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Maruduk-bal-iddina (Merodach Baladan), son of Yakin, king of the sea coast, from which to the kings my fathers, formerly none came and kissed their feet; 27. terrible fear of Assur my lord overwhelmed him, and to Sapiya he came, and kissed my feet, gold, the dust of his country in abundance, 28. cups of gold, instruments of gold, precious stones, the product of the sea, planks of wood.. carried by sailors (?) costly garments, gum, oxen, and sheep, his tribute, I received. 29. The countries of Zimri, Bit.sangibuti, Bithamban, Sumurzu, Barrua, Bit-zualzas, Bit-matti, Niqu of Umliyas, Bit.taranzai, Persia, Bitzatti, 30. Bit-abdadani, Bit-kipsi, Bitwsangi, Bit-urzikki, Bit-sa, Zikruti, Gizinikissi, Nissi, Zibur, Urimzan, Rahusan, 31. Niparia, Buztuz, Ararami,. Burumi-sarri.izzuri, Saksukni, Araquettu, Kar.zipra, Gukinnana, Sakbat, Silhazi, 32. which the Babylonians call strong, Ruadi, Bitmunnatusqana, and Likra the heap of gold, districts of rugged Media, the whole of them in hostility I overwhelmed, 33. their numerous fighting men I slew, 60,500 of their people and children, horses, asses, mules, oxen, and sheep, without number I carried off, TIGLATH PILESER II. 261 34. their cities I pulled down, destroyed, burned in the fire, and to mounds and ruins reduced, the countries of Zimri,. Bit-sangibuti, Bit-hamban, Sumurzu, Bit-barrua Bit-zualzas 35. Bit-matti, Niqqu of Umliyas, Bit-taranzai, Parsua, (Persia), Bit-zatti, Bit-abdadani, Bit-kipsi, Bit-sangi, Bit-urzikik, Bit-sa, and 36. Likruti of rugged Media, to the boundaries of Assyria I added, the cities in them anew I built, the soldiers of Assur my lord in them I set up, people captured by my hands in them I placed, 37. my generals prefects over them I appointed, my royal inmage in Tikrakki, Bit-sa, Zibur, Ararmi, Burumi-sarri-izzuri, and 38. Silhazi, which the Babylonians call strong, I set up. The tribute of Media, Illipa, and all the chiefs of the mountains to Bikni, 39. horses, asses, mules, oxen, and sheep, without number I received....... the great triumphs of Assur my lord, which were accomplished in all these countries he heard, and 40. the glory of Assur my lord overwhelmed him, and to Dur-tigulti-pal-esir the city which [I had built]... to my presence he came, and kissed my feet, 41. Horses, asses, oxen, and sheep, instruments...............his tribute I received, 42. My general Assurdainani to rugged Media of the rising sun I sent, 5,000 horses, people, oxen, and sheep, without number he brought, 262 INSCRIPTIONS OF 43. Ulluba, Kirhu, the whole of it I took, and to the boundaries of Assyria I added, an image of my majesty in the mountains of Limirra I set up, in the midst of Ullubi a city I built, 44. a palace my royal seat in the midst I placed, the soldiers of Assur my lord in it I set up, people captured by my hands in it I placed, my general prefect over it I appointed. 45. Saraduarri of Ararat, Sulumal of Milid, Tarhulara of Gamguna. 46..... Kustaspi of Kumuha, to take spoil. 47... near Kistan and Halpi districts of Kumuha.. 48.... the river Sinzi the river like 49.... I captured them in the midst of the fighting. 50..... royal images.. [Many lines lost here.] 51..... place 52. her tribute to my presence she brought, a guardian over her I appointed, and the men of.... I subdued to my yoke. 53. The tribes of Maza, Tema, Saba (Sabeans), Hiappa, Badana, Hatte, Idabahil,.... at the boundaries 54. of the setting sun, who knew no rivals, whose place was remote, the might of my dominion. they heard, and submitted to my dominion. TIGLATH PILESER II. 263 55. Gold, silver, camels, she camels, and gum, their tribute at once to my presence they brought, and kissed my feet. 56. Idibihil to the governorship over against Muzri (Egypt) I appointed. In all those countries which of Assur in the midst I appointed. 57. The tribute of Kustaspi of Kumuha, Urik of Qua, Sibittibihil of Gubal, Pisiris of Gargamis (Carchemesh), 58. Eniil of Hamath, Panammu of Samhala, Tarhulara of Gaugumna, Sulumal of Milid, Dadilu of Kaska, 59. Vassurmi of Tubal, Ushitti of Tuna, Urpalla of Tuhana, Tuharnmi of Istunda, Urimmi of Husinna, 60. Mattanbahil of Arvad, Sanipu of Bit-ammnana (Ammon), Salamanu of Moab. 61. Metinti of Askelon, Yauhazi of Judah, Qavusmalaka of Edom, Muz.... 62. Hanun of Gaza, gold, silver, lead, iron, antimony, clothing the clothing of their country, lapislazuli (?)... 63.... produce of the sea and land, taken from their country, selected for my kingdom, horses and asses trained to the yoke. 64. Vassurmi of Tubal, in the service of Assyria delayed, and to my presence did not come, my general the rabshakeh. 65. Hulli son of an unknown person on his throne I seated, 10 talents of gold, 1,000 talents of silver, 2,000 horses. 264 INSCRIPTIONS OF 66. My general the rabshekah to Tyre I sent. Of Metenna of Tyre, 150 talents of gold 67. In cunning ears, attentive and open, which the ruler of the gods the prince Nukimmut gave, a palace of planks... 68. And my decorated house, like a Syrian palace for my glory in the midst of Kahhi (Calah) I built... 69. extent of earth higher than the former palaces of my fathers, from the bed of the Tigris I caused to raise..... 70. all my people the extent? of its drink failed and. 71. 20 great cubits the strong foundations against the waters, the stone embankments I strengthened, like the mass of a mountain I filled. 72. their mounds I made, their foundations I fixed, I raised their tops, I gar and -2 of a cubit.. 73. On the northern side I raised their gates, in ivory? hard wood? kakki, palm-tree planks? [cedar] and dapran. 74. The tribute of the kings of Syria, and princes of the Arameans anrd Chaldeans, whom by the force of my might I had subdued to' my feet, I placed in them. 75. 65 gar 4 cubits from the embankment of the waters to the division of their boundary I enclosed, and beyond the palaces of the world I increased their work. 76. the beams of pine noble, like trees of tIasur TIGLATH PILESER I. 265 wood for,. good... from Lebanon and AmmaIlana. 77. I covered over them to last for ever, to appear the workmanship.'.. beautiful stones, burkullati I made, and I adorned the gates. 78. Doors of cedar planks in pairs closing, fixed at their entrances, of wood I made the interiors. 79. With sibbu zahale and ibbi, I covered, and in the gates I hung. Lions and winged lions and bulls, of gigantic workmanship, cunning, beautiful, valuable, 80. near I placed, and for admiration I set up, a pavement of paruti stone at their base I laid down, I adorned the entrance, 81. and figures carved in the likeness of the great gods around I made, and they inspired reverence. 82. Coats of karri, gold, silver, and copper to complete tham I covered over them, I beautified their workmanship. 83. For my royal seat its building I raised, precious stones the product of sea? and land? I increased within it, 84. the palaces of rejoicing, carrying blessing and favour of the king their builder, as their name I gave. 85. The gates of the director of righteousness, the judge of the kings of the four races; receivers of the taxes of land and seas, 86. which cause to enter the production of adnati, to the presence of the king their lord, I proclaimed the names of their gates. 266 INSCRIPTIONS OF The third text or rather group of texts of the annals of Tiglath Pileser is from the stone slabs of his palace at Nimroud; it is in very fragmentary condition, and it is very difficult to arrange the fragments in their chronological order. ANNALS OF TIGLATH PILESER FROM PALACE SLABS, NIMROUD. First fragment. —The Babylonian Expedition, B.c. 745. 1.... Kalani? 2... city of Sippara 3... Ruha 4..... dain 5.. Birtu in the plain, 6. and Birtu of Kar-belmatati, the Arameans all of them who are beside 7. the rivers Tigris, Euphrates, and Surappu, 8. to the midst of the river Ukni.... of the Arameans all of them 9..... 9,000 men.. thousand 500 oxen 10. I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. The tribe of Rahihu. 11. the majesty of Assur my lord overwhelmed them. 12. they came and kissed my feet.... 13. The priests of the temples of Saggal, Sidda, and Sidlam.... 14. the offerings of Bel, Nebo and Nergal to my presence brought... TIGLATH' PILESERi II. 267 Second fragnent.-Babylonian and Eastern Expeditions, B.c. 745-4. 1..... them and to their country they went, those cities a second time I built and upon the mound of Kamri 2. which the city of Humur is called, a city I built from its foundation to its top I constructed, and I finished it. A palace a seat of my royalty 3. within it I placed, Kar-assur its name I called. The soldiers of Assur my lord within it I set up, people of countries the conquests of my hand in the midst I placed, 4..taxes I appointed them, and with the men of Assyria I placed them. The river Patti.... which from days remote had been filled up and 5. I excavated, and within it I brought refreshing waters.... the cities of Dur-kurigalzu, Sipar of Shamas, 6..... Kisik, the tribes of Nakiri and Tane, the cities of Kalain by the river Sumandas, the city of Pazitu of the Dunani, Qirbutu 7. le, Budu, the cities of Pahhaz and Qinnipur; cities of' Kar-duniyas to the midst of the river Ukni 8..... I possess, to the borders of Assyria I added, my generals as governors over them I appointed, and from among their sheep and cattle 9..... I captured, 240 sheep as an offering to the 268 INSCRIPTIONS OF god kssur my lord I dedicated.... those.. which I had carried off, 10. in the government of the tartan, the government of the lord of the palace, the government of the rab-bitur, the government of Barhaziya, and the government of Mazamua, 11..... I placed, of one speech I caused them to be, and with the men of Assyria I placed them; the yoke of Assur my lord like the Assyrians 12..... filled.... my.... which in the time of the kings my fathers had become desert, 13. a second time I set in order, and the land of Assyria again.... 14. the city I built, a palace the seat of my royalty within it I placed. 15. its name I called, the soldiers of Assur my lord within...... 16. with the people of Assyria I placed them. A statue of my majesty.... 17. which by the might of Assur my lbrd over the countries I had.... 18. 10 talents of gold as a gift, 1,000 talents of silver.. 19. his tribute I received. In my second year Assur my lord.... 20. the countries of Bit-zatti, Bit-abdadani, Bitsangibuti... 21. of my expedition saw, and the city of Nikur his fortress he abandoned... 22. I protected, the city of Nikkur the soldiers.. TIGLATH PILESER 11. 269 23. his horses, his mules, his oxen.... 24. the cities of Sassiyas, Tutasdi.. T7ird fragment.-Eastem iWars, B.C. 774? 1...... the cities of IKusianas, Harsu, Sanastiku, Kliskitara, Hlarsai, Aiubak 2..... the mountains of Halihadri, the peaks of the mountains they took, after them I pursued, their overthrow I accomplished, 3..... the defiles of the mountains they entered, in the fire I burned. The city of Uzhari of Bit-zatti I besieged, I captured. Kaki 4..... city of Kitpattia of Bit-abdadan which Tunaku had captured, I besieged, I captured, its spoil 5. I carried off.... Nikur and the cities which were round it again I built, people the conquest of my hand in it I placed, 6. my general governor over them I appointed. The countries of Bit-kapsi, Bit-sangi, Bit-tazzakki like corn I swept; their warriors numerous 7. I slew.... ascended. The rest of their soldiers their' limbs I cut off, and in the midst of their country I left. 8. their mules, their oxen, their sheep, and their people, without number I carried off. Mitaki 9..... the city of Urdanika entered. The cities of Urdanika and Kitipal I captured, himself, his wife, his sons, his daughters, 10..... those cities and the cities round them 270 INSOBRIPTIONS OF I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. Battanu son of Kapsi 11.... submitted and took service, to prevent my wasting his district. The city Karkarhundir I left to him 12.... I made. Erisaziasu which against Bizhadir of Kisira had revolted, I captured, 13. its spoil I carried off. Ramatiya of Aragi... 14. he quickly fled, and no one saw him. 15. horses, oxen, sheep, good Ukni stone of. 16. the great gods my lords I offered. Tuni of Sumurza. 17. I accomplished. His soldiers to escape ascended.. 18. Sumurza and Bit-hamban to the borders of Assyria I added... 19. I placed. My general governor over them I made.. 20. to Assur my lord I devoted. The city Kizanti which in.... 21. I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. The lords of those cities unsubmissive.. 22. 300 talents of Ukni stone, 500 talents of ninzu of copper.... 23. the tribute of Mannukizabi of the city of Abdadan... 24, Mikki of Halpi...I devoted. Of.... TIGLATH PILESER II.. 271 Fourth fragment. —Eastern and Northern Wars, B. c. 744-3. 1..... Bit-hamdan, Sumurzu, Bit-barrua, 2. Bit-zualzas, Bit-matti, and Niqu of Umliyas, 3. Bit-tarilai, Persia, Bit-kapsi, and the cities of Zakruti, Bit-istar 4. Nissa, Gizinkissi, Zibur, Urinna, 5. the countries of Sapira, Pustus, Ararmi, Darsarenihu, 6. Rua, the mountains to Bit-mun, Uskakka to Likraki, Silhazi 7. the fortress of the Babylonians, to the borders of Assyria I added. 8. My generals governors over them I made, and the tribute 9. of the lords of the Medes all of them to Bikni, I received. 10. My general Assur-dain-ani to the powerful Medes 11. who are at the rising of the sun, I sent. 5,000 horses, people, oxen, 12. and sheep without number he brought. Sarduri 13. of Ararat with me revolted, and with Matihilu 14. son of Agusi set his face. In the neighbourhood of Kastan and Halpi 15. districts of Kummuha, his overthrow I struck. His people 272 INSCRIPTIONS OF 16. and all his camp I captured. The might of my servants he feared, and 17. to save his life on a mare he rode, and went off. 18. To the rugged mountains by night he rode and ascended them. Sarduri 19. of Ararat in the city of Turuspa his city 20. I besieged him, his numerous warriors in front of his great gate 21. I slew. An image of my majesty I made and in front of Turuspa 22. I raised. For 7'r kaspu (about 450 miles) the land of Ararat entirely 23. from top to bottom I destroyed, and marched through with no resistance. 24. The lands of Ulluba, and Kirhu of Nahiri the whole of it 25. I took, to the borders of Assyria I added. An image of my majesty 26. in Kullimmir I set up. In Ulluba 27. a city I built, Assur-basa its name I called. People of countries the conquests of my hand 28. in the midst I placed. My general governor over it I appointed. Fifth fragment.-Defeat of Northern Nations, B.C. 743? i..... people the conquest of my hand in it I placed.... TIGLATH PIILESEIR II. 273 2.... in my.... year, Sarduarri of Ararat against me revolted. 3.... with Matihil.... 4. Sulumal of Milid, Tarhulara of Ganguma.. 5. Kustaspi of Kummuha, to each other's power they trusted. 6. in the glory and might of Assur my lord with them I fought, their overthrow I accomplished.... 7. their warriors I slew, the clefts and hollows of the mountains I filled with them. Their chariots 8. their.... without number I carried off. In the midst of the fighting Sarduarri rode on his mare and escaped..... 9. my hand captured, 72,950 men... people.... 10. Sarduarri to save his lieb by night rode away, and his road was not seen.!1..... to the bridge of the Euphrates, the boundary of his country I drove him, and a couch 12. his royal riding carriage, the seal of his neck, the necklace of his neck, his royal chariot.... 13..... their.... all of it numerous, without number, his chariot, his horses his mules.. 14.. his.... the army without number carried off, a great ship, a mace. 15..... his.... numerous in the midst of his camp, and in the fire I burned. His..... 16...... his couch to Ishtar the queen of Nineveh I dedicated..... T 274 INSCRIPTIONS OF SixtlA fragment.-Early Syrian WTars, B.c. 743-40. Lines 1 to 8 list of conquered cities in the north. 9. of Ma. 10. over him I appointed. Of Rezon king of Syria 11. 18 talents of gold, 300 talents of silver, 200 talents of copper... 12. 20 talents of simladunu 300... I appointed. The tribute 13. of Kustaspi of Kummuha, Rezon of Syria,... Hirom 14. of Tyre, Uriakki of Que... 15. Pisiris of Carchemesh, Tarhulara of Gaugama,.... gold, silver, lead, *16. iron, skins of buffaloes, horns of buffaloes, blue black.... clothing of wool and linen, the production of their countries, numerous, 17.... instruments and weapons.... in the midst of the city of Arpad I received. 18. Tutamu king of Unqi against my service was wicked, and forfeited his life, 19.... went with me in strength. 20.... of Tutamu and his great men 21..... Kinalia his capital city I captured, people and their children 22.... riding horses in my army like sheep I distributed. TIGLATH PILESER II. 275 23.... in the midst of the palace of Tutamu my throne I placed, 24. 300 talents of silver.... 100 talents. 25..... clothing of wool and linen, simi, the furniture of his palace, 26.... inalia a second time I took, Unqi to its utmost extent I conquered, 27. my general governor over them I appointed. Seventh fragment. —War with Azariah of Judah, about n.c. 739. (" Cuneiform Inscri ptions," vol. iii. p. 9, No. 2.) 1..... course of my expedition the tribute of the kings.... 2..... Azariah of Judah like a. 3..... Azariah of Judah in 4..... without number to hig;h heaven were raised.... 5. in their eyes which as from heaven 6... war'and subdue the feet... 7..... of the great army of Assyria they heard, and their heart feared.... 8..... their cities I pulled down, destr6yed... 9..... to Azariah turned and strengthened him and.. 10... like an arch... 11... fighting.... 12... he closed his camp.... 13... were placed and his exit. 276 IN SCRIPTIONS OF 14..... he brought down and. 15.... his soldiers he drew together to. 1 6.. made to surround them and.... 17.... his great... like Eighth fragament. —War in Syria and the East, B.C. 738-7. (" Cuneiform Inscriptions," vol. iii. p. 9, No. 3.) 1.. Judah 2..... of Azariah, my hand greatly captured.. 3....right.... tribute like that of 4.... to his assistance the city of Ma.. 5..... the cities of Uznu, Sihanu, Ma.. ka.. bu beside the sea, and the cities to Saua 6. the mountain which is ill Lebanon were divided, the land of Bahalzephon to Ammana, the land of Izku and Saua, the whole of it, the district of Karrimmon, 7. Hadrach, the district of Nuqudina, Hazu, and the cities of the whole of them, the city of Ara.... cities helping them. 8. the cities of the whole of them the country of Sarbua, the mountain the whole of it, the cities of Ashani and Yadabi, of Yaraqu the mountain the whole of it 9. the cities of.... ri, Ellitarbi and Zitanu, to the midst of the city of Atinni.... Bumami 19 districts 10. of Hamath, and the cities which were round TIGLA TH PILESER II. 277 them, which are beside the sea of the setting sun, in sin and defiance to Azariah had turned, 11. to the boundaries of Assyria I added, and my generals governors over them I appointed. 30,300 12..... in their cities and the city of Ku.. I caused to take. 1,223 people in the district of Ulluba I placed. The tribe of Qura..... 13.... I took the road. The tribe of Qura.... across the river Zab to capture the Aklamiakkazi and the Gurumi... 14..... she and the Arameans who wvere beside the river, their warriors they slew, their cities they captured, and their spoil they carried off.... 15..... she and the Arameans in great numbers came, and a battle they made, and the Arameans his helpers they slew... 16..... to save his life alone he fled, and ascended to the city Birtu of Kiniya. The city of Saragitu.... 17. and the cities which were round them they took. 12,000 of their people and children, their oxen and sheep, Dira.... 18. to the land of the Hittites, to my presence they brought. My general the governor of Lulumi, the city of Mulugani.... 19..... Kuri-dannitu of the people of Babylon and the cities which were round them he took, their warriors he slew.... 20..... to the land of the Hittites to my pre 278 INSOBCRIPTIONS OF sence they brought. My general the governor of Nahiri, the city of Subargillu 21..... and the cities which were round them he took, their spoil he carried off. Siqila the commander of the fortress 22... to the land of the Hittites to my presence he brought. 600 women of the city of Amlate of the Damuni, 5,400 women of the city of Dur, 23. in the city of i[unalia.... cities of Huzarra, Tae, Tarmanazi, Kulmadara, Hatarra, Sangillu, 24. in the country of Unqi I placed..... women of Guti, Beth-sangibuti, 1,200 men of the tribe of Illil, 6,208 men of the tribes of Nakkap and Buda, 25..... cities of Zimarra, Arqa, Uznu, and Siannu which were beside the sea I placed. 588 men of the Buda and Duna 26..... 250 menof the Bela, 544 men of the Banita, 380 men of Sidu-ilu-ziri, 460 men of Sangillu, 27..... men of the Illil,, 457 women of the Quti, and Beth-sangibuti, in the district of Tuhimmi I placed, 555 28. women of Quti and Beth-sangibuti, in the city of Tul-garimi I placed, with the people of Assyria I joined them, and the performing of service like the Assyrians 29. I placed upon them. The tribute of Kustaspi of Kummuha, Rezon of Syria, Menahem of Samaria, 30. Hirom of Tyre, Sibitti-bahal of Gebal, Urikki of Qui, Pisiris of Carchemesh, Eniel 31. of Hamath, Panamma of Samhala, Tarhulara of Gauguma, Sulumal of' Milid, Dadilu TIGLATTH PILESEB II. 279 32. of Kaska, Vassurmi of Tubal, Ushitti of Tuna, Urpalla of Tuhana, Tuhammi of Istunda, 33. Urimmi of Jiusunna, and Zabibi queen of Arabia, gold, silver, lead, iron, skins of buffaloes, horns of buffaloes 34. clothing of wool and linen, violet wool, purple wool, strong wood, weapon wood, female slaves? royal treasures, the skins of sheep their fleece of 35. shining purple, birds of the sky, the feathers of their wings of shining violet, horses, riding horses, oxen and sheep, camels, 36. she camels and young ones, I received. In my 9th year Assur my lord protected me, and to the countries of Bit-kipsi, Bit-irangi, 37. Bit-tazakki, Media, Bit-zualzas, Bit-matti, and Umliyas I went. The cities of Bit-istar, Kingi-kangi, Kindigi-asu, 38. Kingi-alkasis, Kubushatedis, Ubusu, Ahsibuna, Girgira, Kimur-bazhatti and the cities 39. which are round them I captured. Their spoil I carried off, I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. In those days a colossal monument of the god Ninip I made, and the glory of Assur my lord 40. upon it I wrote, and in the district of Baha of Bit-istar I set it up. Upas son of KiFsi his people gathered to the land of Abiruz. The mountains I ascended, after him. 41. I pursued,his warriors I slew, his spoil I carried off. His cities I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. Usura..... ruta and Burdada 280 INSCRIPTIONS OF 42. of Vistakta, feared and took to the mountains. After them I pursued, their warriors I slew, their spoil I carried off. Burdada in hand I captured 43. theircities I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. The city of Zibur and the cities which were round it I captured, I carried off the spoil. Tanus 44. of... 45... 46. their spoil I carried off... 47... he gathered and to the country of.... Dana the mountain... 48. I ascended after them, their warriors I slew their spoil I carried off. Yahu-tarsi.... 49..... of them who fled to the mountains of Amat, a district which is at the top of Rua, the mountain of.. 50. after them I pursued, their warriors I slew, like a single one I took them. The country of Kar-zipya in... * 51. they left. After them I pursued, and in the midst of battle like a storm with Vul, I raged over them.... 52. without number I carried off, not one among them got away, none got up the mountains, the people of Sangibuti.... 53. which the Babylonians had taken, after them I ascended, and their warriors I slew, their spoil I carried off.... 54. in the fire I burned. Over the country of Sil TIGLATH PILESSER II. 281 hazi which the Babylonians call the fortress, I.. 55. of the country of Tel-assur.... noble offerings to the god Merodach of Tel-assur I offered, the city of Argu... Ninth fragment.-Northern campaigns. (" Cuneiform Inscriptions," vol. iii. p. 10, No. 1.) 1.... the cities of Hista, Harabisina, Barbaz, and Tasa, to the river Ulurus I captured, their warriors I slew. 8,650 people, 2..... 300 horses, 660 asses, 1,350 oxen and 1'9,000 sheep I carried off, I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. 3. And those cities to the borders of Assyria I added. Those cities a second time I built, and people the conquest of my hand in the midst of them I placed, 4..... in the midst I raised, and to the government of Nairi I added. The cities of Daikangar, Sakka, Ippa, Elisansa, 5..... Lugadangar, Quda, Elugia, Dania, Danziun, Ulai, Luqia, Abrania, Evasa, 6..... their warriors I slew, 900 people, 150 oxen, 1,000 sheep, horses, riding horses, and asses I carried off 7. their cities I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. The people of Muqan the collecting of my expedition saw, and the city of Ur 8. which is in the midst of Muqan... 282 INSCRIPTIONS OF 9. their sons, their daughters, their families.... 10. I cut off, and in their country.... 11. horses, riding horses.... 12. I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned... 13. I captured I pulled down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. 14. I captured, their warriors I slew... Tenth fragment.-Defeat of Rezon, king of Damascus. (Layard's' "Inscriptions," plate 72.) 1..... his warriors I captured.... with the sword I destroyed 2.. rusat.. luri.... before him 3.... the lords of chariots and.... their arms I broke and 4..... their horses I captured... his warriors carrying bows....... bearing shields and spears, in hand I captured them and their fighting 6..... line of battle. He to save his life fled away alone and 7..... like a deer, and into the great gate of his city he entered. His generals alive 8. in hand I captured, and on crosses I raised them. His country I subdued. 45 men of his camp 9..... Damascus his city I besieged, and like a caged bird I enclosed him. His forests 10..... the trees of which were without number, I cut down and I did not leave one. TIGLA TH PILESER II. 283 11. Hadara the house of the father of Rezon of Syria, 12.... the city of Samalla I besieged, I captured, 800 people and children of them 13.... their oxen their sheep I carried captive, 750 women of the city of Kuruzza 14..... the city Armai, 550 women of the city of Mituna I carried captive, 591 cities 15..... of 16 districts of Syria like a flood' I swept. 16.... Samsi queen of Arabia who the oath of the sun god had broken, and.... Eleventh fragment.- War in Palestine. 1. sit....ti 2. imbaka... 3. of the city.... 4. of the city.... districts of Bcth-gu 5. of 16 districts of.... 6. women of.... bara, 625 women of the city of... a * * 7. 226 women of the city of. 8. women of the city of.. hinatuna, 650 women of the city of Qana... 9. 400 women of the city of.... atbiti 10. 656 women of the city of Sasi.... making 11. 13,520 women of... 12. and their children.... the cities of Aruma and MIarum.. 13. the rugged mountains... 284 INS CRIPTIONS OF 14. Metinti of Azkelon in my service was wicked, and 15. with me revolted.... the defeat of Rezon 16. he saw, and in striking.... 17. his own fear overcame him, and... he died? 18. Rukiptu his son sat in his throne, to... 19. he raised and prayed? 500... 20. and to his city he entered. 15 cities... 21. Idibihilu the Arabian.. Telfth fragment. — War in Palestine and Arabia. ("Cuneiform Inscriptions," vol. iii. p. 10, No. 2.) 1..... the city of Hadrach to the land of Saua 2.... the cities of Zimirra, Arqa, and Zimarra 3..... the cities of Uznu, Sihanu, Rihisuza 4....the cities beside the upper sea I possessed 6 of my generals 5. as governors over them I appointed.... asbuna which is beside the upper sea 6. the cities.... niti, Galhi.... abil.. which is the boundary of the land of Beth Omri 7..... li wide the whole of it to the borders of Assyria I joined, 8. my generals governors over them I appointed. Hanun of Gaza 9. who before the face of my soldiers fled, and to Egypt got away; Gaza 10. I captured... his furniture, his gods.. and my royal couch TIGLATH PILESEB II. 285 11l.... within his palace.... their gods I distributed and 12..... I fixed them..... him like a bird 13........ to his place I restored him 14....... gold, silver, clothing of wool and linen 15.... great.... I received. The land of Beth Omri 16.. illut, the tribe... the goods of its people 17. and their furniture to Assyria I sent. Pekah their king.... and Hoshea 18. to the kingdom over them I appointed.... their tribute of them I received, and 19. to Assyria I sent. Samsi queen of Arabia.... 20...... slew,... people, 30,000 camels, 20,000 oxen 21...... 5000 simi... the country her gods 22.... her goods I captured. She to save her life 23..... bazil an arid place like an ass of the desert Thirteenth fragment.- War in Palestine and Arabia, B.C. 734-2. (Layard's "Inscriptions," p. 66.) 1... the city 2... to the city Ezasi 3..... Samsi queen of Arabia in the country of Saba 286 INS CRIPTIONS OF 4..... the people who were in the midst of her camp, 5. the might of my powerful soldiers overwhelmed her, and 6. camels and she camels.... her present to my presence she sent. 7. A governor over her I appointed, and the people of 8. Saba to my yoke I subdued. The cities of 9. Mazha and Tema, of the Sabeans, Hyappa, 10. Badana, and Hatte, of the Idibihilites, 1....... who are at the boundary of the lands of the setting sun (the west) 12. who have no rivals, and their country is remote; the renown of my dominion and account 13. of my victories they heard, and submitted to my dominion. Gold, silver, camels, 14. she camels, and simi, their tribute at once to my presence 15. they brought, and kissed my feet, 16..... Idibihil to the governorship over the land of Egypt I appointed, 17......whom in my former campaigns all their cities I had reduced, 18... his helpers, Samaria alone I left. Pekah their king.... In spite of the deplorable state in which the annals of this king still remain, the fragments of these records are of the highest interest, the names of Azaiah and Jehoahaz (Ahaz) kings of Judah, of Menahem, Pekah, TIGLATH PILESER IL 287 and Hoshea kings of Israel, of Rezon of Damascus, and Hiram of Tyre, show at once their important connection with the book of Kings, while sufficient remains of the later campaigns to confirm the Biblical account of Tiglath Pileser's campaign into Syria, to assist Ahaz king of Judah. The defeat of Rezon king of Syria and the siege of Damascus are described in the tenth fragment; the conquest of the Philistines is given in the eleventh and twelfth fragments; the spoiling of Israel, death of Pekah king of Samaria, and accession of Hoshea, are given in the twelfth and thirteenth fragments; and the general submission of Syria and Palestine is given in the historical tablet, "Cuneiform Inscriptions," vol. ii. p. 67, lines 57 to 63. The details of these and many other events show the value of these annals. Further and systematic excavations at Nimroud would complete these, and so give us invaluable assistance in the study of Jewish history. CHAPTER XV. INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON, B.. 722 TO 705. Historical cylinder.-Median chiefs.-War with Aslidod.Azuri —Ahim iti.-Yavan.-Revolt.-Turning watercourses. — Judah.-Edom.-Moab.-Embassy to Pharaoh.-Egypt's weakness.-Advance of Sargon.-Flight of Yavan. —Seal of Sargon. VI~ HE principal inscriptions of Sargon which I discovered are some fragments of an octagonal cylinder, containing a long text of the history of this reign anid some dated monuments. The cylinder is full of matter valuable to the historian; but being very mutilated, I only here give two extracts,one a list of Median chiefs, the other an important campaigcn, namely, that against Ashdod, which I have restored in two places by comparison with Botta's Inscriptions. The list of Median chiefs bilongs to the year B. c. 713, and is curious as showing the divided state of Media at that time. These chiefs are:1. Pharnes chief of Sikrana, 2. Ziturna chief of Musana, INS OBPTIONS OF SAR GON. 289 3. Uppamma chief of Katalina, 4. Vasdakku chief of Amakki, 5. Istesuki chief of Isteuppu, 6. Varzan chief of Vaqutti, 7. Aspabara chief of Kakkam, 8. Sataresu and Qururasu, 9. chiefs of Tabari, 10. and Luhbarri, rugged regions, 11. Satarparnu chief of Ubburia, 12. Parkuttu chief of Sidirpattianu, 13. Ariya chief of Bustu, 14. Vusra chief of Tutunenu, 15. Vastakku chief of Amista, 16. Hardukka chief of Harzianu, 17. Isteliku and Avariparnu, 18. chiefs of Kattanu, 19. Arbaku chief of Arnasia, 20. Karuti chief of Turzinu, 21.... panu chief of Barkanu, 22...... chief of Zazaknu, 23... of Garkasia, 24... of Partakanu. On the next column this cylinder gives the war against Ashdod. Account of the expedition of Sargon against Ashdod from the same cylinder completed from Khorsabad texts. 1. In my ninth expedition to the land beside 2. the great sea, to Philistia and U 290 INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON. 3. Ashdod I went. 4. Azuri king of Ashdod not to bring tribute, 5. his heart hardened, and to the kings round him 6. enemies of Assyria he sent, and did evil. 7. Over the people round him his dominion I broke, 8. and carried off.... 9. From that time 10. Ahimiti son of. 11. lis brother before his face over his kingdom 12. I raised and appointed him. 13. Taxes and tribute to Assyria 14. like that of the kings round himrn 15. over him I appointed. But the people 16. evil, not to bring taxes and tribute 17. their heart hardened and... 18. their king they revolted against 19. and for the good he had done 20. they drove him away and.. 21. Yavan not heir to the throne, 22. to the kingdom over them they appointed. In the throne 23. of their lord they seated him, 24. and their cities they prepared 25. to make war.. 26. the dominion.... 27. against capture they fortified 28. its.... they faced.... 29. and around it a ditch they excavated. 30. Twenty cubits (34 feet) in its depth the -de it, INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON. 291 31. and they brought the waters of the springs in front of the city. 32. The people of Philistia, Judah, Edom, 33. and Moab, dwelling beside the sea bringing tribute 34. and presents to Assur my lord, 35. were speaking treason. The people and their evil chiefs, 36. to fight against me unto Pharaoh 37. the king of Egypt, a monarch who could not save them, 38. their presents carried and besought his 39. alliance. I Sargon the noble prince 40. revering the oath of Assur and Merodach, guarding 41. the honour of Assur; the rivers Tigris and Euphrates 42. in their full flood my warriors of my guard 43. entirely I passed over. And he Yavan 44. their king, who in his own might 45. trust, d, and did not submit to my dominion; 46. Of the advance of my expedition to the land of the Hittites heard, and 47. the majesty of Assur my lord overwhelmed him, and 48. to the border of Egypt, the shore of the river 49. at the boundary of Meroe.... under the waters 50..... he took part 51.. a place remote 292 INSOBCRIPTIONS OF SARGON. 52.... he fled away 53. and his hiding-place was not discovered. The cities of Ashdod and [Continued from Botta] 54. Gimzo of the Ashdodites 55. I besieged and captured. IHis gods, his wife, his sons, and his daughters, 56. his furniture, and goods, and the treasures of his palace, with the people of his country 57. as a spoil I counted, and those cities a second time 58. I built. People the conquests of my hands 59. from the midst of the countries of the rising sun, within them I seated; and with the people of Assyria I placed them, and they performed my pleasure. This expedition against Ashdod took place B.c. 711, during the reign of Hezekiah king of Judah, and it is mentioned in the twentieth chapter of Isaiah, which is dated, verse 1, "In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him), and fought against Ashdod and took it." Isaiah in this chapter denounces the conduct of Egypt, and the way in which he speaks of the Egyptians and Ethiopians in this and other chapters is remarkably verified by the account given by Sargon of his campaign against Ashdod. Egypt is described in the annals of Sargon as a weak power always stirring up revolts against Assyria, and unable to htlp or shicld the revolters wrhen the Assyrians at. INSCRIPTIONS OF SBA GON. 293 tacked them. In those days Egypt was truly a broken reed. The account Sargon gives of the turning of the fountains and watercourses to protect the city of Ashdod strikingly parallels the similar preparations of Hezekiah when he expected an Assyrian invasion, Chronicles II. chap. xxxii. v. 3 and 4, and it is a curious fact that Hezekiah was reigning at this time, and his preparations were made according to the ordinary chronology B.C. 713, only two years before this invasion of Sargon. It is also remarkable that the new text of this war gives it as happening in the ninth year of the monarch's reign, whereas the other records of Sargon state that it took place in the eleventh year. This makes a variation of two years as to the accession of Sargon, the one copy leading to the date B.C. 722, while the other favours B. c. 720. Shalmaneser, the predecessor of Sargon, had died B.C. 722, but it is possible that some heir to the throne may have stood in the way of Sargon during the first two years of his rule. Among the other new inscriptions of Sargon is a curious inscribed seal, the device on which has the usual royal emblem of the king stabbing a rampant lion. The inscription round the seal reads: —Which Sargon king of Assyria gave to the governor of Irimuni, month Tebet, 25th day, eponymy of Taggilana-bel. The date of this document was B.c. 715. Some other new and curious texts are on dated tablets, one 294 INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON. of which leads to the conclusion that the district which the Assyrians called Mazamua (near the Babylonian frontier) was the Lulumu of the earlier inscriptions. CHAPTER XVI. INSCRIPTIONS OF SENNACHERIB. B. a. 705 To 681. Cylinder C. —Intermediate record.-Titles.-MWar with Merodach Baladan.-Conquest of Babylonia.-Conquest of Kassi. -Ellipi.-WVar in Palestine.-Elulias of Zidon.-Zidga of Askelon.-Revolt of Ekron.-Battle with Egyptians.-Hezekiah. -Siege of. Jerusalem.-Submission and tribute. —Second Babylonian war.-Letter from governor. 4i'HE two expeditions to Assyria brought to light a considerable number of texts and fragments to complete texts of the reign of Sennacherib. Of these I shall choose two for notic'e;-one a cylinder which I have named Cylinder C, the other a despatch from a local governor to the Assyrian monarch. Some fragments of Cylinder C were already in the British Museum, and I published a notice of them in my "Chronology of the reign of Sennacherib," London, 1871. In my excavations at the palace of Sennacherib I have discovered much larger portions of this text, which I am now able to entirely restore. This cylinder is in fact an octagonal prism, the text is very similar to 296 INSCR IPTIONS O that of the Taylor cylinder, and its value consists in the fact that it is intermediate in date between the Bellino and Taylor cylinders. The Bellino cylinder contains the records of two wars, and is dated in the eponymy of Nebu-liha governor of Arbela, B.C. 702, and the Taylor cylinder contains the records of eight wars, being dated in the eponymy of Bel-emur-ani, governor of Carchemesh, B.C. 691. Cylinder C has the records of four wars, two more than the Bellino, and four less than the Taylor, and it is dated in the eponymy of Nabu-dur-uzur governor of Dihnun,,.c. 697, five years later than the Bellino, and six years earlier than the Taylor text. I have here translated the historical portion of the cylinder on the first five faces of the document. COLUMN I. 1. Sennacherib the great king, 2. the powerful king, king of Assyria, 3. king of the four regions, 4. the appointed ruler, 5. worshipper of the great gods, 6. guardian of right, lover of justice, 7. maker of peace, 8. going the right way, 9. preserver of good. The powerful prince, 10. the warlike hero, leader among kings, 11. giant devouring the enemy 12. breaker of bonds. SENNA OH ERIB. 297 13. Assur the great mountain an empire unequalled, 14. has committed to me, and 15. over all who dwell in palaces has exalted my servants. 16. From the upper sea of the setting sun, 17. to the lower sea of the rising sun, 18. all the dark races he has subdued to my feet. 19. and stubborn kings avoided war, 20. their countries abandoned and like Sudinni birds 21..... fled to desert places. 22. In my first expedition, of Merodach Baladan 23. king of Karduniyas, with the army of Elam his helpers, 24. in the vicinity of Kisu, I accomplished his overthrow. 25. In the midst of that battle he abandoned his camp, 26. alone he fled, and his life he saved. 27. Chariots, horses, carriages, and mules, 28. which in the midst of the fight he had abandoned, my hand captured. 29. Into his palace which is in Babylon, joyfully I entered and 30. I opened also his treasure house; gold, silver, 31. instruments of gold, silver, precious stones, everything, 298 INSCRIPTIONS OF 32. furniture, and goods without number, abundant, his consort, the eunuchs of his palace, 33. the great men, those who stand in the presence, male musicians, female musicians, 34. the whole of the people, all there were, 35. living in his palace, I brought out, and 36. as spoil I counted. By the might of Assur my lord, 37. 75 of his strong cities, fortresses of Chaldea, 38. and 420 small cities which were round them, 39. I besieged, I captured, I carried off their spoil. 40. The Urbi, Arameans, and Chaldeans, 41. who were within Erech, Nipur, Kisu, 42. Harriskalama, Cutha, and Sippara, 43. with the sons of the rebel cities, 44. I brought out and as spoil I counted. 45. On my return the Tuhumuna, 46. Rihihu, Yadaqqu, 47. Ubudu, Kipre, 48. Malahu, Gurumu, 49. Ubulu, Damunu, 50. Gambulu, Hindaru, 51. Ruhua, Pekod, 52. Hamranu, Hagarenes, 53. Nabateans, Lihitau, 54. and Arameans, not submissive, forcibly 55. I captured. 208,000 people, small and great, male and female, 56. horses, mules, asses, SENNA OHER IB. 299 57. camels, oxen, and sheep, 58. which were without number, a great spoil 59. I carried off to the midst of Assyria. 60. In the course of my expedition, of Nabu-belzikri 61. governor of Hararati, gold, silver, 62. great palms, asses, camels, oxen, COLUMN II. 1. and sheep, his great present, 2. I received. The people of Hirimmi, obstinate rebels, 3. with the sword I destroyed, and one I did not leave. Their corpses 4. in the dust I threw down, and the whole 5. of that city I quieted. That district 6. a second time 7. I took; 1 ox, 10 sheep, 10 omers of wine, 8. and 20 omers of first fruits, 9. to the gods of Assyria 10. my lords, I appointed for ever. 11. In my second expedition, Assur my lord protected me, and 12. to Kassi and Yasubigalla 13. who from of old to the kings my fathers 14. were not submissive, I went. In the vast forests 15. and rugged ground, on a horse I rode; 300 INSCRIPTIONS OF 16. my chariots and foot soldiers in waggons I caused to carry; 17. difficult places on my feet like a bull I pressed into. 18. Bit-kilamzah, JIardispi, and Bit-kubatti, 19. their cities, strong fortresses, I besieged, I captured. 20. People, horses, mules, asses, 21. oxen, and sheep, from the midst of them 22. I brought out, and as spoil I counted, and their small cities 23. which were without number, I pulled down, destroyed, and reduced to heaps. 24. The tents, the pavilions, their dwellings, in the fire I burned and 25. to ruins I brought. The city of Kilamzah, 26. that for a fortress I took, more than in former days 27. its walls I strengthened, and people of countries 28. conquered by my hand'in the midst I placed. 29. The people of Kassi and Yasubigalla 30. who from the face of my soldiers fled, 31. from the midst of the mountains I brought down, and 32. into Hardispi and Bit-kubatti I drove, 33. to the hand of my general the governor of Arrapha 34. I appointed them. A tablet I caused to make, and SENNACHER IB. 801 35. the glory acquired by my hand, which over them 36. I had gained, upon it I caused to write, and 37. in the midst of the city I set up. The front of my feet 38. I turned, and to Ellipi I took the road. 39. Before me Izpabara their king his strong cities 40. his treasure house he abandoned, and to a distance 41. he fled. The whole of his wide country like a hailstorm I swept. 42. Marubisti and Akkad, cities 43. the house of his kingdom with 34 small cities a which were round them, 44. I besieged, I captured, I pulled down, I destroyed, in the fire I burned. 45. People small and great, male and female, horses, 46. mules, asses, camels, 47. oxen, and sheep, without number 48. I carried off, and until none were left 49. I caused it to be, and I reduced his country. 50. The cities of Zizirtu and Kummahlu 51. strong cities, with the small cities 52. which were round them, Bit-barru 53. the district the whole of it, 54. from the midst of his country I detached, and to the boundaries 55. of Assyria I added. Elinzas 56. for a royal city and fortress, that district 302' INSCRIPTIONS OF 57. I took, and its former name I abolished, and 58. Kar-sennacherib I called its name. 59. People of countries conquered by my hand, 60. in the midst I placed, in the hand of my general 61. the governor of Harhar I appointed. 62. On my return, 63. of the Medes remote, 64. of whom among the kings my fathers, 65. anyone had not heard the fame of their country, 66. their great tribute I received; 67. to the yoke of my dominion I subjected them. COLUMN III. 1. In my third expedition to the, land of the Hittites I went. 2. Elulias king of Zidon, 3. fear of the might of my dominion overwhelmed him, and 4. to a distance in the midst of the sea, 5. he fled, and his country I took. 6. Great Zidon, 7. Lesser Zidon, 8. Bit-sette, Zarephath, 9. Mahalliba, Hosah, 10. Achzib, and Accho, 1.1. his strong cities, fortresses, walled 12. and enclosed, his castles; the might of the soldiers SENNACHERIB. 303 13. of Assur my lord overwhelmed them, and they submitted 14. to my feet. Tubahal in the throne of the kingdom 15. over them I seated, and taxes and tribute to my dominion 16. yearly, unceasing, I fixed upon him. 17. Of Menahem of Samaria, 18. Tubahal of Zidon, 19. Abdilihiti of Arvad, 20. Urumelek of Gubal, 21. Metinti of Ashdod, 22. Buduil of Beth Ammon, 23. Kemoshnatbi of Moab, 24. Airammu of Edom, 25. kings of the Hittites, all of them of the coast, 26. the whole, their great presents and furniture, 27. to my presence they carried, and kissed my feet. 28. And Zidqa king of Askelon, 29. who did not submit to my yoke; the gods of the house of his father, himself, 30. his wife, his sons, his daughters, and his brothers, the seed of the house of his father, 31. I removed, and to Assyria I sent him. 32. Sarludari son of Rukibti their former king, 33. over the people of Askelon I appointed, 34. and the gift of taxes due to my dominion, 35. I fixed on him, and he performed my pleasure. 36. In the course of my expedition, Beth Dagon, Joppa, 304 INSCRIPTIONS OF 37. Bene-berak and. Azor, 38. cities of Zidqa, 39. which to my feet homage did not render, 40. I besieged, I captured, I carried off their spoIl. 41. The priests, princes, and people of Ekron, 42. who Padi their king, faithfiul 43. and stedfast to Assyria, in bonds of iron 44. placed and to HIezekiah 45. king of Judah gave him as an enemy; 46. for the evil they did their hearts feared. 47. The kings of Egypt, and the archers, 48. chariots, and horses, of the king of Meroe, 49. a force without number gathered and 50. came to their help. 51. In the vicinity of Eltekeh, 52. before me their lines were placed, 53. and they urged on their soldiers. 54. In the service of Assur my lord, with them 55. I fought, and I accomplished their overthrow. 56. the charioteers and sons of the kings of Egypt, 57. and the charioteers of tile king of Meroe, 58. alive in the midst of the battle my hand captured. 59. Eltekeh and Timnah I besieged, I captured, 60. I carried off their spoil. To Ekron 61. I approached; the priests and princes, 62. who the rebellion had made, with the sword I slew, 63. and in heaps over the whole of the city I threw down their bodies. SENNA OHER IB. 305 64. The sons of the city doing this and the revilers 65. into slavery I gave; the rest of them 66. not making rebellion and defiance, 67. who of their section were not, COLUMN IV. 1. their innocence I proclaimed. Padi their king 2. from the midst of Jerusalem 3. I brought out and on the throne of dominion 4. over them I seated, and tribute 5. to my dominion I fixed upon him. 6. And Hezekiah of Judah, 7. who did not submit to my yoke, 8. 46 of his strong cities, fortresses, and small cities 9. which were round them, which were without number, 10. with the marching of a host and- surrounding of a multitude, 11. attack of ranks, force of battering rams, mining and missiles, 12. I besieged, I captured. 200,150 people, small and great, male and female, 13. horses, mules, asses, camels, oxen, 14. and sheep, which were without number, from the midst of them I brought out, and 15. as spoil I counted.. Him like a caged bird within Jerusalem 16. his royal city I had made, towers round' him X 306 INSCRIPTIONS OF 17. I raised, and the exit of the great gate of his city I shut and 18. he was conquered. His cities which I. spoiled from the midst of his country 19. I detached, to Metinti king of Ashdod, 20. Padi king of Ekron, and Zillibel 21. king of Gaza, I gave, and I reduced his country. 22. Beside their former taxes, their annual gift 23. the tribute due to my dominion I added and 24. fixed upon them. He Hezekiah 25. fear of the might of my dominion overwhelmed him, and 26. the Urbi and his good soldiers 27. whom to be preserved within Jerusalem 28. lie had caused to enter, and they inclined 29. to submission, with 30 talents of gold, 30. 800 talents of silver, precious carbuncles, 31. daggasi, great.... stones, 32. couches of ivory, elevated thrones of ivory, 33. skins of buffaloes, horns of buffaloes, izdan, izku, 34. everything a great treasure, and 35. his daughters, the eunuchs of his palace, male musicians, and female musicians 36. to the midst of Nineveh the city of my dominion 37. after me he sent, and 38. to give tribute 39. and make submission, he sent his messenger. 40. In my fourth expedition Assur my lord SENNA OIiER lB. 307 41. protected me, and my army 42. powerful I gathered and to the land of Bit-yakin 43. I commanded to go. In the course of my expedition, 44. of Suzub the Chaldean, dwelling within the lakes, 45. in the city of Bit-tut I accomplished his overthrow. 46. He the might of my attack 47. against him found, and his heart was cast down; 48. like a bird, alone he fled, and his place was not seen. 49. The front of my feet I turned and 50. to Bit-yakin I took the road. 51. He Merodach Baladan, of whom in the course 52. of my former expedition his overthrow I had accomplished, and 53. dispersed his forces; 54. the march of my powerful soldiers, 55. and the shock of my fierce attack he avoided, and 56. the gods ruling in his country in their shrines he gathered, and 57. in ships he caused to sail, and 58. to Nagiti-raqqi which is in the midst of the sea, 59. like a bird he fled. 60. His brothers the seed of the house of his father, 61. whom he had left beside the sea, and the rest of the people of his country, 308 INSCRIPTIONS OF COLUMN V. 1. from Bit-yakin in the lakes and swamps 2. I brought out and as spoil I counted. I returned, and his cities I pulled down, 3. destroyed, and reduced to ruins. Upon his ally 4. the king of Elam terror I struck. 5. On my return, Assur-nadin-sum 6. my eldest son the child of my knees, 7. on the throne of his dominion I seated, and the extent of Sumir and Akkad 8. I entrusted to him. 9. Among the spoil of those countries which I carried off, 10. 15,000 bows and 15,000 spears 11. from the midst of them I selected and 12. over the body of my kingdom I spread. 13. The rest of the spoil of the rebels abundant, 14. to the whole of my camp, my governors, 15. and the people of my great cities, 16. like sheep I distributed. The remainder of this text describes the neglect into which the city of Nineveh had fallen, and the works undertaken by Sennacherib to restore it. In this labour he used the captives taken in his expeditions, and he gives these as the Chaldeans, Arameans, Mannians, people of Que and Cilicia, the Philistines, and the Tyrians. There is in the new collection a curious despatch to Sennacherib from Pahir-bel the governor of Amida (Amadiya) the first part of which I have translated. ....................... SE N NA CHE RIB. 309 Despatch from Pahir-bel to Sennachierib. 1. To the king my lord, thy servant Pahir-bel. 2. May there be peace to the king my lord, 3. peace to the country of the king, 4. peace to the fortresses. 5. May the heart of the king my lord be well. 6. Concerning the news of Ararat (Armenia) 7. the daili I send. 8. He came here with this, 9. and told that the governor 10. of Butunni, and the second in command, 11. sent him. In the city of Harda 12. before the officer a watch they kept, 13. and from city to city, to the city of Turuspa. 14. Before that thou writest, 15. and the messenger of Argisti came 16. also about the matter, the news 17. I sent to thee; and the matter 18. also thou didst not decide, and thy horses 19. which were committed to the messenger, 20. I sent. Amida, the head of the government of Pahir-bel was near the Armenian frontier; Butunni, the district mentioned, was in the same region, the city of Turuspa was near the modern city of Van, on the lake of Van. It was the capital of Ararat or Armenia, a country generally hostile to Assyria. Argisti was king of Armenia in the time of Sennacherib. After o10 INSR IPTIONS O F SENNA CHERI E. the murder of Sennacherib by his two sons, they fled into the land of Armenia. The new collection contains several other documents of the reign of Sennacherib. CHAPTER XVII. INSCRIPTIONS OF ESARHADDON, B.C. 681 TO 668. New texts.-Wars with Tirhakah.-Bahal of Tyre.-March through Palestine.-Meroe. —Desert.-Wrant of water.-Long marches. —Conquest of Egypt.-Wars of Sennacherib. —Suzub. -Elamites.-Plunder of temple of Bel. —Babylonian dated tablet. i~ — HHERE are several new and important texts of Esarhaddorl in the newg collection. Most of these are not yet e'[ ~ F copied and translated; I have therefore only chosen two for my present work, which I have joined together, partly firom the old collection and partly from the new. The first text gives an account of the operations of Esarhaddon against Tirhalah king of Egypt and Ethiopia, whom he conquered in his tenth expedition (about B.(. 672). 1. That.... a second time I 2... I placed. Bihilu 3. Bel-idina in the city of Kullimmir.... 4. to the borders of Assyria added.... 5. tribute to my dominion.... 312 INSCRaIPTIONS OF 6. In my 10th expedition the God. 7. I set my face to the country of Magan (and Miluhha?)... 8. which in the language of the people of Kush (Ethiopia) a.ed Muzur (Egypt) are called.... 9. I collected my powerful army which within.. 10. In the month Nisan the first month, from my city Assur I departed, the rivers Tigris and Euphrates in their flood I crossed over, 11. difficult countries like a bull I passed through. 12. In the course of my expedition against Bahal king of Tyre who to Tirhakah king of Kush his country entrusted, and 13. the yoke of Assur my lord threw off and made defiance; 14. fortresses over against him I built and food and drink to save their lives, I cut off. 15. From the land of Muzur (Egypt) my camp I collected, and to the country of Miluhha (Meroe) I directed the march, 16. 30 kaspu of ground (200 miles) from the city of Aphek which is at the border of Samaria to the city of Raphia, 17. to the boundary of the stream of Muzur (Egypt), a place where there was no water, a very great desert. 18. Water from wells in buckets for my army I caused to carry. 19. When the will of Assur my lord into my ears entered.... my mind, iSAR HADD ON. 313 20. The camels of the kings of Arabia all of them.... them 21. 