NEW- ENGLAND'S RARITIES.








NEfJ-T ENGLA,/ND'S
DISCOVERED IN BIRDS, BEASTS, FISHES,
SERPENTS, AND PLANTS OF
THAT COUNTRY.
By YOHNlV yOSSEL V, Genf.
an n      t r o Vt u c o' a s n  t. t mi$By ED WARD TUCKER2IVAN, MIA.
WILLIAM VEAZIE.
MDCCCLXV.




'Ciao Runtreb ant $ifts Copis printeb, Small Quarto.
BOSTON: PRESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON.




N the reproduction of this quaint and curious
treatise, which is one of the earliest, on the
Natural History of NVew England, it has
been the intention of the Publisher to enhance its value as a literary curiosity, by making it as
nearly as possible an exa& Fac-simile of the original
edition, in accordance with the proje&ed plan of a series
of reprints, in which the present work is comprised.
In the furtherance of this intention, the precise orthography, punEtuation, and also the arrangement, - with the
exception of the commencement and termination of pages,
- have been preserved.
The valuable Introduftion and Notes of Prof. TUCKERMAN, incorporated in this edition, have been previously




viii          9uitjtc' 5t% bbtitvtCtzlnt.
issued in vol. iv. of "The Transaftions of the American
Antiquarian Society," which contains a reprint of  The
Rarities" in a more modern style. The notes have, however, undergone a thorough revision by the author; and
some few additions have been made by him, during the
progress of the present edition through the press.
Some additional matter concerning the Genealogy of
the Josselyn Family may be found contained in the Preface
of the "Two Voyages to New England in I638 and I663,
by John Josselyn," published in uniform style with the
present work.
BOSTON, MAY I5, I865.




INTRODUCTION.
C R. JOHN  JOSSELYN, the writer of
this book, was only brother, as he fays,
to Henry Joffelyn, Efq., many years of
Black Point in Scarborough, Me.; and
both were fons to Sir Thomas Joffelyn,
Knt., of Kent, whofe name is at the
head of the new charter obtained by Sir Ferdinando
Gorges for his Province in I639, but who did not come
to this country. Mr. Henry Joffelyn was at Pifcataqua,
in the intereft of Capt. John Mafon, at leaft as early as
I634; but, in I636, he is one of the Council of Gorges's
Province in Maine, and continued in that part of the
country the reft of his life. He fucceeded in I643, by
the will of Capt. Thomas Cammock, to his patent at
Black Point, and foon after married his widow. He
is afterwards Deputy-Governor of the Province; and
until I676, when the Indians attacked and compelled him
to furrender his fort, he was, fays Mr. Willis, —whofe
valuable papers are cited below, - one of the moft affive
A




2                 Gamid! of  hotIn 5ozoern,
and  influential men  in  it;"  holding, " during  all  the
changes of proprietorship and government, the molt important offices." He is then a magiftrate of the Duke of
York's Province of Cornwall, and, as late as i68o, a refident of Pemaquid; when he is fpoken of, in a letter of
Gov. Andros to the commander of the fort at Pemaquid,
as one "whom  I would  have  you  ufe with  all fitting
refpeEt, confidering what he hath been and his age." He
is living in I682; but had died before the Ioth of May,
1683,1 leaving no defcendants. 2
Notwithftanding the evidence, above afforded, of the
focial pofition of the family of which  Henry  and John
Joffelyn were members, the prefent writer failed in
tracing it, doubtless from not knowing in which county
it had its principal feat. In this uncertainty, it occurred
to him to make application to the eminent Englifh antiquary,- the Rev. Jofeph Hunter, Vice-Prefident of
the Society of Antiquaries of London, —to whom he
was  indebted  for  former  kind  attentions;   and  was
favored by this gentleman with fuch dire&ions as left
nothing  to  be  defired.   "The  Jofflines,"  writes  Mr.
Hunter ("the  name is written  ia fome variety of ortho1 Willis, in N. E. Geneal. Register, vol. ii. p. 204; and New Series of the
same, vol. i. p. 3I. Williamson, Hist. of Maine, vol. i. p. 682.
2 Dr. T. W. Harris, in N. E. Geneal. Register, vol. ii. p. 306, has corrected
the mistake of Williamson and other writers as to Henry Josselyn of Scituate's
being of kin to Mr. Josselyn of Black Point; and Mr. Willis, who had adopted
the same error in his first paper, already cited, now admits, in his second, that
there is not " any evidence that" the proprietor of Black Point " left any children,
or ever had any."




JJamily of 2ofn 3Noftlpn.           3
graphies, and now more ufually Joceline), are quite one
of the old ariftocratic families of England, having feveral knights in the early generations; being admitted
into the order of baronets, and fubfequently into the
peerage.... Their main fettlement was in HertfordIhire, at or near the town of Sabridgeworth; and accounts of them may be read in the hiftories —of which
Chauncy's, Salmon's, and Clutterbuck's are the chiefof that county. But a fuller and better account is to
be found in the'Peerage of Ireland,' by Mr. Lodge,
keeper of the records in the Birmingham Tower, Dublin: 4 vols. 8vo, I1754."
According to Lodge, the family begins with a Sir
Egidius, who paffed into England in the time of Edward the Confeffor, and was defcended from " Carolus
Magnus, King of France, with more certainty than the
houfes of Lorraine and Guife." Of this Sir Egidius was
Sir Gilbert de Jocelyn, who accompanied the Conqueror,
and had Gilbert  called St. Gilbert, being canonized by
Pope Innocent III. in 1202 - and Geoffry. To this Geoffry is traced back John Jocelyn, living in 1226; who married Catherine,.fecond daughter and co-heir to Sir Thomas
Battell, and had Thomas, who married Maud, daughter
and co-heirefs of Sir John Hide, of Hide Hall in Sabridgeworth, county of Hertford, Knt., by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Sudeley, Baron Sudeley, in the
county of Gloucefter. He had Thomas Jocelyn, Efq., who
1 Letter of Rev. J. Hunter, 12th April, I859.




4              jtamit  of gobn  ousepn.
married Joan, daughter of John Blunt, and had Ralph,
who married Maud, daughter of Sir John Sutton alias
Dudley, and had Geoffry of Hide Hall, I3I2. Geoffry
married Margaret, daughter of Robert Rokell or Rochill,
and had Ralph, who married Margaret, daughter and heir
to John Patmer, Esq., and had Geoffry (died I425), who
married Catherine, daughter and heir to Sir Thomas Bray,
and had four fons and two daughters. Of thefe, the eldeft
was Thomas Jocelyn, Efq., living in the reign of Edward
IV., who married Alice, daughter of Lewis Duke of
Dukes in Effex, Efq., by his wife Anne, daughter of John
Cotton, Efq., and had iffue George, his heir, called Jocelyn
the Courtier, who married Maud, daughter and heir to
Edmond Bardolph, - Lord Bardolph, - and had one
daughter and three fons. John Jocelyn, Efq., -   auditor
of the augmentations, upon the diffolution of the abbeys
by King Henry VIII.," - was fon and heir to the laftmentioned George, and married Philippa, daughter of
William Bradbury, of Littlebury in Effex; by whom he
had Sir Thomas, of Hide Hall, - created a Knight of the
Bath at the coronation of King Edward VI., - who married Dorothy, daughter of Sir Geoffry Gales or Gates,
Knt., and had iffue;1 one daughter marrying Roger Harlakenden, of Carnarthen in Kent, Efq.; and the fifth fon
being Henry Jocelyn, Efq., who married Anne, daughter
1 See also a Pedigree of Joselyne from the Visitation of Hertfordshire in I614,
furnished by Mr. S.G. Drake to the New-England Genealogical Register, vol. xiv.
p. i6. This is probably one of the sources from which Lodge's account was derived.




ianftit of Jobn 5odetIn.            5
and heir to Humphrey Torrell, otherwife Tyrrell, of Torrell's Hall in Effex, —became seated there, and had fix
fons and fix daughters. The fecond fon of this family was
Sir Thomas Jocelyn (father to our author), who was twice
married.  His firft wife was Dorothy, daughter of John
Frank, Efq.; by whom he had fix fons and five daughters, - Torrell, born 28th May, I69o; Henry, and Henry,
both died infants; Thomas, who died without iffue, in
I635, at Bergen op Zoom; Edward, who, by a lady of
Georgia, had a daughter Dorothy, and died at Smyrna in
I648; Benjamin, born Ig9th May, I602; Anne, married to
William Mildmay, Efq., by whom ihe had Robert, John,
Anne, and Elizabeth; Dorothy, married to John Brewfter,
Efq., and left no iffue; Elizabeth, married to Francis Neile,
Efq., and had Francis, John, and Mary; Frances, born
26th March, i6oo, and married Rev. Clement Vincent;
and Mary, died unmarried.  The fecond wife of Sir
Thomas Jocelyn was Theodora, daughter to Edmond
Cooke, of Mount Mafchall in Kent, Efq.; and by her he
had Henry, John, Theodora, and Thomazine. Torrell, the
eldeft fon, married, firft, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Brooke of Chefhire, - heir to her grandfather (by the
mother), Dr. Chaderton, Bifhop of Lincoln, -by whom
he had a daughter, Theodora, married to Samuel Fortrie,
Efq.,1 to whom our author dedicates the prefent volume,
with acknowledgment of the " bounty" of his " honored
friend and kinfman."
1 Lodge, Peerage of Ireland, vol. iii. p. 65, and ante.




6              Yopage  of bfoun 3foztcIn+
The principal line of the family was continued by Richard, heir to Sir Thomas of Hide Hall; the faid Richard
being brother to our author, John Joffelyn's grandfather.
In 1665, Sir Robert Jocelyn of Hide Hall was advanced
to the dignity of baronet. The fifth fon of this Sir Robert
was Thomas; whofe fon, Robert Jocelyn, Efq., was bred
to the law; was Solicitor-General and Attorney-General
and Lord High Chancellor of Ireland; and created, in
I743, Baron Newport of Newport, and Vifcount Jocelyn
in I 755. Robert, fon and fucceffor of this nobleman, was
created, in I77I, Earl of Roden, of High Roding, County
of Tipperary; and was anceftor to the prefent Lord
Roden.'
Our author, John Joffelyn, made his firft voyage to New
England in I638; arriving in Bofton Harbor the 3d of
July, and remaining with his brother at Black Point till the
Ioth of October of the following year. While at Boiton,
he paid his refpeEts to the Governor and to Mr. Cotton,
being the bearer to the latter of fome poetical pieces from
the poet Quarles; and, as he fays, "being civilly treated
by all I had occafion to converfe with." In the account
of his firft voyage, there is no appearance of that diflike to
the Maffachufetts government and people which is obfervable in the narrative of the fecond, and may there not
unfairly be conneted with his brother's political and religious differences with Maffachufetts.2 His fecond voyage
1 Lodge, ubisuzbra. Annual Register, I77I, p. I74.
2 But there is no doubt that the author was himself as far from sharing in the
serious English thought of the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay as he was from




orapges of 3o1n  i3oz$tcn+                          7
was made in I663. He arrived at Nantasket the 27th of
July, and foon proceeded to his brother's plantation, where
he tells us he ftaid eight years, and got together the matter
of the book before us.  This was firft printed in I672, but
occurs alfo with later dates.  It was followed, in I674, by
a An Account of Two Voyages to New England; wherein
you have the Setting-out of a ihip, with the Charges; the
joining in their evangelical faith. Yet there is hardly more than one place in
either of his books (Voyages, pp. I80-2) where this is offensively brought forward.
It is worthy of remark, however, that Josselyn's family, in England, was attached
rather to the Puritan side. " His family connections," says Mr. Hunter, in the
letter already referred to, " appear to have been adherents to the cause of the
Parliament; particularly the Harlakendens, in whose regiment a Jocelyn, named
Ralph, was a chaplain." Nor is this all. " In the year I663," continues the
learned authority just cited, " there was a slight insurreCtionary movement in
the North; which was easily put down by the government, and the leaders executed. In a manuscript list of persons who were either openly engaged, or who
were vehemently suspected of being favorers of the design, I find in the latter
class the name of Capt. John Jossline." This plot was not discovered till January,
I664; and our John Josselyn " departed from London," as he says at page one of
this volume, " upon an invitation of my only brother," the 28th of May of the
year previous. But, if it be possible that our author was the person intended in
the manuscript list as one strongly suspetted of being engaged in a design against
the Royal Government, the evident uncertainty of this is too great to permit us
to discredit his own exposure of his political leanings, - as in the Voyages, p.
197, where, speaking of Sir F. Gorges, he says, "And, when he was between
three and fourscore years of age, did personally engage in our royal martyr's
service, and particularly in the siege of Bristow; and was plundered and imprisoned several times, by reason whereof he was discountenanced by the pretended Commissioners for Forraign Plantations," and so forth, -or in the face
of another passage to be quoted further on, in which he acknowledges " the
bounty of his royal sovereigness," to question the sincerity - which there is
nothing in either of his books to throw-doubt upon -of his general adhesion to
the Royalist side. "The family in Hertfordshire," says Mr. Hunter, " were nonconformists; but the spirit of nonconformity seems to have spent itself at the
death of Sir Strange Jocelyn, the second baronet, who died in I734. But we may
trace the Puritan influence in the present Earl of Roden, who is a conspicuous
member of the religious body in England called the Evangelical." - Ms. ut sui5.




8                Io~alto of 5obrn 3oofeln+
Prices of all Neceffaries for furnifhing a Planter and his
Family at his firft Coming; a Defcription of the Country,
Natives, and Creatures; the Government of the Countrey
as it is now poffeffed by the Englifh, &c. A large Chronological Table of the moft Remarkable Paffages, from the
firft Difcovering of the Continent of America to the Year
I673." I2mo, pp. 279. Reprinted in the third volume ot
the Third Series of the Colletions of the Hiftorical Society; which edition is quoted here. A large part of the
"Voyages ". is taken up with obfervations relating to natural hiitory; and it is quite likely that the author tried in
this fecond work to fupply fome of the defects of his
" Rarities." Compare efpecially the accounts of beafts of
the earth, of birds, and of fiffles; each of which is better
done in the " Voyages."
Joffelyn was, it appears, a man of polite reading. He
quotes Lucan, Pliny, and Du Bartas; he has Latin and
Italian proverbs; he is acquainted with the writings of
Mr. Perkins, that famous divine; with  Van  Helmont;
with Sandys's "Travels," and Capt. John Smith's. His
curiofity in picking up " excellent medecines " points to an
acquaintance with phyfic; of his practifing which, there
occur, indeed (pp. 48, 58, 63), feveral inftances.1 Nor is
I And see the Voyages, p, I87, for an account of a "Barbarie-Moor under
cure" of the author, when he " perceived that the Moor had one skin more than
Englishmen. The skin that is basted to the flesh is bloudy, and of the same
Azure colour with the veins, but deeper than the colour of our Europeans' veins.
Over this is an other skin, of a tawny colour, and upon that [the] Ejideimzis, or
Cuiicula, - the flower of the skin, which is that Snake's cast; and this is tawny
also. The colour of the blew skin mingling with the tawny, makes them appear




Yopyo geof 21oln.5ozoln.                     9
he, by any means, uninterefted in prefcriptions for the
kitchen; as fee his elaborate recipe for cooking eels
(Voyages, p. III), and alfo that (ibid., p. 90o) for a compound liquor "that exceeds pajcada, the Ne&ar of the
country; " which is made, he tells us, of " Syder, MaligoRaifons, Milk, and Syrup of Clove-Gilliflowers." But his
curiofity in natural hiftory, and efpecially in botany, is his
chief merit; and this now  gives almoft all the value that
is left to  his books.l   William  VWood, the  author  of
"New-England's Profpe&" (London, I6342), was a better obferver, generally, than Joffelyn; but the latter makes
up for his other ihort-comings by the particularity of his
botanical information.
The "Voyages" was Joffelyn's laft appearance in print.
He was already advanced in years, and alludes to this at
page 69 of the prefent book, where he fays he fhall refer
the further inveftigation of a curious plant — of which a
neighbor, " wandering in the woods to find out his ftrayed
cattle," had brought him  a fragment -   to thofe that are
younger, and better able to undergo the pains and trouble
of finding  it out."   " Henceforth,"  he  declares in  his
"Voyages," p. 15 I,  you are to expeEt no more Relations
black." Dr. Mitchell, the botanist of Virginia, has a paper upon the same topic,
- the cause of the negro's color, - in the Philosophical Transadtions; but this
appears less in accordance with more recent researches (Prichard, Nat. Hist. of
Man, p. 8I) than Josselyn's observations.
1," His book is a curiosity, sometimes worth examining, but seldom to be implicitly relied on." - Savage, in Winthrop, N. E., vol. i. p. 267, note.
2 Reprinted, the third edition, with an introductory essay and some notes;
Boston, I764, -the edition made use of in these notes.
B




from me. I am now return'd into my Native Countrey;
and, by the providence of the Almighty and the bounty
of my Royal Soveraigness, am difpofed to a holy quiet of
ftudy and meditation for the good of my foul; and being
bleffed with a tranfmentitation or change of mind, and
weaned from the world, may take up for my word, non e/f
mor/ale 7uod ofIo."
We may fuppofe that a rude acquaintance with the
more common or important animals of a new country will
commence with the difcovery of it. Thus the beginning
of European knowledge of the marine animals of America goes back, doubtlefs, to the earlieft fifheries of Newfoundland; and thefe began almoft immediately after the
difcovery of the continent. Game and peltry were alfo
likely to come to the knowledge of the earlieft adventurers; and fcattered among thefe, from the firft, ivere
doubtlefs men capable of regarding the world of new
objeEts around them with an intelligent, if not a literate
eye. Defcriptions in this way, and Specimens, at length
reached Europe, and became known to the learned there
— to Gefner, Clufius, and Aldrovandus - from as early as
the middle of the fixteenth century.  Without being
naturalists, fuch obfervers as Heriot in Virginia (I585-6)
and Wood in Maffachufetts (I634) could give valuable
accounts of what they law; and more, it may well be,
was due to the Chriftian miffionaries, who accompanied or
followed the adventurers, for the converfion of the heathen.
Gabriel Sagard was one of thefe miffionaries, a recollel or
reformed Francifcan monk, who went from Paris to




Canada in I624, and fpent two years in the country of the
Hurons; publifhing his " Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons" in i632, and enlarging it in I636 to " Hiftoire du
Canada et Voyages qie les Freres Mineurs recollets y ont
faits pour la Converfion des Infidelles," &c., in four books;
of which the third treats of natural hiftory,' and is cited
by Meffrs. Audubon and Bachmann (Vivip. Quadrupeds
of N.A., payfim) for a good part of our more common
and noticeable Mammadia. Something confiderable thus
got to be known of marine animals of all forts, and of
quadrupeds. But it was much longer before our birds -
if we except a very few, as the blue-jay and the turkey —
came to the fcientific knowledge of Europeans; and this
remark is, as might be expected, at leait equally true of
our reptiles.
Quite as accidental, doubtlefs, was the beginning of
European acquaintance with our plants. There are, indeed, traces of the knowledge of a few at a very early
period. Dalechamp, Clufius, Lobel, and Alpinus - all
authors of the Sixteenth century -mulf be cited occafionally in any complete fynonymy of our Flora. The Indiancorn, the fide-faddle flower (Sarracenia purj)vrea and
S. fjava), the columbine, the common milk-weed (Afclepias Cornuti), the everlasting (Antennaria margarilacea), and the Arbor vile, were known to the juft-mentioned botanifts before i6oo. Sarracenia fava was fent
either from Virginia, or poffibly from fome Spanifh monk
1 Biographie Universelle, inz loco.




12           (arIp B3otanical Mitttr,
in Florida. Clufius's figure of our well-known northern
S. purpurea - of which he gives, however, only the
leaves and bafe of the ftem (Clus. H/?j. Pi., cit. Gerard a
Johnfon) - was derived from a fpecimen furnifhed to him
by one Mr. Claude Gonier, apothecary at Paris, who himfelf had it from Lifbon; whither we may fuppofe it was
carried by fome fiherman from the Newfoundland coaft.
The evening primrofe (GEnothera biennis) was known in
Europe, according to Linnxaus, as early as I6I4. Polygonum Jagitiatum and arzfolium (tear-thumb) were figured
by De Laet, probably from New-York fpecimens, in his
"Novus Orbis," I633.  Johnfon's edition of Gerard's
I Herbal" (I636) — which was poffibly our author's manual in the ftudy of New-England plants - contains fome
dozen North-American fpecies, furnished often from the
garden of Mr. John Tradefcant, who had other plants from
"Virginia" betide the elegant one which bears his name;
and John Parkinfon - whofe "Theatrum  Botanicum"
(I640) is declared by Tournefort to embrace a larger
number of fpecies than any work which had gone before
it - defcribes, efpecially from Cornuti, a ftill larger number.  But the firft treatife efpecially concerned with
North-American plants was that of the French author juft
mentioned; which, on feveral accounts, deferves particular attention.
John Robin — fecond to none," fays Tournefort, "in
the knowledge and cultivation of plants" —was placed
in charge of the Royal Botanical Garden at Paris, about
the year I570; and Vefpafian Robin, "a moft diligent




artvI   B3Iotanicalt   ritert.                  I3
botanift," followed, in fimilar connection  with  the  larger
garden founded by Lewis the Thirteenth. Both are faid
to have affifted the  writer whofe  book  we are  to  notice;
but efpecially the  latter,2  who, there  is little  doubt, deferves credit for all the American fpecies defcribed in it.
The hiftory of Canadian and other new plants - " Canadenfium   Plantarum, aliarumque  nondum   editarum   Hiftoria" of Jacobus Cornuti, Do&or of Medicine, of Paris -
was printed in that city (pp. 238) in I635, under the
patronage juft mentioned; and contains accounts, accompanied, in every cafe but one, with figures on copper, of
thirty-feven of our plants; of which the meadow-rue is
known to botanifts as Thalictrum  Cornuti;  and  the  common milkweed, as Asciepias Cornuti. Though himself
not eminent as a botanift,3 the work of Cornuti was valua1 He is called Botanicus Regiuss by Cornuti, p. 22; and the same title is given
to both the Robins, in the printed catalogue of plants cultivated by them.
Tournefort indicates the office of Vespasian Robin, at the new Botanic Garden,
as follows: " Brossacus... primus Horti prxefedtus,,studiosis plantas indigitandi
numeri proeposuit Vespasianum Robinum  diligentissimum  Botanicum." - Inst.
Rel Herb., vol. i. p. 48. And the recent writer in the Biographie Universelle,
says, more expressly, that the royal ordonnance establishing the garden names
Vespasian Robin "sub-demonstrator" of botany, with a stipend of two hundred
francs yearly. According to this writer, the two Robins were not, as has been
said, father and son, but brothers; and Vespasian the elder. This one must have
reached a great age, as the celebrated Morrison, who visited France in i640, and
remained there twelve years, calls himself his disciple. - Biog. Universelle, in
loco.
2 Tournefort, ubi supra.
3 Cornuti autem parum fuit in plantarum cognitione versatus, ut manifestum
est ex ineptis appellationibus quibus utitur in Enchiridio Botanico Parisiensi, et
descriptionibus speciosis ab Herbariorum stylo tamen alienis. - Tournef. Inst.,
vol. i. p. 43. Compare, as to the botanical merits of Cornuti, the writer in Biographie Universelle, who says that Cornuti's terminology, to which Tournefort




ble for its elegant prefentation of much that was new; and
it will always deferve honorable remembrance in the hiftory of our Flora. There are feveral paffages of it - as
at pp. 5 and 7, and in the account of the two baneberries
at p. 76, where we read, " Opacis et fylveftribus locis in
eadem Americre parte frequentiffimum eft geminum genus "- which look a little like a proper botanical collector's notes on his fpecimens; and there fpecimens, and the
others from the fame region, may well have been refults
of the herborizing of that worthy Francifcan miffionary,
whofe early obfervations on the natural hiftory of Canada
have  been  mentioned  already above.  Nor were the
North-American plants poffeffed by Cornuti entirely confined to this region; for he fpeaks at the end (p. 2T4) of
his having received a root, ex notha Anglia, as he Strangely
calls it, known, it appears, by the name of Serpenlaria, or,
in the vernacular, Snaqroel, -a fure remedy for the bite
of a huge and moft pernicious ferpent in notha. Anglia,which was no doubt the fnake-root fo famous once as a
cure for the bite of a rattlefnake, and one of the numerous
varieties of Naba lzs albus (L.) Hook., if not, as Purfh
fuppofed, what is now the var. Serpentaria, Gray.  But
fome view of the fcantinefs of fcientific knowledge of our
Flora, near forty years after Cornuti, may be had by reckoning the number of fpecies for which Bauhin's " Pinax"
took exception, was that of Lobel; and farther, that the catalogue - Enchiridium
Botanicum Parisiense -which is annexed to Cornuti's larger work, is in several
respeits creditable to him. -Biog. Univ., in loco.




3osden as a 33otanist.             I5
and " Prodromus" (I67I) are cited by Linnaeus in the
" Species Plantarum."  Moft of them are Southern plants;
and the few decidedly Northern ones which meet us - as
Corvus Canadenfis, Uvularia perfoliala, Trillium erefTum,
Arum triphyllum, and Adiantum pedatum - are all indicated, by Bauhin's phrafe, as from Brazil!
We have nothing illustrating the Flora of New England
from Cornuti till Joffelyn. In Virginia, Mr. John Banifter,
a correfpondent of Ray's, began to botanize probably not
long after the middle of the feventeenth century. He was
Succeeded by feveral eminent names; as Mark Catesby,
F.R.S. (born I679), John Clayton, Efq. (born i685), and
John Mitchell, M.D., F.R.S., - a contemporary of the
other two, - who together gave to the botany of Virginia
a diftinguifhed luftre; as did Cadwalader Colden, Efq.
(born I688), —a fele&ion from whofe correfpondence has
been lately edited by Dr. Gray,- to that of New York;
John Bartram (born I70I), t American botanift to his
Britannic Majefty," to that of Pennfylvania; and, fomewhat later, Alexander Garden, M.D., F.R.S. (born I728),
to that of South Carolina.  Joffelyn himfelf is, indeed,
little more than a herbalift; but it is enough that he gets
beyond that entirely unfcientific chara&ter.  He certainly
botanized, and made botanical ufe of Gerard and his other
authorities.  The credit belongs to him  of indicating
feveral genera as new which were fo, and peculiar to the
American Flora. It may at leaft be faid, that, at the time
he wrote, there is no reafon to fuppofe that any other
perfon knew as much as he did of the botany of New




i6                   3Ioetlpn  as a 33Botaniot.
England.  "The  plants in New  England," he fays in  his
Voyages," p.  59, "for the variety, number, beauty, and
virtues, may ftand in competition with the plants of any
countrey in Europe. Johnfon hath added to Gerard's'Herbal' three hundred, and Parkinfon  mentioneth  many
more. Had they been in New England, they might have
found a thoufand, at leaft, never heard of nor feen by any
Englifhman  before."1   Nor did  our author fail to  adorn
his "Rarities" with  recognizable  figures, as well as defcriptions, of fome  of there  new  American  plants;  and
1 Mention of New-England plants may be found in earlier writers than Cornuti or Josselyn; but what is said is now rarely available. Gosnold's expedition
was in I602; and the writer of the account of it tells us that the island upon
which his party proposed to settle (Cuttyhunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands) was
covered with " oaks, ashes, beech, walnut, witch-hazel, sassafrage, and cedars,
with divers others of unknown names;" beside " wild pease, young sassafrage,
cherry-trees, vines, eglantine, gooseberry-bushes, hawthorn, honeysuckles, with
others of the like quality;" as also " strawberries, rasps, ground-nuts, alexander,
surrin, tansy, &c., without count." - Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. xxviii. p. 76. And so
the writer of Mourt's Relation, in I620, speaks of " sorrel, yarrow, carvel, brooklime, liverwort, watercresses, &c., as noticed, " in winter," however, at Plymouth.
- Hist. Coll. vol. viii. p. 221. There is much here which is true enough, though
the "eglantine" of the first writer is an evident mistake, as doubtless also the
" carvel " of the other; but we have no reason to suppose that either of these
passages ever had any scientific value. Josselyn, so far as his Botany goes, does
not belong to this class of writers. There are important parts of his account of
our plants, in which we know with certainty what he intended to tell us; and,
farther, that this was worth the telling. And the credit which fairly belongs to
the newgenera of American plants, in some sort indicated by him, shall illustrate
as well those other portions of his work where what he meant is a matter
rather of dedudtion from his particulars, such as they are, in the light of his only
here-and-there-cited authorities, than of plain fadt. His English names - common, and perhaps often indefinite, as they strike us - had more of scientific
value, in botanical hands at least, when he wrote, than now; and, there is good
reason to suppose, were meant to indicate that the plants intended, or in some
cases the genera to which they belonged, were the same with those published,
under the same names, by Gerard, Johnson, and Parkinson.




N0~otIn ao a 3Botanit,.               I7
his arrangement is alfo creditable to his botanical knowledge.  By this arrangement, his collections are diftinguifhed intoI. " Such plants as are common with us in England."
2. " Such plants as are proper to the country."
3. " Such plants as are proper to the country, and have no name."
4. " Such plants as have sprung up since the English planted and kept
cattle in New England."
The laft of thefe divifions is the moft valuable part of
Joffelyn's account, as it affords the only testimony that
there is to the firft notice among us of a number of now
naturalized weeds, which it is an interesting queftion to
feparate from  the more important clafs of plants truly
indigenous in, and common to, both hemifpheres; and the
author's treatment of the latter - as indeed of the other
two lifts mentioned above - fhows that he was competent,
in a meafure, to reckon the former. This furnifhes a date,
and an early one; and there is no other till I785, when
Dr. Manaffeh Cutler's Memoir, to be fpoken of, enables us
to limit the appearance of fome other fpecies not mentioned by Joffelyn.
There is no work of any fize or importance on NewEngland plants, after Joffelyn, for the whole century which
followed. We were not, indeed, without men in diftinguifhed connection with the European fcientific world.
The moit eminent New-England family gained honors in
fcience, as well as in the condu& of affairs. John Winthrop the younger, eldeft fon of the firit Governor of
Maffachufetts, - and the " heir," fays Savage, " of all his
C




I8            Isobernor Jo0n  it[intbrop.
father's talents, prudence, and virtues, with a fuperior
fhare of human learning,"' — was himfelf the firft Governor of Connecticut, and had, in this conneation, a certain fcientific pofition and reputation. " The great Mr.
Boyle, Bifhop Wilkins, with feveral other learned men,"
fays Dr. Eliot, " had propofed to leave England, and eftablifh a fociety for promoting natural knowledge in the new
colony of which Mr. Winthrop, their intimate friend and
affociate, was appointed Governor. Such men were too
valuable to lofe from Great Britain; and, Charles II. having taken them under his proteftion, the fociety was there
eftabliihed, and obtained the title of the Royal Society of
London..... Mr. Winthrop fent over many fpecimens of
the produitions of this country, with his remarks upon
them:'and, by an order of the Royal Society, he was in
a particular manner invited to take upon himfelf the charge
of being the chief correfpondent in the Weft, as Sir
Philiberto Vernatti was in the Eaft Indies.'  His name,'
fays the fame writer, Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, Secretary of
the Royal Society, in his flattering dedication of the fortieth volume of the Philofophical Tranfaftions to the Governor's grandfon,'had he put it to his writings, would
have been as univerfally known as the Boyles's, the Wilkins's, and Oldenburghs', and been handed down to us
with fimilar applaufe.' 2  There is, in the volume of
Philofophical Tranfaftions for I670, "An Extra&t  of a
1 Winthrop's Journal, by Savage, edit. I, vol. i. p. 64, note. See also Bancroft's charadcer of the younger Winthrop, in History of the United States, vol.
ii. p. 52.
2 Eliot, Biog. Dit., in loco.




