became "teacher " of the church in Roxbury, was impressed with the religious needs of the Indians,
acquired their language, and preached to them for the first
time in what is now Newton, October 28, I646. The remainder of his life he devoted to the work which was here
begun; pursuing it for forty-four years with most fervent
zeal. He travelled extensively among the Indians, planted
churches, trained up native preachers to assist him in the
work, ministered freely of such substance as he had to
their wants, translated the Bible into their language, and in
short exercised a commanding and inspiring influence upon
them in every way. The place of Eliot's burial is not
known, but a monument has been erected to his memory
at South Natick.
1647. Governor Stuyvesant. Peter Stuyvesant
reached New Amsterdam this year under appointment of
the Dutch West India Company, as "director-general " of
New Netherlands. He found the colony considerably disturbed by reason of Indian hostilities on the one hand, and
boundary disputes on the other. He at once vigorously
addressed himself to the cure of these troubles, and was
in a measure successful, but his administration of affairs
was not very popIular. Little by little the New England
ideas took hold of the New Netherlanders, and when, in
I664, King Charles IT. granted to his brother, the Duke of
York, the whole of the territory from the Connecticut River
to the Delaware, GovernQr Stuyvesant was forced to surrender his rule to the expedition sent out to take possession of




OF THE UNITED STATES.                25
the province. Thus the Dutch colony of New Netherlands
passed under the control of the English, Stuyvesant being
its last Dutch governor, and the town of New Amsterdam
changed its name to New York.
1637-1648. Church Assemblies. The period enclosed within these two dates was marked by several
representative gatherings of the New England Congregational churches, all of considerable importance. The first,
the Synod of Newtown, now Cambridge, was held in I637,
mainly for the correction of certain alleged doctrinal crrors.
The second, held also at Cambridge, in I646, with successive adjournments to 1647 and 1648, put I649. Execuforth what is known among Congrega- tion of CzarlesI.,
tionalists as the Cambridge Platform, a amentd oftable Engdeclaration of church discipline. These lish Commontwo synods, or councils, were the first of "wealth.
the series which has lately developed into the National
Council of Congregational Churches.
1652. The colony of Maine passed under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.             I650. Sect of
Friends, or " Quakers," founded in England by George Fox.
1656. Persecution of the Quakers. An attempt
was made by the New England Colonies I653. Oliver
to keep out the Quakers, who were be- Cromwell made
ginning to come over in considerable Lof EnProlector
numbers.  Some were sent back, and fohn Mgilon his
forbidden to return under pain of death. private secretary.,A few who braved this decree were put i657. Prussia's
independence of
to death. But in consequence of a re- Poland declared.
action in public sentiment this severity 1604-I660. Remof treatment was relaxed.           brandt.
1660. The Regicides. Edward Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges who tried and condemned




26           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
I66o. Restora- Charles I., fled to America after the
tion of the Stu- restoration. Being pursued, they took
arts to the throne
of Egland, in refuge in the wilderness. For some
thel erson of   time they concealed themselves in a
Charles II.
cave near New Haven, and afterward
were harbored by a minister of Hadley. Many years after,
when a sudden attack upon the latter town by the Indians
was in progress, an old, white-bearded man appeared in the
midst of the scene, rallied the terror-stricken inhabitants
and put the enemy to flight. The mysterious stranger,
who was none other than Goffe, then disappeared.
1663. The Grand Model. This was the name given
to a constitution framed for the government of a colony
projected by the Earl of Shaftesbury, Sir William Berkeley, Sir George Carteret, and several others, to whom
Charles II., in consideration of services rendered him,
granted the immense tract of land lying between Virginia
and Florida. Shaftesbury and John Locke drew up the
instrument, which provided for a social structure of truly
medieval description. The Carolinas were settled under
this charter.
1664. New Jersey. The territory composing this
State belonged originally to the Dutch colony of New
Netherlands. With the submission of that colony to the
English, under the Duke of York, this southern portion of
it was conveyed by him to Sir William Berkeley and Sir
George Carteret, receiving its present name out of compliment to the latter, who was formerly Governor of the
Island of Jersey in the British Channel. Elizabethtown
was settled in I664, and here Carteret took up his residence
a year later. Most of the first settlers of New Jersey came
from New York and the New England colonies.
1665. Father Allouez. In this year we find Father




OF THE  UNITED STATES.                27
Allouez, a Jesuit priest, exploring the region about the
Great Lakes and the upper valley of
the Mississippi, collecting geographical Plaue in Londata, and establishing missions among don carries ff
the Indians. His residence in America nearly 70,000
persons.
extended from  I658 for a number of
years, until his death.
1666-1675. Marquette and the Mississippi. The
second European to explore the Mississippi was Jacques
Marquette, a French Jesuit, who came 1666. A great
to Canada in I666, and succeeded Father fire in London
Allouez as a missionary among the In- destroys 89
churches. mzany
dian tribes in the vicinity of the Great tiublic buildings,
Lakes. He died in i675 at a spot on I3,0oo  houses,
the Eastern shore of Lake Michigan and lays waste
700 streets.
which now bears his name. The years
of his residence in the wilderness were largely taken up
with exploring expeditions, one of which was the descent
of the Mississippi, nearly to its mouth.
1669. La Salle. La Salle was a Frenchman, who
came to Canada in I666, and three years later entered on
a series of expeditions through the interior of the continent
which, with interruptions of one or two trips home, continued for nearly ten years. He sailed through the Great
Lakes in a vessel of fifty-five tons, of his own construction,
descended the Ohio River to the point where Louisville
now stands, and the Mississippi to its mouth. He finally
perished by the hands of his disaffected followers, his plans
for a settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi having all
miscarried.
1670. The city of Charleston, S. C., was founded
about this time, by an English colony under William
Sayle.




28           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1675. King Philip's War. The war between the
Massachusetts colonists and the Indians, known as King
Philip's War, was begun in this year by an attack of the
Indians on the town of Swanzey. The colonists at once
retaliated, and hostilities continued for some three years,
in the course of which a number of battles were fought
and many lives lost on both sides. The war ended with
the death of Philip.
1681. Pennsylvania. In this year William Penn, a
Quaker, received from Charles II. a grant of all the territory
i68I. First    now included in the State of Pennsyl-.enny-post set up vania, for the purpose of founding a
in London and  Christian community dedicated to jus&ts suburbs.    tice, truth, and peace.  He sent out
three ship-loads of emigrants at once, and followed himself
with a large additional number the next year. One of his
first acts was to hold a conference with the Indians, with
whom he established friendly relations at the outset. Previous settlers upon the territory were treated with the same
consideration, and the result was the commencement of his
I683. Discovery colony under peculiarly pleasant and
of the famous   favorable auspices. The city of Phila"Rye House
PZot,"for the    delphia was laid out, upon a map, in
assassination of I683, and the second provincial assemthe English king. bly was held there the same year.
Troubles subsequently arose between Penn and some of
the colonists, which resulted in the secession of three
counties. This was the origin of Delaware.
1685-1690.   Political  Troubles.   This was a
period of considerable political trial to the young colonies.
King James of England, minded to restrict the liberties
of the New England colonies, sent over Sir Edmund Andros as Governor General, with arbitrary powers for the




OF THE UNITED STATES.                   29
censorship of the press, the levying of I685. The revtaxes, and the control of the militia. ocation of the
Edict of Nantes,
Andros speedily made himself obnoxious by Louis XIV.
to the colonists, who took no pains to of France, lets
loose uton Proiconceal their indignation.  By way of estantsfresh
retaliation, Andros summoned both furies ofperseRhode Island and Connecticut to sur- cution.
render their charters; but his tyranny rillo.    Mucame to an end with the accession of I688. _fames II.
William to the English throne, by whom abdicates the
he was summoned home. In New York English throne,
and is succeeded
one Jacob Leisler, a demagogue, put by William III.
himself at the head of a force of disaf- and Mary II.,
Prince and
fected citizens, seized the fort and the Princess of
public funds, assumed the title and pow- Orange.
ers of commander-in-chief, and attempted the subjugation
of the entire province. After a brief exercise of his usurped
authority, he was superseded by Henry Sloughter, sent
over as Governor by King William, and was finally put to
death as a traitor.
1689.  King William's War.  In this year the Indians joined the French in Canada in a war against the
New England Colonies which continued for a number of
years, and was the occasion of great sufferings to the settlers. Many frightful massacres occurred, and many settlers were carried into captivity.
1692. William and Mary College was founded this
year, at Williamsburg, Virginia, making it next to Harvard
the oldest college in the country. It was named for the
English King and Queen. In this year also the Salem
Witchcraft troubles began, the theory of which was that
the devil made use of human confederates for the tormenting of people. These confederates were called witches.




30           PARA GRAPH HISTORY
Within a few months some twenty persons in and about
Salem were convicted of witchcraft and put to death, and
many more suffered various other penalties.
1699. Louisiana. The attention of the French was
promptly turned to the region which La Salle had explored and unsuccessfully attempted to settle, and Lemoine
D'Ibberville was soon commissioned to plant a colony at
1 700.  "Ne~w    the mouth of the Mississippi. He enStyle " of no/a-  tered the river in March, being the first
tion of time in-  who had ever entered it from the sea;
troduced in
Germany, in   ascended it nearly to the mouth of the
droppingthe last Red River, and founded a settlement
eleven days of   where is now  Biloxi in Mississippi.
February.     Shortly after the colony was removed to
the vicinity of Mobile.
1705. The Presbyterians. The first Presbyterian
church on American soil was that of Snow Hill, Maryland,
organized in I690; but the first presbytery, that of Philadelphia, was not organized till I705.  A synod of four
presbyteries was constituted in I716, and in 1758 the
American Presbyterian Churches united as one; holding
in I789 a General Assembly which represented 419 congregations with I88 ministers.
1702-1713. Queen Anne's War. This was the
period of another savage warfare, in which the colonies
were more or less generally involved; the Indians being in
many cases instigated and supported by the French. It
I632-I704. John was in the course of this war that the
Locke.        Massachusetts village of Deerfield was
1707. England surprised by a force of French and Inand Scotland
united, under   dians, almost all its buildings burned,
the title of  and thirty-six of its inhabitants slain outGreat Britain.  right; while over a hundred were carried




OF THE UNITED STATES.                   3I
prisoners to Canada, some of them even being killed on
the way.
1711-1715. Indian War in the Carolinam    During these years the Tuscaroras and
Corees made war upon  the  settlers by t3he Brittreaity ofn,
along the  coast of North  Carolina, Utrecht, acquires
creating much havoc in many villages. Gibraltar,  SoScarcely had peace been concluded in tia, Newfoundthis quarter before the tribes further to land, and Hudthe south commenced hostilities, and sn's Bay.
South Carolina was involved in a conflict t714. George Iof
of the House of
which lasted several years longer.    Brunswick,
1715. The foundations of Natchez ascends the British
throne: head of
and New Orleans are to be discerned the present line.
about this time in the early settlements x65I-17I5.
of the French along the valley of the Fenelon.
Mississippi.
1717. The Mississippi Bubble. John Law, a famous European speculator and stock-jobber, was chief
agent in the organization of what was called "The Mississippi Company."  This corporation i689-I725. Peter
secured for a long term of years a mo- the Great, sole
nopoly of supposed great privileges in Emreror of Russia.
Louisiana. As a consequence the stock I642-1727.
first went up to a fabulous price, and Sir Isaac Newthen came a disastrous explosion.      ton.
1729. Separation of the Carolinas. Up to this
time North and South Carolina had existed as one province
under the general superintendence of 1729. Appearthe same  proprietors.  But shortly ance of the lIethobefore a quarrel had broken out between dists at OxfordT
England. - The
the proprietors and the people, the re- Wesleys.
sult of which now was that the former surrendered their




32           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
charter to the king. North and South Carolina became
separate provinces, each under its own royal government.
1732. The Birth of George Washington. George
Washington was born February 22d (I th, Old Style)
in Westmoreland County, Va., Parish Washington, near
Pope's Creek. His father was a large landed proprietor,
who traced his English ancestry back to the 12th century.
1733. Georgia. The territory which composes the
present state of Georgia originally formed part of the
Carolinas, but in this year was granted by George II. to a
corporation for settlement under the title of the Colony of
Georgia. In the autumn of this year, General Oglethorpe
took out the first colony, consisting of about I20 persons,
and in the year following founded Savannah. Oglethorpe
at once established friendly relations with the Indians, and
the colony entered on a prosperous career, though hostilities
ensued with the Spanish settlers in Florida. The colony
was visited at an early day by John Wesley and George
Whitefield on religious errands. After Oglethorpe's final
return to England in I743, the colony entered on a period
of adversity. Slavery, which had at first been interdicted,
was introduced, and in 1752 the colony surrendered its
charter and was erected into a royal province.
1733. The liberty of the press to discuss political
measures was vindicated and established through the case
of the " New York Weekly Journal," published by one John
Peter Zenger, which had dared to criticise some of the
arbitrary acts of the Governor and Assembly in the imposition of taxes.
1734. The preaching of Jonathan Edwards, one
of the most celebrated of American divines and metaphysicians, led to a very extensive revival of religion throughout the New England Colonies. It was in the course of