30 kaspu of ground a journey of 15 days in... I pursued 22. 4 kaspu of ground with boulder stones.... I went 23. 4 kaspu of ground a journey of 2 cdays, with serpents having two heads.... death and 24. I trampled on and passed. 4 kaspu of ground a journey of 2 days.... burning. 25. of winged flies. 4 kaspu of ground a journey of 2 days.... full 26. 15 kaspu of ground a journey of 8 days I pursued.... a journey. 27. MIerodach the great lord to my aid came.... 28. and saved the lives of my soldiers. 27 days... 29. of the border of Egypt the city of JIagan.... 30. From the city of Makan to.... 31. a measure of 20 kaspu of ground I pursued.... 32. that ground was like stone.... 33. like fowl with maces.. 34. blood and marrow... 35. The obstinate enemy to.. 36. to the city it swept.... This text, unfortunately fragmentary, gives the description of Esarhaddon's campaign, commencing with his starting from Assyria; he crossed the Tigris and Euphrates, and first attacked the city of Tyre. After blockading Tyre, which had joined Tirhakah king of Ethiopia againsi the Assyrian power, Esar 314 INSORIPTIONS OF haddon marched from Aphek in the north of Palestine to Raphia on the Egyptian border. Already here he felt the want of water; but yet he tried a march through the desert to reach Miluhha or Meroe. In this journey the Assyrian army suffered severely from the nature of the ground travelled over, the noxious animals met with, and the want of water. It is uncertain if Esarhaddon succeeded in his expedition against Meroe, the stronghold of Tirhakah; and it is probable, at least, that the expedition produced no permanent results, and that Esarhaddon had to content himself with the possession of Egypt from the sea up to Thebes, which he appears to have gained in his previous expedition B.c. 673, the expedition in B.c. 672 being his second against Tirhakah. Among the other new texts of Esarhaddon are long descriptions of his father's wars in Chaldea against Suzub, the Chaldean and Umman-minan king of Elarn, of the plundering of the Babylonian temples to satisfy the Elamite allies of the Babylonians, of the ruin of Babylon in the time of Sennacherib, and of his own restoration of the temples and city. The following is a translation of the principal of these texts: 1. The Chaldean.... rebels disregarding agreements, 2. a chief subject to the governor of the city of Lahiri, who in the midst of the days of my father 3. before the face of the advance and attack of the Assyrian generals, like a bird had fled and .ESARHADDON. 315 4. came to misfortune;in 1irevolt and.... to the city of Babylon entered and 5. joined with them. Over them they raised him, and the empire of Sumir and Akkad they committed to him. 6. To Babylon with many sinners he joined, and he Suzub the Chaldean of unknown parentage 7. the low chief, who possessed no power, to the kingdom of Babylon was appointed. 8. The sons of Babylon who revolt had made, the Chaldeans, Arameans,.... Arabuku, fugitives, 9. who by force and bribes, with them they caused to unite,.... and made agreement; 10. the house of the furniture of the temples of Saggal they opened,' and silver, gold, and precious stones, of the gods Bel and Zirit-banit 11. and the gifts of furniture and goods they brought out, and sent to Umman-minan king of Elam 12. who knew not wisdom and judgment. An agreement with them he made and the present took and 13. made a promise to gather his people, to prepare his camp and assemble his chariots.... 14. His people he gathered, his chariots and carriages he prepared, his horses and mules he fastened to his yoke, 15. The countries of Persia Anzan, Pasiru Ellipu (here follows the list of countries subject to Elam the people of which came with Umman-minan to assist the Babylonians against Sennacherib father of 316 INS OCIPTIONS OF ESARHADDON. Esarhaddon. The text in this part is mutilated, but the rest of the history is given on the Taylor cylinder, "Cuneiform Inscriptions" vol. i. p. 41). Esarhaddon proclaimed himself king of Babylon as well as Assyria, and the Babylonian contract tablets of his time are dated in the years of his reign. I procured one of these from Babylon, dated " In the city of Babylon, month Iyyar, day 22nd, 4th year of Esarhaddon king of Babylon." Another tablet I purchased in Hillah is the only known text of the reign of Saulmugina, son of Esarhaddon, who succeeded his father on the Babylonian throne, B.c. 668; this is dated City of Babylon, month.... 29th day, 14th year of Saulmugina.... Late in his reign, Esarhaddoil associated with himself on the Assyrian throne his eldest son, Assurbanipal, who is mentioned with his father on some of the new texts. CHAPTER XVIII. INSCRIPTIONS OF ASSURBANIPATL, B.C. 668 To 626. Greek Sardanapalus. - Library. - Former publication.Egyptian history.- Sabako.-Tirhakah. —Undamane.- Text.Titles. —Campaign against Tirhakah. —Revolt of Egypt.-Death of Tirhakah.-Und-lamne.-Second Egyptian campaign.-Siege of Tyre.-Arvad. —Gyges of Lydia. —Psammitichus.-War with Minni.-War with Elam.-Revolt of Babylon.-Wars with Elam.-Restoration of Nana.-Arabian war.-Armenian embassy. —Restoration of palace.-Restoration of temples.-Brick from Babylon. SSURBANIPAL, the Sardanapalus of. the Greeks, was the greatest and most celebrated of Assyrian mdnarchs. He was the principal patron of Assyrian literature, and the greater part of the grand library at Nineveh was written during his reign. The fragments and texts of Assurbanipal in the new collection are very numerous. I only select two of these, to show the character of these records,-one the cylinder containing his history, which I have named 318 IYNSCRIPTIONS OF Cyliniler A, and the other his account of the restoration of the Babylonian temples. Cylinder A I have twice published previously,once in my history of Assurbanipal, and a second time, with the additions and corrections derived from my first journey to Assyria, in the "' Records of the Past," vol. i. I have now some important copies of this text, giving new information and variant passages, one remarkable new point being that Sabako the Ethiopian king of Egypt is mentioned, and his relationship to the other monarchs of this dynasty is stated; the result of this information may be shown by the following table: 11 Sabaku king of Egypt Sister Tirhakah king and Ethiopia mar- of Tir- of Egypt and ries sister of T. hakah Ethiopia l their issue Undamane king of Egypt and Ethiopia, successor of Tirhakah The cylinder of Assurbanipal is also one of the finest Assyrian historical documents, and shows the Assyrian view of the politics of that day. ASS URBANIPAL. 319 History of Assurbanipal on Cylinder A (new text, with variants from other copies). COLUMN I. 1. I am Assurbanipal the progeny of Assur and Beltis, 2. son of the great king of Riduti, 3. whom Assur and Sin lord of crowns from days remote 4. prophesying his name, have raised to the kingdom; 5. and in the womb of his mother, have created him to rule Assyria. 6. Shamas, Vul, and Ishtar, in their supreme power, 7. commanded the making of his kingdom. 8. Esarhaddon king of Assyria the father my begetter, 9. the will of Assur and Beltis the gods his protectors, praised, 10. who commanded him to make my kingdom. 11. In the month Iyyar, the month of Hea lord of mankind, 12. on the 12th day, a fortunate day, the festival of Bel; 13. in performance of the important message which Assur, 14. Beltis, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 15. Ishtar of Ninevah, Sarrat-kitmuri, 320 INSOCRIPTION OF 16. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, had spoken, 17. he gathered the people of Assyria, small and great, 18. and of the upper and lower sea, 19. to the consecration of my royal sonship; 20. and afterwards the kingdom of Assyria I ruled. 21. The worship of the great gods I caused to be offered to them, 22. I confirmed the covenants. 23. With joy and shouting 24. I entered into Riduti the palace, 25. the royal property of Sennacherib the grandfather my begetter, 26. the son of the great king who ruled the kingdom within it, 27. the place where Esarhaddon the father fny begetter, 28. within it grew up.and ruled the dominion of Assyria. 29.... and the family increased 30. 31. I Assurbanipal within it preserved 32. the wisdom of Nebo all the royal tablets, 33. the whole of the clay tablets all there were, their subjects I studied. 34. I collected arrows, bows, carriages, horses, 35. chariots, their furniture, and fittings. By the will of the great gods ASS URBANIPAL. 321 36. who.... I proclaimed their laws, 37. they commanded the making of my kingdom, 38. the embellishing of their temples they entrusted to me, 39. for me they exalted my dominion, and destroyed my enemies. 40. The man of war, the delight.of Assur and Ishtar, 41. the royal offspring am I. 42. When Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, Ishtar of Nineveh, 43. Sarrat-kitmuri, Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 44. firmly seated me on the throne of the father my begetter, 45. Vul poured down his rain, Hea feasted his people. 46. fivefold the seed bore in its ear, 47. the surplus grain was two-thirds, the crops were excellent, 48. the corn abundant, my face was pleased with the raising of the harvests 49..... cattle were good in multiplying, 50. in my seasons there was plenty, in my years famine was ended. 51. In my first expedition to Makan 52. and Miluhha I went. Tirhakah king of Egypt and Ethiopia, 53. of whom Esarhaddon king of Assyria, the Y 829 INSCRIP TIONS OF father my begetter, his overthrow had accomplished, 54. and had taken possession of his country; he Tirihakah 55. the power of Assur, Ishtar and the great gods my lords 56. despised, and trusted to his own might. 57. Of the kings and governors, whom in the midst of Egypt, 58. the father my begetter had appointed; to slay, plunder, 59. and to capture Egypt, he came against them. 60. IHe entered and sat in Memphis, 61. the city which the father my begetter had taken, and to the boundaries 62. of Assyria had added. I was going in state in the midst'of Nineveh, 63. and one came and repeated this to me. 64. Over these things 65. my heart was bitter, and much afflicted. 66. By command of Assur and the goddess Assuritu 67. I gathered my powerful forces, 68. which Assur and Ishtar had placed in my hands; 69. to Egypt and Ethiopia I directed the march. 70. In the course of my expedition, 22 kings 71. of the side of the sea, and middle of the sea, all 72. tributaries dependent upon me, A S S UI B AN IPA L. 823 73. to my presence came and kissed my feet. 74. Those kings.... of them, 75. on sea and land their roads I took, 76. the level path.... them 77. for the restoration of the kings and governors 78. who in the midst of Egypt were tributaries dependent on me; 79. quickly I descended and went to Karbanit. 80. Tirhakah king of Egypt and Ethiopia, in the midst of AMemphis, 81. of the progress of my expedition heard; and to make war, 82. fighting, and battle, to my presence he gathered the men of his army. 83. In the service of Assur, Ishtar, and the great gods my lords, 84. On the wide battle-field I accomplished the overthrow of his army. 85. Tirhakah in the midst of Memphis, heard of the defeat of his army; 86. the terror of Assur and Ishtar overcame him, and 87. he went forward, fear of my kingdom 88. overwhelmed him, and his gods glorified me before my camp. 89. Memphis he abandoned, and to save his life 90. he fled into Thebes. That city I took, 91. my army I caused to enter and rest in the midst of it. 92. Necho king of Memphis and Sais, 324 INSCRIPTIONS OF 93. Sar-ludari king of Pelusium, 94. Pisan-hor king of Natho, 95. Paqruru king of Pi-supt, 96. Pukkunanni-hapi king of Athribis, 97. Nech-ke king of Henins, 98. Petubastes king of Tailis, 99. Unamuna king of Natho, 100. Horsiesis king of Sebennytus, 101. Buaiuva king of Mendes, 102. Sheshonk king of Busiris, 103. Tnephachthus king of Bunubu, 104. Pukkunanni-hapi king of Akhni, 105. Iptihardesu king of Pi-zattihurunpiku, 106. Necht-hor-ansini king of Pi-sabdinut, 107. Bukur-ninip king of Pachnut, 108. Zikha king of Siyout, 109. Lamintu king of Chemmis, 110. Ispimathu king of Abydos, 111. Munti-mi-anche king of Thebes. 112. These kings, prefects, and governors, 113. whom in the midst of Egypt, the father my begetter had appointed; 114. who before the advance of Tirhakah 115. their appointments had left, and fled to the desert, 116. I restored, and the places of their appointments 117. in their possessions, I appointed them. 118. Egypt and Ethiopia, which the father my begetter had captured, ASS URBAN IPA L. 325 119. again I took, the bonds more than in former days 120. I strengthened, and I made covenants. 121. With abundant plunder and much spoil 122. in peace I returned to Nineveh. 123. Afterwards all those kings whom I had appointed, 124. sinned against me, they did not keep the oath of the great gods, COLUMN II. 1. the good I did to them they despised, 2. and their hearts devised evil. 3. Seditious words they spoke, and 4. evil council they counselled amongr themselves, 5. thus: " Tirhakah from the midst of Egypt 6. is cut off, and to us our seats are numbered." 7. Unto Tirhakah king of Ethiopia 8. to make agreement and alliance 9. they directed their messengers, 10. thus: "MIay an alliance by this treaty be established, and 11. we will help each other. 12. The country on the other side we will strengthen, and 13. may there not be in this treaty, any other lord." 14. Against the army of Assyria the force of my dominion, 326 INSCRIPTIONS OF 15. which to their aid had been raised, they devised 16. a wicked plot. My generals of this plot 17. heard; their messengers 18. and their despatches they captured, and saw 19. their seditious work. These kings 20. they took, and in bonds of iron and fetters of iron, 21. bound their hands and feet. The oath of Assur king of the gods, 22. took those who sinned 23. against the great gods, who had sought the good of their hands, and 24. who had given them favours; 25. and the people of Sais, Mendes, Zoan 26. and the rest of the cities, all with them revolted and 27. devised an evil design. Small and great with the sword they caused to be destroyed, 28. one they did not leave in the midst. 29. Their corpses they threw down in the dust, 30.... they destroyed the towers of the cities. 31. These kings who had devised evil 32. against the army of Assyria, alive to Nineveh 33. into my presence they brought. 34. To Necho.... of them, 35. favour I granted him, and a covenant.... 36. observances stronger than before I caused to be restored, and with him I sent 37. costly garments I placed upon him, ornaments f gold ASSURBANIPAL. 327 38. his royal image I made for him, bracelets of gold I fastened on his limbs, 39. a steel sword its sheath of gold, 40. in the glory of my name more than I write, I gave him. 41. Chariots, horses, and mules, 42. for his royal riding I appointed him, 43. my generals as governors 44. to assist him, with him I sent. 45. The place where the father my begetter, in Sais to the kingdom had appointed him, 46. to his district I restored him, 47. and Neboshazban his son, in Athribes I appointed. 48. Benefits and favours, beyond those of the father my begetter, 49. I caused to restore and gave to him. 50. Tirhakah from the place fled, 51. the might of the soldiers of Assur my lord overwhelmed him, and 52. he went to his place of Night (i. e. died). 53. Afterwards, Undamane son of Sabako 54. sat on his royal throne. 55. The cities of Thebes and Hermopolis his fortresses he made, 56. and gathered his forces 57. to fight the army of the sons of Assyria, 58. who within Memphis gathered in the midst of it. 59. Those people he besieged and took the whole of them, and 328 INSOR IPTIONS OF 60. a swift messenger to Nineveh came and told me. 61. In my second expedition to Egypt and Ethiopia 62. I directed the march. Undamane 63. of the progress of my expedition heard, and that I had crossed over 64. the borders of Egypt. Memphis he abandoned, and 65. to save his life he fled into Thebes. 66. The kings, prefects, and governors, whom in Egypt I had set up, 67. to my presence came, and kissed my feet. 68. After Undamane the road I took, 69. I went to Thebes the strong city. 70. The approach of my powerful army he saw, and Thebes he abandoned, 71. and fled to Kipkip. That city (Thebes) 72. the whole of it, in the service of Assur and Ishtar my hands took; 73. silver, gold, precious stones, the furniture of his palace, all there was, 74. garments of wool and linen, great horses, 75. people male and female, 76. two lofty obelisks covered with beautiful carving, 77. 2,500 talents (over 90 tons) their weight, standing before the gate of a temple, ASS URBANIPAL. 829 78. from their places I removed and brought to Assyria. 79. The spoil great and unnumbered, I carried off from the midst of Thebes. 80. Over Egypt and Ethiopia, 81. my soldiers I caused to march, and 82. I acquired glory. With a full hand 83. peacefully I returned to Nineveh the city of my dominion. 84. In my third expedition, against Bahal king of Tyre, 85. dwelling in the midst of the sea, I went; who my royal will 86. disregarded, and did not hear the words of my lips. 87. Towers round'him I raised, 88. on sea and land his roads I took, 89. their spirits I humbled and caused to melt away, 90. to my yoke I made them submissive. 91. The daughter proceeding from his body, and the daughters of his brothers, 92. for concubines he brought to my presence. 93. Yahimilek his son, the glory of the country, of unsurpassed renown, 94. at once he sent forward, to make obeisance to me. 95. His daughter and the daughters of his. brothers, 96. with their great dowries I received. 330 INSCRIPTIONS OF 97. Favour I granted him, and the son proceeding from his body, 98. I restored and gave him. Yakinlu 99. King of Arvad, dwelling in the midst of the sea, 100. who to the kings my fathers was not submissive, 101. submitted to my yoke. His daughter 102. with many gifts, for a concubine 103. to Nineveh he brought, and kissed my feet. 104. Mugallu' king of Tubal, who against the kings my fathers 105. made attacks, the daughter proceeding from his body, 106. and her great dowry, for a concubine 107. to Nineveh he brought, and kissed my feet. 108. Over Mugallu great horses 109. an annual tribute I fixed upon him. 110. Sandasarmi of Cilicia, 111. who'to the kings my fathers did not submit, 112. and did not perform their pleasure, 113. the daughter proceeding from his body, with many 114. gifts, for a concubine 115. to Nineveh he brought, and kissed my feet. 116. When Yakinlu king of Arvad 117. had met his death. Azibahal, Abibahal, 118. Adonibahal, Sapadibahal, Pudibahal, 119. Bahalyasup, Bahalhanun, 120. Bahalmaluk, Abimelek and Ahimelek A SS URBANIPA L. 331 121. sons of Yakinlu, dwelling in the midst 122. of the sea, from the midst of the sea arose, and 123. with their numerous presents 124. came and kissed my feet. 125. Azibahal gladly I perceived and 126. to the kingdom of Arvad appointed. 127. Abibahal, Adonibahal, Sapadibahal, COLUMN III. 1. Pudibahal, Bahalyasup, Bahalhanon, 2. Bahalmelek, Abimelek, and Ahimelek 3. clothing of wool and linen I placed on them, bracelets of gold I made and fastened on their limbs, 4. in my presence.... them. 5. Gyges king of Lydia 6. a district which is across the sea, a remote place; 7. of which the kings my fathers had not heard speak of its name; 8.. the account of my grand kingdom in a dream was related to him, by Assur the god my creator, 9. thus: " The yoke. 10. when in remembrance. 11. the day he saw that dream, 12. his messenger he sent to pray for my friendship. 13. That dream which he saw, 14. by the hand of his envoy he sent, and repeated to me. 332 INSCRIPTIONS OF 15. From the midst of the day when he took the yoke of my kingdom, 16. the Cimmerians wasters of the people of his country, 17. who did not fear my fathers 18. and me, and did not take the yoke of my kingdom; he captured. 19. In the service of Assur and Ishtar the gods my lords, 20. from the midst of the chiefs of the Cimmerians whom he had taken, 21. two chiefs in strong fetters of iron, and bonds of iron, 22. he bound, and with numerous presents 23. he caused to bring to my presence. 24. His messengers, whom to pray for my friendship 25. he was constantly sending, he wilfully discontinued, 26. as the will of Assur the god my creator, he had disregarded; 27. to his own power he trusted and hardened his heart. 28. His forces to the aid of Psammitichus king of Egypt, 29. who had, thrown off the yoke of my dominion, he sent; and 30. I heard of it, and prayed to Assur and Ishtar, 31. thus: " Before his enemies his corpse may they cast, and ASS UI B ANIPA L. 383 32. may they carry captive his servants." When thus to Assur 33. I had prayed, he requited me, before his enemies his corpse 34. was thrown down, and they carried captive his servants. 35. The Cimmerians whom by the glory of my name, he had trodden under him; 36. came and swept the whole of his country. After him his son 37. sat on his throne. That evil work, at the lifting up of my hands; 38. the gods my protectors in the time of the father his begetter had destroyed. 39. By the hand of his envoy he sent and took 40. the yoke of my kingdom, thus: "The king whom God has blessed, art thou; 41. my father from thee departed, and evil was done in his time; 42. I am thy devoted servant; and my people all perform thy pleasure." 43. In my fourth expedition, I gathered my army; 44. against Akhsera king of Minni 45. I directed the march. 46. By command of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 47. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-Kitmuri, 48. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 49. into Minni I entered, and marched victoriously. 834 INSCRIPTIONS OF 50. IIis strong cities and smaller ones which were without number, 51. to the midst of Izirtu, I took, 52. I threw down, destroyed, and in the fire I burned. People, horses, 53. asses, oxen, and sheep, from the midst of those 54. cities I brought out, and as spoil I counted. 55. Akhsera of the progress of my expedition heard, and 56. abandoned Izirtu his'royal city, 57. to Istatti his castle he fled, and 58. took refuge. That district I took, 59. for fifteen days' journey I laid waste, and 60. the highlands I conquered. 61. Akhsera not fearing my power, 62. by the will of Ishtar dwelling in Arbela, who from the first had spoken, 63. thus: "I am-the destroyer of Akhsera king of Minni, 64. as I have commanded it, it shall be accomplished." Into the hand of his servants 65. she delivered him, and the people of his country a revolt against him made and 66. in front of his city his servants threw down and 67. tore in pieces his corpse. His brothers, his relatives, 68. and the seed of the house of his father, they destroyed with the sword. 69. Afterwards Vaalli his son sat on his throne, 70. the power of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, ASSR BANIPAL. 335 71. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 72. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 73. the great g6ds my lords, he saw, and submitted to mJ yoke. 74. To preserve his life his hand he opened, and besought 75. my power. Erisinni his eldest son 76. to Nineveh he sent, and kissed my feet. 77. Favour I granted him, and my messenger for friendship 78. I sent to him. The daughter proceeding from his body 79. he sent for a concubine. 80. The former tribute, which in the time of the kings my fathers, 81. they had broken off, he brought to my presence. 82. Thirty horses beside the former tribute I added and fixed upon him. 83. In my fifth expedition, to Elam I directed 84. the march. By the command of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 85. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 86. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 87. in the month Elul, the month of the king of the gods Assur, 88. the father of the gods the glorious prince; like the shock of a terrible storm, 89. I overwhelmed Elam through its extent. 836 INSCRIPTIONS OF 90. I cut off the head of Te-umman, their wicked king, 91. who devised evil. Beyona number I slew his soldiers, 92. alive in hand I captured his fighting men. 93. their bodies like bows and arrows 94. filled the vicinity of Shushan. 95. Their corpses the river Ulai I caused to take, 96. its waters I made to consume them like chaff. 97. Umman-igas son of Urtaki king of Elam, 98. who from the face of Te-umman to Assyria'99. fled, and had taken my yoke; 100. with me I brought him to Elamrn, and 101. I seated him on the throne of Te-umman. 102. Tammaritu his third brother, who with him 103. fled; in Hidalu I appointed to the kingdom. 104. Then the servants of Assur and Ishtar over Elam 105. I caused to march, I acquired power 106. and glory. On my return 107. against Dunanu the Gambulian, who to Elam 108. trusted; I set my face. Sapibel 109. the fortified city of Gambuli I took; 110. into that city I entered, its people entirely 111. I carried off. Dunanu and Samgunu 112. opposers of the work of my kingdom, 113. in strong fetters of iron, and bonds of iron, 114. I bound their hands and feet. The rest of the soans of Belbasa, 115. his kin, the seed of his father's house, all there were, ASS URB ANIPAL. 337 116. Nabonidus and Beledir sons of Nabu-zikiresses 117. the tigenna, and the servants of the father their begetter, COLUMN IV. 1. with the.... and Tebe, 2. people of Gambuli, oxen, sheep, asses, 3. horses, and mules; from the midst of Gambuli 4. I carried off to Assyria. Sapibel 5. his fortified city, I pulled down, destroyed, and into the waters I turned. 6. Saulmagina my younger brother, benefits I had given to him, and 7. had appointed him to the kingdom of Babylon and gave him 8..... chariots I fixed and 9..... cities, fields, and plantations. 10. Tribute and taxes I caused to return, and more than the father my begetter, 11. I did for him. And he these favours 12. disregarded, and devised evil. 13. He spoke of good, 14. but within his heart he was choosing evil. 15. The sons of Babylon whom in Assyria I benefited, 16. servants dependent upon me, sinned and 17. wrong speech they spoke with them 18. and cunningly to pray for my friendship, 19. to Nineveh to my presence he sent them. z 338 INSCItlPTIONS OF 20. I Assurbanipal king of Assyria to whom the great gods excellent fame 21. have renowned, and have created to him right and justice; 22. the sons of Babylon of them in state chairs 23. I set them up, costly garments 24. I placed upon them, rings of gold I fastened on 25. their feet, and the sons of Babylon of them 26. in Assyria they were set up, they were honoured 27. before the giving of my command. And he Saulmugina 28. my younger brother, who did not keep my agreement, 29. the people of Akkad, Chaldea, Aram, and the sea-coast, 30. from Aqaba to Bab-salimitu, 31. tributaries dependent on me, he caused to revolt against my hand. 32. And Umman-igas the fugitive who took 33. the yoke of my kingdom, of whom in Elam 34. I had appointed him to the kingdom; and the kings of Goim, 35. Syria, and Ethiopia,.36. which by command of Assur and Beltis my hands held; 37. all of them, he caused to rebel and 38. with him they set their faces. The great gates of Sippara, 39. Babylon, Borsippa, and Cutha, they raised and broke off the brotherhood, ASSURBANIPAL. 339 40. and the walls of those cities, his fighting men 41. he caused to raise. With me they made war and 42. the making of my sacrifices and libations, before the presence of Bel son of Bel, 43. the light of the gods Shamas, the warrior Ninip he stopped, and 44. caused to cease the gifts of my fingers. 45. To turn away the cities, seats of the great gods, of whom their temples 46. I had restored, adorned with gold and silver, and 47. within them had fixed images; he devised evil. 48. In those days then a seer in the beginning of the night slept, and 49. dreamed a dream, thus: "Concerning the matter which Sin was arranging and 50. of them who against Assurbanipal king of Assyria 51. devised evil; battle is prepared, 52. violent death I appoint for them. With the edge of the sword, 53. the burning of fire, famine, and the making of pestilence, I will destroy 54. their lives." This I heard and trusted to the will of Sin 55. my lord. In my sixth expedition I gathered my army, 56. against Saulmugina I directed the march. 