;jtttl 5O0JJ  tntttJp,            I9
Letter written by John Winthrop, Efq., Governor of Connefticut in New England, to the Publither, concerning
fome Natural Curiofities of thofe Parts; efpecially a very
ftrange and curioufly-contrived Fifh, fent for the Repofitory of the Royal Society "(pp. 3); in which are mentioned, as fent, fpecimens of fcrub-oak; "bark of tree
with fir-balfam, which grows in Nova Scotia, and, as I
hear, in the more eafterly part of New England;" pods of
milk-weed, " ufed to fluff pillows and cufhions;" and " a
branch of the tree called the cotton-tree, bearing a kind of
down, which alfo is not fit to fpin."
Fitz John Winthrop, Efq., F.R.S. (died I7o7), fon of
the laft, and alfo Governor of Conneaticut, is faid to have
been "'famous for his philofophical" (that is, fcientific)'' knowledge."1  And the fecond Governor's nephew, John
Winthrop, Efq., F.R.S. (died I747), who left this country
and paffed, the latter part.of his life in England, is declared
by the author of the dedication already above cited, to
have "increafed the riches of their" (the Royal Society's)
tt repofitory with more than fix hundred curious Specimens,
chiefly in the mineral kingdom; accompanied with an
accurate account of each particular."  e Since Mr. Colwell," it is added, "the founder of the Mufeum of the
Royal Society, you have been the benefactor who has
given the moft numerous colleftion." Dr. John Winthrop,
F.R.S. (died 1779), Hollifian Profeffor of Mathematics at
Cambridge, N.E., whofe important papers on aftronomical
1 Eliot, Biog. Dict., ix loco.




and other related phenomena are to be found in the Philofophical Tranfaftions, was of another line of the fame
family.
Paul Dudley, Efq., -F.R.S. (born I675), fon of Gov.
Jofeph Dudley, and himfelf Chief Juftice of Maffachufetts,
was author of feveral papers  in  the  Philofophical Tranfadcions; one of which is an " Account of the Poifon-wood
Tree  in  New-England"  (vol. xxxi. p. I35); and another,
" Obfervations on fome Plants in New-England, with
Remarkable Inflances of the Nature and Power of Vegetation" (vol. xxxiii. p. I29). This laft is of only feven
pages, and  of little  fcientific  account:  though  we  learn
from it, that, in I726, when Mr. Dudley wrote, the Pearmain, Kentifh Pippin, and Golden Ruffetin, were efteemed
apples here, and the Orange and Bergamot cultivated
pears;' that, in one town in I721, they made three thoufand, and in another near ten thoufand barrels of cider;
and that, to fpeak  of "trees  of the wood," he  knew  of a
1 Interleaved Almanacs of I646-48, cited by Savage (Winthrop, N. E., vol. ii.
p. 332), mention " Tankard " and " Kreton " (perhaps Kirton) apples, as well as
Russetins, Pearmains, and Long-Red apples; beside " the great pears," and apricots, as grown here. In the Records of the Governor and Company of the
Massachusetts Bay (Records of Mass., vol. i. p. 24), there is an undated memorandumn, "To provide to send for Newe England... stones of all sorts of
fruites; as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells," &c.,
which the " First General Letter of the Governor," &c., of the I7th April, I629,
again makes mention of (ibid., p. 392); and Josselyn (Voyages, p. I89) remarks
on the "good fruit" reared from such kernels. But, if this were the only source
of our ancestors' English fruit, the names which they gave to the seedlings must
have been vague. - For other early notices of cultivated fruit-trees, see Savage
Gen. DiCt. 4, p. 258, and the same, 4, p. 621. Saml. Sewall, jun. Esq., of Brookline, had trees grafted with'Drew's Russet,' and'Golden Russet' apples, in
i724. (Gen. Reg. i6, p. 65.)




button-wood tree which meafured nine yards in girth, and
made twenty-two cords of wood; and of an afh, which, at
a yard from the ground, was fourteen feet eight inches
in girth. He alfo expreffes an intention to treat Separately
the evergreens of New  England; and this treatife, which
was poffibly more valuable than the one juft noticed, was
in the poffeffion of Peter Collinfon, the eminent patron of
horticulture, and was given by him to J. F. Gronovius;
but has not, that I am aware of, appeared in print.'
It is likely that the early phyficians of New England
gave fpecial attention to thofe fimples of the country, the
virtues of which were known to the favages; and perhaps
it was partly in this way that the Rev. Jared Eliot (born
I685), minifter of Killingworth in Connecticut, —who is
called by Dr. Allen " the firft phyfician of his day," - is
alfo defignated, both by him and by Eliot, a botanift; and
by the latter, "the firft in New England." There is no
doubt he was a friend of Dr. Franklin's, and a fcientific
agriculturist according to the knowledge of his day; and
he is faid to have introduced the white mulberry into
Conneaticut.2 His Agricultural Effays went through more
than one edition, but is now rare. Mr. Eliot died while
our next character, the firfi native New-England botanift
who deferves the name, was a ftudent of Yale College.
1 Gronov. Fl. Virg., edit. 2. In Mr. Dillwyn's (unpublished) " Account of
the Plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson," from his own catalogue and
other manuscripts, I find Collinson quoting Mr. Dudley's paper on Plants of New
England, above mentioned; but not that on the Evergreens. - Iortus Collins.,
p. 4I.
2 Eliot, Biog. Didt., and Allen, Amer. Biog. Di&., in locis.




Manaffeh Cutler, LL.D. (born I743), was minifter of
the Hamlet in Ipfwich -afterwards incorporated as the
town of Hamilton - fifty-one years, and was alfo a member of the Medical Society of Maffachufetts. He is author
of " An Account of fome of the Vegetable Produftions
naturally growing in this part of America, botanically
arranged," which makes nearly a hundred pages of the firift
volume of the Memoirs of the American Academy, I785.
In the introdu&ion to this paper, the author fpeaks of
Canada and the Southern States having had attention
given to their produ&ions, both by fome of their own
inhabitants and by European naturalists; while "that extenfive tra&t of country which lies between them, including feveral degrees of latitude, and exceedingly diverfified
in its furface and foil, feems ftill to remain unexplored."
He attributes the negle&, in part, to this, — " that botany
has never been taught in any of our colleges," but principally to the prevalent opinion of its unprofitableness in
common life. The latter error he combats with the then
important obfervation, that, "though all the medicinal
properties and economical ufes of plants are not discoverable from thofe chara6ters by which they are fyftematically
arranged, yet the celebrated Linnxus has found that the
virtues of plants may be, in a considerable degree, and
moft fafely, determined by their natural chara&ters: for
plants of the fame natural clafs are in some meafure fimilar; thofe of the fame natural order have a ftill nearer
affinity; and thofe of the fame genus have very feldom
been found to differ in their medical virtues" (p. 397).




This fhows, perhaps, that Dr. Cutler appreciated (for the
Italics in the juft-quoted paffage are his own) that adumbration of a natural fyftem which was afforded or fuggefted
by the artificial; and his inftances - the Graminea?, the
Borraginacee, the UmbeZllfere, the Labiale, the Cruciferce,
the Malvacee, the Compofite, &c.; though there are cited
under the divifions, not of the natural, but of the fexual
fyftem —are itill more to the point.  There are other
obfervations of intereft; and the fuggeftion is made, that
perfons fhould colle&t the plants of their diftriEts, and fend
them from time to time to the Academy.
Dr. Cutler was thus, poffibly, the firft to fuggeft a botanical chair in our colleges, and a general herbarium  to
illustrate the Flora of New England; and perhaps it was
this laft which led him to propofe a ftill more important
undertaking. "It has long been my intention," he fays in
a letter to Prof. Swartz, of Upfal, dated I5th October,
I802, "to publifh a botanical work, comprifing the plants}
of the northern and eaftern States; and [I] have been
collecting materials for that purpofe. But numerous avocations, and a variety of other engagements, has occafioned delay.  It is, however, frill my intention, if my
health permits, to do it. But, at this time, far lefs than in
years paft, there is very little encouragement. given here to
publications of this kind."'
About three hundred and feventy plants are indicated in
the publifhed " Account" of Dr. Cutler. It was not to be
1 Mss. Cutler, penes: me.




expe&ted, that, in this beginning, numerous miftakes fhould
not be made. It could not poffibly have been otherwife.
There is ftill evidence enough of the author's genius,
which perhaps needed only opportunity and encouragement to anticipate a part of what botany now owes to a
Nuttall, a Torrey, and a Gray.  The "Account" was
favorably received by other botanists of the time, both in
this country and abroad. In a letter of Muhlenberg to
Cutler, dated 9th February, I79I, the former fays, "Not
till a few months ago, I was favored with the firfit volume
of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, printed at Boiton, I785. Amongft other valuable pieces, I found your'Account of Indigenous Vegetables, botanically arranged;' with which I was infinitely
pleafed, as this was the firfi work that gives a fyftematical
account of New-England plants. Being a great friend to
botany, and having ftudied it in my leifure-hours upwards
of fourteen years in Pennfylvania, I know the difficulty of
arranging the American plants according to the Linnean
fyftem; and I was always eager to hear of fome gentleman
engaged in fimilar refearches, that, by joining hands, we
might do Something towards enlarging American Botany.... This is the reafon why I intrude upon your leifurehours, and crave for your acquaintance and friendfhip."l
Drs. Withering and Stokes, of England, were other correfpondents of Cutler, and furnifhed him with important
observations upon his printed Memoir, befides fpecimens;
1 Mss. Cutler, penes me.




f33  anamtbj0Ef CQutI.           25
as did alfo Swartz, and, it appears, Payfhull of Sweden. Dr. Stokes followed up his various fuggeftions for
the improvement of the Memoir, by propofing to dedicate a plant, which he took to be new, to its author.
"A plant," he fays, "like a woolly heath, and which I
wifhed to call Cu/leria ericoides, turns out to be Hudjfnia ericoides. I hope, however, your herborizations may
furnifh a new genus for you, not likely to be difturbed."
- Letters of Slokes lo Cu/ter, from " Feb. 4,'9I, to Aug.
I7,  93." 1
But Dr. Cutler's printed memoir on the plants of New
England is much furpaffed in intereft by his manufcript
volumes of descriptions, itill extant.  Thefe manuscript
volumes commence with " Book I., I 783," and continue, fo
far as I have feen them, to I804. The late Mr. Oakes
poffeffed fix of there books; and two were given to me by
my valued friend, the late Dr. T. W. Harris. They are
generally entitled, "Defcriptions and Notes on American
Indigenous Plants," and contain a vaft number of obfervations and analyfes, fometimes accompanied by pen-and-ink
sketches. This was evidently the material accumulated
for the author's Flora above mentioned; and the following
extraats will ferve to fhow that he was in many refpects
qualified to undertake fuch a work. Thus, in describing
the feveral hickories, he points out thofe differences from
Yuglans, upon which Nuttall afterwards conftituted his
1 Mss. Cutler, penes me.
D




26              Dr, ffLatnazz  CTuttr+
genus Carya.  Again, in the fame volume, — that- for
1789, - there is a N. Gen. Anzozymos, minutely defcribed
in feveral pages, which is no other than Thefiumz uzmbellaturn, L., afterwards diftinguifhed by Nuttall as his genus
Comandra.  Again, under A-nonymos, Yellow-Sandbind,
there is a full defcription of what Nuttall after named
fHudjonia lomentofao.  The fame volume ihows that the
author had anticipated Prof. Gray in referring Orchis
Jfmbriata, as it was called by Purfh and other botanifts, to
0. pfychodes, L.; and the remark is alfo made that 0.
lacera Michx., - which Muhlenberg and our other writers
had miftakenly referred to 0. pfychodes, till Dr. Gray corre&ed the error, - muft be a new fpecies," which it then
certainly was. Again, there is another Anomolos defcribed
at length, which is the fame afterwards conftituted by
Nuttall his genus MicroJlylis.  So. Camnarmua   humida
(Cutler mfs.) is what Purfh defignated, long after, C.
aparinoides.  Again, in another volume (for  800oo), he
anticipates Purth by propofing for our water-fhield the
name Brafenia ovalifoliac; and, in yet- another, he is before
Bigelow in defcribing as a new fpecies what the latter,
many years later, published as Pruitus obovata. This may
fuffice to indicate the merits of the botanift of Ipfwich
Hamlet. A little fhrub-willow, with clean, fhining leaves,
and modeft catkins, - inhabiting, almoft everywhere,, the
alpine regions of the White Mountains, and gathered by
him there, before any other botanift had penetrated thofe
folitudes, - ftill reminds us of his name, which deferves to
be remembered by his countrymen.




After Cutler, there appeared nothing of importance' on
our botany, till the  prefent elder fchool of New-England
botanifts — a fchool charaAerized  by  the  names  of an
Oakes, a Boott, and an Emerfon - was founded, now more
than forty years ago, by the claffical Flordla of Bigelow.
1 The late Dr. Waterhouse, Professor of Medicine at Cambridge, read lectures
on Natural History to his classes as early as I788, and published the botanical
part of these leftures in the Monthly Anthology, 1804-8; reprinting this in i8II,
with the title -of the Botanist (Boston, 8vo, pp. 228). In the preface to this volume, the author's are claimed to have been the first public ledtures on Natural
History given in the United States. The Massachusetts Professorship of Botany
and Entomology was founded in I805, and the Botanical Garden in 1807; but the
eminent naturalist who first filled the chair left little behind him to bear witness
to his acknowledged "learning and genius."-.uincy, Hist. Harv. Univ., vol. ii.
p. 330.  The studies of Peck were not, however, confined to the Fauna and
Flora of New England; and his distinguished successors in the leture-room
and the botanical garden - Mr. Nuttall, the late Dr. Harris, and Professor Gray
- may be said to have maintained a like general, rather than local character, in
the entomological and botanical investigations pursued at the University.








New-Englands
RARITIES
Difcovered:
IN
Birds, Beaf/s, Fijhes, Serpents, and Plants
of that Country.
Together with
The Phyfical and Chyrurgical REMEDIES wherewith the NVatives constantly ufe to Cure their
DISTEMPERS, WOUNDS, and SORES.
AL SO
A perfec Defcriplion of an Indian SQ UA, in all
her Bravery; with a POEM not improperly
conferr'd upon her.
LASTLY
A CHRONOL O GICAL TABLE
of the moit remarkable Paffages in that Country
amongft the ENGLISH.
fluztrated wilh CUTS.
By yOHN  7OSSEL VN, Gent.
London, Printed for G. Widdowes at the
Green Dragon in St. Pauls Church yard, I672.








To the highly obliging,
His Honoured Friend and Kinsman,
SAMUEL FORTREY Efq;
SI R,
T,was by your ajJftance (enabling me) that I commenc'd a Voyage into thofe remote parts of the World
(known to us by the painful Di/covery of that memorable
Gentleman Sir Fran. Drake.)  Your bounty then and
formerly hath engaged a retribution of my Gratitude,
and not knowing how to tefJtfie the fame unto you otherwayes, I have (although with Jome reluc~ancy) adventured to obtrude upon you there rude and indigejled
Eight Years Obyervations, wherein whether I fiall more
Jhame my Jelf or injure your accurate yudgment and
better Employment in the perujal, is a queflion.




32                tJpitIte Debtcatvt,.
We read of Kings and Gods that kindly took
A Pitcher fill'd with Water from the Brook.
The Contemplation zwhereof (well knozing your noble
and generous Dzjipofition) hath confirm'd in me the
hope that you -will pardon my p]refumnption, and accept
the tender of the fruits of my Travel after this homely
manner, and my Jelf as,
Sir,
our highly obzliged,
mofj humble Servant,
John Joffelyn.




New-Englands
RARITIES
Difcovered.
N the year of our Lord I663. May 28.
upon an Invitation from my only Brother,
I departed from London, and arrived at
B/ioJlon, the chief Town in the Maffachufells, a Colony of EnglzJhmen in NewEngland, the 28/h of 7u/y following.
Boj/on (whofe longitude is 315 deg. and 42 deg. 30
min. of North Latitude) is built on the South-weft fide
of a Bay large enough for the Anchorage of 500 Sail of
Ships, the Buildings are handfome, joyning one to the
other as in London, with many large ftreets, moilt of them
paved with pebble Itone, in the high fitreet towards the
Common, there are fair buildings, fome of ftone, and at
the Eaft End of the [2] Town one atnongrt the reft, built
by the Shore by Mr. Gibs, a Merchant, being a itately
Edifice, which it is thought will ftand him in little lefs
* E




34 re W-bftn glano   1Larbitie.
than 3000 1. before it be fully finifhed.l The Town is
not divided into Parifhes, yet they have three fair Meetinghoufes or Churches, which  hardly  fuffice to  receive  the
Inhabitants and Strangers that come in from all parts.2
Having refreshed my felf here for fome time, and opportunely lighting upon a pairage in a Bark belonging to a
Friend of my Brothers, and bound to the Eaftward, I put
to sea again, and.on the Fifteenth of Auguji, I arrived at
Black-point, otherwife called Scarborow, the habitation of
my beloved Brother,3 being about an hundred leagues to the
1 This house was one Mr. Robert Gibbs's "of an ancient family in Devonshire," says Farmer (Geneal. Reg., p. 120); and it stood on Fort Hill, the way
leading to it becoming afterwards known as Gibbs's Lane, and a wharf at the
waterside, belonging to the property, as Gibbs's Wharf. Mr. W. B. Trask, who
obligingly examined for me the early deeds concerning this estate in Suffolk
Registry, furnishes a Ymemorandum, that on the 6th June, 167I, Robert Gibbs of
Boston, merchant, conveys to Edward and Elisha Hutchinson, in trust, for Elizabeth, wife of said Robert, during her life, and after her decease to such child or
children as he shall have by her, his land and house on Fort Hill, with warehouse
on wharf,'which land was formerly my grandfather, Henry Webb's.' The wife
of said Robert Gibbs was daughter to Jacob Sheafe by Margaret, daughter to
HenryWebb, mercer. Sampson Sheafe, a Provincial councillor of New Hampshire,
and the ancestor of a family of long standing there, married another daughter of
Jacob Sheafe. Mr. Gibbs was father to the Rev. Henry Gibbs, minister of Watertown, and had other children; and the family continues to this day.
2 Compare the author's Voyages, pp. 19, I6I, I73, for other notices of Boston,
and as to the first of these, which represents the town (in I638) as "rather a
village,... there being not above twenty or thirty houses," see the note in
Savage's Winthrop, edit. I, vol. i. p. 267.
3 Mr. Henry Josselyn was probably living at Black Point in I638, when his
brother first visited it (Voyages, p. 20). It was then the estate (by grant from
the council at Plymouth) and residence of Captain Thomas Cammock; but he,
dying in I643, bequeathed it, except five hundred acres which were reserved to his
wife, to Josselyn, who, marrying the widow, succeeded to the whole property,
which was described as containing fifteen hundred acres (Willis infra), but is
called by Sullivan five thousand (History of Maine, p. I28). In I658, this and
other adjoining trac6s were erected into a town by Massachusetts, under the name




Eaftward of BoJlon; here I refided eight years, and made it
my bufinefs to difcover all along the Natural, Phyfical, and
Chyrurgical Rarities of this New-found World.
New-England is faid to begin at 40 and to end  at 46  of
Northerly Latitude, that is from  de la Ware Bay to Newfound-Land.
The Sea Coaits are accounted wholfomeit, the EaR and
South Winds coming [31 from Sea produceth warm weather, the Northweft coming over land caufeth extremity of
Cold, and many times ftrikes the Inhabitants both Englz./
and Indian with that fad Diseafe called there the Plague
of the back, but with us Empiema.'
The Country generally is Rocky and Mountanous, and
extremely overgrown with wood, yet here and there beautified with large rich Valleys, wherein are Lakes ten,
twenty, yea fixty miles in compafs, out of which our great
Rivers have their Beginnings.2
Fourfcore miles (upon a direat line) to the Northweft
of Scarborow, a Ridge of Mountains run Northweft and
of Scarborough, which is thus further noticed by our author in his Voyages, p.
201, as " the town of Black Point, consisting of about fifty dwelling-houses, and a
Magazine, or Doganne, scatteringly built. They have store of neat and horses,
of sheep near upon seven or eight hundred, much arable and marsh, salt and
fresh, and a corn-mill."-Comp. Williamson's Hist. of Maine, vol. i. pp. 392,
666; Willis in Geneal. Register, vol. i. p. 202.
1 Emn5yema is a result of disease of the lungs. See Voyages, p. I2I.
2 Compare the accounts of the first appearance of the country by the Rev.
Francis Higginson and Mr Thomas Graves, both well-qualified observers, in NewEngland's Plantation, London, I630; reprinted in Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. 117.
And see Wood's New England's Prospedt, a book which our author was probably
acquainted with; as compare p. 4 of Wood (edit. 1764) with the beginning of p. 3
of the Rarities, and some other places in both.




Northeaft an hundred Leagues, known by the name of the
While AMountains, upon which lieth Snow all the year, and
is a Land-mark twenty miles off at Sea. It is rifing
ground from the Sea fhore to there Hills, and they are
inacceffible but by the Gullies which the diffolved Snow
hath made; in there Gullies grow Saven Buihes, which
being taken hold of are a good help to the climbing Difcoverer; upon the top of the higheft of there Mountains
is a large Level [4] or Plain of a days journey over,
whereon nothing grows but Moss; at the farther end of
this Plain is another Hill called the Sugar-Loaf, to outward appearance a rude heap of maffie ftones piled one
upon another, and you may as you afcend ftep from one
ftone to another, as if you were going up a pair of ftairs,
but winding ftill about the Hill till you come to the top,
which will require half a days time, and yet it is not
above a Mile, where there is alfo a Level of about an
Acre of ground, with a pond of clear water in the midft of
it; which you may hear run down, but how it afcends is a
myftery. From this rocky Hill you may fee the whole
Country round about; it is far above the lower Clouds,
and from hence we beheld a Vapour (like a great Pillar)
drawn up by the Sun Beams out of a great Lake or Pond
into the Air, where it was formed into a Cloud. The
Country beyond there Hills Northward is daunting terrible, being full of rocky Hills, as thick as Mole-hills in a
Meadow, and cloathed with infinite thick Woods.'
1 The earliest ascents of the White Mountains were those made by Field and
others in I642, of which we have some account in Winthrop's Journal (by Savage,




RcW-,enaf~      aritic.                      37
New-England  is  by  fome  affirmed  to  be  an  Ifland,
bounded on the North with the [5] River Canada, (fo
edit. I, vol. ii. pp. 67, 89). Darby Field, "an Irishman living about Pascataquack," has the honor of being the first European who set foot upon the summit
of Mount Washington. He appears at Exeter in I639, and was at Dover in 1645,
and died there in 1649, leaving a widow, and, it is said, children (A. H. Quint,
N. E. Geneal. Reg., vol. vi. p. 38). It seems likely, from his account, that Field,
on reaching the Indian town in the Saco Valley, " at the foot of the hill" where
the " two branches of Saco river met," pursued his way up the valley either of
Rocky Branch or of Ellis River, till he gradually attained to the region of dwarf
firs, on what is known as Boott's Spur, which is between the " valley" called
Oakes's Gulf, in which the "Mount Washington" branch of the Saco has its
head, and the valley in which the Rocky Branch rises (see G. P. Bond's Map of
the White Mountains). There is no other way that shall fulfil the conditions
of the narrative except that over Boott's Spur; but of the three streams, that is,'" the two branches of Saco River," which come together at or near the probable
site of the Indian town, the Rocky Branch is the shortest, and its valley the most
ascending. Field repeated his visit, with some others, " about a month after;"
and later, in the same year, the mountains were visited by the worshipful Thomas
Gorges, Esq., Deputy-Governor, and Richard Vines, Esq., Councillor of the Province of Maine, of which Winthrop takes notice at p. 89. Whether Josselyn.
went up himself, or had his account from others, does not appear. But his calling the mountains " inaccessible but by the gullies," leaves it at least supposable,
that he, or the party from which he got his information (perhaps Gorges's),
instead of gradually ascending the long ridges, or spurs, penetrated into one of
the gulfs (as they are there called), or ravines, of the eastern side; the walls of
which are exceedingly steep, and literally inaccessible in many parts, except by
the gullies. The "large level or plain of a day's journey over, whereon grows
nothing but moss," is noticed in Winthrop's account of Gorges's ascent, but not
in that of Field's; and this plain - which doubtless includes what has since been
called " Bigelow's Lawn" (lying immediately under the south-eastern side of the
summit of Mount Washington), but understood also, in Gorges's account, to extend northward as far as the   Lake of the Clouds "- furnishes another ground
for supposing that the last-mentioned explorer, or, at least, Josselyn, may have
penetrated the mountain by one of its eastern ravines; several of which head in
the great plain mentioned, while that is rather remote from what we have taken
for Field's "ridge."  Our author is the only authority for the "' pond of clear
water in the midst of" the top of Mount Washington; though a somewhat capacious spring, which was well known there before the putting-up of the house on
the summit, may have been larger once; or he may rather have mistaken, or
misremembered, the position of the'Lake of the Clouds.




called from Monfieur Cane) on the South with the River
Mohegan, or nud/ons River, fo called becaufe he was
the firft that difcovered it.' Some will have America to be
an Ifland, which out of queftion muft needs be, if there be
a Northeaft paffage found out into the South Sea; it contains I I52400000 Acres.  The difcovery of the Northweft paffage (which lies within the River of Canada) was
undertaken with the help of fome Proteftant Frenchmen,
which left Canada and retired to BoJlon about the year I669.
The Northeaft people of America i.e. New England, &c.
are judged to be Tartars called Samoades, being alike in
complexion, fhape, habit and manners, (fee the Globe:)
Their Language is very fignificant, ufing but few words,
every word having a diverfe fignification, which is expreft
by their gefture; as when they hold their head of one fide
the word fignifieth one thing, holding their hand up when
they pronounce it fignifieth another thing. Their Speeches in their Affemblies are very gravely delivered, commonly in perfeat Hexamiter Verfe, with great filence and
attention, and anfwered again ex temjbore after the fame
manner.2
[6] Having given you fome fhort Notes concerning the
Country in general, I fhall now enter upon the propofed
Difcovery of the Natural, Phyfical, and Chyrurgical Rarities; and that I may methodically deliver them unto you,
1 Compare, as to the insulation of the tract understood by Josselyn as New
England, Palfrey, Hist. N. E., vol. i. pp. I, 2, and note, and the accompanying
map.
2 See the author's larger account of the natives in his Voyages, pp. I23-I50o.




ArW-,en41anb~s        l1aritios*           39
I fhall caft them  into this form: I. Birds.  2. Beafts.  3.
Fifhes.  4. Serpents and Infe&s.  5. Plants, of there, I.
fuch Plants as are common with us, 2. of fuch Plants as
are proper to the country, 3. of fuch Plants as are proper
to the Country and have no name known to us, 4. of fuch
Plants as have fprung up fince the Engz/liz Planted and
kept Cattle there; 5. of fuch Garden Herbs (amongft us)
as do thrive there and of fuch as do not. 6. Of Stones,
Minerals, Metals, and Earths.
Firit, Of Birds.!
The Humming Bird.
T     He Humming Bird, the leaft of all Birds, little bigger
than a Dor, of variable glittering Colours, they feed
upon Honey, which they fuck out of Bloffoms [7] and
Flowers with their long Needle-like Bills; they fleep all
Winter, and are not to be feen till the Spring, at which
time they breed in little Nefts, made up like a bottom of
foft, Silk-like matter, their Eggs no bigger than a white
Peafe, they hatch three or four at a time, and are proper
to this Country.
1 There is a much fuller account - to be noticed again - of our birds, in the
Voyages, pp. 95-I03. Wood's (N. E. Prospe&6, chap. viii.) is also curious. In
the notes which immediately follow, on the birds, beasts, fishes, and reptiles, the
oldest writers on our natural history will be found often to explain or illustrate
each other.




40                 PejW  flngfanbz   Larittie.
The Troculus.'
The Troculus, a fmall Bird, black and white, no bigger
than a Swallow, the points of whofe Feathers are fharp,
which they ftick into the fides of the Chymney (to refit
themselves, their Legs being exceeding Ihort) where they
breed in Nefts made like a Swallows Nelf, but of a glewy
fubitance, and which is not faftened to the Chymney as a
Swallows Neit, but hangs down the Chymney by a clewlike ftring a yard long. They commonly have four or five
young ones, and when they go away, which is much about
the time that Swallows ufe to depart, they never fail to
throw down one of their young Birds into the room by
way of Gratitude. I have more than once obferved, that
againft the ruin  of the Family there Birds will fuddenly
forfake the houfe and come no more.
[8]  The Pilhannaw.2
The Pilhannaw  or Mechquan, much  like the  defcription of the zndian Ruck, a monftrous great Bird, a kind
1 Chimney-swallow.
2 "The pilhannaw is the king of birds of prey in New England. Some take
him to be a kind of eagle; others for the Indian ruck, - the biggest bird that is,
except the ostrich. One Mr. Hilton, living at Pascataway, had the hap to kill
one of them. Being by the sea-side, he perceived a great shadow over his head,
the sun shining out clear. Casting up his eyes, he saw a monstrous bird soaring
aloft in the air; and, of a sudden, all the ducks and geese (there being then a
great many) dived under water, nothing of them appearing but their heads. Mr.
Hilton, having made readie his piece, shot and brought her down to the ground.
How he disposed of her, I know not; but had he taken her alive, and sent her
over into England, neither Bartholomew nor Sturbridge Fair could have produced
such another sight." - yosselyn's Voyages, p. 95. These notices have been taken




of Hawk, fome fay an Eagle, four times as big as a Gofhawk, white Mail'd, having two or three purple Feathers
in her head as long as Geefes Feathers they make Pens
of the  Quills  of thefe  Feathers  are  purple, as  big  as
Swans Quills and  tranfparent;  her Head  is as big  as a
Childs of a year old, a very Princely Bird; when fihe
foars  abroad, all fort of feathered  Creatures  hide  themfelves, yet fhe never preys upon any of them, but upon
Fawns and 7accals: She Ayries in the Woods upon the
high Hills of Ofapy, and is very rarely or feldome feen.
The Turkie.1
The Turkie, who is blacker than ours; I have heard
feveral  credible  perfons  affirm, they  have  feen   Turkie
to be sufficient by some writers to show the probable existence of " a bird of prey,
very large and bold, on the-back of some of our American plantations." But our
author's account indicates clearly a crested eagle, which we cannot explain by
any thing nearer home than the yzquautli, or crested vulture of Mexico and the
countries south of it (Falco Harlyja, Gmel.); two notices of which (cited by
Linnaeus) had been published some twenty years before Josselyn wrote, and may
have been supposed by him to be applicable to a large bird which he had heard
of as inhabiting mountains about Ossipee. The great heron -an inhabitant of
the coast, and so uncommon inland that "one... shot in the upper parts
of New Hampshire was described to" Wilson "as a great curiosity" (Amer.
Ornith., by Brewer, p. 555) -has the size and the crest of Josselyn's bird; and,
if this last was only (as is possible) the name of a confused conception made up
from several accounts of large birds, the heron may well be thought to have had
a share in it.
1 "Of these, sometimes there will be forty, threescore and a hundred, of a
flock; sometimes more, and sometimes less. Their feeding is acorns, hawes,
and berries: some of them get a haunt to frequent English corn. In winter,
when the snow covers the ground, they resort to the seashore to look for shrimps,
and such small fishes, at low tides. Such as love turkey-hunting must follow it
in winter, after a new-fallen snow, when he may follow them by their tracks.
Some have killed ten or a dozen in half a day. If they can be found towards art
F




42                   Jetb —ngIan$  3lartittc.
Cocks that have weighed forty, yea fixty pound; but out
of my perfonal experimental knowledge I can affure you,
that I have eaten my fhare of a Turkie Cock, that when he
was pull'd and garbidg'd, weighed thirty [91 pound; and
I have alfo feen  threefcore  broods  of young  Turkies on
the fide of a marfh, sunning of themfelves in a morning
betimes, but this was thirty years fince, the Englzi/k and
the Indians having now destroyed the breed, fo that'tis
very rare to meet with a wild Turkie in the Woods; But
fome of the EnglzJh bring up great ftore of the wild kind,
which  remain  about their  Houfes  as  tame  as  ours  in
England.
The Gooje.l
The  Gooje, of which  there  are three  kinds;  the  Gray
Gooe, the While Goofe, and the Brant: The Gooje will
evening, and watched where they perch, - if one come about ten or eleven of the
clock, - he may shoot as often as he will: they will sit, unless they be slenderly
wounded. These turkies remain all the year long. The price of a good turkeycock is four shillings; and he is well worth it, for he may be in weight forty
pounds; a hen, two shillings."- Wood, N. Eng. Prosped, chap. viii. See also
Josselyn's Voyages, p. 99.
1 "The geese of the country be of three sorts. First, a brant goose; which is
a goose almost like the wild goose in England. The price of one of these is sixpence. The second kind is a white goose, almost as big as an English tame
goose. These come in great flocks about Michaelmas: sometimes there will be
two or three thousand in a flock. Those continue six weeks, and so fly to the
southward; returning in March, and staying six weeks more, returning to
the northward. The price of one of these is eightpence. The third kind of
geese is a great grey goose, with a black neck, and a black and white head;
strong of flight: and these be a great deal bigger than the ordinary geese of
England; some very fat, and, in the spring, full of feathers, that the shot can
scarce pierce them.  Most of these geese remain with us from Michaelmas to
April. They feed in the sea upon grass in the bays at low water, and gravel, and




live  a long time;  I once found  in  a  While Gooje three
Hearts, Ihe was a very old one, and fo tuff, that we gladly
gave her over although exceeding well roafted.
The Bloody-Flux Cured.
A Friend of mine of good Quality living fometime in
Virginia was fore troubled for a long time with the
Bloody-Flux, having tryed feveral Remedies by the advice
of his Friends without any good effe&t, at laft was induced  with  a longing  defire to  drink  the  Fat Driziping
[Iol  of a Goofe newly taken from  the Fire, which  abfolutely cured him, who was in defpair of ever recovering
his health again.
The Grife and Vulture.
The Gri3e, which is of two kinds, the one with a White
Head, the other with a black Head, this we take for the
Vulture. They are both cowardly Kiles,l preying upon
in the woods of acorns; having, as other fowl have, their pass and repass to the
northward and southward. The accurate marksmen kill of these both flying and
sitting. The price of a grey goose is eighteen-pence." - Wood, N. E. Prosjedt,
1. c. The white goose here mentioned is probably the snow-goose; upon which
compare Nuttall, Mass. Ornith., Water-Birds, p. 344. Josselyn (Voyages, p. Ioo)
says the brant and the gray goose " are best meat; the white are lean and tough,
and live a long time; whereupon the proverb,'Older than a white goose:"'
which is not supported by Wood or later writers. The snow-goose has become
much less frequent with us since the settlement of the country. The great grey
goose of Wood is our well-known Canada goose.
1 This was the best that our author could say of the eagles of New England.
Wood assists us once more here: "The eagles of the country be of two sorts, -
one like the eagles that be in England; the other is something bigger, with a
great white head andwhite tail. These be commonly called gripes." - New-Eng.




