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2                   ADVERTISEMENTS.
BLANK BOOKS,
I-PRp)am,)  ZYMAS)B   ~~i>
FRANOIS & LOUTREL,
77 MAIDEN-LANE, N. Y.,
MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS,
OfF er, at low Cash Prices, all styles of Account Books, Writing Papers,
Envelopes. Gold Pens, Cards, Portfolios, Croton Ink, Copying Presses,
Wax, Wafers, Slates, Writing Desks, Drawing Paper, &c. &c.
MANIFOLD LETTER WRITER,
By which Letters and copies are written at the same time; Sets of
Books for Lodges, Divisions, County Clerks, Banks, and others.
W Orders per Mail receive attention.
Our stock embraces all articles, both Fancy and Staple, to which
we invite attention.
FRANCIS &Z LOUTREL,
Manufacturimg Stationers,
77 Alaiden-lane.
General Furnishing Hardware, Cutlery,
Edge Tools, &c.
0HA R L r u L TFL 1
SUCCESSOR TO OSBORN & LITTLE,
(Charles Osborn having deceased, Sept. 14, 1840,)
IMPORTER AND GENERAL DEALER IN
ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND AMIERICAN
HARDWARE, CUTLERY, &c",
Nos. 33 & 34 Fulton-street, New-York,
At the Old Stand, opposite the U. S. Hotel,
(Mhere the Business has been carried onfor 90 years past.)
lhardware, Cutlery, Nails, Locks, Latches. Butts, Screws, Anvils,
Vices, Saws, Files, Shovels and Spades, Hollow are, Corn and Coffee
Mills. Bells, Skates, Guns and Pistols, Rivets, Pumps, Curriers' Hones,
Crucibles, Black Lead Pots, &c. &c.-also Genuine HAARLEAI OIL.
American Coopers', Carpenters' and Millwrights' Edae Tools of
Albertson',, Conger's,  Barton's (Rochester),  Horton's,  and othier
makers. Also, Coopers' Truss Hoops, and Coachtnakers' Tools, Atnes'
Pump Augers and Rimmers, Mortice and Boring Machines, and
Turning Lathes.
,t
2
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
An'saTssEMENT5.                    3
PRINTS ONL.
0EDAR-STREET, X
The largest Assortment of PRINTED CALIi
World-At low _Prices.
LOCKERS IMPROVED MEAT SAFES,
Also, LOCKE'S REFRIGERATORS,
Manufactured by John Locke 6 Co., 47 Ann-street.
These Improved Meat Safes are offered by the manufacturer at as
low prices as any other establishment in the city. They are a very
desirable article for the purposes intended. He also manufactures
the very best Refrigerators got up in the city; being dove-tailed and
properly put together in the best possible manner, he flatters himself
thtt they will give every satisfaction to the purchaser.  They may
be had at the Patent Bath Depot, 47 Ann-street. Orders from the
country promptly attended to.. W Also Locke's Shower Baths.
(See advertisement on back cover.)
UNITED STATES
WHOLESALE
CLOTHlING AND) SHIRT
WAREHOUSE.
so HoHN~     & Ros
SUCCESSORS TO LEWIS & IIANFORD,
252, 254, 256, & 25S PEARL-ST.,
NEW-YORK,
Have on hand the largest assortment of Clothing in the United States,
adapted to the Southern, Western,.South American, Californian, and
South-western markets. In the articles of SHIRTS and DRAWERS
we keep an endless variety. Also the most extensive manufacturers
of OIL CLOTHING and COVERED HATS in the
world. PLAIN and FASHIONABLE CLOTHING of all kinds.
S. B. HANFORD & CO., 2~2, 2~4, 2~6, & 2~8 PEARL-ST.
%
AiDVERTISEMENTS~
3
y.F      12t7
J  i  
4                   ADVERTISEMENTS.
FASHIONABLE
CLOTHING AND OUTFITTING
ESTABLISHMENT,
27 COURTLAND-STREET,
NE W- YORK,
Having enlarged their Establishment to more than double its original
size, would call the attention of Clothiers and others to the fact, that
their Stock is entirely new, and amounts to over $1)O,000, manufactured under their own personal supervision, from the newest and
most fashionable goods in the American or European Markets, and
which, for style and richness, cannot be excelled in the world.
THE WHOLESALE DEPARTMENT,
Which occupies three entire lofts of their Establishment, is filled with
every style of Garments adapted to the season, to which the attention
of the Trade is invited-to a careful examination of quality, workmanship, style of trimmings, and cut-which the proprietors will
guarantee are equal, if not superior, to that of any other house in the
trade.
THE RETAIL DEPARTMENT,
As usual, is replete with every thing new and desirable in the way of
a gentleman's wardrobe, where can be furnished a full outfit, in fifteen
minutes, equal in every respect to any custom work, and at one-half
the expense.
J. C. BOOTH.
H. L. FOSTER.
I
ADVERTISEMENTS.
4
IB(D(DVTE ((,I IF(BB3 DTERG 
ADVERTiSEMENTS.                   5
FANCY GOODS, CHEAP FOR CASH.
COMIB S-Imitation Buffalo Black Combs, Shell and Imitation
Shell Black Combs; Shell and Horn Side Combs; English Horn
Dressing Combs; Ivory Combs; Neck and Long Combs.
BUTTONS-Steel, Pearl, Gilt, Lasting, Bone, Agate, Metal,
Thread, Linen, &c.
BRUSHES-Hair, Tooth, Nail, &c.
LINEN THREAD,                  LINEN AND COTTON BOBBIN,
CLARKE'S SPOOL COTTON,         STAY BINDING,
NEEDLES, PINS,                 STAY LACING,
HOOKS AND EYES,                BOOT AND SHOE LACING,
HAIR PINS,                     KNITTING COTTON,
ELASTICS.                      SUSPENDERS,
WVH ALEBONE,                   THIMBLES,
LINEN AND COTTON TAPE,         SCISSORS,
WVith a great variety of STEEL TRIMMINGS, FANCY BELT SLIDES,
CLUSTER PINS. &C
The subscriber prides himself in keeping a good assortment of good
GOODI)S ii. his line and will make it as much for your interest to
purchase as to his to sell, by selling every article as low, and most of
the goods much lower than can be bought at any other house in
New-Yotrk.
D. M KNIGHT, 23 Cedar-street, Up Stai's.
w' By  w% F.5 I H                   9
,i~ ~        MAN    UFACTURERS-   OF
DO-AGUERREOTYPE
APPARATUS,
STRAW HIIAT PRESSING MACHINES
142 Chatham-Street,
Opposite Chatham Theatre,
NEW-YORK.
DAGUERREOTYPE LIKENESSES
Taken in clear or cloudy weather, and inserted in Morocco Cases,
Lockets, Breast Pins, &c. Likenesses of invalids or deceased persons
taken at their residence. Painted or Daguerreotype likenesses accurately copied in a style unsurpassed.
Do not mistake the sign of the Silver Eagle on the pedestal at
the door.
5
ADVERTISEMENTS.
&C., 
6                 ADvCnTSSEMEN
I K;N   I; iJI
-3m L A X 9$
PATENT FIRE-PROOF PAINT,
The original and only genuine article that can be sold without ins                    Jrioging, upon Sty Patent.
This article, in a few months after being applied, turns into slate
or stone, forming a complete estaonel or coat oJ mail over whatever
is covered, bidding defiance  to }'iWe, 1eather,  or WVater.  It has
been found, upon analyzation by Dr. J. R. Chilton of this city. to
consist of larger proportions of Silica, Alumina, Protoxide of Iron,
and  lagnesia, with lesser of Lime andi Carbon.   The transition,
therefore from the soft paint to the hard slate is (in the opinion of
Drs. Chilton and Lock) accounted for accordling to Nature's own laws;
and the longer it is on. the harder and more permanent it becomes.  It
has been t         ested ab out seven years, and, where first applied, is now
like a stone. It has also been tried in several fires in Akron, Ohio,
where all the Fire Insurance Companies have since published they
will insure buildings, &c., covered with this substance, at a lower
rate of premium than those covered with tin or zinc, considering it a
better fire-proof.
The Fair ot the American Institute have, for the three last years,
awarded to me the highest premiums. Diplomas have also been presented firom the New-York State Fair and the State Fair of Mass.
LOOK OUT FOR FRAUD,
As there are scores of unprincipled individuals digging, grinding,
and endeavoring to sell all kinds of worthless counterfeit stuff, calling it fire-proof paint. No one can manufacture and sell the genuine without infrineing my patent, which, having been submitted
to referees and also to the Hon. Daniel Webster, is decided to be
good and valid. I have just commenced three suits against different
parties, and am determined to prosecute every person who infringes
the patent, and those individuals who have given credence to the
pirates will soon have an opportunity of defending themselves before
a court ofjustice.
The original and genuine Patent Fire-proof Paint, either in dry
powder or ground in oil, can at all times be had at the General Depot,
84 Pearl-street, New-York, from the Patentee.           W. BLAKE.
6
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
-~~~~AYEIEE'5                     7
JUST PUBLISHED,
THE GREAT METROPOLIS,
rOR 1851.
llustrated with the following FINE ENGRAVINGS, being  Views in
the City of New. York:
1. A Map of the City, extending up to 55th-street, comprising the
thickly settled portion of the Island.
2. Scene in front of the Office of  15. Institution for the Blind.
the Almshouse Commis'rs.   16. Broadway, from the corner of
3. A Thunder-storm in the City.         Liberty-street.
4. An Auction Sale.                17. The University.
5. Sleighing.                      18. Astor Place Opera House and
6. Moving.                              vicinity.
7. A Fire.                         19. Bedford-st. (M. E.) Church.
8. Fireworks in the Park.          20. Church of the Ascension (Pro  9. The Dog Killers.                     testant Episcopal).
10. A Pic-nic at Hoboken.           21. Norfolk.st. Baptist Church.
11. Mass Meeting in the Park.       22. St. Peter's Church (Rom. C.).
12. Holiday Scene.                  23. Rutgers-st. Church (Presb.).
13. The City Hall.                 24. St. Matthew's Church (Lut.).
14. The New Medical College.        25. The Post Office.
CONTENTS.
The following List of Contents will give an idea of its utility as a
complete PICTORIAL GtUIDE TO THE CITY.
space   Churches-their Locations, Minis          ters, &c.
C emeteries-Trinity Church CeBuild-   metery, Cem. ofthe Evergreens.
iven.   Educational Institutions.
N.Y.  Asylums, Institut'nsand Societies.
ng the  Grand Lodges, &c. of the follow pub-   ing Societies, with the Names,
Corn-   Places, and Nights of Meeting
rier &    of their subordinates:-Indep.
nal of   O. of Rech., Freemasons, Sons
Herald,    of Temperance, I. O. of O. F.
O. of U. A., Anc't O. of G. F
ard of   O. of U. A. Mech., O. of Good
rmen.    Samaritans, Anc't O. of Druids.
~ssors. Newspapers.
Ferries, Harbor-Masters, Pilots.
and  Foreign Consuls.
American Ministers, Consuls, &rc.
t e and    in Foreign Countries.
ir Ses- Hotels.
Conveyances to and from the City.
Hou- Steamship Lines.
Legal Rates of Fare for Hacks.
Ftricts.  Legal Rates of Cartage.
anks. Street Directory.
an s.  Location of Piers, &c. &c. &c.
H. WILSON, Publisher, 49 Ann-street.
Almanac. - Memorandum-s
for every day in the year.
Description oDrthe City.
HiPtory anti Description of   1
inas of whtih View       s  ar e g     l
Celebr         ated Establishm' ts in
Iistory of the following, bei
principal Daily Papers
lished in the City:-The
nmercial Advertiser, Cour
Enquirer, Tribune, Jous
Cornmerce, Express, H
Sun, Mirror.
Corporation of the City, Bo~
Aldermen. Assistant Alde
Executive Departm't, Asse
Custom liouse.
Post Office-time of arriva
departure of the Mails.
Cortxs —United States, Stal
Citey-times of holding thei
sions, Rules, &c.
New-York Police-Station
ses, Officers, &c.
Fire Department-Fire Dis
Banks in the City-Sav'gs' E
Insurance Companies.
I
7
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Price, 25 Cents. 
CL OTHING
At Wholesale and Retail.
D. & J. DEYLIN,
33 and 35 JOHN STREET,
(Corner of Nassau Street,)
The proprietors of this celebrated house would respectfully call the attention of all Clothing buyers to
the fact that their stock now amounts to over TWVO
HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS'
WVORTH o)f thile newest styles of fresh seasonable
Clothing, comprising over
30,000 GARMENTS,
IN DRESS COATS, FROCKS, SACKS, POLKAS,
COATEES, D'ORSAYS, ALBERTS, ETC.,
COATS, PANTS, VESTS, AND OVER       GARMENTS, FOR ALL SEASONS.
Every possible taste can be suited in
Coats from  $1.00, to the very
Finest French Black, at $1 S.00.
PANTS AND VESTS CORRESPONDINGLY LOW.
They are determined to command the largest trade by.
SELLING AT THE LOWEST PRICES.
TERMS CASH.
D. & J. DEVLIN,
33 and 35 John Street, Cor. Nassau, N. Y
Over 20,000 pieces of fresh CLOTHS, CASSIMERES,
VESTINGS, &c., to make to order, wholesale and
retail, or sent to any part of the world. D.-& J. D.
W Every description of Clothing for the California market
at wholesale and retail.
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ADVERTISErdE N TS. 
WI LS 0 N'S
MLUBUIRAUMB
ro THE
HIUDSON  RIVER.
TWELFTH EDITION.
NEW  YORK:
H. WILSON, PUBLISHER 49 ANN STREET.
March 15, 1851.
Entered accordig to Act of Congress in the year 1848, by
H. WILSON,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
for the Southern District of New York.
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GUIDE TO THE HUDSON RIVER.
l, -/f:t...HISTORY.
v-wi- its> HISTORY.
THE Hudson, or North River, was discoveredby HenryHudmon,
an experienced English pilot, but then in the employ of the East
India Company of the United States of Holland, who left the
Texel, April 6th, 1609, in a vessel called the Half Moon, navigated
by 20 men, Dutch and English. He ran down the coast, from
New Foundland, to 35~ 41 north latitude, to ascertain whether a
passage to the Pacific might not be found through the continent.
Retracing his route, he entered Delaware bay on the 26th August
1609, but declined to explore it, on account of the intricacy of the
channel.   Following the shore of New Jersey, he arrived  at
Sandy Hook, on the 3rd September, 1609 Finding a good entrance
and harbor, he came to anchor behind the Hook, and sent a boat
to what is called Coney Island. In this island they found a soil
chiefly of white sand such as was uncommon to them; still they
found upon it a vast number of plum trees loaded with fruit, and
many of them surrounded and covered with grape vines of different kinds. They saw the greatest plenty of snipes and other
birds along the shores, and in the trees. While the ship lay at
anchor, the natives came on board from the Jersey shore, and
traded with them, giving in exchange for trifles, furs and skilns of
foxes, martens, &c.  They brought also, birds, fruit, white and
blue grapes; and what was remarkable, they had on their wrists and
ankles Copper rings.  Hudson says "upon my going on shore,
after coming to anchor in the bay within the Hook, I found the
natives standing along the shore and singing after their manner.
Their clothing consisted of the skins of elks and foxes; and their
food I found to be Turkey corn (Indian corn) of which they bake
cakes which are well tasted and good to eat.  They came often on
board the vessel, after this in their canoes made of yellow (pine)
wood. Their arms, I found to be bows and arrows, with sharp
stones at the end fastened with pitch. Those whom I saw on the
shore had no houses, but slept in the open air, some on mnats of
straw sewed together and some on the leaves of trees. They
brought all their goods with them, especially food and wild tobac co, which was strong tasted and good to chew.  They appeared to
be a friendlypeople, but were much inclined to steal, and were
very cunning in carrying away any thing they took a liking to."
Hudson discovering that the bay was the mouth of an extensive
I river, weighed anchor and taking his course North East with his
boat ahead to sound, proceeded up the river. The boat, on turning the point of the Narrows met unexpectedly with several canoes
of Indians, who being surprised and frightened shot at the people in
the boat, and killed one of them whose name was John Coleman;
and then made off as fast as they could without being molested by
the boates crew.
It was expected that this first instance of hostility, would batve
broken off all intercourse with the natives, but the next day
numbers of them came on board and traded as freely as if nothing
had happened.  After the vessel had passed the Narrows, they
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4                    OLtOK TO THE
found a very fine bay and in this bay at that tinte five islands, the
one called Nutten (uow Governor's) island on account of the great
quantity of nut trees growing on it: the other four islands lay
near the west shore and were not so large. (Only two of these
islands are now remaining; but the rocks where the others lay,
Robin's reef, and another near Bedlow's island, are tobe seen at low
water.)
The Indians, called by the name of Sankikani (deadly enemies to
the Manhattans) lived on the New York bay and on the Jersey
shore, and from that, some distance up the shore. when the Dutch
came and were deadly enemies to the Manhattans.
On the point of land where New York now is, they found living a
very hostile tribe who would not deal or trade with them; but those
who lived on the western shore came daily on board the vessel
while she lay at anchor in the river, bringing with them to barter
fuirs and skins of different kinds, and the largest and finest oysters
they ever beheld; also, Indian corn, beans, pumpkins, squashes,
grapes and apples, all which they exchanged for trifles. Hudson
landed. He then proceeded up the river which he called the Great
River Montaines (orof the Mountains) As he went up, he all the
way found the natives on the west shore more affable and friendly
than those on the east, and discovered that those on the one siloe
were at war with those on the other. He proceeded uH, the river
without molestation as far as he judged he could go with his ship,
and then took his boat to explore the river higher up. In his
journal he gives the following account of his reception at landing
in lat. 42~ 15'.
" I went on shore in one of the canoes with at old Indian who
was a chief of 40 men and 17 women and whom I found in a house
made of the bark of trees, which wa; exceedingly smooth and well
finished within and all round about. I found there a great quantity of
Indian corn and beans; indeed there lay to dry near the house, of
these articles, as much as would load three ships, besides what was
growing in the field.  When we came to the house two mats were
spread to sit on; and immediately eatables were brought to us in
red wooden bowls, well made; and two men were sent off with
their bows and arrows to kill wild fowl who soon returned with
two pigeons. They also killed immediately a fat dog and in a
very little time skinned it with shells, which they got out of the,
water. They expected I would have remained with them through
the night; but this I did not care to do and therefore went on board
the ship again. It is the finest land for tilling my feet ever trod
upon, and bears all sorts of trees fit for building vessels. The
natives here were extremely kind and good tempered; for when
they saw that I was making ready to return to the ship and would
not stay with them, judging it proceeded from my fear o+ their
bows and arrows, they took and broke them to pieces and then
threw them into the fire. I found grapes growing here also and
plums, pumpkins, and other fruit."
Hudson. while ashore with the Indians where Albany now
stands was very kindly treated by them, and got from them, in exchange for trifles very valuable furs. He was invited by signs
to come and settle in the country which they showed was at their
service.
In returning down the river when they had got in or through
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GUIDE TO THE 
ni;nsON aivsa.                        51
the Highlands  the Indians in their canoes being rouind about thb
ship, one of them clambered up by the stern rope ladder to the
window and took from thence sundry articles. Being seen by the
mate he shot at and killed him. After this all the Indians hasten.
ed to the shore nor could any of them be prevailed on to comnie on
board afterwards. The alarm extended quite down the Jersey
shore which put an end to their former friendly intercourse and
obliged Hudson to put to sea October 4th, 1609.  He arrived safe
at Dartmouth in England on the seventhof November following.
Of the life of Hudson little is known, his narrative of this voyage
is full of interest and his voyage and adventures up the river,
and his intercourse with the natives are told in a faithful manner,
but our limits will not admit of any minute details. A portrait of
this distinguished navigator is in the City Hall. He is represented with a frill round his neck and a compass in his hand. It
was deposited by an ancient Dutch family, and is of undoubted
originality.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
The sources of the Hudson river are in 44~ north latitude, in
a series of lakes in Hamilton and Essex counties, which lie in the
mountainous region between Lake Champlain,. the Mohawk, and
St. Lawreniice rivers, and Lake Ontario. The main, or north branch,
rises 30 miles N. W. from Crown Poilt. the Sacondaga, or west
branch, rises 30 or 40 miles W. of Lake George, and both branches
unite on the eastern side of Saratoga county. in the town of Hadley,
near the celebrated falls of that name. From thence the course is
southerly, for a few miles, and then east to Glenn's Falls. beyond
which it turns south, and pursues a course varying, but little' from
north to south, nearly all the distance to the ocean, from which
circumstance it derives its usual, but incorrect appellation of
"North river.'
In many points of view, it may be considered one of the most
important streams in the world, for its extent, and only, if at all,
inferior in usefulness to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, but superior to them for steamboat navigation, viz., in the most remarkable circumstance, one exclusively characteristic of the Hudson
river, from every other stream in this country, its penetrating
through the highlands, and being affected by the tides, as far as
Troy, 160 miles north, thus carrying the oceanic influence far into
the interior, and yielding the greatest facilities to commerce.
The depth of water is sufficient for ship navigation, as ar as
Hudson, and beyond that for sloops, and steamboats to Albatny, and
Troy. It is closed by ice from the 10th or 20th of December to
about the 10th of March,.with occasional exceptions;  but the
harbor and bay are always open, so that vessels can enter and depart at any period of the winter, while the harbors of Boston Philadelphia, and Baltimore are entirely closed for weeks. This is
one of the principal causes of the preference, given to New York,
as a seaport beyond any other on this coast, except Newport. Ships
with a fair wind and tide, can get to sea in one hour and thirty mi
with a fair wind andtide, can get to sea in one hour and thirty ml
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ITUIDSON RIVER.
5
0 
~~~n6 GUIDE TO THN
ntes after leaving the wharf; the distance from the city by ship
channel to Sandy Hook light house, being only eighteen miles.
The width of the river for 25 miles north from New York, is
about one mile, bounded on the west by precipices of trap, or
green stone, from 200, and rising gradually to 500 feet in height
beyond these, there is an expansion of the river to the width of 
miles, called Tappan and Haverstraw bays, with the mountains on
the western shore, rising boldly to 700 feet in height.
The traveller then enters into the romantic region of the Highlands, where the river is contracted into narrow limits, but is of
greater depth, and the mountains rise on both sides with abruptness from 9 to 1600 feet in height. At West Point the river
turns suddenly at right angles to its previous course. and soon
displays an opening between the mountains on the north, beyond
which the country subsides into a fertile, but hilly region,
which continues for a hundred miles, with a noble view of
the Catskill, a spur of the Alleghany mountains, at a distance of 8
or 10 miles.
Such are the attractions possessed by this noble river. that it
annually allures thousands of strangers,  and this in connexion
with the canal navigation, the summer visitors to the Springs, the
Lakes, and the Falls of Niagara, causes the sum of more than
$1,000,000 to be expended in this state every year, and forms a
very considerable item in the prosperity and resources of the city,
and country adjacent.
The Hudson river, in connexion writh lake Champlain, has al.
ways been the great highway to Canada, and the path, or channel
of military enterprise.
There are 40 to 50 steamboats of various sizes, plying from New
York to Albany, and other places on the river, and the passage to
Albany is now effected in about 10 hours.
There are several falls on the river, Baker's Falls, Glenn's Falls,
Hadley Falls, and others of less note.
The entire length of the river may be estimated at 300 miles.
Its only tributary stream of any magnitude is the Mohawk river,
which rises 120 miles distant in the county of Oneida, and empties
in the HucLson from the west, at Waterford. Little Falls, and
Cohoes falls, are on the Mohawk river, and on the West Canada
creek, emptying into the Mohawk, are the celebrated Trenton
Falls, which deservedly rank high in public estimation.
As a navigable arm of the sea, and the chief cause of the prosperity of New York City, the Hudson river cannot be too highly
estimated, and when viewed as the connecting means of our great
system of inland navigation, by the Erie canal, and rail road from
Albany to Buffalo, and by the lakes with Michillimackinac, Green
Bay, Chicago, and we soon may be enabled to say, through the
Illinois river, to St. Louis and New Orleans, and also by canal
around the Sault St. Mary, with the distant shores of Lake Superior, we can hardly appreciate the extent of inland trade, which
may at no distant day, visit this commercial metropolis of the
United States.
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MOUNTAIN VIEW OF THE HUDSON
e_ 
8                RUDbON RIVER
HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD.
This Railroad is, in some respects, unlike any other in the
United States.  It seeks to remunerate its stockholders for a
heavy outlay of capital, by competing for patronage on the
margin, and in many cases within a few yards of the very channel, of the best river navigation on the continent, for two-thirds
of the year, supplied with the finest steamboats in the world.
The road, as a general feature, is constructed by cutting
through the points of land which project into the river. and
using the material for making a road-bed across the bays and
inlets above and below the points. In this way, inconvenient
curves are avoided, and a very favorable line is obtained, and
this, too, in many cases, where the indentations from the river,
and the bold projections into it from the hills, seemed to the
casual observer. passing along the river, to present almost insurmountable obstacles to the construction of a railroad with
reasonable directness. For nearly one half the distance from
New York to Poughkeepsie. the road is constructed on the bed
of the river below high-water mark, the road-bed occupying
three hundred and thirty-eight acres below, and three hundred
and forty-nine acres above high-water mark. The protection
wall constructed on the river side of the road, to secure it from
the action of the waters of the river, occupies thirty-five of the
seventy-five miles between New York and Poughkeepsie.
Commencing on the island of New Work, the most serious
obstacle which presented itself was a heavy rock cut at Fort
Washiington Point, about nine miles from the city.  This was a
thorough cut for a distance of more than a quarter of a mile
through solid rock, and about fifty feet in depth at the highest
point. The rock taken from this cut, about fifty thousand cubic
yards, was used to make the road-bed and protection wall across
the bay below the point, for a distance of about three thousand
feet, and for several hundred feet above the point.
Twelve miles from the city the road crosses Spuyten Duyvel
Creek, which divides the Island of New York from Westchester
County, at the point where the creek connects with the Hudson
River. a distance of from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet.
Here is a draw-bridge to allow vessels which navigate the river
to pass into the creek, and several hunidred feet of pile bri-idge
to allow the free passage of the water into and out of the bay
and inlet. The embankment in the river on each side of the
pile bridge continued to sink for many months, and ma/de this
one of the most difficult points to construct a permanent roadway between New York and Peekskill.
At Sing Sing, thirty miles from New York, the track of the
road was surveyed through the yard of the State Prison, directly in rearof the main prison building. As well for the security
and accommodation of the prison, as the protection of the road
the engineer decided to place the grade of the road eighteen
feet below the prison yard, and to construct an arcis of brick of
twenty-four feet span. and six hundred feet in length. which
covers so much of the road as is necessary for the operations of
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HUDSON RIVER
4 
nunsosi RIVER RAILROAD.                  9
the prison-yard, and also for the accommodation of a lime-kiln, north
of the prison yard.