340 INS C IPTIONS OF 57. Within Sippara, Babylon, Borsippa, and Cutha, 58. him and part of his fighting men I besieged and captured 59. the whole of them. In town and country without number 60. I accomplished his overthrow. The rest 61. with the making of pestilence, drought, and famine, 62. passed their lives. Umman-igas king of Elam, 63. appointed by my hand, who the bribe received and came to his aid; 64. Tammaritu against him revolted, and him 65. and part of his family he destroyed with the sword. 66. Afterwards Tammaritu, who after Ummanigas 67. sat on the throne of Elam, 68. did not seek alliance with my kingdom. To the help of 69. Saulmugina my rebellious brother he went, and 70. to fight my army he prepared his soldiers. 71. In prayer to Assur and Ishtar I prayed; 72. my supplications they received, and heard the words of my lips. 73. Inda-bigas his servant against him revolted, and 74. in the battle-field accomplished his overthrow. Tammaritu king of Elam, ASSURB ANIPAL. 341 75. who over the decapitated head of Te-umman untruth had spoken; 76. which he had cut off in the sight of my army, 77. thus; "I have not cut off the head of the king of Elam 78.... in the assembly of his army." Again he said: 79. " And Umman-igas only kissed the ground, 80. in the presence of the envoys of Assurbanipal king of Assyria." 81. For these matters which he had mocked, 82. Assur and Ishtar turned from him; and Tammaritu 83. his brothers, his kin, the seed of his father's house, with 85 princes 84. going before him, from the face of Inda-bigas 85. fled, and their bitterness within their hearts 86. raged, and they came to Nineveh. 87. Tammaritu my royal feet kissed, and 88. earth he threw on his hair, standing at my footstool. 89. He to do my service himself set, 90. for the giving of his sentence, and going to his help. 91. By the command of Assur and Ishtar, he submitted to my dominion, 92. in my presence he stood up and glorified 93. the might of my powerful gods, who went to my help. 94. I Assurbanipal of generous heart, 342 INSCRIPTIONS OF 95. of defection the remover, the forgiver of sin; 96. to Tammaritu favour I granted him, and 97. himself and part of the seed of his father's house, within my palace 98. I placed them. In those days the people of Akkad 99. who with Saulmugina were placed and 100. devised evil, famine took them; 101. for their food the flesh of their sons and their daughters 102. they did eat, and divided the.... 103. Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo 104. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 105. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 106. who in my presence marched and destroyed my enemies; 107. Saulmugina my.rebellious brother, 108. who made war with me; in the fierce burning fire 109. they threw him, and destroyed his life. 110. And the people who to Saulmugina 111. my rebellious brother, he had caused to join, 112. and these evil things did, 113. who death deserved; their lives 114. before them being precious: 115. with Saulmugina their lord 116. they did not burn in the fire. Before the edge of the sword, 117. dearth, famine, and the burning fire, they had fled, and ASSURBANIPAL. 843 118. taken refuge. The stroke of the great gods 119. my lords, which was not removed, 120. overwhelmed them. One did not flee, 121. a sinner did not escape from my hands, 122. my hand teld them. Powerful war chariots, 123. covered chariots, his concubines, and COLUMN V. 1. the goods of his palace, they brought to my presence. 2. Those men who the curses of their mouth, 3. against Assur my god curses uttered; 4. and against me the prince his worshipper, had devised evil: 5. their tongues I pulled out, their overthrow I accomplished. 6. The rest of the people alive among the stone lions and bulls, 7. which Sennacherib the grandfather my begetter, in the midst had thrown; 8. again I in that pit, those men 9. in the midst threw. Their limbs cut off 10. I caused to be eaten by dogs, bears, eagles, 11. vultures, birds of heaven, and fishes of the deep. 12. By these things which were done, 13. I satisfied the hearts of the great gods my lords. 14. The bodies of the men whom the pestilence had destroyed, 344 INSCRIPTIONS. OF 15. and who in drought, and famine, had passed their lives; 16.. dogs, bears, 17. saturi, burru,.... grew fat. 18. Their attendants from the midst of Babylon, 19. Cutha, and Sippara, I brought out 20. and placed in slavery. 21. In splendour, the seats of their sanctuaries I built, 22. I raised their glorious towers. 23. Their gods dishonoured, their goddesses desecrated, 24. I rested in purple and hangings. 25. Their institutions which they had removed, like in days of old, 26. in peace I restored and settled. 27. The rest of the sons of Babylon, Cutha, 28. and Sippara, who under chastisement, suffering, 29. and privation had fled; 30. favour I granted them, the saving of their lives I commanded, 31. in Babylon I seated them. 32. The people of Akkad, and some of Chaldea, Aram, 33. and the sea coast, whom Saulmugina had gathered, 34.... returned to their own districts. 35. They revolted against me, and by commarnd of Assur and Beltis 36. and the great gods my protectors, on the whole of them I trampled, ASS URBANIPAL. 845 37. the yoke of Assur which they had thrown off, I fixed on them; 38. governors and rulers appointed by my hand, 39. I established over them; 40. The institutions and high ordinances of Assur and Beltis, 41. and the gods of Assyria, I fixed upon them; 42. taxes and tribute to'my dominion, 43. a yearly sum undiminished I fixed on them. 44. In my seventh expedition in the month Sivan the month of Sin lord of might, 45. eldest son and first of Bel: I gathered my army, 46. against Umman-aldas king of Elam I directed 47. the march. I brought with me Tammaritu king of Elam, 48. who from the face of Inda-bigas his servant had fled, and 49. taken my yoke. The people of Hilmi, Billati, 50. Dummuqu, Sulai, Lahira, and Dibirina, 51. the force of my fierce attack heard of, as I went to Elam. 52. The terror of Assur and Ishtar my lords, and the fear of my kingdom' 53. overwhelmed them. They, their people, their oxen, and their sheep, 54. to do my service to Assyria they struck, and 346 INSCRIPTIONS OF 55. took the yoke of my kingdom. Bitimbi the former 56. royal city, the fortress of Elam; 57. which like a wall the boundary of Elam divided, 58. which Sennacherib king of Assyria the grandfather my begetter, 59. my predecessor, had captured; and he the Elamite, 60. a city in front of Bitimbi, 61. another had built, and its wall he had strengthened, and 62. had raised its outer wall, Bitimbi 63. he had proclaimed its name: in the course of my expedition I took. 64. The people dwelling in it, who did not come out and did not pray 65. for alliance with my kingdom, I felled. Their heads I cut off, their lips 66. I tore out, and for the inspection of the people of my country, I brought to Assyria. 67. Imba-appi governor of Bitimbi, 68. the relative of Umman-aldas king of Elam; 69. alive from the midst of that city 70. I brought out, and hand and foot in bonds of iron I placed him, and 71. sent to Assyria. The women of the palace, and sons 72. of Te-umman king of Elam; whom by command of Assur, ASS URBANIPAL. 347 73. in my former expedition I had cut off his head; 74. with the rest of the people dwelling in Bitimbi, 75. I brought out and as spoil I counted. Ummanaldas king of Elam 76. of the progress of my army which into Elam entered, heard and 77. Madaktu his royal city he abandoned, and fled, and his mountains ascended. 78. Umbagua who from Elam from a revolt, 79. to Bubilu had fled, and against Umman-aldas 80. had sat on the throne of Elam: like him also heard, and 81. Bubilu the city of his dominion he abandoned, and 82. like the fishes took to the depths of the remote. waters. 83. Tammaritu who fled and took my yoke, 84. into Shushan I caused to enter, I appointed him to the kingdom. 85. The good I had done to him and sent to his aid, he rej.ected and 86. devised evil to capture my army. 87. Even he said in his heart thus: " The people of Elam 88. for a spoil have turned in the face of Assyria. 89. Their... has been entered and they have carried away 90. the plunder of Elam." Assur and Ishtar who before me march, 91. and exalt me over my enemies; 848 INSCRIPTIONS OF 92. the heart of Tammaritu, hard and perverse, they broke, and 93. took hold of his hand, from the throne of his kingdom 94. they hurled him, a second time 95. they subdued him to my yoke. 96. Concerning these matters, in vexation was my heart; 97. which Tammaritu the younger offended. 98. In the glory and power of the great gods my lords, 99. within Elam, through its extent I marched victoriously. 100. On my return, peace and submission 101. to my yoke, I restored to Assyria. 102. Gatadu, Gataduma, Daeba, 103.' Nadiha, Duramnani, Duramnanima, 104. Haman,, Taraqu, Haiusi, 105. Bittagilbitsu, Bitarrabi, 106. Bitimbi, Madaktu, Shushan, 107. Bube, Temaruduksaranni, 108. Urdalika, Algariga, 109. Tubu, Tultubu, 110. Dunsar, Durundasi, Durundasima, 111. Bubilu, Samunu, Bunaki, 112. Qabrina, Qabrinama, and Haraba, 113. their cities I captured, pulled down, destroyed, 114. in the fire I burned; their gods, their people, 115. their oxen, their sheep, their furniture, their goQds, ASS URBANIPAL. 849 116. carriages, horses, mules, 117. and weapons instruments of war, I carried off to Assyria. 118. In my eighth expedition, by command of Assur and Islhtar, 119. I gathered my army, against Umman-aldas 120. kingo of Elam I directed the march. 121. BIitimnbi, which in my former expedition 122. I had captured, again Rasi, Hamanu, 123. and that district I captured. And he Ummanaldas 124. king of Elam, of the capture of Rasi and Hamanu 125. heard, and fear of Assur and Ishtar going before me COLUMN VI. 1. overwhelmed him, and Madaktu his royal city 2. he abandoned, and fled to Durundasi. 3. The river Itite he crossed, and that river 4. for his stronghold he fixed, and 5. arranged in ranks to fight me. 6. Naditi the royal city, and its district I captured, 7. Bitbunaki the royal city ditto 8. Hardapanu the royal city ditto 9. Tubu the royal city ditto. 10. Beside all the river, Madaktu the royal city ditto, 350 INSCR IPTI ONS OF 11. Haltemas his royal city I captured, 12. Shushan his royal city I captured, 13. Dinsar, Sumuntunas ditto, 14. Pidilma his royal city, Bubilu ditto, 15. Kabinak his royal city ditto. 16. In the service of Assur and Ishtar, I marched and went 17. after Umman-aldas king of Elam, 18. who did not submit to my. yoke. In the course of my expedition, 19. Durundasi his royal city I captured. 20. My army the Itite in high flood 21. saw, and feared the crossing. 22. Ishtar dwelling in Arbela, in the middle of the night to my army 23. a dream sent, and even told them, 24. thus: "I march in front of Assurbanipal, the king 25. whom my hands made." Over that vision 26. my army rejoiced, and the Itite crossed peacefully. 27. Fourteen cities royal seats, and smaller cities 28. the numbers unknown, and twelve districts 29. which are in Elam, all of them I took, 30. I pulled down, destroyed, in the fire I burned, and to mounds and heaps I reduced. 31. Without number I slew their warriors, 32. with the sword I destroyed his powerful fighting men. 33. Umman-aldas king of Elam ASS URB ANIPAL. 351 34. in his bitterness fled, and took to the mountains. 35. Banunu, and the districts of Tasara 36. all, twenty cities in the districts 37. of Hunnir, and the boundary of Hidalu, I captured. 38. Balimmu and the cities round it 39. I pulled down and destroyed. Of the people dwelling within them, 40. their misfortune I caused, I broke up theirgods, 41. I set at liberty the great goddess of the lord of lords, 42. his gods, his goddesses, his furniture, his goods, people small and great, 43. I carried off to Assyria. Sixty kaspu of ground, 44. by the will of Assur and Ishtar, who sent me, 45. within Elam I entered and marched victoriously. 46. On my return, when Assur and Ishtar exalted me 47. over my enemies, Shushan the great city, 48. the seat of their gods, the place of their oracle, I captured. 49. By the will of Assur and Ishtar, into its palaces I entered 50. and sat with rejoicing. I opened also their treasure houses 51. of silver, gold, furniture, and goods, treasured within them; 352 INSCRIPTIONS OF 52. which the kings of Elam the former, 53. and the kings who were to these days, 54. had gathered and made; which any other enemy 55. beside me, his hands had not put into them, 56. I brought out and as spoil I counted. 57. Silver, gold, furniture, and goods, of Sumir, Akkad, 58. and Ganduniyas, anl that the kings of 59. Elam the former and latter, had carried off 60. and brought within Elam; bronze hammered, 61. hard, and pure, precious stones beautiful and valuable, 62. belonging to royalty; which former kings of Akkad 63. and Saulmlugina, for their aid had paid 64. to Elam: garments beautiful belonging to royalty, 65. weapons of war, prepared for one to make battle, 66. suited to his hand, instruments furnishing his palaces, 67. all that within it was placed, with the food 68. in the midst which he ate and drank, and the couch he reclined on, 69. powerful war chariots, 70. of which their ornaments were bronze and paint, 71. horses and great mules, 72. of which their trappings were gold and silver, I carried off to Assyria. ASS UR BANIPAL. 853 73. The tower of Shushan, which in the lower part in marble was laid, 74. I destroyed. I broke through its top which was covered w'ith shining bronze. 75. Susinaq the god of their oracle, who dwelt in the groves; 76. of whom, anyone had not seen the image of his divinity, 77. Sumudu, Lagomer, Partikira, 78. A mmankasibar, Uduran, and Sapak; 79. of whom, the kings of Elam worship their divinity. 80. Ragiba, Sumugursara, Karsa, 81. Kirsamas, Sudunu, Aipaksina, 82. Bilala, Panintimri, Silagara, 83. Napsa, Nabirtu, and Kindakarbu, 84. these gods and goddesses, with their valuables, 85. their goods, their furniture, and priests and 86. worshippers, I carried off to Assyria. 87. Thirty-two statues of kings, fashioned of silver gold, bronze, 88. and alabaster, front out of Shushan, 89. Madaktu, and Huradi, 90. and a statue of Umman-igas son of Umbadara, 91. a statue of Istar-nanhundi, a statue of Halludus 92. and a statue of Tammaritu the later, 93. who by command of Assur and Ishtar made submission to me, 94. I brought to Assyria. I broke the winged lions AA 354 INSCRIPTIONS OF 95. and bulls watching over the temple, all there were. 96. I removed the winged bulls attached to the gates 97. of the temples of Elam, until they were not, I overturned. 98. His gods and his goddesses I sent into captivity, 99. their forest groves, 100. which any other had not penetrated into the midst of, 101. had not trodden their outskirts; 102. my men of war into them entered, 103. saw their groves, and burned them in the fire. 104. The high places of their kings, former and latter, 105. not fearing Assur and Ishtar my lords, 106. opposers of the kings my fathers, 107. I pulled down, destroyed and burned in the sun. 108. Their servants I brought to Assyria, 109. their leaders without shelter I placed. 110. The wells of drinking water I dried them up, 111. for a journey of a month and twenty-five days the districts of Elam I laid waste, 112. destruction, servitude, and drought, I poured over them. 113. The daughters of kings, consorts of kings, 114. and families former and latter 115. of the kings of Elam, the governors and ASSUR B A NIPAL. 855 116. citizens of those cities, 117. all I had captured; the commanders of archers, governors, 118. the directors of... three horse charioteers, 119. chariot drivers, archers, officers, 120. camp followers and the whole of the people all there were, 121. people mal2 and female, sinall and great, horses, 122. mules, asses, oxen, and sheep, 123. beside much spoil, I carried off to Assyria. COLUMN VII. 1. The dust of Shushan, Madaktu, 2. Haltemas, and the rest of their cities, 3. entirely I brought to Assyria. 4. For a month and a day Elam to its utmost extent, I swept. 5. The passage of men, the treading of oxen and sheep, 6. and the springing up of good trees, I burned ofi the fields. 7. Wild asses, serpents, beasts of the desert, Ugallu, 8. safely I caused to lay down in them. 9. The goddess Nana who these 1,635 years 10. had been desecrated, had gone, and dwelt 11. in Elam, a place not suited to her. 12. And in these days, she and the gods her fathers, 13 proclaimed my name to the dominion of the earth. 8,56 INSCRIPTIONS OF 14. The return of her divinity she entrusted to me, 15. thus: " Assurbanipal from the midst of Elam (wicked) 16. bring me out, and cause me to enter into the temple of Anna" 17. The will commanded by their divinity, which from days remote 18. they had uttered; again they spoke to later people. 19. The hands of her great divinity I took hold of, and 20. the straight road rejoicing in heart, 21. she took to the temple of Anna. 22. In the month Kislev, the first day, into Erech I caused her to enter, and 23. in the temple of Hilianni which she had delighted in, 24. I set her up an enduring sanctuary. 25. People and spoil of Elam, 26. which by command of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo 27. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 28. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal and Nusku, I had carried away; 29. the first part to my gods I devoted. 30. The archers, footmen, 31. soldiers, and camp followers, 32. whom I carried off from the midst of Elam; 33. over the body of my kingdom I spread. 34. The rest to the cities, seats of my gods, ASS URBANIPAL. 357 35. my prefects, my great men, and all my camp, 36. like sheep I caused to overflow. 37. Umman-aldas, king of Elam, 38. who the vigour of the powerful soldiers of Assur and Ishtar had seen; 39. from the mountains, the place of his refuge, he returned and 40. into Madaktu, the city which by command of Assur and Ishtar 41. I had pulled down, destroyed and carried off its spoil; 42. he entered and sat in sorrow, in a place dishonoured. 43. Concerning Nabu-bel-zikri the grandson of Merodach Baladan; 44. who against my agreement had sinned, and thrown off the yoke of my dominion; 45. who on the kings of Elam to strengthen him had relied, 46. had trusted to Umman-igas, Tammaritu, 47. Inda-bigas, and Umman-aldas, 48. kings who had ruled the dominion of Elam. 49. My envoy aboutthe surrender of Nabu-bel-zikri, 50. with determination of purpose I sent, 5.1. to Umman-aldas. Nabu-bel-zikri grandson of Merodach Blaladan 52. of the journey of my envoy, who into Elam had entered, 53. heard, and his heart was afflicted. He inclined to despair, 358 INSCRIPTIONS OF 54. his life before him he did not regard, and 55. longed for death. 56. To his own armour-bearer he said also 57. thus: " Slay me with the sword." 58. He and his armour-bearer with the steel swords of their girdles pierced through 59. each other. Umman-aldas feared and 60. the corpse of that Nabu-bel-zikri who benefits trampled on, 61. with the head of his armour-bearer who destroyed him with the sword; 62. to my envoy he gave, and he sent it to my presence. 63. His corpse I would not give to burial, 64. more than before his death I returned, and 65. his head I cut off; round the neck of Nabua a ti-zabat 66. the mnunmakir of Saulmugina 67. my rebellious brother, who with him to pass into 68. Elam had gone; I hung it. 69. Pahe who against Umman-aldas 70. had ruled the dominion of Elam, 71. the terror of the powerful soldiers of Assur and Ishtar, 72. who the first, second, and third time, had trampled over Elam; 73. covered him, and he trusted to the goodness of my heart. 74. From the midst of Elam he fled and ASS URBANIPAL. 859 75. took the yoke of my kingdom. 76. The people sinners of Bitimubi, 77. Kuzurtein, Dursar, 78. Masutu, Bube, 79. Bitunzai, Bitarrabi 80. Iprat, Zagar of Tapapa, 81. Akbarina, Gurukirra, 82. Dunnu-samas, Hamanu, 83. Kanizu, Aranzese, 84. Nakidati, Timinut of Simami, 85. Bit-qatatti, Sakisai, 86. Zubahe, and Tulhunba, 87. who in my former expedition, from the face of the powerful soldiers 88. of Assur and Ishtar fled, and 89. took to Saladri a rugged mountain; 90. those people who on Saladri 91. the mountain fixed their stronghold, 92. the terror of Assur and Ishtar my lords overwhelmed them, 93. from the mountain the place of their rqfuge they fled and 94. took my yoke. To the bow I appointed them, 95. over the body of my kingdom 96. which filled my hand, I spread. 97. In my ninth expedition I gathered my army,. 98. against Vaiteh king of Arabia 99. I directed the march; who against my agree 360 INSCRIPTIONS OF 100. had sinned, the benefits done to him he did not regard, and 101. threw off the yoke of my dominion. 1.02. When Assur had set him up to perform my pleasure, 103. to seek my alliance his feet broke off, and 104. he ended his presents and great tribute. 105,. When Elam, was speaking sedition with Akkad, he heard and 106. disregarded my agreement. Of me Assurbanipal 107. the king, the noble priest, the powerful ieader, 108. the work of the hands of Assur, he left me, and 109. to Abiyateh and Aimu sons of Tehari, 110. his forces with them to the help of 111. Saulmrnugina my rebellious brother he sent, and 112. set his face. The people of Arabia 113. with him he caused to revolt, and carried away the 114. plunder of the people, whom Assur, Ishtar, and the great gods, 115. had given me, their government I had ruled, 116. and they were in my hand. 117. By command of Assur and Ishtar my army in the regions 118. of Azaran, Hirataqaza 119. in Edom, in the neighbourhood of Yabrud, 120. in Beth-ammon, in the district of Hauran, 121. in Moab, in Saharri, 122. in Harze, and in the district of Zobah, ASS URBA NIPA L. 361 COLU'MN VIII. 1. his numerous fighting men I slew without number, I accomplished 2. his overthrow. The people of Arabia, all who with him came, 3. I destroyed with the sword; and he from the face 4. of the powerful soldiers of Assur fled and got away 5. to a distance. The tents, the pavilions, 6. their dwellings, a fire they raised and burned in the flames. 7. Vaiteh misfortune happened to him, and 8. alone he fled to Nabatea. 9. Vaiteh son of Hazael was brother of the father 10. of Vaitch son of Bir-daddi, whom the people of his country 11. appointed to the kingdom of Arabia. 12. Assur king of the gods the stronig mountain, a decree 13. repeated, and he came to my presence. 14. To satisfy the law of Assur and the great gods 15. my lords, a heavy judgment took him, and 16. in chains I placed him, and with asi and dogs 17. I bound him, and caused him to be kept 18. in the great gate in the midst of Nineveh, Nirib- barnakti-adnati. 19. And he Ammuladi king of Kedar 20. brought to fight the kings of Syria; 362 INSCtRIPTIONS OF 21. whom Assur and Ishtar the great gods had entrusted to me. 22. In the service of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 23. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 24. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 25. his overthrow I accomplished. Himself alive with Adiya 26. the wife of Vaiteh king of Arabia, 27. they captured and brought to my presence. 28. By command of the great gods my lords, with the dogs 29. I placed him, and I caused him to be kept chained. 30. By command of Assur, Ishtar, and the great gods my lords, 31. of Abiyateh and Aimu sons of Tehari, 32. who to the help of Saulmugina my rebellious brother 33. to enter Babylon went; 34. his helpers I slew, his overthrow I accomplished. The remainder 35. who into Babylon entered, in want and 36. hunger ate the flesh of each other. 37. To save their lives, from the midst of Babylon 38. they came out, and my forces which around Saulmugina 39. were placed, a second time his overthrow accomplished; and 40. he alone fled, and to save his life ASSURBANIPAL. 363 41. took my yoke. Favour I granted him and 42. an agreement to worship the great gods I caused him to swear, and 43. instead of Vaiteh or anyone 44. to the kingdom of Arabia I appointed. 45. And he with the Nabateans 46. his face set, and the worship of the great gods did not fear, and 47. carried away the plunder of the border of my country. 48. In the service of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 49.' Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 50. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 51. Nathan king of Nabatea whose place was remote, 52. of whom, Vaiteh to his presence had fled; 53. heard also of the power of Assur who protected me. 54. In the time past to the kings my fathers 55. his envoy he did not send, and did not seek 56. alliance with their kingdom; in fear of the soldiers of Assur 57. capturing him... he tore and sought alliance 58. with my kingdom. Abiyateh 59. son of Tehari did not... benefits, disregard. ing the 60. oath bf the great gods, seditious words against me 364 INSOCRIPTlONS OF 61. he spoke, and his face with Nathan 62. king of Nabatea he set, and their forces 63. they gathered to commit evil against my border. 64. By command of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 65. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 66. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 67. my army I gathered, against Abiyateh 68. I directed the march. The Tigris 69. and the Euphrates in their strong flood, peacefully they crossed, 70. they marched, a distant path they took, they ascended 71. the lofty country, they passed through the forests, 72. of which their shadow was vast, bounded by trees great and strong, 73. and vines, a road of mighty woods. 74. They went to the rebels of Vas, a place arid and 75. very difficult, where the birds of heaven had not... 76. wild asses they found not in it. 77. 100 kaspu of ground from Nineveh 78. the city the delight of Ishtar wife of Bel; 79. against Vaiteh king of Arabia 80. and Abiyateh with the forces 81. of the Nabateans, they went. 82. They marched and went in the month Sivan, the month of Sin ASS URBANIPAL. 365 83. the eldest son and first of Bel, 84. the 27th day, on the festival of the lady of Babylon, 85. the mightyv one of the great gods. 86. From Hadatta I departed, 87. In Laribda a tower of stones, 88. over against lakes of water; I pitched my camp. 89. My army the waters for their drink desired, and 90. they marched and went over arid ground, a place very difficult 91. to Hurarina near Yarki, 92. and Aialla in Vas a place remote, 93. a place the beast of the desert was riot in, 94. and a bird of heaven had not fixed a nest. 95. The overthrow of the Isammih, the servants 96. of Adar-samain, and the Nabateans, 97. I accomplished. People, asses, cannels, 98. and sheep, their plunder innumerable; I carried away. 99. 8 kaspu of ground my army 100. marched victoriously, peacefully they returned, and I01. in Aialli they drank abundant waters. i02. From the midst of Aialli to Quraziti, 103. 6 kaspu of ground, a place arid and very ditlicult, 104. they marched and went. The worshippers of Adar-samain, 366 INS CR IPTIONS OF 105. and the Kidri of Vaiteh i 06. son of Bir-dadda king of Arabia, I besieged. 107. His gods, his mother, his sister, his wife, his kin, 108. the people in the midst all, the asse-, 109. camels, and sheep; 110. all in the service of Assur and Ishtar my lords 111. my hands took. The road to Damascus 112. I caused their feet to take. In the month Ab the month of Sagittarius 113. daughter of Sin the archer, the third day, the festival 114. of the king of the gods MeIrodach, from Damascus 115. I departed. 6 kaspu of ground in their country all of it, 116. I marched and went to Hulhuliti. 