Fifh call up on the Ihore. In the year i668. there was a
great mortality  of Eels  in  Cafco Bay, thither reforted  at
the fame time an infinite number of Grz>5es, infomuch
that being ihot by the Inhabitants, they fed their Hogs
with them for fome weeks; at other times you Ihall feldom fee above two or three in a dozen miles travelling.
The Quill Fealhers in  their Wings make  excellent Text
Pens, and the Feathers of their Tail are highly efteemed
by  the  Indians  for their Arrows, they  will not fing  in
flying; a Gripes Tail is worth  a Beavers Skin, up  in  the
Country.
Proslpec, Z. c. The first spoken of by Wood - and perhaps, also, what Josselyn
names last - may be the common or ring-tailed eagle, now known to be the
young of the golden eagle. The second of Wood, and first of our author, is
without doubt, the bald eagle; the (so to say) tyrannical habits of which bird
are sufficiently well known, at least in the vivid pages of Wilson.  See the
Voyages, p. 96; where we learn also that " hawkes there are of several kinds; as
goshawks, falcons, laniers, sparrow-hawkes, and a little black hawke highly
prized by the Indians, who wear them on their heads, and is accounted of worth
sufficient to ransom a sagamour. They are so strangely couragious and hardie
that nothing flyeth in the air that they will not bind with. I have seen them
tower so high, that they have been so small that scarcely could they be taken by
the eye" (p. 95-6). Wood makes like mention of this little black hawk (NewEng. Prospe6t, 1. c.); and R. Williams (Key into the Language of the Indians of
N. E., in Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 220) calls it " sachim, a little bird about the bigness of a swallow, or less; to which the Indians give that name, because of its
sachem or prince-like courage and command over greater birds: that a man shall
often see this small bird pursue and vanquish and put to flight the crow and
other birds far bigger than itself." This was our well-known king-bird; and
Josselyn, on the same page, tells us of " a small ash-colour bird that is shaped
like a hawke, with talons and beak, that falleth upon crowes; mounting up into
the air after them, and will beat them till they make them cry: " which was, perhaps, the king-bird's half-cousin, as Wilson calls him, - the purple-martin.




ret3n-gl anbt  3&aritic0.                45
A  Remedyfor Ike Coldnefs andpain of Ihe Slomach.
The Skin of a Grijpe dreft with the doun on, is good to
wear upon the Stomach for the Pain and Coldnefs of it.
[II] The OSprey.
The Ofprey, which in this Country is white mail'd.
A Remedy for the Toolh-ach.
Their Beaks excell for the Tooth-ach, picking the
Gums therewith till they bleed.
The Wobble.'
The Wobble, an ill fhaped Fowl, having no long Feathers in their Pinions, which is the reafon they cannot fly,
not much unlike the Pengwin; they are in the Spring
very fat, or rather oyly, but pull'd and garbidg'd, and laid
to the Fire to roaft, they yield not one drop.
For Aches.
Our way (for they are very foveraign for Aches) is to
make Mummy of them, that is, to falt them well, and dry
them in an earthern pot well glazed in an Oven; or elfe
(which is the better way) to burn them under ground for
a day or two, then quarter them  and ftew  them  in a Tin
Stewpan with a very little water.
1 Nuttall (Manual, Water-Birds, p. 520) says that the young of the redthroated diver is called cobble in England. Our author elsewhere (Voyages, p.
Ioi) makes mention of the " wobble " and the " wilmote " (that is, guillemot) as
distin6t; but his wilmot was " a kind of teal."




46                   eW-b(ngIanb.  3&aritiro,
[I12] The Loone.
The Loone is a Water Fowl, alike in fhape to the Wobble, and as virtual for Aches, which we order after the
fame manner.l
The Owl.
The  Owl, Avis devz'a, which  are  of three  kinds;  the
great Gray Owl with  Ears, the  little  Gray  Owl, and  the
White Owl which is no bigger than a Thrujh.2
The Turkie Buzzard.
The  Turkie Buzzard, a kind  of Kile, but as big  as a
Turkie, brown of colour, and very good meat.3
What Birds are not to be found in New-England.
Now, by what the country hath not, you may ghefs at
what it hath; it hath no Nzigh/ingals, nor Larks, nor Bulfinches, nor Sparrozs, nor Blackbirds, nor Mag[I2]pies,
1 "4 He maketh a noise sometimes like a sow-gelder's horn." - N. Eng.
ProspecT, 1. c.
2 The first is the great-horned or cat-owl; the second, probably, the mottled
or little screech-owl, which Wood notices more fully as "a small, speckled like a
partridge, with ears" (1. c.); and the third, the Acadian or little owl. There are
but two owls reckoned in New-England's Prospedt; the second of which -" a
great owl, almost as big as an eagle; his body being as good meat as a partridge"
(1. c.) - is, perhaps, the snowy owl, which, according to Audubon, is good eating. - Peabody Report on Birds of Mass., p. 275.
3 It is not clear what is meant here. The author merely mentions the bird
again, in Voyages, p. 96.




e     ffangIanbt   3taritiett                     47
nor 7ackdawes, nor Popinjays, nor Rooks, nor Pheafants,
nor Woodcocks, nor Quails, nor Robins, nor Cuckoes, 6ec.1
1 So Wood: "There are no magpies, jackdaws, cuckoos, jays, &c." —NewEngland's Prosfiec, 1. c. Our author, in his Voyages, adds to the above list of
New-England birds the following: "The partridge is larger than ours; whiteflesht, but very dry: they are indeed a sort of partridges called grooses.  The
pidgeon, of which there are millions of millions..... The snow-bird, like a chaffinch, go in flocks, and are good meat..... Thrushes, with red breasts, which
will be very fat, and are good meat..... Thressels,... filladies,... small
singing-birds; ninmurders, little yellow birds; New-England nightingales, painted with orient colours, - black, white, blew, yellow, green, and scarlet, - and
sing sweetly; wood-larks, wrens, swallows, who will sit upon trees; and starlings,
black as ravens, with scarlet pinions. Other sorts of birds there are; as the troculus, wagtail or dish-water, which is here of a brown colour; titmouse, - two
or three sorts; the dunneck or hedge-sparrow, who is starke naked in his winter
nest; the golden or yellow hammer, - a bird about the bigness of a thrush, that
is all over as red as bloud; woodpeckers of two or three sorts, gloriously set out
with variety of glittering colours; the colibry, viemalin, or rising or walkingbird, - an emblem of the resurredtion, and the wonder of little birds. The waterfowl are these that follow: Hookers, or wild swans; cranes;... four sorts of
ducks, -a black duck, a brown duck like our wild ducks, a grey duck, and a
great black and white duck. These frequent rivers and ponds. But, of ducks,
there be many more sorts; as hounds, old wives, murres, doies, shell-drakes,
shoulers or shoflers, widgeons, simps, teal, blew-wing'd and green-wing'd didapers
or dipchicks, fenduck, duckers or moorhens, coots, pochards (a water-fowl like a
duck), plungeons (a kind of water-fowl, with a long, reddish bill), puets, plovers,
smethes, wilmotes (a kind of teal), godwits, humilities, knotes, red-shankes,.
gulls, white gulls or sea-cobbs, caudemandies, herons, grey bitterns, ox-eyes, birds
called oxen and keen, petterels, king's fishers,... little birds that frequent the
sea-shore in flocks, called sanderlins. They are about the bigness of a sparrow,
and, in the fall of the leaf, will be all fat. When I was first in the countrie " (that
is, in I638; in which connection, what follows is not without its interest to us),
"the English cut them into small pieces to put into their puddings, instead of
suet. I have known twelve-score and above killed at two shots.... The cormorant, shape or sharke " (pp. 99-Io3).




Secondly, Of Beafits.1
The Bear, which are generally Black.2
He Bear, they live four months  in  Caves, that is all
Winter; in the Spring  they  bring  forth  their young
ones, they feldome have above three Cubbs in a litter, are
very fat in the Fall of the Leaf with feeding upon Acorns,
at which time they are excellent Venifon; their Brains are
venomous; They feed much upon water Plantane in the
Spring and Summer, and Berries, and alfo upon a fhell-fifh
called a Horfe-foot; and are never mankind, i.e. fierce, but
in rutting time, and then they walk the Country twenty,
thirty, forty in a company, making a hideous noife with
roaring, which you may hear a mile or two before they
come fo near to endanger the Traveller. About four
years fince, Acorns being very fcarce up in the Country,
fome numbers of them  came down [I4] amongft the
Englih Plantations, which  generally are  by the  Sea fide;
1 Compare the account given in the Voyages, pp. 82-95, which is much fuller;
as also New-England's Prospe&t, chap. vi.
2 " Most fierce in strawberry-time; at which time they have young ones; at
which time, likewise, they will go upright, like a man, and climb trees, and swim
to the islands: which if the Indians see, there will be more sportful bear-baiting
than Paris garden can afford; for, seeing the bears take water, an Indian will
leap after him; where they go to water-cuffs for bloody noses and scratched sides.
In the end, the man gets the vietory; riding the bear over the watery plain, till
he can bear him no longer..... There would be more of them, if it were not for
the wolves which devour them. A kennel of those ravening runagadoes, setting
upon a poor, single bear, will tear him as a dog will tear a kid."- New-Eng.
Prosved, 1. c., which see farther; and also Josselyn's Voyages, pp. 9I-2.




at one Town  called  Gorgiana in the Province of Meyn
(called alfo NAew-Sommerfet-fhire) they kill'd fourfcore.
For Aches and Cold Swellings.
Their Greafe is very good for Aches and Cold Swellings, the Indians anoint themfelves therewith  from  top
to toe, which hardens them againft the cold weather. A
black Bears Skin heretofore was worth forty Shillings,
now  you may have one for ten, much ufed by the Engl4A
for Beds and Coverlets, and by the Indians for Coats.
For Pain and Lamenefs upon Cold.
One Edw. Andrews being foxt,' and falling backward
crofs a Thought2 in a Shallop or Fifher-boat, and taking
cold upon it, grew crooked, lame, and full of pain, was
cured, lying one Winter upon Bears Skins newly flead off,
with fome upon him, fo that he fweat every night.
The W'of.3
The Wolf, of which there are two kinds; one with  a
round-ball'd  Foot, and  [I5] are  in  ihape like  mungrel
1 Stupefied with drink. - Webster, Eng. Did.
2 Thwart.
3 " The woolves be in some respe&t different from them in other countries. It
was never known yet that a wolf ever set upon a man or woman: neither do they
trouble horses or cows; but swine, goats, and red calves, which they take for
deer, be often destroyed by them; so that a red calf is cheaper than a black one,
in that regard, in some places.... They be made much like a mungrel; being
big-boned, lank-paunched, deep-breasted; having a thick neck and head, prick
ears and long snout, with dangerous teeth; long, staring hair, and a great bushtail. It is thought by many that our English mastiff might be too hard for them:
G




50                PebWATngIan~b  3&arttie+.
Maftiffs; the other with a flat Foot, there are liker Greyhounds, and  are  called  Deer  Wolfs, because  they  are
accustomed to prey upon Deer.  A  Wolf will eat a WoZf
new  dead, and fo do Bears as I fuppofe, for their dead
Carkafes are  never found, neither by  the  indian  nor
Engl/z. They go a clicketing twelve days, and have as
many Whelps at a Litter as a Bitch.  The Indian Dogl is
a Creature begotten'twixt a Wolf and a Fox, which the
Indians lighting upon, bring up to hunt the Deer with.
The Wolf is very numerous, and go in companies, fometimes ten, twenty, more or fewer, and fo cunning, that
feldome any are kill'd with Guns or Traps; but of late
they have invented a way to defitroy them, by binding four
Maycril Hooks a crofs with  a brown  thread, and  then
wrapping fome Wool about them, they dip them  in melted
Tallow till it be as round and as big as an Egg; thefe
(when any Beaft hath been kill'd by the Wolves) they
fcatter by the dead Carkafe, after they have beaten off the
Wolves; about Midnight the  Wolves are fure  to  return
again to the place where they left the flaughtered Beaft,
and the (I6) firft thing they venture upon will be there
balls of fat.
but it is no such matter; for they care no more for an ordinary mastiff than an
ordinary mastiff cares for a cur.  Many good dogs have been spoiled by
them..... There is little hope of their utter destru6tion; the country being so
spacious, and they so numerous, travelling in the swamps by kennels: sometimes
ten or twelve are of a company..... In a word, they be the greatest inconveniency the country hath." - New-England's Prospeed, 1. c.
1 Spoken of again in the Voyages, pp. 94 and I93; and in Hubbard, Hist.
N. England, p. 25. Josselyn's may be compared with Lewis and Clark's notice of
the Indian dog (Travels, vol. ii. p. i65).




For old Aches.
A black Wolfs Skin is worth a Beaver Skin among the
Indians, being highly efteemed for helping old Aches in
old people, worn as a Coat; they are not mankind, as
in  Ireland  and other Countries, but do  much  harm   by
deftroying  of our Engl/h  Cattle.
The Ounce.l
The  Ounce or  Wild  Cal, is about the  bignefs of two
lufty Ram  Cats, preys upon  Deer and  our Eng7lzk  Poultrey: I once found fix whole Ducks in the belly of one I
killed by a Pond fide: Their flefh roafted is as good as
Lamb, and as white.
For Aches and/ hrunk Sinews.
Their Greafe is foveraign for all manner of Aches and
fhrunk Sinews: Their Skins are accounted  good  Fur, but
fomewhat courfe.
1 Called also "lusern, or luceret," in the Voyages, p. 85; the loup-cervier of
Sagard (Hist. Can., i636, cit. Aud. and Bachm. Vivip. Quad. N. A., p. I36);
of Dobbs's Hudson's Bay, &c.; but more commonly called gray cat, or lynx, in
New England. Wood calls it " more dangerous to be met withal than any other
creature; not fearing either dog or man. He useth to kill deer..... He hath
likewise a device to get geese: for, being much of the colour of a goose, he will
place himself close by the water; holding up his bob-tail, which is like a gooseneck. The geese, seeing this counterfeit goose, approach nigh to visit him; who,
with a sudden jerk, apprehends his mistrustless prey. The English kill many of
these, accounting them very good meat." - New-Eng. ProspeCi, 1. c. Audubon
and Bachman (1. c., p. I4) give a similar good account of the flesh of the baylynx, or common wild-cat.




[I 7] The Raccoon.l
The Raccoon liveth in hollow trees, and is about the
fize of a Gib Cal; they feed upon  Mafs, and  do infeft
our Indian Corn very much; they will be exceeding fat
in Autumn; their flefh is fomewhat dark, but good food
roafted.
For Bruzi2es and Aches.
Their Fat is excellent for bruifes and Aches.   Their
Skins are efteemed a good deep Fur; but yet as the
Wild Cats fomewhat coarfe.
The Porcupine.
The Porcupine, in fome parts of the Countrey Eaftward
towards the French, are as big as an ordinary Mungrel
Cur; a very angry Creature, and dangerous, fhooting a
whole ihower of Quills with  a rowfe at their enemies,
which are of that nature, that wherever they flick in the
flefh, they will work through in a ihort time, if not prevented by pulling of them out. The Indians make ufe of
their Quills, which are hardly a handful long, to adorn
[I8] the edges of their birchen dilhes, and weave (dying
1 The raccoon is, or has been, an inhabitant of all North America (Godman,
Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. Ii7), and was one of the first of our animals with which European naturalists became acquainted. Linnaeus (Syst. Nat.) cites Conrad Gesner
among those who have illustrated or mentioned it. Wood says they are "as
good meat as a lamb;" and further, that, "in the moonshine night, they go to
feed on clams at a low tide, by the seaside, where the English hunt them with
their dogs."- NVew-Eng. Prossled, V. c.




fome of them red, others yellow and blew) curious bags
or pouches, in works like Turkie-work.x
The Beaver, Canis Ponticus, Am mpybious.2
The Beaver, whofe old ones are as big as an Otter, or
rather bigger, a Creature of a rare inftin&, as may apparently be feen in their artificial Dam-heads to raife the
water in the Ponds where they keep, and their houfes
having three itories, which would be too large to difcourfe.2 They have all of them four Cods hanging outwardly between their hinder legs, two of them are foft or
oyly, and two folid or hard; the Indians fay they are
Hermajphrodiles.
For Wind in the Stomach.
Their folid Cods are much ufed in Phyfick: Our Englzhwomen in this Country ufe the powder grated, as much as
will lye upon a fhilling in a draught of Fiol Wine, for
Wind in the Stomach and Belly, and venture many times
in fuch cafes to give it to Women with Child: Their
Tails are flat, and covered with Scales without hair, [I9]
which being flead off, and the Tail boiled, proves exceeding good meat, being all Fat, and as fweet as Marrow.
1 The author's account of the Indian works in birch-bark and porcupine-quills
is much fuller in his Voyages, p. I43.
2 Wood's account is far better. - New-Eng. Prospedi, chap. vii. See page 53
of the Rarities for mention of the musk quash.




The Moofe-Deer.'
The MooSe Deer, which is a very goodly Creature, fome
of them twelve foot high, with exceeding fair Horns with
broad Palms, fome of them two fathom from the tip of
one Horn to the other; they commonly have three
Fawns at a time, their flefh is not dry like Deers fleh,
but moift and lufhious fomewhat like Horfe flefh (as they
judge that have tafted of both) but very wholfome. The
flefh of their Fawns is an incomparable diffh, beyond the
flefh of an Affes Foal fo highly efteemed by the Romans,
or that of young Spaniel Puppies fo much cried up in our
days in France and England.
Moofe Horns beter for Phyfick Ufe than Harts Horns.
Their Horns are far better (in my opinion) for Phyfick
than the Horns of other Deer, as being of a fitronger
nature:  As for their Claws, which both Englz/hmen and
French make ufe of for Elk, I cannot [20] approve fo to
be from the Effe&ts, having had fome trial of it; befides,
1 See Voyages, pp. 88-9I. Called moos-soog (rendered " great-ox; or, rather,
red deer") in R. Williams's Key (Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 223): but this is rather
the plural form of moos; as see the same, 1. c. p. 222, and note, and Rasles'
Didt. Abnaki, in loco. It is called mongso'a by the Cree Indians; and, it should
seem, mongsoos by the Indians of the neighborhood of Carlton House; as see,
Richardson, in Sabine's Appendix to Franklin's Narrative of a Journey to the
Polar Sea, pp. 665-6. " The English," says Wood, " have some thoughts of
keeping him tame, and to accustome him to the yoke; which will be a great
commodity..... There be not many of these in the Massachusetts Bay; but,
forty miles to the north-east, there be great store of them." —New-Eng. Prosp]ea, 1. c. On hunting the moose, as pradtised by the Indians, see Josselyn's
Voyages, p. I36.




_ _  _ ___glanta s  Uritir.                       55
all that write of the Elk defcribe him with a tuft of hair
on the left Leg behind, a little above the paftern joynt on
the  outfide  of the Leg, not unlike the tuft (as I conceive)
that groweth  upon  the  breaft of a  Tzrkie Cock, which  I
could never yet fee upon the Leg of a Moofe, and I have
feen fome number of them.
For Children breeding Teeth.
The Indian Webbes make ufe of the broad Teeth of the
Fawns to hang about their Childrens Neck when they are
breeding of their Teeth. The Tongue of a grown Mooje,
dried  in  the fmoak after the Indian manner, is a difh for a
Sagamor.
The Maccarib.1
The  Maccarib, Caribo, or Pohano, a kind  of Deer, as
big as a Stag, round hooved, fmooth hair'd and foft as filk;
1 Wood (N. E. Prospect, 1. c.) has but two kinds of deer: of which the first is
the moose; and the second, called " ordinary deer," and, in the vocabulary of
Indian words, ottuckt (compare attuck or noonalch, deer, - R. Williams, 1. c.;
but atlleyk, in the Cree dialed, signifies a small sort of rein-deer, - Richardson,
in Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 665; and it is observable that Rasles' word
for chevreuil is norke), is our American fallow-deer. R. Williams also appears
to distinguish with clearness but two; which are, perhaps, the same as Wood's.
Josselyn, in this book, passes quite over the common, or fallow-deer: but, making
up in the Voyages for the fallings-short of the Rarities, he goes, in the former,
quite the other way; reckoning the roe, buck, red deer, rein-deer, elk, maurouse,
and maccarib. What is further said of these animals, where he speaks more at
large, makes it appear likely that the second, third, and fourth names, so far as
they have any value, belong to a single kind, - the "' ordinary deer" of Wood
(whose description possibly helped Josselyn's), or our fallow-deer; to which the
"roe" is also to be referred: and the "elk " he himself explains as the moose.
But, beside these two kinds, Josselyn has the merit of indicating, with some




56                   Re.-aenglanTb          &aritite.
their Horns grow backwards a long their backs to their
rumps, and turn again a handful beyond their Nofe, having another Horn in the middle of their Forehead, about
half a yard long, very firaight, but [2I] wreathed like an
Unicorns Horn, of a brown jettie colour, and very
fmooth: The Creature is no where to be found, but upon
Cape Sable in the French Quarters, and there too very
rarely, they being not numerous; fome few of their Skins
and their ftreight Horns are (but very fparingly) brought
to the Englifh.
The Fox.l
The Fox, which differeth not much from ours, but are
fomewhat lefs; a black Fox  Skin  heretofore was wont to
distinctness, one, or possibly two, others, -the maurouse and the mnaccarib.
The maurouse - of which only the Voyages make mention - "is somewhat like
a moose; but his horns are but small, and himself about the size of a stag. These
are the deer that the flat-footed wolves hunt after." — Voyages, p. 9I. This is to
be compared with the mauroos, rendered "cerf," of Rasles' Dict., 1. c., p. 382;
and, in such conne6tion, is hardly referable to other than the caribou, or reindeer, - a well-known inhabitant of the north-eastern parts of New England, and
likely, therefore, to have come to the knowledge of our author; while there seems
to be no testimony to its ever having occurred in Massachusetts and southward,
where Wood and Williams made their observations. The last, or the maccarib,
caribo, or j5ohano, of Josselyn, is described above; and, in the Voyages (p. 9I),
he only repeats that-it " is not found, that ever I heard yet, but upon Cape Sable,
near to the French plantations."  The " round " hoofs of the maccarib might lead
us to take this' for the caribou of Maine; the round track of which differs much
from that of the fallow-deer. But the former is more likely to have been the
American elk; so rare, it should seem, where it occurred, when our author wrote,
and so little known in the New-England settlements, that his fancy, fed by darkling hearsay, could deck it with the honors of the " unicorn."
1 "There are two or three kinds of them, -one a great yellow fox; another
grey, who will climb up into trees. The black fox is of much esteem." - Yosse



e!Wnnaglanib    IRaritiecS                        57
be valued at fifty and fixty pound, but now you may have
them  for twenty fhillings; indeed there is not any in NewE1ngland that are perfe&ly black, but filver hair'd, that is
fprinkled with grey hairs.
Th e y7accal.1
The 7accal, is a Creature that hunts the Lions prey, a
fhrew'd fign that there are Lions upon the Continent; there
are thofe that are yet living in the Countrey, that do conftantly affirm, that about fix or feven and thirty years fince
an Indian [22] fhot a young Lion,2 fleeping upon the body
Iyn's Voyages, p. 82; where is also an account of the way of hunting foxes in New
England. Wood has nothing special, but that some of the foxes "be black.
Their furrs is of much esteem" (I. c.) Williams (I. c.) has "m zisgquashim, a red
fox; j5eeqawius, a gray fox. The Indians say they have black foxes, which they
have often seen, but never could take any of them. They say they are manittooes." Beside the common red fox, or mnishkqaskzm, we have in all these accounts - and also in Morell's Nova Aznglia, 1. c., p. I29- mention of a black
fox; which may have been the true black or silver fox, or, in part at least, the
more common cross-fox (Aud. and Bachm., Viv. Quadr. N. A., p. 45); the pelt
of which is also in high esteem. For Williams's gray fox, see the next note.
Josselyn's climbing gray fox is perhaps the fisher (Mitslela Canadensis, Schreb.),
notwithstanding the color. According to Audubon (1. c., pp. 5I, 3IO, 3I5), this is
called the black fox in New England and the northern counties of New York. I
have heard it more often called black cat in New Hampshire. But the true gray
fox (Vzdly5es Virginianzs) " has, to a certain degree, the power of climbing trees."
Newberry Zoology, Expl. for Pacific Railroad, vi, part 4, p. 40.
1 "A creature much like a fox, but smaller."- Voyages, p. 83. Probably the
gray fox, called 5eqguawus by R. Williams ( Vuld6es Virginianas, Schreb.); which
has not the rank smell of the red fox. - Aud. and Bachkm., 1. c., p. I68.
2 " They told me of a young lyon (not long before) kill'd at Piscataway by an
Indian." - Voyages, p. 23. Higginson says that lions "have been seen at Cape
Anne." - New-Enig. Plantation, 1. c., p. II9. " Some affirm," says Wood, " that
they have seen a lion at Cape Anne.... Besides, Plimouth men" (that is, men
of old Plymouth, it is likely) " have traded for lion-skins in former times. But
H




of an Oak blown up by the roots, with an Arrow, not far
from  Cape Anne, and fold  the  Skin  to  the Engzj/4.   But
to fay fomething of the 7accal, they are ordinarily lefs
than Foxes, of the colour of a gray Rabbet, and do not
fcent nothing  near fo ftrong  as a Fox;  some  of the  Indians will eat of them: Their Greafe is -good for all that
Fox Greafe is good for, but weaker; they are very numerous.
Th e Hare.1
The Hare in New-Enzgland is no bigger than our
Engl/hA  Rabbets, of the  fame colour, but withall having
yellow  and black ftrokes  down  the  ribs;  in  Winter they
are milk white, and as the Spring approacheth they come
to their colour; when the Snow lies upon the ground
they are very bitter with feeding upon the bark of Spruce,
and the like.2
sure it is that there be lions on that continent; for the Virginians saw an old lion
in their plantation," &c. - New-Ezg. Prosped, 1. c. The animal here spoken of
may well have been the puma or cougar, or American lion.
1 "The rabbits be much like ours in England. The hares be some of them
white, and a yard long. These two harmless creatures are glad to shelter themselves from the harmful foxes in hollow trees; having a hole at the entrance no
bigger than they can creep in at." - Wood, Newz-Eng. Prosped, 1. c.  Wood's
rabbit and Josselyn's hare, so far as the summer coloring goes, appear to be the
gray rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus, Aud. and Bachm., 1. c. p. 173); and the white hare
of Wood - as also, probably, the hare, "milk-white in winter," of Josselyn - is
doubtless the northern hare (Lepus Arnericanus, Erxl., Aud. and Bachm., 1. c.,
P. 93)2 The Voyages mention, beside the quadrupeds above named, also the skunk
(segankoo of Rasles' Didt., 1. c.); the musquash (mnooskooessoo of Rasles, 1. c.), for




[23] Thirdly, Of Fifhes.
Liny and Ijadore write there are not above I44 Kinds
of Fifhes, but to my knowledge there are nearer
300:  I fuppofe A.merica  was  not known  to  Pliny  and
ijfadore.
which see also p. 53 of this; otter; marten, " as ours are in England, but blacker;"
sable, "' much of the size of a mattrise, perfect black, but... I never saw but two
of them in eight years' space;" the squirrel, " three sorts, - the mouse-squirril,
the gray squirril, and the flying-squirril (called by the Indian asspatanick)."  Our
author's mouse-squirrel, which he describes, is the ground or striped squirrel:
probably the " anequzs, a little coloured squirrel " of R. Williams, i. c.; and the
anikoosess (rendered suisse) of Rasles, 1. c. The mattrise of our author is, according to him, " a creature whose head and fore-parts is shaped somewhat like a
lyon's; not altogether so big as a house-cat. They are innumerable up in the
countrey, and are esteemed good furr."- Voyages, p. 87. The sable is compared
with the mattrise, at least in size; and the name is perhaps comparable with
vmatlegooessoo of Rasles, 1. c.; but this is rendered Zievre. Wood adds to this list
of our quadrupeds, mistakenly, the ferret; and R. Williams, the " ockgqzctczhaunnug, -a wild beast of a reddish hair, about the bigness of a pig, and rooting like
a pig;" which seems to answer, in name as well as habits, to our woodchuck, or
ground-hog.
1 The author's attempt here at a general catalogue of the fishes, mollusks, &c.,
of the North-Atlantic Ocean, affords but a poor make-shift for such a list as we
might fairly have expected from him of the species known to the early fishermen
in the waters and seas of New England; and the account in his Voyages (pp.
I04-I5) is again an improvement on the present, and is confined to the inhabitants of our waters. The present editor has little to offer in elucidation of the
list; which indeed, in good part, appears sufficiently intelligible.  Compare
Wood, New-Eng. ProspeCt, chap. x.




A   Cataloguze of Ffo, that is, of tzofe that are to be feen
between the Eng4i7h CoaJZ and America, and thofe proper
to the Countrey.
A lderling.
Alize, Alewife, becaufe  great-bellied;   Olafje,  Oldwzife,
Allow.l
Anchova or Sea Minifiow.
A leport.
A lbicore.2
Barble.
Barracha.
Barracoutha, a fifh peculiar to the  WT/eJZ-izdies.8
BarJficle.
Banfe.4
1," Like a herrin, but has a bigger bellie; therefore called an alewife." -
Voyages, p. Io7. The other names, alize and allow, are doubtless corruptions of
the French alose, also in use among London fishmongers to designate shad from
certain waters.-Rees's Cyc., in loco. The old Latin word alosa, supposed to
have been always applied to the fish just mentioned, is adopted by Cuvier for the
genus which includes our shad, alewife, and menhaden.
2 The tunny is so called on the coast of New England. - Storer's Report on
the Fishes of Mass., p. 48.
3 It is, notwithstanding, set down in the author's list of fishes "that are to be
seen and catch'd in the sea and fresh waters in New England."- Voyages, p. II3.
And compare Storer, Synops. (Mem. Am. Acad., N. S., vol. ii.), p. 300.
4 See Voyages, p. Io8. The first settlers esteemed the bass above most other
fish.  See Higginson's New-England's Plantation (Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. I20).
Wood calls it (New-Eng. Prospeft, chap. ix.) "' one of the best fish in the country;
and though men are soon wearied with other fish, yet are they never with bass.
The Indians," he says, eat lobsters, "when they can get no bass." The head was
especially prized; as see Wood, and also Roger Williams's Key (Hist. Coill., vol.




Sea B]z/hop, proper to the Norway Seas.
[241  River Bleak or Bley, a River Swallow.
Sea Bleak or Bley, or Sea Camelion.
Blew  FPh or Hound FPzh, two kinds, fSpeckled Hound Fzlk,
and Blew Hound Fr/k called Horfe Fiz.
Bonito or Dozado, or Spanzijh Dolpkin.2
River Bream.
Sea Bream.3
Cud Bream.
Bullhead or Indian Mufucle.
River Bulls.
Burre.
Cackarel or Lace.
Calemarie or Sea Clerk.
CatfJk.4
Carp.
Chare, a Fzk proper to the River Wimander in Lancajzire.
Sea Chough.
Chub or Chevzin.
Cony FzA.
iii. p. 224). The fish is our striped bass (Labrax lineatus,Cuv.; Storer's Report
on Fishes of Mass., p. 7). Our author, at p. 37, again mentions it as one of the
eight fishes which " the Indians have in greatest request."
1 See p. 96 as to the blue-fish, or horse-mackerel; and Storer, 1. c., p. 57.
2 The bonito of our fishermen is the skipjack. - Storer, 1. c., p. 49.
3 See p. 95.
4 See p. 96. Josselyn's chara6ter of the fish as food is confirmed by Dr. Storer,
1. c.,'p. 69.




62                   J:glt11tban           URat'itit,.
Clam or Clamp.1
Sea Cob.
Cockes, or Coccles, or CoTuil.2
Cook Fih.
Rock Cod.
Sea Cod or Sea Whiting.3
[25] Crab, divers kinds, as the Sea Crab, Boaij/f, River
Crab, Sea Lion, &c.
1 The clam is one of the eight fishes mentioned at p. 37 as most prized by the
Indians.  "Sickishuog (clams).  This is a sweet kind of shell-fish, which all
Indians generally over the country, winter and summer, delight in; and, at low
water, the women dig for them. This fish, and the natural liquor of it, they boil;
and it makes their broth and their nasaump (which is a kind of thickened broth)
and their bread seasonable and savoury, instead of salt." — Williamns's Key, &c.,
Z. c. p: 224. " These fishes be in great plenty in most parts of the country: which
is a great commodity for the feeding of swine, both in winter and summer; for,
being once used to those places, they will repair to them as duly, every ebb, as if
they were driven to them by keepers." — Wood, N. Eng. ProsjpeC, 1. c. The
mollusk thus approved is the common clam (M2ya arenaria, L.); but the j5oquauhock, or quahog (Venus mercenaria, L.), "which the Indians wade deep and dive
for" (R. Williams, 1. c., p. 224), was also eaten by them, and the black part of
the shell used for making. their sieckautzock, or black money. Wood speaks also
of " clams as big. as a penny white loaf, which are great dainties amongst the
natives" (N. E. Prospe6t, 1. c.); doubtless the giant clam (Mactra solidissimza,
Chemn.) of Gould (Report on Invertebr. of Mass., p. 5i), which is still esteemed
as food.
2 See p. 36; by which it appears that the author has in view the meleauhock
of the Indians; "the periwinkle, of which they make their zvomnpam, or white
money, of half the value of their suckauziock, or black money" (R. Williams, 1. c.):
supposed to be Buccinum undatzum, L. (Gould, 1. c., p. 305); and possibly, also,
one or two other allied shell-fish.
3 44 Cod-fish in these seas" (that is, Massachusetts Bay) " are larger than in
Newfoundland, - six or seven making a quintal; whereas they have fifteen to
the same weight." -NVew-Eng. Prosfedl, 1. c.  Compare Storer, 1. c., p. I2I.
Josselyn has an entertaining account of the sea-fishery, in his Voyages, pp.
2IO-I3.




fe1!t j(nglanbs   viariti0,                  63
Sea Cucumber.
Cunger or Sea Eel.
Cunner or Sea Roach.
Cur.
Currier, Poy/, or Lacquey of the Sea.
Cramd pfjh or Torpedo.
Cuttle, or Sleeves, or Sea Angler.
Clupea, the Tunnies enemy.
Sea Cornet.
Cornuta or Horned Fi/h.
Dace, Dare, or Dart.
Sea Dart, _7avelins.
Dog-lJh or Tubarone.
Do{1  in.
Dorce.
Dorrie, GoldfJh.
Golden-eye, Gilt-pole, or Godline, Yellow-heads.
Sea Dragoon or Sea Spider, Quaviner.
Drum, a Fiih frequent in the Wejt? Indies.
Sea Emperour or Sword Fz/h.
Eel, of which divers kinds.'
Sea Elephant, the Leather of this Fifh  will'never rot,
excellent for Thongs.
Ears of the Sea.
1 See further of eels, and the author's several ways of cooking them, in his
Voyages, p. III. At p. 37 of the Rarities, eels are mentioned among the fishes
most prized by the Indians. " These eels be not of so luscious a taste as they be
in England, neither are they so aguish; but are both wholesome for the body,
and delightful for the taste." - Wood, New-Eng. Prossped, chap. ix.