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 33
this revival that he delivered his famous sermon on " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
1741. New Hampshire was finally separated from its
connection with Massachusetts.
1744. King George's War. This war between the
English colonies and the French broke out in Cape Breton
in an attack by the French upon an Eng- 1745, I746.
lish garrison, which was captured and Young Prince
carried to the Fortress of Louisburg. Charles. grandThe following year the New England           o reColonies sent an expedition of several cover the British
thousand men, under command of Wil- crown. Defeated at Culloden.
liam Pepperell, to release the prisoners. I753. Founding
The expedition  was successful and of the British/
Louisburg capitulated. It was restored MI useum.
to the French by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle in 1748,
which marked the end of this war.
1755-1763. The Old French and Indian War.
War again broke out between the French and English
over the possession of the territory which now forms Ohio.
The French held it, and resisted the en- -
I755. Lisbon,
trance of the English. In 17 53, George Portugal, deWashington was sent by the Governor stroyed by an
of Virginia to protest against the course earthquake.
taken by the French. The protest was of no avail and
hostilities began. General Braddock came over in I765 to
lead forward the English forces. In a 1756-1763.
battle at Fort Du Quesne, where Pitts- " Seven Years'
burg  now  stands, Braddock was de-   rss" between
feated and slain. Washington succeeded Austria.
to the command. Of two simultaneous 1757. The Engexpeditions toward the north, only one lisve rear Loture
was successful. The war was however Calcutta, and
3




34           PARdAGRAPH HISTORY
regain ascen-   carried forward.  A force under Lord
dency in India. Amherst captured  Fort Ticonderoga
x684-I759.    and Crown Point, and another, led by
Handel.
General Wolfe, marched upon Quebec,
which finally fell before a siege. Both Wolfe, and Montcalm the French commander, were slain. So ended this
war, Canada passing under British rule.
1762. The French cede Louisiana to Spain.
1764. The charter of Brown University was
granted at the instance of the Philadelphia Association of
Baptist Churches.
1765. Resistance to the Stamp Act. The Stamp
Act was a measure adopted at this time by the British
Government to secure revenue. It provided that for all
legal documents only a certain kind of stamped paper
should be used, sold by the government. The American
Colonies felt it to be very unjust that they should be
obliged to pay taxes in this way to a government in which
they had no share. " No taxation without representation"
was the principle for which they contended.  The first
formal protest against the obnoxious measure was offered
in the Assembly of Virginia, by one of its youngest members, Patrick Henry, in the shape of resolutions, which he
supported by a speech since famous.  "Caesar had. his
Brutus," exclaimed the young patriot, " Charles the First
his Cromwell, and George the Third "- at which point he
was interrupted for a moment by the cry of "Treason " in
the hall; whereupon, concluding his sentence, he added
-" may profit by their example. If that be treason, make
the most of it." * Massachusetts and others of the colonies
* A portrait of Speaker Robinson, who called Patrick Henry to order
during this celebrated speech, has lately been added to the collection in
Independence Hall, Philadelphia.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                35
joined Virginia in resistance to what was considered such
oppressive treatment on the part of the Mother Country,
and on the day when the Stamp Act finally went in force,
the bells throughout the country were tolled, and flags
were lowered to half-mast, in token of the "funeral of liberty." A year later the Act was repealed by Parliament.
1765. The First American Congress. The feeling
in the colonies over the Stamp Act was such as to induce
Massachusetts to call together a representative assembly
to consider the situation. Delegates from nine out of the
thirteen colonies met accordingly in New York, in October
of this year; made a declaration of rights, drew up a
memorial to the British Parliament, and addressed a petition to the king. This was the first congress.
1767. The Tea Tax. In place of the repealed Stamp
Act, the British Parliament imposed a tax on tea and other
commodities of common and needful use imported by the
colonies; which was only imperilling in another way the
principle for which the latter were contending. This tax
was resisted like the other, Massachusetts of the colonies,
and Boston of Massachusetts towns, being foremost in the
opposition.
1769. Daniel Boone set out this year upon an expedition to explore Kentucky, whither he afterward removed with his family. He rendered good and faithful
service in fighting the Indians.
1770. The Boston Massacre. The presence of
British troops in Boston, for the purpose of enforcing hateful laws and putting down insubordina-  1714-1770.
tion, did not tend to allay the public  George Whileexcitement. On the evening of the 5th  fiedd.
of March an actual affray took place in the streets of the
city, between the exasperating soldiers and the hot-blooded




36           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
citizens. A squad of the former, acting under direction of
I770. Captain  one Captain Preston, fired upon the
Cook discovers  crowd, wounding several persons, and
Botany Bay and
takes ossession  killing three. One of the killed was
takesibossession
of New South   Crispus Attucks, a mulatto, who was
Wales.        the leader of the mob. This unfortunate affair produced intense feeling throughout the colonies, and was another exciting cause of the Revolution.
1772. The Fate of the "Gaspee."  The Gaspee w2ls
a British war vessel, which, in the rendering of some serI689-I772.    vice distasteful to the indignant coloEmanuel Swe-  nists, in Narragansett Bay, had got
denborg.  aground a few miles below Providence.
News of her mishap spread rapidly, and under cover of
night a party of patriots boarded her, captured the crew,
and burned the vessel.
1773. The Spilling of the Tea. The perpetuation
of the tax on tea, as the king had said, just "to keep up
the right of taxing," embittered the colonists generally more
and more, and led to the formation in various parts of the
country of associations of persons under pledge not to use
any tea until the tax was removed. Some of the resistants
to the tax went even further, and resolved that no tea at
all should be landed in the country. When therefore it
was learned in Boston that several cargoes were on the
way, a mass meeting was called at Faneuil Hall, which
afterward adjourned to the Old South Church, and it was
then and there resolved that the ships ought to be sent
back. The governor, Hutchinson, refused his consent to
this measure. When therefore the ships had arrived in
their berths, a band of men, disguised as Indians, went on
board, and threw all the tea over into the sea. This was
on the I8th of December, and is known as the "Boston
Tea Party."




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 37
1774. The Boston Port Bill. To punish Boston
for this act, the British Parliament passed a bill closing
Boston to commerce, and transferring the seat of the colonial government to Salem.  This was  172S-I774. Oliintended to cut off the city from all out-  ver Goldsmith.
side communications by water, which would have been a
very serious matter; but gifts began at once to flow in
from the other colonies, and with them came plenty of
sympathy and moral support, so that the fires of the Revolution, instead of being put out, were fanned into a new
glow. In this same year General Gage superseded Hutchinson as Governor of Massachusetts.
1774. The Continental Congress. This body,
called into being by the gravity of the situation, met at
Philadelphia, September 5, fifty-five delegates being present, representing all the colonies but Georgia. Among its
numbers were George Washington, Patrick Henry, Samuel
and John Adams, and President Witherspoon of Princeton
College. The unanimous spirit of the Congress was one
of firmness in resisting what were deemed the encroachments of Great Britain and of readiness for the worst.
A declaration of rights was adopted, the chief demands of
which were for the right of the colonies to make their own
laws and lay their own taxes; and for the removal of the
British standing army, except with consent of the colonies
for its remaining. Following these deliberative measures,
active preparations for the armed support of them were
begun in the colonies, in Massachusetts especially; while
at Boston, as being the source and centre of the trouble,
British troops began to be gathered in considerable numbers.




38          PARAGRAPH HISTORY
V.
PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION.
1775-I783.
1775. Lexington and Concord. The actual beginning of the War -of the Revolution was at Lexington and
Concord, towns a few miles to the west of Boston. Massachusetts had collected some military stores at Concord,
the more remote of the two. General Gage determined on
their destruction, and, on the night of the i8th of April,
secretly despatched a body of troops to effect it. The
purpose of the movement was discovered, and the warning
given by Paul Revere, who rode out from Boston and
alarmed the residents along the road. The "minute-men,"
as a portion of the colonial militia were called who were expected to be ready for any such sudden emergency, sprang
to arms. When the British troops reached Lexington they
were fired upon, and here (April i9th) was spilled the first
blood of the Revolution. Major Pitcairn was in command
of the invading force. He pushed on to Concord, and succeeded in destroying some of the stores; but was finally:
forced to beat a retreat, and suffered heavily in returning
to Boston. His losses were nearly 300 killed and wounded.
1775. The Continental Army. With the battle of
Lexington and Concord any expectation of a peaceable
settlement of difficulties between the American colonies
and Great Britain ceased. The raising of a New England
army of 30,000 men was promptly decided upon; the quota
of Massachusetts to be 13,000. By the Ist of May 20,000
men were encamped about Boston, leaving the British




OF THE UNITED STATES.               39
practically shut up in the city. General Ward commanded
the Massachusetts men, General Stark those from New
Hampshire, General Greene those from Rhode Island, and
Generals Putnam and Spencer those from Connecticut.
1775. The Capture of Ticonderoga. While the
Continental Arnmy was assembling, a force of Connecticut
and Vermont volunteers, led by Benedict Arnold and
Ethan Allen, marched to Forts Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, at the foot of Lake Champlain, both of which important fortresses were captured, with all their valuable
stores. Throughout this period of opening conflict, the
hearts of the Virginians, Carolinians, and Georgians beat
one with those of the New England colonists.
1775. The Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia on the Ioth of May. InI addition to
the distinguished members of the previous body, there
were present Benjamin Franklin and John Hancock.
Still another address was sent to the King, denying any
desire for separation from England, and asking simply for
a redress of grievances. At the same time a federal union
was resolved upon, measures were adopted for the organization and equipment of an army and navy, and George
Washington was appointed commander-in-chief.
1775. The Battle of Bunker Hill. This first really
important, and perhaps most famous, battle of the Revolutionary War, was fought June I7th, on one of the hills
of Charlestown, now a part of Boston. It resulted in a
defeat for the Americans; but it was a defeat which meant
more and better for them than most victories. The engagement grew out of an attempt of the Americans to prevent the British from fortifying the hill, and so strengthening their hold upon Boston. The Americans landed in the
night and threw up intrenchments, which the British as



40           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
saulted the following day. The attacking force numbered
about 300o men, being two to one of the Americans, and they
were twice repulsed before finally carrying the day. Their
losses were upwards of Iooo killed and wounded; these
figures bearing the same proportion to the American losses
as above. The severest blow to the Americans was in the
death of General Joseph Warren, an eminent physician of
Boston, and an ardent and active patriot, who had just
been commissioned a brigadier-general in the American
army. He was instantly killed by a bullet in the forehead.
1775.  Washington  takes  Command  of the
American Army. This important and interesting historical incident occurred on the 3d of July, under a noble
tree by the edge of Cambridge Common. The tree stands
to this day, and is known as "The Washington Elm."
Generals Lee, Schuyler, Ward, and Putnam were made
Washington's chief military assistants.  His first work
was the thorough organization and discipline of the army,
which up to this time was in rather a sorry condition as
respects every thing except spirit.
1775. An Invasion of Canada. In the latter months
of this same year an attempt was made to wrest Canada
from the British. An army commanded by General Montgomery, an Irishman, took Montreal, and then, effecting a
junction with a second force which General Arnold had
led in the same direction, made an attack on Quebec.
This last ended in failure, Montgomery perishing, and
Arnold being wounded, in the assault. The Americans
finally withdrew from the province, leaving it in possession
of the British.
1776. The British evacuated Boston on the 17th
17II-I776.   of March, over iooo Americans who were
David Hume.  loyal to the King going with them. Yet




OF THE UNITED STATES.                   4IEngland had not abandoned the contest, but was preparing to prosecute it more energetically than ever.
1776. A Movement for Independence. On the
7th of June, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced
these resolutions in Congress: —
" That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance
to the British crown; and that all political connection between
them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved.
" That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances.
" That a plan of confederation be prepared, and transmitted to
the respective colonies for their consideration and approbation."
These resolutions provoked a spirited and prolonged
discussion, but led to the appointment of a committee to
draft a more formal declaration in accordance with their
tenor. This committee consisted of Thomas Jefferson of
Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, and
Robert R. Livingston of New York. The declaration prepared by this committee was written mostly by Jefferson.
1776. The Declaration of Independence. The
paper itself was formally adopted by Congress on the 4th
of July, I776, and with virtual unanimity. [See Appendix.]
Thus the thirteen colonies resolved themselves into The
United States of America, and this is the event which we
still celebrate annually in the "Fourth of July."  The
place where Congress was assembled was the old State
House in Philadelphia, now known as Independence Hall.
Great rejoicings followed everywhere.
1776-1782. The War of the Revolution. The
colonists having thus declared their independence, had
now to fight for it, and make their declaration good.
Seven years of fighting ensued. The young States put