About a mile north of Sing Sing, the road crosses the bay formed
by the junction of the Croton with the Hudson River. Here is an
iron draw-bridge and several hundred feet of pile-bridge, connected
with each shore by long lines of protection wall and earth embatik   ment. The distance across the bay and marsh, as appears from the
map, is nearly a mile.  Material for this embankment was obtained
from a thorough cut across Teller's Point, from which about four
hundred thousand cubic yards of sand and gravel were taken, a large
portion of which was carried into the embankment across the Croton 
bay. The quantity used was greatly increased by the sinking of
the embankment from twenty-five to thirty feet across the marsh on
the north side of the bay for a distance of about twelve hundred
feet. The road-bed, however, appears now to have a permanent
rest, and from Sing Sing to Teller's Point the road presents one of
the finest lines on the whole route.
At Collaberg Bay, north of Teller's Point, and about thirty-three
miles from New-York, the grade of the road is raised, so as to permit
all access to the river from the brick.yards at that place, and the
road to the steamboat dock, to pass under the railroad. This is
done by the construction of five bridges, sustained by permanent
stoine abutments.
About four miles south of Peekskill, the railroad crosses Osca  wana Island, iu front of the lands of Nicholas Cruger. This island
presentedl in the line of the road an elevated rock, through which it
became necessary to make a tunnel, for a distance of two hundred
and twenty feet. On reaching the main land, north of the island,
and where the toad takes a direction inland, to avoid Verplauck's
Point, there is a heavy rock cut, and to accommodate the road to a
brick-yvard, a tunnel was made at this point for a distance of about
sixty feet.
A little north of the village of Peekskill, the railroad is carried
across Peekskill Creek, at its junction with the Hudson River, for a
distance of from one thousand five hundred to two thousand feet, by
a pile bridge eight hundred feet in length, with a draw for the accom modation of vessels, and connected with each shore by embankment
and protection wall.
A short distance north of Royer Hook occurs the first rock cutting
in the Highlands, the excavation on the east side being fifty or sixty
feet above the grade of the road. Half a mile above this is a tunnel
one hundred feet in length, at the commencement of section twenty nine, on which section some sixty thousand cubic yards of very hard
rock have been excavated.
About three miles above Peekskill, the track of the road passes
through Anthony's Nose, by a tunnel three hundred and fifty-three
feet in length, and a thorough  cut at the north end of the tunnel of
much greater length.
For a considerable distance along the Highlands, where the hills
have an elevation of from one thousand to fifteen hundred feet, the
track of the road is laid along the rocky base at a sufficient elevation
to keep the road-bed above high water. In many cases where the
road was formed by cutting a portion of its width into the rock, and
throwing the material into the river to give the road-bed its neces
satry width, the agitation ofthe water by high tides and storms would
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HUDSOr4 RIVER RAILROAD-. 
10                  HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD.
loosen the earth on which the embankment seemed to rest. and it
would slide into the waters of the river, passing beyond the line of the
foundation of the road-bed. This rendered it necessary in many
cases to cutthe entire width into the rock, in order to form a secure
road-bed; which greatly increased the expense of excavation, and
delayed the completion of the work. In one case, where the embank
ment had been graded for many months, and even after the track
had been laid down, whilst the track-layers were passing over it with
a horse and car loaded with rails to continue the track beyond, the
embankment for the distance of one or two hundred feet in length
went down so suddenly that the horse, car and load of rails were
lost, and two men on the car escaped with some difficulty.  So much
of the width of the road-bed was carried away that an alteration of
the line became necessary at this point to make the track secure.
The elevated ground opposite West Point is passed by a tunnel
six hundred and eleven feet in length, and heavy rock cut at each
end several hundred feet in length;  the rock cutting, including the
tunnel, must be more than a quarter of a mile in length.  The exca.
vation at this point did not furnish stone of a suitable size for protection wall; but the material, which came out in the form of stone
chips, was carried into embankments across the bays above and below
the point, and for a distance of several thousand feet, a most substantial road-bed is made in the swater entirely of these stone chips.
The road crosses the bay between Constitution  Island and Cold
Spring by an embankment  and a pile-bridge; and, on reaching the
north shore, intersects a short railroad constructed by Gouverneur
Kemble and his associates, for the accommodation of their extensive
iron maniufacturing establishment.  The road passes directly through
the village of Cold Siring, where two formidable thorough cuts of
rock were encountered.
From Constitution Island to Breakneck Hill, a distance of more
than two miles, the railroad is comparatively straight, notwithstanding the numerous bays in the river, and the formidable rocky projections from the Highlands, presenting obstacles from the river which
seem to bid defiance to the skill of the engineer.
At Breakneck, the north boundary of the Highlands, a tunnel is
constructed five hundred and five feet in length. From this point the
road passes along the margin of the river, cutting through several
rominent rocky points, and crossing the Fishkill Creek in rear of
enning's Poiut.  North of the creek is a thorough cut of blue clay,
more difficult to excavate, il some respects, then even the rock cuts.
From this point, aided by a steam excavator, there have been taken
about one hundred and twenty thousand cubic yards of clay, which
was carried into embankment across the Fishkill Creek and the reed
lands adjoining, for a distance of two thousand feet, and across the
bay above the point for a distance of about one thousand five hundred
feet.
From Fishkill Landing to Wappinger's Creek, a distance of five or
six miles, the road skirts along the river, cutting through many prominent points of rock and earth, and passing through the village of Low
Point.  The material for the road bed for this distance is unusually
good, and the line is unexceptionable At Wappinger's Creek there
is a draw-bridge, and pile-bridging about a hundred feet in length, and
several hundred feet of gravel embankment sustained by protection
wall.
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lHUDSON RIVER RAILROAD.                11
North ofWappinger's Creek and of the village of New Hamburgh,
the line of the road encounters a high ridge of limestone, of a very
compact character, where it became necessary to excavate about fifty
thousand cubic yards of rock, besides tunnelling for a distance of
eight hundred and thirty feet. To expedite the work, two shrfLs
were sunk, one to a depth ofseventy-two feet from the surface of the
ground to the grade of the road, and the other to a depth of fiftyv-three
feet. A large portion of the tunnel excavation was drawn up through
these shafts, by steam and horse power; and the water, which at some
periods was troublesome, was disposed of in the same way.
There is another tunnel, a few milesnorth of New Hamburgh, about
one hundred feet in length-making, between New-York and Pough.
keepsie, eight tunnels, as follows:
1. At Oscawana Island...    220 ft. in length.
2. Abbott's Road.....           60 
3. Flat Rock, north ofPeekskill..    100          "
4. Anthony's Nose........    353             "
5. Phillips's Hill........           611        "
6. Breakneck Hill.                  505 
7. New Hambrgb....    830
8. On Section 48, Poughkecpsie..  100 
Total..........           2779 
All the tunnels are excavated for a double track, and are twenty.
four feet wide, and nineteen feet from the grade of the road to the
highest point of the arch.  The rock is so compact as to form the
arch of the tunnels in all cases, except for one hundred and seventy
feet of the Breakneck tunnel, where the appearance of the rock rendered it necessary, in the opinion ofthe engineer, to construct a brick
lining to guard against accidents by the falling of loose stone.
The road-bed is thirty feet in width at top; the protection wall is
three feet in thickness, and is carried five feet above ordinary high
water; the rails weigh seventy pounds to the yard, and the outside
rail, in all exposures to the river, is ten feet from the outer edge of the
wall; affording a wide margin for the washing of the bank, and
ample security, against running the cars into the river. At Poughkeepsie, all the roads leading to the river are carried over the rail.
road, and the same precaution to prevent collision between the cars
and the ordinary travel of the country, has been taken at all points
where it was practicable to carry the railroad over or under the
travelled road.
The construction of the road through the Highlands has occupied
about two years and four months. From Breakneck to Poughkeepsie, the contracts were made in April, 1848, and the work on this
division occupied one year and r,ine months. The rock cutting,
and the culverts, bridges, and other structures, are prepared for a
double track, and, with a few exceptions, the road-bed is graded for
two tracks.
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HUDSON RIVZR RAILROAD. 
12
A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
OF THE
CITY OF NEW-YORK.
FOR THE USE OF
TRAVELLERS AND STRANGERS.
Illustrated with  Views of several Religious
and other Edifices.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by H. WILSON,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
for the Southern District of New-York.
PRESUMING, my dear sir, or madam, that you are comfortably fixed
at one of the magnificent hotels with which Broadway and its
dependencies are embellished,-that you have issued unscathed
from all the dangers of cabmen, porters, and omnibus-drivers that
make the passage from steamboat to hotel not much less difficult
or perilous than the path to fame -we proceed to put you au courant as to what is going on in the great metropolis in the way of
things worth seeing or hearing; and perhaps shall give you a hint or
two as to the most eligible manner of getting about town with the
greatest comfort and least expense.   Weof  course take it for
granted that you are above the vulgar dangers of stuffed watches and
exorbitant cab-hire; know how to select the right omnibus by read.
ing its destination on the side, instead of stopping to have a palaver in
the street with the driver; and that, in short, you are altogether a
sensible and comfortable traveller.
We will, therefore, now descend to the street; and as it still lacks
a couple of hours to sunset, we shall have plenty of time to take the
principal bearings of the city, and you can return home in the proud
consciousness of being a "knowing one," and not to be sold for any
reasonable price.  If, however, there should still remain the slightest
suspicion of uncertainty as to your knowledge of the city's ways,just
put this little book under your pillow, and you will dream your way
through every street and alley as infallibly as a policeman.
You noticed, probably, the beautiful green promenade near where
you landed, and whose broad and pleasant walks temptingly invited
you to take a stroll 7 That is the Battery, of which you have doubtless heard and read a great deal.  It contains about twelve acres,
substantially inclosed in an iron-railing, though not sufficiently to
keep out the loafers, and bad characters generally, who have of late
years almost monopolized this beautiful promenade, and  driven
away all the pr'etty ladies, with their fairy.like children, who used to
make its broad walks and tender grass-plats seem like gardens of tlhe 
A  iosEv   IW1
houris, in the pleasant summer afternoons. You cannot find in the
world so delicious a sea. promnenade as the long walk in front of the
Battery to the left of Castle Garden; but if you are a lady, you cannot
go there alone without the risk of annoyance. This is a fact dis graceful to the authorities, but it is nevertheless true.
Castle Garden is a round building erected on a mole right out in
the sea, and connected with the Battery by a peninsula of plank.  It
looks at a distance very much like a red earthen milk-pan turned
upside down, and used to be strongly armed and fortified.  The
United States, however, having got large enough to take care of itself
without wearing fire-arms, the old Castle was dismantled, and ceded
to the Corporation. You can now get very good ice-cream, dancing
and musical entertainments there during the summer; while in the
fall, its immense area, and all the passages leading to it, become filled
with miraculous squashes and unparallelled counterpanes, the self acting washing-machines, and perennial hair-dyes, constituting the
show of the Am erican Institute.
A little distance up Broadway from the Battery, leaving the
Bowling.-Green on our right, we come to Trinity Church-a costly
and very beautiful structure of the " perpendicular Gothic" order of
architecture; although the body of the church is so small, in propor tion to the spre, that the whole has been maliciously designated as
an elaborate clock-case.  If you have the slightest disposition in the
world to know all about the "clerestory," "the transom mullions,"
the "buttresses,"  piers,"   battlements,"  "crocketted pinnacles
terminating in a finial," and other architecturalities, throw us out of
the window: for we frankly confess to you that we don't know a
buttress from a buttery, nor a pinnacle from a pin-cushion.
The Custom House is only one block down Wall street, which
enters Broadway exactly opposite Trinity Church. Every broker In
the street can see the golden-handed clock, (thus furnished in compli
rent to the locality,) and the gilt cross, every time he emerges from
his den.   The  first is to remind him  that it is time to go on
"'Change"-the other points steadily to heaven; but unfortunately
it is placed so high that nobody ever musters up courage to look at it.
The Cistom House is a very large white marble building, with an
interminable flight of steps. It is said to be built after the Athenian
Parthenon-and we think we might say about twelve hundred and
seventy-five years. In few other respects can it be said to have followed
very strictly the magnificent temple of the virgin goddess.  It is,
however, a very fine, substantial edifice, admirably adapted to its
purposes and completely incombustible  there being nothing more
inflammable than warm water within tihe walls, even for purposes
of heating in the winter.  Its cost, with the lot on which it stands,
running up from Wall street to Pine, $1,750,000; the cost of the
building alone being  950,000.
The Merchants' Exchange.-This is a large gray granite building,
with an imposing colonnade front on Wall street of Ionic columns,
opening into one of the loftiest and grandest rotundas in the world.
The Rotunda-the "'Change," of which one hears so much-is wainscoted with Italian marble; and eight superb Corinthian columns of
the same exquisite material, forty-one feet high, support the panelled
dome and sky-light.  The whole building is as incombustible as the
Custom House, and cost some fifty thousand dollars more than that.
We will now return to Broadway, and keep on up to the Park,
which brings us to our starting point.  The Park, with its fountain,
13
A BIRD'S-EYF, VIEW 
OF THE CITY OF NBW-YORK.
its rows of loafers reclining on the benches, its lawyers hurrying
through the walks with green bag on arm you can see for yourself
Yonder graceful building-by far the handsomest specimen of architecture on the Island-is the City Hall, in which are all the Courts,
the Common Council, and Governor's rooms, the County offices,
&c.. &c.  It is built of white marble, somewhat in the LombardoVenetian style of architecture; and, viewed in front, is really an
elegant and imposing structure. It is surmounted by a well-proportioned dome, containing the great central fire-alarm bell, and, an
i. valuable clock, which sometimes indicates four different times of
day at the same moment to the denizens of the four quarters of the city.
The Hall of Records-a pure Ionic building, ornamented with a
multitude of gilt and black tin signs, is situated a few steps east of the
City Hall, and is exactly what its title indicates. In the rear, running from Centre street to Broadway, is the New City Hall, formerly the Alms House. It contains a varlety of offices and courts
requisite, but not very interesting. The Court of Oyer and Terminet-our highest State criminal court-is in the middle apartments of this building.  The Commissioners of Emigration and of
the Alms House, and various other public institutions, are in these
buildings.
The  Tombs, or Halls of Justice, occupy an entireblock between
Centre and Elm, Leonard and Franklin streets.  It is one of the few
genuine specimens of architecture in the city, as it is what it pretends to hetrictly Egyptian.   It contains the Court of Sessions,
Police Courts, Coroner's Office, Grand Jury Room, and 148 cells for
prisoners committed for trial, or having been convited and awaiting
transportation to the final place of punishment.
Free Academy of the City of New York, Lxington Avenue, near
Twenty-third street.-Take a Third Avenue stage if you wish to inspect it in person.) The dimensions of'~ei$':g,(of which a view
is given on the next page,) are 125.fee. by 8.  It consists, exclusive
of the basement andgreat hall, of three spacious stories, which are intersected by two wide passages, running at right angles through the
middle of the building  It is believed tat it will afford accommodation for a thousand scholars, with the necessary appliances and conveniences.
It was erected under the superintendence of James Renwick, jr.,
Architect. It is in the style of the Gothic town-halls of the Netherlands. The style was selected for its appropriateness and con.
venience; by which utility is combined withappearance, convenient
means of ventilation and heating are obtained, buttresses being converted into flues, and towers into chimnies.   This elegant hall, so
well adapted to the purposes of the institution, may be said to have
been procured without cost.  There is no waste room-the building
is brought into use up to the very roof-peak, and the structure for
the support of the roof is so arranged that the weight rests mainly
upon the interior walls, and there is no lateral thrust upon the outer
walls. This has allowed the construction of well-tied. hollow, light,
exterior walls, at a saving in cost sufficient to pay for all the ornament, which the adoption of the Gothic style of architecture has
required. An ornamental building has thus been obtained, perhaps
at less cost than a plain edifice, of proper architectural proportions,
arrangement, and solidity, could have been erected for.
The entire cost of erection, in which are embraced all expenses of
printing and advertising, plans and superintendence; and including
14 
-  iii                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I!:
/4                                         -                $1
I'\\\\l
*X'E'd,AAa[N dO AJIJ ~HUI
p 
16                OF THE CITY OF NZWYO5K.
several large items of expenditure, for foundation and sewers, not
contemplated when the contracts were made; also, the stuccoing of
the exterior, and painting and sanding of the battlements and piinna cles. hav e been safely within the  sum  of $50,000, the  a         t
authorized bv law.  The Legislature wisely limited the cost of erect ing the building, in view of the extravagance which is usually l)rac tised in this particular.
This eligible site, of the dimensions of 122M feet on Lexington
Avesnue, by 203 feet on Twenty-third street, was purchased at a cost of
1'0,000. The amount appropriated thus far, for fitting up and fur niture, is 910,000.
The advantages of this institution, as its name imports, are free to
all. It presents, to rich and poor alike, an open and an even field.
Intellect, industry, and good conduct, are to win the prizes on this
course. Merit is to be the test of admission, and hereafter, when the
number to be admitted at each examination shall be limited in
advance, it will be necessary to exercise the nicest discrimination.
The examinations are to be conducted so that there may be no ground
for the suspicion of favoritism. Each candidate receives from the
Principal a number, which is his only designation, until the examination is completed.  The  Professors who conduct the examination
are not to know the parentage, the school, or even the names of the
candidtates, until the whole result is declared.
The whole system of instruction that will be embraced in the plan
of the Free Academy is not definitely arranged. Being established
as a part of the system of public education, the -Free Academy is,
necessarily, united with the Co-mmon Schools.  The Act gives the
Board of Education power to establish a Free Academy  " for the
purpose of extendling the benefits of education gratuitously to those
who have been pupils in the Common Schools of the City and
County of New York." The qualification for admission into the
former is, a thorough knowledge of the branches taught in the latter.
The education is continued onward, branching, as it proceeds, towards the various divisions of the field of knowledge, as the purpose
of the pupils may lead them.
For list of Vard and Public Schools, see page
Librasy of the New. York Ifistoricrl Society.-Rooms in the
University Building, on VWashington Square.  This institution possesses one of the first libraries in the country in the department of
American History.  It contains 15.000 printedbooks an pamphlets.
1400 volumes of newspapers, 2000 maps and charts, and 15,006
manuscripts, letters, and other documents, illustrating Colonial and
Revolutionary History.  Its gallery comprises Portraits of many dis.
tinguished men, a cabinet of historical and other curiosities, and a
valuable collection of coins and medals.
Hours, October 1st to April 1st, 10 to 2, and 7 to 9, P. M.; April 1st
to October 1st, 9 to 1, and 4 to 6, P.M.  George H. Moore, Librarian.
Extract from the Library Regulations:-"During the regular
hours, any members of the Society may have free access to consult
,any book or manuscript, except such as may be designated by the
Executive Committee, and to make extracts from the same under
the authority of the Librarian.   Any person not a member, may
obtain the like privilege of consultation from  the President or
Librarian, if known to them, or upon the recommendation of some
other member, to whom the applicant is known."
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16
OP THE CITY OF NEW-YORK. 
THE CITY OF NEW-Y)P.RK.
* RY*    17
Aiit:tItIltIiIIi1iI*1
~eiEe;IlIi~hE ii
i   m~mm~mm~m 
The Astor (free) Library.
This noble itnstitution for which the citizens are indebted to the
munificence of the late John Jacob Astor, will be located on Lafayette
Place.
The boy at school has a new world opened to him in the clshool
library, the lover of learning in Alb)any may read in the ILegislative
Library all day; or, if in PhiliAelpIhia, the bequest  of Franklin and
Mackenzie is at his service; but, in New-Yor-k, there was a void
which Mr. Astor was advised to fiil up.   Four hunidre  tLhousand
dollars were devised by him to this pbilanthropi. object; the site
which it is to occupy, forming part of the bequest, valued at. 30,000,
17 
OF THUB CITY OP NEW-YORK.
upon which a building, restricted by the will, in cost to $75,000, is to be
erected, after a design from which the opposite view is reduced. Of
the balance, $120,000 are to be expended in the purchase of books,
maps, statuary, &c., and the remainder to be placed at interest' to
defray the expenses of management, for the purchase of books, or
establishment of lectures, as the Trustees may think best.
The building will be built of brown cut stone, in the Florence
Palace style of architecture, 65 feet front by 120 deep; and its height
from the level of the side-walk to the top line of the parapet, will be
671k feet, of three stories, including the basement: and is to be so
constructed as to shut out all danger of damage by fire.
The basement will be used for keeper's rooms, cellars, &c., and
will contain four large hot-air fu'naces for warming the building.
The entrance is through a vestibule directly to a well-deslgnil
staircase, leading to the library-hall.  To the right and left o ttle
vestibule are the reading-rooms; and on each side of the stairway
are two corridors, leading to the lecture-room, (sufficiently large to
seat 500 persons,) in the rear of the building.
The library-hall will be 60 feet by 100 in the clear, and about 40
feet in height, lighted from the roof; the height of the hall midway
between the floor and ceiling is divided by a gallery, about 15 feet in
width, supported by 14 brick piers. The whole height of the wall is
to be provided with shelving, affording room for lO],000 volumes; ti
render the upper portions of which  accessible, two other, and
smaller galleries, are extended around the hall, above and below the
main gallery.  In fact, the whole interior is admirably designed for
convenience and economy of space; and if the designs of the architect (Mr. A. Saeltzer) are fully carried out, the whole building will
reflect great credit upon him, and, although not profusely ornamented,
will present a noble appearance, and form a new ornament to our
city.
About 20,000 volumes have already been purchased in Europe by
Mr. Cogswell; and, although not yet prepared to be thrown open to
the public, it is to be hoped that such arrangements as are necessary
for this purpose will shortly be perfected, so that no great length of
time will elapse before its benefits will be extended to those for whom
they were intended.
The Trustees are the Mayor of the city, and Chancellor of the State,
(ex officio;) and Washington Irving, Wim. B. Astor Daniel Lord, jr.,
James G. King, Jos. G. Cogswell, Fitz-Green Halleck, Henry Brevoort, jr., Samuel B. Ruggles, Samuel Ward, jr., and Charles
Bristed, who are to appoint their successors.  The Trustees are to
have no pay, nor is any one of them to hold any office of emolument
under the board.
The Apprentice's Library, at 32 Crosby street, contains 12,000
volumes read by q800 apprentices, and offers facilities for the cultivation of the mind, which prove exceedingly'useful to young mechanics.
Mercantile Library, Beekman street, cor. Nassau.-I. H. Bailey,
President; H. A. Oakley and E. T. Tournier, Secretaries; Theodore Stout, Treasurer; S- H. Grant, Librarian. This Association
was formed for the special benefit of merchants' clerks,-and is one of
the most useful institutions of its kind in the city. It has a library of
20,000 volumes; also a beautiful reading-room, open on week days,
well warmed and lighted, and much frequented.
18 
THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.                 19
The Society Library.
About a mile from the Battery, the stranger will be struck with
the chaste and imposing edifice of the Society Library. It is built of
brown free-stone, and, with the land on which it is erected, cost
12O,000. "The Public Library" of New-York was founded A. D.
1700, and the New-York Society Library was ingrafted on it in 17rA
During the Revolutioni the Library, then in the Old City Hall, was
scattered, and nearly destroyed.  Being revived in 1789, a builling
was erected for it in Nassau.street, near the present Post Office,
where it remained until 1836.  The volumes number about 40,000
in all languages, and on all subjects: some have lately been added off
great value. Terms of access, $25 for a transferable right, liable
to an annual tax of $6; or temporary subscription, at $10 per
annum.  Members and subscribers have the privilege of introducing
strangers.
TRUST]Cs.-William  Inglis, Secretary; Alexander R. Rodgera
Treasurer; Philip J. Forbes, Librarian; Gulian C. Verplanck,
Dayton Hobart, Frederic de Peyster, Stephen C. Williams, James de
Peyster Ogden, Joshua Coit, Joseph Delafield, James H. Titus.
Charles M. Leupp, Charles A. Brlsted, Daniel Seymour, John H.
Gourlie, and James W. Beekman.
New- York Law Institute Library, New City  Hall.-Initiation
fee, $30; annual dues, $10. Members of the bar Irotn abroad are entitled to the use of this library. W. H. Griswold, Secretary and
Acting Librarian.
THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.
19 
2 0                  A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
II'
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II  
Church  of the Puritans.
(Con,sgregatioa.l.)
This beautiful edifice is situated on the southwest corner of Union
Square and Fifteenth street, and was constructed firom the plans, and
under the superintendence, of J. Renwick. Jr., Esq.  The building
is of white marble, from  the quarries on the banks of the Hudson
River.  The dimensions are as follows:-Extreme length, 142 feet; 
breadth. 75 feet. The style of architecture is the later tRomanesque
-a style which preceded the Gothic.  The front is Banked by two
towers of unequal heights-one 104, and the other 84  eet.  The
original design contemplated carrying both towers to the same
height, 104 feet, and the construction of a spire 100 feet in height on
the northeast corner tower. The interior ofthe church is 110 feet in
length, and is divided into three aisles, with richly groined ceilinasthe centre aisle 36 feet wide by 50 feet in height, with a clerestory;
and two side aisles, 16 feet wide by 35 feet in height.  The windows
are fCled with enamelled glass with stained glass borders. Behind
the church is a lecture-room, 27 feet wide and 70 feet long, with a front 
THE CITY OF Nkw-Yoit                 21
on Fifteenth-street flanked with two small towers.  Over the lecture
room are two school-rooms, which communicate with the galleries of
the church, making the interior arrangement probably more complete
and convenient than that of any church at present erected in the city.
The total cost of the building was $0,.  The number of sittings in
t26O.
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The South Dutch Church
(Dutch Reformed.:
This chaste and elegant building is situated on the southwest
corner of the Fifth Avenue and TWenty first street, and was built by
the congregation of the old South Dutch Church, in Garden street,
THE CITY OF NEW-YORM.
510 
22               OF THE GITY OF NEW-YORE               I
now Exchange Place; and is therefore an instance of the remarkable
growth of the city of New-York-the old building having been
nearly halfa mile south, and the new one being exactly two miles north
of the City Hall.  The church is in the rayonant, or middle-age
Gothic style, which is considered as the most perfect form of that
architecture.  The church is cruciform, 120 feet in length, 65 feet
in breadth across the body of the church, and 90 feet across the transepts.   The lecture-room in the rear is 24 feet wide, and 65 feet
long, making the total length of the church and chapel 144 feet. The
front of the church is constructed of buff-colored freestone, from the
quarries of Mr. Thom, the sculptor. The sides and rear are of
brick, painted and sanded to the same color as the front. The front
of the church is divided into three parts, having a high pointed gable
to the central aisle, and two lower gables to the side aisles. The
tower is on the corner of the Avenue and street, and, with the spire
(not yet erected,) will be 180 feet in height.  The traceries of the four
great windows at the end of the church and transepts, are remarkable
for their beauty. The interior is divided into three aisles by rich
columns. The roof is of oak, with heavily carved ribs and traceries.
The interior woodwork of the pews and other furniture is black walnut.
The organ screen is of oak. The stained glass in the principal rear
window and transept windows is of rich and varied design.  The
lower part of the principal window in the rear is filled with a stained
glass trellis-work of two colors, with a grape vine, beautifully
painted, running through the trellis. Above the vine, in the tracery
of the head, are rays diverging from a central light; and below it two
sheaves of wheat.
The transept windows have rich heads of stained glass, and below
a pannelled work of stained and enamelled glass. The efbect of color
on the interior of the church is very harmonious.
The lecture-room in the rear is constructed to correspond both in
exterior and interior finish with the church, to which it forms a bealutiful and appropriate addition.