117. In Hukkuruna the rugged mountain, 118. the servants of Abiyateh son of Tehaili 119. of Kedar, I captured, his overthrow I accomplished, 120. I carried off his spoil. Abiyateh and Aimu 121. sons of Tehari, by command of Assur ard Ishtar my lords, 122. in the midst of battle alive I captured in hand. 123. Hand and foot in bonds of iron I placed them, and COLUMN IX. 1. with the spoil of their country I brought them 2. to Assyria. The fugitives, who from the face of my soldiers ASS IURBA NI PA L. 867 3. fled, ascended and took to 4. Hukkuruna the rugged mountain. 5. In Laanhabbi.... gathered 6..... an [Lines 7 to 25 are lost, only a few doubtful cha. racters remaining.] 26. oxen, sheep, asses, camels 27. and men, they carried off without number. 28. The sweeping of all the country through its extent, 2.9. they collected through the whole of it. 30. Camels like sheep I distributed, and 31. caused to overflow to the people of Assyria 32. dwelling in my country. A camel 33. for half a shekel, in half shekels of silver, they valued in front of the gate. 34. The spoil in the sale of captives among the strong 35.. which were gathered in droves, 36. they bartered camels and men. 37. Vaiteh and the Arabians, 38. who my agreement.... 39. who from the face of the soldiers of Assur my lord, 40. fled and got away; 41. Ninip the warrior destroyed, 42. in want and famine their lives were spent, and 43. for their food they ate the flesh of their children. 368 INSCRIPTIONS OF 44. with a curse.... mud of the earth 45. in the house of Assur father of the gods.... them. 46. Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 47. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 48. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 49. camels strong, oxen and sheep, 50. more than seven the sacrificers sacrificed, and 51. for eating they did not eat their carcases. 52. The people of Arabia one to another, addressed each other 53. thus: " Concerning the number of these 54. evil things which happened to Arabia, 55. because the great agreements with Assur we have not regarded, 56. and we have sinned aoainst the benefits of Assurbanipal 57. the king, the delight of the heart of Bel." 58. Beltis the consort of Bel, 59. the guardian of divinity; 60. who with Anu and Bel in dominion 61. is established: pierced my enemies with horns of iron. 62. Ishtar dwelling in Arbela, with fire clothed; 63.... drought upon Arabia poured down. 64. Dabara the warrior, mourning caused and 65. destroyed mine enemies. 66. Ninip fierce, the great warrior, 67. the son of Bel; with his mighty arroiwz 68. destroyed the life of my enemies. ASS URBANIPAL. 369 69. Nusku the glorious attendant, sitting in dominion; 70. who by command of Assur and Beltis. 71. the archer, the goddess of.... 72. my forces preceded, and.... place of my kingdom, 73. the front of my army took and 74. destroyed my enemies. 75. The stroke.... Assur, Ishtar, 76.'and the great gods my lords, 77. who in making war, went to the help 78. of my army: Vaiteh heard of, and 79. over these things feared, and 80. from Nabatea I brought him out, and 81. in the service of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bcl, 2Nebo, 82. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 83. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 84.... him and sent him to Assyria. 85.. who to capture my enemies 86.. fought. By command of Assur and Beltis 87. with a mace which was grasped by my hand, 88. the flesh cpming out of him, his son, 89. in the sight of his eyes I struck down. 90. With the dogs I did not place him, 91. in the gate of the rising sun, in the midst of Nineveh, 92. which, Nirib-parnakti-adnati its name is called; 93. I caused to keep him chained, B B 870 INSCRIPTIONS OF 94. to exalt the will of Assur, Ishtar, and the great gods 95. my lords. Favour I granted him and saved his life. 96. On my return Hosah, 97. which by the side of the sea has its place, I captured. 98. The people of Hosah who to their governors 99. were not reverent, and did not give the tribute, 100. the gift of their country, I slew. Amongst the people 101. unsubmissive, chastisement I inflicted. 102. Their gods and their people I carried off to Assyria. 103. The people of Accho unsubmissive, I destroyed. 104. Their bodies in the dust I threw down, the whole of the city 105. I quieted. The rest of them I brought 106. to Assyria, in rank I arranged, and 107. over my numerous army, 108. which Assur strengthened, I spread. 109. Aimu son of Tehari, with Abiyateh 110. his brother had risen, and with my army had made war. 111. In the midst of battle, alive in hand I captured him; 112. and in Nineveh the city of my dominion, his slkin I tore off. ASS URBANIPAL. 371 11'3. Ummnan-aldas king of Elamli, 114. whom from of old Assur arid Islltar my lorclds 115. had colnmandod to make submission to me; 116. by command of their great divillities who were unchanged, 117. afterwards his country against him revolted, and 118. from the face of the tumult of' hLis servants, which they made against him, 119. alone he fled, and took to the mountains. 120. From the mountains the house ol his refugo, 121. the place he fled to; 122. like a raven I caught him, and Co LUIsr X. 1. alive I brought him to Assyria. 2. Tammaritu, Pahe, and UTnmman-aldas, 3. who after each other ruld the domlinion o:f Elam; 4. whom, by the po0wcr of Assur and Ishtar my lords, 5. I subjugatcd to my yoke. Vaiteh 6. king of Arabia, of whom, by command of Assur and Ishtar his overthrow 7. 1 had accomilished; firom his country I brought him to Assyria. 8. When to.... sacrifices and libations I had offered up 9. in Masmasu, the seat of their power, 10. before Bjltis, mother of the great gcrJs, 372 N S CRIPTIONS OF 11. beloved wife of Assur, I had made to the gods of 12. Idkid. To the yoke of my war chariot 13. I caused to fasten them, and to the gate of the temple 14. they drew it. On my feet I made invocation, 15. I glorified their divinity, I praised 16. their power in the assembly of my army; of Assur, Sin, 17. Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, Ishtar of Nineveh, 18. Sarrat-kitmuri, Ishtar of Arbela, 19. Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, who the unsubmissive to me 20. subjugated to my yoke, arnd in glory 21. and power, established me over my enemies. 22. Saduri king of Ararat; of Nwhom the kings his fathers 23. to my fathers had sent in fellowship. 24. Again Saduri, the mighty things 25. for which the great gods had caused renown to me, heard, and 26. like a son to a father, he sent to my dominion; 27. and he in these words sent 28. thus: " Salutation to the kini my lord." 29. Reverently and submissively, his numerous presents 30. he sent to my presence 31. Now Riduti the private palace ofNinevch, 32. the grand city, the delight of Ishtar; ASSUR B ANIPAL. 373 33. which Sennacherib king of Assyria, the grandfather my begetter, 34. built for his royal seat; 35. that Riduti in niy days 36. became old, and its chamber walls decayed. 37. I Assurbanipal the great king, the powerful king, 38. king of nations, king of Assyria, king of the four regions, 39. within that Ridutu grew up. 40. Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri. 41. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 42. my royal sonship. 43. their good protection, 44..... over me 45. fixed, when on the throne of the father my begetter I sat. 46. They were made.... and many people 47.... my hands 48... me within it. 49. On my couch at night.... my 50. in.... 51. that mastaku.. 52. the great gods its renown have heard.. good 53. its decay.... to enlarge it 54..... the whole of it I destroyed. 55..... fifty tipki the building of its sculpture 56..... the work of the mound I completed. 374 INSCRIPTTONS OF 57. Before the temples of the great gods my lords 58. I worshipped.... of that mound 59. its sculpture, I did not cut down its top. 60. In a good month and a prosperous day upon that mound, 61. its foundation I placed, I fixed its brickwork. 62. In biris and kamis its face I. 63. I divided in three. 64. In carriages of Elam, 65. which by command of the great gods my lords, 66. I had carried off; to make that Riduti, 67. the people of my country, in the midst of them carried its bricks. 68. The kings of Arabia who against my agreement sinned, 69. whom in the midst of battle alive I had captured in hand, 70. to build that Riduti, 71. heavy burdens I caused them to carry, and 72. I caused them to take.... 73. building its brickwork... 74. with dancing and music.. 75. with joy and shouting, from its foundation to its roof, 76. I built. More than before... 77. I extended.... 78. Beams and great planks from Sirara, 79. and Lebanon, I fixed over it. 80. Doors of forest trees, their wood excellent, 81. a covering of copper I spread dyer and hung in its gates. ASS URBANI PAL. 375 82. Great columns of bronze. 83. at the sides of the gates. 84. That Riduti, my royal seat, 85. the whole of it I finished, entirely 86. I completed. Plantations choice, 87.... for the glory of 88. my kingdom I planted like walls. 89. Sacrifices and libations precious I poured ollt to the gods my lords, 90. with joy and shouting I completed it, 91. I entered into it in a state palanquin. 92. In after days, among the kings my sons, 93. whomever Assur and Ishtar to the dominion of the country and people 94. shall proclaim his name; 95. when this Riduti becomes old and 96. decays, its decay he shall repair, 97. the inscription written of my name my father's and my grandfather's, 98. the remote descendant who.... may he'see, and 99. a box may he make, sacrifice and libations may he pour out, 100. and with the inscription written of his name may he place them. 101. May the great gods, all who in this inscription are named, 102. like me also, establish to him 103. power and glory. 104. Whoever the inscription written of my name, 376 INSCRIPTIONS OF 105. my father's and my grandfather's, shall destroy, 106. and with his inscription shall not place; 107. Assur, Sin, Shamas, Vul, Bel, Nebo, 108. Ishtar of Nineveh, Sarrat-kitmuri, 109. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 110. a judgment equal to the renown of my name, may they pass on him. Date of document. 111. Month Nisan, 1st day, 112. in the eponymy of Shamas-dain-ani governor of Akkad. Variant passages from other copies of the cylinder. Column II., line 50, " Afterwards Undamane son of his sister " Column II., line 55, " Thebes his fortified city he made Column V., line 67, " Imbaappa commander of the archers" Column V., line 78, "Ambagua who from Elam, from a revolt," Column VII., lines 9 to 24, see page 224. Variantfor data of documents. 1. Month Elul, 28th day, 2. in the eponymy of Shamas-dain-ani governor of Babylon. ASS URBANIPA L. 377 This document is one of the finest Assyrian texts we possess, and it gives the official history of Assyria, from the accession of Assurbanipal, B.C. 671, down to about B.C. 645. The cylinder opens with the account of Assurbanipal being proclaimed King of Assyria by his father, Esarhaddon, and then relates his various campaigns against surrounding nations. The first two of these campaigns were against Egypt, the third against Tyre, the fourth against Alinni in thb mountains east of Assyria, the fifth, seventh, and eighth against Elam or Susiana, the sixth against Babylon, and the ninth against Arabia. The other document of Assurbanipal noticed here is the opening portion of a cylinder which I have named cylinder C, a text I have nearly completed from my excavations. This text refers to the restoration and adorning of the: various temples; it runs:Assurbanipal the great king, the powerful king, king of nations, king of Assyria, king of the four regions, king of Babylon, king of Sumir and Akkad, son of Esarhaddon, king of nations, king of Assyria, grandson of Sennacherib, king of nations, king of Assyria. The great gods in their assembly my glorious renown have heard, and over the kings who dwell in palaces, the glory of my name they have raised, and have exalted my kingdom. The temples of Assyria and Babylonia which Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, had begun, their foundations 378 INSCRIPTIONS OF he had built, but had not finished their tops; anew 1 built them: I finished their tops. Sadi-rabu-matati (the great mountain of the earth), the temple of the god Assur my lord, completely I finished. Its chamber walls I adorned with gold and silver, great columns in it I fixed, and in its gate the productions of land and sea I placed. The god Assur into Sadi-rabu-matati I brought, and I raised him an everlasting sanctuary. Saggal, the temple of Merodach, lord of the gods, I built, I completed its decorations; Bel and Beltis, the divinities of Babylon and Hea, the divine judge, from the temple of.... I brought out, and placed them in the city of Babylon. Its noble sanctuary a great.... with fifty talents of.... its brickwork I finished, and raised over it. I caused to make a ceiling (?) of sycamore durable wood, beautiful as the stars of heaven, adorned with beaten gold. Over Merodach the great lord I rejoiced; in heart, I did his will. A noble chariot, the carriage of Merodach, ruler of the gods, lord of lords, in gold, silver, and precious stones, I finished its workmanship. To Merodach, king of the whole of heaven and earth, destroyer of my enemies, as a gift I gave it. A couch of sycamore durable'Wood, for the sanctuary, covered with precious stones as ornaments, as the resting couch of Bel and Beltis, givers of favour, makers of friendship, skilfully I constructed. In the gate.... the seat of Zirat-banit, which adorned the wall, I -placed. ASSURBANIPAL 379 Four bulls of silver, powerful, guarding my royal threshold, in the gate of the rising sun, in the greatest gate, in the gate of the temple Sidda which is in the midst of Borsippa, I set up. Masmasu, the temple of the mistress of the world, beautifully I adorned, entirely.... the divine queen of Kitmuri, who.... her temple had left in my time.... which Assur had established.... to satisfy her divinity... The dwelling of the gods Sin and Nusku, ivhich a former king, my predecessor, had built: from the beginning had been left, and that dwelling had bec9me old. The dwelling of the gods Sin and Nusku, its damages I repaired, beyond what. it was before, I enlarged its site, from its foundation to its roof I rebuilt, and finished it. The temple of Melammi-sami (the worship of heaven) belonging to the god Nusku the great messenger, which a former king before me had built, and placed within it, great beams and planks I placed over it, and doors of Leari wood covered with plates of silver I hung in the gates. Two bulls of silver, destroyers of my enemies, in the dwelling of Sin my lord I raised, two eagleheaded attendant figures placed together, protectors of my royal threshold, I set up. I caused to enter into it the productions of land and sea, and in the gate of the temple Hiduti I set them up. The hands of the gods Sin and Nusku I took, I brought them in, and seated them in everlasting sanctuaries. The 380 INSCRIPTIONS OF ASSURBANIPAL. temples of Assyria and Babylonia, the whole of them I finished, and the furniture of the temples all of it, of silver and gold I made. Many of these grand works were executed at Babylon, and from the temple of Bel at that city I procured a brick bearing an inscription of Assurbanipal as follows:1. To the god Merodach his lord, 2. Assurbanipal 3. king of nations king of Assyria, 4. son of Esarhaddon 5. king of nations king of Assyria 6. king of Babylon, 7. the brickwork 8. of the temple of Te-an-ki 9. anew I caused to build. From Babylon I procured inscriptions showing that Assurbanipal established a library there as well as in Assyria. CHAPTER XIX. INSCRIPTIONS OF BEL-ZAKIR-ISKUN, KING OF ASSYRIA, AND HIS SUCCESSORS. Want of Monuments. —Obscurity of history. -Bel-zakir-iskun. -Cylinder. —Fall of Assyria.-Rise of Babylon.-Nebu chadnezzar.-Evil Merodach.-Nergalsharezer. —Method of dating. -Nabonidus. - Belshazzar. - Cyrus. - Cambyses. - Darius.Trilingual text. - Artaxerxes. — Parthian date. - Important evidence. HE present chapter is not a natural division of the history, as it includes texts of various ages and of distinct races of Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and Parthian kings, stretching from the date of the death of Assurbanipal, B.C. 626, down to the end of the second century before the Christian era. The new inscriptions of this long period were, however, not numerous enough to justify me in dividing it into chapters according to the empires that successively ruled in the country, and I was therefore obliged to class the inscriptions of all the successors of Assurbanipal under one head. In the death of Assurbanipal the Assyrian power 382 INSCRIPTIONS' OF declined, and it is not even certain who was his successor. It is probable, however, that the next monarch was a king named Bel-zakir-iskun, of whom I discovered part of a barrel cylinder near the centre of the mound of Kouyunjik. This fragment belongs to the text printed in " Cuneiform Inscriptiorns," vol. i. p. 8, No. 6. The text in question would not attract notice but for the fact that so few inscriptions of this period have been discovered, and that this is the longest one yet found. The translation of this text, so far as it can be restored, is:1. Bel-zakir-iskun the great king the powerful king, king of nations, king of Assyria, 2..... of Assur and Belat, the delight of MIerodach and Ziratbanit, joy o' the lart of the lady of the temple, 3. the king who satisfies the heart of Nebo and Merodach, the follower.... of Nebo and Urmitu, 4. Whom Assur, Belat, Bel, Nebo, Sin, Ningal, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, Nergal, and Nusku, 5.... him gladly perceived him, and proclaimed his name to the kingdom. 6. In all the holy cities the emblems of rule his name they called, 7.,... they exalted him and destroyed his enemies, and struck down my enemies 8. who.... to supremacy and dominion they made him, and in all.... made me 9. to establish.... people a crown of dominion placed on him.... my birth BE L.Z A KIR -ISK UN. 383 10. a sceptre of righteousness for the government of all people, Nebo my worship committed to my arm 11... destruction..... my officers 12. carrying the shrines of Bel and Nebo promoter of good 13.... possessing knowledge and wisdom, rewarder of anyone with good 14..... judging upright judgment to his people, over.... his blessing 15... not choosing the broken.... their rhight 16... they were divided, guarding.... his officers 17. son of.... the great king, the powerful king, king of nations, king of Assyria, king of the four regions, 18. son of.... king of Sumir and Akkad. [Lines 19 to 46 very mutilated; they appear to describe the rebuilding of the temple of Nebo.] 47.... I sent.... within it 48... unsubmissive to me they subdued to my feet. 49. In after days in the time of the kings my sons, whom Assur and Shamas shall call, and to the dominion of countries and peoples shall proclaim 50. his name. When this house decays and becomes old, who repairs its ruin and restores its decay; 51. the inscription written of my name may he see, may he in a rtceptacle enclose it, pour out a libation, and my name with his own name write. 384 INSCRIPTIONS OF 52. may Nebo and Urmitu his prayer hear and bless him. 53. Whoever the writing of my name defaces, an(l with his name does not place it, 54. may they not establish him, and not hear his prayer, and 55. may they curse him, and his name and his seed from the country wipe out. lines the written inscription, month. 3rd day, in the eponymy of Daddi the great officer. Such are the fragments of the last royal inscription of any length written in Assyria. The curious mixture of the first and third persons in the earlier lines, suggests that the king is speaking of another monarch as well as himself. I suspect that there was civil war in Assyria about this time, and Bel-zakiriskun was succeeded after a short reign by Assurebil-ili-kain, the son of Assurbanipal. This prince, in a broken record which I recently discovered, tells us that when Assurbanipal died he himself was not called to the throne, but he ascended it at a later period. Of Assur-ebil-ili-kain I found several inscriptions at Nimroud, but these were only duplicates of the texts already known, recording his restoration of the temple of Nebo at that city. The Assyrian empire was overthrown and succeeded by the Babylonian power under Nabopolassar, whose son and successor, Nebuchadnezzar, was one of the most famous monarchs in history. He reigned from B.C. 605 to 562, and left many memorials of his B EL.ZAKIR -ISKUN. 385 power. Some small texts of this king are in the new collection. One, of which I only obtained a cast, is the pupil of the eye of a statue of the god Nebo, inscribed with the following dedication: 1. To the god Nebo his lord, 2. Nebuchadnezzar 3. king of Babylon, 4. son of Nabopolassar 5. king of Babylon, 6. for his preservation he made. The three other texts of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar are on dated contract tablets, and although the subjiect matter of these inscriptions is not of much interest, the dates attached to the documents are always valuable for confirming and proving the chronology of the reigns of the various monarchs. One of these has the following date in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar: City of Babylon, month Tammuz, 15th day, 20th year of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. The date of this document would be B.C. 585. The two following texts are in the 37th year of the same monarch:City of Babylon, month Iyyar, 21st day, 37th year of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. City of Babylon, month Kislev, 8th day, 37th year of Nebuchladnezzar king of Babylon. These tablets belong to the year B.C. 568. I saw one text of Evil-merodach, the son of Nebuchadnezzar, the king who released Jehoiachim of cc 386 INSOBCRIPTIOS OF Judah from prison (2 Kings xxv. 27): this is dated,City of Dunrinu, month Tammuz, 22nd day, 1st year of Evil-merodach king of Babylon. The date of this document is B.C. 561. Another of these tablets presented to the British Museum belongs to the reign of Neriglissar, or Nergal-sharezer (Jeremiah xxxix. 3), who was a prince of Babylon in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, and ascended the throne on the death of Evilmerodach in B.C. 560. It is a curious fact that the kings of Assyria and Babylonia did not in general begin to count the years of their reign until the commencement of the new year following their accession. During the remainder of the year in which they ascended the throne, documents were dated, " In the year of the accession to the kingdom of so and so," and the first year of the reign commenced with the next new year's day, the first day of the month Nisan. The present document in the reign of Nergal-sharezer is dated in the accession year of that monarch, and will serve as a specimen of this style. City of Babylon, month Elul, 16th day, in the year of the accession to the kingdom, of Nergal-sharezar king of Babylon. This date was B.c. 560. Another Babylonian date in an accession year is given in 2 Kings xxv. 27. " Evil-merodach king of Babylon in the year when he began to reign." After the short reign of nine months of the son of B EL -ZA KIR- ISK UN 387 Nergal-sharezer, the throne of Babylon was occupied in B.C. 556 by Nabonidus the father of the Belshazzar of the Book of Daniel. The following dates are of his reign:City of Babylon, month Kislev 23rd day, 9th year of Nabonidus king of Babylon. This document was written B.C. 547. Another is dated,City of Babylon, month Iyyar, 13th day, 11th year of Nabonidus king of Babylon. This corresponds to B.C. 545. A third document has the dateCity of Babylon, month Elul, 10th day, 16th year of Nabonidus king of Babylon. This belongs to the year B.C. 540. Another text is dated,City of Babylon, month Nisan, 14th day, 17th year of Nabonidus king of Babylon. This was the last year of Nabonidus, B.C. 539. In the year B.C. 540 the Babylonians were attacked by the combined forces of the Medes and Persians under the leadership of Cyrus, and in B.C. 539 the city of Babylon was captured and the country added to the Persian empire. There are no new inscriptions of the time of Cyrus, but there are two of the reign of his son and successor Cambyses, who ruled from B.C. 530 to 522. The first is dated,City of Babylon, month Elul, 6th day, 2nd year of Cambyses king of Babylon, king of countries. 888 INSCRIPTIONS OF Corresponding with the year B.c. 528. The other tablet is dated,City of Babylon, month Tebet, 6th day 5th year of Cambyses. Agreeing with B.C. 525. The reign of Cambyses ended in B.C. 522; and after the usurpation of the Magi, Darius Hystaspes ascended the Persian throne the same year. The three following dates belong to the reign of Darius:City of Babylon, month Tebet, 9th day, 6th year of Darius king of Babylon, king of countries. This tablet belongs to B.c. 516. Another is dated,City of Kisu, month Ab, 7th day, 30th year of Darius king of Babylon, king of countries. The date of this tablet is B.C. 492. The third of these texts has the date,City of Babylon, month Elul, 24th day, 31st year of Darius king of Babylon and the countries. This date is B.C. 491. I saw at Baghdad a small conical stone of a black colour, in appearance like a weight, having a worn inscription of Darius in three languages, Persian, Medo-Scythic, and Babylonian. The last inscription of the Persian period which I have to notice is dated in the " month Kislev, 2nd day, 39th year of Artaxerxes king of countries," which corresponds to B.C. 427. The Persian empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great, and after his death his empire was divided BEL-ZAKIR-ISK UN. 389 among his generals. One of these, named Seleucus, obtained possession of Babylon, and from him an era was named which commenced B.C. 312. Some sixty years after this a chief named Arsaces revolted against the Seleucidae and founded the Parthian monarchy and the dynasty of the Arsacida3. The Parthians afterwards defeated the Greeks, and wrested Babylonia from them. From the time of the Parthian conquest it appears that the tablets were dated according to the Parthian style. There has always been a doubt as to the date of this revolt, and consequently of the Parthian monarchy, as the classical authorities have left no evidence as to the exact date of the rise of the Parthian power. I however obtained three Parthian tablets from Babylon, two of them contained double dates, one of which being found perfect supplied the required evidence, as it was dated according to the Seleucian era, and according also to the Parthian era, the 144th year of the Parthians being equal to the 208th year of the Seleucidae, thus making the Parthian era to have commenced B.C. 248. This date is written: Month.... 23rd day, 144th year, which is called the 208th year, Arsaces king of kings. This tablet was inscribed B.c. 105, and is of considerable importance for the chronology of the period. Clinton, in his great work, has given the dates at which several authorities have stated that the Parthian monarchy arose. See Clinton's " Fasti Romani," vol. ii. appendix, p. 243. Justin, whom Clinton here 890 INSORIPTIONS OF BEL-ZAKIR-ISKUN. follows, fixed on the year B.C. 250, and Eusebius gives the same date. Moses Chorenensis fixes on two dates, B.C. 251 and 252, and Suidas gives the year B.C. 246. On comparing the dates here given with that in the inscription, it appears that three of them, B.C. 252, 251, and 250, are too high, and one, B.c. 246, is too low, the true date being B.C. 248. Many other dates in Parthian history are still undecided, but it is probable that evidence could be obtained by researches at Babylon, to settle these points of difficulty. CHAPTER XX. MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS. Hymn to light.-Translation. —Invocation to Izdubar. —His worship.-Babylonian text.-Prayer to Bel.-Inundation.Seven evil spirits.-Their work.-Bel.-Sin, Shamas, and Ishtar. - Attack on the moon.-War in heaven. —Message to Hea.Mlission of Merodach. —Comparison of legends. —Character of deities.-Astronomy. - Four seasons. - Intercalary month. - Astrolabe.-Observation of eclipse.-.Respect for laws.-Epi. graphs.