42           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1778. Captain  forth all their strength.  The English
Cook discovers   hired Hessian troops from Germany in
the Sandwich    addition to their own. Prominent among
their commanders were Lord Howe,
Lord Cornwallis, and General Burgoyne; while to the
names of those American leaders who have been mentioned, with others such as Marion and Sumter, are to
be added such as Lafayette, Kosciusko, De Kalb, Pulaski, and Steuben, foreigners of distinction who came
over to help the colonists battle for their liberties. One
of the most important fields of military operations was
New Jersey, though the Carolinas witnessed a campaign,
and there was fighting about the borders
694-778. Vo- of Vermont and New York. The war
1712-I778. yean was marked by the usual vicissitudes.
Jacques Rous-  The Americans won victories of considseau.         erable consequence at Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth, N.J.; Bennington, Vt.; Saratoga and
Stony Point, N.Y.; and Cowpens and Eutaw Springs, in
the Carolinas. On the other hand they suffered disastrous
defeats at Germantown, Pa., and at Camden and Clinton,
S.C. At one time they were depressed by the treason of
Benedict Arnold; at another they were elated by the nego1778. Louis   tiation of a treaty with France. This
XVI. of France latter measure was effected by Frankdeclares war   lin and others, in 1778, and resulted in
against England
in aid of t/e    the acquisition of substantial aid by the
American colo-  young and struggling nation. One winnies-.        ter was spent by the army in great hardship and suffering at Valley Forge, near Philadelphia.
The campaign in the Carolinas was marked by great reverses. On the coast there were naval engagements, such
as that memorable one in which Paul Jones, in the Bon



OP THE UNITED STATES.                43
homme Richard, took the British man- 1780. Lord
of-war Serapis.  The beginning of the George Gordon's
end came at Yorktown, Va., where, on Anti-Popcry'riots in London.
the i9th of October, 1781, Lord Cornwallis and his whole force of 7000 men surrendered to
Washington.  In the following year the British Government determined on an abandonment of the contest.
Preliminary articles of peace were agreed upon in November, 1782; and a final treaty between the two countries, by which Great Britain acknowledged the United
States to be "free, sovereign, and independent," was
signed September 3, 1783.  The evacuation of New
York, in November following, completed the removal of
British troops from American soil. During the seven
years of the Revolutionary War, Great Britain sent to
America a total of about II2,000 land-troops, and 22,000
seamen. The colonies raised in all, including over 50,000
militia, about 28o0,000 men. But the actual forces engaged
at any one time were comparatively very small; insignificant by the side of those that fought some of the battles
of the late Rebellion.
VI.
PERIOD OF NATIONAL GROWTH.
I783-18I7.
1783. Paying the Soldiers. One of the first things
Congress had to do, on the close of the  1783. Treaty of
Revolutionary War, was to appease the   Versailles;
soldiers, who had been paid in paper-  Ptace between
money that had become almost wo-  Briain, France
money that had become almost worth-  and Spain.




44           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
less, and were therefore in a state of great and just discontent. Almost a mutiny, in fact, broke out in the army
1785. The cele- because of dissatisfaction on this point
braled affair of and some others related to it, and only
Necklace."D nd   Washington's discreetness and decision
quelled the trouble.
1784. The Methodist Church. Previously to this
time Methodist preachers had travelled extensively through
the country, but now Dr. Coke was sent over from England by Wesley, as superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, and formal organization
followed.
1785. The Episcopal Church. The first organization of the Episcopal Church in the United States was
effected in September of this year. Already however the
Episcopalians of Connecticut had elected Rev. Dr. Seabury
their bishop; who was duly consecrated in Scotland in
1784. Subsequently Rev. Drs. William White of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Provost of New York, were raised to
the same office; and, following them, Rev. Dr. James
Madison of Virginia, a relative of him who was afterward
President Madison. The first General Convention met in
I789, and the revised Book of Common Prayer came into
use in I790.
1785. John Adams was this year appointed minister
to Great Britain, -the first appointment to that position.
1786. The Roman Catholic Church. This may
be accepted as the date of the founding of the Roman
Catholic Church in the United States, for it was in this
year that Rev. John Carroll, a native of Maryland, but
educated in France, was appointed vicar-general by the
Pope, and took up his official residence in Baltimore.
This was at the instance of Benjamin Franklin, whom he




OF THE UNITED STATES.                45
had previously accompanied on a political mission to
Canada. Three years later Mr. Carroll was made the first
Roman Catholic bishop in the country, and subsequently
was raised to the archbishopric.
1787. -The Constitution. The convention of States
by which the present Constitution was framed, met this
year in Philadelphia. The work occupied four months;
and, after a thorough discussion of the  I788. First
instrument in the several States, it was  English settlefinally adopted by all of them, Rhode  merts in AusIsland voting last, in I790. The Con-  tralia.
stitution went into operation, however, when two-thirds of
the States had voted in the affirmative. At this point the
history of the United States of America properly begins.
The framers of the constitution were as follows:GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the Convention and Deputy front Virginia.
From New tlampshzire: JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GTLMAN.
Front Massaczhusetts: NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUFUS KING.
Front Connecticut: WILLIAM  SAMUEL JOHNSON, ROGER
SHERMAN.
From New York: ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
From Newz Jersey: WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLEY,
WILLIAM PATTERSON, JONATHAN DAYTON.
From Pennsylvania: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THOMAS MIFFLIN, ROBERT MORRIS, GEORGE CLYMER, THOMAS FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL, JAMES WILSON, GOUVERNEUR
MORRIS.
Fromn Delaware: GEORGE READ, GUNNING BEDFORD, Jr.,
JOHN DICKINSON, RICHARD BASSETT, JACOB BROOM.
From Maryland: JAMES MCHENRY, DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS
JENIFER, DANIEL CARROLL.
From Virginia: JOHN BLAIR, JAMES MADISON, Jr.
Front North/ Carolina: WILLIAM BLOUNT, RICHARD DOBBS
SPAIGHT, HUGH WILLIAMSON.
Front South Carolina: JOHN RUTLEDGE, CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY, CHARLES PINCKNEY, PIERCE BUTLER.
From Georgia: WILLIAM FEW, ABRAHAM BALDWIN.
WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.




46           PARAGRAIPH HISTORY
The thirteen original States, with the dates in which they
severally adopted the constitution, were these: -
DELAWARE, 1787.         MARYLAND, 1788.
PENNSYLVANIA, I787.     SOUTH CAROLINA, 1788.
NEW JERSEY,,,        NEW HAMPSHIRE,,,
GEORGIA, 1788.          VIRGINIA,
CONNECTICUT, 1788.      NEW YORK,
MASSACHUSETTS, 1788.    NORTH CAROLINA, 1789.
RHODE ISLAND, 1790.
I. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, Of Virginia, President: 1789-1797.
JOHN ADAMS, of Massachusetts, Vice-President: 1789-I797.
1789. Washington and Adams entered upon office
April 30, New York City being the capital. Their administration witnessed a rapid and gratifying consolidation of the
nation, and the inauguration of a sound system of finance,
one of the features of which was a United States Bank. It
-I788-1795. Im- was also marked by a troublesome war
_peachment trial  with the Indians on the northwest fronof Warren Hastings, Governor-  tier; by some impressions and effects of
General of India. the French Revolution, and by the rise of
1789-I792.    two great political parties. These were
French Revolu- first the Federalists, led by Washington,
tion. Proclama- Adams, Hamilton and Jay who were
tion of a repubic      Hamilton, and Jay, who were
by the National  satisfied with the organization of the
Assembly.     government, and the turn which affairs
were beginning to take; and, second, the Republicans, or
Democrats as they were afterwards called, who, to a hearty
sympathy with the French Revolutionists, joined a strong
feeling in favor of State Rights. Among the leaders of
the latter were Jefferson, Madison, and Samuel Adams.
The Federalists would subordinate the States to the nation;
the Republicans or Democrats, the nation to the States.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 47
The Federalists were the conservatives, and looked with
little favor on the movement in France against the monarchical idea; the Republican-Democrats were the radicals, and would have liked to help France on to success.
On all these issues party spirit ran high.
1791. Vermont admitted to the Union: 14th State.
1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union: I5th State.
1793.  Washington  and Adams 1793. Execuwere inaugurated for a second term. tions of Louis
John Hancock and Roger Sherman died rie Antoinette.
this same year.                      Reign of Terror.
1794. A treaty of commerce and'795- Mungo
Park enters ufon
navigation was concluded between the P African e xton
United States and Great Britain.     ilorations.
1796. Tennessee admitted to the 1759-1796. RobUnion: I6th State.                   ert Burns.
1729-1797. Ed1794-1825.  The Unitarian Con- mund Burke.
troversy. These two dates -the first, 1796-I815. Wars
that of Dr. Joseph Priestley'svisit to of Naoleon.
this country; the second, that of the organization of the
American Unitarian Association - may be taken as including the period of the so-called Unitarian Controversy, the
chief parties to which were the Unitarian and Ttinitarian
Congregational Churches of New England. There was
a fierce war in print, some litigation as respects church
property, and a final consolidation of the Unitarians as
a distinct religious body.
II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION.
JOHN ADAMS, of Massachusetts, President: 1797-180r.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia, Vice-President: 1797-180x.
This administration was distinguished by the existence
of very critical relations with France, the adjustment of
which was barely accomplished without war.




48           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1797. Peace Commissioners to France. C. C.
Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall were sent by
the administration to France to negotiate a settlement of
the difficulties between the two countries. Instead of a
courteous hearing, they got only an intimation that, unless a
considerable sum of money were forthcoming, war might
be the result.." War be it, then," said Pinckney: "millions
for defence, but not one cent for tribute." Such was the
noble and constant spirit of the fathers. Hostilities actually began with a naval combat in the West Indies; but
in i8oo, with the accession of Napoleon Bonaparte to
power in France, peace was restored.
1799. George Washington died at Mount Vernon,
December 14, aged 67: "First in war, first in peace, and
first in the hearts of his countrymen."
1800. The seat of Government was removed from
New York to Washington. A census showed a national
population of something over 5,oo,0ooo.
III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia, President: i8oi-i809.
AARON BURR, of New Jersey, Vice-President: I80I-I8o5.
GEORGE CLINTON, of New York, Vice-President: I805-I8o9.
1801. The accession of Mr. Jefferson, it must be
noticed, betokened a change of political parties. Washington and Adams were both Federalists, Jefferson was a
Democrat. His administration was very vigorous, and
made strong friends and bitter enemies.
1802. Ohio admitted to the Union: I7th State.
180A. The Louisiana Purchase. At this time the
name Louisiana applied to the whole immense territory
enclosed by the Mississippi River, the Pacific Ocean, the
Gulf of Mexico, and the British Possessions on the north.




OF THE UNITED STA TES.               49
This entire tract, comprising nearly goo,ooo square miles,
was now bought of France for $15,000,000. The national
area was thereby more than doubled. The President at
once sent an expedition to explore the new acquisition.
The party, headed by Captains Lewis and Clark, traversed
the continent, and brought back a wonderful story of observation and adventure. This is known as the Lewis and
Clark Expedition.
1804. War against the Pirates. American commerce had suffered heavily from pirates on the Barbary
coast. A naval expedition was sent to
I804. Naioleon
make reprisal, and Tripoli was bom- proclainzed Embarded. It was in this naval campaign peror of the
that the young Lieutenant Decatur so French.
distinguished himself.
1805. Burr and Hamilton. Ex-Vice-President Burr,
attributing to Alexander Hamilton some of the political
misfortunes which were beginning to attend him, challenged him to a duel. In this duel Hamilton was killed,
and Burr was obliged to take himself out.of the way, to
escape the consequences which an indignant people were
ready to inflict upon him. Shortly after he was suspected
of treasonable designs for the formation of an independent
domain in the West; but, though for lack of evidence he
was formally acquitted of the charge, he never recovered
from the stigma which these two incidents in his career
fixed upon him.
1807. The Embargo. The indignities and injuries to
which American commerce had been subjected, by reason
of war between France and Great Brit- 1807. Abolition
ain, induced Congress, at the President's of the slave-trade
instance, to issue an embargo, which throughout the
detained all vessels in American ports, ions.
4




50           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1808-1814. The and required all American vessels then
Peninsular/War: away to return home. This measure,
Enzgland aiding
Spain againstt/he which practically put an end to comFrench.        merce, and so occasioned  an almost
complete prostration of business, was one of the most
unpopular acts of Jefferson's Administration. The ombargo was repealed in I8o9.
1807. Robert Fulton's steam-boat, the Clermont, was launched this year, and made its first voyage
upon the Hudson, at the rate of about five miles an hour.
1807. The importation of slaves into the United
States from any foreilgn country was made illegal after this
time by Act of Congress.
IV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.
JAMES MADISON, of Virginia, President: I809-1817.
GEORGE CLINTON, of New York, Vice-President: I809-I813.
ELBRIDGE GERRY, of Massachusetts, Vice-President: 1813-ISI7.
1810. Population of the United States 7,300,000.
1812. Louisiana admitted to the Union: S8th State.
1812. The War of 1812.  The chief feature of
President Madison's administration was another war with
England, known as the war of I8I2, it being in that year
that hostilities actually commenced.  For several years
1812. Naloleon's American commerce had suffered from
Campaign in    British cruisers, by whom  vessel after
Russia.       vessel was seized and confiscated.  The
whole difficulty grew in some measure out of the mighty conflict then progressing between France and other European
Powers, and there were not a few Americans who thought
France was quite as much at fault for the injustice suffered
by the young republic as England. War against England