The church cost about $40,000, with the furniture and organ.
J. Renwick, Jr., Architect.
Thle Middle Dutch Church, in Liberty-street, comer of Nassau,
now occupied as the Post  Office, has stood for one hundred and
twent  years  and eight or nine successive generations (counting
those who were aged at the time of its opening) have worshipped
within its walls.  On Sabbath evening, 11th August, 1544, the closing
exercises were held in the church, in the view of resigning it for other
uses.  In connection with the usual devotional exercises, a sermon
was preached by the Rev. Dr. Knox, the senior pastor, from John iv.
20-24, and an address delivered by the Rev. Dr. De Witt, one of
the pastors. During the Revolutionary war, in 1776, when the
British took possession of she city, several of the churches were
occupied and greatly injured by the British soldiery; but the
Middle Dutch Church suffered the most. Being directly adjacent
to the famous sugar-house, the scene of atrocious and multiplied
cruelties inflicted upon American citizens, it was at once used by the
British soldiery for their quarters, for a hospital, and then  for
a riding-school, in which British horsemanship was displayed.  The
whole of the interior was destroyed, and rendered desolate.  It was
not till 1790 that the church was repaired, and again opened for
divine worship.
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OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK. 
THE CITY OF NEw-YORE                23
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University Place (Presbyterian) Church.
'ais ChtirChl is situated on the southeast comer of University
lllace and Tenth street; is built of New Jersey stone from Little
23
THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.
:4 
A BIRD'S-EYE VIBW
Falls. The edifice covers an area of eight thousand one hundred and
ninety-two feet, divided into three distinct portions  viz., tower,
church, and chapel.                          -
The tower is situated at the west end of the iave, (or body of the
church,) is twenty feet square, running up eighty-five feet, where it
is surmiiounited by an octagonal spire, ornamented at the angles by
crockets, and, of itself, eighty-six feet high, making the conjoined
elevation one hundred and seventy-one feet, which is built entirely of
stone.
The interior of the church is divided into a nave, and two aislesthe former of which is separated from the latter by pillars and
arches, over which, in the inside, is a clerestory. At the west end of
the church, in the tower, is the organ: at the other extremity, divided
from the church by a rich screen, attached to which is the pulpit, is
the chapel, which runs longitudinally across the church, affording
ample room for services held during the week.
Across the aisles, and resting on the pillars of the nave, and on the
side walls of the church are galleries.  The pews, pulpit, and other
furniture of the church, are of black walnut.  The windows are
glazed with enamelled glass, having rich heads and borders.  And
covering all is an open roof, supported by an arched principal at
each intercolumn, painted a dark color about the shade of black walnut.  R. Upjohn, Architect.
,t. Paul's Episcopal Chapel-Is situated in Broadway, between
Fulton and Vesey streets, and the burying-ground extends west to
Church street, and thus includes the whole block, 400 by 80 feet, surrounded by a handsome iron-railing. The body of the church is 90 by
70 feet, with a beautiful spire, 200 feet high, painted and overcast
with sand to resemble brown freestone.  The church was erected in
1765, and the steeple in. 1794.  It has a beautiful poftico of four
Roman Ionic fluted columns of brown stone, supporting a pediment
with a niche in the centre, containing a statue of St. Paul, painted
white.
The Scotch Presbyterian Church-Corner of Grand and Crosby
streets, is a stone building, 95 feet long and 67 broad, with a fine Ionic
portico of six stone columns, and cost $114,000
lThe First Baptist Church-In Broome street, corner of Elizabeth street, is a fine stone edifice, of Gothic architecture, from 88 to
110 feet long, and from 75 to 87 feet wide, with two octagon towers on
the front corners, and a pointed window between them, 22 feet wide
and 41 feet high.  The interior is more imposing than the exterior.
St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church-In Barclay street, corner of
Church, is a large and substantial granite structure, with a very imposing Ionic portico of six granite columns, and a statue of St. Peter
in a niche in the pediment.
The French Protestant Episcopal Church-Corner of Franklin
and Church streets, is built of white marble, and has a portico with a
double row of fine marble columns of the Ionic order.
The Reformed Dutch Church-On Washington Square, is a large
and imposing structure of Gothic architecture, and appears well,
even by the side of the splendid New-York University.
St. Patrick's Romans  Catholic Cathedral-Is o stone, 120 feet
long and 80 feet wide, but is more distinguished bfor its magnitude
than for its elegance, though it is an imposing s      tructure.
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24 
OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.
l  _    ___       _ 
-      I-             
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St. George's (Protestant Episcopal) Church,
This church is located on Rutherford Place, between E. Sixteenth
and E. Seventeenth streets, fronting on Stuyvesant Square, (a new
Square recently laid out;) a neighborhood, which, although not yet
thickly built upon, must in a short time become one of the most
fashionable quarters of the city-of which this edifice will form the
principal ornament.
It has a front of 94 feet, and is 168 feet deep.  The architecture is
of the Byzantium order; its details are very massive: the whole
edifice is a model of strength and durability. The spires not yet
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25
A 
26                  A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
being added, it at present furnishes but little evidence of the grandeur
of the original design.
The interior is very elegant,
St. George's Church is (with the exception of Trinity) the oldest
Protestant Episcopal Congregation in thie city; their old edifice in
Beekman street, corner of Clifford, having been first erected in 1752.
In 1811, it was separated from Trinity, and became a distinct parish.
In 1814, the first edifice was destroyed by fire. but was promptly rebuilt, and still stands.
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Odd Fellows' Hall.
This hall, designed for the accommodation of the Grand Lodge and
Encampment, and many of the subordinate Lodges, is situated on the
corner of Grand and Centre and Orange streets being 78 feet 8
inches on Centre street, 70 feet 9 inches on Grand, and 105 feet on
Orange street.
The building is of brown freestone, and being much higher than
any surrounding edifices, is a prominent feature of the central part of
the city. Its entire cost was about $125,000. The Hall Association
is a chartered Company, and the stock is held principally by the
Lodges meeting therein.
The basement is occupied as a restaurant. The first story is
divided into six spacious stores, and contains apartments for the
keeper of the building.
On the second floor are the offices of Grand Secretary of the Order
in this State, Grand Scribe of the Patriarchal Branch, Odd Fellows'
Hall Association, the Post Office of the Order, the Banner Room,
in which the splendid banners of the Lodges and Encampments occupying the hall are deposited; the library-room i and
The Antique Room, about 40 by 32, is fitted up min antique style, the
painting being elaborate and highly finished.
i
26
A IBIP.D'S.E'kE virw 
OF Til Givo   EWTa.
On the third floor- are the Corinthian Room, 51~ by 33,, feet,:
occupyin:the northwest corner of the hall. finished in the pure style
of fthis:faorite order of architecture.   This  is the largest Lodlgeroom.
The Egyptian Room, on the northeast corner, is the most elaborate
and;appropriate room in the  Hall.  The room is 47 by 37 feet.
Twelve highly ornamented and massive columns support a heavy
cornice, from which the ceiling sprinz s obliquely: givng something,
the  appearance of a dome.  The celing is divided into panels,on
each  side of which is painted some appropriate device.   Other
panels, and indeed the entire walls, pillars, and ceiling of the room
are covered with hieroglyphical pictures  characteristic  of the old
Egyptian mysteries and  ythoogy.   The names of the Board of
Managers of the Hall and the date ofits commencement and completion, are written in hieroglyphics in proper places  on the wall:  also
the names of the Past Grand Sires ofthe  Order.
: The Elizabethan Room, 393  by 32 feet-done in the massive  ond
elaborate stle of the age of QueenOBess-occupies the remainder of
this floor. The painting of this room is a fine piece of workmanship.
Ascending to the fourth floor, we find the Gothic Room.  This
room  is over the Egyptian, and of like dimensions, finished with
eight full pendants in the ceiling, and telve half pendants along the
walls.  These are painted of a lightish color, in panels, with appropriate armorial bearings inscribed thereon..  
The Doric Room-the lastof the regular Lodge rooms-a beautiful
little room, over and corresponding ln size with the Elizabethan.
The pure, plain Doricis here shown  not a decoration, not a superfluouis  part, but so very plain, t      th he  contrast is striking  and
pleasing, after a survey of the ornate and' gaudy Antique and Elizabethan.       -
The  Persian Room is intendd for Encampments.   The: roomn is
oval in form;  them paintingalih i   s 1  fgraetul, and freminds the
visitoro              of t he beautiful plce i story of Aladdin and the
Wonderful Lamp.
The ofifth and last floor is occupied by t           he Rotunda  for the meet- 
pigi of           the Grn o     of hState, and hs alarge troom for com- 
mitees.  The HRotnFma is circular, 73 t in diameter  in the centre
ione larg ome id ow, and    a   windowss ottre,ids th       e r oof st upportedby a circle ofsmall iron columns.     
The Deaf and Durlh Bsynl -is on iftie th street, near Avenue
Fourth, or IIarlem Railroa, and  is  10 feet long and  60o feet wide,
and will accommodate a large number of pupils, with the teachers
tmd family of' the principal.  It is under a principal and eig~ht professors.'Persons wholwiah to visit it by the public conveyances should
:proceed to the junction of Chatham and Centre streets opposite the
City Hall.   I From this point the fcars for Iarlem leave frequently
luringthe y,  and pass directly by thInstitution, where they stop
to receie and       passengers.,
The Inttitu,for the  Blind-Is on Avenue Ninth, near Thirty
third street,i a  s about 70.pupils.
TheXNest - York Hospital, at 319 Broadway,:is a collection of extensive buildings, in a handsome situation, with a fine yarc.
I
OF TIIE CITY OF - NEW-YORK.
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OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.
The New State Arsenal,
Is an imposing edifice, 200 feet front by 50 feet deep, exclusive of the
towers,-being the largest building of the kind in the State, locateu on
the Fifth Avenue, between 62d and 64th streets, four miles from the
City Hall; but brought within the view of the reader by the cut'on
the opposite page:  or, if this is not satisfactory, the cars of the
Harlemni Railroad, or Sixty-first street stages, will convey him to the
spot at almost any hour. 
It is constructed of brick, with the exception of the first story,
which is of brown stone, and has at each of its angles an octagonal
tower, 69 feet high, besides four others-two in front, and two in'the
rear of the building  each 82 feet in height.
A sub-cellar, under the north wing of the building, is to be occupied by the old Revolutionary pieces.  The basement, which is 10
feet high, and is one large hall, extending the whole length and
breadth of the building, is for heavy cannon and balls. The principal
story, 12 feet 6 inches in height, will be tenanted by the small arms.
The second story, 9 feet 6 inches in height, by munitions  and the
upper story, 16 feet high, by gun-carriages, &c., &c.
The bearing-beams are supported byGothic cast-iron columns;
the floors throughout the building are of Georgia pine, with the
exception of the basement: the roof is iron, above which is a libertypole, 68 feet in height. 
The work was commenced on the 13th July, and completed on
the 15th November, 1848. at a cost of $30,000.
BUILDING COMMiTTr,uE.-Millard Fillmore, Comptroller; Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State; Alvah Hunt, state Treasurer;
Ambrose L. Jordan, Attorney-General; Charles B. Stewart, Chief
Engineer and Surveyor; Samuel Strong, Superintendent; John
Young, Governor; John Stewart, Commissary General.
In the rear of the main building-is a small magazine.
The old arsenal, which yet contains most of the arms and munitions
of the State stored in this city, is on Centre street, between Franklin
and White. Its contents at the time ofthe last Report of the Commissary General, (31st December, 1848,)consisted in part of 96 pieces of
field artillery, among which were 5 cannon surrendered to the Americans by the capitulation of St. John's, November 25th, 1775; 6 surrendered by the Convention of Saratoga, October 17th, 1777; 6 cap tured at Princeton, January 3d, 1777  and two brass three pounders
taken from General Burgoyne  7848 serviceable muskets,  B rifes,
and 800 carbines. 
This spot was occupied for a magazine, as early as 1675, during
which year a public slaughter-house was erected here, a loft over
which was used as a powder-house.  In 1728, the island was appro priated "as the most convenient place for building thereon a maga zine, or powder-house." The present building was erected in 1808.
Theatres and Amusements.
The Broadway Theatre, under the management of E. A. Marshall, is the finest theatre in the' city, and generally has the highest
class of entertainments, presenting a succession of the principal stars
who emigrate to this country from Europe.  It is a very prosperous
institution.
Burton's Theatre, in Chambers street, a few doors east of Broad
1 29 
A BIRD'S-EYB VIBW
way, is a popular resort for all who are fond of fun and burlesque.
It is usually crowded.
The Olympic, in Broadway, between Howard and Grand streets, is
an establishment very similar in its character to Burton's.
Niblo's is too well known all over the Union to require particular
notice. It is now handsomely rebuilt, and is more popular than ever.
The Bowery is the great central attraction, not only of the impor.
tant Avenue whose name it bears, but of the whole region round
about.  The performances here are of the most energetic character,
and generally it is a very interesting place to visit.
The National.-This is situated at the foot of Chatham Square,
and is a flourishing melo.dramatic theatre.
The American Mu,seum, on the corner of Broadway and Ann
street-Christy's Minstrels, &c., &c., are all much frequented.
Italian Opera House.-This elegant and aristocratic establishment
is located in Astor Place, just east of Broadway.
Cemeteries.
The rural Cemeteries in the neighborhood of New-York, particularly Greenwood, and the Trinity Church Cemetery, are well worth
a visit-being handsomely laid out into walks, and adorned with
many monuments of great beauty.   The former is situated in
Brooklyn, about two miles and a half from the South ferry, and
commands beautiful views of the bay and harbor, with its islands and
forts, the cities of New-York and Brooklyn, the shores of the North
and East rivers, New Jersey, Staten Island, the Quarantine, and
numerous towns and villages in every direction; together with that
part of the Atlantic Ocean extending from Sandy Hook to the Rockaway Pavilion. Tickets of admission may be obtained at the Office,
No. 64, Broadway.
Trinity Cemetery is situated on the high grounds near Manhattanville, extending from 153d to 155th street, and from the Tenth Avenue
to the river.
Tile grounds, giving a view of the Hudson River, Highlands, and
Jersey shore, Harlem, the Sound, and shores of Long Island, are
tastefully laid out in avenues and walks, well covered with a great
variety of ornamental trees, evergreens, and shrubbery.
Besides these, are the Cypress Hills Cemetery, situated also on Long
Island, about five miles from the Brooklyn ferry; the New-York
Bay Cemetery, on the shores of the Bay, in New Jersey; the Oak
Hill Cemetery, at Nyack, and the Rockland Cemetery, near Piermont,-which, although but recently established, and partially laid
out, all possess excellent locations, and afford fine views of the adjacent country.
Aifer calling the attention of the reader to the advertising pages in
the front and back of this book, (which may occasionally be perused
to his profit,) the names appended to which advertisements will be
readily recognized by those who are familiar with the business of our
city, as those of individuals and firms who have for many years sustained an enviable reputation in their respective lines of business;
and whose establishments are none the less "celebrated" by reason of
not being particularly mentioned  here -we proceed to give both
pictorial and letter-press details of a few of the more attractive
among the many
30 
-1
icunsON RIVER.           8'
Staten Island (west side)
Is about 14 miles long and
5 to 8 miles in breadth. It is
centrally distant  12 miles
from New York City. The
island was purchased from
its Indian inhabitants for
Michael Pauw, one of the
directors of the Dutch West
India Comnpany, by deed,
dated August 10, 1630. It
was a very desirable spot
with the primitive Dutch
settlers; and the Indians,who
s,emed never tohave considered themselves toloseright
of possession by sale,andwere
always willing to convey for
a consideration, sold the
island, about the year 1638
to the Heer N'elyn with the
permission of GovernorKieft;
again in 1657 to the Baron
Van Cappellan. Melyn and
Van Cappellan, both made
improvements, but the colony
settled by  the  latter was
broken up by the savages
from the Raritan, who mur       -
dered  his  people.  Melyn
subsequently obtained the
exclusive title and claiming
to be independant of New
Amsterdam -gave Governor
Stuyvesant much trouble.
On the 14th June, 1659, he
conveyed his rights to the
company. The island was
again purchased from the
Indians by Governor Lovelace, April 18, 1670.
In a military point of view,
the island is one of the most
important upon the coast;
its possessor having the
command of New York Bay
and the adjacent country.
It was so deemed by the
British in the revolutionary
war, and was the first place
seized by Sir William Howe
(July 4th, 1776). It was retained by the royal forces
during the whole contest.
$..h..
c
a cnie to l t             W'msber'h
ooklyn
subseuenl  ot   th;
the  islan  isoneofthemConey Isnd
tBri hn                ^ ot BankB
West Bkc: 
~    -
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HUDSON EVI]L. 
32t               OGUIDe   TO THE
Preparatory to the war of 1812, there were erected very extensive
.and efficient fortifications known as Forts Tompkins, Richmond,
and Hudson, at the Narrows, opposite to Fort Fayette on Long
Island. These forts (whichare now falling into.decay) completely
protect the strait, which is but 1760 yards wide.
New Brighton situated on the northerly side of the Point of the
island, next Berged Neck, upon heights which overlook New York
Bay, is a village of two or three hundred ornamental dwellings.
Being accessible at all hours from New York, it is a delightful
place of summer residence. The Quarantine hospital is about 3
miles east, on the shores of the lower bay, around which  is a
pleasant little village. Staten Island is a great place of resort
during the summer season. There are two ferries, one to the Qua rantine from the pier foot of Whitehall Street, and one to New
Brighton from the foot of Battery place.
Coney Island (East side) is the spot where Hudson first landed,
previous to exploring the river.
Fort Hamilton forms one of.the principal defences to the
Harbor.
Brooklyn was first settled by George Jansen de Rapalje in 1625
at the Wallabout bay. Some other families of the same race may
have come in about the same time, but it is supposed that few
emigrants had then arrived in the Dutch territories with a view
to the cultivation of the soil. The earliest deed known for lands
in Brooklyn was in 1636. The right to the soil was purchased by
the emigrants from the Canarse tribe of Indians who inhabited
that part of the island. Thie city was chartered April 8th. 1834.
Within the last few years the improvements in Brooklyn have
bcen very great. New and spacious streets have been opened in
all directions, and many splendid public and private houses have
been erected. The great expansion of the City of New York,
and the rise in the value of property there, ate driving, to this city,
men of business, who find a residence here more convenient than
in the distant wards of the metropolis. For foreign and domestic
commerce, it has many of the advantages of the greater city.
Vessels of all sizes, may moor at its docks, and in a fewyears more
no inconsiderable portion of the business of the great emporium
may be done here. As a place of residence, a more charming one
cannot be designated.  Its site is high and healthy.  In the summer cooled, and in the winter warmed, by the breeze from the
ocean, and at all times commanding a delightful view of the great
city, the busy river, the lovely bay, and the verdant shores of New
Jersey, and Staten Island.
The principal business street is Fulton street. There are now
four ferries from the foot of Whitehall, Fulton, Catherine, and
Walnut streets.
Between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh, are the United States
Navy Yard, and the Naval Hospital a large and commodious
building, having in the rear a grave yard laid out gardenwise remarkable for the neatness with which it is kept. Near here
s were stationed the Jersey and other prison ships of the English,
I
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during the Revolutionary war, in which it is said 1000 0 American
prisoners perished from the effects of bad air, close confinement,and
ill treatment. In digging for the public works, the bones of the
sufferers were uncovered, and in May 1808, were collected and
decently interred in a spot designated by & small house enclosed
with black palings.
With Brooklyn heights is connected the memory of the bloody
battle of August 27th, 1776.  The Gowanus marsh impeded the
retreat of the Americans and proved fatal to many. Here Generals
Stirlingand Sullivan were made prisoners. On the heights were
lately, some remains of a fort erected near the close of the war
in which was a well of fresh water l'20 feet deep.
The Long Island Rail Road eommences at the South Ferry
foot of Atlantic street.Brooklyn, and terminates at Greenport about
100 miles. The road was completed and opened for travel in 1838.
Pop'-tion of Brooklyn in 1845.-59,574.
Williamsburgh.  The villase of Williamsburgh, is opposite
the lipper part ofthe City of New York, and separated from it, by
the East River. Williamsburgh is growing rapidly. Two or three;
ship yards have recently been established, and as it affords along
the shore a sufficient depth of water for this purpose, it will in all
probability sicoeed te New York in this branch of business.
There are three ferries, one at Peek Slip, foot of Grand and foot
of Houston Streets.  Population in 1845.l 1,338.
On Blackwell's Islaud, jiust above the mouth of Newtown creek,
is a located a prison belonging to the City of New York, also, a
hospital for the treatment of all contagious diseases. The prison
is a handsome granite edifice.
Jersey City, on the west side is a place of considerable impor-'
tance.  The Philadelphia rail road and the Paterson and Hudson
rail road have their commencement here  as also the Morris Canal
terminating on the Delaware River, at a distance of 102l miles. The
Cunard line of steamers to Liverpool also depart from this city.
Population in l845.
Hobokea, opposite New York, has lately grown into quite a village, under the enterprize of the Mesers Stevens, who own a large
tract of land about here, and by whom a considerable portion of
it has been laid out in walks, shaded by trees. which render the
place very agreeable to the tired denizens of New York of a summer's afternoon. From the hills, in the neighborhood is a good view:
of the City and bay of New York. There are three ferries from the
foot of Barclay, Canal, and Christopher streets.
Weehawkeu and BulPs Fesry, are also-prireipallyremarkable as
affording pleasant walks, pure air, and prospects
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HUDSON RIVER. 
34..tIIDE TO THR                   
Yonkers.  E. S. is a plea-     T  TH,           Sheg
sant little village, If miles
north of New York.  Ford-,
ham  Heights, Tetard'is H            ill,x'
and part of Valentine's I-HilI,
noted in the revolutionary {
war, are in this township. 
The  village is a  favorite 
summer  retreat from New  ca
York, with which place there
is hoirly communication by
the Harlem Rail Road.
Dobbs Ferry, an important         Nyack
point during the revolutiona ry war but a ferry no longer,
is 22 milesfrom the city, and
is  a  place of considerable
resort in the summer.                          Id
Tarrytown or Greensbnrgh, A....
famed  as  the spot where           \v,
Major Andre was arested on          "A
hyeda threAeria  spoldihere %"
his return from West Point,..  E
by three American soldiers, -                  _')
John  Paulding, Isaac Van'ei;
Wart, and David Williams.
Andre  offered  them   his
purse and a valuable gold,                            i
watch to release him; but
these  inflexible   patriots,
though poor, were not to be                  t
moved from their duty:.Three
miles east from Tarrytown 
lies the hamlet of Greensburgh, where are a tavern,
store, some dozen or twen+y
dwellings, and a Presbyteriar t
church. in the cemetery of 
which rests the remains of 
Isaac Van Wart, over whieh
is a monument consisting of 
a base and pyramid having
the following inscriptions. 
(On the North side)                    A
Here repose
The mortal remains
ISAAC VAN WART,         -
An elder of Greensburgh 
church, who  died  on the
'23rd day of May, in the 69th
year of his age. Having lived              li
the life, he died the death of
la christian. 
I,1'UD5OR RIVER.                       I.
(South a)
On the 23d of September 1780,
IsAAc VrAN WAR?,
Accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all
farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre
on his return from the American lines, in the character of a spy,
and notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release,
nobly disdaining to sacrifice their Country for Gold secured and carried him to the commanding officer of the district,
whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy cf Arnold was
brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, the
American army saved and our beloved country now free and independent, rescued from most imminent peril.
(East side.)
VINCIT AMOR PATRI~
Nearly half a century before this monument was built, the
conscript fathers of America, had in the Senate chambers voted,
that
ISAAC VAN WART,
was a faithful patriot, one in whom the love of country was in
vincible, and this tomb, bears testimony that the record is true.
(West side.)
The citizens of the
County of West Chester, erected this tomb in testimony of the
high sense they entertain for the virtuous and patriotic conduct
of their follow citizen, and as a memorial sacred to
Public Gratitude.
Sing Sing(township of Mount Pleasant' At this place are several 
extensive marble quarries and a copper mine, formerly wrought by
a joint stock company which has been abandoned though reputed
rich. Chappequa mineral spring, three miles and al half eastofthe
village, has some reputation for medicinal qualities and a large
boarding house was erected here some years since.  The state prison located near the margin of the river, is built chiefly of marble
quarried from the farm belonging to the state. As the prison
at Mt. Auburn was insufficient for all the prisoners under the
criminal laws, the Legislature in 1lfi, provided for the erection of
this.  The execution of this work was intrusted to Mr. Elam
Lynds, the superintendent of Auburn, who taking with him one
hundred convicts, aceustemed to obey him, led them to the spot
and encamped them on the bank of the Hudson. without a place
to receive or walls to secure his dangerous companions.   He made
of every one a mason, carpenter, or other useful laborer, with no
other power than the firmness of his character and the energy of
his will. and thus for several years, the convicts whose number
was gradually increasing, were engaged in building their own
prison.  It consists of a main building 50 feet by 50)0, with lings
running westerly, about 400 feet, forming a spacious inner yard,
only to t he   river, ai other structures for workshops. Them
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RUDSON RIVER. 
~~36               IBGUIDR TO THE                            I
buildings contain 1000 cells, a chapel, keeper's diwelling, &e.  The
aost was about $200,000, exclusive of the labor of the prisoners.
The discipline enforced at this prison is as follows. In the day
time, the prisoners are compelled to labor together in an orderly
manner, all conversation being strictly forbidden. Soon after day
light, on a signalgiven by the prison bell, the turnkey unlocks the
doors of the cells, when the convicts, each with his night tub,
watercan, and mush kid, march out and having disposed of these
articles, according to the order of the prison, proceed to the
workshops, where they commence the labor of the day.  At a fixed
hour, the bell is again rung, when they again form in line and
march again, taking up in their way, their tubs and cans containing their provisions, to their cells where they breakfast. After an
interval of 20 or 30 minutes, they return in the same manner to
their workshops. At 12 o'clock they dine under the same regulations. On the approach of night they wash their faces and hands
and at the ringing of the bell, form a line, according to the number
of their cells, march out of their shops, to their night tubs and
take them up.  They then proceed with closed files, with their
tubs haiJging on their arms, to the place where their mush and
molasses and cans of water for drinking, have been prepared for
them, and without breaking their step, they stoop and take up
each his can and kid, march to their respective galleries, enter their
cells as they arrive at them and pull the doors partly shut. Each
gallery is occupied by one company, which is marched and locked
up by one turnkey with two keys differing from each other and
from all the rest.  The convicts, then eat supper in their respective cells. At an early hour they are required by the ringing of a
bell. to take off their clothes and go to bed; when well they are
not permitted to lie down before the bell rings, nor to get up again,
but from necessity, until the ringing of the morning bell. During
the night turnkeys are constantly moving round the galleries in
their stocking feet, so noiselessly that the convicts are not able to
discover their presence or absence; and thus the whole wing,
containing several hundred convicts, is preserved in perfect stillness and order. It is obvious that no communication can take
place between the convicts at night, without the connivance or negligence of the turnkey, which is guarded against by the visits of
the keeper and his deputies. at different hours. This system of
discipline has received the name of the " Auburn system." lt is
analagous to that which has lon.g prevailed in the penitentiary at
(Ghent called the Maison de Force, which was probably taken as a
model.