64                   eb-;(4nglanbt  3Laritite.
Flay l-fJ.
[26] Flownder or Flook, the young ones are called Dabs.
Sea Flownder or Flowre.
Sea Fox.
Frogf/Jh.
Frdtola, a broad plain Fifh with a Tail like a half Moon.
Sea Flea.
GallyfJkh.
Grandpifs 2 or Herring Hog, this, as all Fiih  of extraordinary fize, are accounted Regal Fifhes.
GraylinCg.
Greedigz't.
Groundling.
Gudgin.
Gulf.
Sea Grape.
Gull.
Gurnard.
Hake.
Haccle or Slicklebacks.
Haddock.
Horfe Foot or A/fes Hoof.
Herring.
1 See p. 37, where it is said to be one of the fishes which "the Indians have in
greatest request." - " Poonauzsamsztog " of R. Williams, 1. c., p. 225.  He says,
"Some call them frost-fish, from their coming up from the sea into fresh brooks
in times of frost and snow."
2 4 Grampoise; Fr. grand-,hoisson;" corrupted grampus. -- Websler, DicLt.




e1c1bn(gTlanb~   3Larities.                  65
Hallibut or Sea Pheafant.   Some will have the TYrbut all
one, others diftinguifh [271 them, calling the young
Fifh of the firft Budlis, and of the other Binr. There
is no queftion to be made of it but that they are diftinEt
kinds of Fifh.'
Sea hTare.2
Sea Hawk.
Haro/k.
Sea Hermit.
HenfJh.
Sea Hinzd.
Hornbeak, Sea Ruff and Reeves.
Sea Horfeman.
Hog or Flying Fijh.
Sea Kite or Flying Swallow.
Lam~prel or Lampyrel.
Lampreys or Lamprones.3
Limpin.
Ling, Sea Beef; the fmaller fort is called Cusk.
Sea Lanthorn.
Sea Liver.
1 "These hollibut be little set by while bass is in season."- Wood, 1. c.,
chap. ix.
2 44 The sea-hare is as big as grampus, or herrin-hog; and as white as a sheet.
There hath been of them in Black-Point Harbour, and some way up the river;
but we could never take any of them. Several have shot sluggs at them, but lost
their labour."- Voyages, p. Io5. The Leplus mnarinus of the old writers is a naked
mollusk of the Mediterranean; Laplysia depilans, L.: but Josselyn's was a very
different animal.
8 One of the fishes most valued by the Indians (p. 37); but " not much set by"
by the English, according to Wood, 1. c.




Lo/fier.l
Sea Lizard.
Sea Locunfs.
Lump, Poddle, or Sea Owl.
Lanler.
Lutx, peculiar to the river Rhyne.
Sea Lzghts.
[28]  Luna, a very  fmall Fifh, but exceeding  beautiful,
broad-bodied and blewifh of colour; when it fwims,
the Fins make a Circle like the Moon.
Maycril.
Maid.
Manatee.
Mola, a Fifh like a lump of Flefh, taken in the Venetian Sea.
Millers Thumb, MIulcet or Pollard.
MolefijA.
Minnow, called likewife a Pink; the fame name is given
to young Salmon; it is called alfo a Willin.
Monzkejf/k.2
1 " I have seene some myselfe that have weighed i6 pound; but others have
had, divers times, so great lobsters as have weighed 25 pound, as they assure
me." - Hzgginson's New-Eng. Plantation, 1. c., p. I20; with which compare
Gould's Report, &c., p. 36o. "' Their plenty makes them little esteemed, and
seldom eaten." - Wood, New-Eng. Prospect, chap. ix. At p. 37, Josselyn counts
them among the fishes, &c., most esteemed by the Indians; but Wood (Z. c.)
qualifies this in a passage already cited. The Indians, it seems, sometimes dried
them, " as they do'lampres and oysters; which are delicate breakfast-meat so
ordered." - yosselyn's Voyages, p. IIo. See the Indian way of catching lobsters,
in Voyages, p. I40.
2 "Munk-fish, a flat-fish like scate; having a hood like a fryer's cowl " (p. 96).
Lofihius Americanus, Cuv., the sea-devil of Storer (Synops. of Amer. Fishes, in




gertWengTanb0   Laitits,                         67
Morfe, River or Sea Horfe,1 frefh water Mullet.
Sea Mullet, Bolargo or Pelargo is made of their Spawn.
Mufcle, divers kinds.2
Navefji./
NunfifZi.
Need lefij.
Sea Nettle.
Oy/ler.3
Occulata.
Perch or River Partridge.
Pollack.
[291 PZaer or GavefJi.
Periwig.
Periwincle or Sea Snail or Whelk.
Pike, or FreJh-water  Wolf, or  River  Wolf, Luce  and
Lucerne, which  is an  overgrown  Pike.
Pilchard, when  they  are  dried as Red Herrings they are
called Fumadoes.
Pilol F/kh.
Plaice or Sea Sparrow.
Polipe or Pour-Contrel.
Mem. Amer. Acad., N. S., vol. ii. p. 38I), is called monk-fish in Maine. - Williamson, Hist., vol. i. p. I57.
1 See p. 97.
2." The muscle is of two sorts, - sea-muscles (in which they find pearl) and
river-muscles."- Voyages, p. IIo.  See p. 37, of the present volume, for an account of "the scarlet muscle," which... yieldeth a perfet purple or scarlet
juice; dyeing linnen so that no washing will wear it out," &c. This could scarcely
have been a Purpura or Buccinum.
3 See Voyages, p. iio. "The oysters be great ones," says WTood; " in form
of a shoe-horn: some be a foot long. These breed on certain banks that are bare




68                   ectbWn  ganbt   3taritiz+
Porpufe  or Porpifs, Molebzt, Sea  Hog, Sus  Marinzs,
Tuvzron.
Priej? Fat or Sea PrieJ/.
Prawn or Crangone.
Punger.
Patella.
Powl, the Feathered FzSh, or Fork Fijh.
River  owze.
Purje/jh, or Indian  Reverfus, like an Eel; having a Skin
on the hinder part of her Head, like a Purfe, with ftrings,
which will open and fhut.
Parraatf.'
Purplefijh.
Porgee.
Remora, or Suck Stone, or Stop Ship.
Sea Raven.
[301  Roch or Roach.
Rockel or Rouget.
Ruff or Pope.
Sea Ram.
Salmon.'
Sa ifj/.
every spring-tide." - New-Eng. Proslped, chap. ix. This was in the waters of
Massachusetts Bay, where Higginson (New-Eng. Plantation, 1. c., p. I2o) also
speaks of their being found. The question whether the oyster is an indigenous
inhabitant of our bay, or only an introduced stranger, is considered by Dr. Gould
(Report on Invert. Animals of Mass., pp. 135, 365).
1 One of the fishes "in greatest request" among the Indians (p. 37). Wood
says it " is as good as it is in England, and in great plenty in some places."New-Eng. Prospedl, chap. ix.




Scalloipe or Venus Coccle.
Scale, or Ray, or Gr1Zlefihz;  of which  divers kinds;  as
sharp  snowted Ray, Rock Ray, 6'c.
Shad.'
Shallow.
Sharplzing.
-S5ur ing.
Sclpyin.
Sheejpjhead.2
Soles, or TonguefiJh, or Sea Capon, or Sea Partridge.
Seal, or Soil, or Zeal.3
Sea Calf, and (as fome will have it) Molebut.
SheathfJh.4
Sea Scales.
Sturgeon; of the  Roe  of this Fifh they make Caviare, or
Caviallie.5
1 The shads be bigger than the English shads, and fatter." - Wood, 1. c.
2 I Taut-auog (sheep's-heads)." So Roger Williams's Key, 1. c., p. 224. It is
probable, therefore, that our author had the fish that we call tautog in his mind
here. What is now called sheep's-head is not known in Massachusetts Bay and
northward. - Storer, I. c., p. 36.
3 See p. 34; and Wood, 1. c., chap. ix.
4 See p. 96. It appears to be the mollusk, the shell of which is well known as
the razor-shell (Solen ensis, L. ).- Gould, Rej5orl, p. 28.
5 See p. 32. "The sturgeons be all over the country; but the best catching of
them is upon the shoals of Cape Cod and in the river of Merrimack, where much
is taken, pickled, and brought to England. Some of these be I2, I4, and i8 feet
long." - Wood, New-Eng. Prosped, chap. ix. R. Williams says that " the natives, for the goodness and greatness of it, much prize it; and will neither furnish
the English with so many, nor so cheap, that any great trade is like to be made of
it, until the English themselves are fit to follow the fishing." - Key, 1. c., p. 224.
It is one of Josselyn's eight fish which are in " greatest request" with the Indians
(p. 37).  He calls "Pechipscut" River, in Maine, "famous for multitudes of
mighty large sturgeon."- Voyages, p. 204.




70                   AreWIfTbg( Ianflb    &ttaitirz
Shark or Bunch, several kinds.'
Smnell.
Snaccot.
[31] Shrimp.
Spyf/h.
Sprat.
Spu zgefJh.
S.uill.
S' uid.2
SunuJh.
Swordfjh.
Tench.
Thornback or Netugnes Beard.
Thznnie, they  cut the  Fifh  in  pieces  like  fhingles  and
powder it, and  this they  call Mfelandria.
Sea Toad.
Torortoe, Torteife, Tortuga, Tortife, Turcie or  Turtle, of
divers kinds.4
Trout.5
1 See Voyages, pp. Io5-6.
2 "4 This fish is much used for bait to catch a cod, hacke, polluck, and the like
sea-fish." — Voyages, p. I07. It is still so used.
3 Described at p. 95.
4 See p. 34 of this, and p. o09 of the Voyages, where the author says, " Of
sea-turtles, there are five sorts; of land-turtles, three sorts, — one of which is a
right land-turtle, that seldom or never goes into the water; the other two being
the river-turtle and the pond-turtle." — See also the author's observations on seaturtles, at p. 39 of the Voyages.
5 "Trouts there be good store in every brook; ordinarily two and twenty
inches long. Their grease is good for the piles and clifts." — Voyages, p.  xIo.




febi:EngTjanIJ   2Laitim,                   7'I
Turbult.
Sea Tun.
Sea Tree.
Uraniscoyus.
Ulazife or Sawjfjf, having a Saw  in his Forehead three
foot long, and very fharp.
Umber.
Sea Urchin.
[32) Sea Unicorn or Sea Mononeros.
Whale, many kinds.2
Whiting or Merting, the young ones are called  Weerlings
and Mo5ps.
Whore.3
Yard/fi, AJes PYrick or ShamefJ/h.
The Sltrgeon.
The  Sturgeon, of whofe  Sounds is made Ifinglafs, a
kind of Glew much ufed in Phyfick: This Fifh is here in
great plenty, and in fome Rivers fo numerous, that it is
hazardous for Canoes and the like fmall Veffels to pafs to
and again, as in Pechipi/cul River to the Eaftward.
The Cod.
The Cod, which is a ftaple Commodity in the Country.
1 See Storer's Report, p. I46.
2 See p. 35; and Voyages, p. Io04.  The natives cut them in several parcel,
and give and send them far and near for an acceptable present or dish."-R.
Williams, Key, 1. c., p. 224.
3 See Voyages, p. IIo. This is the common sea-egg; Echinus granulatus,
Say. - Gould's Ret., p. 344.




To fop Fluxes of Blood.
In the Head of this Fifh is found a Stone, or rather a
Bone, which being pulveriz'd and drank in any convenient
liquor, will flop Womens overflowing Courfes notably:
Likewife,
[331 For the Stone.
There is a Stone found in their Bellies, in a Bladder
againft their Navel, which being pulveriz'd and drank in
\White-wine Poffet or Ale, is prefent Remedy for the
Stone.
To heal a green Cut.
About their Fins you may find a kind of Lowfe, which
healeth a green Cut in fhort time.
To ref/ore them that have melted their Greaje.
Their Livers and Sounds eaten, is a good Medicine for
to reftore them that have melted their Greafe.
The D ogJfh.
The DogfJh, a ravenous Fifh.
For the Toothach.
Upon whofe Back grows a Thorn two or three Inches
long, that helps the Toothach, fcarifying the Gums therewith.
Their Skins are good to cover Boxes and Inftrument
Cafes.




[34] The Stingray.
The Stingray, a large Fifh, of a rough Skin, good to
cover Boxes and Hafts of Knives, and Rapier fticks.
The Tortous.
The Turtle or Tortous, of which there-are three kinds:
I. The land Turtle; they are found in dry fandy Banks,
under old Houfes, and never go into the water.
For the Ptz/ck, Confumt/ion, and Morbus Gallicus.
They are good for the Ptifick and Confumptions, and
fome fay the Morbus Gallicus.
2. The River Turtle, which are venomous and ftink.
3. The Turtle that lives in Lakes and is called in
Virginia a Terrapzine.
The Soile.
The Soile or Sea CaZf, a Creature that brings forth her
young ones upon dry land, but at other times keeps in
the Sea preying upon Fifh.
[35] For Scalds and Burns, and for the Mother.
The Oyl of it is much ufed by the Indians, who eat of
it with their Fifh, and anoint their limbs therewith, and
their Wounds and Sores: It is very good for Scalds and
Burns; and the fume of it, being cait upon Coals, will
bring Women out of the Mother Fits.  The Hair upon
J




the young ones is white, and as foft as filk; their Skins,
with the Hair on, are good to make Gloves for the Winter.
The Sperma Cezi Whale.
The Sperma Ceti Whale differeth from the Whales that
yield us Whale-bones, for the firft hath great and long
Teeth, the other is nothing but Bones with Taffels hanging from their Jaws, with which they fuck in their prey.
What Sperma Ceti is.
It is not long fince a Slperma Ce/i Whale or two were
cait upon the fhore, not far from Boj/on in the Mafachufe//s Bay, which being cut into fmall pieces and boiled in
Cauldrons, yielded plenty of Oyl; the Oyl put up into
Hogfheads, and ftow'd into Cellars for fome time, Candies
at the [36] bottom, it may be one quarter; then the Oyl is
drawn off, and the Candied Stuff put up into convenient
Veffels is fold for S}perma Ce/i, and is right Sperrna Ceti.
For Bruzjes and Aches.
The Oyl that was drawn off Candies again and again, if
well ordered; and is admirable for Bruifes and Aches.
What Am4bergreece is.
Now you muit underftand this Whale feeds upon Ambergreece, as is apparent, finding it in the Whales Maw in
great quantity, but altered and excrementitious: I conceive that Ambergreece is no other than a kind of Mufhroom growing at the bottom of fome Seas; I was once




jte4rngIanbo  tLaritic%+               75
fhewed (by a Mariner) a piece of Ambergreece having a
root to it like that of the land Mufhroom, which the
Whale breaking up, fome fcape his devouring Paunch, and
is afterwards cart upon fhore.
The Coccle.l
A kind of Coccle, of whofe Shell the Indians make their
Beads called Womnpampeag  and Mohaicks, the firft are
white, the other blew, both Orient, and beau[37]tified
with a purple Vein. The white Beads are very good to
flanch Blood.
The Scarlet Mufcle.
The Scarlet' MHucle, at Pajchat'awey a Plantation about
fifty leagues by Sea Eaftward from Boflon, in a fmall Cove
called Bakers Cove there is found this kind of Mufcle
which hath a purple Vein, which being prickt with a
Needle yieldeth a perfe&t purple or fcarlet juice, dying
Linnen fo that no wafhing will wear it out, but keeps its
luftre many years: We mark our Handkerchiefs and
Shirts with it.2
Fjh of greatest EJfeem in the Wefl Indies.
The Indians of Peru efreem of three Fifhes more than
any other, viz. the Sea Torttefe, the Tubarton, and the
1 See p. 24 and note.
2 Our author's account of the fishes of New England may take this of old
Wood (N. E. Prospect, 1. c.) for a tail-piece. "The chief fish for trade," says




76                   UteQ,(n ng!~an      3aritie+.
Manate,l or Sea Cow; but in New-England the Indians
have in greateft requeft, the Bafs, the Sturgeon, the Salmon, the Lamzprey, the Eel, the FroJ/-fij, the Lobaier and
the Clam.
[38] Fourthly, Of Serpents, and Inseds,.
The Pond Frog.3
T   He Pond Frog, which chirp in the Spring like Sparows, and croke like Toads in Autumn: Some of
there when they fet upon their breeeh are a Foot high;
he, " is a cod; but, for the use of the country, there is all manner of fish, as followeth: -
"The king of waters, - the sea-shouldering Whale;
The snuffing Grampus, with the oily seal;
The storm-presaging Porpus, Herring-hog;
Line-shearing Shark, the Cat-fish, and Sea-dog;
The scale-fenced Sturgeon; wry-mouthed Hollibut;
The flouncing Salmon, Codfish, Greedigut;
Cole, Haddick, Hake, the Thornback, and the Scate,
(Whose slimy outside makes him seld' in date;)
The stately Bass, old Neptune's fleeting post,
That tides it out and in from sea to coast;
Consorting Herrings, and the bony Shad;
Big-bellied Alewives; Mackrels richly clad
With rainbow-colour, the Frost-fish and the Smelt,
As good as ever Lady Gustus felt;
The spotted Lamprons; Eels; the Lamperies,
That seek fresh-water brooks with Argus-eyes:
These watery villagers, with thousands more,
Do pass and repass near the verdant shore."
1 See p. 97.
2 The account in the Voyages (pp. II4-23) is better; and Wood's, in NewEngland's Prospeft, chap. xi. (to which last, Josselyn was possibly indebted), far
better.
3 See "the generating of these creatures," in Voyages, p. II9. "Here, like



-ga-(ngtanz  Riar&iti~c,.                    77
the Indians will tell you, that up  in the Country there
are Pond Frogs as big as a Child of a year old.
For Burns, Scalds, and Injfammations.
They are of a gliftering brafs colour, and very fat,
which is excellent for Burns and  Scaldings, to take out
the Fire, and heal them, leaving no Scar; and is alfo very
good to take away any Inflammation.
~The Rattle Snake.'
The Rattle Snake, who  poyfons with  a Vapour that
comes thorough two crooked Fangs in their Mouth; the
hollow  of there Fangs are as black as Ink:  The Indians,
when weary with travelling, will [39] take them  up with
their bare hands, laying hold with one hand behind their
Head, with the other taking hold of their Tail, and, with
their teeth tear off the Skin of their backs, and feed upon
them alive; which they fay refrefheth them.
For frozen Limbs, Aches, and Bruizfs.
They have Leafs of Fat in their Bellies, which is excellent to annoint frozen Limbs, and for Aches and
wise," says Wood, "be great store of frogs, which, in the spring, do chirp and
whistle like a bird; and, at the latter end of summer, croak like our English
frogs."- X. Eng. Prostpe, 1. c. In his Voyages, Josselyn speaks (as Wood
had done) of the tree-toad, and also of another kind of toad; and of " the eft,
or swift,... a most beautiful creature to look upon; being larger than ours,
and painted with glorious colours: but I lik'd him never the better for it" (p.
II9).
1 Wood's account (New-Eng. Prospe&, 1. c.) is worth comparing with Higginson's (New-England's Plantation, 1. c.) and with Josselyn's, both here and at pp.




78;&glrRgn an~    Iaritie+.
Bruifes  wondrous  foveraign.   Their  Hearts  fwallowed
frefh, is a good Antidote againft their Venome, and their
Liver (the Gall taken out) bruifed and applied to their
Bitings is a prefent Remedy.
23 and II4 of the Voyages. Wood justly says of this " most poisonous and dangerous creature," that it is "nothing so bad as the report goes of him..... He is
naturally," he continues, "the most sleepy and unnimble creature that lives;
never offering to leap or bite'any man, if he be not trodden on first: and it is
their desire, in hot weather, to lie in paths where the sun may shine on them;
where they will sleep so soundly, that I have known four men to stride over
them, and never awake her..... Five or six men," he adds, " have been bitten
by them; which, by using of snake-weed" (compare the preface to' this, p. II9),
" were all cured; never any yet losing his life by them. Cows have been bitten;
but, being cut in divers places, and this weed thrust into their flesh, were cured.
I never heard of any beast that was yet lost by any of them, saving one mare"
(I. c.). Of other serpents, Wood mentions the black snake; and Josselyn, in his
Voyages (I. c.), speaks of " infinite numbers, of various colours;" and especially
of" one sort that exceeds all the rest; and that is the checkquered snake, having
as many colours within the checkquers shadowing one another as there are in a
rainbow." He says again, "The water-snake will be as big about the belly as the
calf of a man's leg" which is, perhaps, the water-adder. Josselyn adds, "I never
heard of any mischief that snakes did " (I. c.); and so Wood: " Neither doth any
other kind of snakes" (the rattle-snake always excepted, as no doubt dangerous
when trodden on) "molest either man or beast." There are perhaps no worse
prejudices in common life, than those which breed cruelty. In the Voyages (p.
23), our author makes mention "of a sea-serpent, or snake, that lay quoiled up
like a cable upon a rock at Cape Ann. A boat passing by with English aboard,
and two Indians, they would have shot the serpent: but the Indians disswaded
them; saying, that, if he were not kill'd outright, they would be all in danger of
their lives." This was from " some neighbouring gentlemen in our house, who
came to welcome me into the countrey;" and it seems, that, " amongst variety of
discourse, they told me also of a young lyon (not long before) killed at Piscataway by an Indian;" which, indeed, was possibly not without foundation. And
as to the serpent, compare a Report of a Committee of the Linnaean Society of
New England relative to a large marine animal, supposed to be a serpent, seen
near Cape Ann, Mass., in August, I8I7 (Boston, I817); which contains also a
full account of a smaller animal -supposed not to differ, even in species, from
the large -which was taken on the rocks of Cape Ann. - See also Storer, Report
on the Reptiles of Mass.; Supplement, p. 4IO.




Of Inseds.'
A Bug.
T    Here is a certain kind of Bug like a Beetie, but of a
gliftering brafs colour, with four ftrong Tinfel
Wings; their Bodies are full of Corruption or white
Matter like a Maggot; being dead, and kept awhile, they
will ftench odioufly; they beat the Humming Birds from
the Flowers.
[401 The Wa]pb.
The Waips in this Countrey are pied, black and white,
breed in Hives made like a great Pine Apple, their
entrance is at the lower end, the whole Hive is of an Afh
Colour, but of what matter its made no man knows;
wax it is not, neither will it melt nor fry, but will take
fire fuddenly like Tinder: this they fatten to a Bow, or
build it round about a low Bufh, a Foot from the
ground.
The flying Gloworm.
The flying Gloworm, flying in dark Summer Nights
like fparks of Fire in great number; they are common
liewife, in Palejtina.
1 The author continues his entomological observations, in his Voyages, p. II5;
and the account is fuller than Wood's; New-England's Prosped, chap. xi.




[4I] Fifthly, Of Plants.
AND
I. Of Juch Plants as are common with us in ENGLAND.
Eldghog-grafs.'
Ma/ttweed.2
Cals-tail.3
1 Gerard by Johnson, p. I7, - Carex ftava, L.; the first species of this genus
indicated in North America, and common also to Europe. There is no doubt of
the reference, taking Josselyn's name to be meant for specific, and to refer to
Gerard's first figure with the same name. But it is certainly possible that our
author had in view only a general reference to Gerard's fourteenth chapter, " Of
Hedgehog Grasse," which brings together plants of very different genera; and,
in this case, his name is of little account. Cutler (Account of Indig. Veg., 1. c.,
I785) mentions three genera of Cyperaceac, but not Carex; nor did he ever publish that description of our true Gramineea "and other native grasses," which, he
says (1. c., p. 407), " may be the subjeft of another paper." The first edition of
Bigelow's Florula Bostoniensis (I814) has seven species of Carex, which are increased to seventeen in the second edition (i824); the list embracing the most
common and conspicuous forms. The genus has since been made an objeft of
special study, and the number of our species, in consequence, greatly increased.
A list of Carices of the neighborhood of Boston, published by the present writer
in I84I (Hovey's Mag. Hort.), gives forty-seven species; and Professor Dewey's
Report on the Herbaceous Plants of Massachusetts, in I840, reckons ninety-one
species within the limits of his work.
2 Johnson's Gerard, p. 42, —English matweed, or helme (the other species
being excluded, as not English, by our author's caption); which I take to be
Calamagroslis arenaria (L.) Roth, of Gray, Man., p. 548; called sea-matweed
in England, and common to Europe and America. But if the author only intended to refer to Gerard's " Chapter 34, of Mat-weed," — which is perhaps, on
the whole, unlikely, - his name is of no value.
3 Gerard, p. 46, - Typhha latifolia, L., - common to America and Europe.




Stlicwort, commonly  taken  here  by  ignorant People
for Eyebright;  it blows in  7une.'
Blew  Flower-de-luce; the roots are not knobby, but long
and fitreight, and very white, with a multitude of firings.2
To provoke Vomit and for Bruizes.
It is excellent for to provoke Vomiting, and for Bruifes
on the Feet or Face. They Flower in 7une, and grow
upon dry fandy Hills as well as in low  wet Grounds.
Yellow  baflard Daffodill; it flowereth in May, the green
leaves are fpotted with black fpots.3
Dog/Zones, a kind of Satyrion, whereof there are feveral
kinds groweth in our Salt Marfhes.4
[421  To Procure Love.
I once took notice of a wanton Womans compounding
the folid Roots of this Plant with Wine, for an Amorous
Cup;  which  wrought the  defired  effet.
1 Gerard, p. 47, - Stel/aria graminea, L.; for which our author mistook, as
did Cutler a century after, the nearly akin S. longifolia, Muhl.
2 Appears not to be meant for a specific reference to any of Gerard's species;
but only an indication of the genus, with the single distinguishing chara6ter of
color, which was enough to separate the New-England plants from the only
British one referred by Gerard to Iris. Both of our blue-flags are peculiar to the
country.
3 Not one of Gerard's bastard daffodils, but his dog's-tooth, p. 204 (Ery/hroni zm, L.).  Our common dog's-tooth was at first taken for a variety of the
European, but is now reckoned distin&t.
4 Gerard, p. 205, — Orchis, L., etc. It is here clear that the name is used only
in a general way. The second name (Salyrion), perhaps, however, makes our
author's notion a little more definite, and permits us to refer the plants he had
probably in view to species of Pla/anthera, Rich. (Gray, Man., p. 444), of which
only one is certainly known to be common to us and Europe.
K




82                    ArSQ      gttaSglafbl   Laritits.
Watercrvees.'
Red Lilies grow all over the Country innumerably
amongft the fmall Bufhes, and  flower in  7une.2
Wild Sorrel.3
Adders  Tongue comes not up till 7une; I have found it
upon dry hilly grounds, in places where the water hath
flood all Winter, in AugufJ, and did then make Oyntment
of the Herb new gathered; the faireft Leaves grow
amongft fhort Hawthzorn Buihes, that are plentifully growing in fuch hollow places.4
One Blade.5
Lilly  Convallie, with  the  yellow  Flowers  grows upon
rocky banks by the Sea.6
1 Gerard, em. p. 257, - Vasturtium offcinale, L.  Reckoned also by Cutler,
and indeed naturalized in some parts of the country (Gray, Man., p. 30); but our
author had probably 2V. palusre, DC. (marsh-cress), if any thing of this genus,
and not rather Cardamine hirsufa, L. (hairy lady's smock), in his mind. Both
the last are common to us and Europe. - Gray, 1. c.
2 Gerard, p. 192. Liliumn bulbiferum (the garden red lily) is meant; for which
our author mistook our own red lily (L. Philadeljphicum, L.).
8 Of the two plants, - either of which may possibly have been in view of the
author here, - the sorrell du bois, or white wood-sorrel of Gerard, p. IIoI (Oxalis
acetosella, L.) which is truly common to Europe and America, and the sheep's
sorrel (Gerard, p. 397, - Runex acetosella, L.), which inhabits, indeed, the whole
northern hemisphere, but is taken by Dr. Gray to be a naturalized weed here, I
incline to think the latter less likely to have escaped Josselyn's attention than the
former, and to be what he means to say appeared to him as native, in I67I. For
the yellow wood-sorrel, see farther on.
4 Gerard, em., p. 404,  O-phkioglossuzm vulga/tum, L.; common to us and
Europe.
" Gerard, em., p. 409, - Snilacina bzfola (L.), Ker; common to us and
Europe.
6 Gerard, em., p. 4IO.  A mistake of our author's, which can hardly be set
right. The station is against the plant's having been Smilacina trifolia (L.),
Desf. But it may be that Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf., was intended.




Water Planlane, here called  Water  uck-leaves.1
For Burns and Scalds, and to draw Water out of fwell'd
Legs.
It is much ufed for Burns and Scalds, and to draw water
out of fwell'd Legs.  Bears feed much upon this Plant, fo
do the Mooje Deer.
[431] Sea Plantane, three kinds.2
Small-water Archer.3
Autumn Bell Flower.4
While  Hellibore, which  is the  firft  Plant that fprings
up in this Country, and the firft that withers; it grows
in  deep  black  Mould  and  Wet, in  fuch  abundance, that
you  may  in  a  fmall compafs  gather whole  Cart-loads
of it.5
1 Alisma plantago, L., common to Europe and America; " called, in New
England, water suck-leaves and scurvie-leaves. You must lay them whole to
the leggs to draw out water between the skin and the flesh." - fosselyn's Voyages,
p. 80. As to its medicinal properties, see Gerard, p. 419; and Wood and Bache,
Dispens., p. I293.
2 Plantago marZimna, L. (Gerard, p. 423), a native of Europe and America, is
our only sea-plantain. One of the others was probably Trigloehin.
8 Sagittaria sagi//tfolia, L. (now called arrowhead), common to Europe and
America; though here passing into some varieties which are unknown in the
European Floras.
4 Gentiana sajonaria, L., peculiar to America, but nearly akin to the European G. pneumonanthe, L., which our author intended. - Yohnson's Gerard, edit.
cit., p. 438.
6 The plant is green hellebore (Veratrum viride, Ait.); so near, indeed, to
the white hellebore (V. album, L.) of Europe, that it was taken for it by Michaux.
In his Voyages, the author, after speaking of the use of opium by the Turks, says,
" The English in New England take white hellebore, which operates as fairly with
them as with the Indians," &c. (p. 60); and see p. 76, further.




Wounds and Aches Cured by the Indians.   For thze  Toothach.  For Herpes millia res.
The  Indians  Cure  their  Wounds with  it, annointing
the Wound firit with Raccoons greefe, or Wild-Cats
greefe, and  ftrewing  upon  it the  powder of the  Roots;
and for Aches they fcarifie  the  grieved  part, and  annoint
it with one of the forefaid Oyls, then firew upon it the
powder: The powder of the Root put into a hollow Tooth,
is good for the Tooth-ach: The Root fliced thin and boyled
in Vineager, is very good againft Herpes Mlilliaris.
Arjmarl, both kinds.1
Spurge Time, it grows upon dry fandy Sea Banks,
and  is very  like  to  Rupler-wort, it is full of Milk.2
Ruzter-wort, with the white flower.3
1 Polygonum laathizoliuom, L. (Hydropler of Gerard, p. 445),- for which,
perhaps, P. hydrojipZer, L., was mistaken, -and P. Persicaria, L. (Persicaria
maculosa of Gerard, 1. c.), are what the author means; being the two sorts figured
by Gerard himself. The third, added by Johnson, is unknown in this country;
and the fourth belongs to a very different genus. P. Perszcaria is marked as
introduced in the late Mr. Oakes's catalogue of the plants of Vermont; and both
this and P. kydroyper are considered to be naturalized weeds by Dr. Gray (Man.,
p. 373). Josselyn's testimony as to the former, as appearing to him to be native
in i67I, is therefore not without interest; and possibly it is not quite worthless as
to the latter.
2 Chamaesyce, or spurge-time, of Gerard (edit. cit., p. 504), is Eu2ujhorbia
cham&esyce, L., a species belonging to the Eastern continent; for which Sloane
(cit. L. Sbp. PI. in loco) appears to have mistaken our EuJzqhorbia maczulaa, L.;
while Plukenet (Alm. 372, cit. L.) recognizes the affinity of the same plants,
calling the latter Chaamcsyce allera Virginiana. Josselyn's spurge-time may be
E. maculata; but quite possibly, taking the station which he gives into the
account, E. jpoygonzfolia, L.
8 There are " several sorts of spurge," according to the Voyages (p. 78); of
which this, which I cannot specifically refer, is possibly one.




RrbWAengglTan         3avities.                  85
Jagged Rofe-.fenny-wori.'
[44]  Soda bariglia, or mafacote, the Afhes of Soda, of
which they make Glaffes.
Glafs-wort, here called Berrelia, it grows abundantly in
Salt Marfhes.2
St. John's- Wort.8
St. Peter's- Wort.4
1 To this species of Saxfjraga, L., unknown to our Flora (Gerard, p. 528),
our author, with little doubt, referred the pretty S. Virginiensis, Michx. - See p.
58 of this, note.
2 Gerard, em., p. 535, - Salicornia herbacea, L. But Linnaeus referred one of
Clayton's Virginia specimens (the rest he did not distinguish from S. herbacea)
to a variety, 3. Virginica (which he took to be also European; S15. PI.), and
afterwards raised this to a species, as S. Virginica, Syst. NVat., vol. ii. p. 52,
Willd. Sp. PI., vol. i. p. 25. To this the more common glasswort of our salt
marshes is to be referred; and we possess, beside, a still better representative of
the European plant in S. mucronata, Bigel. (Fl. Bost., edit. 2, p. 2), which may
perhaps best be taken for a peculiar variety (S. herbacea, fl. mucronata, articulorum dentibus squamisque mucronatis, Enum. PI. Cantab., Ms.; and S. Virginica may well be another) of a species common to us and Europe. It is certain
that we have plants strictly common to American and European Floras, in which
the differences referable to difference of atmospheric and other like conditions are
either not apparent or of no account; and it is possible that there are yet other
species, now considered peculiar to America, which only differ from older European species in those characters -whether of exuberance mostly, or also of
impoverishment -in which an American variety of a plant, common to America
and Europe, might beforehand be expected to differ from an European. state of
the same.  " Linnaeus ut Tournefortii errores corrigeret, varietates nimis contraxit."-Link, Phzil. Bol., p. 222.
3 Hyb5ericurn ljerforatum, L. (" Hyl-ericum, S. Yohn's-wort; in shops, Perforata."- Gerard, edit. cit., p. 539). The species is considered to have been introduced, by most American authors; and it is possible that Josselyn had H.
corymbosum, Muhl., in his mind.
4 Hy25ericum quadrangulum, L. (Gerard, p. 542); for which our author doubtless mistook H. mnutilumn, L. (H. Iparvw/orum, Willd.), a species peculiar to
America; to which Cutler's H. quadrangulum (Account of Indig. Veg., 1. c., p.
474) is probably also to be referred.