OF THE UNITED STATES.                51
was finally declared in June of this year. The President
was authorized to raise an army of 75,000 men, under
Major-General Henry Dearborn, as commander-in-chief.
His lieutenants were Generals Wilkinson, Hampton,
Hull, and Bloomfield. The principal fighting in this war
between the land-forces, was along the Canada frontier,
where the English had the Indians for their allies; but its
distinguishing feature, perhaps, was its naval battles, of
which there were several that have become famous. These
were fought not only at sea, but on the Great Lakes. In
one of them the American frigate Constitution captured
the British frigate Guerriere. In another, on Lake Erie,
Commodore 0. H. Perry captured an entire British fleet
of six vessels; a most memorable engagement.
1814. Capture of the Capital. In this the second
year of the war occurred the most serious disaster which it
brought to the American cause. A British force of 5000
men approached Washington by way of 18I4. Napoleon
the Chesapeake, and, after a skirmish surrenders to the
with the militia at Bladensburg, cap- allies, and retires
tured Washington, and  burned  the to Elba.
President's House, the Capitol, and other public buildings. A subsequent attack upon Baltimore was repulsed.
At the close of the year a treaty of peace was signed at
Gohent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and others acting
in behalf of the United States.
1814. The Hartford Convention.  The great opposition to the war, manifested by the Federalists, led to
the holding of a New England representative convention,
which met at Hartford, December 15, and continued in
session twenty days with closed doors.  George Cabot
was President.  This convention was suspected of treasonable designs, and a regiment of Kentucky troops was




52           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
sent to Hartford to watch it; but its final deliverances
proved to be eminently patriotic, albeit offering a decided
protest to some of the war-measures of the administration.
1815. The  Battle  of New  Orleans.  Though
peace had been negotiated, the war was not over. While
the news was on the way across the sea, a British force of
12,000 men attacked New Orleans. The city was defended
1815. Na5poeon by 5000 men under General Andrew
suddenly returns Jackson.  The battle of New Orleans
from Elba —  al- was fought on the 8th of January, and
tie ofj/aterloo. the result was a heavy defeat for the
British. It was the last battle of the war.
1815. Pirates Again. Soon after the termination of
hostilities a naval force was despatched by the government
to the Mediterranean to punish the Algerine pirates, and
very successfully did it accomplish its work.
1816-17. A National Bank. In its session during
these years Congress chartered a national bank at Philadelphia, with a capital of $35,ooo,ooo.
1816. Indiana admitted to the Union: Ig9th State.
1817. The American Colonization Society was
organized.
VII.
PERIOD OF SLAVERY AGITATION.
I8I7-I86I.
V. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.
JAMES MONROE, of Virginia, President: 18I7-1825.
DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, of New York, Vice-President: 1817-I825.
THE slavery agitation had its rise with Mr. Monroe's administration.
1817. Mississippi admitted to the Union: 2oth State.




OF' THB UNITED STATES.               53
1818. Illinois admitted to the Union: 2Ist State.
1819. Alabama admitted to the Union: 22d State.
1820. Maine admitted to the Union: 23d State.
1820. Population of the United States 9,600,ooo.
1820. The  Missouri Compromise.  With  the
erection of each territory into a new State the contest
between the friends and opponents of slavery deepened;
and over the admission of Missouri, in I820, there was a
prolonged and severe struggle.  Even as early as this
were to be heard the prophetic notes of the terrific conflict
which finally ensued. Said Mr. Cobb of Georgia: "A fire
has been kindled which all the waters of the ocean cannot
put out, and which only seas of blood can extinguish."
Towhich Mr. Tallmage of New York replied: "If civil
war, which gentlemen so much threaten, must come, I
can only say, let it come!.. If blood is necessary to'
extinguish any fire which I have.assisted to kindle, while
I regret the necessity I shall not hesitate to contribute my
own."  Missouri was finally admitted, but by a compromise
between the two factions. -The clause prohibiting slavery
was stricken out of the bill, and a proviso introduced that
henceforth no slavery should be tolerated north of latitude
360 30'. This was the famous Missouri Compromise; by
which it was expected the slavery agitation would be ended.
1821. Missouri admitted to the Union: 24th State.
1823. The Monroe Doctrine. In his annual message this year President Monroe gave form and expression
to a principle which became known as "the Monroe
Doctrine," and has taken an important and permanent
place in the policy of the country. It is this: "That
the American Continents, by the free and independent
position which they have assumed and maintained, are
henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future,




54           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
colonization by any European power." This declaration
grew out of the recognition by Congress of certain Spanish
American republics, which had lately assumed their independence.
VI. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. of Massachusetts, President: 1825- 829.
JOHN C. CALHOUN, of South Carolina, Vice-President: 1825-1829.
A distinguishing feature of this administration was
the march of what may be called internal improvements.
1825. The Erie Canal. The completion this year
1788-I824.   Of the Erie Canal imparted quite an imByron.      pulse to the extension of this method of
inland navigation.
1827. The first railroad in the United States was
built, leading from the granite quarries at Quincy, Mass.,
to tide-water, a distance of some three miles. The cars
were drawn by horses.
1826. Ex-Fresidents John Adams and Jefferson
died on the same day of this semi-centennial year, and that
day the Fourth of July: altogether a very remarkable
coincidence.
1828. The Tariff. The Protectionists succeeded this
year in the enactment of a high.tariff, the operation of
which consisted in the laying of a heavy tax upon foreign
productions for the sake of encouraging home manufactures.
Party spirit ran high on the question, and a new element
was added to the political complications of the time. The
fact that the North, by reason of its manufactures, was
interested in protection, and that the South was as warmly
interested in free trade, tended to widen the breach which
the slavery agitation had already opened between the two
sections of the country.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                55
VII. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.
ANDREW JACKSON, of Tennessee, President: I829-I837.
JOHN C. CALHOUN, of South Carolina, Vice-President: 18291831.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, of New York, Vice-President: I833I837.
Jackson's administration was one of great vigor, turbulence, and excitement; taking its complexion from. the
man himself, who was one of the most resolute, energetic,
and remarkable of the long line who have filled this high
office. The Whig party came into existence as the opposition to Jackson's administration.
1830. Population of the United States I2,8oo,ooo.
1831.  William  Lloyd  Garrison  established  a
weekly paper in Boston called the "Liberator." It was
devoted to the advocacy of immediate and unconditional
emancipation. This movement produced intense excitement at the South, and at the North led to the organization of the Abolitionists; with the total result of so
alarming Congress that it passed a law excluding antislavery publications from the mails.
1832. Webster's Reply to Hayne. In this year
the contest in Congress over the tariff, and the issues which
it raised, led to the memorable debate between Robert Y.
Hayne, of South Carolina, and Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts.  Hayne propounded extreme State-rights doctrine, and Webster in his reply used those now famous
words, "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and
inseparable!"
1832. Nullification. The high tariff proved so obnoxious to the South, that South Carolina actually attempted resistance and threatened seces-  1771-1832. Walsion. The particular champion of this  ter Scott.




56           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
I749-1832.    theory that a State had a right to nulb
Goet/he.      lify an act of Congress was Mr. Ca41833. Saenta   houn himself, who had resigned his
Anna elected
President of    Vice-Presidency to take a seat as SenaMexico.       tor from his native State. South Carot833. Slavery  lina armed, and prepared to execute her
abolished
throghut the  threat.  President Jackson ordered a
British domin-  military and naval force to Charleston
ions. Rei-n of to maintain the Federal authority; accompanying this measure with a proclamation warning the disaffected State that the laws against
treason would be rigidly enforced. The vigorous action of
the President had its effect, and put an end to the incipient rebellion.
1832.  The National Bank.  President Jackson's
opposition to the United States Bank was another marked
feature of his policy. Congress having refused to adopt
his recommendation that the public funds be removed
from the bank, he directed their removal on his own responsibility. His course in this affair strengthened the
opposition he had already encountered. A financial panic
was one of the results of the disturbance.
1835. The Seminole War. A war broke out this
year with the Indians in Florida, which continued intermittently for about twenty years, greatly to the discomfort
of the settlers of that territory, but finally to the subjection of the Indians and their removal west of the Mississippi.
1836. Arkansas admitted to the
I8377. Accession of Queen    Union: 25th State.
Victoria to the  1837.  Michigan admitted to the
British throne.
Union: 26th State.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                57
VIII. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, of New York, President: 1837-1841.
RICHARD M. JOHNSON, of Kentucky, Vice-President: 1837-1841.
The period of President Van Buren's administration was
one of great financial stringency and disaster; to the remedv of which difficulties the attention of the government
was chiefly devoted.
1837. The Financial Crisis. Almost the first act
of President Van Buren was to summon in September an
extra session of Congress to concert measures for the
financial relief of the country, which had been overtaken
by a commercial storm of unparalleled severity. Business
was everywhere at a stand-still; bankruptcy had become a
common lot; and by midsummer the banks universally had
suspended specie payments. The President made definite
recommendations to Congress for the cure of existing evils,
but they were received with only partial favor.
1837. Neutrality on the Canada Border. An
insurrection of Canadians against the authority of Great
Britain tempted some Americans living near the border to
take sides against the latter in the attempt to suppress it.
This movement was promptly put down by the President,
who backed up a manly and just proclamation of neutrality
by sending a military force under General Scott to the
scene of the disorder.
1837. Michigan admitted to the Union: 26th State.
1839. Hints of Disunion.  The continued agitation of the slavery question provoked Mr. Rhett of
South Carolina to propose a declaration by Congress that
it was expedient that the Union be dissolved. Peace was
preserved, for the time being only, by the adoption of a rule
in the House that henceforth no petitions on the subject of




58           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
slavery should be received. This rule continued in force
some ten years.
1839, 1840. The Government and the Banks.
The closing part of President Van Buren's administration
I840. Louis    was marked by the carrying through
Natoleon makes Congress of a favorite measure of his
a revolutionary
demonstration   for the separation of the banks of the
in France;    country from government connection,
is arrestend and  and for the receipt and payment of gold
sentenced to imprisonment for  and silver exclusively in all public trans.
life at Ham.    actions.
1840. The Hard Cider Campaign. The opposition
awakened by President Van Buren's financial policy and
other measures furnished the occasion, in connection with
the election of his successor, of one of the most exciting
and memorable political struggles in the history of the
country. Mr. Van Buren was renominated by the Democrats. Against him the Whigs placed General William
Henry Harrison; who was a man of great popularity
throughout the Interior, by reason not only of his personal
character, but of his services on the northwest frontier in
the War of I8I2. Popular feeling entered into the canvass
to an uncommon degree; songs, watchwords, and emblems
abounded; and the enthusiasm of partisans rose to the
highest pitch. As a result General Harrison was elected
by 234 votes out of the 294 thrown by the electoral college.
1840. Population of the United States 7,oo000,0ooo.
IX. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, of Ohio, President: March 4April 4, 184I.
JOHN TYLER, of Virginia, Vice-President: March 4- April 4,1841.
This brevity of it was the distinguishing mark of President Harrison's administration.  The President died at




OF THE UNITED STATES.                59
the end of just a month from his inauguration, and before
it had been possible for him to adopt any distinctive policy
or to achieve any measures of importance. His previous
career had earned for him great popularity, and the nation
was plunged into mourning by his death. The campaign
which had -preceded his election to the Presidency was
one of great excitement, to which fact, together with the
fatigue incident to his inauguration, was attributed the
illness which occasioned his death.
X. TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION.
JOHN TYLER, of Virginia, President: April 4, I84I-1845.
The two characteristics of President Tyler's administration were, first, the President's alleged betrayal of the
political party which had elected him to office, and, second,
the annexation of Texas.
1842. The National Bank again.  The efforts of
the Whig Congress to re-establish a national bank were persistently set at nought by the vetoes of the President, who
was accordingly charged with having gone over to the
Democrats.
1842. The Ashburton Treaty. A dispute between
the United States and Great Britain over 1843. Indetenthe north-eastern boundaries was amica- dence of the
Sandwich Islands
bly settled by means of a treaty nego- recognized by
tiated by Daniel Webster, then Secretary England and
of State, acting for the United States, France.
and Lord Ashburton on the part of Great Britain.
1844. The Telegraph. The news of Mr. Polk's
election to the Presidency was the first 1844. Daniel
despatch ever sent by telegraph in the O'Connell tried
United States. This was over a wire at Duionn andf sendition, and sen