Fort Lee (W.S.), on the brow of the Palisades (which have their
commencement here) 300 feet above the level of the water, was
the site of a fortification in the revolution (some remains of which
may yet be traced), to which General Washington retreated when
compelled to leave Fort Washington, the last post held by the
Americans on New York island, and from which he a.gain retreated
to Newark. From this point, up to Piermont, the west bank of the
river, presents to the spectator an almost perpendicular face of
rock, rising abruptly from the water's edge to the height of from
4to50(0 feet, for about 20 miles, when they recede westerly into a
low ridge, until they resume the margin ol the.river Dxear Nyack,
5                                -
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HUDSOW RIVIR.
in the neighborhood of which
place, some of its summits
reaci to the height of 1000
feet.   On these mountains
are some small lakes which
abound with fish, and from
which in winter is obtained a
bountiful  supply of clear
ice,  a  large  quantity  of
which is annually consumed
in the City of New  York.
Extensive ice houses have
been erected here, by two
or three companies, who find
a great demand for their
ice in the heat of summer.
Piermont, the eastern ter minus  of the New  York
and Erie Rail Road, is a
small but thriving village
25 miles from New  York.
The Erie Rail Road  Company was incorporated in
1832, the road is to terminate
on the shores of Lake Erie.
The entire length of this
stupendous  work  will  be
about 450 miles; of which
but a small portion is completed. Boats leave the foot
of Duane Street, New York,
at 7 o'clock A. M.  and 4
o'clock P. M., summer and
winter, to connect with this
road, to which the city is
indebted for a constant supply of wholesome milk.
Tappan, a small town
about 3 miles S. W. from
Piermont contains the grave
in which the remains of Major Andre (which have since
been conveyed to England)
were deposited after his execution.
Warren, W. S. A small,
village,eligibly situated,upon
a handsome flat, contains several churches, stores, tai;
verns and between 100 and
120 dwellings, a printing
-office issuing a weekly paper,
and several extensive brick
,,yards, this village increases
I steadily.
t~"   ~       ~~~Dutc'ha Co
]Xy      Fishkill
He~~~~o
W..t Point        4
11. 1
al   Se Pt  P it
s  wel
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HUDSON RIVER. 
GUIDE TO THB
.j(
Orassy Point (not on the sketch) 2 mom  north of War.en
has a steamboat landing, where is a large commodious hotel,
much frequented in the summer season, by boarders from Newi
York. About 2 miles above the point ae some beds of varie-,
gated marble, said to be very beautiful and highly valuable.
Croton(E. S.), is a post village; situated on the Croton River,
from which river New York is supplied with water, conveyed to
the city by an aqueduct (for description of which see descriptions
of New York City) erected for that purpose.
Stony Point (W. S.), W gallantly captured from the British
on the night of the 5th $uly 1777.
Caldwells. Here the boats for Albany make their first landing,
after leaving Newr York. It was also the scene of the operations
of "the Kidd Salvage Company," which was  set on foot by
some sharpers,wbopretended to have discovered the spot at which
the pirate Kidd abandoned and set fire to his vessel, after beiiing
chased up the river. They pretended to have fished up an antiquated ship's cannon, and that, il boring with augers on the spot they 
had bored through the remains of the vessel and that their augers
had chipped off and brought up some grains of silver; the bait
took-  company weas formed to raise the wreck-a large capital
was subscribed and paid in, and a coffer dam was built, and a steam 
engine kept in operation several months pumping out the water
— unfortunately, however, the water leaked in as fast as pumped
out —calling for new outlays to repair the damiage, the scheme
was persevered in some thime and those who were gulled found out
too late that theirs, was, in all probability the only trerts,re, ever
sunk on that spot.  From Caldwells is a ferry to Peekskill on
the opposite side of the river.
FORTS MONTGOMERY AND CLINTON.  These Forts were gallantly defended by about 800 Americans, against an overwhelming
force of British, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton, on the
6th of October, 1777. At that time Gen. Burgoyne was closely
watched, near Saratoga, by Gen. Gates.  Sir Henry Clinton anrxious to afford Gen. Burgoyne an opportunity to force his way to
the Hudson River, attacked these forts in order to effect a diversion in his favor, for which purpose he left New York, with nearly
4000 troops, embarked in the fleet and landed at Verplanck's Point
on the 5th of October.  The following morning he sent a detachment to Stoney Point and marched in the rear of that Fort. Gen.
Putnam supposing the object of the expedition to be Fort Independence. crossed the river and prepared to oppose him, and was only
undeceived by the report of the guns at Forts Montgomery and
Clinton.  The fighting lasted from 4 o'clock P. M. until dark,,
when the small force of the Americans, now about 450 in number,
being weakened by the loss of 250 men, effected their escape with
the Governor and his brother Gen. James Clinton.
Peekskill (E. S.), 42 miles N. from New York, is built upon
the beach of a small bay, and upon  the high-banks of a
ravine, in which flows Gregory's brook, a rapid stream.  A
steam boat runs daily to this place from New York. The
village proper is separated from the landing by a hill, more,"
than 2)0 feet high, and it contains' (the landing included) about
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HUDSON RIsVER.                        9
400 habitations.  This is the principal place of business, for a
great extent of country, including the N. W. part of Westchester,
the whole of Putnam. and the south part of Dutchess Counties.
About 6 miles below this village is Verplanck's Point, on which
stood Fort Fayette of the revolutionary war.  Continental Village,
a small village, so called, which was occupied, for a time by the
American troops and destroyed by the British in 1777, was located
in the vicinity.
Anthony's Nose, at the entrance of the Highlands, is not (as is
generally supposed) the mountain which resemblesthe profile of the
human face. The derivation of the name is lost, unless it be that
given by the equally veracious and verisimilitudinous Knickerbocker. The christening of the mount is described in the story of
the Dutch Governor's first voyage up the Hudson, as follows:
"Just at this momen.t the illustrious sunr, breaking in all its
spendor, from behind one of the high cliffs of the highlands, did
dart one of its most potent beams full upon the refulgent nose of
the Sounder of Brass. The reflection of which shot straightway
down, hissing hot into the water, and killed a mighty Sturgeon
that was sporting beside the vessel! When this astonishing miracle came to be known to Peter Stuyvesant (the Governor), he,as
may well be supposed, marvelled exceedingly; and as a monument
thereof gave the name of Antlhony's Nose to a stout promontory
in the neighborhood, and it has continued to be called Anthony's
Nose ever sitce."
Cold Spring. A small village, the access to which, is by a f3rry
boat from West Point, contains little to interest the passer by.
The West Point Foundry, about one mile from the village, is one of
the most extensive in the United States.  The  mountains in the
vicinity abound with iron.
West Point (W. S.), is the site of one of the most important
fortresses erected duriing the revolutionary war, and now of the
famed military school established by the National government: is
51 miles north of New York. The importance of this post during
the revolutionary war, will be apparent from the following considerations. The river admitting vessels of heavy burden to
Hudson City, and affording in connexion with Wood Creek and
Lake Champlain, a ready boat navigation to Canada, was emphatically, the key of the country. Traversing the settled portion of the
state, the Hudson divided it into two parts of unequal surface,
dependent on each other. Had the British become masters of the
river, they could have prevented communication between its
banks and operatinig on either at pleasure, would have been opposed only by a divided American force. On one side of the river
were the Arsenals and the park of Artillery, on the other, magazines and stores; the country on one shore abounding in cattle
produced little grain, on the other, grain was the staple; hence it
was impossible to maintain an army long upon one shore, without
unrestricted communication with the other.
After the capture of Forts Washington and Lee, the British ascended the river freely in their armed ships.  But in the eution of Washington's design of shutting up the enemy in New
York, by the assistance of the French naval and military forces
it became necessary to exclude him from the Hudeon.  Skilful en 
40                       GUIDE TO THE
gliners sent out by the French monarch, selected Wes' Point, an
the most advanitageous position for ccitmmanding the riser.
The hill composed (f huge  crags (nd blocks of stone, fantasti  cally heaped by nature, protrutdes to) the middle of the river, im  pelling its waters to the opposite  ),ank, snd narrowing the chall  iel to less than half a mile in width.   The cliff, selected for the
fortress, rests against a lofty ridge. broken into.small eminences
which form a species of amphitheatre, washed below by the
river. It rises in terraces, the first of which is very narrow and
nearly level with the river, the second approachable by a steep
ascent of 80 or 90 feet, and the third rising 188 feet above the
water, spreads into a plateau of more than a mile in circumference,
on which the principal works were constructed, the chief of
which was Fort Clinton. The declivity is exceedingly steep
nearly all around, and the only side on which the works were
accessible was thickly palisaded and defended by batteries, and
anescalade; the sole mode of carrying them, was subjected
to extreme hazard. There were several redoubts upon the
eminences commanding Fort Clinton, of which the most impor  tant was Fort Putnamn.  Th)ese covered each other, and the
garrison and ammunition stores, were under bomb proof
casements.  The works partly hewn in the rock, and partly co.i structed of enormous trunks of trees felled on the spot, corm mnunicating by defiles, formed a group of strongholds connected by
a common system of defence. The uipper forts were secured
from assault by the ruggedness of the ground, thick woods and
numerous abbatis, which made the transport of artillery imprac ticable, whilst they gave full protection to he lower works.
A heavy chain supported by buoys, was also stretched across
the angle made by the river, forming an effectual bar.
The great object of the works, was to protect this chain; 20
pie ces of heavy ordnance menacedthose who should attempt to cut
a link. These works were completed in the course of a single year,
and were provided with the necessary munitions and defended
by 4000 men.
This post was much coveted by the British commanders, and
its surrender was to have been the first fruit of Arnold's
-treason.
The military academy was first organized here in 1802, under
the direction of General Williams.
The plain is now approached upon the north by a good carriage
road from the steamboat landing, but the pedestrian may mount
to the hotel, by another path, with some little labor and loss of
breath. The view from the plain southwards, is confined by the
moiuntains. Upon the east, the country rises gradually from the
river, and its western inclination for nearly 10 miles, is spread
like a map before the spectator upon which Beverly's house, once
the head quarters of the traitor Arnold,  the highland school
with a small collection of houses around it, the pretty village of
Cold Spring and the West Point foundry are seen. Northward,
the scene is enchanting. The vision is carried for 10 miles
through a vista, formed by the towering mountains on either side
of the river, over a small island in the river, and the bay and
village of N'ewburg.  The viewv on the west is terminated  by
the hill uponI whose side, at a Precipitous point 600 feet above the
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HUOSON  aivila.                                 41
river, are the ruins of Fort Putnamn; amid which are some arched
chambers fornierly used as niagatzines and prisons, comparative  ly entire. The ascent t(, this work is steep, but the labor of over coming it is amiply repaid by the prospect obtained of the adjacent
country. 
Nea,rly on the level of the fort, is a granite quarry, the rock
lihee, being more massive and comrnpact, than at the lower points.
Upon the h         ill is also a pol, supplied by springs, whence the
wtter is taken by subterranean pipes, for tile supply of the school,
ba-racks, and dwellings.
The chief buildings, at the point are the Academy, Barracks
Quatiirters of the cominatidants, officers, &C., and the hotel.  Near
the N.E. corner ot the grounds, on a projecting point, forming the
abrupt benl of the river, is a white marble mionument, bearing
the simple inscription' Kosciusko."  * Erected by the corps  of
C(adets, 182."  Another imontinient, at the north west corner of
the plain was reared by Major General Brown, to Col. E. D.
Wood, a pupil of the institution, who fell at the sortie fronm Fort
Erie, 17th Sept. 1814.
On the bank of the river, at the S. E. extremity of the parade
ground, upon a lower level, is Kosciusko's garden, whither the
Polish chieftain was accustomed to retire for study or reflection.
Maris of cultivation are perceptible, in the disposition of the
wtalks and trees; and the beautiful seclusion of the spot, still in vites to thought or repose.
Batteries, which surmount the several terraces on the river, give
to the Point, a warlike aspect, and indicate how readily and ef fectually the post could again be couverted into a key, for I,eking
the passage betweeii the lakes and the ocean. The boats for Al bany inake a landing here.
Break-neck Hill, (E. S.) is the last of the range of Highlands on the east side.  The profile of a human face, [called
Turk's face,] can be seen on the point of rock which projects
fartlhest out.
Cornwall, (W. S.) township, organized March 7th, 1788, has a
hilly and mountainous surlace, having in its area the Crow's
nest and Butter hill. From the top of the last, so perpendicular
in its face, some officers of Putnam's regiment threw into the
river, during the ri volutionary war, the high rock which bears
his namle, still visible. Cornwall village is on the bank of the
river.
New Windsor, (W. S.) is a post village 2  miles south of Newbtrgh, lying in a deep glen opening into Newburgh bay.  This
village is celebrated as having been the head quarters of General
Washington in 1774, who then occupied the house of a Mr. Elliston.
Newburgh, (W. S.) the third landing of the Albany boats
fi'om New York, is 61 miles niorith of New York, and 8 miles
north of West loint; lies upon the acclivity of the river hill,
which has an elevation of 300 feet. The hill undulates on the
river side, and falling off on 3 sides. the town plat is thoroughly
drained. The river milrgin, about 600 fet wide, affords space for
convenient docks. The town is most advantageously seen from
the river. It was originally settled by the emigrant Palctines in
1798.  A large business centres here from the neighboring villages
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HUDSON RIVBR. 
42                       GUIDE-TO THEs
of Ulster, Dutchess, and Put-        
nam  counties,  two  steam,-;.'
ferry boats ply  continually.,'             -.;:
to Fishkill. The maia street
presents on market days, the         R!
thronged  appearance of a 
busy mietropolis,being crowd,
ed with teams, and its large
stores filled  with  dealers.
From the top of the hill. is a
wide and beautiful prospect.
South of the village, yet
stands an old stone house,                               to
the  quarters  of  General  r
Washi,igton, when the cel-            Pth
ebrastd  Newburgh l            etter s e
made their appearance. Pop.
in 1815.- 9001.
Fishrill, village, about  5*!l
miles fron tile landing, on 0
the creek of that name, con-'
tains about 120 houses situat- 
ed in a fertile plain.   The  "
landing consists of several,                             ark
scattered hamlets nmaking a
village; there are two landings one known as Dewint's
or the Long-wharf, and the
other as the upper or Mattewan landing pertaining to                PLts
the  Mattewani  Company.
The  beautiful  manutactur-                           i
iiig village of Mattewan lies
about a mile from the land- 
ing at the foot of Mattewan
mountains, and was  oiunded
by  Messrs.  Schenca  and
Leonard in 1814.  There are
here six inannifactories, the                                %
economy of whose buildings              Mi.  lt
and operations afford an ex- 
emplar, which  cannot  fail
to be studied to advantage,
by all who are interested in
simnilar works.
The deep valley with its
cascades and rapids, the village with  its  neat  white  
dwellings, magnificent  fac-         M{    /
tories,   and    ornamental
churches, overhung by the
stupendous mountain rend! r                          j~            {;
this, one of  the  beautiful
scenes in the state, where           H     
enlightened,  cheerful  and.
,~~~/~-o~,~~~~
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HUDSON RIVER.                          43
b persevering ilndustry is reaping its due reward. It attracts much
attention and is greatly resorted to in summer.
New Hamburg (E. S.) situatedi at the miouth of Wappinger's
creek, upon both sides of the streani, over vhich is a good bridge,
contains about 40 dwellings, several stores, a tavern, post office,
&c   Passengers for this place  by the Albany boats, land  at
Hamipton on the opposite side of the river.
Mlitton (W.S.), is also a landing of the Albany boats.
Poulghkeepsie, (E. S.) 75 miles by the river from New York,
is one of the most handsonme and thriving of the river
towns.   It was  founded  by  some   Dutch  families  about
1735, and was incorporated in 180t, the Indian name was Apokeepsiug (signifying safe harbor).  In colonial times the  Legis lattire,'retquently sat here: and here, the state convention which
ratified th(e Federal consaitution, convened in 1788. The river bank
is about 200 feet high and projects into the stream by two pro m      ionto ies * the southern one called "' Call Rock' so covers the
landing, that it is not visible from the boat until she has reached
the dock. Several roads conveniently graded lead fromi the shore
to the plain above, whlich on the north  is overlooked  by (i
beautiful slate hill, affording a delightful prospect of the town
and adjacent country for iiore than 10 mniles.  A creek called
"Fall  creek,"  meanders over  this plain and  finally rushes
to the Hudson, by a succession of cataracts anl cascades, which
fall in all mor      e  than 160 flet.   These falls are not visible front
the isonlit, being coliLealed in a narrow ravine.   The town plat
coitain         s  about 1768 acres, upon which a number of streets have
oeen laid out, several of which are well paved and coiipactly
built upon, and many (of the stores in Main street miight be adiiired in Broadway, wailst nriany dwellings in more private parts
of the town show wealth and taste. There are several ferry
boats plying to villages on tit, opposite side of the river, and a
steamboat between Pougikeepsie and Newburgh twice a day.
Pop. in 184-11,791.
New Paltz landing, (VV..) is a village of about a dozen dwelling.  A  fe-ry boat plies tromi this place to Poughkeepsie, the
village of New Paltz lies 8 miles west of tile landing.
Hlyde  Park, (E.S.) village and landing are uiion the Hudson,
89 miles north of New  York, and 68 nmiles south of Albany.
The principal buildings are about half a mile from the landing,
upoli a broad and pleasant plain, and distributed among several
streets.  Near the village, the "Crum Elbow'  creek, has a
rapid fall an4 affords power for extensive water works   Upon
the river bank north and sonth of the village  are several handsome country seats, belonginrg to wealthy residents.
Pelham, (W.S.) a landing on the river where Ltost of the shippilg business of the vicinity is done.
Staatsbirrg, (E.S.) is an agricultural vicinage, 9 miles north of
Poughkeepsie, having a post office, tavern, store, ald some 40
dwellings.
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Kingston, (W.S.) formerly,
called Esop is  and  Wilt  wycke, lies upon a  sandy
plain 40 feet above Es,pits
creek, 3 miles west of the 
lauding, v,here the Albany
boats stop; where is a public
house, and stages are always
in radiness to convey pas  sengers   to  the  vill;ge,
93 miiles north of New York.          
Population in 1845.-6508.
After the taking of Forts 
Montgomery  and  Clinton,          /        iL
part ot the Britishl fleet pass-.
ed up the Hudson to Kings- 
ton, where, to his lasting
disgrace, General Vaughan j.    r t 
caused the defenceless town i
to be burnied in October,1777,  E
when  great  quantities  of'..
stores wel e destroyed. Here, 
however,  they  heard  the                              Cle t 
(to them) appalling news of.
the capture of Burgoyne.
Rondout, (W. S.) on the  x
left bank of the creek ofthat            L'
name,  one  mile from the
Hudson was foun ed iii 182,i
by the Delaware and Hud-         Malden.
son Canal Conpany, (whose         Bistiol!,'
canal   conmmences   n ar 8( rtie  ~i /'
this  village,) and  is  the.
great  depot of their coal,''
which   is  brought  from,,
the  termination  of  their 
canal to this place by steam
tow boats. Pop. in 1845. 2656.
Passengers    for   this
place land at Kingston land- 
ing.
Rhiniebeck,  (E. S) is a
thriving village, located 2
miiles east from the river, )n 
a sin;ll creek, in a section of                     rtwn
the country noted for its easy
culture  and  fertility-the
landling on tlhe river is 90                         LwerLdg.
miles fromn New York, has a 
tavern and 20 or30dlwellings. 
Passehoers by the Albany   x
boat Ian,] at Kinlgston, from
which place there is a ferry.   "              U
Lower Red Hook (E. S.) 
is situated 3 miles from the  o     /
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HUDSON RIVER.                          45
river, at the intersection of the Albany Road, and the road to
Pine plains, upon a fertile plain. The village contains about 300
inhabitants.
Upper Red Hook, (E. S.) situated 3 miles south east from the
landling, and Barrytown are post villages.
Saugerties, (W.S.) at the mouth of Esopus creek, 100 miles
north of New York, this place, now one of the most thriving
villages on the river, was undistinguished until the year 1826,
when Mr. Henry Barclay of New  York, duly appreciating the
value of the water power, became the purchaser of it, and of
several farms in its vicinity. By a strong dam and a raceway
cut 65 fet perpendicularly through the rock, he obtained the
use of the water, under a fall of 47 feet, which could be applied
twice in its descent. The fide from the Hudson flows to the foot
of the darn, and vessels of 160 tons burden may load and discharge
at the facto)ry doors.  Tflie Ulster Iron Company, the SaugerLties
White Lead Works, Collins and Company's Axe and Edge tool
factory, are located here, besides a number of other extensive
factories.  In 1825 there was not a single church here. now there
are several In 1835, the United States granted $5000 for the
erection of a pier at the landing at the mouth of the cle, k, for
mlail boats, and a light house, and in the same year, a handsome
bridge of one arch of2f50 teetspan, light, strong, and durable, was
thrown across the creek. 35 miles below the village on the creck
ire'1 Whittaker's Falls," at which the Great Fals Manufactur in,g Company, have made many valuable improvements.  Here
are extensive paint works, and several mnantfact,)ries of iron, car
ridge spriegs, edge tools, &c.  Pop. in 1845.-6529.  Malden aid
Ulster, are villages. The Albany boats land passengers at Ma'den.
Clerouont, (E.S.) a village of about 30 houses, many of which
are remarkabliy neat and comnmodi'us, is the seat and part of the
manor of the Livingstons, it is on the line of the post road front
New York to Alban'y.  There are many fine views of the river
ansi adjacent country from the hill; but none more beautiful than
that front the mansion and grounds of the proprietor.
Geritmantown, (E.S.) 30 miles south of Albany. In 1710 Oseventy
of the Palitines, sent out by Queen Anne settled on this spot,
then part of the Livingston nianor. In 1725, pursuant to an arringeinent entered into between George I. and the proprietor,
this tract was granted to the persons belonging to East  Camp,
as the settlement was called. The settlement first commyenced by three smiall lodges named respectively, after the superintendant of each, as Weiser's Dorf, Kneisker's Dorf; names
noriw fallen into disuse.
Catskill,(W.S.) the seat of justice of Greene County; on the banks
of the (f;tskill near its conflutence with the Hudson, is Ill niles
north of NewYork. The mouth of the creek makes a fine harbor for
sloops, and a long and broad dyke walled with stone connects
the village with an island near the middle of the river, affording
a commodlious landing for the steamboats. On the island are several btuildings appropriated to the accommodation of travellers.
The village is principally built in the deep valley of the Catskill,
on the left bank of the stream; between which and the river. is a
bluff 150 feet high, but it extends on both sides of the creek and
upon the heights.  A substantial drawbridge connects the por
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46    GUIDE TO THE         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
tions of the town, admitting the passage of sloops some distance
above it.
About a mile from the village is a limestone cave, said to have
an extent of nearly half a mile. Stages leave daily on the arrival
'of the boats, for Ithaca via Delhi and Oxford and a stage runs
daily between Catskill and Hudson. Pop. in 1845.-5456.
Although not in the town; yet as connected by name and inany
relations with Catskill, we may describe here Ihe Pine Orchard
and Mountain house, noted attractions to tourists. They are 12
miles west of Catskill; the road to the foot of the mountains (9
nmiles distant) possesses little interest. The ascent of the mnountain is by a good though circuitous road of three miles, but which
often running upon the brink of a deep ravine or beneath frownil(g precipices excites an unwelcome degree of terror.  The hotel
(which is a large and commodious building) is on a circolar area
of rock of uneven surface, havinig an area of about 6 acres. The
prospect from this rock is more extensive and diversified than
perhaps from any other point in the United States. Petty inequalities disappear and the whole surrounding country is spread
out as a plain. The eye roves in endless gratification over farms,
villages, towns and cities stretching between the Green Mountains of Vermont on the north and the Highlands on the south.
The Hudson River, with its green isles and thousand sheets of'
white canvas, becomes visible for 60 miles ill a clear atmosphere.
At times a thick curtain of clouds of ever-changing formi veils
the region of lower earth from sight; and in their respective
seasons storms of rais and snow spend their force in mid air.
beneath the rays of a bright sun which gilds the mountain above
them. The scene when gradually unfolded with the day is most
enchanting.
A few years since this delightful position was almost unknown
and rarely visited; but the reports of the extent, beauty, and
grandeur of its prospects, and the salubrity of its atmosphere, at
length fixed public attention.  The number of visitors at each
successive season increased, until the temporary buildings at first
erected gave place to the present large hotel. The mountain
house is 2212 tfeet above the river.
wo miles from the hotel, are the Kaaterskill Falls upon a stream
flowing from two lakes, each about a mile and a half in circumference, and about half a mile in the rear of the house. After
a west course of about a mile and a half, the waters fall perpendicularly 175 feet, and pausing momentarily upon a ledge of rock'
precipitate themselves 85 feet more, making the whole descent
of the cataract 260 feet.  Below this point the current is lost in
the dark ravine, through which it seeks the valley of the Catskill.
The water fall, with all its boldness, forms, however, but one of
the interesting features of the scene.  From the edge of the fills
is beheld a dreary chasm, whose steep.sides covered with dark ivy
and thick summer foliage seem like a green bed formed for the
waters. Making a circuit from this spot, and descending about
midway of the first falls, the spectator enters an immense natural
amphitheatre liehind the cascade, roofed by a magnificent ceiling 
of rock, having in front the falling torrent, and beyond it the wild
mountain dell, over which the clear blue sky is visible. The
falls on the west branch of the Kaaterskill, have a perpendicular
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46
GUIDE TO TI-IR 
HUDSON RIVER.                         47
descent of more than 120 feet, aid the streamn descends in rapids and cascades 400 feet in 100 rods. The Kaaterskill has a
devious and very rapid course of about 8 miles,to the Catskill near
the town.'Tie falls are best seen front below, and the view from
the Pine Orchard is better between 3 o'clock P. M. and sunlset,
than in the middle of the day. During the season for visiting
the mountain, stages run to it twice a day, on the arrivatl of the
boats.
Hudson City (E. S.), the capital of Columbia County, formerly
comprised a township, which, bounded north by Factory creek,
south by the Livingston patent, east by Claverack creek. and west
by the Hudson River, contained nearly 9000 acres. This area was
however much reduced by the abstraction of 3 miles in length
from the northern end, in the fiormation of the town of Stockport.
The city plat, lat. 42~ 14', niorth; long, 14' east from New York,
distant front New York, north 116 miles, extends about 5 miiles
along the river, with a mean breadth of 3 nmiles. The basis rock
of the precincts is transition carboniferous slate, upon which are
imposed several ridges, containing secondary limestone, abounding with animal remains. The compact portion of the city lies
upon argillaceous mnarl, in horizontal strata, containing a considerable portion of sulphate of magnesia. In front of the principal
street is a promontory ofsilecious slate, projecting into the river in
a bold cliff, whose summit more than 60 feet above the surface of
the water, has been formed into ai agreeable promenade, commanding a beautiful view of the river, the town of Athens, atind
the country on the opposite shore,bounded by the towering mountains; being planted with trees and shrubs, it has become a desirable resort in summer, and mierits a visit at all seasons.  Upon
either side of this promontory is a bay of considerable extent.
with a lowv and approachable shore, with ample depth of water
fior all vessels which nmay ascend the river, and here are the
docks, which are carried out ona line with the hill. The hay on
the south is locked in by a lofty hill called Rorabuck; btut which
received the name of Mo,unt Merino, in consequence of the establishiiient of a sheep farm here many years since. The streets of
the city are regularly laid out crossing each other at right angles
exceplt near the river, where they comformin to the shape of the
ground.  From the promenade oi the river; Warren, the main
street; exte,-ds south east more than a mile, with a gentle ascent
to Prospect hill. This hill gives a full view of the city and
adjacent country; bit is itself commanded bty Becraft Mounitain,
the hill is about 200 feet high rising in a uniform smooth surface,
and falls offin the south east, into a low meadow which separates
it from the mot ntain.