Speed-well Chick-weed.'
Male fuellin, or Sfpeed-well.2
Upright Peniroyal.3
Wild-Mini.4
Cal-Mini.5
Egrimony.6
The leffer Clol-Bur.7
Waler Lilly, with  yellow   Flowers, the  Indians  Eat
the Roots, which are long a boiling, they tall like the
Liver of a Sheep, the Moofe Deer feed much upon them,
at which time the Indians kill them, when their heads are
under water.8
DDragons, their  leaves  differ from   all  the  kinds with
us, they  come  up  in  7une.9
1 Veronica arvensis, L. (Gerard, p. 6I3),-a native, at present, of Europe,
Asia, Northern Africa, and North America (Benth., in DC. Prodr., vol. x. p. 482);
but considered to have been introduced here.
2 Veronica, L. The species is perhaps V. offcinalis, L.; which, together with
V. seroyllfjolia, L., is considered by Prof. Gray to be both indigenous and introduced here. -Man. Bot., pp. 200-I.
3 Hedeoma pjulegzoides (L.) Pers. (American pennyroyal), is doubtless meant.
The specific name indicates its resemblance - in smell and taste particularly - to
Mentha pulegizm, L.; for which our author and Cutler (1. c., p. 46I) mistook it.
But the former is peculiar to America.
4 Mentha aquatzica, L. Sp. P1. (Gerard, p. 684); for which it is likely our
author (and also Cutler, 1. c., p. 460) mistook M. Canadensis, L., Gray.
5 Nepe/a cataria, L. (Gerard, em., p. 682); considered by American botanists
to have been introduced from Europe.
6 Agrimonia Eupjbatoria, L. (Gerard, em., p. 7I2); common to America and
Europe.
7 Xanthium strzcmarz'um, L., Gray (Gerard, p. 809); common, as a species, to
both continents; but in part, also, introduced. - Gray, Mlan., p. 212.
8 Nu-hhar advena, Ait., - the common American species, - is meant; and
this, though resembling N. lu/ea, Sm., of Europe, is distint from it.
9 Arum, L. (Gerard, p. 38I).  The New-England species " differ," as our
author says, " from all the kinds" in the Old World.




bW-,g(Tn1anbo. 3&aritico.                          87
Violels of three kinds, the White Violet which is
fweet, but not fo ftrong as our Blew Violets; Blew Violets
without fent, and  a  Reddifh  Violet without fent;  they
do  not blow  till Yune.'
[45] For fwell'd  Legs.
Wood-bine, good for hot Dwellings  of the  Legs, fomenting with the decofion, and applying the Feces in the form
of a Ca ap lam e.2
Salomons-Seal, of which there  is three  kinds;  the  firft
common  in England, the fecond, Virginia Salomons-Seal,
and the third, differing from  both, is called  Treacle Berries,
having the perfeEt taft of Treacle when they are ripe;
and  will keep  good  along  while;  certainly a very wholfome Berry, and medicinable.8
1 None of the species, presumably here meant, are common to America and
Europe. Our author's white violet is Viola blanda, Willd.
2 All our true honeysuckles ("woodbinde, or honisuckles," - Gerard, p. 891;
Calprzifolzium, Juss.) are distin6 from those of Europe; but what the author meant
here is uncertain.
3 Convallaria, L.; Polygonalum, Tourn.; SmniZacina, Desf. Many botanists
have referred our smaller Solomon's seal to the nearly akin C. multZ/fora of Europe; but Dr. Gray (Manual, p. 466) pronounces the former a distinat American
species. The second of Josselyn's species is the "Polygonalum Virginiaznum, or
Virginian's Salomon's seale" of Johnson's Gerard (p. 905), and also of Morison
(Hist., cit. L.), and earliest described and figured by Cornuti as P. Canadense,
&c., which is Smilacina stella/a, (L.) Desf.; peculiar to America. The third is
set down by our author, at p. 56, among the "plants proper to the country;" and
Wood (New-Eng. Prospe&c, chap. v.) mentions it among eatable wild fruits, by
the same name. It is probably Smilacina racemosa, (L.) Desf., — a suggestion
which I owe to my friend Rev. J. L. Russell's notes upon Josselyn's plants, in
Hovey's Magazine (March, April,- and May, I858); papers which were published
after the manuscript of this edition had passed from the hands of the editor, -
and is also confined to this continent.




88                  fWgeTngIans:         3Larittis.
Doves-Foot.'
Herb Robert.'
Knobby Cranes Bill.'
For Agues.
Ravens-Claw, which flowers in.May, and  is admirable
for Agues.'
Cinkfoil.2
Tormenltile.
Avens, with the leaf of Mounlane-Avens, the flower and
root of Englijh Avens.3
Strawberries.4
1 Geranium, L. The first is G. Carolinianum, L., which nearly resembles
Gerard's dove's-foot (p. 938); the second is G. Robertianumz, L., common to us
and Europe; and the third (Gerard, p. 940) — which cannot be G. dissecucm -
was meant, it is likely to be taken for synonymous with the fourth, or raven'sclaw, - doubtless our lovely G. niaculalum, L., which belongs to that group of
species which the old botanists distinguished by the common name Geranium
batrachioides, or crow-foot geranium, which flowers in May, and is of well-known
value in medicine; and the "knobby" root, attributed to Josselyn's third kind,
favors this opinion.
2 The genus Potentilla, L., in general, is perhaps intended by cinque-foil;
and although our author probably confounded the common and variable Poenlilla Canadensis, L., with the nearly akin P. replans and P. verna, L., of Europe,
yet the larger part of our New-England species are, with little doubt, common to
both continents. What Josselyn referred to Tormentilla, L., - a genus not now
separated from Potlenilla,- was probably a state of P. Canadensis, which resembles P. rel/ans, L., as remarked above (and was, indeed, mistaken for it by Cutler, - 1. c., p. 453), as this does Tormentilla rejplans, L.
3 Geum s/ricultm, Ait., -not found in England, but European (Gray, Man.,
p. ii6),- is indicated by the author's phrase; and see the Voyages, p. 78, for his
opinion of its medicinal virtue.
4 Fragaria vesca, L. (the common wood-strawberry of Europe), is native
here, according to Oakes (Catal. Verm., p. 12), " especially on mountains;" and
I have even gathered it, but possibly naturalized, on the woody banks of Fresh




Wild Angelicca, mnajoris and minoris.l
Alexancders, which grow  upon Rocks by the Sea fhore.2
[46]  Yarrow, with the white Flower.3
Columbines, of a fleth colour, growing upon Rocks.4
Oak of Hierufalem.5
Pond in Cambridge. Our more common strawberry was not separated from the
European by Linnaeus, but is now reckoned a distindt species. "There is likewise strawberries in abundance," says Wood (New-England's Prospe6t, 1. c.),very large ones; some being two inches about. One may gather half a bushel in
a forenoon."- " This berry," says Roger Williams (Key, in Hist. Coll., vol. iii.
p. 22i), " is the wonder of all the fruits growing naturally in those parts. It is of
itself excellent; so that one of the chiefest doctors of England was wont to say,
that God could have made, but God never did make, a better berry. In some
parts, -where the natives have planted, I have many times seen as many as would
fill a good ship, within few miles' compass. The Indians bruise them in a mortar,
and mix them with meal, and make strawberry-bread." Gookin also speaks of
Indian-bread. - Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. I50.
1 The two plants here intended, and supposed by the author to correspond
with the "'wild angelica" and "great wilde angelica" of Gerard (pp. 999-Iooo),
may perhaps be taken for the same which Cornuti (Canad. PI. Hist., pp. I96200), thirty years before, had designated as new, -Josselyn's Angelica sylvesiris
minor being Angel/ica lucida Canadensis of Cornuti, which is A. lucida, L. (and
probably, as the French botanist describes the fruit as " minus foliacea vulgaribus," also Archangelica peregrina, Nutt.); and his Angelica sylvestris major
being A. airopiurpurea Canadensis of Cornuti, or A. alropzuriurea, L.
2 Smyrniumr aureum, L. (golden Alexanders), now separated from that genus,
was mistaken, it is quite likely, for S. olusatrum, L. (true Alexanders), to which
it bears a considerable resemblance. - Gerard, p. IoI9.
3 Achillea millefolium, L. Oakes has marked this as introduced (Catal. Vermont, p. I7): but it appeared to our author, in I672, to be indigenous; and Dr.
Gray reckons it among plants common to both hemispheres. - Statistics of Amer.?Flora, in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxiii. p. 7o. The author's reference is to common
yarrow. - Gerard, p. 1072.
4 Aquilegia Canadensis, L.  As elsewhere, the author probably means here
only that the genus is common to both continents.
5 At p. 56, both of these are set down among the "plants proper to the country." The first, to follow Gerard (p. iio8), is Chenojodiunz botrys, L., -a native
of the south of Europe, and considered as an introduced species here. It has
reputation in diseases of the chest.  Wood & Bache, Dispens., p. 2I3. Josselyn's
L




AckarijZon is an excellent Medicine for flop ing of 1he
Lungs upon Cold, Plzick, &c.
Oak of Cappadocia, both much of a nature, but Oak
of Hierufalem is fironger in operation; excellent for fluffing of the Lungs upon Colds, ihortnefs of Wind, and the
Ptifick; maladies that the Natives are often troubled with:
I helped feveral of the Indians with a Drink made of two
Gallons of Molojes wort, (for in that part of the Country
where I abode, we made our Beer of Moloffes, Water,
Bran, chips of Safafras Root, and a little Wormwood,
well boiled,) into which I put of Oak of Hierufalem, Catmint, Sowthiftle, of each one handful, of Enula Camnpana
Root one Ounce, Liquorice fcrap'd brufed and cut in
pieces, one Ounce, Saffafras Root cut into thin chips, one
Ounce, Anny-feed and fweet Fennel-feed, of each one
Spoonful bruifed; boil thefe in a clofe Pot, upon a foft
Fire to the confumption of one Gallon, then take it off,
and ftrein it gently; you may if you will [47] boil the
fireined liquor with Sugar to a Syrup, then when it is
Cold, put it up into Glafs Bottles, and take thereof three
or four Spoonfuls at a time, letting it run down your throat
as leafurely as poffibly you can; do thus in the morning,
in the Afternoon, and at Night going to Bed.
Goofe-Graf/s, or Clivers.l
oak of Cappadocia (Gerard, p. iio8) is an American species, -Ambrosia elalior,
L. Cutler says of it (1. c., p. 489), "It has somewhat the smell of camphire. It
is used in antiseptick fomentations."
1 Galizm ajiarine, L. (Gerard, edit. czi., p. II22), common to America and
Europe. - Compare Gray, Man., p. I70.




Acir-Cnglanbo  Rant'tivzs-                       9i
Fearn.
Brakes.'
Wood jorrel, with the yellow flower.2
Elm.3
Line Tree, both kinds.4
A  way to draw  out Oyl of Akrons, or the like, &c.
Maple; of the Aihes of this Tree the Indians make a
lye, with which they force out Oyl from Oak Akorns that
is highly efteemed by the Indians.5
Dew-Gra/fs.6
Earth-NVut, which are of divers kinds, one bearing
very beautiful Flowers.7
1 The " Filix mas, or male ferne," of Gerard, edit. cit., p. II28 (for, says he, of
the " divers sorts of ferne... there be two sorts, according to the old writers, -
the male and the female; and these be properly called ferne: the others have
their proper names"), is the colletive designation of four species of Aspidium;
of which all, according to Pursh, and certainly three, are natives of both continents, -AA. cristatum, Fi'lix mas, Filix fcemina, and aculeatumn, Willd. "Filix
fcemina (female ferne, or brakes," of Gerard, 1. c.) is P]eris aquilzina, L.; also
common to us and Europe.  The other Filices mentioned by our author are
OPhioglossum vulgatum, L. (p. 42); and Adiantum pedatum, L. (p. 55).
2 Oxalis corniculata, L. (Gerard, em., p. I202), common to Europe and
America.
a Ulmus, L. There are no species common to America and Europe.
4 See the Voyages, p. 69, where the author has it "the line-tree, with long
nuts: the other kind I could never find." The former was Tilia Americana, L.,
a species peculiar to America.
5 See p. 48; and Voyages, p. 69. None of our species are found in Europe.
6 The plant intended is doubtless the same with that spoken of in the Voyages,
p. 8o. - " Rosa solis, sundew, moor-grass. This plant I have seen more of than
ever I saw in my whole life before in England," &c. Both our common NewEngland species of Drosera are also natives of Europe.
7 " Differing much from those in England. One sort of them bears a most
beautiful floweri" (p. 56, where it is rightly placed among plants "'proper to the




Fufs-Ba[ls, very large.l
lMfyrooms, fome long and no bigger than ones finger,
others jagged flat, round, none like our great Mufhrooms
in England, of there fome are  of a Scarlet colour, others
a deep Yellow, &c.1
[48] Blew  flowered Pimipernel.2
Noble Liver-wort, one fort with white flowers, the other
with blew.3
Black-Berry.4
country ").  The author refers here, doubtless, to APios tuberosa, Moench.
(ground-nut of New England), which was raised at Paris, from American seeds,
by Vespasian Robin, and figured from his specimens by Cornuti (Canad., p. 200)
in i635; but it was celebrated, ten years earlier, in " Nova Anglia," - a curious
poem by the Rev. William Morrell, who came over with Capt. Robert Gorges in
I623, and spent about a year at Weymouth and Plymouth, publishing his book
in i625 (repr. Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. I25, &c.), -as follows: -
" Vimine gramineo nux subterranea suavis
Serpit humi, tenui flavo sub cortice, pingui
Et placido nucleo nivei candoris ab intra,
Melliflua parcos hilarans dulcedine gustus,
Donec in vestivum Phcebus conscenderit axem.
His nucleis laute versutus vescitur Indus:
His exempta fames segnis nostratibus omnis
Dulcibus his vires revocantur vi6tibus almne."
1 See p. 52 and Voyages (pp. 70, 8I) for other notices of Fungi; and Voyages,
p. 8I, for the only mention of Algct.
2 Female pimpernell (Gerard, em., p. 617), -Anagallis arvensis, y, Sm.; A.
carrzlea, Schreb.,- but scarcely differing, except in color, from the scarlet pimpernel, which has long (I" in clayey ground,"- Cutler, 1. c., I785) been an inhabitant of the coasts of Massachusetts Bay, though doubtless introduced.
3 Hepatlica triloba, Chaix. (Anemone hepatzica, L.), common to Europe and
America; occurring occasionally with white flowers. - Gerard, em., p. 1203.
4 Rubus, L. The red raspberry of this country is hardly other than an American variety of the European (R. Idweus, var. strigosus, caule petiolis pedunculis




Dew-Berry.
Raip)-Berry, here called M]ul-berry.
Goofe-Berries, of a deep red Colour.l
Haw-thorn, the  Haws being  as big  as  Services, and
very good to eat, and not fo astringent as the Haws in
England.2
Toad f.ax.3
calyceque aculeato-hispidissimis, Enum. P1. Agri Cantab, i843, Ms.); upon which
see Gray (Man., p. I2I; and Statistics, &c., 1. c., p. 8i). R. trzftorzus, Richards., is
also very near to, and was once considered the same as, the European R. saxatilis,
L. The rest of our New-England raspberries and blackberries appear to be specifically distinct from those of Europe. The cloud-berry, mentioned at p. 60o, is
there set down among plants proper to the country; and may therefore not be the
true cloud-berry (Gerard, p. I273), or Rubus chamncmorus, L., which is common
to both continents.
1 The New-England gooseberries are peculiar to this country. The author no
doubt intends Ribes hirtellunm, Michx. (Gray, Man., p. I37); as see further his
Voyages, p. 72.
2 Crahtgus, L. But the species are peculiar to this country, as Josselyn implies with respe6t to the haws which he notices. These, no doubt, included C.
tomentosa, L., Gray; and perhaps, also, C. coccinea, L. Wood says, "The white
thorn affords hawes as big as an English cherry; which is esteemed above a
cherry for his goodness and pleasantness to the taste."-New-England's ProspeC,
chap. v. At page 72 of his Voyages, the author mentions " a small shrub, which
is very common; growing sometimes to the height of elder; bearing a berry like
in shape to the fruit of the white thorn; of a pale, yellow colour at first, then red
(when it is ripe, of a deep purple); of a delicate, aromatical tast, but somewhat
stiptick, -which may be Pyrus arbiutfolia, L.  Higginson (New-England's
Plantation, 1. c., p. II9) speaks of our haws almost as highly as Wood.
3 Great toad-flax (Gerard, em., p. 550); Linaria vulgaris, Moench. Compare
De Candolle (Geog. Bot., vol. ii. p. 716) for a sketch of the American history of
this now familiar plant, which the learned author cannot trace before Bigelow's
date (Fl. Bost., edit. I) of I8I4. But it is certainly Cutler's "snapdragon;.
blossoms yellow, with a mixture of scarlet; common by roadsides in Lynn and
Cambridge" (L. c., I785): though he strangely prefixes the Linnaean phrase for
Antirrhinum Canadense, L.; and there seems no reason to doubt that Josselyn
may very well have seen it in I671.




Pellamoun!, or Mountain time.'
Moufe-ear Minor.2
The making of Oyl of Akrons.  To firengthen weak Members. For Scall'd-heads.
There is Oak of three kinds, white, red and black,
the white is excellent to make Canoes of, Shallopes,
Ships, and other Veffels for the Sea, and for Claw-board,
and Pipe-ftaves, the black is good to make Waynfcot
of; and out of the white Oak Acorns, (which is the Acorn
Bears delight to feed upon): The Natives draw an Oyl,
taking the rotteneft Maple Wood, which being burnt to
aihes, they make a fitrong Lye therewith, wherein they
boyl their white Oak-Acorns until the Oyl fwim on the
top in great quantity; this [49] they fleet off, and put into
bladders to annoint their naked Limbs, which corrobarates them exceedingly; they eat it likewife with their
Meat, it is an excellent clear and fweet Oyl: Of the Mofs
that grows at the roots of the white Oak the Indejs make
a frong decoffion, with which they help their Pay5oufes or
young Childrens fcall'd Heads.3
1 Gerard, p. 653 (Teucrium, L.). The author may have intended to reckon
the genus only. Our species is peculiar to this continent.
2 The designation is uncertain. The old botanists gave the name Auricula
muris, or mouse-ear, to species of Myosotis, Draba, Hieracium, and Gnaphalium.
Josselyn's plant may most probably be Antennaria planlaginifolia, Hook. (mouseear of New England), which is very near to A. dioica of Europe. - Gray, Statistics, &c., Z. c., p. 8I.
3.2uercus alba, L.; ~. rubra, L.; and -9. tincforia, Bartr. Wood's account of
the oaks (New-England's Prospe&t, chap. v.) is similar. In his Voyages, p. 6i,
Josselyn gives us " the ordering of red oake for wainscot. When they have cut it




jB fr(nglanbz  3arittie,                         95
Yuniier, which  Cardanus faith  is Cedar in  hot Countries, and Juniper in cold Countries; it is hear very
dwarfifh and Ihrubby, growing for the moft part by the
Sea fide.l
Willow.2
Spurge Lawrel, called  here Poyfon  berry, it kills  the
Englijh  Cattle  if they  chance to feed  upon  it, efpecially
Calves.3
Gaul, or noble Mirtle.4
Elder.5
Dwarf Elder.6
down and clear'd it from the branches, they pitch the body of the tree in a muddy
place in a river, with the head downward, for some time. Afterwards they draw
it out; and, when it is seasoned sufficiently, they saw it into boards for wainscot;
and it will branch out into curious works."
1 funiperus communes, L.; common to both continents. But the author did
not probably distinguish from it Y. Virginiana, L.; which is frequent, and often
dwarfish, near the sea.
2 Salix, L.; the genus only meant here, it is likely.
3 Dap5hne Laureola, L. (Gerard, p. 1404), with which Josselyn may have
considered Kalmia anguslifolia, L., in some sort allied.  The latter has long
been known in New England as dwarf or low laurel.
4 Myrica Gale, L. (Gerard, p X4I4); common to Europe and America.
5 Sambucus, L. Our S. Canadensis, L. differs very little from the common
elder of Europe, except, as our author in his Voyages says (p. 71), in being
"shrubbie," and in not having " a smell so strong."- Cf. DC. Prodr., vol. ii. p.
322; Gerard, p. I42I. The other North-American elder (S. jpubens, Michx.) is
at least equally near to the European S. racen osa, L., according to Prof. Gray.
6 " There is a sort of dwarf-elder, that grows by the sea-side, that hath a red
pith. The berries of both"-that is, of this and of the true elder mentioned
above -" are smaller than English elder; not round, but corner'd." - Voyages,
p. 7I. Gerard's dwarf-elder (p. 1425) is Samnbucus ebulus, L. Josselyn's may
have been a Viburnum; for this genus was confused with Sambucus by the elder
botanists. Wood (New-England Prospect, chap. v.) speaks of" Small eldern, by the Indian fletchers sought; "
which was perhaps arrow-wood, or Viburnum denta/um, L.




For a Cut with a Brufe.
Alder; An Indian Bruifing and Cutting of his Knee
with a fall, ufed no other remedy, than Alder Bark, chewed
farling, and laid to it, which did foon heal it.'
To take Fire out of a Burn.
The decof&ion is alfo excellent to take [50] the Fire out
of a Burn or Scalld.
For Wounds and Cuts.
For Wounds and Cuts make a ftrong deco&ion of Bark
of Alder, pour of it into the Wound, and drink thereof.
Ha/fe.2
For fore Mouths, falling of the Pallat.
Filberd, both with hairy husks upon the Nuts, and fetting hollow from the Nut, and fill'd with a kind of water
of an astringent tafte; it is very good for fore Mouths,
and falling of the Pallat, as is the whole green Nut
before it comes to Kernel, burnt and pulverized. The
Kernels are feldom without maggots in them.2
1 Alnus, Tourn. One of the three New-England species (A. incana, Willd.) is
common to Europe and America.\ Another (A. serrulata, Willd.) " bears so
great a resemblance," says F. A.  ichaux, to the common European alder (A.
glutinosa, Willd.) " in its flowers, it~ seeds, its leaves, its wood, and its bark, as
to render a separate figure unneces,ary; the only difference observable between
them " being "that the European species is larger, and has smaller leaves."Sylva, vol. ii. p. II4. Compare Gray, Statistics, &c., 1. c., p. 83. A. viridis, our
third species, is common to Europe and this country.
2 Corylus, L. Our species, which are peculiar to America, are both indicated:
the " filberd,... with hairy husks upon the nuts," being C. rostrala, Ait.
(beaked hazel); and that "setting hollow from the nut," - that is, larger than
the nut, - C. Americana, Wangenh. (common hazel).




The Figure of the Walnut.
Walnut;  the  Nuts differ much  from
ours in Eurofpe, they being fmooth, much
like a Nutmeg  in  fhape, and not much
bigger; fome three cornered, all of them
but thinly replenifhed with Kernels.l
[5II    CheJinuts; very  fweet in  tafte, and  may  be  (as
1 Carya, Nutt. In the Voyages, p. 69, the author speaks of the "walnut,
which is divers: some bearing square nuts; others like ours, but smaller. There
is likewise black walnut, of precious use for tables, cabinets, and the like"
(yuglans nigra, L.). "The walnut-tree," continues Josselyn, "is the toughest
wood in the countrie, and therefore made use of for hoops and bowes; there being
no yews there growing. In England, they made their bowes usually of witchhasel" (that is, witch-elm, - Unlus montana, Bauh., Lindl.; as see Gerard, p.
148i: but Carhinus, " in Essex, is called witch-hasell," - ib.), ash, yew, the best
of outlandish elm; but the Indians make theirs of walnut." This was hickory,
and what Wood says belongs doubtless to the same. He calls it " something
different from the English walnut; being a great deal more tough and more
serviceable, and altogether heavy. And whereas our guns, that are stocked with
English walnut, are soon broken and cracked in frost, - being a brittle wood,
we are driven to stock them new with the country walnut, which will endure'all
blows and weather; lasting time out of mind." After speaking favorably of the
fruit, he adds (New-Eng. Prospet, chap. vi.), " There is likewise a tree, in some
parts of the country, that bears a nut as big as a pear," -the butternut, doubtless
(yuglans cinerea, L.). Josselyn has told us (p. 48) of the oil which the Indians
managed to get from the acorns of the white oak. Roger Williams (Key, 1. c., p.
220) says our native Americans made "of these walnuts... an excellent oil,
good'for many uses, but especially for the anointing of their heads." Michaux
(Sylva, vol. i. p. i63) says the Indians used the oil of the butternut, and also (p.
I85) of the shag-bark, " to season their aliments." Williams adds (I. c.), " Of the
chips of the walnut-tree - the bark taken off- some English in the country
make excellent beer, both for taste, strength, colour, and inoffensive opening
operation."
M




they  ufually  are)  eaten  raw;  the  Andians  fell  them   to
the Englz/7h for twelve  pence the  bufhel.x
Beech.2
Quick-beam, or Wild-A/h.4
Coals of Birch pulverized and wrought with  thIe while of
an Egg to a Salve, is a gallant  Remedy for dry fcurfy
Sores ujpon the Shins; and for Bruifed Wounds and
Cuts.
Birch, white and black;  the  bark  of Birch  is ufed  by
the  Indians for bruifed  Wounds  and  Cuts, boyled  very
tender, and ftampt betwixt two ftones to a Plaifter, and the
deco&tion  thereof poured  into  the Wound;  And  alfo  to
fetch the Fire out of Burns and Scalds.5
1 Castanea vesca, Gaertn.; common to Europe and America. Our chestnut
is considered to differ from the European only as an American variety of a species
common to both continents might be expetted to. " The Indians have an art of
drying their chestnuts, and so to preserve them in their barns for a dainty all the
year." -R. Williams, 1. c.
2 Neither Wood nor R. Williams makes mention of it. The younger Michaux
considered our beech distin&t from the European; but Mr. Nuttall makes it only
a variety of it; while Prof. Gray puts both trees in his list of " very close representative species."- Statistics, -&c., 1. c., p. 8I.
3 Fraxinus, L. Our species are peculiar to this continent. I cannot account
for Wood's saying, "It is different from the ash of England; being brittle and
good for little, so that walnut is used for it."- Nevw-Eng. Prosped, chap. vi.
4 Sorbus, L. (Gerard, p. I473). Our mountain-ash (S. Americana, Willd.) is
quite near to the quicken, or mountain-ash of the north of Europe (S. aucuj5aria,
L.); but hardly, perhaps, to be reduced to an American variety of it, as the
elder Michaux (Fl. Amer., vol. i. p. 290) proposed. Compare Gray, Statistics,
&c., 1. c., p. 82.
5 Except the small white birch (B. _pboulzfolia, Ait.), which Mr. Spach reduces
to a variety of the European B. alba, L., - in which he is sustained by Prof. Gray
(Man., p. 41I),- and the dwarf-birch (B. nana, L.) of our alpine regions, all our




cb~nge  an  an:      3aritic.                   99
Poplar, but differing in leaf.'
Plumb  Tree, feveral kinds, bearing  fome long, round,
white, yellow, red, and black Plums; all differing in their
Fruit from thofe in England.2
Wild Purcelane.3
Wood-wax, wherewith they dye many pretty Colours.4
species are peculiar to this continent. - See -the author's Voyages, p. 69, for another mention of the birches.
1 Populus, L. Our species are peculiar to the country, as the author's remark
suggests. Wood (1. c.) notices "the ever-trembling asps."
2 "The plumbs of the country be better for plumbs than the cherries be for
cherries. They be black and yellow; about the bigness of damsons; of a reasonable good taste." - New-Eng. ProsledCe, chap. v. Prunus mar/imina, Wangenh.
(beech-plum), and P. Americana, Marsh. (wild yellow plum), are no doubt here
intended; as also, it is likely, by Josselyn, who, it is evident, in this place had
only the genus in mind as " common with us in England."- See p. 6I for the
author's mention of the " wild cherry."
3 Portulaca oleracea, L. (Gerard, p. 52I). "In cornfields. It is eaten as a
pot-herb, and esteemed by some as little inferior to asparagus."- Cutler; Account of Indigenous Vegetables (I785), 1. c., p. 447. Considered to have been
introduced here; but our author enables us to carry back the date of its introduction, without reasonable doubt, to the first settlement of the country. "' Purslain,
Mr. Glover says, is also very common in Virginia, and troublesome too, to the
tobacco-planters." Sir Philip Skippon to Ray, Feb. ii, 1675-6, in Ray Society's
Corresp. of John Ray, p. I2I. Mr. Nuttall regarded the species as indigenous on
the plains of the Missouri; but this plant, " too closely resembling the common
purslane," according to Prof. Gray (Man., p. 64), has been separated as specifically distin&t by Dr. Engelmann.
4 Genista tingdoria, L. (Genistella tindoria, - greenweed, or dyers' weed;
Gerard, p. 13I6). "'We shall not need to speake of the use that diers make
thereof," says the latter. Our author could hardly have been mistaken about so
well-known a plant as this; which he probably met with in one of his visits to
the neighborhood of Boston, - long the only American station for it. There is a
tradition that it was introduced here by Gov. Endicott; which may have been
some forty years before Josselyn finished his herborizing, - enough to account for
its naturalization then. It was long confined to Salem (" pastures between New
Mills and Salem,"- Cutler, 1. c., 1785); but occurred to me sparingly, in I84I,
on the shores of Cambridge Bay, and also on roadsides in Old Cambridge.
" Woad-seed " is set down, in a memorandum of the Governor and Company of




100                  etJU-angIantf5  3arvitir.
Red and black Currans.1
[52] For the Gout, or any Ach.
SpunckE, an  excrefcence  growing  out of black  Birch,
the Indians ufe it for Touchwood; and therewith they
help the Sciatica, or Gout of the Hip, or any great Ach,
burning the Patient with it in two or three places upon
the Thigh, and upon certain Veins.2
Massachusetts Bay, before February, I628, to be sent to New England (Mass. Col.
Rec., vol. i. p. 24); and though Isatis tinetoria, L., is true woad, Reseda luteola,
L. (wold, or weld), and our Genzs/a (woadwaxen), have, it is said (Rees's Cycl.,
in loco), been known " in English herbals under that name."
1 " Current-bushes are of two kinds, -red and black.  The black currents,
which are larger than the red,... are reasonable pleasant in eating."- Voyages,
p. 72. Our black currant is Ribes foridum, Herit., -considered by Linnaeus (Sp.
PI., p. 291) only a variety of R. nzirum, L., the true black currant of the gardens; and our red currant, which I have gathered in the'White Mountains, -far
below the region of R. rigens, Michx., the more common red currant there,appears to be undistinguishable from R. rubrum, L. (the red currant of gardens);
unless, possibly, as an American variety of it. This is probably R. albinervium,
Michx. (Fl., vol. i. p. IIo; Pursh, Fl., vol. i. p. I63).
2 PolyPorus, Mich., sp.- In his Voyages, p. 70, the author speaks of " a stately
tree growing here and there in valleys, not like to any trees in Europe; having a
smooth bark, of a dark-brown colour, the leaves like great maple in England
called sycamor; but larger,"  which may be Platanus occidentalis, L. (buttonwood). And Wood enables us to add one more to this early account of the genera
of plants, which we possess, common to the Old World. He tells us (New-England's Prospedct, chap. v.) "the hornbound tree is a tough kind of wood, that
requires so much pains in riving as is almost incredible; being the best to make
bowls and dishes, not being subject to crack or leak. This tree growing with
broad-spread arms, the vines twist their curling branches about them; which
vines afford great store of grapes," &c. This was our American hornbeam (Car-.pinus Americana, L.). And the same author again alludes to it, in verse, as -
"The horn-bound tree, that to be cloven scorns;
Which from the tender vine oft takes his spouse,
Who twines embracing arms about his boughs."