60           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
tenced to a year's erected by Professor S. F. B. Morse beimnzrisonment.  tween Baltimore and Washington.
1845. Florida admitted to the Union: 27th State.
1845. The Annexation of Texas. Previous to this
1769-1845. Syd- time Texas, which had been a field of
ney Smith.    much contention between the Spaniards
and the French, had assumed the position of an independent State, and the question of annexing it to the United
States furnished occasion for yet more
a5nkli sairls o  controversy between the pro-slavery and
an Arctic Expe- anti-slavery parties. The South urged
ditionfrom whiclh the measure, as Mr. Calhoun said: "to
h~e never returns.
uphold the interests of slavery, extend
its influence, and secure its permanent duration."  On
this very account the North as zealously resisted it.
I798-1845.    Texas was finally admitted in the early
Thomas Hood.  months of i845, making the 28th State.
The step was one of the causes of the Mexican War.
XI. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION.
JAMES K. POLK, of Tennessee. President: 1845-1849.
GEORGE M. DALLAS, of Pennsylvania, Vice-President: 1845-1849.
The Mexican War and the settlement of California
1845-1847. Fam- were the principal events in the national
ire in Ireland.  history during this administration.
1846. Iowa admitted to the Union: 29th State.
1846. The Oregon Treaty. Up to this time Great
Britain had claimed Oregon as one of her possessions, but
the acquisition of it by the United States was a declared
purpose of Polk's administration. This year a treaty was
concluded between the two Powers whereby the parallel
of 490 was agreed upon as the southern boundary of British
Possessions in the northwest.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 6i
1846. The Wilmot Proviso.  This was the name
given to a measure proposed in Congress by David Wilmot, representative from Pennsylvania, 1846. LouisNain connection with steps taken to ensure poleon escapes
peace with Mexico. It was to this effect, from the fortress
namely, that in case of the acquisition of of Ham.
any new territory by treaty with Mexico, "neither slavery
nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of
said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall
first be duly convicted." This Wilmot Proviso passed the
HIouse, but not the Senate, and is one of the mile-stones
by which the progress of anti-slavery sentiment is to be
noted.
1846-1848.  The Mexican War. The annexation of Texas to the United States had given rise to
various disputes with Mexico, as to boundaries and border
regions, and in April a conflict of arms I780-1847.
took place between Mexican and United Thomas ChalStates troops on the Rio Grande. War mers.
was at once declared by the President as 8l48. Frehis
"existing by the act of Mexico," and PhiliAppe abdiCongress promptly voted the supplies ca/es. Republic
proclaimed. Louis
with which to promote it.  General Napoleon, memnZachary Taylor, who first had been in bher ofhe Nathe field, was succeeded by General tional Assembly,
Winfield Scott as commander-in-chief, of the Republic.
and a vigorous campaign was entered 1767-I849. Maupon. The troops were chiefly furnished ria Edgewortz.
by States in the South and Southwest.  Battles were
fought at Palo Alto, Monterey, Buena Vista, Vera Cruz,
Cherubusco, Molino del Rey, and other points, and finally
before the City of Mexico, which surrendered to General
Scott, September I4, I847. The war was formally termi



62           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
nated by a treaty of peace negotiated at Gaudalupe Hidalgo,
in February, I848.* By this treaty the Rio Grande was
determined as the boundary between Mexico and the
United States, and New Mexico and California were ceded
by the former to the latter. This war proved a training
school for many young officers of the army who afterwards
distinguished themselves in the war of the Rebellion.
1847. The Mormons. For some years the sect known
as Mormons had been gathering at Nauvoo, Illinois. Their
principles and practices becoming obnoxious to the public,
they were now driven out, partly by legislative decree, and
partly by force of arms, and removed to Utah under the
lead of Brigham Young. Salt Lake City was founded,
and a year or two later a State was organized under the
name of Deseret.
1848. The California Gold Fever. The cession
to the United States of the territory of California was
speedily followed by the discovery of gold therein. This
produced intense excitement throughout the country, and
attracted thousands of adventurers to that as yet almost
unknown region.
1848. Wisconsin admitted to the Union: 3oth State.
1848. The Free-Soil Party.  The agitation which
grew out of the famous Wilmot Proviso led this year to
measures for the organization of a new political party,
pledged to the principle of " a free soil for a free people;"
whence its name. The Free-Soilers held a convention at
Buffalo in August, and nominated Martin Van Buren for
the Presidency, and Charles Francis Adams for the VicePresidency.  The new party drew to itself from both
* The quill pen with which President Polk signed the ratification of
this treaty has lately been presented by Mrs. Polk to the Tennessee
Historical Society.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 63
Whigs and Democrats those who were in sympathy with
anti-slavery ideas, and was the germ of the present Republican party.
XII. TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION.
ZACHARY TAYLOR of Louisiana, President: 1849-1850.
MILLARD FILLMORE of New York, Vice-President: 1849-50.
President Taylor died after having been in office but a
little over a year, but his brief administration was marked
by a fiercer struggle than ever over the slavery question,
and by the arrangement of certain measures of compromise,
which were expected to heal the breach between the North
and South, but failed to do so.
1849. The Constitution of California. California
having suddenly gathered to itself a large population,
steps were taken by its citizens for the erection of the
Territory into a State. To that end a constitution was
framed and adopted. That constitution prohibited slavery.
1850. California was admitted this year to the Union
as' a free State (3Ist State); but only after a bitter struggle in Congress, and by means of a compromise, which
was effected mainly through the efforts  I770-1850.
of Henry Clay.  The chief features of  Wordsworth.
this compromise were the granting of territorial governments to Utah and New Mexico, the question of slavery
therein to be left for the inhabitants to decide; the abolition
of slavery in the District of Columbia; and the enactment
of a stringent law for the return to their owners of fugitive
slaves. There was a strong opposition to this compromise,
led by such members of Congress as Charles Sumner and
John P. Hale; but Mr. Webster and other influential Northern men supported it, and it finally carried the day.




64           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1850. President Taylor died July 9, being succeeded in office by Vice-President Fillmore.
1850. Population of the United States 23,ooo,ooo.
XIII. FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION.
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New York, President: I850-1853.
Mr. Fillmore's administration is to be chiefly remembered
for the support it gave to the Fugitive Slave Law, and
kindred measures of attempted compromise between freedom and slavery.
1850. The Fugitive Slave Law. This law received
President Fillmore's signature in September, and with it
the other provisions of the Clay compromise measures
went into effect. The law was odious to a large proportion
of Northern people, and no little difficulty was met with in
executing it in some parts of the country. The publication of Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" occurred
shortly after this; a work of powerful influence in deepening the already growing opposition to slavery.
1850. The Bulwer-Clayton Treaty. This was a
treaty negotiated in Washington between Baron Henry L.
E. Bulwer, British minister resident, and John M. Clayton,
Secretary of State under President Taylor, having for its
object the settlement of certain rights and privileges
relating to canal communication across Central America.
I85I. The "Coup  1851. Cuba and the Filibusters.
d'Eta.'" Louis General Lopez led a band of filibusters
Na oleon mounts from New Orleans to Cuba, their object
to the place of sutremepower in  being to aid the Cubans in the revoluPrance.       tionary work of throwing off the yoke of
ner5En5giishTur- Spain. The expedition was a failure, as
landscadhe ainter. one or two previous ones had been, and




OF THE UNITED STATES.                   65
Lopez and a number of his followers paid for their temerity with their lives.                  I85I. O0ening
1851. Louis Kossuth visited the of the Great ExUnited States.                         hibition, London.
1852. The Presidential campaign this year was an
interesting and exciting one. Against Pierce and King,
the Democratic candidates for the Presidency and VicePresidency, were pitted General Scott 1852. Louis Naand William R. Graham, the candidates poleon declared
of the Whigs; while Daniel Webster Emneror of
France, under
was strongly urged by his friends for the title of Nca2othe first place on the latter ticket. Mr. leon III.
Webster died, however, in October, before the election
took place. The Free-Soilers nominated John P. Hale,
and George W. Julian. The popular vote at the election
in November shows the comparative strength of the three
parties at this important and interesting juncture:Pierce and King.......,587,256.
Scott and Graham........,384,577.
Hale and Julian.........   57,296.
XIV. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, of New Hampshire, President: T853-T857.
WILLIAM R. KING, of Alabama, Vice-President: 1853-i857.
Pierce's administration came into power pledged to the
suppression by all possible means of any renewal of slavery agitation. This was its distinguishing policy.
1853. The Gadsden Purchase. Difficulties which
had arisen with Mexico over boundary questions were
happily settled this year by James Gads- IS53. Santa
den, United States Minister to Mexic.' Anna chosen
One of the features of the treaty which Dictator of Alexhe negotiated was the purchase of the i853-1856. Critract of country corresponding to the mean War.
present Territory of Arizona for $Io,ooo,OOO.
S




66           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
1853. A Pacific Railroad. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, sent out expeditions to explore various
routes proposed for a railroad from the Interior to the
Pacific.
1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Through the
efforts of Stephen A. Douglas, United States Senator from
Illinois, Congress passed in May a bill for the admission
of the new States of Kansas and Nebraska. By the
terms of this bill, the Missouri Compromise of I820,
which had prohibited slavery north of lat. 360 30o, was
repealed, and the question of slavery or freedom in the
proposed States was left to the people of the same to
decide for themselves.  This measure produced great
indignation at the North, vastly strengthened the hands
of the anti-slavery party, and led to a vigorous struggle
between the friends of freedom and the champions of slavery for the possession of the government of the new States.
"Popular Sovereignty" was our war-cry of the hour, and
"Border Ruffianism" one of its dark features. The settlers who poured into Kansas came from  both slave
States and free. Each party organized a government and
framed a constitution. There were collisions, massacres,
and pillaging. At Ossawattomie, John Brown fought quite
a little battle with invaders from Missouri.  Finally the
free-State men carried the day.
1854. A Treaty with Japan. Commodore Matthew C. Perry, commanding a United States Squadron,
negotiated a treaty with Japan by which, almost for the
18x6-I855.    first time in history, ports of that counCharlotte Bronte. try were thrown open to commerce.
1856. " Know-Nothingism."  A political party came
into existence this year, pledged to an opposition of foreign,
especially Roman Catholic, influence.




OP THE  UNITED S TA TES.             67
1856. Speaker Banks. A memorable incident of
the political conflict now in progress was the election of
Hon. N. P. Banks of Massachusetts, formerly a Democrat, as Speaker of the national House of Representatives.
The election was effected on the I33d ballot, after a contest
of over two months, and was an important victory for the
anti-slavery party.
1856. The Assault on Sumner. On the 22d of
May, Charles Sumner, United States Senator from Massachusetts, was assaulted in his seat by Preston S. Brooks, a
member of the House of Representatives from South
Carolina. The occasion of the assault was a powerful
speech delivered by Mr. Sumner shortly before upon " The
Crime Against Kansas," in the course of which he had
denounced slavery, its champions and its measures, in
severe terms. With a stout cane Brooks inflicted terrible
injuries upon the person of his victim; from the effects of
which indeed the latter never fully recovered.
1856. The Fremont Campaign. Three sets of
candidates were again in the field this fall for the Presidential campaign.  The Democrats nominated James
Buchanan and John C. Breckenridge; the American or
"Know-Nothing" party, Ex-President  Fillmore  and
Andrew J. Donnelson; and the Republicans, as the antislavery party had come to be called, John C. Fremont
and William L. Dayton. The popular vote which followed shows the change which three years had witnessed
in the relative strength of the leading political parties of
the country:Buchanan and Breckenridge....,838,I69.
Fremont and Dayton.....     1,34,264.
Fillmore and Donnelson.....  874,534.




68           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
XV. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION.
AMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania, President: I857-I86i.
JOHN C. BRECKENRIDGE, of Kentucky, Vice-President: I857i86i.
President Buchanan's administration was marked by the
culmination of the slavery controversy and the incipient
stages of the Rebellion. It was during this administration
that Chief Justice Taney delivered the famous " Dred Scott
Decision," to the effect that negroes had "no rights that
white men were bound to respect."
1857-8. A constitution for Kansas formed at
1857. SepoyRe- Lecompton led to a new and bitter
bellion in India. conflict in Congress, but the bill based
I803-1857. Doug- thereupon was finally passed. This was
las Jerrold.    known as the Lecompton bill and was
approved by the President as a peace measure, but was
opposed by the Republicans and a considerable fraction of
1804-1857. Eu- the Democrats as being virtually in the
gene Sue.     interests of slavery.
1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union: 32d State.
Telegraphic communication was temporarily established between America and England by means of the Atlantic
cable.
I859. Franco-   1859.  Oregon admitted to  the
Austrian War. Union: 33d State.
1859. John Brown and Harper's Ferry. In
October, John Brown, who had already appeared in the
course of the troubles in Kansas, seized the United
States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, as a first step in an
attempt to arm and free the slaves. He had but a handful of men at his command, and was speedily overpowered.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 69
Half of his party were killed. Brown himself was tried
by a Virginia Court and hanged for treason in December following. This event created an intense excitement
throughout the country. At the South it was regarded as
a sign of a Northern purpose to liberate the slaves.
1860. Lincoln's Election. The Presidential campaign of this year, which resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln, was one of intense activity, i86i. Vicdor
and precipitated the stirring events of Emanuel prothe Rebellion. Four sets of candidates claimed King of
Italy. Italy recwere in the field, for whom the popular ognized by Engvote was as follows: -               land and France.
Lincoln and Hamlin, (Rep.)...... 1,857,6Io.
Douglas and Johnson, (Dem.)..      1,365,976.
Breckenridge and Lane, (Pro-Slav. Dem.).  847,952.
Bell and Everett, (Constitutional Union).  59o,631.
1860. Secession. Upon the election of Mr. Lincoln
the Southern States at once proceeded to carry out their
threats of secession. South Carolina took the lead, passing the ordinance of secession in December. This action
was rapidly followed in turn by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
1860. Population of the United States 31,400,000.
VI I I.
PERIOD OF THE REBELLION.
I86I-I865.
1861. The Beginning of the War. The secession of
the Southern States was followed by a seizure on their part
of forts, arsenals, and other United States property within