The (court-house is located in a square of about 300 feet, in the
south part of the city, the building, including the wings, has a
front of 116 feet, the mailn edifice 40 by 60 feet and 60 feet high,
is surmounted by a domtie 46 feet in height, towering above the
other buildings of the city, and is entered by a portico with six
Ionic coltiumns; the wings are severally 34 feet front by 44 in
depth and two stories high.  The front is of Stockbridge marble
and the ends and rear of blue limestone.  The whole structure is
creditable to the tt.te and liberality, of the county.
There is a small stream on  the north part, which from its
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OUSOZ TO ThE          -
great fall, gives sufficient power to turn a mill; water is brought
in subterraiean pipes fromt the foot of Becraft mountain, for the
use of the city.
The Hudson and Berkshire rail road, which intersects the
Great Western rail road at West Stockbridge, adds greatly to the
coimumiercial advantages of.he city.
The City was founded in 1784 by Seth and Thomas Jenkins
and'8 associates from Providence, R. I., Nantucket, and Mar tha's Vineyard. When the town plat was laid out, there was
upon it only one house, but within three years it contained 150
dwellings, nimany manufactories, and nearly 1500 inhabitants.
Hudson was chartered in 1785. Pop. in 1845 -5657.
Opposite Hudson on the west bank of the river is the town of
Athens, extending along the shore about a muile an(i a halt' and
rising gently froimi the water's edge, to nearly the same extent, in
a westerly direction, affording mniaiiy beautiful sites for country
seats. The shore is bold, and the channel, which was the scene
of the loss    of the steamboat Swallow, is close to the village. The
fitllowing.ccount (by an-eye-witness) of that melancholy disaster, is taken from the New York Tribune. The Swallow left
Albany at 5 o'clock P. MN. of Tuesday, April 9, 1845; and proceeded safely on her journey till 15 milnutes before 9 o'clock; when
she struck (the night being dark and a snow storm having coni.inence(l ) 3 times on a smiall rock opposite Athens. The boat in a
vary few miinutes parted; about in the centre; the forward deck falling into shoal water and the stern into deep water.   At the
first severe shock, the passengers rushed froiim below, but were
calmed for a moment by the cry of some person tlhat they had
only struck against a raft. But their ears were speedily assailed
by the appalling sound of the rending of tinmbers, and the evident
impending destruction of the boat; while the stern settled with
trightfil  rapidity.  Those who had turned in, in the after cabin,
had barely tsime to leap from their berths before the water was
iipon themn.']'he horrors of the scene at this momnent can be
ii,glin, d, whe n nearly 300 souls were exposed in the mnidst of
falling slow and almost utter da,kness. As the water reached the
bo)iler fires, a heetofmingled steam,smoke,antd flanie,poured ilto
the buot illuminating the ghastly countenances of the persons on
deck with a sudden glate of vivid light, causing a fear of fire to
be added to their other perils.  But the rapid sinking of the boat
extinguished the fire and all was darkness again.   In less than
5 iiniiites the stern rested on the bottom, the water ibeing above
tih  windows of the state-ronms on the  tipper deck.,everal
femiales were drawn out of the state room  windows,  two  were
take,n from the ladies' cabin by cutting through the floor.  They
had sustaiiied themselves on settees, with only a few inches
breathing roomi, and when taken out were almost exhatisteld.
9'he boat had li)eei forced high and dryupoti the rock; and the bo,iv
split open amid ships, was left rising almnost perpendicularly cluwards covered with anxious beings clinging to the bulwark.  The
reiiiainiler ofthe passengers were on the ltorward decks.  By this i
titme tihe alarmi had been thoroughly communicated t:) the shore
on either side, the bells of the churches began to ritig, and lthe
river was soon covered with torches waving in the fleet of Itoits
which had put off to render assistance. The Rochester,(shlie teinig
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GUIDE TO TIIE 
HUDSON RIVER.                         49
about 300 yards astern at the time of the occurence and in the
other channel, which is the course most generally taken by the
boats, had fouind it difficult to get to the Swallow) and the Ex press, had now cone up and were gradually coming alongside the
wreck. At this time the sound of the bells pealing on the air, the
shouts of those in the boats, the light ofthe wavinig torches, and
the wailing grief of many on the wreck, constituted features of a
most interesting scene. In the course of an hour all who were
living on the wreck were taken off. The boat was a complete
wreck. The Captain (Sqoires) behaved nobly throughout-making his voice heard everywhere in advice, with the most
thorough judgment and self-possession. Persons in the Rochester,
which boat was near at the time of the accident, state that the
yell of,gony which came to their ears from the sinking boat was
of a character never to be forgetten. The loss of life on this occasio,i was never accurately stated, about 20 bodies were recovered.  Owing to the good management of the boats and the care of
proprietors on this route, in employing none but sober and
trustworthy officers, accidents of this kind are of very rare occurrence.
The town plat embraces 25 principal streets, a portion of which
only are btoilt,ttpon and was settled in two sections. The northern
section was laid out about the year 1790 by Edward Livingston
and associates, and the lower in 1801 by Isaac Northrop and
others. Immenise quantities of brick and lime are burned in this
vicinity, for the New York market, and a number of sloops are
employed in its trade; still its prosperity is overshadowed by
Hudson, Coxsackie, and Catskill, no,twithstanding its communication with the western country by its tunpike roads   This town
is at the head of ship navigation. A steam ferry boat plies between
Athens and Hudson. Population in 1845-2593.
Stockport (township), E. S. distant 5 mniles north of Hudson
city and 24 miles south from Albany; its surface on the west
along the river is a high table land about a mile and a half wide,
deseending on the east gently to the valley of the Claverack and
Kindlerhook creeks, which unite near the centre of the town. In
breaking through the hi.gh bank  of the river,  these  streams
have fails of together nearly 160 feet in 3 miles, and this water
power has given rise to several manufacturing villages.
Columbiaville (E. S.), lies in a deep valley, 6 miles north of
Hudson on Factory Creek, three quarters of a mile from its
mouth, to which point small vessels ascend with the tide.  Here
are several large manufactorles.
Four MIile Point (W. S.), is a high, rocky point ofland, opposite
Columbiaville, on which is a lighthouse.
Kinderhook landing or Stuyvesant (E. S.). is a village of about
90 dwellings. The Albany boats regularly stop at this village.
The village of Kinderhook, 5 miles east of the landing, is noted as
the residenice ofex-President Van Buren.
Coxsackie.-This village is upon a high and fertile plain of sandy
loam, I mile west of the landing; at the landing are several
wharves and docks, and several narrow streets, along the restricted margin of the river. Populationii in 1845-3799.
New Baltimnore (W. S.), ]5 miles below Albany, is a landing
for the Albany boats, and a thriving village doing considerable
4
11 
50                     GUKDI TO T'i5
business  with  that  city.
Fron this point, until we
arrive at Albany, the banks
of the river afford little matter for description. Ceeymans, on the west side 14
nmiles south of Albany, andi
Castleton 9 miles south of
that city, are neat and thriving village. The river between Coxsackie and Castleton is dotted with a number   of   small   islands,
presenting, when covered
with foliage, a delightful
prospect.
Albany  City lies in 42~.
39' 3.' N. lat., and 3" 12' E.
Lon. from Washington City.
Distant front New York City
145miles; from Philadelphia,
234; Washington City, 373; -
Boston, 171; Hartford, 92;
Quebec, 391  Montreal, 247;
Buffalo by rail road. 296; by
Canal 363, from Detroit,664.
It is the capital of the State,
and may be said  to have          C
been  founded  in 1612 by
some Hollanders,and to have
been, next to Jamniestown,
the earliest European settlement within the primitive 13 United  States.  A
temporary fi)rt was erected
in 1614 and Fort Oraigein
1623. By that name it was
known utitil after the English Conquest in 1664, when
it received the name of Albany from one of the titles
of the Duke of York. It was
fortified against the Indians
by the Dutch, with a
stockade in 1645,and vestiges
of the work remained until
1812.
The Citv was incorporated by the Colonial Governor
Dongan in 16(;, with an area
one mile wide on the river,
extending N. W. t o  the N.
line of the manor  of Rens.
selaer, and  retaining that
width 13 1-2 miles, the fee
.Greenbuh
-%
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QUIDB TO THR
Alba.y 5Q,,
.II.-B
Oversl!ught
ci
Q
.4
Coeymans B
.Baltm: 
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HUDSON RIVER.                          51
simple of which was invested in the corporation. These bounds
were enlarged by the addition of part of the small town of Colonie
in 1815.
The plat on which the city lies is uneven. A low alluvial flat
extends along the river from 15 to 100 rods wide, west of which, a
hill of clay and sand rises to the height of about 220 feet; from the
summit, the country is an even plain for miles, broken only by
some small streams. The old portion of the city is not remarkable for the regularity of its streets, but the modern has more symmetry.
The principal streets are State, Market, Pearl, and Washington
streets.
The CAPITOL, containing the Legislative halls, the Supreme
Court room and other apartments for pubic business, stands at
the head of State street 130 feet above the river. It is a substantial edifice faced with Nyack free stone costing above $120,000,
is 115 feet long, 90 broad, and 50 high; of two stories upon a basement of 10 feet elevation. The east part has a portico of the
Ionic order, with columns 3 feet 8 inches in diameter and 33 feet
high. The legislative halls and court room contain portraits of
emninent men. The building is surrounded by a public square
enclosed with a costly iron railing.
Opposite this in another square is the Academy, one ofthe finest
buildings in the City, constructed also ofthe Nyack stone, three
stories high and 90 feet front, built by the city at a cost of $20,000,
exclusive of the site and several important donations.
Near thle Capitol and Academy at the foot of Washington
street is the City Hall, a costly edifice of white marble appropriated to the city council and officers. Its gilded dome is visible at
some distance from the City. In the walls of the principal apartments are some bas-reliefs, executed by W. Coffee at the cost of
the citizens, commemosative of De Witt Clinton and Sir Walter
Scott.
Near this is the State hall, also of marble, containing the office of the Secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, surveyor
general, attorney general, &c.
Among other distinguished buildings we may name, Stanwix
Hall, built of Quincy granite and surmounted by a large dome;
the Museum, of marble, 4 stories high above the basement, at the
corner of State and Market streets, deserving attention by reason
of its architectural merit and valuable collection of curiosities in
the arts and natural history; opposite this the Exchange; and
the Law buildings at the corner of Beaver and South market
streets, also of marble, &c
The position of Albany, near the head of tide, on the direct line
of communication with the St. Lawrence river, Saratoga Springs
and the Lake country, makes it a great thoroughfare. The completion of the canals have given it great commercial importance,
making it the entrepot for the greater proportion of the products
of the state, destined to the New York market. To accommodate
this trade a large basin has been constructed,by the citizens,upon
the river, in which all the boats of the northern and western
canals are received. It consists of a part of the river included
between the shore and a pier 80 feet wide and 4,300 feet long.
,The pier is a stupendous work containing about 8 acres, on which
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spacious stores have been erected, and where immense quanti ties of lumber and other articles of trade are deposited. It is con nected with the city by drawbridges. The basin has an area of
32 acres. The work cost $120,000,
The Mohawk and Hudson rail road terminates in this city, and
cotinects, at Schenectady, with the rail road to Saratoga and the
rail road to Utica. This was the first rail road chartered in the
state. The cars leave for Schenectady four times daily.
Stages, competent to the extraordinary flux of passengers, run
from the city in all directions to Troy, hourly. The road to Troy
is one of the finest on the continent, admitting three carriages
abreast and is so graded that the speed of horses need not be
checked at any point. The scenery. upon it is inviting.
Perhaps no city in the Union of its size has more, or more spacious hotels than Albany. It has been estimated that 700,000
passengers arrive at and depart from thtis city in the course of the
year. The most noted hotels are Congress Hall, the American, and
Stanwix HalL
During the session of the legislature, Albany is crowded with
strangers, and is the focus for much of the legal talent and learning of the state, and for the representatives of its vast business
concerns.
Upon the northern bounds of the city, is the neat and beautifully situated mansion of Stephen Van Rensselaer. the Patron
ofthe manor of Rensselaer wyck. Pop. in 1845-41,139.
Greenbush, (E. S.) The western terminus of the rail road
to Boston, and of the Albany and Troy road, is a village which
derives from these two channels of communication considerable
importance. An extensive depot for the accommnodation of the
cars and the storage of goods passing over the road has been
erected here by the rail road company, on a wharf so built as to
form an abutment of a bridge to cross the river to Albany at
such time, when the rival interests for and against bridging the
river can be reconciled to the measure; and also so built that
canal boats, sloops, &c., can load und unload directly from the
depot. The communication is at present effected by means of a ferry boat crossing several times during the day. Pop. in 1845. 4,182.
Troy City (E. S.), the seat of justice of Rensselaer county,
lies on the river six miles above Albany. The original patent
from the Holland East India Company is dated 1657, and the Indi~n title was extinguished in 1659.'The patent was transferred
to Mr. Vanderheyden in 1707. In 1787 some lots were leased on
ground rent, at which time there were but four dwellings withen
the present limits of the city, and the ground was covered with
woods.  Thie village was incorporated by the name of Troy in
1796. The city charter was granted, April 12th, 1816, When the
plat was divided into six wards.
Mount Ida, directly in the rear of the improved part of the city,
and Mount Olympus in the northern part, are distinguished
eminences affording commanding views of the country. The
latter is an isolated mass 120 feet high, and may have been an
island in the river.
The city plat includes the river hills with the alluvial fiat.
The latter have an average width of three quarters of a mile, and
Ist on slate at a depth of 28 feet, and  betow  the source
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HUDSON RaVR.                         53
of most of the wells.  The
fine mill streams,the Poesten      Stiwater 1 9 L
and  Wynantskill,  empty            ot/
into the river within the city
bounds; the former in the
border of the compact part,  
and the latter about 2 miles
farther south.These streams  
combine the useful with the           iO,
agreeable  in  an eminent.
degree.  In their way over.,.
the high riverbank to the   o:'
plain, they have a descent 
by cataracts and cascades,
exceeding 27" feet withinu
the city botinds and 400
feet within 4 miles.  The
gorgein Mount Ida, through      W           itrr
which    the   Poestenkill 
rushes, is very narrow and                  l
lined with almost perpendicular rocks overhung with
trees and shrubs of various 
hues.  Its steep sides have
hitherto forbidden the mak- a
ing of a road except for a
short distance through the                           D
mountain, and will require
mniuch labor and expense to
render one practicable. The                        arLaincburg
talls within  view by the
road are three. The two up-  TD.R. R 
per ones have a cascade of
twenty feet each, the lower
and quick rapid; eshor:er
available~j fall  is WTa
fl h  teui -i
0.I
wider~~~~~~ vale   ad.
ting a ro~d through at to
level of the country~~~~~~? 
here,has given that form to the street (River street), immediately
on its bank for a considerable distance.   The other streets however are rectangular, forming blocks of 400 by 280 feet. A more
convenient city plat does not exist,and perhaps there is none more
beautifully improved.   The streets have generally a width of
60 feet, the carriage ways of several being well paved with stone,
and footways well paved with brick or stone flags, and are generally planted with umbrageous trees, and well lighted at the city
expense.'I'he houses are mostly built of excellent brick and some
of marble, are large, neat, and commodious, and the numerous
public buildings are notable for elegance.   Anmong the latter,
attention may be particularly called to the court-house, a large
marble building with a Grecian front, and the Episcopal church,
said to be one of the finest specimens of modern gothic architecture in the United States. The city is abundantly watered by
means of subterranean iron pipes, leading the water from a basin
in the neighboring town of Lansingburg, 72 feet above the city
plain. The fleight and volume of the water are sufficient to furnish jets d'eau in the city and to throw large streams through
hose without the intervention of engines in case of fire. The
supply of water is one and a half millions of gallons per day.
The cost ofthe work was $120,000.
The spirit, which has erected and is rapidlyextending this beautifuil city, is that of trade, alike active in commerce and manufactures. For the first it has availed itself of the facilities afforded
by the river and the Erie and Champlain Canals. The tides ofthe
Hudson ascend to a dam thrown across the river,about a mile and
a half above the city, and sloops and steambgats may come up to
the wharves. The river is about 700 feet wide opposite Troy.
By the pool created by the dam, which is!l feet high and 1100 feet
long, and a lock 114 feet long and 25 feet wide, sloopls pass to Lansingburg and Waterford, and boats may descend to Troy, after
having passed the outlet locks of the Champlain Canal at Waterford; or they may reach the city by the side cut in the junction
canal at Waterveliet, which communicates directly with the Hudson river.
Power for manufacturing (which is carried on very extensively
in the vicinity of the city),which has been much lmproved,is found
in the kills and in the waters of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers,
under the head afforded by the dam across the river. Among the
manufacturing and mechanical establishments,the most noted are
the Albany nail and spike manufactory, and rolling and slitting
mill and the Troy iron and nail factory. The trade of Troy by
land is with an extensive range of country north and east, within
which there are some 70 cotton and 40 or 50 woolen factories.
The business of the place has been further increased by the construction of the Troy and Schenectady, the Troy and Albany-and
the Reusselaer and Saratoga railroads connecting it with a much
travelled section of the western country. There are also many
excellent Macadamized and other roads leading toBennington,
Vt., andl other places.
The Troy House and the Mansion House, are the principal
among the nany excellent tIlotels.
Population in 1845, 22,709.
West Troy, on the opposite side of the river, is properly a sub
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54
GUIDB TO TI-IE 
HUDSON RITBR. 
urb of Troy. It contains more than 700 houses, and by the
census of 1845, 11,209 inhabitants.   It has a valuable water
power, derived from the Junction canal, and used at the U.S.
Arsenal and other points. Outlet locks connect the canal with
the river. Many of the inhabitants of Troy conduct business
here, and a constant communication is kept up by means of ferry
boats plying over the narrow channel.  This village enjoying all
the advantages of navigation possessed by Troy, grows rapidly.
The arsenal comprises several extensive buildings of stone and
brick, in which there is a large quantity of arms, with workshops
for their repair. The arms are arranged with taste, and kept in
fine order.  Among the cannon il  the yard are some pieces cap tured at Saratoga, others captured at Yorktown, others presented
to the United States by Louis XIV., with some cast in New  York
and Philadelphia during the Revolution.   Another sunirb of
Troy, called " North  Troy," has been laid out upoi  Tibbett's
Island, which is the main depot of the rail road.
Lansingburg, E. S. formerly called New City, is situated on the
bank of the river, three miles north ofTroy. The village is regu larly laid out on squares of 400 by 260 feet, bounded by capacious
streets.  Its length is two miles and a half by half a mUile in
breadth, extending to the high river bank on the east, and is am ply supplied with pure water by springs from the hills. The Mo hawk river empties into the Hudson opposite the village, and the
roar of the Cohoes Falls may he distinctly heard in the stillness
of tie night. A short distance above the village, the Hudson is
crossed by a comniodious bridge, the second frim  the ocean.
Here are several factories, breweries, mills, &c.  Csommunication
is had hourly with Troy by stage.  Poptilation in 184.5-3,982.
Waterford, (W. S.) at the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk
river, is a village acquiring some commercial importance from
being situated at the termination of the Champlain canal, aid on
the line of the Rensselaer and Saratoga rail road.  It is connected
with L.nsingbhtrg by a bridge 800 feet long, erected at a cost of
$70,000.  The datt at Troy gives here 9 feet water. by means of
which small vessels may ascend to this prace.  There are several
considerable manufactories here, for which tie water power is
derived from the Mohawk. The agricultural and manufactured
produt ts exported,i,rom this village are estimated at over one mil    ion of dollars annually.  We  have now arrived at the head of
sloop navigation, 157 miles from the mouth of the river.  Pol)ulation in 1845-2,248.
Mechanicsville, generally called by the inhabitants the Borotghli. It cotntains about 30 dwellings, a cotton factory, andi a
nuitiner of nills.  Here the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad
diverges from the old route, and runs westerly 12 miles to Ballston.
Having arrived at the furthest navigable part of the Hudson
River, our work is done-but it ap;)earing advisable to include
in our little work the route to the much frequented springs, a
cut extending over the whole page has been given. It will be
observed that Saratoga Springs may be reached by two routes,
the one by way of Troy and Waterford, and the other commencing at Albany by way of Schenectady. These springs appear
along the middle of the county, upon a line running nearly
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HUDSON RIVER.                          57
east and  west  about 20 miles.   At Ballston Spa they rise,
in some places, through the alluvial clay, marl, or sand, and in
others through the slate rock; which has been penetrated by
boring to great depths Between these and the Saratoga Springs
are others of less note, but at the latter place the fountains are
most numerous and diverse in their sensible qualities. They also
occur in the south-east part of the old town of Saratoga at the
Quaker Springs.
These springs, and their medicinal qualities, were known to
the aborigines; but with a selfishness which they have everywhere betrayed, In relation to mineral treasures, they long kept
this knowledge to themselves, even after they had disposed of
their right to the soil. Affection to Sir William Johnson at length
induced them, during a protracted indisposition, to communicate
to him the virtues of the fountains. In 1767, he visited the High
Rock Spring under the guidance of his Indian friends, stopping
over night at the hut of one Michael Mc Donald, a Scotch adventu l,er who had settled on the margin of Ballston lake.
Sir William was borne to the spring in a litter; but a few
weeks' use of the waters enabled him to return in excellent
health ol foot. The fame of this extraordinary cure soon rendered the springs a place of great resort.
In 1773 an unsuccessful attempt was made by one Dirk Scowton, to establish a house for the accommodation of visitants. In
the following year one John Arnold made another attempt, and
opened a rude tavern upon the high bank, west of the "High
Rock." At tiiis time the High and Flat Rock Springs were the
only ones known. The forest abounded with wild animals.
Bears. deer, wolves, and moose were s(en daily, and the small
stream of the valley was the abode of the beaver and salmon
trout, and Indian huts were strewn around the valley.
Arnold was succeeded by one Norton, who abandoned his posse!ssions during the revolutionary war, and joined the British
armlly; but they were resumed by his son inr 1783, who sold to
Morgan, who sold to Bryant, and the last must be considered the
first permanent settler here. In 1783, General P. Schuyler opened
a road from the mouth of Fish Creek to the Springs, and erectiag a tent near the High Rock dwelt here with his family several
weeks, aud in the succeeding year built a small framte house
on the high land south-west of the High Rook, where he annually
spent five or six weeks during the remainder of his life. In
1789, Dr. Blakesley, and Gideon Putnanm removed hither, and to
the latter very much is due for the early improvements of the
village. The reputation of the waters, and the accommodations
for visitors grew with the population and wealth of the country.
Fashion has appropriated them  as a means of display and enjoymnent, and they contribute now, by the great ease and economy
with which they may be visited, very much to the health  and
pleasure of thousands.  The wealthy and luxurious find here the
gratification they desire, and he who seeks health only, may purchase it at a moderate price.
The Congress Spring, the most celebrated of the fountains, was
discovered inll 1792, by Mr. Gillman, issuing from an aperture in
the side of a rock; the face of which formed the border of a brook,
and received its name from the fact that Mr. Gillman was a
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0UiD0 TO THE
member of Congress.  It is situated on the west side of a narrow
strip of low marshy ground, close to the foot of a miniature cas.
cade upon a limpid brook which bursts from the earth 50 rods to the
westl For several years after its discovery tihe mineral water
was received in tumblers as it fell in a smooth stream from the
rock. But being insufficient to supply the wants o visitors,
efforts were made to obtain a larger quantity, which obstructing
the passage of the water the spring was supposed to have been
irretrievably lost. Not long after, however, Mr. Put,am ob  served bubbles of gas rising through the water of the brook a few
feet s.)uth east of the late fountain. Inspired by the hope of re  covering it, he turned the stream from its course, and excavating
the earth to the depth of 8 feet he discovered a nuniber of smnall
isues over which he placed a tube of plank 10 inches square,
whence now flows an apparently inexhaustible supply of the
finest mineral water in the world.
The surface of the spring is constantly agitated by the escape
of gas in fine globules. When first dipped, the water is limpid
and sparkling; it becomes turbid, however, by short exposure to
the atmospheric air, and forms upon the surface a delicate white
pellicle, which subsides ill a reddish brown sediment, similar to
that observable on the curb and along the surface over which the
water flows to the brook. Glass vessels in which the water
stands long, or which are constantly used in It become tarnished,
and receive an iridescent stain which cannot be removed.
The saline and gaseous properties of the water are perceptible
to the palate, and to most persons, when moderately taken, are
agreeable. Its effect depends upon the state of the stomach,
and the quantity taken. It operates as a cathartic, and diuretic,
commonly, by drinking from four to six half pints in the morning
before breakfast, producing soon after being swallowed, frequent
eructatio,,s of the fixed air, slight giddiness, and a slight d(iisposi tion to sleep, which pass away, however, with the copious discharge which follows, leaving al invigorated appetite for food
and exercise.
The gas affects the respiration of animals when near the surface
of the fountain, and is immediately fatal to such as are immersed in
it. Fish and frogs survive but a short time when placed in the
water. Bread made with thle water fresh from the spring and immediatelv baked, is tolerably light while warm; but becomes
clammy and heavy like unleavened bread when cold The country
people use the water in preparing hot cakes in which sour cream is
an ingredient. These cakes are palatable and may be expeditiously
prepared.
The village of Saratog-a, 367 miles from Albany and 181 from
New York, is chiefly built upon one broad street, and the numerous large hotels and boarding houses, give it an imposing appearauce; of these, the largest and most fashionable are the
United States Hotel and the Pavilion. The price of board varies
with the style from 3 to 14 dollarsaweek. The amusement) during
the season, consist of the pleasures derived fromnt a contiriual sueoession of company, from promenades, music, balls, loiteri,ng in the
reading rooms, and excursions to the neighboring lakes ind over
tih  adjacent country.  The village has no advantages for manu
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HUSNHV-.5 
facturing or mercantile pursuits, and depends wholly upon its
fountains for its prosperity.  Population in 1845.-4276
There are in the immediate vicinity of the village several other
springs varying slightly in their properties from the Congress, and
from each other. The High Rock Spring is from its peculiarity
deserving of particular notice. The rock from which it obtains
its name surrounds and encloses it, and is a most extraordinary
production of the water.  It is composed of carbonate of lime, magnesia, and oxide of irozt, deposited by the waters, and exhibits when
broken, the impression of leaves and twigs of trees. It is
four feet high, and narrows rapidly as it rises in a conical form,
the water escapinig from an aperture in the side 2 feet 4 inches
below the top.