-Letter.-Deed of sale.-Date of Assurbanipal.-Sale of slave.-Syllabaries.-Bilingual lists N the previous chapters I have pointed! )gh out some of the principal historical inscriptions in the new collection. These, however, form only a small part of the discovered texts. There are besides inscriptions and parts of inscriptions of all classes on mythology, astronomy, astrology, geography, natural history, witchcraft, evil spirits, laws, contracts, letters, despatches, &c. I purpose noticing some of these texts as illustrations of the contents of the collection, but it would take a far larger work to exhaust or do justice to them. The first tablet I have chosen. is 392 MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. the one photographed here, which I may describe as a hymn to the light of heaven.... This name, however, hardly describes the tablet, which abounds in abrupt transitions, and consists alternately of passages of praise of light and passages in which light personified as a goddess is speaking. The obverse of the tablet commences with the words, " Light of heaven, like a fire on the earth thou art kindled." The reverse, which is photographed, reads1. That which in the storehouse of heaven is kindled, and to the cities of men flies, my glory. 2. Queen of heaven above and below, may they call my glory. 3. Countries at once, I sweep in my glory. 4. Of countries their walls am I, their great defence am I in my glory. a. May thy heart rejoice; may thy liver be satisfied; 6. 0 lord great Anu, may thy heart rejoice; 7. 0 lord great mountain Bel, may thy liver be satisfied; 8. O goddess lady of heaven, may thy heart rejoice; 9. 0 mistress lady of heaven, may thy liver be satisfied; 10. 0 mistress lady of the temple of Anna, may thy heart rejoice; 11. 0 mistress lady of Erech, may thy liver be satisfied; :::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —---- -........ ~~~~~~~~~~~"V 9 F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~qant;tel:. t: 000000 00tie I' TV...................................................... —-----—....................................^ r'tEf~:::::: ti::;:.:::-. 00:: O MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS. 393 12. 0 mistress lady of Zasuh-erech, may thy heart rejoice. 13. 0 mistress lady of Harris-kalama (mount of the world) may thy liver be satisfied; 14. O mistress lady of Silim-kalama, may thy heart rejoice; 15. O mistress lady of Babylon, may thy liver be satisfied; 16. 0 mistress lady named Nana, may thy heart rejoice; 17. 0 lady of the temple, lady of the gods, may thy liver be satisfied. 18. The lament for the goddess 19. Like the old copy written and explained. 20. Palace of Assurbanipal king of Assyria, 21. son of Esarhaddon king of nations, king of Assyria, pontiff of Babylon, 22. king of Sumir and Akkad, king of the kings of Kush and Muzur, 23. king of the four regions, son of Sennacherib 24. king of nations, king of Assyria; 25. who to Assur and Beltis, Nebo and Urmit trusts. 26. Thy kingdom, light of the gods. Here the first few lines are double, being one in the Turanian language, the other in the Assyrian. In the later lines the verb at. the end is omitted, being indicated by a slight line across, to show that 394 MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. it is the same as those above. Line 18 contains the copy of the opening line of the next tablet in the series, and lines 19 to 26 contain the colophon, with the statement that the tablet is a true copy of the original, the genealogy of Assurbanipal, &c. There is another curious tablet of this class in the new collection-an invocation to Izdubar, the hero of the flood legends, who was deified after his death. The idea of the power of this hero is forcibly shown in this tablet. Invocation to Izdubar (Nimrod?). 1. Izdubar the giant king, judge of angels; 2. Noble prince great among men, 3. Conqueror of the world, ruler of the earth, lord of the lower regions; 4. Judge speaking like god. Thou dividest, 5. thou establishest in the earth, thou finishest judgment, 6. thyjudgment is not changed, another exists not. 7. Thou spoilest, thou rejoicest, thou judgest, thou dividest, thou arrangest. 8. Shamas wisdom and power to thy hand has given, 9. kings, pontiffs, and princes before thee are subject. 10. Thou dividest their ways, their power thou breakest. 11. I so and so son of such an one, whom his god so and so and his goddess so and so, MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 895 12. with disease have covered, and have visited him with a judgment; 13. my strength to weakness before me turns, 14. Give judgment for me, &c., &c. The remainder of the tablet is mutilated, and I have not yet had time to complete it, but I expect the rest of the inscription is in the collection. This portion, however, will show the popular idea of Izdubar, whom I think to be the giant hunter of Genesis. We must always remember that Izdubar is only a provisional name, which I proposed for this hero when I first discovered the account of his adventures; his real name we do not yet know, as we cannot read the characters of which it is composed; I believe when they are read they will turn out to be Nimrod. Beside this monarch, two other Babylonian kings were also deified, Suqamunu and Amaragu. From Babylon I procured several tablets forming the first instalment of a Babylonian library attached to the temple of Bel; among these tablets were some curious records as to the rites in the Babylonian temples. The following translation is-made from one written in the Turanian and Semitic Babylonian languages:Tablet from tle Temple of Bel. 1. In the month Nisan, on the second day, one kaspu (2 hours) in the night, 396 MISCELLANE7O US TEXTS. 2. the amil-urgal draws near and the water of the river he observes 3. to the presence of Bel he enters and measures, and in the presence of Bel 4. he marks it, and to Bel this prayer he prays: 5. " O lord, who in his might has no equal; 6. 0 lord, good sovereign, lord of the world; 7. Executor of the judgment of the great gods; 8. Lord who in his might is clothed with strength; 9. Lord king of mankind, establisher of glory; 10. Lord thy throne is Babylon, Borsippa is thy crown; 11. the wide heaven is the expanse of thy liver. [12 and 13 of doubtful meaning.] 14. thy might thou.... 15..... lord powerful, 16. returning reward.. 17. to those cast down, do thou give to them favour, 18. answer to the man who praises thy might. 19. 0 lord of the earth, of mankind, and spirits, speak good. 20. Who is there, whose mouth does not praise thy might, 21. and speak of thy law, and glorify thy dominion? 22. 0 lord of the earth dwelling in the temple of the sun, take hold of the hands which are lifted to thee, MISOELLANEOUS TEXTS. 397 23. to thy city Babylon grant favours, 24. to the temple of Saggal thy temple, incline thy face, 25. for the sons of Babylon and Borsippa grant blessings. There are several of these tablets in the new collection giving directions for similar ceremonies on different days in the first month Nisan. From the wording of the tablets it appears that these rites were connected with the rise of the inundation, a matter of the utmost importance to the Babylonians. The officer called amil-urgal had to watch the stream and record in the temple the measure of the waters, praying at the same time to Bel, the great god of Babylon, to be propitious to the country. Of the curious myths connected with the Babylonian religion there are several examples. I have already mentioned one, unfortunately too mutilated for translation, the account of the Creation. It appears to record that when the gods in their assembly made the universe there was confusion, and the gods sent out the spirit of life. They then create the beast of the field, the animal of the field, and the reptile or creeping thing of the field, and fix in them the spirit of life; next comes the creation of domestic animals and the creeping things of the city. There are in all fourteen mutilated lines remaining of the inscription. The new collection has yielded another fine fragment of this class, which joins some others and helps 398 MISCOELLANEO US TEXTS. to complete a curious myth relating to seven evil spirits. This tablet belongs to a series which appears to me likely to represent the tablets which Berosus states were buried by Xisithrus before the deluge, and recovered by the Babylonians after the waters had subsided. It is possible that these tablets were written by some Chaldean priest during the early Babylonian monarchy, and that their author endeavoured to increase their importance by representing them as works written before the flood. Among the known inscriptions there are no others likely to represent these supposed records. The tablet with the history of the seven evil gods or spirits is written in six columns, inscribed on both sides of a large clay tablet. Only the first three columns refer to the legend, the others being, however, on a similar subject. Tablet with the story of the Seven Wicked Gods or Spirits. C'OLUMN I. 1. In the first days the evil gods 2. the angels who were in rebellion, who in the lower part of heaven 3. had been created, 4. they caused their evil work 5. devising with wicked heads.. 6. ruling to the river... 7. There were seven of them. The first was.... 8. the second was a great animal.... 9. which anyone.... MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 399 10. the third was a leopard.... 11. the fourth was a serpent.... 12. the fifth was a terrible..... which to.... 13. the sixth was a striker which to god and king did not submit, 14. the seventh was the messenger of the evil wind which.... made. 15. The seven of them messengers of the god Anu their king 16. from city to city went round 17.?the tempest of heaven was strongly bound to them, 18. the flying clouds of heaven surrounded them, 19. the downpour of the skies which in the bright day 20. makes darkness, was attached to them 21. with a violent wind, an evil wind, they began, 22. the tempest of Vul was their might, 23. at the right hand of Vul they came, 24. from the surface of heaven like lightning they darted, 25. descending to the abyss of waters, at first they came. 26. In the wide heavens of the god Anu the king 27. evil they set up, and an opponent they had not. 28. At this time Bel of this matter heard and 29. the account sank into his heart. 30. With Hea the noble sage of the gods he took counsel, and 31. Sin (the moon), Shamas (the sun), and Ishtar 400 MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. (Venus) in the lower part of heaven to control it he appointed. 32. With Anu to the government of the whole of heaven he set them up. 33. To the three of them the gods his children, 34. day and night to be united and not to break apart, 35. he urged them. 36. In those days those seven evil spirits 37. in the lower part of heaven commencing, 38. before the light of Sin fiercely they calne, 39. the noble Shamas and Vul (the god of the atmosphere) the warrior to their side they turned and 40. Ishtar with Anu the king into a noble seat 41. they raised and in the government of heaven they fixed. COLUMN II. 1. The god...... 2..e a. 3. The god...... 4. which. 5. In those days the seven of them..... 6. at the head in the control to. 7. evil.. 8. for the drinking of his noble mouth...... 9. The god Sin the ruler.... mankind 10....... of the earth 11..troubled and on high he sat, MIS CELLANEO US TEXTS. 401 12. night and day fearing, in the seat of his dominion he did not sit. 13. Those evil gods the messengers of Anu their king 14. devised with wicked heads to assist one another, and 15. evil they spake together, and 16. from the midst of heaven like a wind to the earth they came down. 17. The god Bel of the noble Sin, his trouble 18. in heaven, he saw and 19. Bel to his attendant the god Nusku said: 20. "-Attendant Nusku this account to the ocean carry, and 21. the news of my child Sin who in heaven is greatly troubled; 22. to the god Hea in the ocean repeat. 23. Nusku the will of his lord obeyed, and 24. to Hea in the ocean descended and went. 25. To the prince, the noble sage, the lord, the god unfailing, 26. Nusku the message of his lord at once repeated. 27. iHea in the ocean that message heard, and 28. his lips spake, and with wisdom his mouth was filled. 29. Hea his son the god Merodach called, and this word he spake: 30. " Go my son Merodach 31. enter into the shining Sin who in heaven is greatly troubled; D D 402 MIS CELLANlEOU S TEXTS. 32. his trouble from heaven expel. 33. Seven of them the evil gods, spirits of death, having no fear, 34. seven of them the evil gods, who like a flood 35. descend and sweep over the earth. 36. To the earth like a storm they come down. 37. Before the light of Sin fiercely they came 38. the noble Sharnas and Vul the warrior, to their side they turned and. The next thirty lines of this curious legend are still lost; they probably contained the remainder of the speech of Hea, describing the events in heaven, and the mission of Merodach to his assistance. Of the following portion of the legend there remain six fragments, but these are not sufficient for the restoration of the text. This inscription gives us a curious picture of the myths prevalent in the Euphrates valley. They appeared to believe that in the early days of the world there was a chaos or confision in heaven, and monstrous forms of animals ran riot as evil spirits in the universe, while the sun, moon, and stars had not been set in their places. In the upper regions of heaven ruled the god Anu, who corresponded in some senses to the Ouranos of the Greeks. He was god of heaven and king of the seven evil gods, and he had a son named Vul, who was god of the atmosphere and all its phenomena. On the earth ruled Bel, god of the middle region, and the principal object of Babylonian worship. Anu in heaven rather represented a passive divinity, overlooking all things, MISOELLANEO US TEXTS. 403 but seldom interfering. Bel on the other hand represents the acting principle moving in all matters, controlling and creating. The deep, or ocean, and region under the earth were ruled by Hea, who represents the mind or wisdom of the gods. Thus these three leading deities of the Babylonian pantheon represent in some sort a trinity, and exhibit the godhead under a threefold aspect. The seven wicked gods or spirits, with their monstrous forms, are probably the originals of the Titans of the Greeks, who were at war with Jupiter.'Bel, seeing the confusion in heaven, resolves to place there the sun, the moon, and Venus, who typifies the stars, that these heavenly orbs might rule and direct the heavens. The evil spirits, emblems of chaos, resist this change, and make war on the Moon, the eldest son of Bel, drawing over to their side the Sun, Venus, and the atmospheric god, Vul. Bel hears of this, and then follows the mission to Hea for his advice. It is most probable that the legend closes with the destruction or punishment of the seven evil spirits, and the triumph of the Moon, who is considered the type of the good kings of the country; one later passage mentions: " The king the son of his god (i.e. the pious king) who like the glorious moon the life of the country sustains." This legend of Bel ending the rule of the monsters, and setting the sun, moon, and stars in the heavens, forms a curious commentary on the description of the creation by Berosus, the Chaldean priest, who repre 404 MISELLANEO US TEXTS. sents monsters as existing on the earth before Bel created light and the heavenly bodies. The details of the legend are, however, so different to those of the Greek translation of Berosus, that they suggest the idea that these myths had assumed various forms in Chaldea at an early period. Other fragments of similar legends are in the new collection, and when joined together and completed, will probably supply new and curious matter in the same direction. In the division of tablets relating to astronomy and astrology there are many new and curious tablets. Some of these give us our first insight into the divisions of the heavens and positions of the fixed stars. One shows that the sky was divided into four regions, the passage of the sun through which marked the four seasons of the year. This fragment is the most valuable astronomical text that has yet been discovered, as it shows also the method of arranging the year. The following is a translation of the inscription, with some slight restorations, which are easily supplied by the regular character of the text:1. From the 1st day of the month Adar to the 30th day of the month Iyyar, the sun in the division (or season) of the great goddess, 2. is fixed and the time of showers and warmth 3. From the 1st day of the month Sivan to the 30th day of the month Ab, the sun M~ISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 405 4. in the division (or season) of Bel is fixed and the time of the crops and heat 5. From the 1st day of the month Elul to the 30th day of the month Marchesvan, the sun 6. in the division (or season) of Anu is fixed and the time of showers and warmth. 7. From. the 1st day of the month Kislev to the 30th day of the month Sebat, the sun in the division (or season) of Hea is fixed and the time of cold. 8. When on the 1st day of the month Nisan the star of stars and the moon are parallel, that year is right (or normal). 9. When on the 3rd day of the month Nisan the star of stars and the moon are parallel, that year is full (i.e. has 13 months). It appears by this that at the time this tablet was written the spring quarter was counted as extending through the months Adar (the last month of the year), Nisan (the first month), and Iyyar, that is, commencing in February and ending in May. The summer quarter extended through the months Sivan, Tammuz, and Ab, commencing in May and ending in August. The autumn quarter extended through the months Elul, Tisri, and Marchesvan, commencing in August and ending in November. The winter quarter extended through the months 406 MISOELLANEO US TEXTS. Kislev, Tebet, and Sebat, commencing in November and ending in February. To agree with and precisely mark these periods, the heavens were divided into four regions, and the passage of the sun from one of these to another served to mark the change of season. In this tablet I have according to usual custom translated the signs for "' month " and "' day," but I believe in this case the word " day" means a degree of the heavens, and the word "month" a sign of the zodiac, so that instead of " From the 1st day of the month Addar to the 30th day of the month Iyyar," I should propose, "From the 1st degree of the sign Pisces to the 30th degree of the sign Taurus," and so on through the translation. The Assyrian year consisted, like the Jewish, of twelve lunar months, and in order to keep it in proper relation to the solar year, an intercalary month was sometimes added. In order to know when to add the extra month, they watched a star called the " star of stars," which was just in advance of the sun when it crossed the vernal equinox. If the moon was parallel with that on the first day of the month, they made no intercalation; but if it did not reach the star until the third day, it showed that the year (from the fact that twelve lunar months were short of the solar year) began too far in advance of the equinox, and therefore an intercalary month was added to bring it round again. The information with respect to the divisions of the heavens and the names of some of the stars in the different divisions, MISOELL ANEOUS TEXTS. 407 will enable us in time to give something like precision to our knowledge of the Babylonian astronomy. I have been able already with these aids to fix approxi-. mately, and in some cases to identify, about thirty of the principal stars. Four of these are given on the fragment of the astrolabe, the stars Urbat and Addil, which were in the sign Scorpio, and the stars Nibat-anu and Udka-gaba, which were in the sign Sagittarius. The star Nibat-anu has hitherto been erroneously supposed to be a planet. The fact that in this record the four quarters of the heavens do not commence with the new year, suggests the inquiry whether from the precession of the equinoxes the seasons had shifted since the first settlement of Babylonian astronomy. Another curious document of this class is an astrolabe, part of which I discovered in the palace of Sennacherib. In this the heavens and the year are represented by the circular form of the object, and round the circumference it was originally divided into twelve parts corresponding to the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve months of the year, the number of degrees in each being marked. Inside these there were twelve other divisions nearer the pole, forming a second and inner circle, and in each of the twentyfour divisions, the principal prominent star isinserted. The following diagram will give an idea of this work, remembering that the Assyrian copy is round a circle.: 408 MIS CtLLANEO US TEXTS. Outer circle. Arah-uru-gab-a Arah-gan-gan-na Month Marchesvanc Month Kislev (October) (November) Star Ur-bat Star Nibat-anu 140 120 degrees degrees Star Addil Star Ud-ka-gab-a 70 60 degrees degrees Pole. I am of opinion that the numbers under the month of Marchesvan, 140 and:70 degrees, are errors in the Assyrian copy, and should be 150'and 75 degrees. These and some other similar documents will be of great value towards arranging the Babylonian names of stars, and ascertaining their divisions of the heavens. All investigations into the astronomy of the Assyrians and Babylonians are of little use until the positions of the stars according to their system are fixed. In the valley of the Euphrates there were in those days observatories in most of the large cities, and professional astronomers regularly took observations of the heavens, copies of which.were sent to the king, as each movement or appearance in the heaven was supposed to portend some good or evil to the kingdom. The following report was found in the palace.of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik: MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 409 1. To the king my lord, thy servant Abil-istar, 2. May there be peace to the king my lord. May Nebo and Merodach 3. to the king my lord be favourable. Length of days, 4. health of body, and joy of heart, may the great gods 5. to the king my lord grant. Concerning the eclipse of the moon 6. of which the king my lord sent to me; in the cities of Akkad, 7. Borsippa, and Nipur, observations 8. they made and then in the city of Akkad 9. we saw part.... 10. the observation was made and the eclipse took place 11..... 12..... the eclipse over... 13..... saw?. 14. which on the tablet was written.... 15. I made the observation.. 16. This to the king my lord I send. 17. And when for the eclipse of the sun we made 18. an observation, the observation was made and it did not take place. 19. That which I saw with my eyes to the king my lord 20. I send. This eclipse of the moon 21. which did happen, concerns the countries 22. with their god all. Over Syria 410 MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 23. it closes, the country of Phaenicia, 24. of the Hittites, of the people of Chaldea, 25. but to the king my lord it sends peace, and according to 26. the observation, not the extending 27. of misfortune to the king my lord 28. may there be. The care of these people about the laws and justice may be seen by the following inscription found in the north palace, Kouyunjik. 1. When the king according to judgment does not speak; his people decay, his country is depressed. 2. When according to the laws of his country he does not speak; the god Hea, lord of destiny, 3.. his fate shall utter and he shall be set aside. 4. When according to good government he does not speak; his days shall be shortened. 5. When according to the good tablets he does not speak; his country shall know invasion. 6. When according to destruction he speaks; his country shall be broken up. 7. When according to the writings of the god Hea he speaks; the great gods 8. in glory and just praise shall seat him. 9. If the son of the city of Sippara, he beats and turns aside justice; Shamas the judge of heaven and earth, 10. another judge in his country shall place, and a just prince and just judge instead of unjust judges. 11. When the sons of the city of Nipur for judg. MISCOELLANEO US TEXTS. 411 ment shall come to him, and he shall take gifts and beat them; 12. The god Bel, lord of countries, another enemy 13. shall strengthen against him, and his army shall destroy. 14. The prince and his general in fetters like criminals shall be bound. 15. If silver the sons of Babylon bring and send presents, and 16.' the judge of the Babylonians listens and turns to injustice; 17. Merodach lord of heaven and earth his enemy over him shall establish, 18. and his goods and furniture to his adversary shall give. 19. The sons of Nipur, Sippara, and Babylon, who shall do this; 20. to prison shall be sent. There are several other lines to the same effect, and it appears that this is, like most of the tablets, a copy from a much older Babylonian original. The Assyrians had really little original literature of their own, almost all their writings being copies from early Babylonian texts. Another curious class of tablets consists of small texts, apparently directions to the workmen as to what inscriptions are to be carved over the various sculptures in the palace. I have translated one which I found in the south-west palace, Kouyunjik. 412 MISCELLANEO-US TEXTS. Tablet containing copies of Epigraphs over Sculptures. 1. In front of the decapitated head of Te-umman king of Elam, 2. whom Ishtar my lady had delivered into my hands, 3. my entry into the city of Arbela I made with rejoicing. 4. Dunanu, Samgunu, and Paliya 5. in the regions of the rising sun and the setting sun, 6. to the astonishment of the people with me, I fettered them. 7. With the decapitated head of Te-umman king of Elam, 8. the road to Arbela I took with rejoicing 9. I am Assurbanipal king of Assyria. The great men of Ursa 10. king of Armenia, to ask for my alliance he sent. 11. Nabu-damiq and Umbadara great men of Elam 12. in bonds for the defiance I placed in their presence. 13. Before them Mannu-ki-ahi the second man attazabni 14. and Ninip-uzalli the prefect before the city their tongues I pulled out, 15. I tore off their skins MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS. 413 16. Line of battle of Assurbanipal king of Assyria, who accomplished the overthrow of Elam 17. Line of battle of Te-umman king of Elam. 18. Head of Te-umman king of Elam. 19. I am Assurbanipal king of nations king of Assyria 20. conqueror of his enemies. The head of Teumman into the city of Nineveh 21. of Assur, Sin, Shamas, Bel, Nebo, Ishtar of Nineveh, 22. Ishtar of Arbela, Ninip, and Nergal, into the city the men of my arms joyfully 23. carried, in front of the great gate and before the viceroy of Assur placed it, 24. in front of my footstool. 25. I am Assurbanipal king of nations, king of Assyria, 26. Nabu-damiq and Umbadara the great men 27............. Each' space between the black lines contained an epigraph to go over the particular sculptured scene which it explained. All the epigraphs on this tablet belonged to the great war against Te-umman, which in the great cylinder is called the fifth campaign of the king. Similar epigraphs are found on the sculptures, and several of them are in the British Museum. 414 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS. The following tablet is a request or petition found in the palace of Sennacherib. It is from an officer named Bel-basa connected with the palace of Kalzi, an Assyrian city on the site of the modern Shemamak. It appears that the palace there was assigned as a residence to the wives of the king and had become dangerous from want of repair. Letter to the king of Assyria. 1. To the king my lord 2. from thy servant Bel-basa. 3. May there be peace to the king my lord, 4. Nebo and Merodach 5. the king my lord very 6. greatly bless. 