70           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
their reach, together with large quantities of arms, ammunition, and other military stores, much of which had previously been removed from the North.
7anuary 29. Kansas admitted to the Union under the
Wyandotte (anti-slavery) constitution: 34th State.
February 4. Organization of the Southern Confederacy. Delegates from the seceding States met in
convention at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a provisional
government under the style of Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, Secretary of War
under President Pierce, was afterward chosen President,
and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President.
February 23. Abraham Lincoln, President-elect of
the United States, reached Washington from the West
in safety, notwithstanding fears of a plot to assassinate
him while passing through Baltimore.
XVI. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, President: 186i- April 15, I865.
HANNIBAL HAMLIN, of Maine, Vice-President: I86I - March 4,
x865.
ANDREW JOHNSON, of Tennessee, Vice-President: March 4,
1865 -April 15, I865;.
Lincoln's administration was devoted wholly to the
putting down of the Rebellion, and will be for ever memorable as having, in connection with that stupendous work,
effected the abolition of American slavery.
March 13.  Overtures for peaceful Separation.
Commissioners Forsyth and Crawford, on the part of the
government of the seceding States, attempted to open
negotiations with the United States government looking
to a peaceful adjustment of questions growing out of the
proposed separation; but the Secretary of State, Mr.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                71
Seward, by direction of the President, declined to entertain any such proposition from such a source.
April I2th. Fort Sumter. General Beauregard, commanding Confederate troops, opened fire on Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, garrisoned by Major Anderson,
U. S. A., with a small force. The bombardment lasted
two days, and ended in the surrender of the fort. This
commencement of actual hostilities aroused the entire
North and united almost all hearts in the determination to
protect the integrity of the Union.
April I51h. President Lincoln issued his first proclamation, calling for 7 5,000 militia for a three months' service.
Such was the estimate of the strength of the Rebellion, and
of the time that would be required to quell it.
April Igth. The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment,
passing through Baltimore on its way to Washington, was
attacked by a mob in the streets. Three soldiers were
killed, and the shots fired in return killed one and wounded
several of the assailants. This, it is to be noted, was the
anniversary of the battle of Lexington and Concord.
May 3d. The President called for 42,000 three years'
volunteers. - May 4th. General George B. McClellan took
command of the Department of the Ohio. — May 18th.
General Benjamin F. Butler took command of the Department of Virginia, with headquarters at Fortress Monroe. -
MIay 27thz. The passage of United States troops across the
Potomac to take possession of the territory on its south
side, was marked by the shooting of Colonel Ellsworth,
commander of one of the regiments, in one of the hotels of
Alexandria, which he had entered to pull down a rebel flag.
-7 une Ioth. Battle of Big Bethel. —7ruly 4th. Congress
assembled in extra session at the call of the President,
and voted ample supplies for the work of suppressing the
Rebellion.




72           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
7uXy 2ISt. Battle of Bull Run. General McDowell,
commanding a Union force of less than 30,00o men, encountered a slightly smaller Confederate force, under
Generals Beauregard and Johnston, on the banks of a small
stream in N. E. Virginia, about twenty-five miles from
Washington. The result of the battle which ensued was a
defeat of the Union army, which, panic-stricken, fled in
confusion back towards Washington. This was the first
serious engagement of the war, and its effect was as disheartening to the North as it was stimulating to the South.
October 2ISt.  Battle of Ball's Bluff. —October 3Ist.
General Scott was relieved from command of the Union
army, and succeeded by General McClellan, who had
somewhat distinguished himself in a short campaign in
Western Virginia. - November 8th. Mason and Slidell,
commissioners of the Confederate States to foreign powers,
were taken from the British steamer Trent, by the United
States steamer San Jacinto, Captain Wilkes; an act which
was quickly resented by England, and manfully repudiated
by our own government.
1862. 7an.  I. Edwin M. Stanton superseded Simon
Cameron as Secretary of War. - Feb. 6. Fort Henry, on
the Tennessee River, surrendered to Commodore Foote, U.
S. N. —Feb. 8. General Burnside, commanding a Union
expedition, captured Roanoke Island. - Feb. i6. Fort
bonelson followed Fort Henry, General Grant demanding
i862. Arrival of its "unconditional surrender." - March
French and    9. The unique and since famous naval
English forces  battle between the Merrimac and the
in Mexico.    Monitor was fought in Hampton Roads.
- March II. General McClellan took command of the
Army of the Potomac. —fMarch I4. General Burnside captured Newbern, North Carolina. —Aril 6.  Battle of




OF THE UNITED STATES.                73
Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee. - April 22. Surrender of New Orleans to Commodore Farragut.
7une 26. Battles before Richmond. The Army of the.
Potomac, having previously been transferred to Fortress
Monroe, and thence attempted a movement upon the capital of the Confederacy from the south-east, finally entered
on the series of bloody, unsuccessful, and disastrous engagements on the peninsular between the York and the
James Rivers, known as the Seven Days' Battle before
Richmond. The result was an entire failure, and a withdrawal of the army.
Sept. I7. Battle of Antietam. Encouraged by their
successes on the peninsular, the Confederates, led by
General Lee, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, captured
Harper's Ferry and Frederick City, and 1862. The
finally met the Union Army of the Poto- French in Mexico declare war
mac in battle at Antietam, which proved against Presione of the hardest fought engagements dent Yuarez.
of the war. Lee was defeated, but McClellan failed to
follow up his victory, and the Confederates succeeded in
withdrawing across the Potomac.
Sept. 22. Emancipation.  President Lincoln, taking
advantage of the elation produced at the North by this
success, issued a proclamation declaring that all slaves in
States or parts of States still in rebellion by January i,
I863, should then be free.
Dec. I3. Battle of Fredericksburg. The Army of the
Potomac, General Burnside having succeeded to the command, again set out from its encampments in Virginia
below Washington for Richmond, but was given battle
by the Confederates at Fredericksburg, on the south bank
of the Rappahannock, and defeated with serious losses.
Dec. 3I. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River,




74          PARA GRAPH HISTORY
1863..7an. I. The President issued the formal
Proclamation of Emancipation.
I8Ii-I863.      May 3. Battle of Chancellorsville.
Thzackeray.   General Hooker, having succeeded to
i863. Prince  the command of the Army of the Potoland declare d   mac, attempted another movement upon
King of Greece,. Richmond.  Crossing the Rappahanbut not Aermitted nock at two points, he soon encountered
by the British
Government to  Lee's army, and the battle ensued known
acceot the crown. as that of Chancellorsville. Hooker was
defeated, and his army returned disheartened to its old
quarters.
7/uly I. Battle of Gettysburg. Again the Confederate army in Virginia attempted the invasion of the North.
This time Lee advanced into Pennsylvania, and the most
memorable battle of the war was fought at Gettysburg,
resulting in a decisive Union victory. General Meade was
in command of the Northern army, having succeeded General Hooker.
_7uly 4. Vicksburg. A brilliant campaign in the
South-west, conducted by General Grant, culminated in the
surrender of Vicksburg. These two burgs, Gettysburg and
Vicksburg, constituted the high-water mark of the Rebellion. From this point the tide turned, and the Union
armies closed slowly but steadily in upon the Confederacy.
7uly 8. Port Hudson surrendered to General Banks. -
AugSust 20.  Guerillas under Quantrel destroyed the
town of Lawrence, Kansas. —September I9. Battle of
Chickamauga.
November.  West Virginia admitted to the Union:
35th State.
x864. The Aus-   1864. March 8. General Grant was
trian Archduke  commissioned Lieutenant-General of the




OF THE UNITED STATES.                75
armies of the United States. — May 3. Maximilian acGeneral Grant, at the head of the Army Ces tetheDroner
of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, the auspices of
headed for Richmond. This was the France.
beginning of that most memorable campaign, which
ended in the capture of the capital of the Confederacy,
the surrender of Lee's army, and the end of the war. -
May —September. General Sherman's campaign in Georgia, resulting in the surrender of Atlanta. —SeptemberOctober. General Sheridan's exploits in the Shenandoah
Valley.
November 8. President Lincoln re-elected for a
second term.
November i6. General Sherman began his "march
to the sea," which resulted in the capture of Savannah,
December 21.
-Nevada admitted to the Union: 36th State.
1865.'anuary I6. Capture of Fort Fisher. —Feb. I8.
Charleston, South Carolina, entered by General Gillmore.
— March x7. The Confederate Congress adjourned sine
die.- April 2. General Lee's lines around Petersburg
gave way before General Grant. -April3. Capture of
Richmond.-April 9. General Lee formally surrendered
to General Grant at Appomattox Court House.
April 14-I5. Assassination of President Lincoln.
On the evening of the I4th the President attended
Ford's Theatre, Washington, and was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth, who shot him with a pistol presented close to his head from behind, as he sat in his
private box.  Mr. Lincoln's consciousness immediately
left him, and he died the following morning in a private
house across the street, whither he had been removed.
This assassination was part of a'plot for the extermination




76           PARAGRAPH HISTORY
of all the chief officers of the civil government, Secretary
Seward being also the object of a murderous assault.
Eight of the conspirators were arrested, tried, and variously punished.
IX.
THE NEW ERA.
XVII. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.
ANDREW JOHNSON, of Tennessee, President: April 15, I865-I869.
On  the  death  of Mr. Lincoln, Vice-President
Johnson succeeded to the Presidency.  The war being
virtually at an end, the chief work which fell to the new
administration was that of reconstruction.  President
Johnson's policy as respected this work led to a serious
conflict with Congress, and for this the period is to be mainly
remembered.
April I7. President Johnson made a speech in which
he was understood to announce a rigorous policy toward
the leaders of the Rebellion. -April 26. General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman. -May IO. Jefferson Davis captured. - May 14. The President issued a
proclamation granting a conditional amnesty to all persons
engaged in the late Rebellion, with the exception of fourteen
specified classes. —On the assembling of Congress in December, great hostility was developed to the reconstruction
policy of the President, and a joint committee of fifteen
was appointed to have charge of all questions concerning
the return of the lately rebellious States.




OF THE UNITED STATES.                 77
1866. February 22. In a speech before the White
House the President planted himself in open hostility to
Congress. -April 2. The President:866. War beissued a proclamation  declaring the tween Prussia
Rebellion at an end. - 7une 3. Fenian and Austria.
invasion of Canada. - yuly. Telegraphic communication
permanently restored between America and England. —
December. By act of Congress the right of suffrage without distinction of color was conferred in the District of
Columbia, and the granting of the same 1866-I867. Garight made a condition of the admission ribaldi heads a
of new Territories. These measures were mo0vement upon
Rome.
strenuously opposed by the President.
1867. February. Nebraska admitted to the Union:
37th State. - March 2. In spite of the 867  Thc
President's veto, Congress passed an French evacuate
act creating five military districts out of Mexico.
ten of the late rebellious States, with x867. The Conmilitary governments for each.  The stitution of the
appointment by the President of com-  orth Gnfederatioan
manders for these districts was followed adopted by the
by a widening of the breach between Prussian Chamhim and Congress. -August I2. Secre- her of Deputies.
tary Stanton was suspended from office by the President,
and General Grant appointed Secretary of War ad interim.
Congress subsequently refusing to sanction this act, General
Grant promptly resigned the place to I867. The EmMr. Stanton. - October I8. Formal pos- iperor Maximilian of Mexico
session taken of the new territory of executed at Quec
Alaska, purchased of Russia.         ritaro.
1868. 7anuary 6. The President was censured in
the House of Representatives for the x868. England
removal of General Sheridan, commander makes war on
of the fifth military district. —February Abyssinia.




78          PARAGRAPH HISTORY
2I. Secretary Stanton was again removed, and General
Lorenzo Thomas appointed in his place ad interim. This
act was followed by a resolution of Congress declaring
i868. Revolu-  that the President had no right to make
tion in S-ain.  any such removal; a declaration in
Flight of Queen accordance with the tenure of office bill,
Isabella.     of March I867. Mr. Stanton therefore
declined to vacate his office. — March 25.  Resolutions
impeaching the President for high crimes and misdemeanors were presented by the House to the Senate.
March 23-May 26.  Impeachment trial of President
Johnson, at the bar of the Senate, with the result of his
acquittal by a vote of thirty-five to nineteen. — 7une.
Official reception by the Government at Washington of
the Chinese Embassy, headed by Anson Burlingame.
During all this time the quarrel between President and
Congress continued unabated, bill after bill being passed
over his veto.
7uly 4. The President proclaimed amnesty to all
engaged in the late Rebellion, except those already indicted
for treason or other felony. — December 25. The President
proclaimed universal amnesty.
XVIII. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.
ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois, President: I869-I87 —
SCHUYLER COLFAX, of Indiana, Vice-President: I869-I873.
HENRY WILSON, of Massachusetts, Vice-President: i873 —
President Grant's administration, now nearly through
a second term, has been distinguished by the carrying forward of the work of reconstruction, the smoothing over of
I8I2-I870.    the scars of war, the nurture of friendly
Charles Dickens. relations with other countries, and the
m87n. Victor   general development of national inEmanuel makes




OF THE UNITED STATES.                  79
terests. Examined in detail, some of its Rome the capital
more conspicuous features, so far, have of Italy. Tembeen the enactment of an amendment to tze Por e al   aof
the Constitution, providing that "the end.
right of citizens of the United States to 1870-1872.
vote shall not be denied or abridged by Franco-Prussian
War. Overthe United States, or by any State, on throw of the
account of race, color, or previous con- French Empire.
dition of servitude;" the satisfactory thParise ommune
settlement of the Alabama Claims by Finalestablisharbitration with Great Britain, before a ment of a
Republic.
tribunal at Geneva; the final restoration:871.  The new
to the Union of all the States lately in German Conrebellion; some serious troubles at the federation for...re.~mally assumes
South in connection with this work of the imperial
restoration, and with the readjustment of name and digsociety there to its new conditions; a con- nity.
siderable reduction of the national debt; the admission
of Colorado to the Union - 38th State; the agitation of the
question of San Domingo annexation; and the failure of
the much wished for and long attempted civil service reform.
1870. Population of the United.States 38,500,000.