Ballston Spa village, is 171 miles from New York, and is becoming a rival to Saratoga in the reputation of its springs.of which there
are several. The village is situated oni the Kayaderrossas creek.
The springs were discovered in 1760. In 1772, Benaiah Douglass
erected a small log house here for the accommodation of visitants,
and a few years afterwards, a frame building over the creek opposite to the spring; at this period the springs were resorted to by
many persons from the surrounding country, some bringing their
provisions and remaining several days, with no other shelter than
was afforded by their wagons. During the revolutionary war, the
settlement of the country was suspended, but in 1791 Mr. Douglass
enlarged his accommodations; and in 1792 Nicholas Low, Esq., erect
ed a large and commodious house close to the spring Others
were subsequently built for the reception of visitors, and in 1804
he raised the well known and much admired Sans Souci hotel.
The spring first discovered is at the north end of the village.
The citizens at one time decorated it with a marble curb and flagging, and protected it by an iron railing. The latter still remains,
but the flagging and curb were removed under the erroneous
impression that the spring suffered in its properties from the
pressure.
About the year 1807, other springs were discovered in the vicinity, having the same general character,. excepting the sulphur
water near Low's well, one of the Sans Souci springs.
Swollen by the rains, the small stream which flows through the
village, in the summer of 1817, mnade for itself a new bed, and in
its old one a new mineral spring was discovered, issuing from a
circular opening several feet in diameter pouring forth an immense
volume of water.  To preserve it from any impurities it might acquire in passing through the clay, a tube was forced into the
aperture to the depth-of 30 feet, in which the water rose five feet
above the level of the brook and fell over its side. A second but
shorter tuibe was inserted near the first, from which the water
rising above the surface of the earth was suffered to escape. Two
wells were thus formed issuing apparently from the same'source;
in which however the portions of muriate of soda (common salt)
differed, while they nearly corresponded in their other constituents.
The water as it flowed from the fountains deposited iron and
lime, and these substances might be traced a mile along the brook
into which it emptied.This admirable lountain retained its properties for about 2 years, when the carbonic acid which supplied it
I-IU.SON RIVER.
59 
GUIDE TO THE
became exhausted. or took another course and all efforts to reclaim
it were unsuccessful.  This was called the Washington spring.
In 1S22, the spring equi-distant between Low's and the sulphur
spring. and now the most used of the Sans.Souci springs, was re  discovered beneath an old building attached to thebath house. It is
the most agreeable as a beverage and effective as a cathartic, and
little if any inferior in any respect to the Congress Spring of Sa  ratoga.
In 1827, an effort was made to penetrate the secrets of the mineral
deposit here, and to obtain a further supply of water by boring in
the vicinity.  Operations were commenced in a public well 14 feet
deep, 8 of which were in the slate rock. At the depth of 80 feet, a
vein of acidulous mineral water was discovered, which rises
through a tube fitted to the aperture in a copious stream and is
known as the new  Washington spring.  The excavation was con  tinued to the depth of 137 feet, without any addition to the
water in quantity or quality, save a slight charge of sulphur.
Soon after the completion of this fountain it exploded with great
noise and force, throwitng the whole column of water many feel in
the air, and leaving for some minutes a sulphurous odor. The
spring for the moment disappeared, but soon filled again, and now
flows from a basin adjusted to the top ot the fountain; but from
the period of'the explosion the.sulphuric quality of the water has
ceased.
Besides these acidulous chalybeate springs, the adjacent country
is enriched with some valuable sulphurous springs. The most
important fountain of this class is on the east border of Saratoga
lake; it yields sufficient quantities for bathing.
The moderate use of the mineral waters by a person in health
is never pernicious, and in all diseases to which they are applicable,
they prove indeed a kind dis.pensation,f Providence, when pru dently used; but they may be abused bt,y all partakers, and espe cially by those whose stomachs are enfeebled by disease. Effects
the most distressing, and sometimes fatal, result from taking large
quantities.
The ise of the waters is especially beneficial in all those affec tions termed bilious and dyspeptic; in calcitlous complaints, in
chronic rheumatism, gout; in ulcers and cutaneous disorders; scro,fula, and mercurial diseases, and strumous affections; in recent
dropsy and paralysis, chlorosis. &c &c.
The village has its name from the Rev. Eliphalet Ball from
Bedford Westchester County, who, with a number  of his con gregation, settled about 23 miles from the village.  The first set tlenent here was made in 1763, by two brothers of the name of
McDonald. Population in 1845.
Stillwater is a village of 60 or 80 dwellings situated on the line
of the Champlain Canal. This place claims distinction in history,
as being the battle ground of the armies respectively commanded
by Gates and Burgoyne. which resulted in the capture of the
latter with 10,000 men, and their arms, ammunition, and artillery,
in 1777. This event excited universal joy in America, and laid
the foundation for the treaty with France.   Here -are shown
Bemus' Heights and Freeman's Farm, on which the principal battles were fought; the meadow where General Frazer, thesecond in
command of the British army fell; the hill on which he was buried,
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and the spot where Col. Cilley bestroie a twelve pound cannon
exulting in its capture.
Fort Edward derives its name from the Fort erected here in
1755 by Generals Lyman and Johnson, whose site is yet indicated
by mound of earth.  It was formerly called the "carrying place,"
and was the commencement of the portage between the Hudson
River and Wood Creek. Fort Edward and Fort Miller, are villages
of about 2 or 300 inhabitants each. The trade of Fort Edward
was formerly considerable but it was ruined by the canal, the
country north. and east now receiving its supplies through that
channel. The village is supplied with water from a spring 50 feet
above the river, and 100 feet distant; near the spot which was the
scene of the murder of the ill-fated Miss M'Crea, by the savages.
Sandy Hill village, situated upon a high sandy plain, upon the
upper bank of the Hudson opposite to Baker's Falls, where in
less than half a mile the water has a fall of 76 feet. Over the
stream is abridge 1]00 feet long.  The village is laid,ut in streets
forming a triangle, having an open area in the centre which is
neatly enclosed and improved. This is a pleasant and healthy
village, and the views from the river bank are delightful.
(lenn's Falls lies partly on the north and partly on the south
bank of the Hudson. The two portions of the village are connected by bridges which meet from either shore on an island of marble
in the centre. The falls in the river, which have given the name
to the village, have a descent of 70 feet. The water flows in one
sheet over the brink of a precipice 900 feet long. The island
below bears very striking marks of the action of the waters.
These falls, like those of Niagara, have evidently receded from a
position much lower on the stream,  the banks below being composed of rock, in which the stratification is beautifully disposed,
rising fromn 30 to 70 feet perpendicularly.   This rock is filled with
organic remains. Here are several extensive marble quarries of excellent quality, a navigable feeder, supplying water to, connects
this village with, the Champlain Canal.
Co,rinth, formerly called Jessup's landing, is a post village where
much business is done in the lumber trade; rafts descending the
Hudson from the sand bank ly miles below the village. From
this point to its sources this magnificent river-affording employment to thousands of people, furnishing a medium of transport for
persons and property through the richest section of the United
States, and navigable for, and daily bearing on its bosom, some 30
or 40" floating palaces," as the splendid steamers navigating its
waters have been termed, for 160 miles; and for small vessels by
means of costly dams, and canals ftr nearly 200 miles from its
mouth -dwindles into an inconsideable stream.
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Ht'DSON RIVZR.  
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE,
CONTAINING THE RINCIPAL
RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT, CANAL,
AND
STAGE ROUTES,
THROUGHOWT THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA,
WITH CORRECT TABLES OF DISTANCES.
WORCESTER..9 156
Albany to Boston.    wfonRCEsTER   6.9 156
Grafton -  -    -            6  162
Westboro'... - 6 168
BR  Ferrt/from                      Southboro'    -..   4  172
ALBANY to                            Hopkinton...  4 176
Greenbush      -      -   - -Framingham                            3  179
By Railroad.                        Framingham                    4  183
By R.,.'Iroad.                  8!VNatick... 4  183
Schodack -         *         7   8  Wes,t Needham                   3 186
Kinderhook       -           8   16  East Needham..   - 1 187
Chatham Centre            -  3   19  West Newton          -   -   4  191
Chatham 4 Corners            4   23  Brightol                      4  9
East Chatham.        5  28  BOSTON    -  -                 5200
Canaan      -   -  5   3.3
E'lIwards -           -      3 36
New- York State line         2   38    Albany  to Buffalo.
Richmond       -.      3   41
Straker Village..  -   5  46  By Railroadfrom
Pittsfield    -  3  49  ALBANY to
)alton - -. -.      5   54  Schenectada...          16
Hinsdale       - -  -   -   3   57  Hoffmain's Ferry... 9 25
Washington   5  62  Craie'sn Village   3  28
North Becket..        3   65  Amsterdam   -                  4 32
Chester Factory.. -       9  74  Tribe'sHill...    5  37
Chester Village              7  81 1Fonda.... -          6 43
Rn.ssell       -.      3   84  Yost's....    5 48
Westfield..    8  92  Spraker's....  3  51
West Springfield   8 100  Palatine Bridge.         3 54
SPRINGFIELD..   2  10a2.rt Plain..-       3 57
Wilbraham        -. 6  108  Paiatine Church   3  60
North Wilbraham.'3  111  St. Johnsville...  3  63
Palmer           -   6  117  East Canada Creek..    3  66
Warren       -      -       10  127  Little Falls....  7  73
West Brookfield  4  131  Herkimer...                              6  79
South Brookfield..   2  133  Schuyler....  7  86
East Brookfield..  3 136  UTICA    -..                      8 94
Spencer....    2 138  Whitesboro'                  -            3 97
Charlton         -   5  143  Oriskany....    4 101
Clappville...   4  147  Rome..- -..                     7 108
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TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Schoharie Creek  - 
Smithtown      -   -   -
Fultonville  -.
Big Nose  -   -   -   -
Spraker's Basin  -  -  -
Caa.ioharie -  -  -
Fort Plain
St. Johnsville   -
East Canada Creek 
Indian Castle  -
Little Falls  -   -   -
Herkimer -   -
Frankfort    -
UTICA,Junc.ChenangoCanal
Whitesboro'      -   -   -
Rome,Junc.Blk.Riv.Canal 1
Wood Creek Aqueduct    -
Hawley's Basin         -
New London
Junction Oneida Lake Canal
Oneida Creek    -   -   -
Canastota -   -   -   -
New Boston       -   -   -
Chittenango   -   -   -
Kirkville    -   -   -   -
Manlius   -   -   -   -
SYRACUSE, June. Oswego C
Geddes-   -  - ---
Camillus.
Canton..
Jordan....
Weedsport  -         -
Port Byron
Montezuma June. Cayuga and
Seneca Canal 
Clyde   -   -   -          1
Lock Berlin
Lyons                      4.
Lockville                    
Port Gibso n - - --
Palmyra -     - 
Wayneport
Fairport 
Pittsiford
ROCHESTER,  Junc. Genesee
Valley Canal           1
Brockway's        -          1
Adams' Basin -
Brockport  -
Holley
Hulberton....
Albion.       -. 
Eagle Harbor    -            
Knowlesville.
Medina —....
Middleport
Gasport -....
Lockport       -
Pendleton    -
Tonawanta.  -..        1
Black Rock      -.          
BUFFALO        -       - -
5 52
2  54
3  57
7   64
2  66
3   69
3  72
5   77
4   81
2   83
5   88
7   9,5
6 101
9 110
4 114
L1 125
2 127
2 129
3 132
4 136
5 141
5 146
4 150
3 153
5 1IS
4 162
9 171
2 173
6 179
5 184
6 190
6 196
3 199
6 205
11 216
5 221
4 225
6 231
4 235
5 240
7 247
5 252
7 259
L0 269
10 279
5F84
5 289
5 294
4 298
6 304
3 307
4 311
4 315
6 321
5 326
7 333
7 340
12 352
9 361
3 364
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TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                              3
Albany  to Montreal.  BBailroad, to   1 2
Nail Factories..    3   5
Via Saratoga and Whitehall,           TROY. -   -   2  7
By  Railroad                         Waterford        -   -   -   4  11
From ALBANY to                         Mechanicsville..    - 7  18
Saratoga Springs    -             3 7  Ballston Spa   -   -          12 30
Bly %ti7c,r to                   SARATOGA  SPRINGS   7 37
Fortsville.... 12  49
,Sa     l     - -ill   * -   7 56 *    At  Mechanicsville the Cars  con  Kin'bury   -  -  -  - -— 5 61  nect with the Packets lbr Whitehall.
Fort An....    6  67
Whitehall.. 11  78               Via Schenectada.
By Steamer to
Ticonderoga.   -.    28 106    By Railroad
Crown Point        -      -   10 116  From ALBANY to
Westport  -. -               11 127  Schenectada                   -    16
Essex,,....- 15 142  Burnt Hills..      8 24
Burlington.   15 157  Ballston Centre..          4  28
Port Kegt....  8 165  Ballston Spa    -.              3  31
Plattsburi         -.   16181  SARATOGA  SPRINGS   7 38
Rouse's  oint..  425 206
St. Joh,,:, [Canada]      -  27 233       S      2a   o
La Prairie [by railroadl      17 250       arat    oga   to   Lak e
MONTREAL  [steamer]    9 259                       George.
WVINTER ROUTE.               Wilton.... —-              7
Fortsville  -...    5 12
By Railroad,                           Glenn's Falls     -   -   -  6  18
From. ALBANY to                        Caldwell's [Lake George)    6  24
Sch,enectada.    -   -        16
SARATOGA  SPRINGS [see next  1 Alban                      Whi
colusm]... to W8hitehall.
By Stage, to223]
Wiltoll    - -    *   *    7 4550             a Champlain Canal.
Foartille          o rill             Fromd ALBANY to
25
G       Fe, FIlls   -   -   -   6'6  West Troy...    -         7
Catitw] lt [Lage George].   66     Erie Canal Junction                 2
Warr WnoVbrg   -          -   6 68  Water.d   -.                      12
Cliestertow n -   -   -    - 13  81  Mechanienville         -   -    8 20
Schroon Lako  -   -   -  16  97  Stlwater                             4  24
Si liroon River    -.    - 12 10()  Schoylervlloe    -.       12 36
Elizabethitown -- -  -  19 125  Fort Mille   -   -   -   -  5 41
Lewvi       -     -   -   -  -  - 5 133  Fort Edward.    -.    8 49
Keeseviller-oa.       16 149  Glenn's Falls Feeder  -         2  51
Plattouru   -     - -.. - - 6150 Fort Ann  -  -  -  -            9 60
Plattsbur            -     - 10 1      Comttok As            -   -  4  64
Ro,s'   "it.   1       6519   WHITEHALL.. 9  73
La Collc, [Canada] -   -   9 200
Napierville   -..    - 7 207               EAST ROUTE.
Do assville   -.. -— 4 211  From ALBANY to
St. Pilip                      6 217  Greenbush [byferry]                 1
La Pr,ire.              6 223  Troy [by railroad    -   -   6   7.
MONTREAL [steamer]            9 232    BySt,ge to
Lansingburgh... 3  10
Albany   to  Saratoga                Schahgticoke    -   -.    7  17
Wil *               Eaton.-...   -i -h-m-10 27
oprmigs.                   Greenoich       -       -      9 36
Glena TroyArgyle -.. -.11  47
VW ~   Toy.               Hartford   -   -   -.  10  57
From ALBANY   ferry.   to              Granville    -   -   -   - 7 64
Greenbush   -   -.    -         1  WHITEHALL             -   -    9 73 
TRAVVELLER'S GUIDE.
Boston to Portland, Me.
By Railroad,
From BOSTON to
Chelsea..                       4
Lynn.                        5   9
Salem....  5  14
Beverly....              16
Wenham.... 4   20
Ipswich - - -   -    5   25
Rowley -. - - 4   29
Newburyport...    5  34
Salisbury                   2..p 36
Seabrook.... 4  40
Hampton             -       -    441
Greenlan d   -            -  5   49
Portsmouth..              5   54
Elliott    -                 6  60
South Berwick.               6   66
North Berwick                6   72
Wells.....6 7
W,I.  - -577
Kennebunk -.               - 5  82
Saco            -...  10  92
Scarboro'...   8  100M
PORTLAND...  5 105
Buffalo to Chicago.
By Steamer
From BUFFALO to
Silver Creek  -                30
Dunkirk....  15. 45
Barcelona                  -..    30   75
Erie, [Pa.].  15  90
Conneaut, Ohio]    -  - 28 118
Ashtabula      - - -            3  13 131
Fairport   [Gra nd River]              30  161
CLEVELAND - -.               30  191
Charleston [Black River]     28   219
Vetmillion...       10'229
Huron.i..      10 239
SANDUSKY -  -  -            10 249
DETROIT, [   ich.] -   -78  327
Lake St.. Cl   air  -                                    - 71 334
Mouthi St. Cla         i r River.  23  357
ST. CLAIR  -   -            29  386
Port Huron      -  -.        398
Fort Gratiot                                          I             71 
Pointaux  Barque  7-  -    5  474
Thunder Bay Island          75 549
Prestpue Isle   -..     30 579
MACKI [C                      -.    -  67  646
Light Ship          -   -      1- -25 671
Manitou Island.           75  746
Manitou,woe, [W. T.]    100  846
Sheboygan.           -     24 870
MILW,AUKIE  -            -  53 923
Racine                      23 946
Southport.            12 958
Little Fort [Il]            15 973
CHICAGO                     40 1013
BY STAGE.
From BUFFALO to
Hamburg, on the Lake  -           12
East Evaiss         -            19
Evans - -4   23
E,,.n.,~~~ -       4        2.3
Irving    -                  8  31
Silver Creek                 2   33
Sheridan  -                  4   37
Fredonia   -    -             8  45
Salem p  Roads                7  52
Portland                     2   54
Westfield -                   8  C2
Ripley -                      8   70
Northville, [Pa.]   -        3   73
North East  -                 4   77
Harbor Creek  -               5  82
Wesleyville  -                4   86
ERIE      -                  4   90
Fairvew.       1 1 102
Conoeaut, [Ohio].-          17  119
Amboy                        3  122
Kingsville.             4  126
Ashtabula.9  135
9 155
Saybrook       -             6  141
Unionville  -   -            8 149
Madison..-  2  151
Perry-.-.-.-.-.- 8    159
P'~~~~ry ~ ~8 159
Painesville       -..    7 166
Mentor....  6 172
Willoughby    -..   5 177
East Euclid.    -  -..  6  183
Euclid    -..          3  186
CLEVELAND... 9  195
Rockport..         8 203
Dover..        5 208
Elyria.            11  219
Amherst   -                  8  227
Henrietta         3          3  230
Birmingham                   3  23
Florence                -   4  237
Milan  -.          10 247
Norwalk.             4 I1
Mon.roeville                 4  245
Bellevue - 9  264
Lower Sandusky              18  282
Black Swamp..8  290
Woodville   -                7, 297
Perrysburg  16  313
Mauee City                   1 34
TOLEDO.   10 324
By Erie and Kalamazoo
Railroad, to
Sylvania...        11  225
Blissfield...        12 347
Adrian.               10 357
By Southern R. Road, to
Dover.  7 364
Hudson.                   10 374
Pitt,;ford - - 6  380
Florid.a                     5  385
Hillsdale.   -           6 391
4 
TRAVELLER S GLIDE.                5
Distances on the Welland Canal,
[Canada,] from Port Dalhousie,
on Lake Ontario, to Port Col  borne, on Lake Erie,
St. Catharine's    -             5
Thorold.       -   - 4   9
Allenburg      -   -   -   3  12
Port Robinson..    - 3   15
Aqueduct.   4  19
Stone Bridge    -           8  27
Port Colborne...   2  29
Buffalo to Columbus,
Ohlio.
By Stage,
From BUFFALO to
CLEVELAND        -   -   -    196
Brooklyn       -   -   -   3 199
Parma       - -             3 202
Strongsville.   -        6 208
Brunswick.    -   -        6 214
Medina   -   -              8 222
Guitbford   -.. -    9  231
WVOOSTER.          -  12 243
Big Prairie...          10 253
Lo udonville... 11 264
Democracy       -          14  278
MOUNT VERNON  -   8 286
NMount Liberty   -.   -10 296
Centreburg    -..    5  301
Sunbury    - -             10 311
GalenIa... 4 315
Weste,rville..      -.  7  132
Blendon.   -       -   -   3  325
-COLUMBUS   -   -   -10 335
Buffalo to Fond du Lac.
By Ste,mer.
From B UFFALO to
Mackinac  -   -   -   -        646
Sault St. Marie    -   -   90 736
Gros Cap.- -15 751
White Fish Point.        25 776
Two Heart River    -       30 806
Sucker River      -        12 818
Hurricane River             22 840
Grand Sable   -   -   -  15 8,5
Pictured Rocks -   -      12  867
Grand Island Harbor        20 887
River Au Prai - --         15 902
Laughing Fish River      -15 917
Chocolate River - - - 10 927
Dead River         -   -  11 938
Huron River    -   -   - 46 984
Lanse Bay[Fur Co's station]32 1016
Fort Wilkins [Copper Har.] 86 1102
By Stage, to
Sylvanus...   8  399
Quincy.... 7 406
Cold Water       - -   -   6 412
Branch....3 415
Batavia....   4419
Bronson's Prairie.  -   4 423
Prairie River..         5 428
Freedom    -         -   - 5 433
Sherman  -.. -   -   4 437
West Sherman.. 5 442
White Pigeon.         8 450
Mottville....6 456
Union....   6 463
Adamsville. - -       7 469
Edwardsburg         -           5   474
Dover..      ---- 3  477
Niles                        7 484
Terre Coupee, [Ia.]    -  14 498
Hudson   -         -         5 503
Laporte   13  516
Michigan City..  12 528
City West -. - -  17  54.5
Calumet.-...  24  569
CHICAGO...12  581
Buffalo  to  Detroit.
By Sta-Canada Route,
From BUFFALO to
Niagara Falls [Railroad]        22
St. Catharine's  -   -   - 14  36
Hamilton       -   -   -  36  72
Brant    l4rd                                    -   -   - 25 97
London....  60  157
Chatham..             67 224
Windsor....  50 2'4
DETROIT [Ferry]..    2        76
By Canada Steamers.
From BUFFALO to
Dunville..    -  -       40
Port D   over                           -  45 85
Port Ryerse -.          5  90
Port Rowan..15  105
Port Stanley                                        -   - 40  145
DETROIT..           160  305
Distances from Canadian Ports on
Lake Erie, to the adjacent towns
in the interior, by land.
Dunville to Brantford    -       50
Dover to Hamilton          L     32
Dover to Simcoe     -   -   -  7
Pt. Rowan to Pt. Burwell        18
Port Stanley to St. Thomas       9
"    to London.        29
to Chatham          75
"    to Goderich -       84
I
5
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE. 
6                 TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Agate Harbor   -. - 8 1110  Ogdensburg, N. Y. [ferry] 1 339
Eagle River..   -  1 1122  Cornwall    -.. - 50 389
Little Salmon Trout River  83 1155  Coteau du Lac        -       41 430
Misery River    -   -   - 14 1169  Lachine        - -            38 468
Flint Steel River.       20 1189  MONTREAL            -   -   9 477
Ontonagon River       -  6 1195
Little Iron River..  15 1210
Rock Island      -      -  151225
Carp rsuRiver    -..-           1232   Buffalo   to   Niagara
Presque Isle River           7 1239 
Black River...   6 1245                       Falls.
Montreal River - - -        25 1270 By Railroad,
La Pointe Harbor            25 1la95  From BUFFALO to
FOND DU LAC    -            90 13    Black Rock.                3
Black Rock Dam.    1   4
Cherry's    -..       2    6
To,na~wan,,ta.                  11
Routes from  Buffalo to   Caynga Creek                       - - 5  16
ugSchlosser   -             4'0
Montreal.                  NIAGARA FALLS. 2 22
AMERICAN ROUTE.
By Railroad,
From BUFFALO to                       Buffalo to Pittsburg,
Niagara Falls    -   -. 22                                g,
Lewiston       -   -   -   9  31                    Pa.
By Steamer, to                       BSte ner
Fort Niagara    -   -   - 7   38  From BUIJFFALO to
Eighteen Mile Creek    -  12  50  Erie [Pa.]            - -   -   -   90
Oak Orchard Creek  -        24  74    By  en.  rie Caal, to
Port Genesee                40  114  Walnut Creek -   -  9  99
Plteyville   -    - -    32 146  Girard -   -                     7 106
Solus Bay                   13  159 I,ockport -   5  111
Little Sodus Lake  -         9 168  Cranesville.  3114
OSWEOO         -             9 177  Jacksonville             -   2116
Stoney Island    -. 32 209  Spring Corners.  7123
Sackett's Harbor   -        12  221  Conneautville.   4 17
Kingston, [Canada].        40 261  Summit Junction -  8135
French Creek, [N. Y.]  20,81  Sherman's Corners..             2137
Alexandria Bay..-   -  12  293  HarttIord.  5 142
Brockville, [Canada]        20 313  Greenville..   11 153
Ogdensburg, [N. Y.]. -     13  3'6  Big Bend...             12 165
Long Sault, [Canada]        38 364  Clarksville                   5170
Cornwall   -..        12 376  Sharon-  8 178
Coteau du Lac       -       41 417  Middlesex...   5 183
Cascades...-    15 432  Pulaski.. 5 188
Lachine -... -..    24  456  Lock No. 1    -   - 7195
MONTREAL                 -   9 465  Newecstle  6  201
*-~ _          Junction Cross Cut Canal   3  204
Dam No. 2 -   -   -          5 209
CANADIAN ROUTE.              Conoquenessing Creek  -   5 214
By Railroad,                       Adams'Dam    -              7 221
From BUFFALO to                      Patterson's Dam    -         1 222
NiagaraFalls..             22  New Brighton   -. -   223
Lewiston -             -  -  9  31  Mouth Beaver River    -  3  226
tQueenston, [ferry]..  132    Bi/ Steam"er to
Fort George   -   -   -   7  39  PITTSBURG.. 35 261
TORONTO..    -       36  75
Port Hope   -..  60  135            WINTER ROUTE.
KINOGSTON...   130  265    By StaZe
Brockville     -   -..  61 326  From BUtFFALO to
Prescott    -             - 12  338  Erie -  -        ---            90
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~.    -,..........
0q   ~,*,,''~~~n    o'  n
..,...........
....,,,.'o.,..
I,,~,,       o 
.....,.....0.',,
-                  ~..,'..
.......... ~. 0,. 
....~ 0     o,~C                                                                   ~ 
C'~  ~                   D          C..~'C~                             
C   ~            ~~~~~               ~          ~~ ~~~,,                           l.,.' "'    C 
~'C  C-...............o......'......
CD~~~                                                              ~~~~~~~,.   oC C,    
....... -...
CD.