2. Of fuch Plants as are proper to the Country.
To riz>en any ImppoJiume or Swelling.  For fore Mouths.
The New-Englands JZanding Dzk.
I Ndian Wheat, of which there is three forts, yellow,
red, and blew; the blew  is commonly Ripe before
the other a Month: Five or Six Grains of Indian Wheat
hath produced in one year 6oo.  It is hotter than  our
Wheat and clammy; excellent in Cataplafms to ripen
any Swelling or impoftume. The decoftion of the blew
Corn, is good to wafh fore Mouths with: It is light of
digeition, and the Eng4l/h make a kind of Loblolly of it
[53] to eat with Milk, which they call Samfpe; they beat
it in a Morter, and lift the flower out of it: the remainder
they call Homminey, which they put into a Pot of two or
three Gallons, with Water, and boyl it upon a gentle Fire
till it be like a Haity Pudden; they put of this into Milk,
and fo eat it.  Their Bread alfo they make of the Homminey fo boiled, and mix their Flower with it, cait it into a
deep Bafon in which they form the Loaf, and then turn
it out upon the Peel, and prefently put it into the Oven
before it fpreads abroad; the Flower makes excellent
Puddens.1
A pleasant enough illustration of what taught classical husbandry, -"  ultis
adjungere vites." - Georg., i. 2.
1 See also the Voyages, p. 73. "It is almost incredible," says Higginson
(New-England's Plantation, 1. c., p. II8), "what great gaine some of our English
planters have had by our Indian corne. Credible persons have assured me, -
and the partie himselfe avouched the truth of it to me, - that, of the setting of




I02  je-naUngIanbz  &aritite+
BafJard Calamus Aromaticus, agrees with the defcription, but is not barren; they flower in'7uy, and grow in
wet places, as about the brinks of Ponds.'
To keep t/he Feet warm.
The Englzf make ufe of the Leaves to keep their Feet
warm.  There  is a little  Beaft called  a AMHufiku7z, that
liveth  in fmall Houfes in the Ponds, like Mole Hills, that
feed upon there Plants. Their Cods fent as fweet and as
ftrong as Musk, and will laft along time handfomly
wrap'd up in Cotton wool; they are very good to lay
amongft Cloaths.  May is the beft [54] time to  kill them,
for then their Cods fent ftrongeft.
thirteen gallons of corne, hee hath had encrease of it 52 hogsheads; every hogshead holding seven bushels, of London measure: and every bushell was by him
sold and trusted to the Indians for so much beaver as was worth i8 shillings.
And so, of this 13 gallons of corne, which was worth 6 shillings 8 pence, he made
about 327 pounds of it the yeere following, as by reckoning will appeare; where
you may see how God blessed husbandry in this land. There is not such greate
and plentifull eares of corne, I suppose, any where else to bee found but in this
countrey; because, also of varietie of colours, - as red, blew, and yellow, &c.:
and of one corne there springeth four or five hundred." Roger Williams (Key,
1. c., pp. 208, 22I) has some interesting particulars of the Indian use of their corn.
According to him, the Indian msickqualash (that is succotash, as we call it now)
was "boiled corn whole," and "2nawsaumj5, a kind of meal pottage unparched.
From this the English call their samp; which is the Indian corn beaten and
boiled, and eaten, hot or cold; with milk or butter, -which are mercies beyond
the natives' plain water, and which is a dish exceeding wholesome for the English bodies.
1 Acorus Calamus, L.; common to Europe and America. In his Voyages, p.
77, the author drops properly, in mentioning this, the injurious prefix. It seems
that our New-England forefathers used the leaves to cover their cold floors, as
they had used rushes at home; and, according to Sir W. J. Hooker (Br. Fl., vol.
i. p. I59), the pleasant smell of the plant has recommended it, in like manner,
"for strewing on the floor of the cathedral at Norwich, on festival days."




fe-gCngTanbi  Iatrit0e 0o3
Wild-Leekes, which  the Indians ufe much  to  eat with
their fifh.'
A  Plant like Knavers-Mujfard, called New-England
Muftard.2
Mountain-Lieises, bearing many yellow  Flowers, turning
up  their Leaves like the Martigon, or Turks Cap, fpotted
with fmall fpots as deep as Safforn, they Flower in Yu/_y.3
One Berry, or Herb True Love. See the Figure.4
Tobacco, there  is not much  of it Planted  in New-England.  The Indians make  ufe of a fmall kind with  fhort
round leaves called Pooke.5
1 Allium Canadense, L., probably. - See also p. 55, note 4.
2 " Knaves'-mustard (for that it is too bad for honest men)." — Gerard, p. 262.
The " New-England mustard," which was like it, may be Lejpidium Virginicunm,
L.; which, having "a taste like common garden-cress, or peppergrass" (Bigel.,
Fl. Bost., in loco), perhaps attradted the first settlers.
3 The "many flowers," with reflexed sepals, perhaps refer this to our noble
American Turk's-cap (Liliumn sujperbum, L.), rather than to the yellow lily (L.
Canadense, L.).
4 See p. 8i.
5 "I They take their zwutlammauog, - that is, a weak tobacco, - which the men
plant themselves, very frequently. Yet I never see any take so excessively as I
have seen men in Europe; and yet excess were more tolerable in them, because
they want the refreshing of beer and wine, which God had vouchsafed Europe." -
R. Williams, Key, Z. c., p. 2I3. And, in another place, the same writer says that
tobacco is " commonly the only plant which men labour in" (he is speaking of
the Indians); I"the women managing all the rest" (p. 208). Wood, in his list
of Indian words (New-Eng. Prospedt, ad ull.), spells the Indian word, above
given, ottommaocke, - (perhaps both are comparable with 1"wulttahinneash,
strawberries" (Williams, 1. c., p. 220), and " weetimnouat, it smells sweet"
(Vocab. of Narraganset Lang., in Hist. Coll., vol. v. p. 82); og, ock, and ash,
being all plural terminations; between which and I" the noun in the singular one
or more consonants or vowels are frequently interspersed" (ibid., vol. iii. p. 222,
note); and oquat, from the context, the verbal; and the root appearing possibly
the same), - and also defines it as tobacco. There is much other testimony that
the New-England savages were found using " tobacco " (as Mourt's Relation, 1. c.,




I 04                  2t~g  Ia-fng~as a   iatittt,
For Burns and Scalds.
With a itrong decoftion of Tobacco they Cure Burns
and Scalds, boiling it in Water from a Quart to a Pint,
then wafh the Sore therewith, and itrew on the powder of
dryed Tobacco.
Hollow  Leaved Lavender, is a Plant that grows in falt
Marfhes overgrown with Mofs, with one itraight bfalk
about the bignefs of an Oat ftraw, better than a Cubit
high; upon the top flandeth one [551 fantaftical Flower,
the Leaves grow clofe from the root, in fhape like a Tankard, hollow, tough, and alwayes full of Water, the
p. 230; and Winslow's Relation, S. c., p. 253); but our author's text, above, appears to distinguish the true herb, "not much planted," from "a small kind
called pooke," which "the Indians make use of." And again, more clearly, in
his Voyages, we have to the same effect:  "the Indians in New England use a
small, round-leafed tobacco, called by them or the fishermen loke. It is odious
to the English.... Of marchantable... tobacco,... there is little of it
planted in New England; neither have they" (both clauses appear to refer to the
English) " learned the right way of curing of it." This " marchantable tobacco "
was no doubt mainly Nicotiana tabacur, L.; but the other kind, the weak tobacco,"- cultivated, as Williams tells us, by the Indians, and recognized as
tobacco by the English, -was not, as Wood says (N. E. Prospect, 1. c.), colt'sfoot, but Nicoliana ruslzca, L. (the yellow henbane of Gerard's Herbal, p. 356),
well known to have been long in cultivation among the American savages, and
now a naturalized relic of that cultivation in various parts of the United States.
The name, poke, or fjooke, -if it be, as is supposable, the same with 1"Suck,
smoke," of the Narraganset vocabulary of R. Williams (Hist. Coll., vol. v. p. 84),
-was perhaps always indefinite, and, since Cutler's day, has been applied in
New England to the green hellebore (Veratrum viride, Ait.); but this was not, it
is evident, the poke of the first settlers. The name is also given to Phytolacca
decandra, L. (the skoke of Cutler), and the hellebore apparently distinguished
from this as Indian poke; but the application of the name to the former, at least,
probably had its origin among the whites.




BecWl(ngtanz Rt3arititrz.        105
Root is made up of many fmall ftrings, growing only in
the Mofs, and not in the Earth, the whole Plant comes to
its perfection in AuguJI, and then it has Leaves, Stalks,
/WA'
Hollow Leaved Lavender.
and Flowers as red as blood, excepting the Flower
which hath fome yellow admixt. I wonder where the
N




knowledge of this Plant hath flept all this while, i. e.
above Forty Years.'
For all manner of Fluxes.
It is excellent for all manner of Fluxes.
Live for ever, a kind of Cud-weed.2
Tree Primerofe, taken by the Ignorant for Scabaous.3
A  Solar Plant, as fome will have it.
1 The figure sufficiently exhibits Sarracenia purpurea, L.
2 "I Live-for-ever. It is a kind of cud-weed..... It growes now plentifully in
our English gardens.... The fishermen, when they want" (that is, lack) "tobacco, take this herb; being cut and dryed."- Voyag'es, p. 78; where the author
adds the peculiar medicinal virtues of the plant, which are the same as those
assigned by Gerard (p. 644) to the genus.  Compare, as to this, Wood and
Bache, Dispens., p. I334. The species intended by Josselyn is our everlasting
(Antennarioa margarilacea (L.) Br.), described by Gerard, and figured by Johnson in his edition of the former (p. 64I), and first published by Clusius (Gnai haHuizm Americanurm, Rar. PI. Hist., vol. i. p. 327) in i6ox. Clusius had it from
England, says Johnson. The dried herb, used by the fishermen instead of tobacco, and no doubt called by them poke, may have been mistaken by Wood for
colt's-foot, the leaves of which were " smoked by the ancients in pulmonary complaints;... and, in some parts of Germany, are at the present time said to be
substituted for tobacco."- Wood and Bache, Dispzens., p. I40I. Cormus sericea,
L., - "called by the natives squaw-bush" (Williamson's Hist. Maine, vol. i. p.
125), and by the western Indians kinnikinnik (Gray, Man., p. i6i); furnished, in
its inner bark (on the medicinal properties of which, see especially Rees's Cycl.,
Amer. ed., in loco), a substitute for Nicotiana, - very widely approved among
the native Americans. The name, Indian tobacco, given to Lobelia imnfala, L.
(the emetic-weed of Cutler, 1. c., p. 484; who "first attracted to it the attention
of the profession"), by the whites, is in some connections confusing, and might
well be displaced by wild tobacco, which is also in popular use.
3 6Enolhera biennis, L. (Johnson's Gerard, p. 475), —known to Europeans,
according to Linnaeus (Sp. Pi., p. 493), as early as i614; but first described and
figured by Prosper Alpinus, in his posthumous De PI. Exolicis, p. 325, t. 324, cit.
L. Johnson says that Parkinson gave it the English name of tree-primrose,
which it still keeps. It is " vulgarly known by the name of scabish (a corruption,
probably of scabious)" in the country. - Bzgel. Fl. Bost., in loco. Josselyn describes the plant in his Voyages, p. 78.




et,-;Englant  ~Raritite                        I07
Maiden Hair, or Cahptel/us veneris verus, which  ordinarily  is  half  a  Yard  in  height.   The  Apothecaries  for
fhame now  will fubftitute  Wall-Rue no more for Maiden
Hair, fince it grows in abundance in New-England, from
whence they may have good fitore.'
Pirola, Two kinds. See the Figures, both of them
excellent Wound Herbs.2
Homer's Molley.3
[56] Lyjfmachus or Loofe Strife, it grows in dry
grounds in the open Sun four foot high, Flowers from
the middle of the Plant to the top, the Flowers purple,
handing  upon  a fmall fheath  or cod, which  when  it is
ripe breaks and puts forth a white filken doun, the ftalk
is red, and as big as ones Finger.4
Miarygold of Peru, of which there are two kinds, one
bearing  black feeds, the  other black  and  white  ftreak'd,
this beareth the faireft flowers, commonly but one upon
the very top of the ftalk.5
1 Adianturn pedalum, L. -The European A. Cajpilus veneris, L., long used
as a perdoral (the siroj de capillaire of French shops being made of it), is, according to Messrs. Wood and Bache (Dispens., p. I290), "feebler" than our
species, which Josselyn recommends.
2 See pp. 67, 68.
8 Johnson's Gerard, p. I83: which is perhaps Allium magicum, L.; for which
our A. tricoccum, Ait., may have been mistaken. - See also p. 54 of this; note.
4 Ejhilobium anguszjfoi'um, L. (rosebay willow-herbe of Gerard by Johnson);
which last figures it at p. 477: common to Europe and America; but some
botanists have, like Josselyn, reckoned the American plant "proper to the
country."
Heliantlius, L. (Gerard, p. 75I), a genus peculiar to America; called
" American marygold " in the Voyages (p. 59), where it is set down among the
more striking of our New-England flowers. At p. 82 of this book, the author
gives a cut of the " marygold of America," which he describes. It is probably




io8                 fbemJf(ngg4ants  3taititte.
Treacle-Berries.   See before Sa/omons Sea/.
Oak of Hierzufalem.   See before.
Oak of Cappadocea.  See before.
EarltA-Nuts, differing much from  thofe in England, one
fort of them bears a moit beautiful Flower.'
For the Scurvzy and Dropfie.
Sea-Tears, they  grow  upon  the  Sea  banks  in  abundance, they are good for the Scurvy and Dropfie, boiled
and eaten as a Sallade, and the broth drunk with it.2
Indian Beans, better for Phyfick ufe /han other Beans.
Indian Beans, falfly called  French  beans, are better for
Phyfick  and  Chyrurgery  [571  than  our Garden  Beans.
Probatum  efJl:3
the second one above mentioned, and perhaps H. strumosus, L., Gray.  The
other kind, with " black seeds," was probably H. divaricalusj L.
1 See p. 47. The earth-nuts of Gerard (p. Io64) are species of Bulbocastanumn
of authors.
2 Not clear to me. But, taking the alleged virtues and the station into account, our author rmay mean here the rather striking American sea-rocket (Cakile
Amnerzcana, Nutt.); which, it is likely, occurred to him. Spurge-time (p. 43)
also grows on " sea-banks."
3 " French beans; or, rather, American beans. The herbalists call them
kidney-beans, from their shape and effedts; for they strengthen the kidneys.
They are variegated much, - some being bigger, a great deal, than others; some
white, black, red, yellow, blue, spotted: besides your Bonivis, and Calavances,
and the kidney-bean that is proper to. Ronoake. But these are brought into the
country: the other are natural to the climate."-?/osselyn's Voyages, p. 73-4. R.
Williams (Key, i. c., p. 208) gives mzanusquzz ssedash as the Ind-ian word for beans.
Cornuti (whose book, indeed, is not confined to Canadian plants; though, on
the other hand, he was sometimes ill informed of the true locality of his specimens; as in the case of Asclepias Cornuti, Decsne, which he published as A.
Syriaca) figures and describes, at pp. I84-5, Phaseolus multzflorus, L.; and this




Bel.-englana         3tarfitit,                I09
Squa/hes, but more  truly  SquonterfquaJ/es, a  kind  of
Mellon, or rather Gourd, for they oftentimes degenerate
into  Gourds;  fome  of  thefe  are  green, fome  yellow,
fome longifh like a Gourd, others round like an Apple,
all of them pleafant food boyled and buttered, and feafon'd with  Spice;  but the yellow  SquaZ/  called an Apple
S!2uaJf, becaufe like an Apple, and about the bignefs of
a Pome-water is the belt kind;' they are much eaten by
the  Indizans and  the  Englz./, yet they  breed  the  fmall
white  Worms  (which  Phyfitians  call Afcarides,)  in  the
long Gut that vex the Fundament with a perpetual itching, and a defire to go to ftool.
Water-Mellon, it is a large  Fruit, but nothing  near fo
big as a Pompion, colour, fmoother, and of a fad Grafs
green  rounder or  more  rightly  Saip-green;  with  fome
yellownefs admixt when ripe; the feeds are black, the
flefh or pulpe exceeding juicy.2
may possibly have been raised from seeds procured by French missionaries from
the Canadian savages: but P. vulgaris, L., our well-known bush-bean, is doubtless what Josselyn has mainly in view, as cultivated by the native Americans.
1  Askuasquash, - their vine-apples, -which the English, from them, call
squashes: about the bigness of apples of several colours." -R. Williams, Key,
&c., 1. c., p. 222. " In summer, when their corn is spent, isquzolersquashes is their
best bread; a fruit much like a pumpion." - Wood, New-Eng. Prospec7, part 2,
chap. vi. The late Dr. T. W. Harris made the ill-understood edible gourds a
special objedt of study, and devoted particular attention to the ascertaining of the
kinds cultivated by the American savages; but his papers have not as yet seen
the light. The warted squash (Cucurbila verrucosa, L.) and the orange-gourd
(C. auranlium, Willd.)- the fruit of which last is of the size and color of an
orange, and " more tender than the common pompion" (Loudon, Encycl. PI.) -
are perhaps, in part, intended by our author.
2 " Pompions and water-mellons, too, they have good store," says our author
(Voyages, p. I30); and again, at p. 74 of the same, " The water-melon is proper




II0O                DtIlrb f:glandft  3Baitit
For heal and lhirfl  in Feavers.
It is often given to thofe fick of Feavers, and other hot
Difeafes with  good  fuccefs.
[58] New-England Dayfie, or Primrojfe, is the fecond
kind  of Navel Wort in  Yohnfon upon Gerard; it flowers
in May, and grows amongft Mofs upon hilly Grounds and
Rocks that are fhady.l
to the countrie. The flesh of it is of a flesh-colour; a rare cooler of feavers, and
excellent against the stone." The water-melon (Cucurbiza citrullus, L.) is " the
only medicine the common people use in ardent fevers," in Egypt (Loudon, 1. c.).
Cuccrbita pep5o, L. (Gr. uwurwo; Low Dutch, ypepoen, pomnspoen; Fr., pomp5one),
is our English pompion, or pumpkin. At p. 9i, Josselyn speaks of pompions
" proper to the country." Compare Gerard's chapter " of melons, or pompions"
(Johnson's Gerard, p. 9i8), where are two Virginian sorts; and see " the ancient
New-England standing dish," at p. 91 of this book. The evidence appears to be
sufficient, that our savages had in cultivation, together with their corn and tobacco, - and, like these, derived originally from tropical regions, - several sorts of
what we call squashes, some kinds of pompion, and also water-melons; and,
Graves's letter (New-England Plantation, 1. c., p. I24) adds, musk-melons. See
further, especially, Champlain (Voy. de la Nouv. France, passim) and L'Escarbot
(Hist. de la Nouv. France, vol. ii. p. 836). Mr. A. De Candolle (Geogr. Bot.,
vol. ii. pp. 899, 904) disputes the American origin of the edible gourds, but does
not appear to have examined all the early authorities for their cultivation by the
savages before the settlement of this country.  Such cultivation appears to be
made out, and to indicate that these vegetables have probably been known, from
very remote antiquity, in the warmer parts of America. But this does not touch
the difficult question of origin; and it may still appear that the gourds are equally
ancient in Europe, and derived, both here and there, from Asia (De Cand., 1. c.);
such derivation being explainable, in the case of America, by old migrations from
Asia through Polynesia. -Pickering, Races of Man, chap. 17.
1 Johnson's Gerard, p. 528; where the same plant is also called "jagged or
rose penniwoort," and is probably what our author intends at p. 43 of this. It
was no doubt our pretty Saxzjraga Virginiensis,- Michx., which Josselyn had in
view. In his Voyages, p. 80, he assigns to it the medicinal virtues which Gerard
attributes to the great navel-wort, or wall-pennywort (Cotyledon'zcmbilicus,
Huds.).




For Burns and Scalds.
It is very good for Burns and Scalds.
An Achari/Ion, or Medicine deferving thanks.
An Indian whofe Thumb was fwell'd, and very much
inflamed, and full of pain, increasing and creeping along to
the wrift, with little black fpots under the Thumb againft
the Nail; I Cured it with this Um1bellicus veneris Root and
all, the  Yolk  of an  Egg, and  Wheat flower, f. Cala5plafme.
Briony  of Peru, (we  call it though  it grown  hear) or
rather  Scammony;  fome  take  it for  Mechoacan:   The
green Juice is absolutely Poyfon; yet the Root when dry
may fafely be given to ftrong Bodies.'
Red and Black Currence. See before.
Wild Damask  Rofes, fingle, but very  large  and  fweet,
but ftiptick.2
Sweet Fern,3  the  Roots run  one within  another like  a
1 Convolvulus sepiium, L. (great bind-weed) is exceedingly like to C. Scanmmonia, L., the inspissated juice of which is the officinal scammony; and is common to Europe and North America. Gerard's bryony of Peru (p. 872-3), to which
Josselyn refers, is, whatever it be, not found here. Compare Cutler's remarks on
C. semzium (Account of Veg., &c., Z. ~., p. 4i6). Mechoacan, "called... Indian
briony, or briony, or scammony of America," from the Caribbee Islands, &c., is
described in Hughes, Amer. Physitian (i672), p. 94; and see Wood and Bache,
Dispens., p. 424, note.
2 Rosa Carolina, L. (Carolina rose), probably. - See Cutler's observations
1. c., p. 45I.  Higginson also notices "single damaske roses, verie sweete."New-Eng. Planlatio#, Z. c., p. II9. Our Carolina rose is said to be common in
English shrubberies.
3 See also Voyages, p. 72. Our author is the earliest authority that I have
met with for this name; and his plant, which is placed among those " proper to




Net, being very long and Spreading abroad under the
upper cruft of [59] the Earth, fweet in tafte, but withal
aftringent, much hunted after by our Swine: The Scotchmen that are in New-England have told me that it grows
in Scotland.
For Fluxes.
The People boyl the tender tops in Molofes Beer, and in
Poffets for Fluxes, for which it is excellent.
Sarfalparilia, a Plant not yet fufficiently known by the
Englzijh: Some fay it is a kind of Bind  Weed; we have,
in Aew-England two Plants, that go under the name of
Sarfaparilia: the one not above a foot in height without
Thorns, the other having the fame Leaf, but is a fhrub as
high as a Gooje Berry BuI4, and full of fharp Thorns;
this I efteem as the right, by the fhape and favour of the
Roots, but rather by the effeEts anfwerable to that we
have from other parts of the World; It groweth upon
dry Sandy banks by the Sea fide, and upon the banks of
Rivers, fo far as the Salt water flowes; and within Land
up in the Country, as fome have reported.'
the country," may very well be what has long been called sweet-fern in New
England, - Comn/tonia aspilenzfolia (L.) Ait.; still used in "molasses beer,"
and medicinal in the way mentioned. - Emerson, Trees and Shrubs of Mass.,
p. 226.
1 See Josselyn's Voyages, p. 77. The first of the two plants which the author
mentions here is probably Aralia nudicaulis, L. (wild sarsaparilla); and the
other, A. hzislida, Michx. The last, which is what is spoken of in the Voyages,
has been recommended for medicinal properties by Prof. Peck. - Wood and
Bache, Disjpens., p. ii6.




PrineW  n ganbo   Lartitir+                      II3
Bill Berries, two kinds, Black and Sky Coloured, which
is more frequent.'
[6o]  To cool tze heat of Feavers, and aench  Thiryl.
They are very good to allay the burning heat of Feavers,
and hot Agues, either in Syrup or Conferve.
A mojl excellent Simmer LiDz/.
They ufually eat of them  put into  a Bafon, with  Milk,
and fweetned a little more with Sugar and Spice, or for
cold Stomachs, in Sack. The Indians dry them in the
Sun, and fell them to the Enzgl/kh by the Bzt/hell, who
make ufe of them inftead of Currence, putting of them
into Puddens, both boyled and baked, and into Water
Gruel.
Knot Berry, or Clowde Berry, feldom  ripe.2
1 "Atlitaash (whortleberries), of which there are divers sorts; sweet, like
currants; some opening, some of a binding nature. Saulaash are these currants
dried by the natives, and so preserved all the year; which they beat to powder,
and mingle it with their parched meal, and make a delicate dish which they call
saiauthazg, which is as sweet to them as plum or spice cake to the English." -
R. Williams, Key, &c., 1. c., p. 22I.  The fruitful and wholesome American
whortleberries, or bilberries, were, it is likely, a very pleasant discovery to our
forefathers. It was, no doubt, those species that we call blueberries which they
made most of, and particularly the low blueberry (Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum,
Lam.) and the swamp-blueberry (V. corymbosam, L.). From these the common
black whortleberry (Gaylussacia resizosa, Torr.. and Gray) differs no less in quality than in stru&ture.  Sa'le (compare sautaash, above), in Rasles Didt. of the
Abnaki Language, 1. c., p. 450, is rendered'"frais, sans elre secs; lorsq'ils s't secs,
sikisa'lar."
2 The cloud-berry-Rubus chamcemorus, L. (Gerard, p. I420) - is found in
some parts of the subalpine region of the White Mountains; and Mr. Oakes
detedted it at Lubec, on the coast of Maine. It is common to both continents;
0




II4                  AtW —llgfglnb0  3atititm.
Sumach, differing  from   all that I did  ever fee  in  the
Herbalifts; our Englkz  Cattle devour it moit abominably,
leaving neither Leaf nor Branch, yet it fprouts again next
Spring.'
For Colds.
The Eng4ijz ufe to boyl it in Beer, and drink it for
Colds; and fo do the Indlians, from whom the Engliz had
the Medicine.
Wild  Cherry, they grow  in clufters like [6i] Grapes, of
the fame bignefs, blackifh, red when  ripe, and  of a harfh
tafte.2
For Fluxes.
They are alfo good for Fluxes.
Tranfplanted and manured, they grow exceeding fair.
and perhaps, therefore, as our author gives his cloud-berry a place in this division
of his book, he may have meant something else.
1 Rhus, L.; the species differing, as our author repeats in his Voyages (p. 7i),
" from all the kinds set down in our English herbals." Wood (N. Eng. Prospeat,
chap. v.) calls it " the dear shumach." Josselyn's account of the virtues of our
species, here, and especially in the Voyages (1. c.), agrees so well with what Gerard says of the properties of the European tanner's sumach (R. coriaria, L.),
that the latter may very likely have, in part, suggested the former. But see Cutler, 1. c., p. 427.
2 ", The cherry-trees yield great store of cherries, which grow on clusters like
grapes. They be much smaller than our English cherry; nothing near so good,
if they be not fully ripe. They so furr the mouth, that the tongue will cleave to
the roof, and the throat wax hoarse with swallowing those red bullies (as I may
call them); being little better in taste" (that is, than bullaces). " English ordering may bring them to an English cherry; but they are as wild as the Indians."
- New-England's Prospel, chap. v.  The choke-cherry (Cerasus Virginiana
(L.) DC.) and the wild cherry (C. serolina (Ehrh.) DC.) are meant.




tefnuglIantg  3Larititet                   "I5
Board Pine, is a very large Tree two or three Fadom
about.l
For Wounds.
It yields a very foveraign Turpentine for the Curing of
defperate Wounds.
For Slabbs.
The Indians make ufe of the Mofs boiled in Spring
Water, for Stabbs, pouring in the Liquor, and applying
the boiled Mofs well ftamp'd- or beaten betwixt two
itones.
For Burning and Scalding.
And for Burning and Scalding, they firft take out the
fire with a firong decoAion of Alder Bark, then they lay
upon it a Playfrer of the bark of Board Pine firft boyled
tender, and beat to a Playfter betwixt two flones.
To take Fire out of a Burn.
One Chr/?Zopher Luxe, a Fifher-man, having burnt his
Knee Pan, was healed [62] again by an Indian  Webb, or
Wife, (for fo they call thofe Women that have Husbands;)
She firft made a ftrong deco&tion of Alder bark, with
which fhe took out the Fire by Imbrocation, or letting of
1 Pinus Strobus, L. (white pine). "Of the body the English make large
canows of 20 foot long, and two foot and a half over; hollowing of them with an
adds, and shaping of the outside like a boat." -  /osselyn's Voyages, p. 64; where
is more concerning the use of this tree in medicine. " I have seen," says Wood,
"of these stately, high-grown trees, ten miles together, close by the river-side;
from whence, by shipping, they might be conveyed to any desired port." - NewEng. ProsjpedS, chap. v.




it drop upon the Sore, which would fmoak notably with
it; then fhe Playftered it with the Bark of Board Pine, or
Hemlock Tree, boyled foft and ftampt betwixt two fiones,
till it was as thin as brown Paper, and of the fame Colour,
fhe annointed the Playfter with Soyles Oyl, and the Sore
likewife, then ihe laid it on warm, and fometimes ihe
made ufe of the bark of the Larch  Tree.
To eat out proud FlejI in a Sore.
And to eat out the proud Flefh, they take a kind of
Earth Nut boyled and flamped, and laft of all, they apply
to the Sore the Roots of Water Lillies boiled and ftamped
betwixt two flones, to a Playfter.
For Stitches.
The Firr Tree, or Pitch Tree,l the Tar that is made of
all forts of Pitch Wood is an excellent thing to take away
thofe defperate Stitches of the Sides, which perpetually
affliaeth thofe poor People that are [63] ftricken with  the
Plague of the Back.
1 Abies balsamea (L.) Marsh. (balsam-fir). "The firr-tree is a large tree, too;
but seldom so big as the pine. The bark is smooth, with knobs, or blisters, in
which lyeth clear liquid turpentine, -very good to be put into salves and oyntments. The leaves, or cones, boiled in beer, are good for the scurvie. The
young buds are excellent to put into epithemes for warts and corns. The rosen is
altogether as good as frankincense..... The knots of this tree and fat-pine are
used by the English instead of candles; and it will burn a long time: but it
makes the people pale" (Josselyn's Voyages, p. 66); besides being, as Wood says
(1. c., speaking of the pine), "something sluttish."  But Higginson says they
" are very usefull in a house, and... burne as cleere as a torch."-New-Eng;
Plantation, 1. c., p. 122.




Ar-esnglanbo  R3aritti.+                     I I 7
No/e, You muit make a large Toait, or Cake flit and
dip it in the Tar, and bind it- warm to the Side.
The mo../ common Dfreajes in New England.
The Black Pox, the Spotled Feaver, the  G~Piing of the
Guts, the Dropfie, and the Sciatica, are the killing Difeafes
in New-England.
The Larch Tree, which is the only Tree of all the Pines,
that fheds his Leaves before Winter; The other remaining
Green  all the Year:  This is the  Tree  from  which we
gather that ufeful purging excrenfe, Agarick.1
For IWounds and Cuts.
The  Leaves  and  Gum   are  both  very  good  to  heal
Wounds and Cuts.
For Wounds with Bru3fes.
I cured once a defperate Bruife with a Cut upon the
Knee Pan, with an Ungent made with the Leaves of the
Larch Tree, and Hogs Greafe, but the Gum is beit.
Spruce is a goodly Tree, of which they make Malts for
Ships, and Sail Yards: It is generally conceived by thofe
1 Larix Americana, Michx. (Larch;' laccnamahac," Cutler; tamarack; hackma/ack.)  "Groundsels, made of larch-tree, will never rot; and the longer it
lyes, the harder it growes, that you may almost drive a nail into a bar of iron as
easily as into that."- yosselyn's Voyages, p. 68. "The turpentine that issueth
from the cones of the larch-tree (which comes nearest of any to the right turpentine) is singularly good to heal wounds, and to draw out the malice (or thorn, as
Helmont phrases it) of any ach; rubbing the place therewith, and throwing upon
it the powder of sage-leaves." - Ibid., p. 66.




that have [641 skill in Building of Ships, that here is
absolutely  the  belt Trees  in  the  World, many  of them
being three Fathom about, and of great length.'
An AclariJ/on for the Scurvy.
The tops of Green Spruce Boughs boiled in Bear, and
drunk, is affuredly one of the beft Remedies for the Scurvy, reitoring  the  Infeted  party  in  a  fhort time;  they
alfo make a Lotion of fome of the decoition, adding
Hony and Allum.
Hemlock Tree, a kind  of Spruce, the  bark  of this  Tree
ferves to dye Tawny; the Fifhers Tan their Sails and
Nets with  it.2
1 Abies nigra, Poir. (black or double spruce), and probably also A. alba,
Michx. (white or single spruce). "At Pascataway there is now a spruce-tree,
brought down to the water-side by our mass-men, of an incredible bigness, and
so long that no skipper durst ever yet adventure to ship it; but there it lyes and
rots." - Yosselyn's Voyages, p. 67.
2 Abies Canadensis (L.), Michx. (hemlock spruce). Beside the coniferous
trees here set down, our author mentions in his Voyages (p. 67) "the white cedar,.. a stately tree, and is taken by some to be tamarisk."  This, which is
probably our white cedar (Cujpressus /thyoides, L.), he says " the English saw into
boards to floor their rooms; for which purpose it is excellent, long-lasting, and
wears very smooth and white. Likewise they make shingles to cover their houses
with, instead of tyle. It will never warp." Wood (New-Eng. ProspedC, chap. v.)
makes mention of a "cedar-tree,... a tree of no great growth; not bearing
above a foot and a half, at the most; neither is it very high.... This wood is
more desired for ornament than substance; being of colour red and white, like
eugh; smelling as sweet as juniper. It is commonly used for ceiling of houses,
and making of chests, boxes, and staves." This seems likely to have been the
American Arbor vi/ee (Tizya occidentalis, L.); also called white-cedar. - Compare Emerson, Trees and Shrubs of Mass., pp. 96, Ioo. For mention of the juniper, see ante, p. 49.




febilenglanbo Iavitic0.                   II9
To break Sore or Swelling.
The Indians break and heal their Swellings and Sores
with it, boyling the inner Bark of young Hemlock very
well, then knocking of it betwixt two ftones to a Playfter,
and annointing or foaking it in Soyls Oyl, they apply it
to the Sore: It will break a Sore Swelling fpeedily.
One Berry, Herba Paris, or True Love.'
Say/afras, or Ague Tree.2
[651 For heat in Feavers.
The Chips of the Root boyled in Beer is excellent to
allay the hot rage of Feavers, being drunk.
For Bruifs and dry Blowes.
The Leaves of the fame Tree are very good made into
an Oyntment, for Bruifes and dry Blows.  The Bark of
the Root we ufe inftead of Cinamon; and it is Sold at the
Barbadoes for two Shillings the Pound.
And why may not this be the Bark the Jefuits Powder
was made of, that was fo Famous not long fince in England, for Agues?
Cran Berry, or Bear Berry, becaufe Bears ufe much to
1 See p. 8I; and ante, p. 54.
2 Sassafras offjcinale, Nees. " This tree growes not beyond Black Point,
eastward." - yosselyn's Voyages, p. 68. Michaux (Sylva, vol. ii. p. 144) says,
" The neighbourhood of Portsmouth... may be assumed as one of the extreme
points at which it is found towards the north-east;" but, according to Mr. Emerson (Trees and Shrubs of' Mass., p. 322), it is "found as far north as Canada,"
though... ". there a small tree."