APPENDIX.
THE STATES.
THE thirty-eight States are as follows: the original thirteen
being named in the order in which they ratified the Constitution;
the remaining twenty-five, in the order of their admission: —
i. Delaware, 1787.             I9. Indiana, I8I6.
2. Pennsylvania, I787.         20. Mississippi, I817.
3. New Jersey,                 21. Illinois, i8i8.
4. Georgia, 1788.              22. Alabama, I8i9.
5. Connecticut, I788.          23. Maine, I820.
6. Massachusetts, 1788.        24. Missouri, 182i.
7. Maryland,,,          25. Arkansas, 1836.
8. South Carolina,,,          26. Michigan, I837.
9. New Hampshire,,,           27. Florida, i845.
Io. Virginia,,,          28. Texas,,,
3I. New York,,,          29. Iowa, 1846.
12. North Carolina, 1789.       30o. Wisconsin, I848.
13. Rhode Island, 790o.         31. California, I850.
32. Minnesota, i858.
I4. Vermont, 179I.              33. Oregon, 1859.
I5. Kentucky, 1792.             34. Kansas, I86I.
I6. Tennessee, 1796.            35. West Virginia, i863.
17. Ohio, I802.                 36. Nevada, I864.
I8. Louisiana, I812.            37. Nebraska, i867.
38. Colorado, I875.
THE TERRITORIES.
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ORGANIZATION.
i. New Mexico, I85o.            5. Arizona, I863.
2. Utah,,,             6. Idaho,,,
3. Washington, 1853.            7. Montana, I864.
4. Dakota, i86i.                8. Wyoming, 1858.
9. Indian Territory, not yet organized.
Io. Alaska,,,,,1




82                    APPENDIX.
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, of Virginia, 1789-I797.
JOHN ADAMS, Of Massachusetts, I797 —I80o.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia, I80o-1809.
JAMES MADISON, of Virginia, I809-1817.
JAMES MONROE, of Virginia, 1817-i825.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts, 1825-1829.
ANDREW JACKSON, of Tennessee, 1829-1837.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, of New York, 1837-1841.
WILLIAM H. HARRISON, of Ohio, I841 (one month).
JOHN TYLER, of Virginia, I841-1845.
JAMES K. POLK, of Tennessee, I845-1849.
ZACHARY TAYLOR, of Louisiana I849 —I850.
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New York, 1850-i853.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, of New Hampshire, 1853-1857.
JAMES BUCHANAN, Of Pennsylvania, 1857-1861.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, 1861-1865.
ANDREW JOHNSON, of Tennessee, I865-1869.
ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois, i869THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, ADOPTED
BY CONGRESS JULY 4, 1776.
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected
them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them
to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes de



APPENDIX.                          83
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them
shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence. indeed, will dictate that governments long established should
not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all
experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer,
while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right,
it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The
history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute tvranny over these States. To prove this, let facts
be submitted to a candid world:He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome, and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation, till his
assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly
neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the
right of representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to
them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing,
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise;
the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of
invasions from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither,
and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.




84                     APPENDIX.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms
of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving
his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: -
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these
States;
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended
offences;
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies;
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws,
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments;
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns,
and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already
begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled
in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress




APPENDIX.                       85
in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus
marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the
ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by
their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration
and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of
our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They,
too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our
separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies
in war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the
name and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies,
solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and
of right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are
absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and
ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as Free and Independent
States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract
alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things
which Independent States may of right do. And for the support
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other our lives,
our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
JOHN HANCOCK.
NEW HAMPSHIRE. —Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.- Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert
Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
RHODE ISLAND, ETC. -Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.
CONNECTICUT. - Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William
Williams, Oliver Wolcott.
NEW YORK. - William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis,
Lewis Morris.
NEW JERSEY. - Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis
Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark.
PENNSYLVANIA. - Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin




86                    APPENDIX.
Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George
Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross.
DELAWARE. - Casar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean.
MARYLAND. -Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone,
Charles Carroll of Carrollton.
VIRGINIA. - George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot
Lee, Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA. -William  Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John
Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA. - Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hayward, Jr.,
Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton.
GEORGIA. - Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.




IN DE X.
ABOLITIONISTS, Organization of, 55. Bank, The National, 52, 56, 59.
Aborigines, The, 5.                Banks, N. P., 67.
Adams,. Charles Francis, 62.       Baptists, First Church in America,
Adams, John, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 54.   22.
Adams, John Quincy, 5r, 54.        Beauregard, General, 7I, 72.
Adams, Samuel, 37, 46.             Bell, John, 69.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 33.    Bennington, Battle of, 42.
Alabama, 53, 69.                   Berkeley, Sir William, 23, 26.
Alabama Claims, The, 79.           Big Bethel, Battle of, 7x.
Alaska, Purchase of from Russia, Biloxi, 30.
77.                              Birth of the First Child of English
Allen, Ethan, 39.                    Parents in the New World, 14.
Allouez, Father, 26.' Blessing of the Bay," The, 20.
Almagro, Diego de, Ir.             Bloomfield, General, 5.
America, Origin of the Name, 9.    Boone, Daniel, 35.
American  Unitarian  Association, Booth, John Wilkes, 75.
The, 47.                         Border Ruffianism, 66.
Amherst, Lord, 34.                 Boston, 20, 24, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
Amnesty, Proclamations of, 76, 78.    55.
Anderson, Major, 7'.               Boston Massacre, The, 35.
Andros, Sir Edmund, 28, 29.        Braddock, General, 33.
Antietam, Battle of, 73.           Breckenridge, John C., 67, 68, 69.
Arizona, 65, 8i.                   Brewster, William, 17.
Arkansas, 56.                      Bristol, 8.
Arnold, Benedict, 39, 40, 42.      British Possessions in the NorthAshburton, Lord, 59.                 west, 60.
Ashburton.Treaty, The, 59.        Brooke, Lord, 21
Atlanta, Surrender to General Sher- Brooklyn, City of, I8.
man, 75.                         Brooks, Preston S., 67.
Atlantic Cable, The, 68, 77.       Brown, John, 66, 68, 69.
Brown University, 34BAFFIN'S Voyages, I8.              Buchanan, James, 67, 68, 69.
Bahamas, The, 8.                   Buena Vista, Battle of, 6i.
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, Io.        Buffalo, Free-soil Convention at,
Ball's Bluff, Battle of, 72.         62.
Baltimore, Attack on Massachusetts  Bull Run, Battle of, 72.
Soldiers in, 67.                 Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, The, 64;
Baltimore, Lord, 21.               Bunker Hill, Battle of, 39.




88                            INVDEX.
Burgoyne, General, 42.               Colorado, 79.
Burlingame, Anson, 78.               Columbus, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Burnside, General, 72, 73.           Concord, Battle of, 38.
Butler, General, 71.                 Confederate  Congress,  Adjourn.
Burr, Aaron, 48, 49.                   ment of, 75.
Buzzard's Bay, 15.                   Confederate  States  of America,
Organization of, 70.
CABOT, George, 5r.                   Congregational Churches, 25.
Cabot, John, 8.                      Congregationalists, English, i6.
Cabot, Sebastian, 8.                 Congress, 35, 37, 39, 41, 57, 58, 59
Calhoun, John C., 54, 55, 56, 6o.      61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 76, 77, 78.
California in 6o, 62, 63.            Connecticut, 21, 23, 29, 39, 42.
Calvert, ecil, 21.                   Constitution of the United States,
Calvert, George, 21.                   The, 45.
Calvert, Leonard, 2r.                Constitution, Framers of, 45.
Cambridge, 20, 23, 25, 40.           Constitution, The Frigate, 5I.
Cambridge Platform. The, 25.         Continental Army, The, 38.
Camden, Battle of, 42.               Continental Congress, The, 37.
Cameron, Simon, 72.                  Cornwallis, Lord, 42. 43.
Canada, ir, 15, 40o, 57.             Cortes, Hernando, so.
Cape Breton, 13, 33.                 Cortereal, Gaspar, 9.
Cape Cod, 54, 15, I8, I9.             Cowpens, Battle of, 42.
Carolinas, The, Ir, 26, 3r, 42.      Crawford, Commissioner from ConCarroll, Rev. John, 44, 45.            federate States, 70o.
Carteret, Sir George, 26.            Crispus Attucks, 36.
Cartier, Jacques, ii.                Crown Point, 34, 39.
Carver, John, I9.                    Cuba, Ixo 64.
Champlain, Lake, IS.                 Cuzco, Ir.
Champlain, Samuel de, IS.
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 74-     DAKOTA, Territory of, 8i.
Charles I. of England, 26.           Dallas, George M., 6o.
Charles II. of England, 24.          Dare, Virginia, I4.
Charleston, S. C., 27, 56, 71, 75.   Darien, Isthmus of, to.
Charlestown, Mass., 20o. 22, 39.     Davenport, Rev. John, 22.
Cherubusco, Battle of, 6I.           Davis, Jefferson, 66, 70, 76.
Chesapeake Bay, I6, i8, 2I.          Davis's Strait, 14.
Chickamauga, Battle of, 74.          Day, Stephen, 23.
Chinese Embassy at Washington,  Dayton, William L., 67.
78.                                Dearborn, Major-General, SI.
Church Assemblies, 25.               Decatur, Lieutenant, 49.
Civil Service Reform, Failure of,  Declaration  of Independence, 4rI
79.                                  82.
Clay, Henry, 5r, 63.                 De Kalb, Baron, 42.
Clayborne, William, 2r.              De la Roche, The Marquis, x4.
Clayton, John M., 64.                Delaware, 21, 28.
Clinton, Battle of, 42.              De Soto, Ferdinand, 12.
Clinton, George, 48, 50.             D'Ibberville, Lemoine, 30.
Cobb of Georgia, Speech by, 53.    Disunion, Hints of, 57.
Coke, Dr., 44.                       Donnelson, Andrew J., -67.
Colfax, Schuyler, 78.                Dorchester, 20.
Coligny, 12.                         Douglas, Stephen A., 66, 69.
Colonization Society, The Ameri-  Dover, N.H., 20.
can, 52.                           Dred Scott Decision, The, 68.




INDEX.                              89
District of Columbia, Abolition of Garrison Wm. Lloyd, 55.
Slavery in, 63.                  Gaspee, The, 36
Duke of York, 24.                  Gaudalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 62.
Dutch, The, 17, 21, 24.            Genoa, Native Place of Columbus, 7
George II., 32.
EAST India Company, The Dutch, Georgia, 32, 69, 75.
S8.                              Germantown, Battle of, 42.
Eaton, Nathaniel, 23.              Gerry, Elbridge, 48, 50.
Edwards, Jonathan, 32.             Gettysburg, Battle of, 74.
Eliot, John, 24.                   Ghent, Treaty of, 5I.
Elizabethtown, N. J., 26.          Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, I3.
Ellsworth, Col., 7I.               Gillmore, General, 75.
Emancipation, 73, 74.              Goffe, William, 25, 26.
Embargo, The, 49.                  Gold Fever, The California, 62.
Endicott, John, 20.                Gosnold, Bartholomew, I4, i6.
Episcopal Church, The, 44.         Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, x9.
Erie Canal, The, 54.               Gourgues, Dominique de,'3.
Eutaw Springs, Battle of, 42.      Graham, William R., 65.
Everett, Edward, 69.               Granada, New,,I.
Grand Model, The, 26.
FANEUIL Hall, Boston, 36.          Grant, Ge. S., 72, 74, 75, 77P
Farragut captures New Orleans,    78, 7973-                              Greene, General, 39.
Federalists, 46, 47.               Greenland, Discovery of, 7.
Ferdinand and Isabella, 7.         Grenville, Sir Richard, 13.
Fillmore, Millard, 63, 64, 65, 67.    Guerriare, Capture of the, 5r.
Financial Crisis, A, 57.           Gunpowder Plot, The, I5.
First White Child Born in New
Netherlands, I8.                 HADLEY, 26.
Florida, 9, 12, 56, 6o, 69.        Hale, John P., 63.
Foote, Commodore, 72.              Hamilton, Alexander, 45, 46.
Forsyth, Commissioner. 7o.         Hamlin, Hannibal, 69, 70o.
Fort Donelson, Capture of, 72.     Hampton, General, 5I.
Fort Du Quesne, 33.                Hancock, John, 39. 47, 49.
Fort Fisher, Capture of, 75.       Hard Cider Campaign, The, 58.
Fort Henry, Surrender of, 72.      Harper's Ferry, 68, 73.
France, 42, 47, 48.                Harrison, Gen. Wm. Henry, 58, 59.
Franklin, Benjamin, 39, 41, 42, 44, Hartford, Ct., 21.
45.                              Hartford Convention, The, 5I.
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 73.     Harvard College, 22.
" Freeman's Oath," 23.             Harvard, Rev. John, 23.
Free-Soil Party, The, 62.          Hastings, Battle of, 7.
Fremont, John C., 67.              Hayne, Webster's Reply to, 55.
French and Indian War, 33.         Hayti, 8.
French Revolution, The Effects of, Henry VII. of England, 8.
46.                              Henry IV. of France, i5.
French in Nova Scotia, I4.         Henry, Patrick, 34, 37.
Frobisher, Sir Martin, 13.         Hispaniola, 8.
Fugitive Slave Law, The, 64.       Holland, The Pilgrims in, x7.
Fulton, Robert, 5o.               Hooker, General, 74.
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 22.
GADSDRN Purchase, The, 65.         Howe, Lord, 42.
Gage, General, 37, 38.             Hudson's Bay, I3.