7. Concerning the palace of the queen, 8. which is in the city of Kalzi 9. which the king my lord has appointed us; 10. the house is decaying, 11. the house the foundation is opening, 12. the foundations to bulge, 13. its bricks are bulging.. 14. When will the king our lord command 15. the master of works? 16. An order let him make, 17. that he may come, and the foundation 18. that he may strengthen. In connection with this tablet it may be noticed as a curious fact that Sennacherib mentions executing some works at the palace of Kalzi in B.c. 704. MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 415 The following inscription, which dates in the year B.C. 670, late in the reign of Esarhaddon, records the sale of a plantation or enclosure near the city of Lahiru, in the south-east of Assyria, and close to the Elamite frontier: Assyrian Deed of Sale. 1. Seal of Nergal-ilai the governor 2. of the city of Ljahiru; 3. Seal of Sin-sar-uzur the second man in the same; 4. ditto of Musasu the third man in the same; 5. ditto of Zabinu the director of the.... 6. making four men owners of the enclosure sold. [Here follow impressions of seals.] 7. The enclosure of Bahai, the whole of it; 8. measuring 500 of ground reckoned in sekul (acres), 9. bounded by the enclosure of Tabhari, 10. bounded by the ground of the enclosure of Zilli-bel the ruler of Sakullat, 11. bounded by the ground of the city of Paqut and of the city of Dur-mannai, 12. bounded by the ground of the enclosure of Ahiya-amnu and the enclosure of Zilli-bel; 13. they sold; and Adar-ili the officer 14. of the son of the king of Babylon 15 from before these men, 416 MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 16. for the sum of. fourteen manas (15 lbs.) of silver 17. bought.... of the king 18..... to be eaten 19.. sekul (acres) 20... kar abhi 21.... this year the silver on account of 22. placed, his ground 23. went out of that ground, the seed for its sowing 24. they had not sown; and its grain 25. he will not gather 26. Witness Sin-bel-uzur the great collector, 27. witness Salimha the third man 28. of the palace, 29. witness Bel-nahid minister of the son of the king, 30. witness Mannu-ki-assur the scribe, 31. witness Maruduk-sarani... 32. witness Ginai the Elamite 33. witness Nabu-musa the scribe 34. Month Iyyar, 1st- day, 35. in the eponymy of Salmu-bel-lasmi 36. governor of the city of Diri. [On edge of tablet.] 37. Bounded by the ground of the enclosure 38. of La.... In this inscription Esarhaddon is spoken of simply as the king of Babylon, which makes it probable that MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 417 he had already associated his eldest son, Assurbanipal, with himself on the throne, and had resigned Assyria to him, retaining Babylon for himself. The accession of Assurbanipal will thus be some years earlier than I have formerly supposed, and probably took place in B.C. 671. Adar-ili, who purchased this field, was governor of Lahiru three years earlier; he was now promoted to be an officer of Assurbanipal, while Nergal-ilai replaced him at Lahiru. Bel-nahid, the third of the witnesses, was a fear years later made tartan or commander-in-chief. Another of these deeds of sale in the new collection is an illustration of the slavery which then as now existed in the Euphrates valley. This tablet records the sale of a girl to one of the women of the palace of Sennacherib, and it is dated in the monarch's one eponymy in the year B.C. 687. This girl was probably intended ibr the harem of the king. Tablet with record of the sale of a female slave front the Palace of Sennachelrib, Kouyunjik. 1. Seal of the woman Daliya 2. mistress of the girl who was sold. Space for seals. 3. The girl Anadalati 4. daughter of Sayaradu 5. she sold, and Ahitilli 6. female of the palace, from the hand E 418 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS. 7. of the woman Daliya for tne price 8. of one half mana of silver bought. 9. The sale was complete and she gave 10. that girl 11. for the price she was bought, 12. and judgment was given 13. not to alter, which in.... [Several lines lost here containing the names of the witnesses.] [Date.] a. Month Sebat, 22nd day b. eponymy of Sennacherib king of Assyria. Some of the syllabaries and bilingual lists in tbe new collection are of great value to students, but it is impossible to exhibit them properly in a work like the present without the cuneiform characters. Tcwo of these include explanations of the ancient names of some of the capitals of Assyria and Babylonia; another explains the names of the various guards and watches, and the signs for classes of mel,. Another is the syllabary in four columns which I have before mentioned, p. 101. Among numerous other signs, it gives the following values of one which is usually read im:1. Pu-luh-tu, fear. 2. Ra-ma-nu, self. 3. E-mu-qu, power. 4. Zu-um-ru, back or skin. 5. Sa-mu, heaven. 6. Ir-zi-tu, earth. MISCELLANEO US TEXTS. 419 7. A-hu-u, brother. 8. Di-du, friend. 9. Sa-a-ru, wind. 10. Zu-un-nu, rain. 11. Dup-pu, tablet. Many inscriptions of this class, and others similar to those in this chapter, are not yet copied or translated, and further work on this part of the collection will, without doubt, reveal new and important texts. CHAPTER XXI. FOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. Baghdad lion.-Egyptian m onarch.-Ra-set-nub or Saites.Founder of Shepherd power.-Tablet of Rameses.-Date of monument.-Hyksos. —Expelled by Amosis.-Worship of Set. -Type of Lion.-Hamath inscription.-Seals at Nineveh. — Cypriote inscription.- Phoenician texts. —Contract tablets.Pehlevi inscriptions.- Later texts. -Nisibin.-Destruction of monuments. ESIDE the cuneiform inscriptions found in the Euphrates valley, I found or saw several inscriptions in other characters. One of these is an hieroglyphic inscription on a stone lion. This lion was discovered some years ago in an excavation at Baghdad, and a copy of the inscription upon it was published in " La Religion des Pr&-IsrAelites, Recherches sur le Dieu Seth," by W. Pleyte, plate i. figs. 9 and 10. I saw this antiquity when I was at Baghdad and purchased it for the British Museum. The lion is sitting down with the front legs stretched out, and FOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. 421 the inscription containing the name and title of one of the Egyptian monarchs is carved on the breast. The royal name is read by Dr. Birch, Ra-set-nub. Ra-set-nub is the monarch called Saites by Manetho, who relates that he was the leader of the Hyksos, a foreign shepherd race who invaded Egypt and conquered all the lower part of the country. Ra-set-nub, or Saites, is mentioned on a tablet of Rameses II. king of Egypt, about B.C. 1300. Rameses relates that it was then 400 years after the era of Ra-set-nub, which would give about B.C. 1700 for the conquest of Egypt by the shepherd race, and this will, consequently, be the date of the lion. The Hyksos are supposed to have been a Phaenician or Arabian race; they held the country until they were expelled by Amosis, an Egyptian prince who restored the native rule about B.C. 1.500. The Hyksos worshipped Sut or Set, who is identified with Baal, instead of the supreme gods of the Egyptians, and the name of Set forms one of the elements in the cartouch of the monarch in whose reign the lion was carved. The feelings of the Egyptians against the foreigners on religious grounds were very strong, and few of their monuments have escaped to this day, but those that have been discovered show a peculiar type and style of art different to those of the native Egyptian periods. In style this lion resembles the other known works of the shepherd period, the character of the sculpture closely according with the inscription It is pro 122 FOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. bable that this lion was removed from one of the Egyptian temples during the period of Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of that country B.C. 5 72, as it was th& custom at that time to carry away monuments as trophies of victory. Another hieroglyphic inscription which I saw at Aleppo is a new text in the so-called Hamath character. As yet very few texts have been found in this strange form of writing, and nothing whatever is known of the meaning of the inscriptions. Almost all the previous inscriptions of this class have been found at Hamath, and from this cause they have been provisionally called " Hamath inscriptions," but it is evident from the other specimens found that these characters were by no means confined to that locality. The characters are evidently hieroglyphic, but totally different to the hieroglyphics of Egypt. They contain representations of human figures, hands, boots, heads, fishes, trees, and various other signs. The race which used these hieroglyphics must have been spread over a large area in Syria, but which of the peoples who inhabited these regions were the authors of the inscriptions we are at present quite unable to say. The text which I found at Aleppo is on a black oblong stone, built into the wall of an old mosque now in ruins. The inscription is in two lines, the character in relief, closely resembling the specimens from Hamath. It is a curious fact that among the seals found by Mr. Layard in the palace of Sennacherib were some FOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. 423 inscribed'iith Hamath characters (see "Early Sassanian Inscriptions," by Edward Thomas, pp. 7 and 8), showing the use of these hieroglyphics during the Assyrian period, but the larger stone inscriptions appear older in style than the seals. Some scholars have supposed that this writing is connected with the Arabic kingdom, which was contemporary with the Assyrian empire, and attempts have been made to identify the names on the seals, but it is evident that the localities where the stone inscriptions are found are not within the limits of the Arabic kingdom; Hamath, Antioch, and Aleppo are all in Syria. Among the antiquities which I discovered in the north palace at Kouyunjik, the residence of Assurbanipal, were several objects which appeared to have come from Cyprus, and one of these had three Cypriote characters upon it. T his object is in the shape of a truncated cone with four sides, the characters being scratched on one of the faces. OBJECT WITH CYPRIOTI, There is a hole for suspension, CHARACTERS. and the object appears to have been a curtaih weight or something of that sort. Such objects are very common, but seldom marked with any characters. The principal of the foreign texts found in the Assyrian and Babylonian mounds are Phoenician, and are contemporary with the cuneiform inscriptions, and often found as dockets. to. the contract tablets of that period. 424 FTOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. The oldest Phoenician inscriptions I found belonged to the period of the dynasty of Sargon, who reigned from B.C. 722 to 609, and they came from the library of the south-west palace at Kouyunjik, the building raised by Sennacherib. The first of these is on an oblong tablet of dark clay inscribed on the front and back with cuneiform characters. It forms a contract between some persons of the poorer class, the parties not even, possessing seals, but, after the custom of the country among the lower ranks of the population, impressing their finger nails on the document instead. The contract is with respect to a field the owner of which bore the name Iluhmalek. Ilu-malek sold this field, which measured 30 omers in extent, to a Inan named Mannu-ki-.-... the price being 11 shekels of silver (about 6 oz.) The date is unfortunately wanting, but it' probably belongs to the seventh century B.C. The Phoenician legend is beautifully incised along the edge of the tablet, and is very sharp and clear. Transcribed into Hebrew letters it reads The words are divided by dots and the meaning of the inscription is clear. nor is the word for " sale." l~s, Almalak, is the proper name of the owner, answering to the Ilu-malak of the cuneiform text.,r is a particle meaning "this " or " the," here to be rendered " of the." p~-, a " field," this word is used for "earth" in Jer. x. -10. FO REIGN INSCRIPTIONS. 425 Mr1 means'cultivated." Castelli translates this root "'demersus." The meaning of the inscription will thus be: "The sale by Almalak of the cultivated field" — exactly agreeing with the statement of the cuneiform inscription on the tablet. The second of these inscriptions is obscure. It is on a beautiful conical shaped tablet, perfect, and inscribed with a cuneiform legend recording the sale of thirty omers of barley. There is a hole in the base of the tablet through which a cord appears to have been passed to fasten round the mouth of the sack containing the grain. On one side are impressions of a seal, and also along the edge and at the base, with a Phoenician legend. The date of the document is " Month Marchesvan, 17th day, in the eponymy of Mannu-ki-sari, officer of the king," about B.C. 665. The Phoenician legend on the base in Hebrew letters reads:.~tr,.r'mwp. Here the first part nrtp is obscure. The second tNowU is the name of barley. On the side of the tablet the legend is,~r 10 + 20: here are two numbers which together make 30, the number of the omers of barley; but the meaning of the following letters is altogether uncertain, the r may be the initial letter of the word "omers" and may possibly be used as a contraction for that word, and the last letters,n- look like the end of the name Nabu-duri, which belongs to one of the contracting parties. Perhaps,n Naduri is used for Nabu-duri, and omittingthe opening characters per 426 FORBEIGN INSCRIPTIONS. haps we may read: ".... the barley 30 o(mers) of Na (bujduri." From the same locality I procured part of a longer text in Phaenician, a small part only of which is legible, in Hebrew letters it is 1.... b..... 2.... 3....... From the ruins of Babylon I brought copies of two Phoeniciai inscriptions on bricks probably belonging to the sixth century B.C. the first of which is: t-r.vt apparently a proper name and the second in the same style reads: 5't. Beside these I saw at Aleppo a Phoenician inscription on a seal. There is a figure of a boar in the centre and a line of inscription above and below. The characters are not very certain, but appear to be,1. nDv5n 2. "rDt Here the first line may be the proper name of the owner of the seal, Melek-satur, and the second the title of the individual. rpD is used in the Bible for an officer, overseer, or judge. This seal is the property of the Russian consul at Aleppo, who kindly allowed me to take an impression of it. In the various alphabets current in the East after the fall' of the Persian empire, I found several inscriptions. Most of these were in Pehlevi, a mode of writing derived from the Phuenician, and used in the East during the period of the Roman empire. The principal Pehlevi inscriptions which I copied, or brought from Asiatic Turkey, are:I. An inscription in four lines on a circular pillar FOREIGN INSCRIPTIONS. 427 now standing in the courtyard of the fort erected by the Turks on the north mound of Kalah Shergat. II. An inscription on a column in the citadel at Orfa. III. An inscription on a circular ornament with figures round it, like the signs of the zodiac. IV. An inscription painted on a flat fragment of bone discovered in the palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik. V. An inscription scratched on flat fragments of baked clay from the same locality. The two last are in the new collection. Greek, Roman, and Arabic inscriptions were also found in various places, but these were out of the limits of my researches, and I copied very few of them. I may,'however, notice that there appears to be, a rich store of inscriptions of all ages at Nisibin, and the natives were digging into the mounds there for stones when I passed. Large blocks, broken into fragments, covered with fine Latin inscriptions, were turned up; but as there was no one to look after them, I believe they will all be destroyed. The Turkish officials, while always ready to oppose researches and prevent the discovery or removal of monuments, never hinder the natives from destroying antiquities. CHAPTER XXII. OBJECTS ILLUSTRATING ARTS AND CUSTOMS. Larger sculptures already discovered. —Hand in wall.-Lintel.-Head of Ishtar.-Shoulder of statue.-Winged bull.Assyrian columns. Crystal throne.-Crystal vase.-Nama of Sennacherib.-Lamps. —Lamp feeder.-Assyrian fork.-Glass. -Roman bottle. - Glass seal.- Pottery. —Cypriote style.Chariot group. -Commerce.-Personal ornaments. —Rings.Beads.-Seals. —Later occupation of mound.-Destruction of antiquities. MONG the things now brought from the Assyrian mounds there is a fair collection of new objects and types, throwing new light on the customs of Assyria and the advancement of the country in arts and sciences. During the former excavations, most of the sculptured halls at Kouyunjik and Nimroud had been discovered, and my excavations were undertaken in the centres of the rooms and the minor portions of the buildings, so that I had no opportunity of discovering large sculptures or portals, and the rooms I OBJEOTS ILLUSTRATING ABTS. 429 discovered in the domestic parts of the palaces were bare of sculpture and inferior in ornamentation. At Nimroud I found the position of those curious rude models of hands which were placed in the walls fist upwards, their object was probably to preserve the place against evil spirits. The inscription on one I found reads- X 1. Palace of Assur-nazir-pal, king of nations, king of Assyria. 2. Son of Tugulti-ninip, king of nations, king of Assyria. 3. Son of Vul-nirari, king of nations, OUND IN WALL. king of Assyria. Assur-nazir-pal, B.C. 885, built the north-west palace at iNimroud. In the southern hall of the south-west palace, Kouyunjik, which is of the age of Sennacherib, B.c. 705, I discovered the lintel of a door which appeared to have covered one of the passages out of the hall. It was probably the custom of the Assyrians to construct the lintels and roofs of wood, and they have all been destroyed, but this one, spanning a narrow passage, was made of stone, and to this fact we probably owe its preservation. It had fallen from its original position, and lay broken into two on the floor of the hall. This lintel gives us our first satisfactory evidence as to the ornamentation of the tops of entrances in the palace. The stone is 6 ft. long and 10 inches deep; the principal ornament consists of two 430 OBJECTS ILLUS TRATING dragons lengthened out to suit the positions; they have wings over the back, and long curved necks. Each animal looks towards the centre of the lintel, where there stands a vase with two handles. All along the top over the vase and dragons is an ornament of honeysuckles, and above this a plain projecting ledge. The lintel is somewhat worn by the weather, but was originally roughly and boldly carved to suit its height from the ground. Of statues I only found fragments, but two of these are curious. One is the head of a female divinity, probably the Venus of Nineveh. The cheeks are plump, there is a band or fillet round the forehead, the hair is thrown back behind the ears, and falls in masses of curls on. the shoulders. The statue to which this has belonged has been broken up, and the nose and lips injured. The height of the head is 9 inches, and the breadth of the face 5 inches. The second specimen is a fragment of a colossal statue belonging to the period of Assurbanipal. It is the left shoulder of a figure, made of a black stone full of fossils. There is an inscription on the back of the statue, giving the descent of Assurbanipal from Esarhaddon, Sennacherib, and Sargon. I discovered some remains of two black obelisks carved with bands of sculpture and cuneiform writing, but unfortunately, like the statues, broken into fragments. I conjecture that one of the obelisks belonged to Samsi-vul, king of Assyria, n.c. 825. A very curious and beautiful little specimen, ARTS AND CUSTOMS. 431 discovered at Kouyunjik, is a small model in fine yellow stone of a winged cow or bull, with a human head, the neck adorned with a necklace, the head surmounted by a cylindrical cap adorned with horns and rosette ornaments, and wings over the back. On the top of the wings stands the base of a column, having the uniform pattern found on Assyrian bases. The dimensions of this figure are, length 3 inches, breadth 1~ inches, present height (feet broken off) 3 inches, probable original height 3- inches, height of base of column 3 inch, diameter of base of column 1. inches. This figure, although not precisely like them, reminds one strongly of the colossal winged man-headed bulls at the sides of Assyrian portals; it has probably formed part of an ornamental chair or couch, the pillars and legs- of such furniture sometimes resting on the backs of animals. The disposition of columns over the backs of animals is in accordance with the known features of Assyrian architecture, as represented on the sculptures. At the ruined entrance of the north palace, Kouyunjik, I found two bases of columns. The pedestals were 14 inches by 10 inches and 3 inches high. Over these the circular work was 8- inches in diameter, with a flat circle to receive the column, the total height of base and pedestal being 8 inches. The furniture of the royal palace appears to have been very magnificent, skilful in execution, and often of valuable or beautiful material. Thrones and fragments of thrones have been found in bronze and 482 OBJECTS ILL USTRATING ivory, and during my excavations in Sennacherib's palace I discovered several portions of a throne of rock crystal. This, so far as preserved, was similar in shape to the bronze throne, and beautifully turned and polished. As the crystal throne is too fragmentary to copy, I here give an engraving of the bronze throne found by Layard at Nimroud, to show BRONZE TIHRONE, Discovered by Mr. Layard at Nimroud. the shape of these objects. Accompanying this were fragments of vases and cups in the same material, one of them bearing the name of Sennacherib in cuneiform characters. In my collection there are several lamps; but I have no satisfactory evidence that they are Assyrian. Some of them are Roman, but one or two appear Assyrian in style, and I believe belong ARITS AND O USTOMS. 433 to the time of that empire. There is one curious Assyrian object of this class, a lamp-feeder in the shape of a sitting bird. There is a curious neck over the back, through which it was filled with oil, and a TERRA-COTTA LMP,. TERtRACOTTA LAMP FEEDER. beak in front of the breast,. through which it discharged it into the lamp. I found two of these objects in the palace of Assurbanipal, one I brought to England, the other I gave to the Imperial Museum at Constantinople. One curious and unique specimen in the new collection is a bronze fork to which I have already called attention (p. 147); it is entirely Assyrian in style and ornament, and of very fine work. The end of the handle is terminated by the head of an ass, the ears stretched out and lying one on each side of the handle. This termination in the head of an animal is a feature seen in the Assyrian representations of ornamental implements. The handle of the fork is ornamented with a spiral cable ornament, and it expands and becomes flattened out at its junction with the prongs, forming a F F 434 OBJECTS ILL1USTRATING shoulder which is ornamented by small incised circles, and a fringe of lines. The length of the fork is 8 in., the breadth of the shoulder jin., and the length of the prongs 2- in. This fork was found in the long gallery of the palace of Sennacherib, among the clay tablets on the floor. There are several other bronze ornaments and implements, including a bronze bracket, bronze dishes and ladles, and a specimen of the styles with which the cuneiform characters were inscribed. The glass in the collection belongs mostly to the postAssyrian period, but there is one remarkable exception. This is a paste seal in shape of a scarab, with hole BRONZE BRACKET. pierced through it longitudinally; the back is oval and the front has the device of the royal Assyrian seal, the king" killing a rampant lion. Most of the figure of the king is, however, BRONZE SITLE. lost by a fracture. There are several beautiful specimens of iridescent glass bottles, including a fine blue glass Roman bottle with two faces, one on each side of the body. The pottery found in the course of the excavation is, as might be expected, very A BRTS AND C USTOMS. 435 miscellaneous in character: Phoenician, Assyrian, Egyptian,- Parthian, Persian, and early Arabic are all represented in the collection, and some of the specimens resemble the Lydian and Cypriote vases. From the temple area I obtained part of a chariot group in terra cotta similar to the. early Cypriote specimens, the height of the charioteer being 5 in. without the legs, which are lost, and the diameter of the wheel 4 in. The extensive commerce of the Assyrians, and the influence of the empire on distant countries, accounts for the mixture of styles in these things, many of which may have come by way of barter or tribute. The number of personal ornaments in the collection is small, consisting of beads in,old; silver, and stones, bracelets and rings ill glass and carnelian, and a massive silver ring with anl iron die set in it instead of a stone. Most of these orlllaments are late, belonging to tine Greek anlld some of them to the Arabic period; but two caxrncli:il rings, one with an engraving of a scorpion, are Assyrian. Clay impressions of Assyrian seals are nllilerous and very fine. They include several roytrl seals, the royal seal of Sargon, B.C. 722, the royal sefal of Assurbanipal, B.C. 668, beside many other specimens. Of other seals there are good specimens, among which are impressions of the king walking, with attendant behind holding umbrella. The miscellaneous objects from the mound of Kouyunjik serve evidently to show that Nineveh was not abandoned when the Assyrian monarchy was 436 OBJEOTS ILLUSTRATING ARTS. destroyed, but that the site continued to be inhabited for centuries afterwards, and the later inhabitants have in a great measure gradually destroyed the great works which their predecessors had raised. CHAPTER XXIII. CONCLUSION. Difficulty of work.-Short time. —Good results.-Babylonian kings.- Assyrian kings. - New inscriptions. - Uncertainty of chronology.-Assyrian history.-Jewish history.-Pul.-New light on the Bible.-Origin of Babylonian civilization.-Turanian race. —Semitic conquest.-Flood legends.- Mythology. —Con. nection with Grecian mythology.-Astronomy. —Architecture. — Importance of future excavations. N the previous chapters I have described my travels and researches, and have given some account of the more prominent results of the expeditions. So far as my two visits to the East are concerned, they were both of such short duration that they could not yield such complete or satisfactory results as I could have wished; but the great number of interesting inscriptions I discovered under such difficulties, and in so limited a space of time, ought to speak strongly in favour of completer and systematic excavations on these ancient sites. My excavations at the two sites of Kouyunjik and Nimnroud, taking out the period I was stopped by the Turkish officials altogether did 438 CON CL USION. not last four months, but so rich were these mines of antiquities that I obtained over 3,000 inscriptions and fragments of inscriptions, beside many other objects. These inscriptions and objects were not of slight interest, but included some texts and antiquities of first-class importance. In one great and valuable direction the expeditions have been quite successful, the majority of the fragments of inscriptions found form parts of texts the other portions of which were already in the British Museum, and the new fragments enable us either to complete or greatly enlarge several of these inscriptions. Perhaps in no part of cuneiform enquiry have the late researches added more to our knowledge than in early Babylonian history. The list of monarchs. in the second edition of Rawlinson's "Ancient Monarchies," published in 1871, after I had commenced my researches, only then contained twenty-eight kings from the inscriptions in the period before B. C. 747.1 From B.C. 747 downwards the kings' were well known from the canon of Ptolemy and other sources. As I have not yet published any complete list of the Babylonian and Assyrian monarchs, I will here give them so far as they are discovered, to show the advance made in the history and chronology of these early kingdoms. List of Babylonian monarchs:I See Rawlinson's "Ancient Monarchies," second edition, vol. i. p. 171, and vol. iii. p. 43. CONOL USION. 