I20                  ger    3ngtanz  Uarittie.,
feed  upon  them, is a fmall trayling  Plant that grows in
Salt Marfhes that are  over-grown  with  Mofs;  the tender
Branches (which are reddifh) run out in great length,
lying flat on the ground, where at diftances, they take
Root, over-fpreading Sometimes half a fcore Acres, fometimes in fmall patches of about a Rood or the like; the
Leaves are like Box, but greener, thick and gliftering; the
Bloffoms  are very like  the  Flowers  of [66]  our Engzlzj
NVz.g'h Shade, after which fucceed the Berries, hanging by
long  fmall foot ftalks, no  bigger than a hair; at firft they
are of a pale yellow Colour, afterwards red, and as big as
a Cherry; fome perfe&cly round, others Oval, all of them
hollow, of a fower aftringent tafte; they are ripe in
Augufij and September.i
For the Scurvy.
They are excellent againft the Scurvy.
1 Vaccznizm macrocarpznm, Ait. Our author seems not to have known the
European cranberry (V. oxycoccus, L., the marish-wortes, or fenne-berries, of
Gerard, p. I4I9); which is also found in our cold bogs, especially upon mountains.
This is called by Sir W. J. Hooker (Br. Fl., vol. i. p. 178), "far superior to the
foreign V. macrocarpon;" but, from Gerard's account, it should appear that it
was formerly much less thought of in England than was ours (according to Josselyn) here, by both Indians and English. Linnaeus speaks of the European fruit
in much the same way, in 1737, in his Flora of Lapland, where he says, " Bacce
hea  a Labi5onibus in usuzm cibariumn non vocantur, nec facile ab aliis nalionibus,
cur ninzzs acidce sint" (Fl. Lapp., p. I45): but corre6ts this in a paper on the
esculent plants of Sweden, in I752; asking, not without animation, "Harurn vero
cuzn saccharo jirapzarata gelatina, quid in mensis nostris jucundius2"  (Aman.
Acad., t. iii. p. 86.) Our American cranberry was probably the "sasemzineash -
another sharp, cooling firuit, growing in fresh waters all the winter; excellent in
conserve against fevers"-of R. Williams, Key, 1. c., p. 221.-Compare Maszzin,
rendered [fruits] " roauges betlits." - Rasles' Did., Abnaki, S. c., p. 460.




gtCb'uQlnginb   3Lartttio.                      121 
For the heat in Feavers.
They are alfo good to allay the fervour of hot Difeafes.
The Indians and Englzh ufe them much, boyling them
with Sugar for Sauce to eat with their Meat;- and it is a
delicate Sauce, efpecially for roafted Mutton: Some make
Tarts with them as with Goofe Berries.
Vine, much  differing  in  the  Fruit, all of them   very
flefhy, fome reafonably pleafant; others have a tafte of
Gun Powder, and there grow in Swamps, and low wet
Grounds.1
[67]  3. Of fuch  Plants as are proper to the Country, and
have no Name.
(I.)
Irola, or Winter Green, that kind  which  grows with
us in England is common in New-England,2 but
1 Wood says the " vines afford great store of grapes, which are very big, both
for the grape and cluster; sweet and good. These be of two sorts, -red and
white. There is likewise a smaller kind of grape which groweth in the islands "
(that is, of Massachusetts Bay), "which is sooner ripe, and more dele6table; so
that there is no known reason why as good wine may not be made in those parts,
as well as Bordeaux in France; being under the same degree." - Ne-w-Eng. Pros5pe, chap. v. "Vines," says Mr. Graves (in New-Eng. Plantation, Hist. Coll.,
vol. i. p. I24) 1" doe grow here, plentifully laden with the biggest grapes that ever
I saw. Some I have seene foure inches about."-" Our Governour," adds Higginson, " hath already planted a vineyard, with great hope of encrease." - NewEngland's Plantation, 1. c., p. II9.  V'tis Labrusca, L. (fox-grape),- for some
principal varieties of which, see Emerson, 1. c., p. 468, - furnished, probably, most
of the sorts known favorably to the first settlers; but V. cestivalis, Michx. (summer
grape), also occurs on our seaboard.
2 Pyrola, L., emend. (Gerard, p. 408). All but one of our species are common
also to Europe.
P




122                feu(TngTanbz  31aritteh.
there is another plant which I judge to be a kind of Pirola,
and proper to this Country, a very beautiful Plant; The
fhape of the Leaf and the juft bignefs of it you may fee
in the Figure.
The Leaf of the Plant judged to be a kind of Pirola.
The Ground whereof is a Sap Green, embroydered (as
it were) with many pale yellow Ribs, the whole Plant
in ihape is [68] like Sermer vivum, but far lefs, being not
above a handful high, with one flender italk, adorned with
fmall pale  yellow  Flowers  like  the  other Pirola.   It
groweth not every where, but in fome certain fmall fpots
overgrown with Mofs, clofe by fwamps and Ihady; they
are green both Summer and Winter.'
For Wounds.
They are excellent Wound Herbs, but this I judge to
be the better by far.  Probatum eq?.
X Goodyera lubescens (Willd.), R. Br., is plainly meant by the author; and
the common name of the plant -rattlesnake plantain - still preserves the memory of its supposed virtues as a wound-herb. It seems, by the next page, that
Josselyn tried to carry living specimens to England; but they " perished at sea."
The putting this. among the Pyrolae (as if by some confusion of Goodyera with
Chimnophila macclata) was a bad mistake.




J     Cgl(fngTant   Uaritiett                    I23
2.
This Plant was brought to me by a neighbour, who
(wandering in the Woods to find out his ftrayed Cattle,)
loft himfelf  [69]  for  two  Dayes, being  as  he  gheffed
eight or ten  Miles  from   the  Sea-fide.   The  Root was
pretty thick and black, having a number of fmall black
firings growing from  it, the ftalks of the  Leaves about a
handful long, the Leaves were round and as big as a
Silver five Shilling piece, of a fap or dark green Colour,
with a line or ribb as black as Jeat round the Circumference, from whence came black lines or ribs at equal
diftance, all of them meeting in a black fpot in the Center.l
1 See p. 55; where the author refers to his figures of two kinds of " Pyrola,"
of which this must be one. The Voyages (p. 202) also make mention of an
adventure of a neighhor of Josselyn's, who, " rashly wandering out after some
stray'd cattle, lost his way; and coming, as we conceived by his Relation, near to
the head-spring of some of the branches of Black-Point River or Saco River, light
into a tra6A of land, for God knows how many miles, full of delfes and dingles and
dangerous precipices, rocks, and inextricable difficulties, which did justly daunt,
yea, quite deter him from endeavouring to pass any further." And this account
may quite possibly relate to the same occasion of our author's getting acquainted
with his "elegant plant." Plukenet (Amalth., p. 94; Phytogr., tab. 287, f. 5)
mistakenly refers Josselyn's " sufficiently unhappy figure " to his Filix Hemnionitis
dida Maderensis; which is Adiantum renzforme, L.




124            Igfl(Tfanlt$  3arittttr+o
If I had fRaid longer in the Country, I fhould have purpofely made a Journey into thofe Parts where it was
gathered, to difcover if poffible, the Stalk and Flower;
but now I Ihall refer it to thofe that are younger, and
better able to undergo the pains and trouble of finding it
out; for I underftood by the Natives, that it is not common, that is, every where to be found, no more then the
embroydered Pirola, which alfo is a moit elegant Plant,
and which I did endeavour to bring over, but it perifhed at
Sea.
For Wounds.
Clownes all heal, of New-England, is another Wound
Herb not Inferiour to [70] ours, but rather beyond it:
Some of our Engz/h pra&itioners take it for Vervene, and
ufe it for the fame, wherein they are grofly miftaken.
The Leaf is like a Nettle Leaf, but narrower and
longer; the ftalk about the bignefs of a Nettle ftalk,
Champhered and hollow, and of a dusky red Colour;
the Flowers are blew, fmall, and many, growing in fpoky
tufts at the top, and are not hooded, but having only four
round Leaves, after which followeth an infinite of fmall
longifh light brown Seed; the Roots are knotty and
matted together with an infinite number of fmall white
firings; the whole Plant is commonly two Cubits high,
bitter in tafte, with a Rofenie favour.'
1 " There is a plant, likewise, - called, for want of a name, clowne's woundwort, by the English; though it be not the same, - that will heal a green wound
in 24 hours, if a wise man have the ordering of, it." — Voyages, p. 60. Verbena




FeOtX ngta nt    gtartite.                      I25
(3.)
This Plant is one of the firft that fprings up after White
hasta/a, L. (blue vervain), is perhaps, notwithstanding the author's disclaimer,
what he had in view. This is certainly different from the common, once officinal,
vervain of Europe (V. ojicinalis, L.), -on the virtues of which, as a woundherb, see Gerard, p. 718; but yet more so from true clown's all-heal (Gerard, p.
Ioo5), which is Stachys jpaluslris, L. As to other medicinal properties of our
vervains, compare Cutler, 1. c., p. 405, -where they are said to have been used
by the surgeons of our army in the Revolutionary War, - and Wood and Bache,
Dispens., p. I403.




I 26               ~elnngIanx  3Larities,
Hedlibore, in the like wet and black grounds, commonly by
Hellibore, with a fheath or Hood like Dragons, but the
peftle is of another fihape, that is, having a round Purple
Ball on the top of it, beret (as it were) with Burs; the
hood ihoots forth immediately from the Root, before any
Leaf appears, having a Green [72] fprig growing falt by
it, like the fmaller Horfe  Tayl, about the latter  end  of
Aptril the Hood and Sprig wither away, and there comes
forth in the room  a Bud, like the Bud of the Walnut Tree,
but bigger; the top of it is of a pale Green Colour,
covered with brown skins like an Onion, white underneath the Leaves, which fpread in time out of the Bud,
grow from the root with a flalk a Foot long, and are as
big as the great Bur Dock Leaves, and of the colour; the
Roots are many, and of the bignefs of the fteel of a
Tobacco Pipe, and very white; the whole Plant fents as
ftrong as a Fox; it continues till Aug/uJij.
[74] (4.)
This Plant the Hummzing Bird feedeth upon, it groweth
likewife in wet grounds, and is not at its full growth  till
1 Symjlocarpus fc/idus (L.) Salisb. (skunk-cabbage). Our author's appears
to be the first figure and account of this curious plant, which he rightly places
among such " as are proper to the country, and have no name." Cutler's description, in x785 (Account of Indig. Veg., 1. c., pp. 407-9), - which is followed
by the remark, that "' the frudtification so essentially differs from all the genera
of this order, it must undoubtedly be considered as a new genus," -was the next
contribution of importance, and so continued till Dr. Bigelow's elaborate history;
-Amer. Med. Bot., vol. ii. p. 4I, pl. xxiv. Josselyn's "sprig" of a horse-tail
might perhaps be added to his Filices, at p. 47, note 2, 3.




gert ntganbz 3Aaritttiz           I27
[73] A Branch of the Humming Bird Tree.
7uly, and then it is two Cubits high and better, the
Leaves are thin, and of a pale green Colour, fome of them
as big as a Nettle Leaf, it fpreads into many Branches,
knotty at the fetting on, and of a purple Colour, and garnifhed on the top with many hollow dangling Flowers of
a bright yellow Colour, fpeckled with a deeper yellow as




I28                 Orebenge anola         3aritite,
it were ihadowed, the Stalkes are as hollow as a Kix, and
fo are the Roots, which are tranfparent, very tender, and
full of a yellowifh juice.l
For Bruifes and Aches uzpon firoaks.
The andians make ufe of it for Aches, being bruifed
between two itones, and laid tocold, but made (after the
Engl4. manner) into an unguent with Hogs Greafe, there
is not a more foveraign  remedy  for bruifes  of what kind
foever; and for Aches upon Stroaks.
In Augu/l, I670. in a Swamp amongft Alders, I found a
fort of Tree Sow  ThZz/e, the Stalks of fome two  or three
Inches, [75] about, as hollow as a Kix and very brittle,
the Leaves were fmooth, and in ihape  like Sonchus lzvis,
i.e. Hares Let/ice, but longer, fome  about a  Foot, thefe
grow at a diftance one from another, almoft to the top,
where it begins to put forth Flowers between the Leaves
1 Impatiens fulva, Nutt. (touch-me-not; balsam).  Wilson says this plant
" is the-greatest favorite with the humming-bird of all our other flowers. In some
places where these plants abound, you may see at one time ten or twelve humming-birds darting about, and fighting with and pursuing each other." - Amer.
Ornithol., by Brewer, p. 120. As to Josselyn's note on its use in medicine by the
Indians, compare Wood and Bache, Disp., p. I345. A kix, or kex, or kexy, -
used in the expression, " hollow as a kix," - is a provincialism, in various parts
of England, for hemlock; " the dry, hollow stocks of hemlock" (whence Webster's
query, - Fr., cique; Lat. cicula); and also of cow-parsley, according to Holloway
(DiCt. of Provincialisms): that is to say, secondarily, any hollow-stemmed plant
like hemlock. Gerard's figure of Imjpaliens noli langere, L., the European balsam, - of which the earlier botanists considered our species to be varieties, - is
so poor, and the plant so rare in Britain, that it is perhaps little wonder that our
author took the showy American balsam to be quite new.




Tt3(gflrganIa s Utaritit,.            I 29
and the Stalk, the top of the flalk runs out into a fpike,
beret about with Flowers like Sow Thiftle, of a blew  or
azure colour: I brought home one of the Plants which
was between twelve and thirteen Foot in length, I wondered at it the more for that fo large and tall a Plant
fhould grow from fo fmall a Root, confifting of flender
white firings little bigger than Bents, and not many of
them, and none above a Finger long, fpreading under the
upper cruft of the Earth; the whole Plant is full of Milk,
and of a fitrong favour.1
[76] The Plant when it firings ufp firf.
(5.)
This Plant I found in a gloomy dry Wood under an
Oak, I670. the I8ti of Augufi, afterwards I found it in
1 Mulgediurn leucopwceum, DC. (Gray, Manual, p. 241). This fine plant is
peculiar to America.
Q)"




I30            Ar(eWAfnglanto 3aritieo.
[771 The Figure of the Plant when it is at full growth.
open Champain grounds, but yet fomewhat fcarce: The
Root is about the bignefs of a Frenc/h Walnut, the Bark
thereof is brown, and rugged, within of a yellowifh
Colour, from whence arifeth a flender ftalk, no bigger
than an Oat ftraw, about'two Cubits in height, fomewhat better than a handful above the Root ihooteth out
one Leaf of a Grafs Green colour, and an Inch or two
above that, another Leaf, and fo four or five at a greater
diftance one from another, till they come within a handful
of the top, where upon flender foot ftalks grow the Flow



mebengIanz siatritits.                 I3'
ers four or five, more or fewer, cluttering together in pale
long  green husks milk white, confifting  of ten fmall
Leaves, fnipt a little on the edges with purple hair threads
in the midft; the whole Plant is of a brakifh taft: -When it
is at its full growth the ftalks are as red as Blood.l
[78]
1 Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. (Snake-weed): the genus peculiar to America.




132             Bebto(nt]ganb   3taritit,.
[791  (6.)
This Plant Flowers in  Augutf, and  grows in wet
Ground; it is about three or four foot in height, having
a fquare flender ftalk, chamfered, hollow and tuff, the
Leaves grow at certain diftances one againft another, of
the colour of Egrimozy Leaves fharpe pointed, broadeft
in the midft about an Inch and half, and three or four
Inches in length, fnipt about the edges like a Nettle Leaf,
at the top of the Stalk for four or five Inches thick, fet
with pale green husks, out of which the Flowers grow,
confifting of one Leaf, fhaped like the head of a Serpent,
opening at the top like a mouth, and hollow throughout,
containing four crooked pointels, and on the top of every
pointel a fmall, gliftering, green button, covered with a
little white woolly matter, by which they are with the
pointels faftened clofe together and fhore up the tip of
the upper chap, the crooked pointels are very ftiff and
hard, from the bottom of the husks, wherein the Flower
ftands, from the top of the Seed Veffel fhoots out a
white thread which runs in at the bottom of the Flower,
and fo [80] out at the mouth; the whole Flower is milk
white, the infide of the chaps reddifh, the Root I did not
obferve.1
1 Chelone glabra, L. (snake-head). Plukenet quotes this figure under Dizgilalis Verbesince folizs, &c. (Amalth., p. 71; Mant., p. 64); which is referred by
Linnzeus to Gerardia i;edicularis, L. Plukenet has himself figured our plant,
and but little better than Josselyn, in Phytogr., t. 348, fig. 3. The genus is peculiar to America.




[8I]  (7.)
This Plant I take for a varigated Herb Paris, True Love
or One Berry, or rather One Flower, which is milk white,
and made up with four Leaves, with many black threads
in the middle, upon every thread grows a Berry (when
the Leaves of the Flower are fallen) as big as a white
peafe, of a light red colour when they are ripe, and cluftering together in a round form as big as a Pullets Egg,
which at diftance Ihews but as one Berry, very pleafant
in tafte, and not unwholfome; the Root, Leaf, and




Flower differ not from  our EngA/h kind, and their time  of
blooming and ripening agree, and therefore doubtlefs a
kind of Herba Paris.'
[82] The fmall Sun Flower, or Marygold of America.
1 Upon this figure, Plukenet founds his Solanum quadrzfolium Nov' Anglicanum, fore lacieo jpolycoccum (Amalth., p. I95); clearly taking the plant, as
Josselyn did, for " a kind of Herba Paris " (Paris quadr folia, L.), which is Solanum quadrifolium  bacciferum of Bauhin (Pin., p. I67, cit. L.).  The plant is




Btern ingIanbb   3ItRaritrs,+                  I35
[83]
[84]   (8.)
This Plant is taken  by  our Simplifts  to  be  a kind  of
doubtless Cornus Canadensis, L. (dwarf-cornel; bunch-berry); and it certainly
resembles the figure of Herb Paris, given by Gerard (p. 405), much more than
that of Cornus suecica, L. (European dwarf-cornel, p. 1296), - a shrub ill understood by the old botanists.




I36              Ine  tgant  3Larttfre~
Golden Rod, by others for Sarazens Confound.  I judge
it to be a kind of fmall Sun Flower, or MZarygold of the
We/? Andies; the Root is brown and flender, a foot and
half in length, running a flope under the upper face of the
Earth, with fome firings here and there, the ftalk as big as
the iteal of a Tobacco pipe, full of pith, commonly brownifh, Sometimes purple, three or four foot high, the Leaves
grow at a diftance one againft another, rough, hard, green
above, and gray underneath, flightly fnipt and the ribs
appear moft on the back fide of the Leaf, the Flower is of
a bright yellow, with little yellow cups in the midft, as in
the Marygold of Peru, with black threads in them with
yellow pointels, the Flower fpreads it felf abroad out of a
cup made up of many green beards, not unlike a Thiftle;
Within a handful of the top of the ftalk (when the Flower
is fallen, growes an excrenfe or knob as big as a Walnut,
which being broken yieldeth a kind of Turpgentine or
rather Rojen.'
What Cuichenele is.
The ftalk beneath and above the knob, covered with a
multitude of fmall Bugs, about the bignefs of a great flea,
which I prefume will make good Cutchenele, ordered as
they fhould be before they come to have Wings: They
make a perfeCt Scarlet Colour to Paint with, and durable.
1 Helz'anhus, L., sp. (sun-flower); a genus peculiar to America. The species
is perhaps H. strumosus, L. (Gray, Man., p. 218). - See p. [56] of this book;
note.




4. Of fuch Plants as have fprung up fince the Englifh
Planted and kept Cattle in New-England.l
C  Ouch Grajs.2
Shepherds Pur/e.3
]Dandelion.4
Ground/el.6
Sow  Th/tZle.6
i The importance of this list has been already spoken of. Its value depends
on its having been drawn up by a person of familiarity with some of the botanical
writers of his day, as part of a botanical treatise; and the (in this case) not unfair
presumption that the names cited are mneant to be accurate. Mr. A. De Candolle
(Geogr. Botanique, vol. ii. p. 746) appears to be unacquainted with any authority
for the naturalized plants of the Northern States earlier than the first edition of
the Florula of Dr. Bigelow, in 1814. The treatise of Cutler extends this limit to
i785; and that of Josselyn, so far as it goes, to I672.
2 Doubtful. Gerard's couch-grass, p. 23, appears to be Holcus mollis, L.,"the true couch-grass of sandy soils" in England; and English agricultural
writers reckon yet other grasses of this name, beside the well-known Triticum
repens, L.
3 Gerard, p. 276, - Cajpsella Bursa Pastoris (L.), Moench. " Cornfields, and
about barns," - Cutler (I785), 1. c. Naturalized.
4 Gerard, p. 290, - Tarawacum Dens Leonis, Desf.; looked, to our author,
like a new-comer. Dr. Gray (Man., p. 239; and comp. Torr. and Gray, Fl., vol.
ii. p. 494) regards it as " probably indigenous in the north," but only naturalized
in other regions. " Grass land," - Cutler (1785), 1. c.
5 Gerard, p. 278, - Senecio vulgaris, L.; one of the adventive naturalized
plants, as defined by Mr. De Candolle (1. c., vol. ii. p. 688; and Gray, Man. Bot.,
pref., p. viii.), according to the evidence of Dr. Darlington (Fl. Cestr., p. I52),
and Gray, 1. c. It has long been a common weed in eastern New England.
6 Sonchus, L. S. oleraceus, L., as understood by Linnaeus, was no doubt
intended: but this is now taken to include two species, both recognized in this
country (Gray, i. c., p. 24I); between which there is no evidence to authorize a
decision.
R'




I38                   ebtu(!Tnglanbz  Uaritie.
Wild Arrach.l
Nzight Shade, with the white Flower.2
Netllesfinging, which was the firft Plant taken notice of.8
AMallowes.4
[86] Plain/ain, which the Indians call Engljzh-Mans Foot,
as though produced by their treading.5
1 The genera Chenopodi'um, L., and A/rrtplex, L., were much confused in
Josselyn's day; and his wild orach may belong to either. Gerard's wild orach is
in part AtrizplexIatula, L. (p. 326); but the first species to which he gives this
name (p. 325) is Chenopod'um polyspiermum, L. The latter is a rare, adventive
member of our Flora (Gray, 1. c., p. 363); and the former is, according to Bigelow (Fl. Bost., ed. 3, p. 40I), the well-known orach of our salt-marshes: but Dr.
Gray now refers this (Man., p. 365) to the nearly allied A. hastala, L. This
plant, in either case, is reckoned truly common to both continents. It is possible
that Josselyn intended it.
2 Garden nightshade (Gerard, p. 339); Solanum ntgrum, L.  "Common
among rubbish,"- Cutler (1785), 1. c. Naturalized.
8 Common stinging-nettle, or great nettle (Gerard, p. 70o6), - Urlica dioica,
L.
4 Field-mallowr (Gerard, p. 930), Malva sylveslris, L., and wild dwarf-mallow
(ibid.), M. ro/undifolia, L., are the only sorts likely to have been in view. The
latter was, I doubt not, intended; and the former, adventive only with us, may
also have occurred at any period after the settlement.
"6' It is but one sort, and that is broad-leaved plantain" (Josselyn's Voyages,
p. I88). Broad-leaved plantain (Gerard, p. 4I9),- Plantago major, L.; one of
the most anciently and widely known of plants, and inhabiting, at present, all the
great divisions of the earth. An account, similar to our author's, of the name
given to it by the American savages, is found in Kalm's Travels. " Mr. Bartram
had found this plant in many places on his travels; but he did not know whether
it was an original American plant, or whether the Europeans had brought it
over. This doubt had its rise from the savages (who always had an extensive
knowledge of the plants of the country) pretending that this plant never grew
here before the arrival of the Europeans. They therefore gave it a name which
signifies the Englishman's foot; for they say, that, where a European had walked,
there this plant grew in his footsteps." - Kalm's Travels in/o Nor/h America, by
Forster, vol. i. p. 92. But Dr. Pickering considers it possible, that, in North-west
America at least, the plantain was introduced by the aborigines (Races of Man,
pp. 317, 320): and, uncertain as this is admitted to be, the old vulgar names of




Black Henbane.l
Wormwood.2
Sharp pointed Dock.'
Patience.4
the plant in Northern languages -as Wegerich and Wegetritt of the German,
Weegblad and Weegbree of the Dutch, Veibred of the Danish, and Weybred of
old English, all pointing to the plantain's growing on ways trodden by man -
suggest, perhaps, a far older supposed relation between this plant and the human
foot than that mentioned above; and thus favor the derivation of the original
Latin name (as old as Pliny, H. N., vol. xxv. 8, in ~ 39) from planla, the sole of the
foot, -whether because the plantain is always trodden on, or, taking the termination go in jlanlago, as some philologists take it, to signify likeness (as doubtless
in lappago, mollugo, asperugo; but this signification does not appear so clear in
some other words with the like ending), because its leaves resemble the sole of
the foot in flatness, breadth, marking, and so on. The possible derivation from
planta, a plant, "'per excellentiam, quasi pantam perastantissimam " (Tournef.,
Inst., vol. i. p. I28), though less open to question than that of Linnaeus ("1P1anta
langenda," Phil. Bot., ~ 234), is certainly less significant than the other; which,
with the statements (independent, so far as appears, of each other) of Josselyn
and Kalm, if these may be relied on, seems to point to a very ancient co-incidence of thought, not unworthy of attention. Something else of the same sort is
to be found in R. Williams, where he says (Key, 1. c., p. 218) that the Massachusetts Indians called the constellation of the Great Bear mosk, or pawkunnawawz;
that is, the bear.
1 Gerard, p. 353, - H-yoscyamus nzger, L. Adven/ive only: having C" escaped
from gardens to roadsides," according to Dr. Gray (Man., p. 340); but "common
amongst rubbish and by roadsides," in I785 (Cutler, 1. c.), and perhaps long
known on the coasts of Massachusetts Bay.
2 Broad-leaved wormwood, " our common and best-knowne wormwood " (Gerard, p. Io96), - Arlemisia absynghium, L. " Roadsides and amongst rubbish,"
1785, - Cutler, 1. c. Omitted by Bigelow, and not very frequent.
3 Gerard, p. 388. If this is to be taken for Rumex acutus, Sm. (Fl. Brit.),
which seems not to be certain, it is now referable to R. conglonzeratus, Murr.,
which is "' sparingly introduced " with us, according to Gray (Man., p. 377). But
it is more likely that Josselyn had R. crispus, L. (curled dock), in view: which is,
I suppose, the "' varietie " of sharp-pointed dock, " with crisped or curled leaves,"
of Johnson's Gerard, p. 387; and is the only mention of the species by those
authors.
4 Gerard, p. 389, - Rumex Palien/ia, L. This and the next were garden pot



I40                 tein:-ng3Ian        3Laritite.
Bloodwort.l
And I fufpeA  Adders Tonguge.2
Knot Grajs.3
Cheek weed.4
Com1herie, with the white Flower.6
May weed, excellent for the Mother; fome of our Engliz(j
Houfwives call it fron Wort, and make a good Unguent for old Sores.6
herbs of repute: and, at p. go, our author brings them in again as such; telling
us that bloodwort grows "but sorrily," but patience "very pleasantly."  This
may very likely have crept out of some garden: but the great water-dock (R.
Hydrolahathuzm, Huds.) is, says Gerard, "not unlike to the garden patience"
(p. 390); and Dr. Gray says the same of the American variety of the former. -
Man., p. 377.
1 Gerard, p. 390, - Rumex sanguineus, L., " sown for a pot-herb in most gardens" (Gerard); and so our author, p. go. Linnaeus took it to be originally
American: but it is common in Europe; and Dr. Gray marks the American plant
as naturalized. Dr. Torrey indicated the species as occurring about New York
in I8I9 (Catal. PI., N.Y.); but New-England botanists do not appear to have
recognized it. Josselyn's plant was perhaps the offcast of some garden.
2 Gerard, p. 404. - Compare p. 42 of this; where our author more corredtly
reckons it among plants truly common to Europe and America.
3 ", Common knot-grasse" (Gerard, p. 565), -Polygonum aviculare, L. Common to all the great divisions of the earth, and reckoned indigenous in America.
- De Cand. Geogr. Bot., vol. i. p. 577; Gray, Man., p. 373.
4 There are many chickweeds in Gerard; but that most likely to have been in
the author's view here is the universally known common chickweed, - the middle
or small chickweed of Gerard, p. 6II. This was " common in gardens and rich
cultivated ground" in 1785. - Cutler, 1. c. Few plants have spread so widely
over the earth as Stellaria mnedia.
5 Great comfrey (Gerard, p. 806), - Sympihytum offcinale, L.: also in the list
of garden herbs at p. go. "Sometimes found growing wild,"- Cutler (1785),
Z. c. Not admitted by Dr. Bigelow (Fl. Bost.), but included by Dr. Gray as an
adventive. -MIan., p. 320.
6 Gerard, p. 757, - Marula cotzla (L.), DC.; a naturalized member of our
Flora, now become a very common ornament of roadsides; where Cutler notices
it, also, in I785.




The great Clot Bur.l
Mullin, with the white Flower.2
Q. What became of the influence of thofe Planets that
produce and govern there Plants before this time!
I have now done with fuch Plants as grow wild in the
Country in great plenty, (although I have not mentioned
all) I ihall now in the Fifth place give you to under [87]
itand what Engl/j. Herbs we have growing in our Gardens
that profper there as well as in their proper Soil, and of
fuch as do not, and alfo of fuch as will not grow  there  at
all.
5. Of /uck Garden Herbs (among/I us) as do thrive there,
and of fuch as do not.3
C   Abbidge growes there exceeding well.
Let/ice.
1  Great burre-docke, or clott-burre " (Gerard, p. 809), - La1pa major, Gaertn.
" About barns," - Cutler (1785), l. c.
2 "1 White-floured mullein " (Gerard, p. 773), - perhaps Verbascum Lychnilis,
L.; which is adventive in some parts of the United States (Gray, Man., p. 283),
but is not otherwise known to have made its appearance in New England. Great
mullein (V. Tliapsus, L.) was "common" in Cutler's time. The moth-mullein
(V. Blattaria, L.) he only knew " by roadsides in Lynn" (Z. c., p. 419). Other
plants referable to this list of naturalized weeds are " wild sorrel," p. 42; Polygonum Persicaria, p. 43; St. John's wort, speedwell, chickweed, male fluellin, catmint, and clot-bur, p. 44; yarrow, and oak of Jerusalem, p. 46; pimpernel, and
toadflax, p. 48; and wild purslain, and woad-waxen, p. 51. See also spearmint,
and ground-ivy, p. 89; and elecampane, celandine, and tansy, p. go.
3 The earliest, almost the only account that we have of the gardens of our
fathers, after they had settled themselves in their New England, and had tamed




I42                  A cbfnglfanfb    3Laritite
Sorrel.
Parley.
Marygold.
its rugged coasts to obedience to English husbandry. What with their garden
beans, and Indian beans, and pease (" as good as ever I eat in England," says
Higginson in I629); their beets, parsnips, turnips, and carrots (" our turnips,
parsnips, and carrots are both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in
England," says the same reverend writer); their cabbages and asparagus,- both
thriving, we are told, exceedingly; their radishes and lettuce; their sorrel, parsley, chervil, and marigold, for pot-herbs; and their sage, thyme, savory of both
kinds, clary, anise, fennel, coriander, spearmint, and pennyroyal, for sweet herbs,
- not to mention the Indian pompions and melons and squanter-squashes, " and
other odde fruits of the country," - the first-named of which had got to be so well
approved among the settlers, when Josselyn wrote in I672, that what he calls
" the ancient New-England standing dish" (we may well call it so now!) was
made of them; and, finally, their pleasant, familiar flowers, lavender-cotton and
hollyhocks and satin (" we call this herbe, in Norfolke, sattin," says Gerard;
4" and, among our women, it is called honestie ") and gillyflowers, which meant
pinks as well, and dear English roses, and eglantine, -yes, possibly, hedges of
eglantine (p. go note), - surely the gardens of New England, fifty years after the
settlement of the country, were as well stocked as they were a hundred and fifty
years after. Nor were the first planters long behindhand in fruit. Even at his
first visit, in 1639, our author was treated with " half a score very fair pippins,"
from the Governor's Island in Boston Harbor; though there was then, he says
(Vqyages, p. 29), " not one apple tree nor pear planted yet in no part of the countrey but upon that island." But he has a much better account to give in 1671:
" The quinces, cherries, damsons, set the dames a work. Marmalad and preserved
damsons is to be met with in every house. Our fruit-trees prosper abundantly, -
apple-trees, pear-trees, quince-trees, cherry-trees, plum-trees, barberry-trees.  I
have observed, with admiration, that the kernels sown, or the succors planted,
produce as fair and good fruit, without graffing, as the tree from whence they
were taken. The countrey is replenished with fair and large orchards. It was
affirmed by one Mr. Woolcut (a magistrate in Connecticut Colony), at the Captain's messe (of which I was), aboard the ship I came home in, that he made five
hundred hogsheads of syder out of his own orchard in one year." — Voyages, p.
i89-9o. Our barberry-bushes, now so familiar inhabitants of the hedgerows of
Eastern New England, should seem from this to have come, with the eglantines,
from the gardens of the first settlers. Barberries " are planted in most of our
English gardens," says Gerard.