90                          INrDEX.
Hudson, Henry, 17.                 Lee, Richard Henry, 41.
Hudson, The River, I9s 5o.         Lee, Gen. Robert E., 73, 74, 75.
Huzuenots, The, 12.                Leisler, Jacob, 29.
Hull, General, 51.                 Leon, Ponce de, 9.
Hutchirr on, Governor, 36, 37.     Lewis and Clark Expedition, The,
49ICELAND, 6.                        Leyden, I6.
Idaho, 8I.                         Lexington. Battle of, 38.
Illinois, 53.                     Lima, II.
Impeachment of Pres. Johnson, 78. Lincoln, Abraham, 69-76.
Independence, The Declaration of, Livingston, Robert R., 45.
45.                              London Company, The, x6.
Indiana, 52.                      Lopez, General, and Cuba, 64, 65.
Indian Territory, 8x.              Locke, John, 26.
Indian Wars, 15, 22, 28, 29, 30, 3x, Louisburg, Capture of, 33.
33, 56.                          Louisiana, 3  34, 48, 50, 69.
Iowa, 6o.                          Louisville, 27.
Isabella, Queen, 7.
Isles of Shoals, The, I9.          MADISON, James, 45, 46, 50-52.
Madison, Rev. Dr. James, 43.
JACKSON, General Andrew, 52, 55.  Magellan, so.
James River, The, i6, 73.          Maine, i6, 20, 25, 53.
Jamestown, I6, x8, x9.             Manhattan Island, i8.
Japan, Treaty with, 66.            March to the Sea, Gen. Sherman's,
Jay, John, 46.                      75.
efferson, Thomas, 4I, 46, 47, 48, 54. Marion, General, 42.
Johnson, Andrew, 70, 76-78.       Marquette, Jacques, 27.
Johnson, Richard M., 57.           Martha's Vineyard, 15.
Johnston, General, 72, 76.         Marshall, John, 48.
Jones, Paul, 42.                   Maryland, 2T, 73.
Julian, George W., 65.             Mason and Slidell, Seizure of, 72.
Mason, John, 19, 20.
KANSAS, 66, 70.                    Massachusetts, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20,
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, The, 66.       21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 34, 35,
Kennebec, The, I6.                   36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 55, 71.
Kentucky, 47.                      Massachusetts Bay, Settlement of,
King Philip's War, 28.               20.
King, William R., 65.              Mayflower, The, s9.
King William's War, 29, 33.        McClellan, General, 71, 72, 73.
Know-nothingism, 66.               McDowell, General, 72.
Knox, John, 13.                    Meade, General, 74.
Kosciusco, 42.                     Melendez, 12, 13.
Kossuth in the United States, 65:   Merrimac and Monitor, The, 72.
Methodists, The, 31, 43.
LABRADOR, I, 8, 9, 13.             Mexican War, The, 60, 6I, 62.
Laconia, 20.                       Mexico, so.
Lafayette, 42.                     Michigan, 56, 57.
La Salle, 27, 30.                  Minnesota, 68.
Lawrence, Kansas, Destroyed by  Mississippi Bubble, The, 31.
Guerillas, 74.                   Mississippi, The River, 12, 27,
Law, John, 31.                       36.
Lecompton Constitution, The, 68.   Mississippi, 52, 69.
Lee, General Charles, 40.          Missouri, 53, 66.




INDEX.                              9I
Missouri Compromise, The, 53, 66. Ohio, 33, 48.
Mobile, 30.                        Old South Church, Boston, The,
Molino del Rey, Battle of, 6X.      36.
Monitor and Merrimac, The, 72.    Oregon, 68.
Monmouth, Battle of, 42.          Oregon Treaty, The, 6o.
Monroe Doctrine, The, 53.         Ossawattomie, 66.
Monroe, James, 52-54Montana, 8x.                       PACIFIC Ocean, Discovery of, Io.
Monterey, Battle of, 6r.           Pacific Railroad, The, 66.
Montcalm, General, 34.             Palo Alto, Battle of, 6x.
Montgomery,  Ala.,  Confederate  Palos, 8.
Convention at, 70.               Panama, i r.
Montgomery, Gen., 40.              Penn, William, 28.
Montreal, 40.                      Pennsylvania, 28, 6x.
Mormons, The, 62.                 Penobscot, x8.
Morse, Prof. S. F. B., 60.         Pepperell, William, 33.
Mound Builders, the, 5.            Perry. Commodore Matthew  C.,
Murfreesboro', Battle of, 73.       66.
Perry, Commodore 0. H., 5x.
NAHANT, 14.                        Peru, Conquest of, Io.
Natchez, 31.                       Petersburg, 75.
Narragansett Bay, 22.              Pequod Indians, 22.
National debt, Reduction of, 79.    Philadelphia, 28, 37, 39.
Nauvoo, Ill., Mormons at, 62.     Phippsburg, x6.
Nebraska, 66, 77-                 Pierce, Franklin, 65-67.
Nevada, 75..                   Pilgrims, The, I6, I7, 19, 20.
New Amsterdam, I8, 24.            Pinckney, C. C., 45, 48.
Newbern, Capture of, 72.          Pinta, The, 8.
New England, 7, i8, 23.           Pirates, Wars against the, 49, 52.
Newfoundland, 13.                 Pitcairn, Major, 38.
New Granada, I.                  Pittsburg, 33New Hampshire, 20, 23, 33, 39.    Pittsburg Landing, Battle of, 73.
New Haven, 22, 26.                Pizarro, Francisco,  x.
New Jersey, i8, 26, 42.           Plymouth Company, The, x6.
New Mexico, 62, 63, 8i.           Plymouth, Mass., I7, I9, 23.
New Netherlands, i8.              Pocahontas, i8.
New Orleans, 3t, 52, 73.          Polk, James K., President, 59Newport, Io.                        63.
Newport, Christopher, i6, I7.     Ponce de Leon, 9.
Newton, 24.                       Popular Sovereignty, 66.
Newtown, 20, 25.                  Port Bill, The Boston, 37.
New York, io, 17, 18, 25, 42, 43, Port Hudson, Surrender of, 74.
46, 48.                          Porto Rico, 9.
New York Weekly Journal, The, Powhatan, I8.
32.                              Presbyterians, The, 30.
Nina, The, 8.                      Presidents, List of, 82.
North American Indians, The, 5.   Preston, Captain, 36.
Northmen, The, 7.                 Priestley, Dr. Joseph, 47.
Norwegians, The, 6, 7-             Princeton, Battle of, 42.
Nova Scotia, x4.                   Princeton College, 37.
Nullification, 55.                 Printing-press, First in the Colo
nies, 23.
OGLETHORPE, General, 32.          Providence, R.I., 22.




92                         INDEX.
Provost, Rev. Dr. Samuel, 44.    Seward, Secretary, 70, 76.
Pulaski, 42.                     Shaftesbury, The Earl of, 26.
Puritans, The, 20.               Shenandoah Valley, 75.
Putnam, General, 39, 40.         Sheridan, General, 75, 77.
Sherman, General, 75, 76.
QUAKERS, The, 25.                Sherman, Roger, 4!, 45, 47.
Quantrell. 74.                   Shiloh, Battle of, 73.
Queen Anne's War, 30o.           Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment,
Quincy, 54.                        Attack on, in the Streets of Baltimore, 71.
RAILROAD, First, in the United  Slaves, The first, 19.
States, 54.                    Slidell and Mason, Seizure of, 72.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 13.         Slaughter, Henry, 29.
Rapelje, Sarah, i8.              Smith, Captain John, i6, i8.
Rapidan, Gen. Grant Crosses the, 73 Southern Confederacy, Organization
Reconstruction, 79.                of, 70.
Red River, 30.                   South Na-ick, 24.
Regicides, The, 25.              Spanish American Republic, RecRepublican Party, Germ of the, 63.   ognition of, 54.
Revere, Paul, 38.                Speedwell, The, x9.
Reykjavik, Founding of, 6.       Spencer, General, 39.
Rhett, of South Carolina, 57.    Stamp Act, The, 34.
Rhode Island, 22, 29, 39.        Standish, Miles, i9.
Richmond, Battles before, 73.    Stanton, Secretary, 72, 77, 78Richmond, Capture of, 75.        Stark, General, 39.
Rio Grande, Fighting upon the, States, List of, 87.,
6r.                            St. Augustine, 9, 12.
Roanoke Island, 13, 14, 72.      Steamboat, The first, 5o.
Robinson, John, x7.              Steuben, 42.
Rolfe, John, I8.                 Stephens, Alexander H., 7o.
Roman Catholic Church, The, 2I, St. Lawrence, The, I2, 15.
44.                             St. Mary's, Settlement of, 21.
Roxbury, 20.                     Stone River, Battle of, 73.
Stony Point, Battle of, 42.
SABLE: Island, x4.                Stowe, Mrs. H. B., 64.
Saguenay, The River, x5.         Stuyvesant, Governor, 24.
Salem, 22, 37.                   Suffrage in the District of Columbia,
Salem Witchcraft, The, 29.         77San Domingo, 79.                  Sumner, Charles, 63, 67.
San Jacinto, The, 72.            Sumter, Fort, 71.
Santa Maria, The, 8.             Sumter, General, 42.
San Salvador, 8.                 Swanzey, 28.
Saratoga, Battle of, 42.         Synod of Cambridge, 25.
Savannah, 32, 75.                Synod of Newtown, 25.
Say-and-Seal, Lord, 21.
Saybrooke, 2I.                   TALLMAGE, of New York, Speech
Sayle, William, 27.                by, 53Schuyler, General, 40.            Tampa Bay, I2.
Scott, General, 57, 6i, 65, 72.  Taney, Chief Justice, 68.
Seabury, Rev. Dr., 44.           Tariff, The, 54.
Secession of the Southern States, Taylor, General, 6i, 63, 64.
69.                            Tea, Spilling of the, 36.
Seminole War, 56.                Tea, The Tax on, 35.




INDEX.                             93
Telegraph, The first, 59.         Washington, City of, 48, 5x.
Tenure-of-office bill, 78.        Washington, George, 32, 33, 37, 39,
Tennessee, 47.                      40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48Territories, List of, 8r.          Washington, Territory of, 8i.
Texas, 60, 69.                     Watertown, 20.
Thomas, Gen. Lorenzo, 78.          Webster, Daniel, 55, 59, 63, 65.
Ticonderoga, Fort, 34, 39.         Wesleys, The, 31, 32, 43.
Tompkins, Daniel D, 52-54.         West India Company, The Dutch,
Trent, The, 72.                      24.
Trenton. Battle of, 42.            West Virginia, 74.
Tyler, John, 58-60.                Wethersfield, 21.
Whalley, Edward, 25.
UNCLE Tom's Cabin, 64.             Whigs, The, 58, 65.
Unitarian Controversy, 47.        White, Governor John, 14.
United Colonies of New England, White, Rev. Dr. Wm., 43.
The, 23.                        Whitefield, 32.
United States Bank, The, 46.       Wilkes, Captain, 72.
Utah, 62, 63, 81.                 William and Mary College, 29.
Wilmot Proviso, The, 6i.
VALLEY Forge, Camp at, 42.        Wilkinson, General, 51.
Van Buren, Martin, 55, 57, 58, 62.  Williams, Roger, 22.
Vera Cruz, Battle of, 6i.         Wilson, Henry, 78.
Verazzani, Io.                    Windsor, Ct., 21.
Vermont, 42, 47.                  Winthrop, John, 20.
Vespucci, Amerigo, 8.             Wisconsin, 62.
Vicksburg, Surrender of, 74.      Witherspoon, Rev. Dr., 37.
Virginia, I3, I6, 23, 34.         Wolfe, General, 34.
Wyoming, 8S.
WAR of 18I2, The, 50.
Ward, General, 39, 40.            YORKTOWN, 43.
Warren, General, 40.              Young, Brigham, 62.
Wars with the Indians, 15, 22, 27,
29, 30, 31, 33, 56.             ZENGER, John Peter, 32.
Warwick, Earl of, 21.
Cambridge: Press of John Wilson & Son.