I
I 
8                  TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Ypsilanti    -.. 12  357
Geddes' Mills..    4  361
Ann Arbor  -   -             4  365
Delhi     -...    6 371
Seio.....  2 373
De xter..e              3 376
Davison's....  9  385
Francisco...    6 391
Grass Lake.. -  3 394
Leoni -...   3  397
Michigan Centre   4 401
Jackson...                3 404
Sandstone....  6 410
Gridley's.   -    5 415
Concord -   -   -             3 418
Bath Mills...    2 420
Newburg Mills..2  422
Albion -   -   -.    2  424
Marengo....  7  431
Marshall.                    5 436
Ceresco      -..        6  442
Battle Creek   -              8 450
Augusta.    -             10 460
Galesburg.   -    4 464
Comstock   -.               5 469
Kalamazoo.                4 473
By  Stage, to
Pawpaw..              20 493
Mason.                      8  501
S1Keelersville    -.       7 508
Bainbridge...   12 520
St. Joseph..             8 528
By  Steamer, to
CHICAiGO..o i   -   69 597
By Stage,  via Peoria, to
Joliet   -... -   37  634
Dresden....   14  648
Marseilles...       25  673
Ottawa....    7 680
PERU.....16  696
Peoria...          69  765
By Steamer, to
Bardstown  -   -   -    90  855
Alton..               118 973
ST. LOUIS -.-  995
Chicago to Galena.
By Stage, via Rockford.
From CHICAGO to
Cazenovia - -.                  11
Bloomingdale.        12  23
Elgin  -   -.13   36
Pleasant Grove..   32  68
Amesville.         -. 7   75
Belvidere...6   81
ROCKFORD.   -   - 13  94
Vanceburg..          15 109
Freeport                   19  128
Via Lafayette, Indiana.
By Steamer,
From  BUFFALO to
Toledo...           310
By Wabash and Eric
Canal, to
Jnec. Miami Extension       66  376
Reservoir   -       - -.         11  387
Antwerp   -.               3  390
Indiana State Line.       4  394
Fairport  -.           7 401
Nerr-Haven.   - 7  408
Fort Wayne...           6  414
Verm ilyea's     - - -. 10  424
Port Huron..          6 430
Huntington  -      -   -         439
Lagro...         14  453
Wabash    -                  6 459
PMeru...           15 474
Lewisburg..       -     9  483
Logansiport                  9 492
Georgetown.  -   -     7 499
Lockport              -   -       504
DETR~~~iT    -   -   -      520Aev4l                        -77
Derlphi          -   -.    10  514
Americus.           -..    520
Lafayette.12 532
By Stage, to
Point Pleasant -..   11 543
Shawnee Prairie.      8  551
VWilliamsport  -.   -    7  558
Portland.... 13  571
Covington.   -   -    8 579
Perry ville.                  8
-,,yvl. 7 586
Eugene.             7 593
Newport.... 9 602
Montezuma..            6  608
Clinton....10 618
Terre Haute.          - -  I'  633
Marshall...       17  650
Martinsville...  12 662
Greenup...        16 678
Woodbury.            - - 8 686
Ewington..   -        18 704
Howard's Point.         15 719
Vandalia....13  732
Mulberry Grove..   8 740
Greenville. - - - 9  749
Hickory Grove.   9  758
Collinsville... 25  783
Illinois Town - - -         15  798
ST. LOUIS (ferry) -. 2  800
Via St. Joseph and Chicago.
By Steame7r
From BUFFALO to
DETROIT    - -  -               327
By Ilichigan Central
Railroad, to
Dearbornville... 10 337
Wayne....   8 345
p
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J 
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                   9
Wadham's Grove.  -    15  143
GALENA... 35 178
Chicago to Madison,
W..
By Stat                                           o
From C"iAGO to
Rockford..    -..         94
Roscoe...    -                       13 107
Pecatonica.        -..  4  111
Beloit.....4  115
Janesville.  —.  -. —.12  127
Union.                                           -   - 21  148
MADISON... 20 168
Chicago to Xilwaukie.
By St                          age,
From CHICAGO to
Dutchman's Point..   12
Wheeling...                                             16
BHalfday  -                  5  21
Libertyville...   7   28
Abington.... 4   32
Little Fort...    7        39
Ots ego..       8   47
Salota (Wions'in)    -   7   54
Southport....            7  61
Rain     e....  11  72
Oak Creek... 15  87
MILWAUKIE.. 10 97
Chicago to Rock             Is         lan d,  Ill.
By Steae, via Dixon.
From CHICAGO                            to
Brush Hill - -.      18
Dow.er's Grove    -          4   22
Napiersville... 6   28
Aurora..         9  37
Sugar Grove.. 6  43
Acasta    -   -.          7   50
Little Rock. -   - 3  53
Somon,auk...   6   59
Pawpaw Grove... 17  76
Juliet....  16  92
DIXON.-..-. 14  106
Sterling....   5  111
Rock River Rapids.. 7  118
Lynidon   -    -            12 130
Cramlal]'s Ferry.     11 141
ROCK ISLAND..   33  174
Via Peoria and Springfidld.
By Stage,
From CHICAGO to
Ottawa.    -  -  -..    83
Vermilionville..  12  95
Sandy Creek.   19  114
Crow Meadow   8 122
Black Partridge   12 134
Washington.               6  140
Little Detroit               4  44
Peoria...    6  150
Groveland....  8  158
Tremont..-.    5 163
Dillon-.-..- -. — 4  167
Middletown   -.           33  200
Springfield      -   23 223
By Railroad, to
Berlin....   14  237
Jacksonville   -.       19 256
By Stage, to
Manchester...   18 274
Whitehall   - - - -          8 282
Carrollton     -        -   9  291
Jerseyville...     12 303
Delhi...          8 311
Upper Alton. - -..    12 323
Alton                       2 325
By Steamer or Stage, to
ST. LOUIS         -   -    2  347
Via Illinois and JMichigan
Canal.
From CHICAGO to
Canalport...      4
Summit....   8  12
DIes Plaines..      10  22
Keepotaw      -.          5  27
Lockport   -..       5  32
Joliet    -.             6   38
Du Page River... 10  48
Morrisluna..       13   61
Clarkson    -.-.. 4   65
Marseilles..        12  77
Ottawa...  8
Utica..              10  95
La Salle... 3  98
Peru....   2 100
By Steamer, to
ST. LOUIS..    299 399
Cincinnati to Lafay      ette,  Indiana.
By Steamer,           -
From CINCINNATI to
Moulth of Wabash River
(see page    )..     378
Chicago to St. Louis. 
10                  TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
438  Alams' Mill    -   -.        10 145
453  Webbsport...    4  149
498  Hartford.    -   -    - 3  152
534  Frazeysburg...    3  156
532  Nashport. -   -   - 6  161
549  Licking Dam               -   5  166
557  Licking Town                -  4  170
56t  NEWARK               -   6  176
574  Granville Feeder            -  5  181
590  Hebron  -   4  185
6221 Licking Summit              -  4  189
649 2   Millersport. -            2  191
654  Baltimore....  5 196
663  Havensport.            -   6  202
671  Carrol...           2. 204
681  Lockville..               2  206
690  Waterloo. -   3  209
694  Winchester.            -  1 210
700  Rareysport....  4  214
708  Sharp's Landing..    1  215
710  Lockbourne                    6  221
718  Holmes' Landing   3  294
724  Millport. -   4  228
736  Circleville...    8  236
Westfall....  5  241
Yellow Bud...    5  246
Deer Creek.... 4250
S.    Andersonville...    2  252
Clinton Mills...  4  256
CHILLICOTHE              -    2 258
Tomlinso n's   6  264
Stoney Creek.   3  267
Head of Big Bottom   2  269
5  Sharoiville.         7  276
9  Waverly....  4  280
13  Trimble's Bridge   3  283
17  Jasper -..       3  286
21  Howard's Lock    -             5 291
24  Cutler's Station -.   -        3  294
30  Brush Creek   - - 7  301
32  PORTSMOUTH                     8 309
37
38
44     De troit        to  Toledo.
47
52    By Stenmer,
56 From OETROIT to
61  Truao        -   -       -         13
6 Gibraltar.    -                 8   21
71  Brownstown         -           4   25
80  Brest       -.              13   38
83  Monroe       -    -  5   43
86  ILa Salle  - -           -    5  48
93  Erie-   -  -  -        - -    5   53
97  Manhattan (0.)                 9   62
9i (O.)  ~~- - 9 62
.e-  TOLEDO   -   -  3  65
103
108
112
118  Galena to Dubuque.
1'22 j By Sta.e and Ferry
132  From GALENA to
135  DUB UQUE            -   -   -   16
New Harmony... 60
Graysville..   15
Mount Carmel - -        -   45
Vincennhtes. -          36
Russhr        — ellv  4ille.-...18
Palestine Sandy.17
Merom..            8
Hudsonville   -.          8
York   -              - - 9
Darwin Sandy..  16
Terre Haute... 3'2
Clinton -..  20
Montezuma... 12
Pilson's Ferry      -.      9
Vermilion River.      8
Perryville..  10
| C ovington  -   -   -      9
Baltimnore     -   -   -   4
Portland....6
Williamsport.              8
Attica -.   2    -
Independence...   8
La Grange  -...
LAFAYETTE.. 12
Cleveland to Portt
mouth.
By the Ohio Canal.
Frorn CLEVELAND to
Rathbun's Lock        -
Mill Creek                   4
Tinker's Creek  -   -   - 4
Pinery Feeder -.    -   4
Boston      -         -   - 4
Peninsula      -..   3
Niles - - -. 6
Old Portage.          - - 2
North Akron.         -   - 5
South Akron  I.           1
Newv Portage   -          - 6
Wolf Creek Lock              3
Clin,ton....    5
Fulton    -...   4
~Velhlnan's Mill -        - 5
NIASSILLON   -   -   -   4
Navarre and Bethlehem   -6
Bolivar   -   -   -   -   9
Zoar -..                 3
Jenning's Bridge      -      3
Dover.... 7
Lockport       -.   4
Newcastle -..            2
Tren,ton  -        *   *   4
Gnad,enhutten   -            5
Port Washin,gton             4
New-Comers'Town              6
Evan,sburg                   4
Lewisville.     10
Roscoe...   3
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TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                  11
Green Bay  to Prairie  Milwaukie to Green
du Chilen.                              Bay.
By Stage                             By Sta
From' GRE'EN BAY to                  Frem M"WAUKIE to
Fond du Lac      -               55  Washington.              28
Washara...  32  87  Sheboygan           -   -        30  58
Fort Winnebago       -   - 28  115  Manitouwoc.   - 26  84
De Korra....  10 125  La Boot  -   -                       18 102
Hungary.... 12 137  GREEN BAY  -   - -                18 120
Prairie du Lac     -.  20  157
Arena.... 9  166
Helena... -         8 174
Squatville  -..16 190
GEnraglidsh Prairie  -      10  200   Montreal  to  Quebec.
Grand Gris       -   -       25  225
PRAIRIE DU CHIEN    15 240    By Steamer
From MONTREAL to
-                      Verrennes..  -        -     15
William Henry.   30  45
Lockport to Niagara    Lake St. Peter                      -    8  53
St. Francis                 30  83
Falls.                Three Rivers    -             7  90
B  Reilread.           St. Anne       -            25 115
From LOCK      ORT to            - Richelieu Rapids             20  135
1   Cape Sante    - -           15 150i
Pekin      -   -   -             12 Cape Ronge                   22 172'
June. Lewiston R. R.        9   21  Cape..    172
NIAGARA FALLS.  6 27 QUEBE    -  -                               8180
Madison to Green Bay.                     Missouri River.
FBy Stage,                          From Council Bluffs to S'. Louis.
Flom MADISON to
Washara  -. -                   40   By Steamer
Fond duLac        -   -   32  72  From COUNCIL BLUFFS to
Calumet   -                 25 97    Bellevue Trading House           40
Bridgeport   -   -   -   15  112  Platte River        -   -. 12  52
'I) Pere   -   -         - 10  122  Five Barrel Island  -   -  15  67
GREEN BAY               - 5 127  Upper Oven Iland              - 12  79
Lower Oven Island       -   4   83
Fair Sun Island  -.    - 23  106
Little Nemahaw River.   16 122
Milwaukie   to  Galena.   Nishnebotna River   -   - 12 134
Grand Nemahaw River.   25  159
By Stage                          Wolf River       -   -   - 18 177
From MItL AUKIEto                   Mouth Nodaway River -  16 193
Prairieville     -   -   -       15  St. Joseph  -   -   -. 14  207
Summit..       -  -..   16  31  Weston   -   -   -       60 267
Aztalan    -   -   -   - 21  52  Fort Leavenworth.    - 7 274
Cottage Grove       -        8  60 Little Platte River  -       20  294
MADISON   -   -           - 20  80  Kansas River Landing    - 10 304
Beaumont       -.   -  25 105 Independence, (Mo.)    -  12 316
Ridgeway  -   -   -   - 10 115 Liberty Landing            -    - 3 319
Dodgeville     -   -..   9 124  Sibley    -.      21 340
MineralPoint..   8  132 Camden       -   -   -   - 19  359
Belmont...   12 144  Lexington        -..   18 377
Elk Grove  -   -   -   - 7  151  Grand River..   50  427
Hazel Grove...  12 163  Chariton  -   -   -   - 20 447
GALENA           -   -   - 9 172 Boonville   -   -   -   - 30 477
I 
12                TRAVELLER'S OUmE.
Rockport       -   -.      10 487
Mouiit Vernon.   -   - 10 497
Marion. -.        17  514
JEFFERSON CITY          - - 16  530
Osage River   -   - -. 10 540
Pinckney.   -       51 591
Newport....   8 599
St. Charles..48  647
Mouth Missouri.         20 667
ST. LOUIS        -.    - 18 685
Mississippi River.
From tle Falls of St. Anthon       S
to the Gulf of MIexico.
From the FALLS  of ST. AN.
THONY to
Fort Snelling...        7
St. Peter's River 
Maiden's Rock        -   -   66   73
ILake Pepin             -                    B
Prairie du Chien           175 248
WVisconsin River.         4 2       52
Cassville.      25 277
Dubuque..               29 306
Fever River... 17  323
Bellevue...                             B7330
Savannah                   19 349
Lyon...             17  366
Rock Island          -       9  375
Rock Island City.         52 427
Rock River...1 4IL8
Bloomington...  27 455
New Boston... 23 478
Oquawka...  19 497
Burlington....1  510
Madison...          -. 22  532
Montrose and Nauvoo          9 541
Keokuc....  12 553
Des Moines River 
Warsaw.... 4 557
Quincy     34 591
Hannibal....  13  604
Louisiana.... 20 624
Clarksville...  11 635
Hambur      -.... 15 650O
Illinois River...  41 691
Alton  -   -   -   -.  21  712
Missouri River         -    2714
ST. LOUIS  -                18                       732
Jefferson Barracks.         9  741
Harrisonville.   -      19  760
Herculaneum..          2 762
Selma... -            4 766
St. Genevieve..         25 791
Kaskaskia River     
Chester..-..   16 807
Bainbridge  -   -   -     45 852
Cape Girardeau    -         12 864
Commerce.   -   -   - 12  876
Camo (Mouth Ohio river)  28 904
Uolumbus...18 9:,2
Hickman...   15 937
New Madrid... 42  9.9
Riddle's Point..   10 989
Little Prairie... 20 1009
Jbion River...   29 1038
Ashport....  8 1046
~)sceola...        12 10-8
ulton -...  1010 8
athee River. -      10 1098
3reenock.... 34 1112
IEMPHIS.   *         34 1146
.ort;lk.... 11 1157
Walnut Bend...   37 1194
3t. Francis River.. 24 1218
Delta...   20 1238
Dldtown..              20 12'8
rictoria...        46  1304
White River..       6 1310
_rkansas River.         14 1324
3olivar      -... 12 1336
Jypress Bend..         10 1346
iellow Bend.   - - 16 l162
~olumbia...   27 189
,mericani Bend... 25 1414
igg Point...    5 1419
,rand Lake Landing.         12 1431
'rovidence...   32 1463
?ompkins' Betnd.      15 1478
~lulhgan's Bend    *.   26 1504
(azoo River...'20 1524
TICKSB1,TRo   -    -.  12 1536
~arthage....19 1655
{ig B~lack River..   36 1591
.rand Gulf...I1- 15!t2
rodney....   20 1612
{ATCHEZ   -    -    -. 31  1643
lomochitto River..  44 1687
ort Adams... 10 19x97
Ced River...   11 1708
'unica Bend -... 33 1741
t. Francisville..   27 1768
ortHudson.          I. 11 l7 9
aton Rouge...   25 1804
berville Bayou..        15 1819
laquemine..          81827
t. Gabriel's Church         10 1837
.ouisiana Institute         12 1849
ayou Lafourche.         12 1861
'ovent du SSacrament        13 1874
effirson  College.      41878
onnett Q.uarre Church *   24 190J
,ed Church... 16 1918
arrollton...    20 1938
ayfayette -..   4 1942
EW~-ORLEANS.                 2 1944
ATTLE GROUND                 4 1948
ort St. Leon    i       s  13 1961
ort St. Philip.     -...56 2017
outheast Pass..  22 2039
ALIZE.... 10 2049
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B.
12
TRAVELLER's GU'IDE. 
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                           13
S 72
New-Orleans to Austin, Milton                                        72
POUGII]EE:PSIIE.       — 4 76
Texas. Hyde Park - - 6  82
Pelham...4  86
By Steamer                         Rhinebeck      - -   -      6  92
From NEW.6RLEANS, to                Lower Redhook                7  99
Red River Landing.      6  Upper Redhook                3 102
Alexandria 84 320  Sange                                         1 103
Natchito s.        -.. 94 414  Bristol or Malden         1  104
By Land Carriage, to               at-kill                     9 113
Fort Je..                  25 439  Hudson                        5 118
Lowe's Ferry               29 4   Coxsackie   -.              8 126
Sabine Town, (Texas)        2 470  Kinderhook Landing            3 129
Milan  -   -   -       -  15 485  New Baltimore                  4 133
San Augustine              15 500 Coeymans          -               135
-5 53  Schodack Landing              2 137
Do           ua A         - 15 550 Gastleton         -      -   -    2 139
10 560  OverlaYh                     5 144
Crocket         t... 37 597  ALBANY 3  147
Cincinnati 30 627
Huntsville     -   -   -  15 642                    -
Montgomery  - - -           25 667
Ruskt;            -       12 679  New-York  to  Albany.
Fanthorp'...         684
WASHINGTON             -     - 18  702  Via.Ne.- York and  Y'ew-.Haven
Independence    -   -   -11 713   and Bridgeport and'lousa.
Mount Vernon       -       10 723            tonic Railroads.
Shelby's    -.. -15 738
Ruttersville   -   -   -  19 757  From NEW-YORK to
Plum Grove      -   -   - 14 771  Thirty-second Street        -       2
Mount Pleasant    -   -  20  791  Williams Bridge   -   -  11  13
Bastrop     -              11 802  New Rochelle   -   -   - 7  20
Webber's Prire'   -   -  15 817  Mamaroneck... 3  23
AUSTIN   -.   -18 835  Rye —-   -              - -  4     27
Port Chester                1  28
-                   Greenwich  -.        3  31
Stamford   - -   -          5  36
New-York to Albany. Dariewn                                      3 41
Norwalk —.3 44
Westport   -..3  47
Via Hudson River.             Stport             3           47
Southport -..5  52
--   ~ ~~~~Fairfield...                    2  54
By Steamer,                       BRIDGePORT          - -  8       54
From NEW-YORK to                    Stepney... 10  68
Bull's Ferry    -         -      6  Bottsford's    -   -         5  73
Manhattanville              2   8  Newton                        4  77
Fort Lee    -   -           4  12  Hawleysville  -          -   4  81
King'. Bridge               3  15  Brookfield  -   -   -   - 6  37
Yonkers..         -4  19  New Milford                    6 93
Hastings.     -.      -   3  22  Gaylord's Bridge           - 6  99
Dobb's Ferry  2      -   -      24  Kent....             6105
Pie-rmont   - - -- -- 2  26  Cornwall Bridge                  - 8113
Tarrytown                   4  10  West Cornwall                   4117
Sing Sing                   6  36  Canaan Falls Village 7   -    124
Grassy Point                5  41  Canaan.  127
Ve  lanck's Point  - - - - 2  43  Mass. State Line            2129
Cald well's Landing     - 3  46  Sefe                                3
_Vr    i~  kni         8 4 Sheffield 7?136
WEST POINT         -   -   8  54  Great Barrington            - 6142
Cold Spring      -   -   - 2  56  Van Deusenille                 2144
Cornwall       -   - -   3  150  West Stockbridge                7 151
New Windsor   -             2  61  New-York State Line           2 153
NEWBURG.-.. 2  63  Canaan, N. Y              5 158
New Hamburgh                6  69  East Chatham         -   -   5163 
14                    TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Chatham         -           5 168 HARTFORD          -   -   - 8 115
Kinderhook   *   *   *   7  175  Windsor  -                    7 12
Schodack.... 8 183  Windsor Locks..    - 4 126
Greenbush          -   -   7 190 Conn. River Bridge        -   2 128
ALBANY..       - 1 191  Thompsonville  -         -.    5 133
SPRINGFIELD, (Mass.)        8 141
Wilbraham    -   -          6 147
North Wilbraham    -        3 150
New-York  to  Albany.  Palmer   -  -  -                        6 156
Warr,n -. -10 166
Via Hudson River Railroad.    West Brookfield   -           4  170
-~-   ~        South Brookfield     -. 2 172
From N EW-YORK to                  East Brookfield    -'      3 175
Manhattanville  -   -   -       8  Spencer...            2 177
Yonkers.                 9  17  Charlton....    5 182
Hastings.. - -      4  21  Clappvi]le  -. 4  186
Dobb'sFerry... 1  22  VWORCESTER                          9  195
Tarrytown..             5  27  Grafton....  7 202
Sing Sing     -   -   -   6  33  Westboro         -.   5 207
Croton      -   -.   - 3  36  Southboro -.. 4  211
Peekskill     *        -   7  41 Hopkinton    -   -   -   4  215
Garrison's  -... 8  51  Framingham... 3  218
Cold Spring   -.         3  54  Natick...          4  222
Fishkill                    6  60  Needham       -             4 226
Low Point.   -   -   4  64  Newton  -                      4 230
New Hamburg                 2  66  Angiers Corners       -.  2 232
Barnegat                    3  69 Brighton....    2 234
Poughkeepsie                6  75 BOSTON      -   -             5 239
And thence by Steamer to Al  bany.
Via JVNew.-London, Norwich and
Worcester.
New-York to Boston.   By Steamer
Fro.'m NW-YO R K t o
Via New-Haven, Hartford and  NEW-LONDON, (Ct.).               115
Springfield.            Allyn's Point...   9 124
~~~-  ~         By Railroad, to
By Roilroad,                     NORWICiH -..         7  131
From NEW,-YORK to                  Jewett City   -   -         9  140
Thirty-Second street..       2  Plainfield..    - 7 147
Williams Bridge.   -  11  13  Central Village.           3 150
New Rochelle   -.   - 7  20  Danielsonville..    - 6 156
Mamaroneck...   3  23 Daysville            -   -       3 159
Rye.- - -         — 4    27  Pomfret           -   -           5 164
Port Chester   -   *   *   1  28  Fisherville, (Mass.)    -   6 170
Greenwich, (Ct.)    3   -   33  Webster    -   -               4  174
Stamford.   -         5  38  Oxford                      5 179
Dari,en     - - -           5  43  WORCESTER..    - 11 190
Norwalk... 3   46  BOSTON  (for intermediWestport   -                3  49  ate distances, see preceding
Southiport         -   -   5  54  column)    -   -             44  234
Fairfield.R.          -   2  56
BRIDGEPORT..   4  60
Stratford     -  -    4  64
Milford....   4  68  Via Stonington and Providence.
NEw-HAvEN..    10  78
North Haven                6  84    By Stemer
Wallingford              - 6  90  From NEW.-tORK to
Meriden  -.             6  96  STONINGTON, (Ct.)          -    130
Berlin.-...    7   103    By Railroad to
New Britain...   4 107  Westerly, (R..)..  6 136
f 
TRAVELLER S OUIDE.              15
Charlton...   4  140
Richmond... 5 145
Kingston                     8 153
Wickford..'          W  7           160
Greenwich                    6 166
Apponang.  -.       3 169
PROVIDENCE                   9.   178
Seekonk...           4 182
Perrin's Crossing..   3 185
Dodgeville  -.            2 187
Attleboro, (Mass.)           3 190 
Tobey's Corners.  4 194
Mansfield      -.         2 196
Foxhoro..  -.. 2 198
Sharon.   -               5 203
Canton      -.            4  207
Dedham Low Plain.   6 213
Toll Gate.                3 216
Roxbury        -..   3  219
BOSTON.... 2  221
Via.Newport and Fall River.
By Steamer
From NEW-YORK to
NEWPORT (for intermedi-.
ate distances see route via
JVewport and Providence —
BELOW)    -           -   -    157
FALL RIVER (Mass.)   -  18 175
By Railroad, to
Miller's       -.        - 3 178
Somerset.    -        1 179
Terry's     -.   -        1 180
Assonet   -   -   -          3  183
Myrick's...             3 186
Haskins Village.          4 190
Middleboro       -   -       3 193
Titticut            - -  -  -  4 197
Bridgewater    4 201
East Bridgewater  -   -   2 203
Keith's Furnace.    - 1 204
Plain Village  -   -   -   3  207
North Bridgewater   -   - 1 208
East Stoughton    -          4  212
South Braintree              4  216
North Braintree              1 217
Quincy      -   -   -        2  219
Squantum.    -        2 221
Neponset..    -        1  222
Dorchester.             2 224
BOSTON                       4 228
Via New-p      ort and Pro      vidence.
By Steamer,
From NEW-tORK to
New Haven Light-house.          75
Faulkner's Island  -   -  14  89
Connecticut River..15 104
New London..   11 115
Stonington    - -. 15 130
Watch Hill Light-house      5 135
Point Judith, (R.  I.).. 9 144
NEWPORT. -    -        13 157
Canonicut Point -   -      16 173
PR OeVID.C -               12  185
BOST ON  -   -             43 228
New-York to Dunkirk.
Via  New- York and Erie  Railro ad.
B.y Steamer
From NEW-YORK to
Piermont    -   -.            25
By Railroad, to
Blauveltville    -  - -     3  28
Clarkstown -   -.   a   3
Spring Valley... 2   35
Monsey...           1  36
Sufferns...       6  42
Ramapo Works.           2  44
Sloatsburg -..          1  45
Monroe Works.         6  51
Turner's....6  57
Monroe....   2  59
Oxford....3  62
Chester..              3  65
Goshen.. 4  69
New Hampton.        4  73
Middletown..       4  77
Howell's..         3   80
Otisville....5  85
Port Jervis...  13  98
POND EDDY..      11 109
Lackawaxen...  11 120
Narrowsburg...12  132
Cochecton...    8 140
Callicoon....9  149
Hamkins..        3 152
Equinunk...        11 163
Stockport..         4  167
Chehocton....6 173
Deposit....  13 186
Gulf Summit         -.  8 194
Lanesboro..         8 202
Great Bend... 8 210
Windsor Road.       10 220
Binghampton... 4  224
Union    -..         9  233
Campville....6 239
Owego...              7 246
Tioga Centre                6  252
Smithboro...   4  256
Barton.... 3 259
Raymond..   3 262
Factoryville... 3 265
Chemung...   4 269
Wellsburg...        7 276
.1
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
15 
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Newark       -            -  8   9
Elizabethtown                 5   14
Rahway...           5  19
Methuen -   -  8   27
New Brunswick...  4  31
Kingston        -   -        14   45
Princeton   -   -          - 4   49
Trenton.             10   59
Morrisville, (Pa.)         -  1   60
Bristol   -   -       -      9   69
Paconey    -   -. 12  81
By S-eamer  to
PHILADELPHIA..  8  89
By Railroad, to
Gray's Ferry..    - 3  92
Lazaretto       -   -   -    7  99
Chester      -   -           4  103
Marcus Hook, (I)el.).    3 106
Naaman's Creek.       2 108
WILMINOTON          -   -   8 116
Newport, (Md.)        -      4  120
Stanton.    -.           2 122
Newark.    -       6 128
Elkton          -   -   -   6  134
North East        -. - 6  140
Charleston     -   -    -   3  143
Cecil -...5  148
Havre de Grace, (by ferry)  1 149
Halls X Roads  -.        - 5  154
Perryman's...    4  158
Chases       -   -              12  170
Stemmer's Run..    6  176
Canton       -   -            7  183
BALTIMORE.  3 186
Relay House    -   -          8 194
Elkbridge  Landing. -- 2 196
Annapois Juntio.  10  206
aenPatuxect River.    - 4  210
Beltsville....4 214
BladensburR  (D.C.).    6  220
WASHINGTON.  - 6 226
Pittsburg to Baltimore. 