TehtfAngTantf  ItMttiec3                        143
French Mallowes.
Chervel.
Burne/.
Winter Savory.
Summer Savory.
Time.
Sage.
Carrats.
Parfnips of a prodigious fize.
Red Bee/es.
(88) Radhes.
Turnips.
PurfJain.1
Wheat.2,Rye.
Barley, which commonly degenerates into Oats.
Oats.
Peaje of all forts, and  the  belt in  the World;  I never
heard of, nor did fee in eight Years time, one Worm eaten
Pea.
Garden Beans.3
1 Portulaca oleracea,; I,. p. saliva, L. (garden purslain). The wild variety is
also reckoned by our author, in his list of plants, common to us and the Old
World (p. 5i).
2 See Josselyn's Voyages, p. i88.
8 Vicia Faba, Willd., of which the Windsor bean is a variety. The author
compares it, at p. 56, with kidney-beans (P'haseolus vulgaris, L.), called Indian
beans by the first settlers, who had them from the savages, to the advantage of
the last-mentioned sort; which probably soon drove the other out of our gardens.
- Compare Cobbett's American Gardener, p. Io5.




Naked Oats,' there called Si'pee, an excellent grain  ufed
infleed  of Oat Meal, they dry it in an  Oven, or in  a Pan
upon the fire, then beat it fmall in a Morter.
Another fanding DLi  in New-England.
And when the Milk is ready to boil, they put into a
pottle of Milk about ten or twelve fpoonfuls of this Meal,
fo boil it leafurely, ftirring of it every foot, leaf it burn
too; when it is almoft boiled enough, they hang the Kettle
up higher, and let it ftew only, in fhort time it will thicken
like a Cuftard; they feafon it [89] with a little Sugar and
Spice, and fo ferve it to the Table in deep Bafons, and it is
altogether as good as a White-pot.
For People weakned wi/h long Sicknefs.
It exceedingly nourifheth and Strengthens people weakned with long Sicknefs.
Sometimes they make Water Gruel with it, and fome1 Gerard, p. 75,-Avena nuda, L.; derived from common oats (A. saliva,
L.) according to Link; and also (in Gerard's time, and even later) in cultivation.
It was called pillcorn, or peelcorn, because the grains, when ripe, drop naked
from the husks. But is it not possible that our author's Silpee (comparable with
albee, a leaf; tooibee, a root; ahtpee, a bow, in the Micmac language, -Mass.
Hist. Coll., vol. vi., pp. 20, 24) was really the American name of the well-known
water-oats, or Canada rice, - Zizania aquatica, L.; the deciduous grains of
which are said to afford " a very good meal" (Loudon, Encycl., p. 788), with the
qualities of rice? - See Bigel., Fl. Bosi., edit. 3, p. 369. This has long been used
by our savages; but I have not met with any mention of it in the early writers.
The " standing dish in New England " has its interest, if it were really made of
Canada rice.




jecW -(ngant            llattritie+              I'45
times thicken their Flefh Broth  either with  this or Homnminey, if it be for Servants.
Spear Mint.l
Rew, will hardly grow.
Fetherfew  profpereth exceedingly.
Southern Wood, is no Plant for this Country. Nor,
Rofemary. Nor
Bayes.2
While Satlen groweth pretty well, fo doth
Lavender Coilon.3 But
Lavender is not for the climate.
Penny Royal.
Smalledgge.
Ground Ivy, or Ale Hoof.4
Gilly Flowers will continue two Years.5
[go] Fennel mulf be taken up, and kept in a warm
Cellar all Winter.
1 Gerard, p. 680, -Men/ha viridis, L. It perhaps soon became naturalized.
"In moist ground" (I785). - Cutler, 1. c.
2 Perhaps only an inference of the author's, from the southern origin of these
three shrubs. Lavender also belongs naturally to a warmer climate.
3 Gerard, p. IIO9, - San/olina Chamce Cyparissus,, L.
4 Gerard, p. 856. - Glechoma hederacea, L.; once of great medicinal repute:
which accounts for our author's finding it, as it should seem, among gardenherbs. It has become naturalized and very familiar in New England. Cutler
finds it wild in i785. Mr. Bentham refers it to Nepeta, but substitutes a new
specific name for that given by Linnaeus, which is based on the ancient names,
and has at least the'right of priority.
6 " Gillifiowers thrive exceedingly there, and are very large. The collibuy, or
humming-bird, is much pleased with them." - Yosselyn's Voyages, p. i88.
S




I46                 gfle s;nglanbi  31arities.
Houfeek profpereth notably.
Holly hocks.
Enula Camjpana, in two Years time the Roots rot.'
Comferie, with white Flowers.
Coriander,    and
Dill.    and
Annis thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as alfo the
Seed of Fennel feldom come to maturity; the Seed of
Annis is commonly eaten with a fly.
Clary never lafts but one  Summer, the Roots rot with
the  Froft.
Sparagus thrives exceedingly, fo does
Garden Sorrel, and
Sweet Bryer, or Eglantine.2
Bloodwort but forrily, but
Patience,3  and
Englkh Rofes, very pleafantly.4
1 Elecampane (Gerard, p. 793), - Inula Helenizum, L. " Roadsides" (I785),
-Culler, 1. c., and now extensively naturalized in New England.
2 Gerard, p. I272, -Rosa rubzgznosa, L.; and R. micrantha, Sm.  Since
naturalized, especially in Eastern New England, and not uncommon on roadsides and in pastures. First indicated as a member of our Flora by Bigelow in
i824. -  l. Bost., in loc. " Eglantine, or sweet-bryer, is best sowen with juniperberries, - two or three to one eglantine-berry, put into a hole made with a stick.
The next year, separate and remove them to your banks. In three years' time,
they will make a hedge as high as a man; which you may keep thick and handsome with cutting." - yosselyn's Voyages, p. i88. And what next goes before
seems to show that the author picked up this information here; which is not
uninteresting.
3 See p. 86.
4 Brier-rose, or hep-tree (Gerard, p. 1270); "also called Rosa canina, which
is a plant so common and well knowne, that it were to small purpose to use many




Celandinze, by  the  Weft Country  men  called  Kenning
Wort, grows but flowly.l
MuJchatca, as well as in England.
Dillander, or Pepper  Wort, flourifheth  notably, and  fo
doth.
TanaZfe.2
MzfJ~k AMelons are better than our EznglA, and.
[91] Cucumbers.
Pompions, there be of feveral kinds, fome proper to the
Country,3 they are dryer then our EngZlh Pompions, and
better tafted; you may eat them green.
words in the description thereof: for even children with great delight eat the
berries thereof, when they be ripe, - make chaines and other prettie gewgawes
of the fruit; cookes and gentlewomen make tarts, and such like dishes, for pleasure thereof," &c. (Gerard, 1. c.). Rosa canina, L., was once the colledtive name
of what are now understood as many distinft species; but that which still retains
the name of dog-rose is reckoned the finest of native English roses. This familiar
plant may well have been reared with tender interest in some New-England gardens of Josselyn's day; but it did not make a new home here, like the eglantine.
Cutler gives the name of dog-rose to the Carolina rose, -R. Carolina, L., -
which it has not kept; and he also makes it equivalent to the officinal R. canina.
Our Flora will possibly one day include one or two other garden-roses. A damask rose is well established and spreading rapidly in mowing-land of the writer's,
and elsewhere on roadsides of this country; and that general favorite, the cinnamon-rose, which is now naturalized in England, may yet become wild with us.
1 Great celandine (Gerard, p. Io69), as the west-country name of kenningwort - that is, sight-wort - makes manifest; the juice being once thought to be
"good to sharpen the sight,"- Chelidonitm manjus, L. Small celandine (Ranunculus Ficar/a, L.) was quite another thing. The former had got to be " common
by fences and amongst rubbish " in I785 (Cutler, 1. c.), and is now naturalized in
Eastern New England.
2 Gerard, p. 65o, - Tanaceltum vulgare, L. In "pastures " (i785). - Cutler,
1. c. Now widely naturalized in New England.
3 See p. 57, note. "' The ancient New-England standing dish " was doubtless
far better than Gerard's fried pompions (p. 92i), and has more than held its
own.




148                 Uge -n'               Mar/Litir.
The ancient New-EngflandJifanding Drh.
But the Houfwives manner is to flice them when ripe,
and cut them into dice, and fo fill a pot with them of two
or three Gallons, and flew them upon a gentle fire a whole
day, and as they fink, they fill again with frefh Pompions,
not putting any liquor to them; and when it is flew'd
enough, it will look like bak'd Apples; this they Diih,
putting Butter to it, and a little Vinegar, (with fome Spice,
as Ginger, &c.) which makes it tart like an Apple, and fo
ferve it up to  be eaten with  Fifh  or Flefh:  It provokes
Urin extreamly and is very windy.
[92] Sixthly and laffly,
Of Stones, Minerals, Me/als and Earths.l
A       S firf, the Emrald which  grows in flat Rocks, and is
very good.
Rubies, which here are very watry.
1 " For such commodities as lie under ground, I cannot, out of mine own
experience or knowledge, say much; having taken no great notice of such things:
but it is certainly reported that there is iron-stone; and the Indians informed us
that they can lead us to the mountains of black-lead; and have, shown us leadore, if our small judgment in such things does not deceive us; and though nobody
dare confidently conclude, yet dare they not utterly deny, but that the Spaniard'sbliss may lie hid in the barren mountains. Such as have coasted the country
affirm that they know where to fetch sea-coal, if wood were scarce. There is
plenty of stone, both rough and smooth, useful for many things; with quarries of
slate, out of which they get coverings for houses; with good clay, whereof they




I have heard a ftory of an Indian, that found a ftone, up in
the Country, by a great Pond as big as an Egg, that in a
dark Night would give a light to read by; but I take  it to
be but a ftory.
Diamond, which are very brittle, and therefore of little
worth.
Cryfal, called by our Weft Country Men the Kenning
Stone; by Sebegug Pond is found in confiderable quantity,
not far from  thence is a Rock  of Cryftal called  the JMoofe
Rock, becaufe in Ihape like a Moofe,    and
HMulcovy  Gla/s, both  white  and  purple  of reafonable
content.
make tiles and bricks and pavements for their necessary uses. For the country
it is well watered as any land under the sun; every family, or every two families,
having a spring of sweet water betwixt them; which is far different from the waters of England, being not so sharp, but of a fatter substance, and of a more jetty
colour..... Those that drink it be as healthful, fresh, and lusty as they that
drink beer." - Wood, New-Eng. Prosped, chap. v. " The humour and justness
of" this writer's " account recommend him," says the editor of 1764, " to every
candid mind." There is certainly no view of New England, as it was at its settlement, that surpasses Wood's in understanding, and homeborn English truth, not
always without beauty. What he says in this place of " quarries of slate " points
to a very early discovery. Higginson says, in I629 (New-Eng. Plantation, 1. c.,
p. I 8), " Here is plenty of slates at the Isle of Slate in Masathulets Bay:"
and there is a court order of July 2, i633, granting " to Tho: Lambe, of slate in
Slate Ileand, io poole towards the water-side, and 5 poole into the land, for three
yeares; payeing the yearely rent of ijs. vjd."- Mass. Col. Rec., vol. i. p. io6.
There are other later grants of the same island, which "lies between Bumkin
Island and Weymouth River." -Pemberton, Desc. Bost., Mass. Hist. Coll., vol.
iii. p. 297. Josselyn, in his Voyages, p. 46, says that tables of slate could be got
out (he does not tell us where), " long enough for a dozen men to sit at." Argillaceous slate is, according to Dr. Hitchcock, "the predominating rock on the
outermost of these islands;" and he adds, that "there can be but little doubt that
the peninsula of Boston has a foundation" of this rock. - RePorg on Geol. of
Mass., p. 270.




150                  ArjIalenglants 31aritiem
Black Lead.'
Bole Armoniack.
[93] Red and Yellow  Oker.
Terra Szigilla.
Vitriol.
Antimony.
Arj/fick, too much.
Lead  2
Tin.
Tin Glajs.
Silver.
Iron, in abundance, and as good bog Iron as any in the
World.
Cotper.  It is reported  that the  French  have a Cotper
Mine at Port Royal, that yieldeth them twelve Ounces of
pure Cotpter out of a Pound of Oar.
1 " Mr. John Winthrope, jun., is granted ye hill at Tantousq, about 6o miles
westward, in which the black-leade is; and liberty to purchase some land there
of the Indians" (I3th November, I644).2-Mass. Col. Rec., vol. ii. p. 82; and
Savage, in Winlhroj, N. B., vol. ii. p. 2I3, note. The place mentioned is what
is now Sturbridge; which is called " the most important locality" of black-lead
in Massachusetts, by Dr. Hitchcock. - Geol., pp. 47, 395.
2 "The mountains and rocky hills are richly furnished with mines of lead,
silver, copper, tin, and divers sorts of minerals, branching out even to their
summits; where, in small crannies, you may meet with threds of perfe6t silver:
yet have the English no maw to open any of them; " and so forth. - yosselyn's
Voyages, p. 44.




I fhall conclude this SefAion with a ftrange Cure effected
upon a Drummers Wife, much affliEted with a Wolf in
her Breaft; the poor Woman lived with her Husband at
a Town called by the Indians, CaJco, but by the Exzglij/,
FamouthZ; where for fome time fhe fwaged the Pain of her
Sore, by bathing it with ftrong Malt Beer, which it would
[94] fuck in greedily, as if fome living Creature: When
fhe could come by no more Beer, (for it was brought from
Boq/on, along the Coafts by Merchants,) fhe made ufe of
Rhum!, a ftrong Water drawn from Sugar Canes, with
which it was lull'd a fleep; at laft, (to be rid of it altogether) fhe put a quantity of Arjfzick to the Rium, and
bathing of it as formerly, fhe utterly deftroyed it, and Cured
her felf; but her kind Husband, who fucked out the Poyfon as the Sore was healing, loft all his Teeth, but without
further danger or inconvenience.
G Act,~ 71




[95]  4An  ADDITION   Of Jome  RARITIES
overjzpt.
T  -He Star Ftih,' having fine points like a Star, the
whole Fifh no bigger than the Palm  of a Mans
hand, of a tough fubftance like leather, and about an Inch
in thicknefs, whitifh underneath, and of the Colour of a
Cucumber above, and fomewhat ruff: When it is warm in
ones hand, you may perceive a fliff motion, turning down
one point, and thrufting up another: It is taken to be poyfonous; they are very common, and found thrown up on
the Rocks by the Sea fide.
Sea Bream, which are plentifully taken upon the Sea
Coafts, their Eyes are accounted rare Meat, whereupon
the proverbial comparison, It is worth a Sea Breams
Eye.2
1 Asterias rubens, L. - Gould, Recort on Invert., p. 345.
2 See the chapter on Fishes, p. 23, for this and the others here spoken of.




jltw &ftqfanns z   WO.            I53
[96] Blew F/kh, or Horfe, I did never' fee any of them
in England; they are as big ufually as the Salmon, and
better Meat by far: It is common in New-England and
efteemed the beft fort of Fifh next to Rock Cod.
Cat Fiji, having a round Head, and great glaring Eyes
like a Cat: They lye for the mo t'part in holes of Rocks,
and are discovered by their Eyes: It is an excelling
Fifh.
Mnk F/,  a flat Fifh like fcate, having a hood'like a
Fryers Cowl.
Clam, or Clampn, a kind: of Shell F/kh, a white Mufcle.
An Acharz/ton, For Pin and Web.
Sheahk Fz/h, which are there very plentiful, a delicate
Fifh, as good as a Prawn, covered with a thin Shell like
the fheath of a Knife, and of the colour of a Milujcle.
Which Ihell Calcin'd and Pulveriz'd, is excellent to take
off a Pin and Web, or [97] any kind of Filme growing
over the Eye.
Morfe, or Sea Horfe, having a great Head, wide Jaws,
armed with Tufhes as white as Ivory, of body as big as a
Cow, proportioned like a IHog, of brownifh bay, fmooth
skin'd and impenetrable; they are frequent at the Ifle of
T




Sables, their Teeth are worth eight Groats the Pound; the
beft Ivory being Sold but for half the Money.'
For Poyfon.
It is very good againft Poyfon.
For /ie CramP.
As alfo for the Cramp, made into Rings.
For tie Piles.
And a fecret for the Piles, if a wife Man have the ordering of it.
The AManaly, a Fiih as big as a Wine pipe, moft excellent Meat; bred in the Rivers of Hiz5paniola in the Weft
Indies; it hath Teats, and nourifheth  its young  ones with
Milk; it is of a green Colour, and tafteth like Veal.
[98]  For the S/one Collick.
There is a Stone taken out of the Head that is rare  for
the S/one and Colle7.
1 "Numerous about the Isle of Sables; i.e., the Sandy Isle." - Voyages. p.
Io6.  "Mr. Graves" (year i635) "' in the'James,' and Mr. Hodges in the' Rebecka,' set sail for the Isle of Sable for sea-horse, which are there in great number," &c.   WinAhrop's N. E., by Savage, vol. i. p. I62. And I cite one other
mention of- this pursuit: "1 Eastward is the Isle of Sables; whither one John
Webb, alias Evered (an adive man), with his company, are gone, with commission from the Bay to get sea-horse teeth and oyle." - Lechford's -lewes from
New England (i642), Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. iii. 3d series, p. ioo. The Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are the most southern habitat of the
animal spoken of by Godman. - Amer. Nal. Hist., vol. i. p. 249.




To provoke Urine.
Their Bones beat to a Powder and drank with convenient Liquors, is a gallant Urin provoking Medicine.
For Wound and Bruzfe.
An Indian, whofe Knee was bruifed with a fall, and the
Skin and Fleih firip'd down to the middle of the Calf of
his Leg; Cured himfelf with Water Lilly Roots boyled
and itamped.1
For Swellings of the Fool.
An Indian Webb, her Foot being very much fwell'd
and inflamed, affwaged the fwelling, and took away the
inflamation with our Garden or Engl!/k Patience, the Roots
roafted. f. CalaplaJf Anno I670. 7une 28.
To difolve a Scirrhous Tumour.
An Indian diifolv'd a Scirrhous Tutnour in the Arm and
Hip, with a fomentation of Tobacco, applying afterwards
the Herb ftamp'd betwixt two ftones.
1 Compare Cutler (Account of Indig. Veg,,., c., p, 456) and Wood and Bache
(Dispens., p. I369).




A
DESCRIPTION
OF AN
INDIAN SQ UA. 
Ow   (gentle  Reader)  having  trefpaffed  upon  your
patience a long while in the perufing of thefe rude
Obfervations, I fhall, to make you amends, prefent you  by
way of Divertifement, or Recreation, with a Coppy of
Verfes made fometime fince upon the  Pi&ure  of a young
1 The author has something to the same effe&t in his Voyages, p. 124; but
Wood's account of the Indian women (New-England's Prospecr, part ii. chap.
xx.) is far better worth reading. Both appreciated, in one way or another, their
savage neighbors. Wood has a pleasant touch at the last. " These women," he
says, " resort often to the English houses, where pares cunzt parzibus cozngregalce,
— in sex, I mean, -they do somewhat ease their misery by complaining, and
seldom part without a relief. If her husband come to seek for his squaw, and
begin to bluster, the English woman betakes her to her arms, which are the warlike ladle and the scalding liquors, threatning blistering to the naked runaway,
who is soon expelled by such liquid comminations. In a word, to conclude this
woman's history, their love to the English hath deserved no small esteem; ever
presenting them something that is either rare or desired, - as strawberries, hurtleberries, rasberries, gooseberries, cherries, plumbs, fish, and other such gifts as
their poor treasury yields them" (1. c.). And, if Lechford's Newes from New
England (1. su-lhra c., p. Io3) can be trusted, the savages became'"much the
kinder to their wives by the example of the English."




and handfome Gyfie, not improperly transferred upon the
Indian SQUA, or Female Indian, trick'd up in all her
bravery.
The Men are fomewhat Horfe Fac'd, and generally
Faucious, i. e. without Beards; but the Women many of
them [Ioo] have very good Features; feldome without a
Come to me, or Cos Amoris, in their Countenance; all of
them black Eyed, having even fhort Teeth, and very white;
their Hair black, thick and long, broad Breafted; handfome fireight Bodies, and flender, confidering their conftant loofe habit: Their limbs cleanly, firaight, and of a
convenient fiature, generally, as plump as Partridges, and
faving here and there one, of a modeft deportment.
Their Garments are a pair of Sleeves of Deer, or Moofe
skin dreft, and drawn with lines of feveral Colours into
Afiatick Works, with Buskins of the fame, a Ihort Mantle
of Trading Cloath, either Blew or Red, faftened with
a knot under the Chin, and girt about the middle with a
Zone, wrought with white and blew Beads into pretty
Works; of thefe Beads they have Bracelets for their Neck
and Arms, and Links to hang in their Ears, and a fair
Table curioufly made up with Beads likewife, to wear
before their Breaft; their Hair they Combe backward, and
tye it up fhort with a Border, about two handfulls broad,
[IOI] wrought in Works as the other with their Beads:
But enough of this.




The P O E M.
N THeether White or Black be beJf
Call your Senjes to the queJt;
And your touch Jihall quickly tell
The Black in foftnes doth excel,
And in fmoothnefs; but the Ear,
What, can that a Colour hear?
NVo, but'tis your Black ones Wit
That doth catch, and captive it.
And if Slut and Fair be one,
Sweet and Fair, there can be none:
Nor can ought fo pleafe the taft
As what's brown and lovely dreft:
And who'll Jay, that that is beJf
To pleafe ones Senfe, difpleafe the reJf?
I[021  Maugre then all that can be fed
In flattery of While and Red:
Thofeflatterers thernfelves muJ fJay
That darknefs was before the Day:
And fich perfelion here appears
It neither Wind nor Sun-Jhiine fears.




[I03] Chronological TABLE
Of thie mojq remarkable paj/ages in tbat part of
America, known to us by the name of NEWENGLAND.'
A Nno Dom. I492. Chri/?. Columbus discovered AmeriCa.
I5 I6. The Voyage of Sir Thomas Pert, Vice Admiral
of England, and Sir SebaJlian Cabota to Brazile, eYc.
1527. New-found-Land, discovered by the Ezngl/h.
1577. Sir Francis Drake began his Voyage about the
World.
1 In the author's Voyages, this chronological table is greatly extended; beginning with " Anno Mundi, 3720," and ending with A.D. I674.




Anno Dom.
[I041 I585. Nova Albion difcovered by Sir Francis
Drake, and by him fo Named.
I585. April 9. Sir Richard Greenevile was fent by Sir
Waller Rawleigh with a Fleet of Seven Sail to Virginia,
and was ftiled the General of Virginia.
1586. Captain Thomas Candi/h, a Suffolk Gentleman,
began his Voyage round about the World, with three
Ships paft the Streights of Magellan, burn'd and ranfack'd
in the entry of Chile, Peru, and New-Spain, near the great
Ifland Callifornia in the South Sea; and returned to
Plymouth with a precious Booty Anno Dom.  588. September the 8/h; being the third fince Magellan that circuited
the Earth.
I588. Sir Waller Rawleigh firft discovered Virginia,.
by him fo Named, in honour of our Virgin Queen.
I595. Sir Waller Rawlezgh difcovered Guiana.
[io5] I6o6. A Collony fent to yirginia.
I6I4. Bermudas Planted.
i6I8.  The blazing Star; then Plymouth Plantation
began in Nezw,-England.l
1 Set right by the author in Voyages, p. 248f




Anno Domn.
1628.  The  ijfachujfels Colony Planted, and Salem  the
firft Town therein Built.'
I629. The firit Church gathered in this Colony was at
Salem; from  which Year to this prefent Year, is 43 Years.
In the compafs of thefe Years, in this Colony, there
hath been gathered Fourty Churches, and I20o Towns built
in all the Colonies of New-England.
1 The author, in the " chronological observations " appended to his Voyages,
enlarges this, but confounds Conant's Plantation at Cape Ann, and Endicott's,
as follows: "1 628. Mr. John Endicot arrived in New England with some number of people, and set down first by Cape Ann, at a place called afterwards Glos-'
ter; but their abiding-place was at Salem, where they built the first town in
the Massachusets Patent..... I629. Three ships arrived at Salem, bringing a
great number of passengers from England.... Mr. Endicot chosen Governour."
The next year, Josselyn continues as follows: " 630. The Ioth of July, John
Winthrop, Esq., and the Assistants, arrived in New England with the patent for
the Massachusetts.... John Winthrop, Esq., chosen Governour for the remainder
of the year; Mr. Thomas Dudley, Deputy-Governour; Mr. Simon Broadstreet,
Secretary." - Voyages, p. 252. The title of Governor was used anciently, as it
still is elsewhere, in a looser sense than has been usual in New England; and
derived all the dignity that it had from the chara6ter and considerableness of the
government. Conant and Endicott were dire6tors or governors of settlements in
the Massachusetts Bay before Winthrop's arrival; but when the Massachusetts
Company in London proceeded, on the 20oth October, I629, to carry into effe6t
their resolution to transfer their government to this country, - and chose accordingly Winthrop to be their Governor; Humphrey, their Deputy-Governor; and
Endicot and others, Assistants (Young, Chron. of Mass., p. I02), - the record
appears sufficient evidence that they had in view something quite different from
the fishing plantation which Conant had had charge of at Cape Ann, or the little
society (" in all, not much above fifty or sixty persons," says White's Relation in
Young, Chron., p. I3; which the editor, from Higginson's narrative, raises to
" about a hundred") " of which Master Endecott was sent out Governour"
(White, 1. c.) at Naumkeak.
U




i62              ~cl(ICUnganb  naritiett
Anno Donm.
The Church of Chrifi at Plymou/h, was Planted in NewEngland Eight Years before others.
I630. The Governour and Affiftants [io6] arrived
with their Pattent for the Malffacufetls.
I630.  The Lady Arabella in Neze-England.
1630. When the Government was eftablifhed, they
Planted on Noddles Ifland.1
I63I.  Captain 7olhiz Smith Governour of Virginia, and
Admiral of New-England, Dyed.
I63i. Mr. Mavericke Minifrer at Dorchefjer in NewEngland. 2
I63I.  7ohn  Winthorpe Efq; chofen the firft time Governour, he was eleven times Governour; fome fay Nineteen times; eleven Years together; the other Years by
intermiffion.
I63 I.  7ohln Wi4fo0   Paftor of Charles Town.2
[I071 I63I.  Sir R. Salting/lall at Water Town came
into New-Engnd.g   2
1 That is, Noddle's Island was already planted on (by Mr. Maverick) when
the government was established. - Compare Johnson, cited by Prince, N. E.
Chronol., edit. 2, p. 308, note.
2 The date set right in Prince, N. E. Chronol., p. 367.




I2rbJ, — Tnqgan' z...itim                i63
Anno Dom.
I63I.  Mr. Rog. Harlackinden was a Majeftrate, and a
Leader of their Military Forces.'
Dr. Wi/Jon gave Iooo I. to New-EngZand, with which
they ftored themfelves with great Guns.2
I633.  Mr. Thomas Hooker, Mr. Haynes, and Mr. 7yohn
Cotton, came over together in one Ship.
I634.  The Country was really placed in a pofture of
War, to be in readinefs at all times.
i635. Hugh Peters went over for New-England.
i636. Conne7icult Colony Planted.
[Io8] I637.  The Pequiles Wars, in which were Slain
Five or Six Hundred Indians.
Minifters that have come from England, chiefly in the
Ten firft Years, Ninety Four: Of which returned Twenty
Seven: Dyed in the Country Thirty Six: Yet alive in the
Country Thirty One.
1 The' date corredted in Prince, N. E. Chronol., edit. 2, p. 367.
2 Compare Prince, p. 367, and Mass. Col. Rec., vol. i. p. 128. " The will,"
says Dr. Mather, "because it bequeathed a thousand pounds to New England,
gave satisfaftion unto our Mr. Wilson; though it was otherwise injurious to
himself." - Magnalia, vol. iii. p. 45, cit. Davis, in Morton's Memorial, p. 334,
note.




I64             er IengIant5 Uarzitic.
Anno Domn.
The Number of Ships that tranfported Paffengers to
Newze-England in thefe times, was 298. fuppofed: Men,
Women, and Children, as near as can be gheffed 2I200.
I637. The firft Synod at Cambridge in New-England,
where the Antinomian and Famalzslical Errors were confuted; 80 Errors now amongft the Ma/fachSfets.
I638. New-Haven Colony began.
Mrs. Huztcbinzon and her erronious companions banifhed
the Maffachzelts Colony.
[I09] A terrible Earth quake throughout the Country.l
Mr. 7oinh  Harvard, the Founder of Harvard College
(at Cambridge in New-England) Deceafed, gave 7oo00 1. to
the erecting of it.
1639. Firft Printing at Cambridge in New-England.
I639. A very fharp Winter in New-England.
I642. Harvard College Founded with a publick Library.
Minifrers bred in New-England, and (excepting about
1 Compare Winthrop, N.E., vol. i. p. 265; Johnson's Wonder-working Prov.
lib. ii. c. I2, cit. Savage; and Morton's Memorial, by Davis, p. 209, and note, p.
289.




A3ffgnqgtanbz Ultavitie.+         i65
Anno Dom.
Io,) in Harvard College 132; of which dyed in the Country Io; now living 81; removed to England 4 I.
I643. The firft combination of the Four United Colonies, viz. PlymoutS, MIaffachujes, Connec7icu/, and NewHaven.
[I io] i646. The fecond Synod at Cambridge, touching
the duty and power of Majeftrates in matters of Religion:
Secondly, the nature and power of Synods.
Mr. Elio ofirft Preached to the Indians in their Native
Language.
I647. Mr. Thomas Hooker Died.
i648. The third Synod at Cambridge, publifhing the
Platform of Difcipline.
I649. Mr. 7oohn Winthorpe Governour, now Died.
This Year a firange multitude of Caterybillers in NewEngland. 1
Thrice feven Years after the Planting of the EngAfh in
New-England, the Indians of Majachufelts being 30000
able Men were brought to 300.
1 Morton's Memorial, by Davis, p. 244.




i66            bt( ngltanbo 3aaiticm
Anno Dom.
I65 I. Hugh Peters, and Mr. Wells came for England.
[III] I65 2. Mr. 7ohn Cotton Dyed.
I653. The great Fire in BoJ_/on in New-England.
Mr. Thomas Dudley, Governour of the Ma/fachufets,
Dyed this Year.
1654. Major Gibbons Died in New-England.
I655. yamaica Taken by the Englih.
I657. The Quakers arrived in New-England, at Plymouth.
I659. Mr. Henry Dunfler the firft Prefident of Harvard
College now Dyed.
I66I. Major Atherton Dyed in New-England.
i663. Mr. 7ohn Norton Paitor of BoJion in NewEngland, Dyed fuddenly.
[I 12] Mr. Samuel Stone, Teacher of Hartford Church,
Dyed this Year.
i664. The whole Bible Printed in the Indian Language
finifhed.




~~eb frlagnbaa    3arvitics+              i67
Anno Dorm.
The  Manadaes, called  New  A/mjerdam, now  called
New York; furrendred up to His Majefties Commiffioners (for the fettling  of the refpe&ive Colonies in NewEngland, viz. Sir Robert Carr, Collonel Nicols, Collonel
Cartwright, and Mr. Samuel Mavericke,)  in  September,
after thirteen Dayes the Fort of Arania, now  Albania;
twelve Dayes after that, the Fort Awfapha; then de la
Ware Caftle Man'd with Dutch and Sweeds; the Three
firft Forts and Towns being Built upon the great River
Mohegan, otherwife called HudSons River.
In September appeared a great Comet for the fpace of
three Months.l
I665.  Mr. 7ohn Indicot, Governour of the Maffachufets Dyed.
[II3] A  thoufand Foot fent this Year by the French
King to Canada.
Captain DavenYport killed with Lightning at the Caftle
by BoJlon in New-England, and feveral Wounded.
1 i664, 1" December, a great and dreadful comet, or blazing star, appeared in
the south-east in New England for the space of three moneths; which was accompanied with many sad effeds, - great mildews blasting in the countrey the
next summer." - Yosselyn's Voyages, Chronol. Obs., p. 273; and see p. 245 of
the same for a fuller account. - Compare Morton's Memorial, by Davis, p. 304.
As to the blasting and mildew of i665, see the same, p. 3I7; and that of I664, p.
309.




Anno Dom.
i666.  The Small Pox at Bo_/on.  Seven flain by Lightning, and divers Burnt: This Year also New-England had
caft away, and taken 31 Veffels, and fome in I667.
I667.  Mr. 7ohn  WiSfon  Paftor of BoJon  Dyed, aged
79 Years.
i670.  At a place  called  Kenibunck, which  is in  the
Province of Meyne, a Colony belonging to the Heir of that
Honourable  Knight Sir Ferdinando  Gorges; not far from
the River fide, a piece of Clay Ground was thrown up by
a Mineral vapour (as we fuppofed) over the tops of high
Oaks that grew between it and the River, into the River,
flopping the courfe thereof, and leaving a hole two Yards
fquare, wherein were thoufands of [II4] Clay Bullets as
big as Mufquet Bullets, and pieces of Clay in ihape like
the Barrel of a Mufquet.l
1 See Josselyn's Voyages, p. 204 and p. 277, where the " hole " is said to have
been, not " two," but " forty, yards square: " and we are farther told that " the
like accident fell out at Casco, one and twenty miles from it to the eastward,
much about the same time; and fish, in some ponds in the countrey, thrown up
dead upon the banks, - supposed likewise to be kill'd with mineral vapours."
Hubbard (Hist. N.E., chap. 75) tells this, partly in the same words with the
account in the Voyages, and adds, "All the whole town of Wells are witnesses
of the truth of this relation; and many others have seen sundry of these clay
pellets, which the inhabitants have shown to their neighbours, of other towns."
And compare also the following, at p. I89 of the Voyages: "In I669, the pond
that lyeth between Watertown and Cambridge cast its fish dead upon the shore;
forc't by a mineral vapour, as was conjeCtured."




AtrbngIanbo  lnardtitie;.                      169
Ano Domn.
I67I.  Elder Penn. dyed at Boq/on.
i672.   Mr. Richard  Bellinghamn, Governour  of  the
Maff acz fl/s in New -England.
NOTE.
The book is reprinted literally, except in the following items:Page 86, line 21, "Planets" is corrected to Plants.
Page 104, line 4, "Richards" is printed Richard; and, line 5, "Water" is corrected to Walter.
lot!