439 MYTHICAL KIINGS BEFORE THE FLOOD. From the Inscriptions. From Berosus Adi-ur Alorus...... Alaparus Almelon...... Ammenon...... Amegalarus...... 0 Daonus Aedorachus...... Amempsin Ubara-tutu Otiartes Hasis-adra Xisithrus In whose -time the deluge happened. MYTHICAL KINGS AFTER THE DELUGE. From Berosus. Evechus. Chomosbelus. From the Inscri2tions. lu.....-kassat his son. Bel-agu-nunna. Abil-kisu. HISTORICAL PERIOD. Izdubar (probably the Nimrod of the Bible). Kings of Babylon. Suqumuna. 440 CONOL USI ON. Ummih-zirritu. Agu-rabi. Abi.... Tassi-gurubar. Agu-kak-rimi (restored the temple of Bel) * * * * 0 * Sumu. Zabu (built the temples of Venus and the sun at Sippara). Abil.... Sin.. Viceroys. Be-huk )viceroys of Eridu. Mi-sa-dimira-kalammi 5 Idadu viceroy of Eridu, Adi-anu viceroy of Zerghul, Gudea viceroy of Zerghul, Ilu-mutabil viceroy of Diri. Iings of Ur (modern lfugheir). Urukh (founded many temples). Dungi his son (continued his works). Gunguna son of Ismi-dagan king of Karak. CON OCLUSION. 441 Su-agu. Amar-agu (built the city of Abu-Shahrein). Ibil-agu. Kings of Karrak. Gamil-ninip built a temple at Nipur. Isbi-barra. Libit-anunit. Ismi-dagan built a palace at Ur. Ilu-... zat. Kings of Erech (modern Warka). Belat-sunat (a queen). Sin-gasit rebuilt the temple of Anna. Kings of Larsa (modern Seulcereh). Nur-vul. Gasin.... Sin-idina. Rim-agu son of Kudur-mabuk. Kings of Akkad. Ai... Amat-nim. Sargon (the Babylonian Moses, reigned 45 years). Naram-sin his son. Ellat-gula (a female). Elamite Kings. Kudur-nanhundi (reigned B.c. 2280).. Chedorlaomer (Genesis ch. xiv.) Simti-silhak. Kudur-mabuk lis son conquered Syria.. 442 COONOL USIO. Native Kings Contemporary with the Elamites.... zakir-idin Bel-zakir-uzur. In time of Kudur-nanhundi. Amraphel king of Shinar In time of Arioch king of Elassar Chedorlaomer Tidal king of Goim - (Genesis). Kings of Babylon. Hammu-rabi (conquered Kudur-mabuk and his soin) Samsu-itibna rebuilt temple of Babylon. Ammi-dikaga. Kuri-galzu I. Simmas-sihu I. Ulam-buriyas. 16th century B.c.? Nazi-murudas I. Mili-sihu I. Burna-buriyas I, Kara-bel. Saga-saltiyas (rebuilt the temples of Sippara). Harbi-sihu. Kari-indas, B.C. 1450 (made a treaty with Assyria). Burna-buriyas II., B.C. 1430 (married daughter of king of Assyria). Kara-hardas, B.C. 1410 (murdered). Nazi-bugas, B.C. 1400 (an usurper). Kuri-galzu' II., B.C. 1380,. son of Burna-buriyas. CON CL USION. 443 Mili-sihu II. his son, B.C. 1350. Merodach Baladan I. his son, B.C. 1325. Nazi-murudas II., B.c. 1300. Assyrian Dynasty. Tugulti-ninip, B.C. 1271 (conquered Babylonia). Vul.. bi, B.C. 1230. Zamama-zakir-idin, B.C. 1200. Chaldean Kings. Nebuchadnezzar I., B.C. 1150. Kara-buriyas, B.c. 1120. Maruduk-nadin-ahi, B.C. 1100. Maruduk-sapik-zirrat, B.C. 1090..... sadua, B.C. 1080. Simmas-sihu, reigned 17 years. Hea-mukin-ziri (an usurper), reigned 3 months. Kassu-nadin-ahu, reigned 6 years. Ulbar-surki-idina, reigned 15 years. Nebu?-chadnezzar II., reigned 2 years. suqamuna, reigned 3 months. (After these an Elamite, reigned 6 years.) Vul-pal-idina (built the wall of Nipur). Nabu-zakir-ilkun at war with Assyria. Iriba-maruduk. Merodach Baladan II. his son. Vul-zakir-uzur. 444 CON CL USIO N. Sibir invaded South Assyria. Nabu-bal-idina, B.C. 880 to 853. Maruduk-zakir-izkur, B.C. 853. Maruduk-balasu-ikbu, B.c. 820. Nabu-nazir (Nabonassur), B.C. 747. Nabu-usabsi (Nabius), n.c. 734. Kin-ziru (Chinzirus), B.C. 732. Ilulueus (not in the inscriptions), B.C. 727. Merodach Baladan III. (Mardokembad), B.C. 722. Sargon (Arceanus), B.C. 710. Hagisa (not in the inscriptions), B.C. 705. Merodach Baladan III. (restored), B.C. 705.. Bel-ibni (Belibus), B.C. 703. Assur-nadin-sum (Apronadissus), B.C. 700. Irregibelus (not in the inscriptions), B.C. 694. Suzub (Messesimordachus?), B.c. 693. (Babylon destroyed, B.C. 689.) Esarhaddon, restores Babylon B.C. 681. Saul-mugina (Saosduchinus), B.C. 668. Assurbanipal (Chiniladanus?), B.C. 648. Bcl-zakir-iskun, B.C. 626. Nabu-pal-uzur (Nabopolassar), B.C. 626. Nabu-kudur-uzur (Nebuchadnezzar III.), B.C. 605. Amil-maruduk (Evil-merodach), B.C. 562. Nergal-sar-uzur (Neriglissar), B.C. 560. Ulbar-surki-idina (Labarosoarkodus?), B.C. 556. Nabu-nahid (Nabonidus), B.C. 556. UO N CL USIO N. 445 Bel-sar-uzur (Belshazzar) son of Nabonidus, associated with his father on the throne. Cyrus conquers Babylon, B.C. 539. In the period before Hammurabi there were several different kingdoms in the country, and it was only occasionally that Babylonia was united under one sceptre. List of the Assyrian Kings with their Approximate Dates. Ismi-dagan B.C. 1850 to 1820. Samsi-vul I.,, 1820,, 1800. Igur-kap-kapu Samsi-vul Il. Igur-pSamsi-vul IL 3about B.C. 1800. Ilu-ba Iritak. 3 about B.C. 1750. Bel-kap-kapu about B.C. 1700. I e-onAdasi)} about n.c. 1650. Bel-bani Assur-zakir-esir } about B.C. 1600. Ninip-tugul-assuri Iriba-vul about B.C. 1550. Assur-nadin-ahi Assur-nirari Is about B.C. 1500. Assur-bel-nisisu B.C. 1450 to 1420. Buzur-assur,, 1420,, 1400. Assur-ubalid,, 1400,, 1370. Bel-nirari,, 1370,, 1350. Budil,, 1-350,, 1330. 4b4A6 C O N CQL USI ON. Vul-nirari I. B.C. 1330 to 1300. Shalmaneser I.,, 1300,, 1271. Tugulti-ninip I.,, 1271,, 1240. Bel-kudur-uzur,, 1240,, 1220'. Ninip-pal-esar,, 1220,, 1200. Assur-dan I.,, 1200,, 1170. Mugtagil-nusku,, 1170,, 1150. Assur-risilim,, 1150,, 1120. Tiglath-Pileser I.,, 1120,, 1100. Assur-bel-kala,, 1100,, 1080. Samsi-vul III.,,.1080,, 1060. Assur-rab-amar or about B.C. 1050. Assur-rabbur ) -nimati about B.C. 1000. Assur-dan II. B.C. 930 to 913. Vul-nirari II.,, 913,, 891. Tugulti-ninip II.,, 891,, 885. Assur-nazir-pal,, 885,, 860. Shalmaneser II.,, 860,, 825. Assur-dain-pal (rebel king) B.C. 827. Samsi-vul IV. B.C. 825 to 812. Vul-nirari III.,, 812,, 783. Shalmaneser III.,, 783,, 773. Assur-dan III.,, 773,, 755. Assur-nirari II.,, 755,, 745. Tiglath-Pileser II.,, 745,, 727. Shalmaneser IV.,, 727,, 722. Sargon,, 722,, 705. Sennacherib,, 705,, 681. CONCL USION. 447 Esarhaddon B.C. 681 to 668. Assur-bani-pal,, 668,, 626; Bel-zakir-iskun,, 626,, 620. Assur-ebil-ili,, 620,, 607. In the period of early Babylonian history the new inscriptions of Agu, Merodach Baladan I., and other monarchs, enable us to extend our knowledge in this direction, but an inspection of the list of kings given above shows how defective our information still remains on this subject. It is quite uncertain how far back the records of Babylonia reach, and the lists of kings are too imperfect to construct any satisfactory scheme from them; but it is certain that they reach up to the twenty-fourth century B.C., and some scholars are of opinion that they stretch nearly two.thousand years beyond that time. Certainly a civilization, literature, and government like that which we find in Babylonia 2,000 years before the Christian era could'not have arisen in a day, and it will probably require many expeditions to the country before we ascertain its primitive history. The early history of Assyria is in little better condition than that of Babylonia, but the succession of the kings is clearer and the information fuller. The Assyrian power was a single monarchy from the beginning, and gradually grew by conquering the smaller states around it, and there is consequently a uniformity in its records and traditions which makes them easier to follow than those of the sister kingdom. The new inscriptions, particularly that of Vul-nirari I., 448 OO N COLUSION. give us new and welcome material for estimating the progress of Assyria in early times, and it appears that the country gained a prominent place in the world much earlier than some have supposed. The period of Assyrian history contemporary with the kings of Judah and Israel is the most interesting and important epoch in their annals, and new and valuable material has been added to this part of the subject, the additions and corrections to the history of Tiglath-Pileser, the new portions of the annals of Sargon, giving his campaign against Ashdod and Palestine, the Sennacherib fragments, Esarhaddon's Egyptian and Syrian wars, the new texts of Assurbanipal mentioning Sabako, and the fragments of his successors, all help in thlis interesting but stiil in part obscure portion of Assyrian history. On one much debated point, the comparative chronology of the Assyrian and Jewish kingdoms, the recent expeditions have added nothing to what we already know. The most remarkable circumstance in the whole matter is the fact that the Assyrian king. Pul who first reduced the kingdom of Israel under regular taxation has never been discovered; this is the more curious as despatches have been found written by an officer who bore that name. One of the letters from the Assyrian officer Pul is in the new collection. The light already thrown by the Assyrian inscriptions on Biblical history forms one of the most interesting features in cuneiform inquiry, and there can be no question that further researches CONCL USION. 449 will settle many of the questions still in doubt, and give us new information in this field, of an important character. Of the later Babylonian period, the time of Nebuchadnezzar and his successors, there are a few new dated documents and some useful inscriptions of the same sort belonging to the succeeding Persian empire; but the most valuable of the later inscriptions is the one which fixes the date of the rise of the Parthian empire, so long a point of doubt among chronologists. Intimately connected with these historical studies is the question of the origin and history of the great Turanian race which first established civilization in the Euphrates valley. It is the opinion of the majority of Assyrian scholars that the civilization, literature, mythology, and science of Babylonia and Assyria, were not the work of a Semitic race, but of a totally different people, speaking a language quite distinct from that of all the Semitic tribes. There is, however, a more remarkable point than this; it is supposed that at a very early period the Akkad or Turanian population, with its high cultivation and remarkable civilization, was conquered by the Semitic race, and that the conquerors imposed only their language on the conquered, adopting from the subjugated people its mythology, laws, literature, and almost every art of civilization. Such a curious revolution would be without parallel in the history of the world, and the most singular point in connection with the subject is the entire silence of the inscriptions G G 450 CONCL USION. as to any such conquest. There does not appear any break in their traditions or change in the character of the country to mark this great revolution, and the question of how the change was effected or when it took place is at present quite obscure. The new syllabaries and bilingual tablets will assist in the discussion of these obscure and intricate questions, but we cannot hope that they will be settled until the study of the inscriptions is much further advanced. On the- subject of the myths and traditions current in the Euphrates valley, there is valuable new matter from the recent excavations. The most interesting of these legends, that of the flood, is now much more complete. A comparison of my first translation of the deluge tablet, made before I started for the East, with the new translation published in this volume, will show the additions and corrections gained through the new matter; and all the other legends connected with this tablet have benefited in an equal proportion. There is one point which I did not allude to in my account of the Izdubar legends, namely, the great antiquity claimed in it for the principal cities in Babylonia. In a fragment of this series of legends which I recently discovered, Izdubar, when lamenting the loss of Hea-bani, calls upon the principal cities in his dominion to join him in his mourning. Among the cities mentioned are Babylon, Cutha, Kisu, Harriskalamma, Erech, Nipur, and the list, when complete, evidently contained several other names. In the division of mythology there are CONCL USION. 451 new tablets of various classes, lists of gods, myths, prayers, hymns, and litanies, some that I have translated here being fair specimens of this class. The value of the Assyrian and Babylonian mythology rests not only on its curiosity as the religious system of a great people, but on the fact that here we must look, if anywhere, for the origin and explanation of many of the obscure points in the mythology of Greece and Rome. It is evident that in every way the classical nations of antiquity borrowed far more from the valley of the Euphrates than that of the Nile, and Chaldea rather than Egypt, is the home even of the civilization of Europe. In one line of science is the pre-eminence of Babylonia universally acknowledged, and that is astronomy. The climate of the country, and the clearness of the atmosphere, with the vast unbroken plain of Chaldea, give every facility for the observation of the heavens, and here accordingly we find astronomy was early cultivated and reached a high state of perfection. The Chaldeans mapped out the heavens and arranged the stars, they traced.the motions of the planets, and observed the appearance of comets, they'fixed the signs orthe zodiac and the constellations of the stars, and they studied the sun and moon and the periods of eclipses. Among the new tablets on these points the one recording the division of the heavens according to the four seasons, and the rule for regulating the inter 452 CONCL USION. calary month of the year, and the fragment of the Assyrian astrolabe, are especially valuable. In the other classes of tablets-the fables, the omen and witchcraft texts, those on the laws, geography, natural history, and the foreign texts-there are many additions which will hereafter engage the attention of scholars and throw new light on the manners and customs of the country. Compared with former expeditions the last excavations have given little on the subjects of art and architecture; but there are some unique objects, particularly the lintel found in Sennacherib's palace, which show us a new and unexpected style of ornamenting the upper part of doorways. Such are some of the results realized in the recent attempt to reopen excavations in the East. Much more remains to be accomplished, and I wish that any interest which may be taken in my labours may take the form of encouraging further and systematic exploration of this important field. My desire is that whatever has been accomplished may be taken as evidence of the greater and more important results which will inevitably follow.complete excavations. How much there is to be done may be judged from the extent of the excavations on the site of the library of the palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik: I have calculated that there remain at least 20,000 fragments of this valuable collection, buried in the unexcavated portions of the palace, and it would require ~5,000, and three years' work, to fairly recover this treasure. INDEX. BDI EFFENDI, 46, Amida, 308. 136,150,151, 155. Amram mound, 58. Abdul Kareem, 40. Amudia, 127, 128. Abiyateh, 360, 362, Aneiza, tribe, 95. 363, 364, 366, 370. Anna, temple of, 356. Aburumeha, 39. Antioch, plain of, 28, 116. Accho, 302, 370. Anu, 173, 230, 399, 400,401,402 Achtareen, 122. Anunit, 173, 230. Achzib, 302. Arabia, 313, 359, 361, 368, 371. Adana, 36, 112, 123. Arabian kings, 250. Afrin, 30, 115, 120. Aram, 338. Agu, 225, 232. Arameans, 308. Agurabi, 226. Ararat, 217. Aimu, 360, 362, 866, 370. Arbat, 132. Ain Bada, 29, 115, 120. Arbela, 67, 334, 350. Akhsera of Minni, 333. Argisti, 309. Akkad, 225, 227, 315, 352. Ark, 185. Aleppo, 31, 114, 120, 162. building of, 186. Alexander, 388. filling of, 187. Alexandretta, 25, 117, 120, 164. size of, 213. Ali Rahal, 135, 150. of Sargon, 224. Altar, building of, 191. Armenia, 211, 309. Altun Kupri, 67. Army, Turkish, 125. Amaragu, 391. Arnold, Edwin, 16. 454 INDEX. Arsaces, 389. Baghdad lion, 420. Artaxerxes, 388. Bahal of Tyre, 312, 329. Arvad, 330. Barimeh, 99. Ashdod, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, Beglabeg, 32. 306. Behistun inscription, 5. Assi, 44. Beilan, 26, 116, 120. Assur, 291. Bel, 192, 201, 230, 339, 399, 401, Assurbanipal, 11, 90, 93, 98, 141, 402, 403. 317. temple of, 56, 229, 380. cylinder of, 319-377. Belat or Beltis, 230. Assur-bel-kala, 247. Belbasa, 336. Assur-dain-pal, 92. Belesu, 167. Assur-dan, 91, 251. Bel-kudur-uzur, 250. Assur-ebil-ili-kain, 73, 384. Bellino cylinder, 296. Assur-nazir-pal, 72, 91, 103, 141, Bel-nirari, 236, 244. 252. Belshazzar, 387. Assur-risilim, 247. Bel-zazir-iskun, 103, 382, 384. Assur-ubalid, 91, 244. Berosus, 209, 211, 403. Assyrian monarchs, list of, 445-447. Beth Ammon, 360. power, 447.:Biblical account of flood, 208. Astrolabe, 407, 408. Bilingual list, 418. Astronomy, 404, 407, 451. tablet, 143. Athribis, 327. text, 233. Azariah, 12, 275, 286. Biradjik, 33, 114, 122, 161. Azibahal, 330, 331. Birds from ark, 217. Aznowa, 157. Birs Nimrud, 53, 59. Bitani, 172. Babil, 55, 56. Bit-imbi, 345, 359. Babylon, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 166, Black obelisk, 10. 339, 340, 344, 376, 396, 410, Borsippa, 338, 340, 396. 411. Botta, excavations of, 2, 3. Babylonian chronology, 120. works of, 6, 100, 288. monarchs, list of, 439-445. Brandis, 8. monarchy, antiquity of, 447. Bronze bracket, 434. 3Backsheesh, 153. lamp, 140. B1aglhdad, 53, 54, 64. style, 434. INDEX. 455 Burial of warrior, 204. Dancing boy, 129. Burial places, 206. Darius, 388. Burna-buriyas, 236. Dashlook, 37, 112. Davkina, a goddess, 231. Calah, 70. Deception, 137. Calendar, 404, 406. Deed of sale, 415, 416. Cambyses, 387, 388. Delebekir, 28, 116, 120. Canon, Assyrian, 5, 120. Delli Abas, 65. Chaldea, 338, 344. Deluge, Chaldean account of, 13, Chaldean account of delug6, 165. 97, 100, 102. Chaldeans, 308. end of, 190. Chamber, 140. Demands, Turkish, 138. Chariot group, 435. Deruneh, 109, 132. Chief of Durnak, 155, 156. Descent into Hades, 220. Cilicia, 308, 330. Description of Creation, 222. Cimmerians, 332, 333. Destruction of North gate, Nineveh, Circassian soldiers, 128, 157, 160. 151. City of ark, 168. Dinasar, 110, 124. Clinton, 389.. Discontent of soldiers, 155. Conquest of Erech, 168, Divine bull, 167, 174. Conscription, 125. )jezireh, 42, 43, 107, 133, 157. Country of Noah, 214. Dove, 191. Creation, 397. Dragon, 170. Cronos, 211. Dream of Heabati, 175. Crystal throne, 432. Dunanu, 336, 412. Cure of Izdubar, 194. Dungi, 232. Curse of Ishtar, 174. Durnak, 155. Cutha, 338, 340, 344. Dyke of Nimrod, 49. Cyaxares, 93. Cylinder of Sargon, 288. Early Elamite conquest, 12, 102, Cypriote inscription, 423. 224. Cyrus, 387. Eclipses, 12, 408, 409. Edom, 291, 360. Dabun, 161. Egypt, 292, 304, 312, 322, 325, "Daily Telegraph," 14, 15, 97, 328, 329. 100. revolt of, 325. 456 INDEX. Ekron, 304, 306. Guides, abandoned by, 160. Elam, 335, 338, 340, 354, 355, Gulres, 155. 356, 357, 374. Gyges of Lydia, 331. E]lkod, 115. Elekodb, 115. Hades, 201, 202. ~Eltekeh, 304. |EIlagub, pastor, 35, 112. Engineers, Turkish, 116, 120. Hamath inscriptions, 164, 422. Entertainment, Arabic, 83, 84. Hammum Al, 94, 95. Epigraphs, 412. Epigraphsre, 412.71,35 Hammurabi, 233, 234. _Erech, 166,. 171, 356. Ervil, 1667. 356.}Hani, Land of, 228. Esarhaddon, 73, 93, 98, 311, 319, Harimtu, 170, 174. 321, 376, 416. l-asisadra, 167, 179, 182. 3 7Iazel river, 134, 155, 156. Ethiopia, 292, 312, 322, 325, 328, Hazel river, 134, 155, 156. Hea, the god, 185, 192, 201, 212, 3297, 338. 230, 231, 399, 401, 402, 403. Etna, 19. Etna, 19. eabani, 167, 170, 175. Euphrates, 33, 114, 291, 312. death of, 183. Evil-merodach, 386. resurrection of, 202. Exorbitant demands, 149. Exorbitant demands, 149. Head of statue of goddess, 142, 430. Flood, the, 188.,. Heaven, 203, 205. legend, 450. ravages of, 189. Hell, 205. Herbert, Col., 54. Floods, 154, 157. Hezekiah, 89, 292, 305. Fork, Assyrian, 147, 433. Hieroglyphics, 422. Franck, M., British Consul, 25, Hillah, 58, 62. 117, 120, 164. Hincks, 5, 7. Furniture, 431. Furniture, 431. Hirom, 274, 278, 287. Hosah, 370. Ganbull, 336, 337. Gazambuli3, 3036,7 Hoshea, 12, 285, 287. Gazda, 306. Housebuilding, 81, 82. ~~Gededa, 65. H~umbaba, 166, 171. Geography, absence of, 207. Hyksos, 421. -yksos, 421. Gershene, 105. Ghost of Heabani, 220. Hymn to ght, 391, 92. Groimfen, 338.Hymn to light, 391, 392. Goiee, 338. Grotefend, 5, 6. Ibrahim, 157. INDEX. 457 Imperial Museum, Constantinople, Karbanit, 323. 143. 151. Kasr, 57. Inda-bigas, 340, 341, 345, 357. Kassi, 227, 246, 299. Irregular soldiers, 127, 128. Kazekoi, 154. Ishtar, 91, 171, 172, 334, 350, Kedar, 361. 399, 400. Kerkook, 66. amours of, 173. Kerook, 157. Istar-nanhundi, 353. Khabour, 43, 106, 155. Izdubar, 14, 167, 394. Khan Baleos, 153. antiquity of legends of, 166. Khazil, 159. founded Babylonian monarchy, Khorsabad, 98, 99. 222. Khosr river, 68. illness of, 176. Kobuk, 39, 41. journey of, 178, 180, 181. Korban, Bairam festival, 32. lament of, 177, 199, 200. Kouyunjik, 86-103, 382. legends of, 14, 165. Kudur-nanhundi, 206. makeshift name, 166. Kufre, 65. probably historical, 222. Kufru, 154. probably Nimrod, 166. Kuri-galzu, 235, 237. return of, 196, 197. third dream of, 176. Lagomer, Elamite god, 353. Izirtu, capital of Minni, 334. Lamech, 212. Lamp feeder, 433. Jebel Abjad, 44, 105, 106. Lamps, 432, 433. jebel Djudi, 41, 106, 217. Jebel Djudi, 1, 41,106, 217. Later occupation of Nineveh, 139. Jehu, date of, 11. Jelin, date of, 11. Layard, discoveries of, 4, 6, 70, 71, Jerusalem, 305. Jewish synchronisms, 448. Lenormant, M., 5 Lenormant, M., 5, 8.,Judah, 291. Library chamber, 144. Justice, care of, 410. of Nineveh, 452. Kalah Shergat, 50, 51, 242. Lintel, 146, 429. Kalata, 99. Loftus, 4, 6, 13. Kalzi, 414. Louvre collection, 16. Kanun musical instrument, 130. Lydia, 331. Karajah Dagh Mountains, 37. Karatapa, 65. Madaktu, 347, 349, 355. 4S8 INDEX. Magan, or Makan, 312, 313. Nabu-bel-zikri, 358. Magician Arab, 123 Nabu-damiq, 412. Mahomedan tomb, 149. Naharwan, 43, 133. Manitu, 184. Nana goddess, 206, 223, 355. Mannians, 308. National poem, Babylonian, 205. Mannu-ki-ahi, 412. Navarino, 20. Marseilles, 17. Nazi-bugas, 236. Median chiefs, 288. Nazi-murudas, 250. Memphis, 323, 327. Nebbi Yunas, 68, 89. Menahem, 278, 286. Nebuchadnezzar, 57, 384, 385, Menant, 5, 8. Necho, 93, 323, 326. Mendes, 326. Neriglisar, 386. Merodach, 228, 231, 291,401,402. New fragments deluge tablets, 166. Merodach Baladan, 236, 237, 256, Nimrod, 49. 260, 297, 307. Nimroud, 48, 70-85. Meroe, 291, 304. Nineveh, 46, 48, 86, 93, 134, 306, Mersina, 25. 337. Mili-sihu, 237. Ninip, 192, 339. Minni, 333. Ninip-uzalli, 412. Mizir, 111. Ninip-pal-esar, 251. Moab, 291, 360. Nipur, 410, 411. Model of hand, 429. Nisibin, 39, 109, 129, 157. Modern objects, 146. Nizir, mountains of, 190, 216. Mosul, 46, 68, 134, 153. Norris, Dr., 5, 7. Mount of ark, 216. Nusku, 401. Mua, 182. Mugallu of Tubal, 330. Obelisks, 141, 328. Muje]liba, 55. Obstructions, Turkish, 47,115,117, Music, Arabic 129, 130. 131, 136, 149, 162, 163. Mutaggil-nusku, 91, 251. Officer, Turkish; 125. Muzar, 33. Okusolderan, 114. Mythology, 451. Oppert, Professor, 5, 7. Orfa, 35, 112, 113, 123, 160. Nabateans, 363, 365, 367. Otiartes, or Ardates, 212. Nabonidus, 387. Nabopolassar, 93, 384. Pacha of Orfa, 160. IN DE X. 459 Pahe, Elamite king, 358, 371. Results of excavations, 437. Palermo, 18. Resurrection of Heabani, 202. Paliva, 412. Rezon, 274, 278, 283, 287. Parthian era, 388, 389, 390. Rhodes, 24. Pedestal of column, 431. Riduti, palace of, 372, 373; 375. Pehilevi inscriptions, 113, 426, 427. Rimagu, 235. Pekah, 12, 285, 286. Rings, 435. Pelusium, 324. Robber, Syrian, 30, 121. Pharaoh, 291. Robbery attempted, 158. Philistia, 289, 291. Rock tombs at Orfa, 113. Philistines, 308. Royal seal, 293. Phcenician inscriptions, 423, 424, Russian cousul at Aleppo, 164. 425, 426. Place, M., 3, 6. Sabako, 318, 327. Pleyte, W., 420. Sabbath, Assyrian, 12. Pool of Abraham, 113. Sabitu, 180. Pottery, 141. Sadimatati temple, 245. Prayer to Bel, 395, 396. Saduri of Ararat, 372. Primitive state of Babylonia, 166. Saggal, temple of, 228. Procession of warriors, 142. Saites, 421. Proposed canal, 161. Sais, 323, 326, 327. Psammitichus, 332. Sale of slave, 417. Pudil, 244. Samgunu, 412. Pul, 448. Samhati, 174. Samsi-vul, 91. Que, 308. Sargon, 73, 92, 98, 293. the Babylonian Moses, 224. Raft, 48, 156. Sarturda, 175. Railway, 116. Sassanian vase, 143. Ra-set-nub, Egyptian king, 421. Saulmugina, 316, 337, 338, 339, IRassam, Mr. H., 4, 13. 342, 344. Raven, 191. Saulcy, De, 8. Rawlinson, G., 8, 438. Sayce, 5, 8. Rawlinson, Sir H., 4, 5, 7, 59, 63. Schrader, 5, 8. Redif Pacha, 136. Seal of Sargon, 148. Rcstoration of Nineveh, 308. 4eals, 435. 460 INDE X. Seasons, 404, 405. Suzub, 307, 314, 315. Second expedition, 119. Syllabaries, 101, 147, 418. Secul, a Babylonian measure, 241. Synchronous history, 250. Seleucus, 389. Syra, 20, 21. Semil, 105, 134, 155. Syria, 338. Semitic conquest, 449. Swallow, 191. Sending out birds, 191. Sennacherib, 90, 92, 98, 295, 320, Talbot, Mr. F., 5; 7. 343, 346, 376, 414. Tammaritu the Elamite, 336, 340, palace of, 144. 341, 342, 345, 347, 348, 353, Seven wicked spirits, 398-403. 371. Severe weather, 149. Tammuz, 173. Shalmaneser I., 72, 91, 140. Tanis, 324. Shalmaneser II., 73, 74, 79, 91, Tartar post, 133. 141, 252. Taylor, Mr., 4. Shamas, 231, 339, 399, 400, 402. Taylor cylinder, 296. Shammer revolt, 39, 40. Tcharmelek, 34, 114, 122. Sharabarazi, 157. Tekrit, 52. Shepherd kings, 421. Tel Adas, 45, 105, 154, 155. Shoulder of statue, 430. Tel Gauran, 37, 111. Shushan, 336, 350, 351, 353, 355. Tel Ibrahim, 63. Siduri, 180. Tel Karamel, 32, 114. Sin, 201, 231, 339, 345, 399, 400, Tellibel, 41, 109. 401, 402. Temple of Assur, 244. Sippara, 338, 340, 344, 410, 411. of Ishtar, 214. Skene, Mr., Consul, 31, 162, 163. Temples, building, 377, 378, 379. Smyrna, 22, 23. Termanin, 31. Soldiers, Turkish, 30. Terra-cotta tablets, 147. Spoon, 147. Te-umman the Elamite, 336, 412, Stories of Nimrod, 168. 413. Storm, 154. Thebes, 324, 328, 329, 376. Style, 147. Thomas, E., 423. Sumir, 315, 352. Tiglath Pileser, 9, 73, 74, 92, 139, Superstition, 161. 253. Suqamuna, 225, 395. annals of, 254-286. Surippak, 185, 212. Tigris, 42, 107, 153, 291, 312. INDEX. 461 Tiha, 81. Varenshaher, sack of, 159. Timnah, 304. Vul, 399, 402. Tirhakah, 311,312, 318, 321,,322, Vul-nirari I., 242, 243. 323, 324, 325. Vul-nirari III., 73, 74, 89, 139. Toma, 69, 84, 85. Tomazini, Dr., 164. Wall of Nineveh, 87. Tower of Nimroud, 75, 76, 77. Warka, 206. Trial by birds, 209. Waters of death, 181. Tubal, 330. Winged bull, 431. Tugulti-ninip, 91, 140, 249. Work to be accomplished, 452. Turanian writing, 233. Works ou Cuneiform, 6, 7, 8. Turanians in Babylonia, 449. Turkish policy, 136. Xisithrus, 167, 177, 212. Turuspa, capital of Armenia, 309. translated, 210. Tyre, 312, 329. Tyrians, 308. Yahimilki, Tyrian prince, 329. Yahuhazi (Ahaz), 263, 286. Ubaratutu, 177. Yakinlu king of Arvad, 330. Udder, Arab chief, 81. Yakub's hotel, 26. Umbadara, an Elamite, 412. Yavan king of Ashdod, 290, 291 Umman-aldas, king of Elam, 347, Year, 405. 349, 350, 357, 358, 371. Yedok, 112. Ummnan-igas, 336, 338, 340, 357. Umman-minan, 314. Zab, 49, 67. Ummih-zirriti, 226. Zaccho, 44, 134. Undamane, 318, 327, 376. Zaccho pass, 155. Ur, 232. Zaidu, 170. Ur of Chaldees, 233. Zambour, 122. Urhamsi, 181, 195. Zamama-zakir-idin, 251. Urukh, 232. Zarephath, 302. Zibini, 123. Vaalli king of Minni, 334. Zidon, 302. Vaiteh king of Arabia, 359, 361, Zirat-banit, 228. 363, 366, 369, 371. Ziru, 231. Van, 309. Zoan, 326. Varenshaher, 37, 110, 124. Zodiac, 407.