By  Steamer,
From PITTSBURG to
Brownsville    -   -   -         36
By Stage, to
UNnion                          14  Tro
Smytlrfieldr     -   -   - 21  71
Little Crossing     -       16  87
Stryker's....6  93
Frostburg..         7  100
Cumberland.            - 10  110
By Railroad, to
Patterson Creek...  8 118
Little Cacasson     -   - 13  131
Pawpaw Tunnel..  4 135
Water Station.         3  138
Doe Gulley Tunnel.. 9  147
Rockwell's Run.. 2  149
Elmira....   7 283
Big Flats....10 293
Corning....   8  303 
PaintedPost. -          2  301
Campbelltown -.   7 310
Mud Creek                    5  315
G     iBath. 6n.    321
Kennedysville..        4  325
Goff's Mills                 5 330
Howar     d                  3 333
Hornellsville...   10 343
Almond.. -.5 348
Centre  Almond                                   -   - 4  352
West Alhnond        -   5 357
An.elica                     7 364
Belfast.... 6 370
Canadea...           6  376
Rushibrd...            382
Farmersville                 7  389
Franklinville.   *   - 5  394
Ellicottville -..     13 407
L ittle Valley... 7                          414
Napoli....    8 422
Randolph....5 427
Waterboro...   6  433
Levant....5 438
Jamestown    -   -   -    5 443
Vermont.7 45
Gerry                        5 455
Holdenville.... 7 462
Fredonia...    8 470
DUNKIRK          -         - 3 473
New-York to New
Haven.
By Steamer
From NE'W-YXORK to
Blackw,ell's Island.    -       4
Hell Gate.         3    7
Th-rogg's Neck                8   15
New Roctlle,3               8  23
Greenwich Point, (Ct.)    11  34
Norwalk Island               11  45
Black Rock.. 12  57
Bridgeport..          3   60
Stratfbrd Point  -   -       3   63
New Haven light house    12  75
NEW IAVEN    - -  3 78
New-York to Wash           ington.
By F-'err
Fromn NEW.YORK to
Jersey City, (N. J.).        1
By Railroad, to
By Railroad, to                    Rockwell's Ron    -   -   2  149
'I
16 
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                17
Wilmore                     10 121
Holidaysburg              - 22  143
By Canal, Central Division.
Frankstown.    - 3  146
Williamsburg            -   10 156
Petersburg..           - 13 169
aIuntington.              7 176
Aughwick Falls.    - 17  193
Waynesburg..  11 204
Lewiston.       - -.    15 219
Mifflintown              -.  14  233
Mexico..     4  237
Thompsontown..    7 244
Newport    -..       12 256
Duncan's Island          -  10 266
Port Dauphin..    - 9  275
Blue Mount Gap..     277
HARRISBURG            -      5 282
Highspiretown                6  288
Middletown                 -   3  291
Falmouth                 -   15 366
Bainbridge            -     -   3   09
Marietta                 -    6 315
Columbia.               - 3 318
By Railroad, to
Lancaster...   9  327
Kinzy's   -..       14  341
Gap                 -   -...   3 344
Penningtol. -  4 348
Parksburg               -   3  351
Coatesville.                5 356
Downiiington   -   -.    8 364
Paoli..... 12 376
Spread Eagle.   -          4 380
Morgan's Corner              4  3 383
Whitehall      -   -   - 3 316
Inclined Plane..    - 7 393
PHILADELPHIA                 4 397
Pittsburg to St. Louis.
By Steamer
From PITTSBURG to
Middletown      -. -'         12
Economy        - -..   13  25
Beaver...       10   35
Georgetown   -.    -  16  51
Liverpool   -   -   -        3   54
Wellsville  (Ohio)           5  59
Steubenville.  -.        21  80
Wellsville, (Va.)       -   7  87
Warren     -    -   -       8  95
WHEELING    -   -   -   9  104
Bridgeport  -   -   -   - 1 105
Elizabethtown       -   -  12  117
Lanesville.. -.15 132
Sistersville   -   -..   22 154
Grand View       -..  8  162
Newport, (Ohio).    -  17 179
I Marietta    -   -.        17  196
St. John's Run..        10 159
Hanlcock.   5  164
Licking Water Station    - 5 169
Black Creek Bridge.    5 174
Hedgesville    -    -   -  5          179
Tub t's.        -   -        5  184
Martinsburg                   3  187
By  teme                           radEale.   - -4  -8
Drakesville.              4  191
Kelleysville..       4  195
Lee Town Road..            197
Duffield's. -.       3 200
Harper's Ferry      -.    6  206
Knoxville.... 3  209
Berlin                        3 212
Point of Rocks  -t            6  218
Doup's Switch                t4 S2
Frederick... 4  226
Monrovia       -   -         12 238
Mount Airy..          244
Hood's Mills... 9  253
Sykesville...        3  256
Maryotsville..             259
Woodstock.       4  263
Elysville...          4  267
Ellicott's Mills.           6  273
Relay House                   6  279
BALTIMORE    -. 9 288
Pittsburg to New-Or            leans.
By Steamer
From PITTSBURG to
CAIRO, (J.Iouth Ohio River) 1004
(For intermediate distances
see page 18.)
NEW. ORLEANS - 1145 2149
(For intermediate distances
see page 12.)
Pittsburg to Philadel             ph ia.
By C~ana/-Western Division.
From PITTSBURG to
Taren'tum      -   -   -         18
Freeport    - - - -14   32
Alleghany River..   2  34
Warrenton..- -14  48
Saltzburg..   -  12  60
Blairsville....16  76
Chesnut Hill.              8  84
Lockport       -             5  89
Laurel Hill.   -.   10  99
Johnstown.   7. 7 106
By Railroad, to
Tunnel... 5 111
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TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
17 
18                TRAVELLER 5 GUIDE.
Muskingam River
Vienna         -   - -        6  202
Parkersburg   -   -   -   7  209
Little Kanawha River.
Blanierhassett's Island      2  211
Troy, (Ohio)                10 221
Belleville..   5  226
Letart's Rapids..        38  264
Pomeroy                  -  15  279
Point Pleasant             - 17  296
Great Kanawha River
Gallipolis            -    - 4  300
Racoon Creek                  6 306
Newcastle              -     9  315
Guyandotte.          a22  337
Guylandotte River
Burlington            -.    8  345
B,ig Sandy River              3  348
Catletsburg              -   1 349      h
Hanging   ock..14 363
Greenupsburg                  6  369
Little Sandy River    -                          
PORTSMOUTH.                 22  391
Sciota River                                         
Rockville                -  16 407
Vanceburg                     4 411-   -   -
Rome, (Ohio)          -       6  417
Concord                  -   4  421
Manhester                    8 429
Maysville                  - 12 441
Ripley.              8 449
Higginsport                - 6 455
Augusta.    3 458
Nevilla                      8  466
Moscow                        4 470
New Richmond          -   - 7 477
Little JIiami River          9  486
Columbia   -   -   -          5  491
Fulton    -              - 3  494
CINCINNATI                    2 496
(Newport and Covington,
K y., opposite. )
North  Bend         -      - 16 512
Lawrenceburg        -         7  519
Aurora.      4  523
Rising Sun                   9 -   532
Patriot.                13  545
Warsaw       -   -   -       9  554
New-York  -1  555
Vevay.        9 564
Carrolton  -.  -          6  570
.1os.th Kentucky River
Madison        -             15  585
New London  -   -  9 594
Bethlehem  -8 602
VWestport                    7  609
Charleston                   7 616
Utica                        9  625
Jefiersonville                      -   - 7 632
LOUISVILLE.    1  633
Shippingport            - 2 635
Portland.-   -   -                                                    1 636
New Albany, (la.) opposite
Salt River..  20 656
Bradenlburg..   -17 673
Mauksport.                674
Leavenworth                17  691
Fredonia....   3 694
Rome, (Ia.).   35  729
Cloverport a.              18 747
Hawesville                 9 756
Troy, (Ia.)   -   -   - 3  759
Rockport...          16 775
Owensboro    -             9 784
Green River    -           27  811
Evan s ville..   8 819
Hendersonville.         10 829
Mount Vernon              25  854
Carthage...14  868
Wabash River.   6 874
Raleigh     -. 6  880
Shawneetown                4  884
Cave-in.Rock              21  905
Elizabethtown, (Ill.)       8 913
Golconda - -              12 925
Cumberland River.  18 943
Paducah.-.        15 958
Tennessee River
Caledonia... 32 990
Trinity....   10 1000
CAIRO, (mouth Ohio)        4 1004
ST. LOUIS, (by Mis.i..iPPi
River)..  172 1176
Rock Island to Iowa
City.
From ROCK ISLAND to
Davenport, (by ferry)           3
Bl Stag', to
Rockingham.            -  5   8
Montpelier                12  20
Wyoming                    5  25
Bloomington  -.           7  32
Overman's Ferry. 11  43
West Liberty...    8  51
IOWA CITY  12  63
St. Louis to Pittsburg,
Penn.
Via Indianapolis and Columbus.
By Stageo
From ST. LOUIS to
Terre Haute                   167
Van Buren                 12 179
Harmony                    7 186
Manhattan                  8 194
Putnamville                4 198
73
74
29
47
56
75
84
1
9
74
1
3
00
3
8
20
25
32
43
51
63
f
S.
79
98
18
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE. 
TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.                    19
Mount Meridian    -         6 2(
Stilesville....  9  21
Belleville...   8 
Plainfield..            5                r
Bridgeport    -.        6  2INDIANAPOLIS                                    - -      - 8 
Cumberland...  11 2~
Philadelphia. -   -. 5         2 B
Greenfield                  6
Charlottesville... 8
Knightstown...   5
Ogden....8 2~
Lewisville.   6
Dublin...       8 2
Cambridge...   2'
CENTREVILLE  -.  10 3(
Richmond.             5 31
Eaton..... 15 3'
West Alexandria.       -  6      M
Liberty...t12  3G
DAYTON  7...   7  31
Fairfield....10 3(
Enon...               7  3
S9PRINGFIELD.      - 7 3'
Brighton Centre..  10 3~
Lafayette... 10 3
lWest Jefferson..   8 4
Alto)n -   -                   4l
COLUMBUS        9-   - 9 4
Etna....'20
Hebron..             10 4~
Jacksontown.            5 4~
Brownsville                 8 4(
Gratiot                     2
Hopewell...   3 46
ZANESVILLE...   10 47
Bridgeville...   8 4~
Norwich.   -   -   -4
New Concord        3        3  4c
Cambridge          9.    5
Washington..          9 61
Middleburn... 6  51
Fairview...   7 52
Henrysburg.. 3 5~
Morristown..   -   7 53
St. Clairsville... 10 54
Bridgeport.   -.   9 55
WHEELING,(byferry)          1 55
Triadelphia      -..  10 56
West Alexandria. - 4  56
Claysville...   7 57
Washington..        10 58
Canonsburg...   7 59
Herriottsville..     8 60
PITTSBURG.  10 61
Washington to New
Orleans.
I By Railroad, to
9   Fredericksburg     -   -  14  56
Guinney's Depot        -   - 12   68
Milford's Depot.    -  11  79
Chesterfield. -             10  89
Junction     -..-   6  95
Taylorsville      -   -.     2  97
Hungary Station.    -  13  110
G   RICHMOND..    - 8  118
) Manchester    -   -           2 120
Proctor's Creek..    - 11 131
O   PETERSBURG         -   -   9  140
Stoney Creek... 21 161
Jarratt's..               9  170
Belfield     -   -              11 181
Junction. -  3 184
Pleasant Hill, (N. C.)    - 7  191
Garysburg.    -         9 200
WELDON..       5 205
Halifax   -..    7 212
Enfield....11  223
Battle's.      -.        11 234
Rocky Mount...  8 242
3  Joyner's.         - -       9 251
Tossnot....              7  258
Nahunta....13  271
Goldsboro       -   -        11  282
Dudley's.        -   -       9  291
Faison's....   12 303
Warsaw.    -..  8  311
Strickland's...    8  319
Teachy's...          9  328
South Washington              9  337
iB -uraw          -  -         7 344
Rocky Point  -.           8  352
WILMINGTON   -    -        14  366
Bv Steamer, to
Smithville  (S. C.).    -  30  396
CHARLESTON.  128 524
By Railroad, to
Mile Pump       -..    8 532
Sineath's.. 5 537
Ladson's.    -..       5 5 42
Summerville       -   -. 4 546
Lawrence's...    6  552
Ross's  -....  9  561
St. George's..          11 572
Reeve's...4  576
Branchville...   10 586
Midway    -..         10 596
Graham's..    9  605
Blackwell....  9  614
Williston      -.        10  624
Windsor....8 632
Aiken.                   13  645
Marsh's.                 8 653
Hamburg        -             8  661
AUGUSTA,  (Ga.).  1 662
Bell Air....   10 672
Berzelia....11  68
Dearing.,...    8 691
Thompson        -   -        9  7009
Camak....   9 709
By Steamer
From WASHINGTON to
Acquia Creek, (Va.) - 42
I
i
I
4
3
1
2
1
7 
20                       TRAVELLER'S GUIDE.
Curmin -         -   -       10 719 l Greenville  -       -        221043
Crawbrdvile                 8  727  Activity. -   -       8 108l
Union Point..    - 11  738  Burit Corn             -   - 20 1101
Greensboro    -   -   -   8 746  Moiroevile    -   -               12 1113
Buckhead.      -  -..   - 13  759  Clairborne  -.  14  1127
Madison  -   -   -   -   7 766  Mount Pleasant.    -  18 1145
Rutlege.   - -  -  8 774  Stocktoll.   -         36 1181
SocialCircle   -             7  781  Blakely  -    -               15 1196
Covington....10  791  MOBILE..    -        14 1210
By Stage, to                          By Steamer, to
McDonough..        20 811  Pascagoule        -.    - 55 1265
Griffin.                 25 836  Mississippi City      -   -  30 1295
Zebulon        -      -   - 12  848  Pass Christian..    - 13 1308
Shoals..             12  860  NEW  ORLEANS.   73 1381
Greenville.   -.. 12 872
La Grange...   20 892
West Point.             18 910
By Railroad, to                     Wheelng
Casseta, (Ala.)  -.   - 14 924                      to  BrownsAuburn.-   -...   18 942                         ville.
Chehaw.... 10 952
Fort Decatur  -   -   -  14 966  From WHEELING to
Magruder's... 10 976  West Alexandria, (Pa.)   -           16
Crayon's.  -            *  12 988  Claysville       -   -   -   6   22
MONTGOMERY                 - 10 998  Washington         -   -   - 9   31
By Stage, to                        Hillsboro       -..   12  43
Point Lala  -   -.          13 1011  BROWNSVILLE   -        11  54
Hickory Grove       -        10 1021 
ADVERTISEMENTS.
I~IPOPRTING, JOBBING,
AND
RETAIL DRY GOODS
ESTABLISHMENT,
I                        -_
BOEYSVNSSOE
F.~  ILY,PORTOI
32,6 3%V~E y, NEW-YORK.
This Institution was established about three years since, and has
become the favorite resort for thousands of our citizens when in pursuit of any article of Dry Goods for household or personal use.
ITS POPULARITY HAS BEEN WON,
1st, By the particular mode of doing business adopted by the Pro  prietors.
2d, By the attention and civility at all times from the young men at  tached to the different departments.
3d, By the exceeding low price at which goods are sold.
I 
ADVERTISEMENTS.
FOREIGN GOODS
Are imported by the concern, and invoices are received by almost
every steamer and packet ship. One of the partners it is expected
will, after a time, remain in Europe continually. to enable us to provide still better for our patrons, and to carry out more effectually our
designs.
DOMESTIC GOODS
Are made to our own order. and generally on contract, and are received direct from the manufacturers.
It may easily be seen that it is possible for us to offer greater inducements to purchasers than is in the power of others in the same line of
trade, for our resources are greater, if our enterprise and industry are
no more.
By IMPORTING we save the importer's and jobber's profit.
By ORDERING FROM TIHE MANUFACTURERS direct we
save the profit, commission, and charges of the commission merchant.
These profits and charges are often very large, and being saved by
our mode of doing business, we can afford to reserve and allow them
to our customers.
DOING BUSINESS FOR CASH ENTIRELY
Enables us to be in the Market or in the Auction Room at any or all
times for the procurement of any bargains which ready money will
frequently secure.
TO BUYERS AT WHOLESALE!
COUNTRY MERCHANTS, PEDLERS, and FAMILIES, will
find it to their advantage to give this concern a trial, as their interest
will be subserved thereby. They can select from a larger and much
better assorted stock than they can have an opportunity of doing among
the exclusively wholesale dealers, and can obtain goods in such quantity, be it more or less, as will prevent the necessity of accumulating
too heavy a stock of any article, where assortment without large quantity is desirable.  Our wholesale prices are allowed to the purchaser
who buys to sell again (or who buys heavily), whether we sell in
whole or cut pieces. We require no one to purchase, but we invite
all who would be dealt with on terms which must be satisfactory to
call at
THE BOWERY SAVINGS STORE,
126 BOWERY.
F. W. GILLEY, 
W. F.  GILLEY,            and Directors.
T. McMAHON, 
ADVERTISEMENTS.
DENTIST,
SUCCESSOR TO JOHN BURDELL,
(With whom he has been associated for the past five years,) continues
the practice of the Dental Profession, as usual, at
No. 2 UNION PLACE AND SQUARE,
Corner of Fourteenth-street, New-York.
DR. TRALL'S
At No. 15, Laight-st., New- York, and at Oyster Bay, Long Island.
The City Establishment  is situated in an open, airy place, but one
door from the beautiful promenade grounds of St. John's Park.  The
village of Oyster Bay is one of the most delightful resorts for invalids
in this country. The water is perfectly pure and soft, and the opportunities for pleasant exercise-walking, riding, sailing, swimming,
&c.-are unsurpassed.  Dr. Trail has competent assistants, which
will enable him to attend to office consultations and out-door practice
as heretofore.                       Address, R. T. TRALL, M.D.
GARDINER'S
BEDSTEAD, FURNITURE,
AND
MATTRESS WAREHOUSE,
69 Gold-street,
BETWEEN BEEKMAN AND SPRUaE-STRE.TS, NEw-YORK.
A larger and more complete assortment of Bedsteads will be found
at his well-known establishment than at any other in this city; also
pure Hair Mattresses, Bolsters and Pillows, &c.  In addition to the
above will be found a good assortment of Chamber Furniture in suits,
manufactured of Mahogany, Black Walnut, and Pine (painted); also
on hand, or made to order, Sofas, Chairs, Centre and Card Tables, of
Rosewood and Mahogany, of the most approved styles and of the
best materials.             WILLIAM C. GARDINER, 69 Gold-st.
CORNS! BUNIONS!! DEFECTIVE NAILS!!I
Any Lady or Gentleman so afflicted can receive bona-fide relief, free
of pain, by calling on Dr. E. M. LYNE, Member of the Royal College
ofSurgeons, London, and CHIROPODIST to Her late Majesty, Adelaide,
Queen Dowager of  England &c. &c.            Office, Phalon's Baths,
197 Broadway. Parties attended at their own residences.
Observe-Terms moderate.
I 
ADVERTISEMENTS.
WILSON'S
RAILROAD GUIDE,
FROM NEW-YORK TO WASHINGTON,
WITH MAPS OF PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE,
AND SECTIONAL MAPS OF THE ROUTES.
Price,!2i Cents.
CONTAINS FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF
New- York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washinigton;
Being a Complete Strangers' Guide to those Cities.
ALSO, DESCRIPTIONS OF
Jersey City,     Oldbridge        Chester, Pa.
Bergen,          Spotswood,       WILMINGTON, Del.
NEWARK,            Kingston,      Newport,
Elizabethtown,   Hightstown,      Newcastle,
Elizabethport,    PRINCETON,      Elkton, Md.
Rahway,          TRENTON,         Frenchtown,
Woodbridge,      Morrisville, Pa. North East,
Perth Amboy,    Bordentown,       Elkridge,
South Amboy,    Bristol, Pa.      Beltsville,
Metuchen,        BURLINGTON,       BLADENSBURG,
New Brunswick, Woodbury,          Dist. of Columbia.
This is pronounced by all who have examined it, and by the Press,
to be the most complete Guide Book ever published.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
This is a perfect Guide Book, well filled with interesting scraps
of history-full and accurate descriptions of New-York, Philadelphia
Baltimore, and Washington-with maps of these cities, diagrams of
rivers, railroads, views of public buildings, &c.  It is worth three
times its cost."-New Jersey Journal, Elizabethtown.
"A very convenient and useful Travelling Companion.  It is portable, and gives the information most needed by the tourist."-Christian Chronicle, Philadelphia.
"We have received a copy of this very useful little work, and recomimend it to the notice of all travellers, not only as a guide, but as
an interesting and instructive companion on the road and at home."Commercial Directory, Philadelphia.
"A publication invaluable to travellers."-Philadelphia Sun.
"We are-indebted to the publisher for a copy of this very useful,
not to say invaluable guide.  No traveller should be without it."Morning Eagle, Newark, N. J.
H. WILSON, Publisher, 49 Ann-et., Now.-York. 
ADVERTISEMENTS.                   93
MAP OF NEW-YORK,
JUST PUBLISHED,
Size, 23 y 88 Inches,
COMPRISING
TE  SLAIIB UP'PO E,RE
ON A SCALA OF FOUR INCHES TO THE MILE,
WITH A SMALLER PLAN,
ON A SCALE OF ONE INCH TO THE MILE,
Showing the position of New-York with refer        ence to the adjacent eontry,
AND GIVING THE
NAMES OF THE CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.,
IN THE VICINITY;
ILLUSTRATED WITH
VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS.
H. WILSON, PUBLISHER,
49 Ann-street, New. York.
THE BOOK TRADE,
A DIONTHLY NEWSPAPER,
AT 25 CENTS PER ANNUM,
Containing full and correct Lists of all Works published in the Ujiited
States each mnonth.          -
H. WILSON, PUBLISHER,
49 Ann-street.
I
93
ADVERTISEMENTS.
NEW
I 
94                  ADVERTISEMENTS.
I FAIRBANKS'
-              PATENT
~PLATFORM~ SCALES,
Adapted to every required operation of weighing, as
MQUIII (I)ia'(vjalz~zl
FOR TRAINS OR SINGLE CARS,
In use on nearly all the principal Railroads in the UNITED STATES
and GREAT BRITAIN;
WEAREIHOUSE SCAL.S,
DORMANT AND PORTABLE;
HEAVY PORTABLE SCALES,
On wheels, for Foundries, Rolling Mills, Iron Houses, &c.;
Various Modifications;
COU.TI'R SC./LES, Jc.
HAY AND COAL SCALES,
MADE ENTIRELY OF IRON AND STEEL.
These Scales have been long known and severely tested; and the
universal confidence felt in their accuracy and perfect adjustment is
such, that they are now regarded as THE STANDARD from which thero
is no appeal.
E. & T. FAIRBANK8 & CO.,
St. Johnsbury, Vermont.
FAIRBANKS & CO,
81 Water-street, New.York.
I
81 Water-street, New-York.
r
I
94
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
4DVERTISEMENT5.                  95 A
LOCKE'S PATENT PORTABLE CHAMBER,
VAPOR, DOUCHE, AND SHOWER BATH
MANUFACTORY,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, BY
JOHN LOCKE, 47 Ann-street, New-York.
This Bath is acknowledged, by all who have used it, to be superior
to any thing ever manufactured for the purpose. It has received the
following premiums:-In 1847, at the Rensselaer County Fair, N.Y.,
a Diploma; in 1848, at the State Fair, at Saratoga, N.Y., a Silver
Medal; and, at the Fairs of the American Institute, N. Y. City, in
1847, a Diploma; in 1848, a Silver Medal; in 1849, a Diploma; and
in 1850, a Diploma. in competition with many others, and is highly
recommended by the most scientific men.
It may be converted into a simple or. ~dicated Vapor Bath, by
attaching a small apparatus with a spirit lznp, which is sold with
the Bath if required.
Prices range from $8 to $18. Steam Generator, with its appur tenances, $5. Persons at a distance desiring further information rela tive to size. style of finish, and prices, can, by addressing the subscri ber, be furnished with a circular containing particulars.
RsCOMMENDATIONS.-From W. A. Hamilton, M  D., Dr. of the
Troy Hydropathic Inst.-" Families who have not room. or are not
able to fit up a bathing apparatus, can buy one of Locke's Shower
Baths, which contains all the essentials of a more expensive Bathing
room.  This is one of the best baths, and should be in every famnily."
From Dr. Shetw's Water Cure Journal.-" This Bath has many
advantages not found in any other. 1. The water is elevated by means
of a crank and pulley, requiring but slight effort, and which is not
liable to get out of order.  2. The bath may be used either in the form
of shower or douche; and a liberal supply of water is given at a time;
and by placing a cork in the bottom ofthe apparatus, it is conveniently
used as a hip bath, or bathing tub."
Remarks by 0. S. Fowler, Ed. Am. Phrenological Journal."Shower bathing is one of the best forms, because its sudden shock
causes that reaction and healthful glow so absolutely indispensable.
This is facilitated by bathing immediately on rising, because the
warm and moist state of the body every way promotes this reaction.
To females, this chamber bath is doubly advantageous, being easily
charged even by a child.  Locke's Patent Shower, Douche, and Vapor
Bath should be extensively used.  I decidedly prefer it to all others.
In the water cure, it will be found incomparably superior to all
others."
Extract from 2d SEdition of Dr. Powell's Book on the Eye.-" I
decidedly prefer Locke's Patent Combination bath to all others. It
combines economy, durability, siniplicity, and portability. Mr. Locke
has further added to its usefulness by connecting to the reservoir a fine
tube, which answers an excellent purpose as an eye fountain."
From F. Hunt, Esq., Editor of Hunst's Merchants' MaA.-"I
consider your Bath superior in every particular to those with weights.
Its convenience and its facility of application render it a necessary
article of furniture in every house."
I
I
Ir
ADVERTISEMENTS.
95 
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